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If I partake of the meal with gratitude
The meaning of the abstract noun gratitude can be expressed with the phrase "give thanks." It can be made explicit that the thanksgiving is to God. Alternate translation: "If I give thanks to God when I share in the meal" (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns and rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit)
why am I being insulted for that for which I gave thanks?
Paul uses this rhetorical question to explain why it is good not to ask questions of conscience. If a person knowingly eats meat that was offered to idols, someone who sees him do that might criticize him for it. So it is better to simply thank God for the food and not know whether or not it was offered to idols. Alternate translation: "I should not do something that would cause me to be criticized for eating that food that I give thanks for." or "I should not ask if it was sacrificed to idols because it could lead people to criticize me for eating food that I give thanks for." (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion)