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Daniel 11
Daniel 11:1
General Information:
In Daniel 11:1 through 12:4, the one who was speaking to Daniel in chapter 10 tells him what is written in the book of truth. This is as he said he would do in Daniel 10:21.
In the first year of Darius
Darius was the King of the Medes. "The first year" refers to the first year that he was king. Alternate translation: "In the first year of the reign of Darius" (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit)
Daniel 11:2
Three kings will arise in Persia
"Three kings will rule over Persia"
a fourth will be far richer than all the others
"after them a fourth king will come into power who will have more money than the three before him" (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-ordinal)
power
Possible meanings are 1) authority or 2) military power.
he will stir up everyone
"he will cause everyone to want to fight"
Daniel 11:3
General Information:
The angel continues speaking to Daniel.
A mighty king will rise up
The idea of rising up or standing is often used for someone who becomes powerful. Alternate translation: "A mighty king will begin to reign" (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor)
who will rule a very great kingdom
Possible meanings are 1) that the size of this kingdom would be very great, or 2) that the king would rule his kingdom with very great power.
Daniel 11:4
his kingdom will be broken and divided
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "his kingdom will break apart and divide" or "his kingdom will break apart into pieces" (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive)
the four winds of heaven
See how you translated this in Daniel 7:2.
but not to his own descendants
The idea of not being divided and shared out is implied here. Alternate translation: "but it will not be divided for his own descendants" or "but it will not be shared by his own descendants" (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-ellipsis)
his kingdom will be uprooted for others besides his descendants
The kingdom is spoken of as if it were a plant that someone destroyed by uprooting it. This idea can be expressed in active form. Alternate translation: "another power will uproot and destroy his kingdom and others who are not his descendants will rule over it" (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive and rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor)
Daniel 11:5
General Information:
The angel continues speaking to Daniel.
one of his commanders will become even stronger than he and will rule his kingdom with great power
A commander of the king of the South will become the king of the North.
Daniel 11:6
they will make an alliance
The king of the South will make an alliance with the king of the North. This alliance would be a formal agreement that both nations are required to follow. Alternate translation: "the king of the South and the king of the North will promise to work together"
The daughter of the king of the South will come ... to confirm the agreement
The king of the South will give his daughter in marriage to the king of the North. The marriage will confirm the agreement between the two kings.
her arm's strength ... his arm
Here "arm" stands for power. (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor)
She will be abandoned
This appears to refer to a plot to kill her and those who made the alliance. This phrase may be expressed in active form. Alternate translation: "They will abandon her" (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive)
Daniel 11:7
General Information:
The angel continues speaking to Daniel.
a branch from her roots
This family is spoken of as if it were a tree. The roots represent ancestors, and the branch represents a descendant. Alternate translation: "a descendant of her ancestors" or "one of her descendants" (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor)
her roots
The word "her" refers to the daughter of the king of the South in Daniel 11:6.
He will attack the army
The word "he" refers to her descendant, and here it also refers to his army. Alternate translation: "He and his army will attack the army of the king of the North" (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-synecdoche)
He will fight them
Here "them" represents the soldiers of the enemy army. Alternate translation: "He will fight the enemy soldiers"
Daniel 11:8
General Information:
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Daniel 11:9
but he will withdraw
The word "he" refers to the king of the North.
Daniel 11:10
General Information:
The angel continues speaking to Daniel.
His sons
"The sons of the king of the North"
assemble a great army
"gather together many men who can fight in battles"
will flood everything
The way the large army covers the land will be like a flood of water. Alternate translation: "will be so great in number that they will cover all the land" (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-simile)
Daniel 11:11
General Information:
The angel continues speaking to Daniel.
will raise up a great army
"will assemble a great army"
the army will be given into his hand
Here "hand" represents the control of the king of the South. Alternate translation: "the king will surrender the army to the king of the South" (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive and rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor)
Daniel 11:12
The army will be carried off
This may be expressed in active form. Alternate translation: "The king of the South will capture the army of the North" (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive)
will be lifted up
Being lifted up represents the idea of becoming very proud. Alternate translation: "will become very proud" (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor)
will make tens of thousands to fall
Here falling represents dying in battle. Alternate translation: "will have his army kill many thousands of his enemies" or "will kill many thousands of his enemies" (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy)
tens of thousands
"many thousands" (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-numbers)
Daniel 11:13
General Information:
The angel continues speaking to Daniel.
a great army supplied with much equipment
This can also be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "a great army that has much equipment" (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive)
Daniel 11:14
General Information:
The angel continues speaking to Daniel.
many will rise against the king
Here the idea of rising up represents rebelling. Alternate translation: "many people will rebel against the king" (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor)
Sons of the violent
This expression stands for violent people. (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor)
they will stumble
Here stumbling represents failing. Alternate translation: "they will not succeed" (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor)
Daniel 11:15
General Information:
The angel continues speaking to Daniel.
The king of the North will come
Here "king of the North" includes his army also. Alternate translation: "The army of the king of the North will come" (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-synecdoche)
pour out earth for siege mounds
This refers to the piling up of earth in order for soldiers to reach the height of city walls in order to attack them. Soldiers and slaves would put loose earth in baskets, carry them to the right place, and pour it out in order to raise the mounds.
fortifications
walls and other things built to defend a city or fort from enemy soldiers
will not be able to stand
Here standing represents the ability to fight. Alternate translation: "will not be able to keep fighting against them" (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy)
Daniel 11:16
the one who comes will act according to his desires against him
"the invading king will do whatever he wants against the other king"
He will stand in
Here standing represents ruling. Alternate translation: "The king will begin to rule" (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy)
the land of beauty
This refers to the land of Israel. See how you translated this in Daniel 8:9.
destruction will be in his hand
Here "destruction" represents the power to destroy. Also, the power to destroy is spoken of as if it were something that someone could hold in his hand. Alternate translation: "he will have power to destroy anything" (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor)
Daniel 11:17
General Information:
The angel continues speaking to Daniel.
set his face
This is an idiom for a person deciding to do something and not being willing to change his mind. Alternate translation: "decide" (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom)
come with the strength of his entire kingdom
This probably refers to military power. Alternate translation: "come with the force of all his army" (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy)
a daughter of women
This is an elegant way of saying "a woman." (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom)
Daniel 11:18
will end his arrogance
"will make the king of the North stop being arrogant"
will cause his arrogance to turn back upon him
"will cause the king of the North to suffer because he was arrogant toward others"
Daniel 11:19
he will pay attention
"the king of the North will pay attention"
he will not be found
This is a way of saying that he will die. This idea can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "he will disappear" or "he will die" (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom and rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive)
Daniel 11:20
General Information:
The angel continues speaking to Daniel.
someone will rise up in his place
Rising up in a king's place represents becoming king in place of the previous king. Alternate translation: "another man will become king of the North instead of that king" (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor)
will make a tax collector pass through
The tax collector will go through the land forcing people to pay taxes. Alternate translation: "will send someone to make the people pay taxes" (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit)
he will be broken
Here "he" refers to the new king. Being broken represents dying. Alternate translation: "the new king will die" (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor)
but not in anger
Possible meanings are 1) no one was angry at the king, or 2) that the occasion and cause of the king's death were kept secret. (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor)
Daniel 11:21
a despised person to whom the people will not have given the honor of royal power
The people will refuse to acknowledge him as king because he is not a descendant of kings. Alternate translation: "a person whom the people will despise and will not honor as king" (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive)
Daniel 11:22
An army will be swept away like a flood from before him
Being swept away represents being destroyed. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "His army will completely destroy a great army as a flood destroys everything in its path" (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive and rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-simile)
Both that army and the leader of the covenant will be destroyed
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "He will destroy that army and the leader of the covenant" (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive)
the leader of the covenant
"the leader of the priests." This phrase refers to the person who filled the most important religious position that God required in his covenant, that of the high priest.
Daniel 11:23
General Information:
The angel continues speaking to Daniel.
From the time an alliance is made with him
This can also be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "When other rulers make a peace treaty with him" (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive)
Daniel 11:24
will spread among his followers
"will distribute to his followers"
the booty, the plunder, and the wealth
"the valuable things that he and his army take from the people they defeat"
Daniel 11:25
General Information:
The angel continues speaking to Daniel.
He will wake up his power and his heart
Power and heart (that is, courage) are spoken of as if they were people whom someone could wake up in order to make them act. Alternate translation: "He will make himself powerful and will become courageous" (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-personification)
heart
Here this represents courage. (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor)
with a great army
"with a great army that he will assemble"
will wage war
"will fight against him"
he will not stand
Not standing represents being defeated. Alternate translation: "the king of the South will be defeated" or "his army will be defeated" (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor)
Daniel 11:26
those who eat his fine food
This refers to the king's advisers. It was usual for a king's most trusted advisers to eat meals with him. Alternate translation: "the king's best advisers" (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy)
His army will be swept away like a flood
Here the severe defeat of an army is spoken of as a flood of water that completely sweeps it away. Alternate translation: "The enemy will completely defeat his army" or "His enemy will completely destroy his army as a flood destroys everything in its path" (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor)
many of them will fall killed
Here "fall" is an idiom that refers to dying in battle, so "fall" and "killed" mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: "many of his soldiers will die in battle" (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom and rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-doublet)
Daniel 11:27
with their hearts set on evil against each other
Here "heart" represents a person's desires. Desires are spoken of here as if they were an object that someone could set or place in a certain position. Alternate translation: "each determined to do evil to the other" (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor)
will sit at the same table
Sitting at the same table represents the act of talking to each other. (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy)
but it will be of no use
"but their talking will not help them"
For the end will come at the time that has been fixed
This tells why their meetings will not be successful. Alternate translation: "The result of their actions will only come at the time that God has fixed" (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive)
Daniel 11:28
riches, with his heart set against the holy covenant
Here "heart" represents the mind or thoughts of a person. The idiom "his heart set against" means to be determined to oppose something. This can be stated as a new sentence. Alternate translation: "riches. He will be determined to oppose the holy covenant" (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy and rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom)
with his heart set against the holy covenant
The king's desire to act against the holy covenant represents his desire to stop the Israelites from obeying that covenant. Alternate translation: "determined to stop the Israelites from obeying the holy covenant" (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy)
the holy covenant
Here "holy" describes God's covenant with Israel. It implies that the covenant should be honored and obeyed because it comes from God himself. Alternate translation: "God's covenant, which all the Israelites should obey"
He will act
This implies that the king will do certain actions in Israel. Alternate translation: "He will do what he wants to in Israel" (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit)
Daniel 11:29
General Information:
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Daniel 11:30
ships of Kittim will come against him
The ships represent the army coming in those ships. Alternate translation: "an army will come from Kittim in ships in order to fight his army" (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy)
Kittim
This may refer to a settlement on the island of Cyprus in the Mediterranean Sea. (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names)
He will be furious against the holy covenant
"He will hate the holy covenant"
will show favor to those
"will act in favor for those" or "will help those"
Daniel 11:31
His forces will rise up
"His army will appear" or "His army will come." The word "His" refers to the king of the North. (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom)
the fortress sanctuary
"the sanctuary that the people use as a fortress"
They will take away the regular burnt offering
Taking away the offering represents preventing people from offering it. Alternate translation: "They will stop the priests from presenting the regular burnt offering" (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor)
the abomination that causes desolation
This refers to an idol that will make the temple desolate, that is, that will cause God to leave his temple. Alternate translation: "the disgusting idol that will cause God to abandon the temple" or "the disgusting thing that will make the temple unclean" (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom)
Daniel 11:32
acted wickedly against the covenant
"wickedly disobeyed the covenant"
corrupt them
"persuade them to do evil"
who know their God
Here "know" means "be faithful." Alternate translation: "who are faithful to their God" (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy)
will be strong and will take action
"will be firm and resist them"
Daniel 11:33
they will stumble by the sword and by flame
Here "stumble" is a metaphor that represents experiencing a disaster of one kind or another, including death itself. Here "sword" represents battles and warfare, and "flame" represents fire. Alternate translation: "they will die in battle and by burning to death" (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor and rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy)
they
This refers to the wise persons among the Israelites.
they will stumble into captivity and into being robbed for days
Here "stumble" is a metaphor that represents experiencing a disaster of one kind or another, including death itself. The phrase "being robbed" can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "they will become slaves and their enemies will rob them of their possessions for days" (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor and rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive)
Daniel 11:34
they will be helped with a little help
This may be put into active form. Alternate translation: "others will give them a little help" (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive)
In hypocrisy many will join themselves with them
This refers to other people who will pretend to help the wise persons, but not because they truly wish to help them.
will join themselves
Here "join themselves" represents "come to help." Alternate translation: "will come to help them" (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor)
Daniel 11:35
Some of the wise will stumble ... until the time of the end
This suffering will continue until the time when God has decided that it will end.
Some of the wise will stumble
Here "stumble" represents experiencing a disaster of one kind or another, including death itself. (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor)
so that refining will happen to them
Here "so that" means "with the result that." Alternate translation: "with the result that refining will happen to them"
refining will happen to them, and cleansing, and purifying
These three activities are expressed here as if they were things. However, they may be expressed as actions, either in passive form or in active form. Alternate translation: "they will be refined, cleansed, and purified" or "their suffering will refine, cleanse, and purify them" (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-abstractnouns and rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive)
refining
This refers to the purifying of metal by melting it in a fire. When God makes his people more faithful to himself, this is spoken of as if they were metal that a worker was making more pure by putting it into fire. (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor)
cleansing
This refers to making people, places, or objects suitable for God's use by separating them from sin and other forms of evil. It speaks of evil as if it were physical dirtiness that could be removed by washing. (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor)
purifying
This idea is very similar to refining, discussed earlier. Metal that is refined can also be said to be purified. (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor)
time of the end
"the final days" or "the end of the world." See how you translated this in Daniel 8:17.
the appointed time is still to come
Here "appointed time" implies that God has set the time. This can be put into active form. Alternate translation: "Yahweh has set the time in the future"
Daniel 11:36
The king will act according to his desires
"The king will do whatever he wants"
The king
This refers to the king of the North.
lift himself up and make himself great
The phrases "lift himself up" and "make himself great" mean the same thing and indicate that the king will become very proud. (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-doublet)
lift himself up
Here this represents becoming very proud. (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor)
make himself great
Here this represents pretending to be very important and powerful. (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor)
the God of gods
This refers to the one true God. Alternate translation: "the supreme God" or "the only true God" (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom)
astonishing things
"terrible things" or "shocking things"
until the wrath is completed
This phrase pictures God as storing up his wrath until his storeroom is completely full of it and he is ready to act according to it. Alternate translation: "until God is completely angry with him" or "until God is angry enough to take action against him" (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor)
Daniel 11:37
the god desired by women
This seems to refer to the pagan god named Tammuz.
Daniel 11:38
the god of fortresses
The king probably believed that this false god would help him to attack other people's fortresses and keep his own. Alternate translation: "the god that controls fortresses"
instead of these
The word "these" refers to the gods mentioned in Daniel 11:37.
Daniel 11:39
he will divide up the land as a reward
Possible meanings are 1) "he will give the land to his followers as a reward" or 2) "he will sell land to his followers"
Daniel 11:40
the time of the end
"the final days" or "the end of the world." See how you translated this in Daniel 8:17.
the king of the South ... The king of the North
These phrases stand for the kings and their armies. Alternate translation: "the king of the South and his army ... The king of the North and his army" (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-synecdoche)
will storm against him
Violently attacking with an army is spoken of as if a storm happened. Alternate translation: "will attack him like a violent storm" or "will violently attack him" (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor)
flood them
When an army overruns a country, it is spoken of as if a flood occurred. See how you translated this in Daniel 11:10. (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor)
pass through
Nothing will stop the army. Alternate translation: "will pass through the lands with no one to stop him" (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit)
Daniel 11:41
the land of beauty
This refers to the land of Israel. See how you translated this in Daniel 8:9 and Daniel 11:16.
will fall
Here falling represents the action of dying. Alternate translation: "will die" (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy)
But these will escape from his hand
Here "hand" represents power. Alternate translation: "But these will escape from his power" or "But he will not be able to destroy these nations" (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy)
Daniel 11:42
General Information:
This is still about the king of the North.
He will extend his hand into lands
Here "hand" represents power and control. Alternate translation: "He will extend his control over various lands" (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor)
into lands
Here the idea is many lands or various lands. (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit)
the land of Egypt will not be rescued
This can be put into active form. Alternate translation: "the land of Egypt will not escape" (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive)
Daniel 11:43
the Libyans and the Cushites will be in his footsteps
Here "footsteps" represent submission. Alternate translation: "the Libyans and the Cushites will have to serve him" (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom)
the Libyans and the Cushites
"the people of Libya and Cush." Libya is a country west of Egypt, and Cush is a country south of Egypt. (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names)
Daniel 11:44
General Information:
This is still about the king of the North.
he will go out with great rage
The abstract noun "rage" can be expressed with the word "angry." It can be stated clearly that he would go out with his army. Alternate translation: "he will be very angry and will go out" or "he will become very angry and will go out with his army" (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-abstractnouns and rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit)
go out
To "go out" represents the action of attacking the enemy. (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy)
to set many apart for destruction
"to destroy many people"
Daniel 11:45
the tent of his royal residence
This refers to the king's luxurious tents that he lived in when he was with his army in time of war.
between the seas and the mountain of the beauty of holiness
This probably refers to the region between the Mediterranean Sea and Temple Mount in Jerusalem.
the mountain of the beauty of holiness
This refers to the hill in Jerusalem where God's temple was. See how you translated somewhat similar phrases in Daniel 9:16 and Daniel 9:20. (See: rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy)