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Nevertheless, death
"Even though what I have just said is true, death" or "There was no written law from the time of Adam to the time of Moses, but death." (See: Romans 5:13)
death ruled from Adam until Moses
Paul is speaking of death as if it were a king who ruled. AT: "people continued to die from the time of Adam until the time of Moses as a consequence of their sin" (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification and rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor)
even over those who did not sin like Adam's disobedience
"even people whose sins were different from Adam's continue to die"
who is a pattern of him who was to come
Adam was a pattern of Christ, who appeared much later. He had much in common with him.
For if by the trespass of one the many died
Here "one" refers to Adam. AT: "For if by one man's sin, many died" (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit)
how much more did the grace of God and the gift by the grace of the one man, Jesus Christ, abound for the many
Here "grace" refers to God's free gift that he made available to everyone through Jesus Christ. AT: "even more through the man Jesus Christ, who died for us all, did God kindly offer us this gift of everlasting life, although we do not deserve it" (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit)