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General Information:
Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry and rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism)
A psalm of David
Possible meanings are 1) David wrote the psalm or 2) the psalm is about David or 3) the psalm is in the style of David's psalms.
do not rebuke me in your anger ... do not punish me in your wrath
These phrases mean basically the same thing and the idea is repeated for emphasis. (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism)
your arrows pierce me
The severity of Yahweh's punishment of the writer is spoken of as if Yahweh had shot arrows into the writer. AT: "Your punishment is as painful as if you had shot arrows into me" (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor)
your hand presses me down
Yahweh's punishment of the writer is spoken of as if Yahweh was smashing the writer with his hand. Here, "hand" refers to Yahweh's power. AT: "your power knocks me down" (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor and rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy)