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the peoples fall under you
This phrase refers to the king defeating his enemies. Possible meanings are 1) "the peoples fall at your feet in surrender" or 2) "the peoples fall dead at your feet."
your arrows are in the hearts of the king's enemies
"your arrows have pierced the hearts of your enemies." The writer speaks to the king while referring to the king in the third person.
Your throne ... is forever and ever
The word "throne" represents the kingdom and rule of the king. AT: "Your kingdom ... is forever and ever" or "You will reign ... forever and ever" (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy)
Your throne, God
Possible meanings are that the word "God" 1) is a title for the king, who is God's representative or 2) modifies the word "throne" and means "Your kingdom that God has given you."
a scepter of justice is the scepter of your kingdom
The word "scepter" represents the king's authority to rule his kingdom. AT: "you rule your kingdom with justice" (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy)
God, your God, has anointed you with the oil of gladness
The writer speaks of gladness as if it were an oil that God used to anoint the king. That God has anointed him is a symbolic action that represents God's choosing him to be king. AT: "when God appointed you as king, he made you very glad" (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor and rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction)