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Joshua 10
Joshua 10:1
Now
This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here the writer tells about a new person in the story, Adoni-Zedek.
Adoni-Zedek
This is the name of a man who is an important king. (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names)
Joshua 10:2
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Joshua 10:3
Jarmuth ... Lachish ... Eglon
These are the names of cities. (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names)
Hoham ... Piram ... Japhia ... Debir
These are the names of kings. (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names)
Joshua 10:4
Come up to me
"Travel to where I am." Jerusalem was higher in elevation than other cities in Canaan.
Joshua 10:5
five kings
"5 kings" (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-numbers)
Jarmuth ... Lachish ... Eglon
These are the names of cities. (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names)
They set up their positions against Gibeon
This means they set up their camp around their city. This was a way of weakening those in the city. It prevented people from escaping the city, and it prevented others from bringing food and water to them in the city.
Joshua 10:6
They said
The word "They" here refers to Gibeonites.
Do not withdraw your hands from your servants
This humble request is stated with two negatives to emphasize the need for a positive action. Alternate translation: "Please come and use your strength to protect us" (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-litotes)
your hands
The word "hands" here refers to the people of Israel's strength. Alternate translation: "your strength" (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy)
Joshua 10:7
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Joshua 10:8
I have given them into your hand
Here "hand" represents the people of Israel's strength and their ability to defeat their enemy. The word "them" refers to the attacking army. (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy)
I have given them
Here the word "them" refers to the attacking armies.
Joshua 10:9
Joshua came
The entire army of Israel is referred to here by the name of their commander, Joshua. (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-synecdoche)
Joshua 10:10
Yahweh confused the enemy before Israel
Here "Israel" refers to the entire army of Israel.
Beth Horon ... Azekah ... Makkedah
These are the names of cities. (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names)
Joshua 10:11
Beth Horon ... Azekah
These are the names of places. (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names)
threw large stones down from heaven
"threw large hailstones from the sky"
Joshua 10:12
Sun, be still at Gibeon, and moon, in the Valley of Aijalon
Joshua is praying that Yahweh would make the progression of time stop on this day. (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-parallelism)
Sun ... moon
Joshua commands the sun and moon as if these were people. (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-personification)
Valley of Aijalon
This is the name of a place. (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names)
Joshua 10:13
the nation
This refers to the people of Israel. (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy)
Is this not written in the Book of Jashar?
The writer uses this question as background information to remind the reader that the incident is well-documented. Alternate translation: "This is written in The Book of Jashar." (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion and rc://en/ta/man/jit/writing-background)
Joshua 10:14
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Joshua 10:15
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Joshua 10:16
Makkedah
This is the name of a city. (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names)
Joshua 10:17
It was told to Joshua
Messengers came and told Joshua. Alternate translation: "Someone told Joshua" (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive)
Joshua 10:18
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Joshua 10:19
into your hand
The phrase "your hand" here means "your control." (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy)
Joshua 10:20
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Joshua 10:21
Makkedah
Translate the same way as you did in Joshua 10:10. (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names)
No one dared to say one word against
"No one dared to say anything against" or "No one dared to complain or protest against"
Joshua 10:22
Open the mouth of the cave
Here "mouth" is an idiom that means "entrance." Alternate translation: "Open the entrance of the cave" (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom)
Joshua 10:23
Jarmuth ... Lachish ... Eglon
These are the names of places. (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names)
Joshua 10:24
every man of Israel
Here the men of Israel represent only those who were soldiers. (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-synecdoche)
Joshua 10:25
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Joshua 10:26
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Joshua 10:27
to this very day
"until the author wrote this story"
Joshua 10:28
Makkedah
This is the name of a city. See how you translated it in Joshua 10:10. (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names)
He completely destroyed everyone in it. He left no survivor in it
The second sentence summarizes the first sentence to emphasize that Joshua left no person or animal alive. (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-parallelism)
Joshua 10:29
Libnah
This is the name of a city. (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names)
Joshua 10:30
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Joshua 10:31
Libnah ... Lachish
These are the names of cities. (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names)
Joshua 10:32
into the hand of Israel
Here their "hand" represents their control. Alternate translation: "Yahweh gave Lachish into the control of the nation of Israel" (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy)
Joshua 10:33
Horam
This is the name of a man who is an important king. (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names)
Gezer ... Lachish
These are the names of cities. (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names)
Joshua 10:34
Lachish ... Eglon
These are the names of cities. (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names)
Joshua 10:35
struck it with the edge of the sword ... completely destroyed everyone in it
These two phrases have similar meanings. Together they show the completeness of the destruction of Eglon. (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-doublet)
Joshua 10:36
Eglon
This is the name of a city. See how you translated this in Joshua 10:3. (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names)
Joshua 10:37
They captured it and struck it with the edge of the sword
The sword represents the army of Israel and striking expresses the idea of slaughter and destruction. Alternate translation: "They captured and killed and destroyed" (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy)
Joshua 10:38
Debir
This is the name of a city. (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names)
Joshua 10:39
Debir ... Libnah
These are the names of cities. (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names)
They struck them with the edge of the sword
The sword represents the army of Israel and striking expresses the idea of slaughter and destruction. Alternate translation: "They killed and destroyed them" (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy)
Joshua 10:40
Of all their kings he left not one survivor. He completely destroyed every living thing
These two phrases share similar meanings and emphasize the complete destruction that the people of Israel accomplished at Yahweh's command. (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-parallelism)
Joshua 10:41
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Joshua 10:42
Joshua captured all these kings and their land
This refers to the kings and lands that were listed beginning in Joshua 10:28.
Joshua captured
Here Joshua represents his whole army. Alternate translation: "Joshua and his soldiers captured" (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-synecdoche)
at one time
This does not mean in one day. It means during one military campaign, which may have lasted many days or weeks.
Joshua 10:43
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