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General Information:
Asaph continues speaking of Israel in their land as if Israel were a grapevine in a vineyard. (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor)
You cleared the land for it
"You cleared the land for the vine"
it took root
"the vine took root" or "the vine began to grow"
filled the land
"its branches covered the land"
The mountains were covered with its shade, the cedars of God by its branches
This can be stated in active form. AT: "Its shade covered the mountains, its branches the cedars of God" (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive)
the cedars of God by its branches
"and the cedars of God were covered by its branches," which copies the verb from the previous sentence. This can be stated in active form. AT: "and its branches covered the cedars of God" (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis and rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive)
cedars of God
Possible meanings are 1) "the highest cedar trees," the cedar trees that grew on the "mountains" in the land of Lebanon north of Israel, or 2) "God's own cedar trees."
the sea
the Mediterranean Sea to the west of Israel
shoots
the parts of new plants that are just starting to grow above the ground