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Now the Philistines fought against Israel
This battle was the result of the conflict between David and the Philistines in 1 Samuel 29:11. The writer has finished telling the story of David in 1 Samuel 30:1-30, and now he tells about the battle between the Israelites and the Philistines.
against Israel
"Israel" refers to the people who live there. AT: "against the people of Israel" (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy)
Mount Gilboa
This is the name of a mountain (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names).
closely pursued Saul and his sons
"chased Saul and three of his sons"
Abinadab, and Malki-Shua
These are names of men. (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names).
The battle went heavily against Saul
This is an idiom. "Saul's army began to lose the battle" (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom)