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(See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers)
twentieth year until the thirty-second year of Artexerxes the king
second year of Artexerxes the king** - Years in the ancient Near East were measured by the year of a king's reign.
twelve years
Nehemiah is restating the number of years for emphasis. AT: "during that entire time"
neither I nor my brothers ate the food provided for the governor
"Neither my brothers nor I ate the food provided for the governor." This food was provided by the king and was part of what a governor was paid by the people. Because the people were starving, Nehemiah chose not to make use of this privilege.
former governors
"previous governors" or "governors from the past" Nehemiah was not the first governor of Judah.
took from them forty shekels of silver for their daily food and wine
AT: "from them forty shekels of silver in addition to daily food and wine."
shekel
(See: rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/biblicalmoney and rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/biblicalweight)