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my people have gone into captivity
In prophecy things that will happen in the future are described as something in the past. This emphasizes that the prophecy will certainly come true. Alternate translation: "enemies from other countries will take my people, Israel, as slaves."
for lack of understanding
What they do not understand can be made explicit: "because they do not understand Yahweh or his law"
their masses
"their common people"
death has made its appetite greater and has opened its mouth very wide
This phrase compares death to an animal that is ready to eat other animals. It emphasizes that many, many people will die. Alternate translation: "Death is like a hungry animal that has opened its mouth wide to eat up many people." (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor)
their elite, the people, their leaders, and the revelers and those who are happy among them, descend into Sheol.
"Many people of Israel, their important people and common people, their leaders and those who enjoy wild parties, will go into Sheol."