unfoldingWord_en_tn/tn_GEN.tsv

Reference	ID	Tags	SupportReference	Quote	Occurrence	Note
front:intro	d9wn				0	# Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\nIn the book of Genesis, God communicates to all people the early history of the universe. He begins with how he created everything from nothing, including the earth and all the heavenly bodies (sun, moon, stars), all the plants and animals, and especially how he created human beings in his image to be in a relationship with him. This book also explains how sin and death came into the world and what God’s plan is to save people from that. In fact, all the important teachings in the Bible begin in Genesis. That makes this book **foundational** and important for everyone so that they can know and understand the truth about God and his plan for their lives.\n\nBeginning with verse 1, the book of Genesis is a **narrative** that tells the history of events that actually happened. This is confirmed by the fact that the conjunctions and the forms of the verbs that are used in the Hebrew text reflect the Hebrew narrative style, which is used to narrate historical accounts. In the same way, those who translate the book of Genesis should also use grammatical structures in their languages that are used for true, historical narratives. God uses narrative, which is one of the most interesting styles of communication, to not only tell people about the events in the early history of the world, but also to teach them about himself and about the way he interacts with people as their loving Creator.\n\nGenesis provides the **vital context** for the rest of God’s Word, especially the gospel message about Jesus, and so it helps people to understand their need for him to be their Savior. In fact, without Genesis, it would not be clear why everyone needs to trust in Jesus as the only one who can save them from sin and its consequences, so that they can associate with God and be part of his eternal family.\n\nIn light of all that, Genesis should be one of the first books of the Bible that is translated into every language that needs a translation. May God guide and bless you and your translation team as you undertake this important task together by his power.\n\n### Author and date of writing\n\nMoses was the human author of the first five books of the Bible, including the book of Genesis (Exodus 24:3-4; Deuteronomy 31:9, 24; John 1:45). The Holy Spirit is the one who inspired what Moses wrote in those books (2 Peter 1:21), so ultimately God is the author, and these books are part of his Message to mankind. Those five books are sometimes referred to as the Torah (a Hebrew word that means “teaching,” “instruction,” or “law”) or the Pentateuch (a Greek word that means “five books”). In the New Testament this set of books is also referred to as “the Law” (John 1:45) or “the Law of Moses” (Acts 28:23), and Jesus himself affirmed that Moses wrote them (John 5:46-47; 7:23).\n\nMoses was born in the country of Egypt around 1526 B.C. (Exodus 2:1-10). According to the genealogies in Genesis, his birth was about 1,000 years after the Flood (which was about 1,650 years after creation). Moses may have written much of the Pentateuch during the forty years that he led the people of Israel as they wandered in the wilderness (around 1446 B.C.—1406 B.C.).\n\nThe very first verse in Genesis assumes that God (the author guiding the human author) has always existed and that he has no beginning and no end (also see Genesis 21:33; Deuteronomy 33:27; Psalm 90:2). He uses his personal name “Yahweh” for the first time in Genesis 2:4. The name “Yahweh” means “he is” and indicates that God is eternal. His name also means that he is unchanging and that he is always present.\n\n### Book outline\n\nIn all, Genesis covers a span of about 2200 years of history. After the world’s early history, the rest of Genesis tells about the ancestors of God’s people, with special focus on Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and Joseph (and their families). Genealogies are an important part of what ties the book together from beginning to end.\n\nThe following outline shows these two main divisions in the book of Genesis: (1) Early World History, and (2) The History about the Ancestors of God’s Chosen People. Those two divisions each have roughly four main subdivisions, which are based on four key events (in the first division) and four key ancestors (in the second division). Some scholars prefer to divide the book up into ten divisions that are introduced by the Hebrew phrase that means “these are the generations of...” In the outline below, **asterisks** mark the sections that contain that phrase. The phrase is found in Genesis 2:4 (heavens and earth), 5:1 (Adam), 6:9 (Noah), 10:1, 32 (sons of Noah), 11:10 (Shem), 11:27 (Terah), 25:12 (Ishmael), 25:19 (Isaac),  36:1, 9 (Esau), and 37:2 (Jacob).\n\n**Bolded words** in the outline show which sections contain promises and covenants from God and also mark who the main ancestors were in the various sub-divisions.\n\n#### Division 1: Early World History\n\nCreation\n- God creates the universe and everything in it (1:1-2:3)\n- Adam and Eve and the Garden of Eden (2:4-25)\\*\n\nThe Fall\n- The first sin and God’s judgment; prophecy of Christ (3:1-24) - **promise**\n- Cain and Abel: the first murder; Cain’s descendants (4:1-26)\n- The descendants of Adam to Noah (5:1-32)\\*\n\nThe Flood\n- God destroys the world with a flood, puts rainbow in the sky - **covenant** (6:1-9:17)\\*\n- Noah curses his son Ham and his grandson Canaan, blesses other sons (9:18-27)\n- The descendants of Noah’s sons Shem, Ham, and Japheth (10:1-32)\\*\\*\n\nTower of Babel\n- Mankind rebels against God at Babel, so God creates many different languages and scatters the people over the earth (11:1-9)\n\n#### Division 2: The History about the Ancestors of God’s Chosen People\n\nThe history about **Abraham** [Genesis 11:10-25:11]\n- The descendants of Shem to Abram (11:10-26)\\*\n- Terah and his three sons’ families in Haran; Terah dies (11:27-32)\\*\n- Abram travels to Canaan with Sarai and his nephew Lot (12:1-9) - **promise**\n- Abram lies about Sarai to Pharaoh, king of Egypt (12:10-20)\n- Back in the Negev Desert, Abram and Lot part ways (13:1-18) - **promise**\n- War of the kings; Abram rescues Lot and the other citizens of Sodom (14:1-17)\n- Melchizedek blesses Abram; Abram refuses bounty from king of Sodom (14:18-24)\n- God’s **covenant** with Abram (15:1-21) - **promise**\n- Hagar and Ishmael (16:1-16)\n- New names: Abraham and Sarah; **covenant** of circumcision (17:1-27) - **promise**\n- Three men visit Abram, Yahweh renews promise, Sarah laughs (18:1-15) - **promise**\n- Abram pleads with Yahweh to spare Sodom (18:16-33)\n- Lot and two daughters escape destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah (19:1-29)\n- Lot’s grandsons: the ancestors of the Moabites and Ammonites (19:30-38)\n- Abraham lies about Sarah to Abimelech, king of the Philistines (20:1-18)\n- Isaac is born to Sarah; Ishmael grows up in the desert (21:1-21)\n- Abraham makes a treaty with King Abimelech at Beersheba (21:22-34)\n- God tests Abraham by commanding him to sacrifice Isaac (22:1-19) - **promise**\n- Sarah dies and Abraham buys burial property in the land of Canaan (23:1-20)\n- God provides Rebekah as a wife for Isaac (24:1-67)\n- Abraham’s descendants by second wife Keturah (25:1-6)\n- Abraham dies and is buried by Isaac and Ishmael (25:7-11)\n\nThe history about **Ishmael** and **Isaac** [Genesis 25:12-35:29]\n- Ishmael’s descendants and his death (25:12-18)\\*\n- Isaac’s sons Esau and Jacob; Esau sells his birthright (25:19-34)\\*\n- Isaac lies about Rebekah to Abimelech, king of the Philistines (26:1-22) - **promise**\n- God’s **covenant** with Isaac in Beersheba; treaty with Abimelech (26:23-33)\n\nThe history about **Esau** and **Jacob** [Genesis 26:34-36:43]\n- Jacob steals Esau’s blessing; Esau plans revenge (26:34-27:46)\n- Jacob flees and heads to Haran; stairway to heaven at Bethel (28:1-22) - **promise**\n- Jacob works for Laban to marry his wives Leah and Rachel (29:1-30)\n- Jacob’s wives have his first eleven sons (29:31-30:24)\n- Jacob becomes wealthy while working for Laban (30:25-43)\n- Jacob and his family flee from Laban; Jacob’s treaty with Laban (31:1-55)\n- Jacob wrestles with God, who names him **Israel** (32:1-32)\n- Jacob and Esau reconcile, and Jacob settles in the city of Shechem (33:1-20)\n- Shechem rapes Dinah, and Jacob’s sons take revenge (34:1-31)\n- God blesses Jacob at Bethel (35:1-15) - **promise**\n- Rachel dies giving birth to Benjamin (35:16-20)\n- List of Jacob’s twelve sons; Isaac dies and is buried by Esau and Jacob (35:16-29)\n- Esau’s descendants, the Edomites (36:1-43)\\*\\*\n\nThe history about **Jacob** and **Joseph** [Genesis 37-50]\n- Jacob’s family; Joseph’s dreams anger his brothers (37:1-11)\\*\n- Joseph sold as a slave and taken to the country of Egypt (37:12-36)\n- **Judah** and his daughter-in-law Tamar have children (38:1-30)\n- Potiphar’s wife falsely accuses Joseph, and he is imprisoned (39:1-23)\n- In the prison, Joseph interprets dreams for Pharaoh’s officials (40:1-23)\n- Joseph interprets Pharaoh’s dreams about famine (41:1-40)\n- As governor over Egypt, Joseph stores up grain; he has two sons (41:41-57)\n- Joseph’s brothers come to Egypt to buy grain, then return to Jacob (42:1-38)\n- All Joseph’s brothers return to Egypt and have a meal with him (43:1-34)\n- Joseph tests his brothers with his silver cup (44:1-17)\n- Judah pleads with Joseph for Benjamin’s freedom (44:18-34)\n- Joseph reveals his identity to his brothers; they give the news to Jacob (45:1-28)\n- Jacob and his family move to Egypt; list of his descendants (46:1-27)\n- Joseph settles Jacob and his family in the land of Goshen (47:1-12)\n- Joseph sells grain to all the people of Egypt (37:13-31)\n- Jacob blesses Joseph’s sons Ephraim and Manasseh (48:1-22)\n- Jacob blesses each of his 12 sons (49:1-28)\n- Jacob’s death (49:29-33)\n- Joseph has his father Jacob embalmed and buries him in Canaan (50:1-14)\n- Joseph reassures his brothers that he has forgiven them (50:15-21)\n- Joseph’s death (Gen 50:22-26)\n\n### Special formatting\n\nThe book of Genesis sometimes uses poetic language to emphasize what is being said. Many translations use a special format to identify these passages as poetry by indenting each clause on a new line. Many other translations do not do this, but rather use regular paragraph formatting everywhere, including for poetry. It may be helpful to look at a translation in the national language of your country that uses poetry formatting, to help you decide whether or not you want to do something similar in your translation. Some translations put some of the following passages in poetry format since these verses have certain features of poetry such as parallelisms and metaphors: Genesis 1:27; 2:23; 3:14-16, 17b-19; 4:23-24; 8:22; 9:6, 25-27; 12:2-3; 14:19-20; 15:1; 16:11-12; 24:60; 25:23; 27:27-29, 39-40; 48:15-16, 20; 49:1-27. You may not want to put all these passages in poetry format since some of them have parallelisms that are not necessarily poetry but may just be emphasizing certain events in the narrative or certain points in a prophecy.
1:intro	zb6f				0	### Possible titles for this book:\n\n- “Genesis”\n- “The Book of Genesis”\n- “Genesis: The First Book By Moses”\n- “Genesis: The Book About Beginnings”\n- “The First Book That God's Prophet/Spokesman Moses Wrote: Genesis”\n\nThe English title “Genesis” is a transliteration of a Greek word that means “origin” or “beginning” or “birth”; the ancient Greek translation of the Hebrew scriptures (the Septuagint) uses this word for the first time in Genesis 2:4. The Hebrew title of this book בְּרֵאשִׁית (pronounced “bereshith”) is the first Hebrew word in verse 1 and literally means “In the beginning.” The Latin translation of the Bible (the Latin Vulgate) was the first translation to use the title “The Book of Genesis.” Since that time, many other translations include “Genesis” in the book title because people are familiar with that name. Sometimes as part of the title, translators also include the fact that Moses was the author and that he was inspired by God. Do what is best in your language.
1:1	uiu4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	בְּ⁠רֵאשִׁ֖ית	1	The first chapter of Genesis is a true historical narrative (which is indicated by the Hebrew language structures that are used throughout the chapter), and verse 1 records the first event in that history. This is confirmed by the wider context of the Scriptures, which teach us that God created everything out of nothing at the very beginning of the world (Psalm 33:6, 9; Hebrews 11:3). Some languages must use a verb (“began”) in verse 1 rather than an abstract noun (**beginning**). Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “At the beginning of time”
1:1	b730		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms	אֱלֹהִ֑ים	1	Translate the title **God** in a way that refers to the Supreme Being who created everything, who has complete power, who knows everything and is present everywhere. He is the only true God and has always existed.
1:1	hmtj		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms	בָּרָ֣א	1	In the Hebrew Bible, the verb “create” refers to an activity that only God does, and it often implies (as it does here) that he made something out of nothing. Also, the forms of the verbs in the Hebrew text (and the conjunctions) show that chapter 1 is a narrative that tells about true history and events in the order that things actually happened. Make sure that your translation does the same thing. Alternate translation: “made”
1:1	bcu7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms	אֵ֥ת הַ⁠שָּׁמַ֖יִם	1	This phrase refers here to the region where all the stars and planets would later exist. Keep that in mind as you translate this term. Alternate translation: “the sky”
1:1	wgq2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms	וְ⁠אֵ֥ת הָ⁠אָֽרֶץ	1	This phrase refers to the planet earth.
1:2	qfra			וְ⁠הָ⁠אָ֗רֶץ	1	The author pauses here to describe what the earth and the heavens were like after God first created them (verse 1). Some languages use a conjunction like **Now** to introduce that information; other languages do not use a conjunction here. Do what is natural in your language. Also, be consistent here with how you translated **the earth** in verse 1. Alternate translation: “Now at first after that, the earth”
1:2	btmf			הָיְתָ֥ה תֹ֨הוּ֙ וָ⁠בֹ֔הוּ	1	It is not clear what the earth looked like at that time, but it did not have its present shape and order. Also, the Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “was formless/shapeless and empty/desolate,” or “did not have its present form, and there was nothing living on it yet,” or (2) “completely empty/desolate,” which treats the text as a hendiadys. However, it is best to keep both terms separate in your translation (as they are in the Hebrew text).
1:2	f7a1			וְ⁠חֹ֖שֶׁךְ עַל פְּנֵ֣י תְה֑וֹם	1	For some languages it is more natural to begin a new sentence here. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “It was completely dark, there was deep water everywhere,” or “There was deep water everywhere that was surrounded by total darkness,”
1:2	rp8q			וְ⁠ר֣וּחַ אֱלֹהִ֔ים מְרַחֶ֖פֶת	1	The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “and God’s Spirit was hovering/moving” or (2) “and a wind from God was blowing” or (3) “and a powerful wind was blowing”. The first interpretation is most likely, since the Hebrew verb **hovering** does not describe what wind does.
1:2	yq4r			עַל פְּנֵ֥י הַ⁠מָּֽיִם	1	Throughout this chapter, the word **waters** is in the plural in the Hebrew text. For some languages it is more natural to use the singular “water”. Do what is best in your language in each context. Alternate translation: “over the surface of the water.” or “above the waters”
1:3	kxuq		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֥אמֶר אֱלֹהִ֖ים	1	What God says in verse 3 is a command. Consider whether or not it is best in your language to make that explicit in this quote margin. Alternate translation: “Then God commanded,”
1:3	o0zd			יְהִ֣י א֑וֹר	1	This is a command, not a permission or a suggestion. It is a direct quote of what God actually said, and it is usually put between quotation marks in a translation. If you use an exclamation point with this command in your translation, make sure it does not mean or imply that God was angry. Also, the way you translate **light** should refer to what shines from a source of light; it does not refer here to the source itself. Alternate translation: “Let light exist.” or “I command there to be light.”
1:3	nj3u			וַֽ⁠יְהִי אֽוֹר	1	Light began to shine immediately as a result of God’s command. Alternate translation: “So immediately there was light.” or “And so light started shining.”
1:4	ceam		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases	וַ⁠יַּ֧רְא אֱלֹהִ֛ים	1	Notice that Hebrew frequently uses a conjunction such as **And** or **Then** at the beginning of a sentence. Some languages do not use conjunctions as frequently as Hebrew uses conjunctions. Do what is accurate and natural in your language in each context. Alternate translation: “And he saw” or “He saw”
1:4	bnvs		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms	אֶת הָ⁠א֖וֹר כִּי ט֑וֹב	1	In the Bible, **good** is an important theme. Throughout chapter 1, it especially means that what God created was high quality, complete, and had no defects; in other words, it had all the characteristics and functions that God intended it to have. It also includes the idea that what God created was untainted by sin and reflected his good character (Psalm 19:1; Romans 1:20). The focus here is not on how pleased or satisfied God was. Alternate translation: “that the light was good”
1:4	wtmd		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יַּבְדֵּ֣ל אֱלֹהִ֔ים	1	In order to produce an accurate and natural translation, it is important in each context to make sure that nouns (such as **God**) and pronouns (such as “he”) are used properly in your language. In the Hebrew text, **God** is repeated frequently in chapter 1 to emphasize him and show that he is in focus. For some languages it is more natural to say **God** only once at the beginning of each paragraph or section, and then use pronouns to refer to him the rest of the time (or most of the time). Throughout chapter 1, do what is best in your language each time that you refer to God.
1:4	q3jo			וַ⁠יַּבְדֵּ֣ל אֱלֹהִ֔ים בֵּ֥ין הָ⁠א֖וֹר וּ⁠בֵ֥ין הַ⁠חֹֽשֶׁךְ	1	 Alternate translation: “Then he separated the light from the darkness so that each had its own time.” or “Then he caused the light to have its own time and the darkness to have its own time.” or “Then he separated the light from the darkness so that it would be light for a number of hours, and then dark for a number of hours.”
1:5	c9yz		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases	וַ⁠יִּקְרָ֨א אֱלֹהִ֤ים	1	Some languages omit the connecting word **And** or **Then** here. Consider what is the best way in your language to connect this sentence with the previous one. Alternate translation: “Then God called” or “God named”
1:5	cc8r			לָ⁠אוֹר֙ י֔וֹם	1	Notice that in this context the word **Day** refers only to the time when the sun is shining, not to the 24-hour time period that makes up a complete day. Make sure that this is clear in your translation. Throughout chapter 1, some translations use quote marks around the names that God gives the different things he created. Do what is best in your language.
1:5	if7a			וְ⁠לַ⁠חֹ֖שֶׁךְ קָ֣רָא לָ֑יְלָה	1	In the Hebrew text, **the darkness** is first in this clause to emphasize the contrast between the light and the darkness. Consider what is the best way to translate this clause in your language. Alternate translation: “and the darkness he called Nighttime.” or “and he named the darkness Nighttime.”
1:5	xxe6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential	וַֽ⁠יְהִי עֶ֥רֶב וַֽ⁠יְהִי בֹ֖קֶר	1	The evening and the morning are the parts of a 24-hour day that separate the hours of daytime (light) from the hours of nighttime (darkness): Evening came at the end of each daytime after God finished his work of creating. Then after about 12 hours of nighttime, morning came, which began the next 12 hours of daytime when God did more work. Make sure your translation does not sound like morning came immediately after evening. Some languages have a one-word conjunction that means “and then” or “and later” and would fit well here. Alternate translation: “Then evening came, and then morning came,”
1:5	xmx5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal	י֥וֹם אֶחָֽד	1	Here **day** refers to a full 24-hour day. Also, the Hebrew text uses a cardinal number (**one**) here, but then uses ordinal numbers (“second,” “third,” and so on) for the rest of the days of the creation week. Some languages need to use an ordinal number (“first”) here too. Other languages use cardinal numbers throughout (“day one,” “day two,” and so on). Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “and that was day one.”
1:6	nesq		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר אֱלֹהִ֔ים	1	See how you translated this phrase in verse 3. Alternate translation: “Then God commanded,”
1:6	gqae			יְהִ֥י רָקִ֖יעַ	1	The Hebrew word for **expanse** here describes a large space that is “spread out.” It was not solid, but rather it was open and empty and could be seen through and flown through (verse 20). It was probably also curved, following the spherical shape of the earth. See how you translated **Let there be** in verse 3. Alternate translation: “Let there be a vast space” or “I command there to be a vast space” or “I command a vast space to form”
1:6	mscz			בְּ⁠ת֣וֹךְ הַ⁠מָּ֑יִם	1	See how you translated **waters** in verse 2.
1:6	c6kn			וִ⁠יהִ֣י מַבְדִּ֔יל בֵּ֥ין מַ֖יִם לָ⁠מָֽיִם	1	 Alternate translation: “and let it divide the water above it from the water below it.” or “so that it separates the waters into two different places.”
1:7	i8t2			וַ⁠יַּ֣עַשׂ אֱלֹהִים֮	1	Verse 7 explains what God’s command in verse 6 caused to happen, and it repeats some of the same words and phrases. Make sure that your translation of these verses does not sound like God created the expanse twice. Alternate translation: “In that way God made” or “That is how he made”
1:7	dgya			אֶת הָ⁠רָקִיעַ֒	1	 Alternate translation: “a vast space”
1:7	c752			וַ⁠יַּבְדֵּ֗ל	1	 Alternate translation: “and divided” or “and used it to separate”
1:7	pidk		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	בֵּ֤ין הַ⁠מַּ֨יִם֙ אֲשֶׁר֙ מִ⁠תַּ֣חַת לָ⁠רָקִ֔יעַ וּ⁠בֵ֣ין הַ⁠מַּ֔יִם אֲשֶׁ֖ר מֵ⁠עַ֣ל לָ⁠רָקִ֑יעַ	1	For some languages it is more natural to use a pronoun (**it**) here to refer to the expanse, since it was just mentioned earlier in the verse. Each language has its own system of when to use nouns or pronouns to refer to people, places, and things. In each context, do what is clear and natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the water that was below the expanse from the water that was above it.” or “the water that was under it from the water that was above it.”
1:7	xfx7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וַֽ⁠יְהִי כֵֽן	1	 Alternate translation: “That is the way it happened.” or “Everything was exactly as he commanded it to be”
1:8	igd0		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases	וַ⁠יִּקְרָ֧א אֱלֹהִ֛ים	1	Consider whether it is more natural in your language to begin a new sentence here (with or without a conjunction) or to continue the sentence that began at the end of verse 7. Also see how you translated this phrase in verse 5. Alternate translation: “He called” or “and he called”
1:8	hh8a			לָֽ⁠רָקִ֖יעַ	1	See how you translated this phrase in verses 6 and 7. Alternate translation: “the vast space”
1:8	n336		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms	שָׁמָ֑יִם	1	This word probably refers here to the atmosphere above the earth’s surface where clouds are and where birds fly, as well as the space where the sun, moon, and stars are now. Be consistent here with how you translated this term in verse 1.
1:8	su1z			וַֽ⁠יְהִי עֶ֥רֶב וַֽ⁠יְהִי בֹ֖קֶר	1	See how you translated this sentence in verse 5, and see the note about that there. Alternate translation: “Then evening came, and then morning came,”
1:8	adzz		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal	י֥וֹם שֵׁנִֽי	1	Consider whether it is more natural in your language to use an ordinal number (**second**) here or a cardinal number (“two”). Alternate translation: “and the second day ended.” or “and that was the end of day two.”
1:9	yc3d		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר אֱלֹהִ֗ים	1	See how you translated this phrase in verses 3 and 6. Alternate translation: “Then God commanded,”
1:9	yetc		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	יִקָּו֨וּ הַ⁠מַּ֜יִם מִ⁠תַּ֤חַת הַ⁠שָּׁמַ֨יִם֙	1	Consider whether it is better here in your language to use a passive form of the verb (**be gathered**) or an active form (“gather” or “come”). Alternate translation: “Let the water that is under the sky come together” or “I command the water that is below the heavens to come together”
1:9	as42			אֶל מָק֣וֹם אֶחָ֔ד	1	 Alternate translation: “in one area” or “into one area”
1:9	g8i2			וְ⁠תֵרָאֶ֖ה הַ⁠יַּבָּשָׁ֑ה	1	The water had been covering the land, so when the water receded from it, the land became exposed and dried off. Make sure that the way you translate **dry ground** does not sound like the land was dry while it was under the water. Alternate translation: “so that there is dry land.” or “so that dry land can be seen.” or “so that land is uncovered and dries off.”
1:9	gign			וַֽ⁠יְהִי כֵֽן	1	See how you translated this sentence in verse 7. It may be necessary to translate it in different ways, depending on the context. Alternate translation: “And it was exactly as God commanded it to be”
1:10	eh2f			וַ⁠יִּקְרָ֨א אֱלֹהִ֤ים	1	 Alternate translation: “Then he named”
1:10	khag			לַ⁠יַּבָּשָׁה֙	1	 Alternate translation: “the dry land” or “the land that had dried off”
1:10	teai			אֶ֔רֶץ	1	This is the same Hebrew word that is translated as “earth” in verse 1, but here it refers to the dry land or ground (in contrast to the water), and not to the entire planet. Alternate translation: “Ground,”
1:10	c5av		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	וּ⁠לְ⁠מִקְוֵ֥ה הַ⁠מַּ֖יִם קָרָ֣א	1	See how you translated a sentence in verse 5 that is similar in structure to this sentence. Alternate translation: “and the waters that he had gathered together he named” or “and he called the gathered waters” or “and he called the waters that had come together”
1:10	sb47			יַמִּ֑ים	1	At that time there was probably just one very large body of water and one very large land mass on the earth (as verse 9 indicates). So a singular noun that refers to the largest body of water, such as “Ocean” or “Sea”, could be used here in your translation. Alternate translation: “Oceans.”
1:10	gnuy		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יַּ֥רְא אֱלֹהִ֖ים	1	Decide whether it is more natural in your language to use a noun (**God**) or a pronoun (**he**) in this context. See how you translated this phrase in verse 4. Alternate translation: “And he saw” or “He saw”
1:10	hk8y			כִּי טֽוֹב	1	Some languages cannot use a pronoun (**it**) here, but have to specify what was good. Do what is best in your language. Also see how you translated the word **good** in verse 4, and see the note about that there. Alternate translation: “that what he had made was good” or “that the land and the seas were good”
1:11	jq0c		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר אֱלֹהִ֗ים	1	 Alternate translation: “Then God commanded,”
1:11	lnyu			תַּֽדְשֵׁ֤א הָ⁠אָ֨רֶץ֙ דֶּ֔שֶׁא	1	The Hebrew word for **vegetation** refers generally here to any kind of green plant and includes the plants and trees that are mentioned next in this verse. Also, see how you translated “Land” in verse 10. Alternate translation: “I command the ground to grow green plants,” or “The ground must now be covered with green plants,”
1:11	sdob			עֵ֚שֶׂב מַזְרִ֣יעַ זֶ֔רַע	1	This phrase refers to many different kinds of plants, not just one plant or one seed. Make sure that is clear in your translation. Also, these kinds of plants have soft stems and include vegetable plants, herbs and other plants that produce edible seeds, such as rice, corn, and wheat. Alternate translation: “including every kind of plant that has seeds” or “including all kinds of plants that have seeds”
1:11	cv1n			עֵ֣ץ פְּרִ֞י עֹ֤שֶׂה פְּרִי֙ לְ⁠מִינ֔⁠וֹ	1	The phrase **according to its kind** emphasizes that each different kind of tree produces its own kind of fruit and seeds, which grow and become only that kind of tree. For example, apple trees always produce apples with apple seeds, never peaches or cherries, or any other kind of fruit or seeds. Alternate translation: “and fruit trees that bear fruit, each according to its own kind” or “and every kind of fruit tree that bears its own kind of fruit” or “and all kinds of fruit trees that bear their own kind of fruit”
1:11	o8kh			אֲשֶׁ֥ר זַרְע⁠וֹ ב֖⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “that has seeds inside,” or “with its own kind of seeds inside it,”
1:11	k8cn		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	עַל הָ⁠אָ֑רֶץ	1	For some languages it is clearer and more natural to put this phrase earlier in this verse and say, “Let the land sprout vegetation on/throughout the earth …” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “throughout the earth.”
1:11	virt			וַֽ⁠יְהִי כֵֽן	1	Either a period or a colon can be used here, but a colon more clearly shows that verse 12 gives the details of what happened. This is different from verse 7, where the details of what happened come before **And it was so**, and from verse 9, where no additional details are given. Alternate translation: “And it happened exactly as God commanded it to happen:”
1:12	jikr			וַ⁠תּוֹצֵ֨א הָ⁠אָ֜רֶץ דֶּ֠שֶׁא	1	Verse 12 explains what God’s command in verse 11 caused to happen, and it repeats some of the same words and phrases. Make sure that your translation of these verses does not sound like God created the plants twice. Alternate translation: “The land sprouted plants,” or “The land started growing green plants,”
1:12	rh5y			עֵ֣שֶׂב מַזְרִ֤יעַ זֶ֨רַע֙ לְ⁠מִינֵ֔⁠הוּ	1	 Alternate translation: “including plants that have seeds, each according to its own kind” or “including every kind of plant that has seeds that grow into the same type of plant,” or “including all kinds of plants that have their own type of seeds,”
1:12	cy8d			וְ⁠עֵ֧ץ עֹֽשֶׂה פְּרִ֛י אֲשֶׁ֥ר זַרְע⁠וֹ ב֖⁠וֹ לְ⁠מִינֵ֑⁠הוּ	1	 Alternate translation: “and trees that bear fruit with seeds inside, each according to its own kind.” or “and every kind of tree that has fruit with seeds that grow into the same kind of tree.” or “and all kinds of trees that have their own kind of seed-bearing fruit.”
1:12	o8er		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases	וַ⁠יַּ֥רְא אֱלֹהִ֖ים	1	Consider whether or not it is more natural in your language to begin this sentence with a conjunction. Alternate translation: “And he saw” or “He saw”
1:12	k58u		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	כִּי טֽוֹב	1	See how you translated this clause in verse 10. Some languages have to specify what was good. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “that what he had made was good” or “that all the plants and trees were good”
1:13	b3dy			וַֽ⁠יְהִי עֶ֥רֶב וַֽ⁠יְהִי בֹ֖קֶר	1	See how you translated this sentence in verses 5 and 8. Alternate translation: “Then evening came, and then morning came,”
1:13	xcdg		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal	י֥וֹם שְׁלִישִֽׁי	1	 Alternate translation: “and the third day ended.” or “and that was the end of day three.”
1:14	h9x6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר אֱלֹהִ֗ים	1	 Alternate translation: “Then God commanded,”
1:14	f6qj			יְהִ֤י מְאֹרֹת֙	1	These lights refer to the sun, moon and stars that give off light. But it is important to keep this general in your translation (like the Hebrew text does) and not specify the names of these lights. Alternate translation: “Let lamps exist” or “Let there be objects that give light”
1:14	snjr			בִּ⁠רְקִ֣יעַ הַ⁠שָּׁמַ֔יִם	1	The expanse is the same thing as the heavens (verse 8), so some translations leave **the expanse of** implied here. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “in the space of the sky” or “in the open space of the sky” or “in the heavens”
1:14	as7i			לְ⁠הַבְדִּ֕יל	1	 Alternate translation: “to divide” or “that separate”
1:14	ik3v			בֵּ֥ין הַ⁠יּ֖וֹם וּ⁠בֵ֣ין הַ⁠לָּ֑יְלָה	1	See how you translated “Daytime” and “Nighttime” in verse 5.
1:14	iva1			וְ⁠הָי֤וּ לְ⁠אֹתֹת֙	1	 Alternate translation: “Let those lamps also be” or “They will also serve as” or “I also command those lamps to serve as”
1:14	kwpn			וְ⁠הָי֤וּ לְ⁠אֹתֹת֙	1	The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “signs/markers of special/important events, and they must/will mark” or “They must/will also mark/indicate when important things happen, and they must/will mark/show” or (2) “signs/markers that mark/indicate/show”. The word **signs** means that the lights are to mark certain times of the year. Following the first interpretation, the lights are to also mark special events (such as the star that signaled Jesus’ birth and the darkened sun at Jesus’ death).
1:14	zf63			וּ⁠לְ⁠מ֣וֹעֲדִ֔ים וּ⁠לְ⁠יָמִ֖ים וְ⁠שָׁנִֽים	1	The sun and moon show the passing of time. For example, the 30-day month is determined by the phases of the moon, and the 365-day year is determined by the time it takes for the earth to travel around the sun. Seasons are regular times of the year, such as seed-planting and harvesting times, and the seasons of spring, summer, fall and winter (Genesis 8:22), as well as the special festivals which God appointed for his people to meet with him. You could put some of that information in a footnote.
1:15	qfvm			וְ⁠הָי֤וּ לִ⁠מְאוֹרֹת֙	1	 Alternate translation: “And they will be sources of light” or “They will serve as lights” or “Their purpose is to serve as sources of light”
1:15	szsy			בִּ⁠רְקִ֣יעַ הַ⁠שָּׁמַ֔יִם	1	See how you translated this phrase in verse 14. Alternate translation: “in the space called the sky” or “in the open space of the sky” or “in the heavens”
1:15	jf98			לְ⁠הָאִ֖יר עַל הָ⁠אָ֑רֶץ	1	See how you translated **the earth** in verses 1-2. Alternate translation: “to shine light on the earth.” or “so that they give light to the earth.”
1:15	c4rf			וַֽ⁠יְהִי כֵֽן	1	 Alternate translation: “And it was exactly as he commanded it to be”
1:16	slgo			וַ⁠יַּ֣עַשׂ אֱלֹהִ֔ים	1	Verses 16-18 explain what God’s commands in verses 14-15 caused to happen. Make sure your translation of these verses does not sound like he created the lights twice. See how you translated **So God made** in verse 7. Alternate translation: “In that way God made” or “That is how he made”
1:16	axyb			אֶת שְׁנֵ֥י הַ⁠מְּאֹרֹ֖ת הַ⁠גְּדֹלִ֑ים	1	This phrase refers to the sun and the moon, which are the two brightest objects in the earth’s sky. However, the author intentionally does not use their names, so you should not include their names in your translation either. Alternate translation: “the two big lights,”
1:16	udou			אֶת הַ⁠מָּא֤וֹר הַ⁠גָּדֹל֙	1	The focus is on the relative brightness or strength of the lights, not on their size. Alternate translation: “the stronger light”
1:16	vq3u		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	לְ⁠מֶמְשֶׁ֣לֶת הַ⁠יּ֔וֹם	1	The word **rule** is a figure of speech that means each light has the greatest effect during a particular time period because it is the brightest light that is shining then. For some languages, nonliving objects like the sun and the moon cannot **rule** because only people can do that. Do what is accurate and natural in your language. Alternate translation: “to govern the day,”
1:16	slw4			וְ⁠אֶת הַ⁠מָּא֤וֹר הַ⁠קָּטֹן֙	1	 Alternate translation: “and the dimmer light”
1:16	kas2			לְ⁠מֶמְשֶׁ֣לֶת הַ⁠לַּ֔יְלָה	1	Be consistent here with how you translated **rule** previously in this verse. Alternate translation: “to govern the night,”
1:16	vlll		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	וְ⁠אֵ֖ת הַ⁠כּוֹכָבִֽים	1	The verb **made** that is used earlier in the verse is implied here. Translate this in a way that is clear and natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and he also made the stars.” or “That is also when he created the stars.”
1:17	wi1g		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יִּתֵּ֥ן אֹתָ֛⁠ם אֱלֹהִ֖ים	1	Consider what is the best way in your language to refer to God and the lights at this point in the paragraph. Alternate translation: “God put them” or “God placed the lights”
1:17	zkp6			בִּ⁠רְקִ֣יעַ הַ⁠שָּׁמָ֑יִם	1	See how you translated this phrase in verses 14 and 15. Alternate translation: “in the space called the sky” or “in the open space of the sky” or “in the heavens”
1:17	e0pl			לְ⁠הָאִ֖יר עַל הָ⁠אָֽרֶץ	1	See how you translated this phrase in verse 15. Alternate translation: “to provide light to the earth,”
1:18	iq2u		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	וְ⁠לִ⁠מְשֹׁל֙ בַּ⁠יּ֣וֹם וּ⁠בַ⁠לַּ֔יְלָה	1	Make sure that your translation of the word **day** refers here to the daytime hours, not an entire 24-hour day. Also see how you translated **rule** in 1:16. Alternate translation: “and to dominate the daytime or the nighttime,” or “and to shine during the daytime and during the nighttime,”
1:18	x9y4			וּֽ⁠לֲ⁠הַבְדִּ֔יל בֵּ֥ין הָ⁠א֖וֹר וּ⁠בֵ֣ין הַ⁠חֹ֑שֶׁךְ	1	Consider again how you translated **separate** in verses 4, 6-7, 14 and 18. Alternate translation: “and to distinguish the light from the darkness.” or “and to separate the time of light from the time of darkness.”
1:18	ji6r			וַ⁠יַּ֥רְא אֱלֹהִ֖ים	1	 Alternate translation: “And he saw” or “He saw”
1:18	h52g		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	כִּי טֽוֹב	1	Some languages need to specify what was good. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “that what he had made was good” or “that the lights in the sky were good”
1:19	c1co			וַֽ⁠יְהִי עֶ֥רֶב וַֽ⁠יְהִי בֹ֖קֶר	1	 Alternate translation: “Then evening came, and then morning came,”
1:19	zl7w		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal	י֥וֹם רְבִיעִֽי	1	 Alternate translation: “and the fourth day ended.” or “and that was the end of day four.”
1:20	qr92		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר אֱלֹהִ֔ים	1	 Alternate translation: “Then God commanded,”
1:20	rlrq			יִשְׁרְצ֣וּ הַ⁠מַּ֔יִם שֶׁ֖רֶץ נֶ֣פֶשׁ חַיָּ֑ה	1	 Alternate translation: “I command the water to be full of large groups of living creatures,” or “I command there to be large numbers of water animals that live everywhere in the water,”
1:20	szof			וְ⁠עוֹף֙ יְעוֹפֵ֣ף	1	The Hebrew word for **birds** can also be more general and refer to “winged/flying creatures,” which includes birds, bats, flying insects and even flying reptiles that are now extinct. Consider whether it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “and let there be birds that fly” or “Also let there be winged creatures that fly”
1:20	obps			עַל הָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ עַל פְּנֵ֖י רְקִ֥יעַ הַ⁠שָּׁמָֽיִם	1	 Alternate translation: “above the earth, through the air.” or “across the sky above the earth.”
1:21	hu94		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יִּבְרָ֣א אֱלֹהִ֔ים	1	See how you translated **created** in verse 1. Alternate translation: “That is how he made” or “In that way he made”
1:21	ywwv			אֶת הַ⁠תַּנִּינִ֖ם הַ⁠גְּדֹלִ֑ים	1	These include whales, sharks, giant squid, crocodiles, and leviathans (Psalm 74:13-14, Isaiah 27:1), which were probably swimming reptiles that are now extinct. Alternate translation: “the huge ocean animals”
1:21	uwve			וְ⁠אֵ֣ת כָּל נֶ֣פֶשׁ הַֽ⁠חַיָּ֣ה הָֽ⁠רֹמֶ֡שֶׂת	1	 Alternate translation: “and every kind of fish and every other animal that lives” or “and all the fish and other kinds of animals that live”
1:21	cfhy			אֲשֶׁר֩ שָׁרְצ֨וּ הַ⁠מַּ֜יִם	1	 Alternate translation: “throughout the ocean in large groups,” or “in the water and fills it,” or “all over the place in the ocean,”
1:21	yks1			לְ⁠מִֽינֵ⁠הֶ֗ם	1	This phrase emphasizes that each different kind of creature has its own distinct kind of offspring/young. For example, whales always give birth to whales, and never give birth to cats or cows or any other kind of creature. Alternate translation: “each according to its own kind” or “each that has its own kind of young,”
1:21	w4mh			וְ⁠אֵ֨ת	1	For some languages it is more natural to begin a new sentence here, so that the previous sentence is not too long. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “and how he made” or “That is also how he created”
1:21	ug9b			כָּל ע֤וֹף כָּנָף֙	1	See how you translated “birds” in verse 20. Alternate translation: “every kind of bird” or “all the different kinds of birds” or “every kind of winged creature”
1:21	wumv			לְ⁠מִינֵ֔⁠הוּ	1	See how you translated this phrase earlier in this verse. Alternate translation: “each according to its own kind” or “each that has its own kind of young.”
1:21	c8r3			וַ⁠יַּ֥רְא אֱלֹהִ֖ים	1	 Alternate translation: “And He saw” or “He saw”
1:21	fhzc		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	כִּי טֽוֹב	1	Some languages need to specify what was good. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “that what he had made was good” or “that the water animals and the birds were good”
1:22	tv0s		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יְבָ֧רֶךְ אֹתָ֛⁠ם אֱלֹהִ֖ים	1	For some languages it is necessary to specify what **them** refers to. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “Then God caused them all to prosper” or “Then God blessed the water creatures and the birds”
1:22	yiar		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	לֵ⁠אמֹ֑ר	1	God blesses the water animals first. If that is not clear, you could make that explicit here in the quote margin or at the beginning of what God says. Alternate translation: “and said first to the water animals,”
1:22	v2ge		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	פְּר֣וּ	1	God speaks directly to the water animals using the second person (“you”), then later in the verse speaks about the birds in the third person (**the birds**). For some languages it is necessary to use either second person for both or third person for both, to prevent confusion. Do what is natural and clear in your language. Alternate translation: “Reproduce” or “You water animals will produce many young”
1:22	ee4u		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal	וּ⁠רְב֗וּ	1	 Alternate translation: “so that you and your offspring will multiply greatly in number” or “so that you and your offspring will become very many”
1:22	s7t9			וּ⁠מִלְא֤וּ	1	 Alternate translation: “and live throughout”
1:22	pfl8			אֶת הַ⁠מַּ֨יִם֙ בַּ⁠יַּמִּ֔ים	1	For some languages, “water in the seas” is too repetitive, so it is more natural here to just say “seas/sea” or “ocean” or “water”. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “the water of the sea”
1:22	wysn			וְ⁠הָ⁠ע֖וֹף יִ֥רֶב	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Also, see how you translated **multiply** earlier in this verse. Alternate translation: “And the birds will also increase greatly in number” or “You birds will also become very many”
1:22	q4ey			בָּ⁠אָֽרֶץ	1	 Alternate translation: “throughout the earth.” or “and live all over the earth.”
1:23	jdl5			וַֽ⁠יְהִי עֶ֥רֶב וַֽ⁠יְהִי בֹ֖קֶר	1	 Alternate translation: “Then evening came, and then morning came,”
1:23	jti5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal	י֥וֹם חֲמִישִֽׁי	1	 Alternate translation: “and the fifth day ended.” or “and that was the end of day five.”
1:24	k7ok			וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר אֱלֹהִ֗ים	1	 Alternate translation: “Then God commanded,”
1:24	ymte			תּוֹצֵ֨א הָ⁠אָ֜רֶץ	1	See how you translated a similar command to the land in verse 11. Alternate translation: “I command the land to yield” or “The land must now produce”
1:24	wf0h			נֶ֤פֶשׁ חַיָּה֙	1	This is a general term that refers to all the different kinds of creatures/animals that breathe, including the three large categories of animals mentioned below in this verse. Alternate translation: “every type of living animal” or “all kinds of animals,”
1:24	se25			לְ⁠מִינָ֔⁠הּ	1	This phrase means that every kind of animal that God created always produces young that are the same kind of animal as their parents. See how you translated this phrase in verse 21, and see the note about that there. Alternate translation: “each that has its own kind of young,” or “each having its own kind of young,”
1:24	lpze			בְּהֵמָ֥ה	1	This term probably includes animals such as horses, camels, cattle, sheep, and goats that people raise for food or use for farming or other work. This is in contrast to animals that normally live in the wild. Alternate translation: “including farm animals,”
1:24	jqx2			וָ⁠רֶ֛מֶשׂ	1	 Alternate translation: “every type of animal that crawls” or “all kinds of animals that crawl”
1:24	f3l5			וְ⁠חַֽיְתוֹ אֶ֖רֶץ	1	This phrase refers in general to animals that are normally not raised by people but live in the wild. Alternate translation: “and every other kind of wild animal that lives on the land,” or “and all the other kinds of wild animals that live on the land,”
1:24	w60r			לְ⁠מִינָ֑⁠הּ	1	See how you translated this phrase earlier in this verse. Alternate translation: “each that has its own kind of offspring” or “each having its own kind of offspring”
1:24	voaz			וַֽ⁠יְהִי כֵֽן	1	 Alternate translation: “It happened exactly as he commanded it to happen.”
1:25	lj0c			וַ⁠יַּ֣עַשׂ אֱלֹהִים֩	1	 Alternate translation: “That is how God created” or “In that way God made”
1:25	jdcq			אֶת חַיַּ֨ת הָ⁠אָ֜רֶץ	1	See how you translated **every creature of the earth** in verse 24. Alternate translation: “every kind of wild animal,” or “all the different kinds of wild animals,”
1:25	zrau			לְ⁠מִינָ֗⁠הּ	1	 Alternate translation: “each that bears its own kind of young,” or “each having its own kind of young,”
1:25	bffi			וְ⁠אֶת הַ⁠בְּהֵמָה֙	1	See how you translated **livestock** in verse 24. Alternate translation: “and every kind of farm animal,” or “and all the farm animals,”
1:25	h946			לְ⁠מִינָ֔⁠הּ	1	 Alternate translation: “each that bears its own kind of young,” or “each having its own kind of young,”
1:25	j9e3			וְ⁠אֵ֛ת כָּל רֶ֥מֶשׂ הָֽ⁠אֲדָמָ֖ה	1	See how you translated **crawling creature** in verse 24. Alternate translation: “and every kind of creature that crawls along the ground,” or “and all different kinds of animals that crawl along the ground,”
1:25	ifc3			לְ⁠מִינָ֗⁠הּ	1	Consider again how you translated this phrase in verses 11, 12, 21, 24 and 25. It may be necessary to translate this phrase in different ways, depending on the context. Alternate translation: “each that bears its own kind of offspring” or “each having its own kind of young,”
1:25	ts6r			וַ⁠יַּ֥רְא אֱלֹהִ֖ים	1	 Alternate translation: “And he saw” or “He saw”
1:25	epq1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	כִּי טֽוֹב	1	Some languages need to specify what was good. Consider again how you translated “And God saw that … good” in verses 10, 12, 18, 21, 25. Alternate translation: “that what he had made was good” or “that all the animals that he had made were good”
1:26	bpc0		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר אֱלֹהִ֔ים	1	Here God is not commanding anything to happen, but is getting ready to personally create mankind himself (the details are given in Gen 2:7, 21-22). Some languages have to specify who is being spoken to. Do what is best in your language.
1:26	blpi			נַֽעֲשֶׂ֥ה	1	Most Bible scholars think that the plural pronouns (**us** and **our**) in this verse refer to God and reflect the fact that he is three Persons in one God. So it is best to keep these pronouns plural in your translation. Also, many translations capitalize the first letter of all pronouns that refer to God in order to show him honor and respect. Your translation team needs to decide whether or not you will do that too. Be consistent with your decision as you translate the Bible. Alternate translation: “Now we will make”
1:26	bahl			אָדָ֛ם	1	The Hebrew word for **man** is used here (and in verse 27) as a collective noun that refers to human beings in general, including both male and female. Alternate translation: “mankind”
1:26	ulnl		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	בְּ⁠צַלְמֵ֖⁠נוּ כִּ⁠דְמוּתֵ֑⁠נוּ	1	These two phrases have similar meanings and emphasize that God made mankind to be like himself in many ways. Alternate translation: “to be like us, so that they are similar to us in many ways,”
1:26	mq1c			וְ⁠יִרְדּוּ֩	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “and let us put them in control of” or “We will give them authority to rule”
1:26	bgn6			בִ⁠דְגַ֨ת הַ⁠יָּ֜ם	1	 Alternate translation: “the fish in the sea”
1:26	fiz0			וּ⁠בְ⁠ע֣וֹף הַ⁠שָּׁמַ֗יִם	1	Some translations leave out the phrase **of the sky** because it is strongly implied and may not sound natural in their languages. However, if it is natural in your language, it is best to include this phrase, because the author repeatedly contrasts three large categories of animals in this section: creatures that live on the ground, creatures that swim in the water, and creatures that fly in the sky. Alternate translation: “the birds that fly in the sky”
1:26	qqil			וּ⁠בַ⁠בְּהֵמָה֙	1	Consider again how you translated **livestock** in verses 24-26. Alternate translation: “the farm animals,”
1:26	vthy			וּ⁠בְ⁠כָל הָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ	1	This refers to the planet earth and everything on it, including water, soil, metals, minerals, and other resources, as well as all the plants and animals.
1:26	x3kc			וּ⁠בְ⁠כָל הָ⁠רֶ֖מֶשׂ הָֽ⁠רֹמֵ֥שׂ עַל הָ⁠אָֽרֶץ	1	For some languages it is not natural to repeat **and** or **over** with each item in this list. Consider what is the best way to translate a list like this in your language. Alternate translation: “including every creature that moves on the earth.” or “and all the animals that live on the earth.”
1:27	zl1a		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases	וַ⁠יִּבְרָ֨א אֱלֹהִ֤ים	1	In this verse God does what he said he was going to do (verse 26). Make sure your translation does not sound like God created mankind twice. Also see how you translated **created** in verses 1 and 21. Alternate translation: “So God made”
1:27	f5z8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms	אֶת הָֽ⁠אָדָם֙	1	Be consistent here with how you translated this term in verse 26. Alternate translation: “mankind”
1:27	yyg0			בְּ⁠צַלְמ֔⁠וֹ	1	God made mankind to be like himself in some ways (not all ways) and to represent him in the world and show people what he is like. For example, God gave human beings an eternal spirit and the ability to have a relationship with him. He also gave us emotions, an understanding of right and wrong, and the ability to reason and make choices, to create new things and to have authority over the rest of creation. You could include some of that information in a footnote. Alternate translation: “in his own image.” or “to be similar to himself in many ways.”
1:27	f9uj		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	בְּ⁠צֶ֥לֶם אֱלֹהִ֖ים בָּרָ֣א אֹת֑⁠וֹ	1	The pronoun **him** refers to the collective noun **man**, which in this case refers to human beings in general, not just one person. Also, this clause is the second half of a chiasm (an inverted parallelism) that repeats the first part of verse 27 in reverse order, to emphasize that it was in God’s image that human beings were created. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “Yes he made them in his image” or “Indeed he created them to be like himself” or “Yes, God made them to be similar to himself in many ways”
1:27	n054			זָכָ֥ר וּ⁠נְקֵבָ֖ה בָּרָ֥א אֹתָֽ⁠ם	1	The phrase **male and female** comes first in the Hebrew text in order to emphasize it. Do what is accurate and natural in your language. Also make sure your translation of this verse does not sound like God is both male and female. Alternate translation: “He also made them to be male or female.”
1:28	n52a			וַ⁠יְבָ֣רֶךְ אֹתָ⁠ם֮ אֱלֹהִים֒	1	See how you translated **blessed** in verse 22. Alternate translation: “Then God showed his favor to them” or “Then God caused them to prosper”
1:28	mnzd		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר לָ⁠הֶ֜ם אֱלֹהִ֗ים	1	Make sure it is clear in your translation of this quote margin that what God says next is the way that he blessed mankind, not something he said separately from that. Alternate translation: “and said,” or “He said,”
1:28	lyey			פְּר֥וּ	1	See how you translated **Be fruitful and multiply** in verse 22. It may be necessary to translate the phrase in different ways, depending on the context. Alternate translation: “Bear many children” or “You will bear many children”
1:28	xie5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal	וּ⁠רְב֛וּ	1	 Alternate translation: “so that you and your descendants will multiply greatly in number” or “so that you and your descendants will become very many”
1:28	lpep			וּ⁠מִלְא֥וּ אֶת הָ⁠אָ֖רֶץ	1	For some languages, it is more natural to begin a new sentence here. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “and inhabit the whole earth” or “Fill the earth”
1:28	g9jo			וְ⁠כִבְשֻׁ֑⁠הָ	1	 Alternate translation: “and take care of it.” or “and bring it under your control.”
1:28	c3f8			וּ⁠רְד֞וּ	1	See how you translated **rule** in verse 26. Alternate translation: “You must rule over” or “I am giving you authority to rule”
1:28	prup			בִּ⁠דְגַ֤ת הַ⁠יָּם֙ וּ⁠בְ⁠ע֣וֹף הַ⁠שָּׁמַ֔יִם	1	See how you translated these phrases in verse 26. Alternate translation: “the fish in the ocean, the birds that fly in the sky”
1:28	ytrg			וּ⁠בְ⁠כָל חַיָּ֖ה הָֽ⁠רֹמֶ֥שֶׂת עַל הָ⁠אָֽרֶץ	1	This phrase refers generally here to every kind of creature that lives on land. Alternate translation: “and every animal that moves on the land.” or “and all the animals that move on the land.”
1:29	sqcf		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר אֱלֹהִ֗ים	1	God is still speaking to the human beings, so it may be necessary to add “also” to this quote margin. Some languages need to specify who is being spoken to. Other languages may leave this quote margin implied, since the same subject (God) is talking to the same people. However, the repeated quote margin in the Hebrew text could show that God paused before continuing or that he is changing the topic, or to emphasize what he says next. So if it is natural to keep the quote margin here in your language, that is best. Alternate translation: “Then God also said to them,” or “Then he added,”
1:29	a4r5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms	הִנֵּה֩	1	This word means that what God says next is important and should be given special attention. Consider what is the best way to translate this term in your language. Alternate translation: “Look,” or “Listen to this,” or “I want you to know that”
1:29	uvuf			נָתַ֨תִּי לָ⁠כֶ֜ם	1	 Alternate translation: “I am now giving to you as food” or “I have provided as food for you” or “I am now providing as food for you”
1:29	oakn			אֶת כָּל עֵ֣שֶׂב זֹרֵ֣עַ זֶ֗רַע אֲשֶׁר֙	1	See how you translated a similar phrase in verses 11 and 12. Alternate translation: “every kind of seed-bearing plant that grows” or “every kind of plant with seeds that grows” or “all the different kinds of plants that yield seeds and grow”
1:29	nq9g			עַל פְּנֵ֣י כָל הָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ	1	 Alternate translation: “anywhere throughout the earth,”
1:29	nn9g			וְ⁠אֶת־כָּל־הָ⁠עֵ֛ץ אֲשֶׁר	1	 Alternate translation: “as well as every kind of tree that bears” or “and all the different kinds of trees that bear”
1:29	zjwv			בּ֥⁠וֹ פְרִי עֵ֖ץ זֹרֵ֣עַ זָ֑רַע	1	See how you translated a similar phrase in verses 11 and 12. Alternate translation: “seed-bearing fruit.”
1:29	ird8			לָ⁠כֶ֥ם יִֽהְיֶ֖ה לְ⁠אָכְלָֽה	1	 Alternate translation: “You may eat from any of those plants.”
1:30	h154			וּֽ⁠לְ⁠כָל חַיַּ֣ת הָ֠⁠אָרֶץ	1	See how you translated similar phrases in verses 24 and 25. Alternate translation: “In the same way, to every kind of wild creature that lives on the land,” or “Likewise, to all the wild creatures that live on the land,” or “In the same way, to all the wild animals,”
1:30	cxyb			וּ⁠לְ⁠כָל ע֨וֹף הַ⁠שָּׁמַ֜יִם	1	 Alternate translation: “and every kind of bird that flies in the sky,”
1:30	n7vq			וּ⁠לְ⁠כֹ֣ל רוֹמֵ֣שׂ עַל הָ⁠אָ֗רֶץ אֲשֶׁר בּ⁠וֹ֙ נֶ֣פֶשׁ חַיָּ֔ה	1	See how you translated “that moves on the earth” in verse 28. Alternate translation: “and every other kind of creature that moves on the land and has the breath of life,” or “and all the other creatures that move on the earth and breathe air to live,”
1:30	hifc		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	אֶת כָּל יֶ֥רֶק עֵ֖שֶׂב לְ⁠אָכְלָ֑ה	1	For some languages it is clearer or more natural to put this phrase near the beginning of this verse and say, “In the same way, I give every type of green plant for food to all the wild animals that live on the earth, and all the birds that fly in the sky, and all the other animals that live on the land and breathe air.” Do what is best in your language. Also see how you translated **plant** in verses 11, 12, 29. Alternate translation: “I give every kind of green plant as food.” or “I have given all the green plants as food.”
1:30	ivkg			וַֽ⁠יְהִי כֵֽן	1	Consider again how you translated this sentence in verses 7, 9, 11, 15, 24 and 30. It may be necessary to translate it in different ways, depending on the context. For example, here in verse 30 this phrase follows a statement God made, which is different from the other contexts where it follows a command. Alternate translation: “And it was exactly as God said it would be.”
1:31	hhg6			וַ⁠יַּ֤רְא אֱלֹהִים֙	1	See how you translated “God saw …” in verse 4. Alternate translation: “Then God observed”
1:31	c85e			אֶת כָּל אֲשֶׁ֣ר עָשָׂ֔ה	1	This phrase refers to everything that God made during the entire week of Creation, not just on the sixth day. Consider again how you translated **made** (or “make”) in verses 7, 16, 25, 26 and 31. Compare that to how you translated a word that has a similar meaning (“created”) in verses 1, 21 and 27. Alternate translation: “everything that he had created,”
1:31	w4pz			וְ⁠הִנֵּה	1	This word calls attention to what God is looking at and helps emphasize that what he saw was very good. Alternate translation: “and indeed” or “and he saw that”
1:31	uixn			ט֖וֹב מְאֹ֑ד	1	Consider again how you translated “good/excellent” in verses 4, 10, 12, 18, 21, 25, and 31. Alternate translation: “it was all very good”
1:31	pjit			וַֽ⁠יְהִי עֶ֥רֶב וַֽ⁠יְהִי בֹ֖קֶר	1	Consider again how you translated these phrases in verses 5, 8, 13, 19, 23, and 31, and see the note about that at verse 5. Alternate translation: “Then evening came, and then morning came,”
1:31	vsiy		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal	י֥וֹם הַ⁠שִּׁשִּֽׁי	1	 Alternate translation: “and the sixth day ended.” or “and that was the end of day six.”
2:1	alnx		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	וַ⁠יְכֻלּ֛וּ הַ⁠שָּׁמַ֥יִם וְ⁠הָ⁠אָ֖רֶץ	1	Verse 1 is a summary statement that looks back at what God did in chapter 1. Make sure that is clear in your language. Also consider whether it is better in your language to use an active or passive clause here, and see how you translated “heavens and earth” in Gen 1:1. Alternate translation: “So it was that the heavens and the earth were finished by God,” or “That is how God finished making the heavens and the earth,”
2:1	eaz5			וְ⁠כָל צְבָאָֽ⁠ם	1	This phrase refers to everything in the heavens and on the earth that God had created, as described in chapter 1. Alternate translation: “along with everything in them.”
2:2	lmmc		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal	בַּ⁠יּ֣וֹם הַ⁠שְּׁבִיעִ֔י	1	Make sure it is clear in your translation that God had completed his work by the seventh day and did not work on that day. Also consider again how you translated ordinal numbers in Gen 1:5, 8, 13, 19, 23, 31; 2:2. Alternate translation: “By day seven”
2:2	zkij		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יְכַ֤ל אֱלֹהִים֙	1	Decide whether it is better in your language to refer to God with a title (**God**) or a pronoun (**he**) in this context. Alternate translation: “he had completed” or “God was finished with”
2:2	qp74			מְלַאכְתּ֖⁠וֹ אֲשֶׁ֣ר עָשָׂ֑ה	1	 Alternate translation: “his work he had been doing,”
2:2	lqw7			וַ⁠יִּשְׁבֹּת֙ בַּ⁠יּ֣וֹם הַ⁠שְּׁבִיעִ֔י מִ⁠כָּל	1	God **rested** in the sense that he stopped his work and did not work on that day. It does not mean he was tired or had lost his strength. Rest is an important theme in the Bible, so you should try to be consistent in how you translate this term here and in other passages such as Exodus 23:12, 31:17 and Hebrews 4:4, 10. Part of this theme includes the Hebrew word for “Sabbath” which has the same root word as the verb for “rest” and is often translated “resting day.” Alternate translation: “so he ceased on that day from all” or “so on the seventh day he no longer did”
2:2	mtu9			מְלַאכְתּ֖⁠וֹ אֲשֶׁ֥ר עָשָֽׂה	1	 Alternate translation: “the work that he had been doing.”
2:3	aq2s		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases	וַ⁠יְבָ֤רֶךְ אֱלֹהִים֙ אֶת י֣וֹם הַ⁠שְּׁבִיעִ֔י	1	For some languages it is more natural to begin verse 3 without a conjunction. Other languages use a conjunction here like Hebrew does. Do what is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Then he designated the seventh day as a day to bless people” or “He honored the seventh day”
2:3	frsr		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms	וַ⁠יְקַדֵּ֖שׁ אֹת֑⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “and made it a holy day,” or “and set it apart as a day especially devoted to him,” or “by setting it apart as a special day for people to rest and worship him,”
2:3	zlsb			כִּ֣י ב֤⁠וֹ	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “because during that day” or “He did that because during that day”
2:3	kcwq			שָׁבַת֙ מִ⁠כָּל מְלַאכְתּ֔⁠וֹ	1	See how you translated a similar clause in verse 2. Alternate translation: “he ceased from all the work” or “he did not do any more work”
2:3	oxs3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	אֲשֶׁר בָּרָ֥א אֱלֹהִ֖ים לַ⁠עֲשֽׂוֹת	1	 Alternate translation: “of creating that he had been doing.”
2:4	m6ic			אֵ֣לֶּה	1	This phrase refers forward to Gen 2:5-24 and begins a new section. Chapter one of Genesis gives an overview of what God did each day of creation week, including that he created human beings on day six. Chapter two gives more details about how God created Adam and Eve, who were his most important creations. Each chapter emphasizes different parts of the same history; they are not two different histories. Make sure that is clear in your translation. Alternate translation: “These are more details about” or “This is more about” or “What follows gives more details about”
2:4	ptfh		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	תוֹלְד֧וֹת הַ⁠שָּׁמַ֛יִם וְ⁠הָ⁠אָ֖רֶץ בְּ⁠הִבָּֽרְאָ֑⁠ם	1	The Hebrew text uses a passive construction here to emphasize the heavens and the earth. Decide the best way to do that in your language. Alternate translation: “the history of the heavens and the earth when they were created by God,” or “what happened when God created the heavens and the earth.”
2:4	i0br			בְּ⁠י֗וֹם	1	Consider whether or not it is clearer or more natural in your language to begin a new sentence here that continues into verse 5. Alternate translation: “during the days when” or “During the days when”
2:4	igt9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms	יְהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהִ֖ים	1	This phrase is a combination of God’s personal name **Yahweh** with his title “God.” Both are used together when he is especially in focus. This pattern of using a personal name and a title together is also used for people in the Old Testament when they are being emphasized, for example, “Ahab king of Israel” and “Ruth the Moabitess.” Many translations have “LORD God” in place of **Yahweh God** throughout the Old Testament. This follows the Jewish custom of substituting the Hebrew title “Adonai” (which means “my Lord”) for **Yahweh** (which means “he is”) when they read the Scriptures aloud. More recently, translation teams are putting **Yahweh** back in the Bible text (especially in the Old Testament, but also in the New Testament), and they include a footnote to explain the term. (Some translation teams consider using “Jehovah” instead of “Yahweh.” However that is not a name from the Bible, but is formed by taking the consonants from **Yahweh** and combining them with the vowels from “Adonai.”) Alternate translation: “God whose name is Yahweh”
2:4	h1ao		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-chiasm	עֲשׂ֛וֹת & אֶ֥רֶץ וְ⁠שָׁמָֽיִם	1	This clause forms a chiasm with “the heavens and the earth … created” in the first part of this verse. Try to keep the same phrase order in your translation. See how you translated **the heavens** and **the earth** in Gen 1:1 and 2:1. Alternate translation: “created the earth and the heavens”
2:5	yi7q		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background	וְ⁠כֹ֣ל ׀ שִׂ֣יחַ הַ⁠שָּׂדֶ֗ה טֶ֚רֶם יִֽהְיֶ֣ה בָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your translation to begin a new sentence here. Verses 5-6 give background information about what things were like before God created mankind (verse 7). Some languages use a conjunction like “Now” to introduce background information, while other languages do not use a conjunction here. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “Now for a while, there were not yet any shrubs in the fields on the earth,” or “For a while, no wild shrubs had started growing on the earth yet,”
2:5	gyov			וְ⁠כָל עֵ֥שֶׂב הַ⁠שָּׂדֶ֖ה טֶ֣רֶם יִצְמָ֑ח	1	See how you translated “plants” in Gen 1:11-12, 29-30. Alternate translation: “nor had any other plants started growing yet,”
2:5	iiqn		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	כִּי֩ & יְהוָ֤ה אֱלֹהִים֙	1	The Hebrew text repeats **Yahweh God** frequently in chapter 2 (starting in verse 4) to emphasize God. For some languages, it is not natural to repeat **Yahweh God** so often in the same paragraph, and it could even give the wrong meaning that there was more than one Yahweh God. For languages like that, it may be best to use **Yahweh God** only once at the beginning of a section or paragraph, then use **Yahweh**, **God**, or “he” in the rest of the section, depending on the context. Consider what is the most accurate and natural way to refer to Yahweh God at each point in your translation. Alternate translation: “because he”
2:5	dsr2			לֹ֨א הִמְטִ֜יר & עַל הָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ	1	See how you translated **earth** in Gen 1:1 and 2:1. Alternate translation: “had not yet caused it to rain on the earth,” or “had not yet caused rain to water the earth,”
2:5	jour			וְ⁠אָדָ֣ם אַ֔יִן	1	 Alternate translation: “and there were no human beings yet” or “and mankind did not exist yet”
2:5	mdd4			לַֽ⁠עֲבֹ֖ד אֶת הָֽ⁠אֲדָמָֽה	1	Working the ground includes tasks such as clearing the ground, preparing the soil, planting seeds, and watering the plants. See how you translated **ground** in Gen 1:25. It may be necessary to translate this term in different ways, depending on the context. Alternate translation: “to farm the land”
2:6	vsou		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases	וְ⁠אֵ֖ד	1	The Hebrew word for **mist** refers to water in some form, such as water vapor, springs, or streams of water. Also, some translations begin verse 6 without **But**. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “But at that time mist” or “At that time mist”
2:6	ytxq			יַֽעֲלֶ֣ה	1	This verb describes a repeated or continuous action. Alternate translation: “seeped up” or “kept coming up” or “would seep up”
2:6	t93l			מִן הָ⁠אָ֑רֶץ	1	 Alternate translation: “from the ground” or “from underground”
2:6	srec			וְ⁠הִשְׁקָ֖ה	1	 Alternate translation: “and irrigated” or “and spread over”
2:6	qd1o			אֶֽת כָּל פְּנֵֽי הָֽ⁠אֲדָמָֽה	1	 Alternate translation: “the whole surface of the earth.” or “the ground everywhere.”
2:7	fjjv			וַ⁠יִּיצֶר֩ יְהוָ֨ה אֱלֹהִ֜ים	1	The word **formed** describes what an expert craftsmen would do, and implies artistic skills and design. See how you translated **Yahweh God** in Gen 2:4-5. Alternate translation: “Then Yahweh who is God shaped”
2:7	dbat			אֶת הָֽ⁠אָדָ֗ם	1	The definite article **the** is used here because this refers to a specific man, the first male human. For many languages it is more natural to use an indefinite article (**a**) to introduce him here, or to not use an article at all. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “the first man”
2:7	pmfi			עָפָר֙	1	The word used here in the Hebrew text is usually translated **dust** (as in Gen 13:16, 28:14), but it can also be translated “dirt” (as in Gen 26:15) or “mortar/mud/clay” (as in Leviticus 14:42). The dirt would have been damp enough to be formed or shaped. Alternate translation: “out of mud”
2:7	g3a2			מִן הָ֣⁠אֲדָמָ֔ה	1	For some languages it may be better to change the order of the phrases in the first half of this verse and say, “Then Yahweh who is God took some dirt/clay from the ground/earth and formed/shaped a man out of it,” Do what is best in your language. Also, see how you translated **ground** in Gen 1:25 and 2:5-6. You may need to translate this term in different ways, depending on the context. Alternate translation: “from the earth,”
2:7	xkca			וַ⁠יִּפַּ֥ח	1	For some languages, it is more natural to begin a new sentence here. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “and he blew” or “Then he exhaled”
2:7	qzjs		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	בְּ⁠אַפָּ֖י⁠ו נִשְׁמַ֣ת חַיִּ֑ים	1	This refers to God’s breath. As you translate the pronouns **he** and **his** in this verse, make sure it is clear in your language who is being referred to.
2:7	vf52		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַֽ⁠יְהִ֥י הָֽ⁠אָדָ֖ם לְ⁠נֶ֥פֶשׁ חַיָּֽה	1	Consider what is the most natural way in your language to refer to the man throughout verse 7. Alternate translation: “so that he became a living person.” or “and then the man became alive” or “and he came to life.” or “so that he started to live.”
2:8	z5wl		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background	וַ⁠יִּטַּ֞ע יְהוָ֧ה אֱלֹהִ֛ים	1	The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “Now Yahweh God had previously/already planted” or “Before that, Yahweh God had planted”. This interpretation fits the context of chapter one, which says that God had made all the trees and plants on day three (Gen 1:11-12), three days before he created man (Gen 1:26-27; 2:7). Following this view, verses 8-14 give background information for what happens in verses 15-24. (2) “Then Yahweh God planted”. According to this interpretation, God made the Garden of Eden on day six after he created man.
2:8	npa8			גַּן	1	The man lived in this garden, and there were animals and many trees and other plants in it too, so it was fairly large. Make sure your translation of this term does not refer to something that is too small. Alternate translation: “a large park”
2:8	msch			בְ⁠עֵ֖דֶן מִ⁠קֶּ֑דֶם	1	In this context, the phrase **in the east** could refer to: (1) the eastern part of the region of Eden; or (2) a region east of where Moses lived when he wrote this. It is best, if possible, to keep your translation of this phrase general here (like the Hebrew text). Alternate translation: “in the region called Eden, which was to the east,” or “in the eastern part of the land of Eden,”
2:8	zpxl			וַ⁠יָּ֣שֶׂם שָׁ֔ם אֶת הָֽ⁠אָדָ֖ם	1	Consider whether it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “and in that garden he put the man” or “That is where he put the man”
2:8	uvlv			אֲשֶׁ֥ר יָצָֽר	1	See how you translated **formed** in verse 7. Alternate translation: “whom he had shaped” or “whom he had created”
2:9	wihv		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יַּצְמַ֞ח יְהוָ֤ה אֱלֹהִים֙ מִן־הָ֣⁠אֲדָמָ֔ה כָּל־עֵ֛ץ נֶחְמָ֥ד	1	See how you translated **Yahweh God** in verse 5, and how you translated **every tree** in Gen 1:29. Alternate translation: “There he had caused to grow from the ground every type of tree that is beautiful” or “He had made all kinds of trees to grow from the ground that are pleasant”
2:9	zqug			לְ⁠מַרְאֶ֖ה	1	 Alternate translation: “to the eyes” or “in appearance”
2:9	kslw			וְ⁠ט֣וֹב	1	 Alternate translation: “and that have fruit that is good” or “and whose fruit is good”
2:9	rc1t			לְ⁠מַאֲכָ֑ל	1	 Alternate translation: “for eating,”
2:9	urhf			וְ⁠עֵ֤ץ הַֽ⁠חַיִּים֙ בְּ⁠ת֣וֹךְ הַ⁠גָּ֔ן	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “including the tree whose fruit gives people eternal life, which was in the middle of the garden,”
2:9	vdwn		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms	וְ⁠עֵ֕ץ הַ⁠דַּ֖עַת ט֥וֹב וָ⁠רָֽע	1	The word **good** refers here to all that is morally right and pleasing to God, and **evil** refers to what is morally wrong and against his will. Keep that in mind as you translate these terms. Alternate translation: “as well as the tree whose fruit enables people to discern what is right and what is wrong.”
2:10	af8y		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases	וְ⁠נָהָרּ֙ יֹצֵ֣א	1	Verse 10 gives more background information that began in verse 8. Many translations omit the conjunction **And** or “Now” here. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “Now a river was flowing” or “A river was flowing”
2:10	pp02			מֵ⁠עֵ֔דֶן	1	The garden was inside the land of Eden, so as the river flowed through Eden, it watered the garden. Alternate translation: “from the land of Eden”
2:10	rcms			לְ⁠הַשְׁק֖וֹת	1	See how you translated “watered” in verse 6. Alternate translation: “to irrigate” or “to provide water for” or “that watered”
2:10	wxka			אֶת הַ⁠גָּ֑ן	1	See how you translated this phrase in verse 8. Alternate translation: “the park,”
2:10	gpkv			וּ⁠מִ⁠שָּׁם֙	1	For some languages it is better to begin a new sentence here. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “and from the garden” or “From Eden”
2:10	h8ke			יִפָּרֵ֔ד וְ⁠הָיָ֖ה לְ⁠אַרְבָּעָ֥ה רָאשִֽׁים	1	Verse 10 is ambiguous in the Hebrew text. It could mean: (1) “the/that river divided into four smaller waters/rivers.” This interpretation means that the river in Eden was the source river that watered the garden and then divided downstream into the four smaller rivers. (2) “there were four smaller source rivers that joined together and formed the larger river.” This interpretation means that the four rivers were source headwaters that flowed downstream and joined to form the larger river in Eden. If possible, leave your translation ambiguous here (like the Hebrew text does), so that either interpretation is possible.
2:11	ty1t			שֵׁ֥ם הָֽ⁠אֶחָ֖ד	1	Most translations use past tense in verse 10, but then use present tense throughout verses 11-14. It may be best to use past tense throughout verses 10-14, especially since the rivers and places that are named in these verses no longer existed when Genesis was written, because the Flood completely changed the entire surface of the earth; after the Flood, the names of some of those rivers and places were given to new rivers and places. Alternate translation: “The name of the first river is” or “The first river is named” or “The first river is”
2:11	fhgs		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	פִּישׁ֑וֹן	1	Consider whether or not it is natural in your language to use the article (**the**) with the name of a river.
2:11	k73q			ה֣וּא הַ⁠סֹּבֵ֗ב	1	The word **winds** or “meanders” means that the river changed direction from time to time. Consider whether it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here or to continue the previous sentence. Alternate translation: “It meanders through” or “which flows around through”
2:11	kdfc		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	אֵ֚ת כָּל אֶ֣רֶץ הַֽ⁠חֲוִילָ֔ה	1	Be consistent in how you translate **land of** throughout this section. Alternate translation: “the whole region called Havilah,”
2:11	lg1b			אֲשֶׁר שָׁ֖ם הַ⁠זָּהָֽב	1	 Alternate translation: “a place where there is much gold.” or “which has a lot of gold.”
2:12	v48n			וּֽ⁠זֲהַ֛ב הָ⁠אָ֥רֶץ הַ⁠הִ֖וא	1	This sentence emphasizes the previous statement about the gold and gives more information about it. Alternate translation: “In fact, the gold from that land” or “Indeed, the gold that is found in that land”
2:12	ks18			ט֑וֹב	1	 Alternate translation: “is very pure.” or “is very high quality.”
2:12	qhx1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	הַ⁠בְּדֹ֖לַח	1	The meaning of this Hebrew word is not certain. In many translations it is transliterated, that is, spelled the way the Hebrew word is pronounced. It may refer to: (1) a fragrant/sweet-smelling tree resin that was used to make perfume; or (2) a type of stone or crystal, or possibly pearl. Alternate translation: “A kind of sweet-smelling resin called bdellium” or “A kind of fragrant perfume”
2:12	ul5j		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	וְ⁠אֶ֥בֶן הַ⁠שֹּֽׁהַם	1	It is not certain what kind of stone this was, but most Bible scholars think it was onyx, which is a kind of quartz that is often black, but also occurs in many other colors, and can have stripes or bands of white (or other colors) running through it. Alternate translation: “and valuable stones called onyx” or “and valuable gemstones”
2:12	cp1z			שָׁ֥ם	1	Make sure the verb tense you choose here fits with the way you translated verse 11. Alternate translation: “are also found there.” or “are also in that land”
2:13	fnx5			וְ⁠שֵֽׁם הַ⁠נָּהָ֥ר הַ⁠שֵּׁנִ֖י	1	See how you translated a similar phrase in verse 11. Alternate translation: “The name of the second river is” or “The second river is named” or “The second river is”
2:13	spk8			ה֣וּא הַ⁠סּוֹבֵ֔ב	1	Consider whether it is better here in your language to begin a new sentence or to continue the previous sentence. See how you translated this phrase in verse 11. Alternate translation: “It meanders through” or “which flows around through”
2:13	fgb5			אֵ֖ת כָּל אֶ֥רֶץ כּֽוּשׁ	1	See how you translated a similar phrase in verse 11. Alternate translation: “the whole region of Cush.”
2:14	a2na			וְ⁠שֵׁ֨ם הַ⁠נָּהָ֤ר הַ⁠שְּׁלִישִׁי֙	1	 Alternate translation: “The name of the third river is” or “The third river is named” or “The third river is”
2:14	go4b			ה֥וּא הַֽ⁠הֹלֵ֖ךְ קִדְמַ֣ת	1	The word **east** refers to where the river was located, not the direction it was flowing. Alternate translation: “It flows in an area east of” or “which flows in an area east of” or “which was located east of”
2:14	h2lk		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	אַשּׁ֑וּר	1	This Hebrew name is pronounced “ash-shur” and is spelled “Asshur,” “Ashur,” or “Assyria” in English, depending on the context. This was a region of land, because at that time there were no cities. Most translations have “Assyria” here. Consider again how you translated “the land of” in verses 11 and 13. Alternate translation: “the land of Asshur”
2:14	wu7c			וְ⁠הַ⁠נָּהָ֥ר הָֽ⁠רְבִיעִ֖י	1	See how you translated a similar phrase in verses 11, 13-14. Also consider again whether it is best in your language to use present tense or past tense in verses 10-14. Alternate translation: “The name of the fourth river is” or “The fourth river is called” or “and the fourth river is”
2:14	u87b			פְרָֽת	1	Consider again how you translated the names of rivers in verses 11, 13-14.
2:15	qijo		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background	וַ⁠יִּקַּ֛ח יְהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהִ֖ים אֶת הָֽ⁠אָדָ֑ם וַ⁠יַּנִּחֵ֣⁠הוּ	1	In verse 8 it says that God had already put the man in the garden, so the way you translate verse 15 should not sound like he did it again. This information is repeated here to continue the story from verse 8. Alternate translation: “Now Yahweh God had already put the man”
2:15	rosi		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	בְ⁠גַן עֵ֔דֶן	1	Notice that **Garden** is capitalized when it is part of a name. Alternate translation: “in the garden in the land called Eden”
2:15	iaic			לְ⁠עָבְדָ֖⁠הּ	1	See how you translated **work** in verse 5. Alternate translation: “to farm it” or “so that he would farm it”
2:15	hyvl			וּ⁠לְ⁠שָׁמְרָֽ⁠הּ	1	 Alternate translation: “and maintain it.”
2:16	qqer		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יְצַו֙ יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹהִ֔ים עַל־הָֽ⁠אָדָ֖ם לֵ⁠אמֹ֑ר	1	The way you begin verse 16 depends on how you began verse 15. Consider what is the best way to refer to **Yahweh God** and **the man** here. Alternate translation: “Then he commanded the man,”
2:16	vzb0			מִ⁠כֹּ֥ל עֵֽץ הַ⁠גָּ֖ן אָכֹ֥ל תֹּאכֵֽל	1	 Alternate translation: “You may eat as much fruit as you want to eat from every tree in the garden,” or “You are permitted to eat whatever fruit that you want to eat from every tree in the garden,”
2:17	vfsb		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-exceptions	וּ⁠מֵ⁠עֵ֗ץ & לֹ֥א תֹאכַ֖ל	1	Make sure it is clear in your translation that God is not contradicting himself here, but rather he is giving an exception to what he said in verse 16. To make that clear, you could say (starting with the beginning of God’s words in verse 16), “Out of all the trees in the garden, there is only one tree that you must/may not eat from: the tree of the knowledge of good and evil. If you eat fruit from that tree, on that same day you will certainly/definitely die.” Alternate translation: “except you may not eat any fruit from the tree” or “except for one: you may not eat the fruit that grows on the tree”
2:17	eja9			הַ⁠דַּ֨עַת֙ ט֣וֹב וָ⁠רָ֔ע	1	See how you translated this phrase in verse 9. Alternate translation: “whose fruit enables people to discern what is good and what is wrong,”
2:17	w7aq			כִּ֗י בְּ⁠י֛וֹם אֲכָלְ⁠ךָ֥ מִמֶּ֖⁠נּוּ	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “because on the same day you eat fruit from that tree” or “If you eat any fruit from that tree, on that same day” or “because as soon as you eat fruit from that tree”
2:17	z028			מ֥וֹת תָּמֽוּת	1	 Alternate translation: “you will certainly die.”
2:18	mxit			וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר֙ יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹהִ֔ים לֹא ט֛וֹב	1	 Alternate translation: “Next Yahweh who is God declared, It is not good”
2:18	c2tk			הֱי֥וֹת הָֽ⁠אָדָ֖ם לְ⁠בַדּ֑⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “that the man is alone.”
2:18	bthk			אֶֽעֱשֶׂהּ	1	 Alternate translation: “So I will make”
2:18	ap1y			לּ֥⁠וֹ עֵ֖זֶר כְּ⁠נֶגְדּֽ⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “a helper who is just right for him.” or “someone who is right for him and will help him.”
2:19	ukcz		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background	וַ⁠יִּצֶר֩ יְהוָ֨ה אֱלֹהִ֜ים מִן הָֽ⁠אֲדָמָ֗ה	1	The first sentence of verse 19 is a flashback of what happened before the events in verses 15-18 (which were first recorded in Gen 1:20-21, 24-25). Translate this phrase in a way that makes it clear that this is background information that has already happened. Also see how you translated **formed** in verses 7-8 and “dust from the ground” in verse 7. Alternate translation: “Now before that, Yahweh God had shaped from the dust on the ground” or “Now previously, he had used dust from the ground to form”
2:19	kk7t			כָּל חַיַּ֤ת הַ⁠שָּׂדֶה֙	1	Consider how you translated a similar phrase (“every living creature of the earth”) in Gen 1:24, 30. Alternate translation: “every type of creature that lives in the fields” or “all the different kinds of animals that live in the fields” or “all the different kinds of wild animals”
2:19	y8bl			וְ⁠אֵת֙ כָּל ע֣וֹף הַ⁠שָּׁמַ֔יִם	1	See how you translated this phrase in Gen 1:30. Alternate translation: “and every kind of bird that flies in the sky.” or “and all the different kinds of birds that fly in the sky.”
2:19	qvln		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go	וַ⁠יָּבֵא֙	1	This sentence continues the storyline. Consider how your language continues a story after giving background information. Also consider whether **brought** or “took” fits best here in your language. Alternate translation: “So he took them all”
2:19	p3x2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	אֶל הָ֣⁠אָדָ֔ם	1	Every translation team needs to decide when to use Adam’s name for the first time in the book of Genesis. The Hebrew word “adam” means **man** and is also Adam’s name; the choice that is not followed here in your translation could be put in a footnote. Some translations first use Adam’s name here in verse 19, when he is naming the animals. Many other translations start using his name at the end of verse 20. Still other translations wait until 3:20 when he names Eve, and a few other translations begin in 3:9, 17, or 21. Alternate translation: “to Adam”
2:19	apte			לִ⁠רְא֖וֹת	1	 Alternate translation: “to watch” or “to find out”
2:19	rgyf			מַה יִּקְרָא ל֑⁠וֹ	1	These names were labels for what kind of animals they were, such as “dog” or “horse”, not personal names like “David” or “Mary”. Alternate translation: “what he would name each one,” or “what names he would give to them,”
2:19	by9q			וְ⁠כֹל֩ אֲשֶׁ֨ר יִקְרָא ל֧⁠וֹ הָֽ⁠אָדָ֛ם	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “and whatever Adam called” or “Whatever name the man assigned to”
2:19	k24r			נֶ֥פֶשׁ חַיָּ֖ה	1	 Alternate translation: “each kind of living creature,” or “each type of animal,”
2:19	waxk			ה֥וּא שְׁמֽ⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “that became its name.” or “that became the name of that type of animal.”
2:20	rs26			וַ⁠יִּקְרָ֨א הָֽ⁠אָדָ֜ם שֵׁמ֗וֹת לְ⁠כָל־הַ⁠בְּהֵמָה֙	1	For a note about when to first use Adam’s name, see verse 19. Also, see how you translated **livestock** in Gen 1:24-26. Alternate translation: “The man assigned names to all the different types of livestock” or “Adam named all the different types of tame animals”
2:20	e137			וּ⁠לְ⁠ע֣וֹף הַ⁠שָּׁמַ֔יִם	1	 Alternate translation: “and to all the different types of birds that fly in the sky”
2:20	e3uy			וּ⁠לְ⁠כֹ֖ל חַיַּ֣ת הַ⁠שָּׂדֶ֑ה	1	See how you translated a similar phrase in verse 19. Alternate translation: “and to all the other different types of creatures that live in the wild,” or “and to all the wild animals,”
2:20	gmpu		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	וּ⁠לְ⁠אָדָ֕ם לֹֽא מָצָ֥א עֵ֖זֶר כְּ⁠נֶגְדּֽ⁠וֹ	1	Consider whether it is more natural in your language to use an active or passive construction here. Also see how you translated **a suitable helper** in verse 18. Alternate translation: “but he could not find a suitable helper for himself among them.” or “but none of them was a helper who was just right for him.”
2:21	stgv		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וַ⁠יַּפֵּל֩ יְהוָ֨ה אֱלֹהִ֧ים תַּרְדֵּמָ֛ה עַל הָ⁠אָדָ֖ם	1	Many languages have a similar idiom for **caused a deep sleep to fall on** that works well here. Consider what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “Then Yahweh God caused the man to go into a deep sleep.” or “Then Yahweh God caused the man to sleep very deeply”
2:21	ti50		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יִּישָׁ֑ן	1	Consider whether it is best in your language to use a pronoun or a noun here to refer to the man. Alternate translation: “Then while the man was sleeping”
2:21	xamp		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יִּקַּ֗ח	1	Consider whether to use a pronoun or noun here to refer to God. Make sure it is clear in your translation who is being referred to at each point in this verse. Alternate translation: “he took out”
2:21	l63g			אַחַת֙ מִ⁠צַּלְעֹתָ֔י⁠ו	1	This phrase is ambiguous in the Hebrew text. It could mean: (1) “one of the man’s ribs from his body/side” or “a rib from the man’s body/side” or (2) “part of the man’s side from his body”
2:21	k98y			וַ⁠יִּסְגֹּ֥ר בָּשָׂ֖ר תַּחְתֶּֽ⁠נָּה	1	In this context, the term **flesh** probably includes muscles and skin. Alternate translation: “and filled in the hole where it had been with flesh and healed it.” or “and replaced it with flesh and healed him.”
2:22	wmbd		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יִּבֶן֩ יְהוָ֨ה אֱלֹהִ֧ים	1	For many languages it is more natural here to use a pronoun to refer to Yahweh God. Do what is best in your language. After you finish translating a chapter or section, it is a good practice to read that section aloud and listen for what is the best way to refer to God and others at each place in the text. Alternate translation: “Next he” or “After that, he”
2:22	m5wn			וַ⁠יִּבֶן֩ & אֶֽת הַ⁠צֵּלָ֛ע אֲשֶׁר לָקַ֥ח מִן הָֽ⁠אָדָ֖ם לְ⁠אִשָּׁ֑ה	1	See how you translated **rib** in verse 21 and see the note about that there. Alternate translation: “used the rib which he taken from the man to construct a woman from it,”
2:22	w6xw		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go	וַ⁠יְבִאֶ֖⁠הָ אֶל הָֽ⁠אָדָֽם	1	See how you translated **brought** in verse 19. Alternate translation: “Then he took her to the man.”
2:23	b3g6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וַ⁠יֹּאמֶר֮ הָֽ⁠אָדָם֒	1	Remember to only make implied information explicit in your translation if it helps people understand the text better or if it is necessary to prevent wrong meaning or bad grammar in your language. Alternate translation: “Then the man said” or “When the man saw her, he said” or “When the man woke up and saw the woman, he said”
2:23	cus9			זֹ֣את הַ⁠פַּ֗עַם	1	 Alternate translation: “Now there is a person who” or “At last here is a person like me who” or “Ahh! Here is someone like me who”
2:23	dbqq			עֶ֚צֶם מֵֽ⁠עֲצָמַ֔⁠י וּ⁠בָשָׂ֖ר מִ⁠בְּשָׂרִ֑⁠י	1	 Alternate translation: “was made out of my own bones and flesh!”
2:23	pbw7			לְ⁠זֹאת֙ יִקָּרֵ֣א אִשָּׁ֔ה	1	There is a play-on-words here because the Hebrew word for woman (“ishsha”) is similar to the Hebrew word for man (“ish”). You could put that information in a footnote.
2:23	dsb8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	כִּ֥י מֵ⁠אִ֖ישׁ לֻֽקֳחָה זֹּֽאת	1	Consider what is the best way to translate this passive clause in your language. Alternate translation: “because she was taken by God from the body of a man.”
2:24	oti6			עַל כֵּן֙	1	 Alternate translation: “That is why”
2:24	u45s			יַֽעֲזָב אִ֔ישׁ	1	 Alternate translation: “a man who marries must leave” or “when a man gets married, he must move away from”
2:24	k1xp		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וְ⁠דָבַ֣ק בְּ⁠אִשְׁתּ֔⁠וֹ	1	This idiom means that the man is committed to his wife and has a close physical relationship with her too. Consider what is the best way to translate this in your language. Alternate translation: “and he must join with his wife,” or “and he must live in close relationship with his wife,”
2:24	fqua		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual	וְ⁠הָי֖וּ	1	Some languages have a special dual pronoun for **they** that fits well here.
2:24	lhdy		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	לְ⁠בָשָׂ֥ר אֶחָֽד	1	The phrase **one flesh** is an idiom that emphasizes the close physical and spiritual unity between a husband and wife. Other languages may have a similar idiom. Consider how to best communicate this in your language. Alternate translation: “completely one” or “united in body and spirit.” or “united like one person.”
2:25	rovf			וַ⁠יִּֽהְי֤וּ שְׁנֵי⁠הֶם֙ עֲרוּמִּ֔ים הָֽ⁠אָדָ֖ם וְ⁠אִשְׁתּ֑⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “Now at that time both the man and his wife were naked,” or “At that time the man and his wife did not wear any clothes,”
2:25	m37h			וְ⁠לֹ֖א יִתְבֹּשָֽׁשׁוּ	1	Some languages have an idiom for this clause that fits well here. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “but yet they were not embarrassed about it.” or “but yet they did not feel embarrassed about being naked.”
3:1	k1xo		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background	וְ⁠הַ⁠נָּחָשׁ֙	1	The conjunction **Now** introduces background information about the serpent. See how you translated this conjunction in Gen 2:5, 8, 19.
3:1	c6pe			הָיָ֣ה עָר֔וּם מִ⁠כֹּל֙ חַיַּ֣ת הַ⁠שָּׂדֶ֔ה	1	Make sure that your translation of **crafty** means that the snake had evil intent and was clever in a way that was not good. See how you translated **living thing of the field** in Gen 2:19-20. Alternate translation: “was more deceptive and clever than any of the other creatures that live in the wild”
3:1	xal9			אֲשֶׁ֥ר עָשָׂ֖ה יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹהִ֑ים	1	Make sure your translation of this phrase refers to the animals that God had made, not the fields. Also see how you translated **Yahweh God** in chapter 2, beginning in verse 4. Alternate translation: “that Yahweh who is God had made” or “that God whose name is Yahweh had made”
3:1	jqok		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר֙ אֶל־הָ֣⁠אִשָּׁ֔ה	1	If you use a pronoun (**he**) here in your translation, make sure it refers to the serpent, not God. Also, since the snake asked a question, some languages have to be more specific and say “asked” in the quote margin. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “One day the snake went to the woman and asked her,”
3:1	za8o		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes	אַ֚ף כִּֽי אָמַ֣ר אֱלֹהִ֔ים לֹ֣א תֹֽאכְל֔וּ	1	Consider whether it is better in your language to translate this embedded quote as a direct or indirect quote. Alternate translation: “Did God actually command you to not eat” or “Is it true that God commanded you not to eat”
3:1	iqz3			מִ⁠כֹּ֖ל עֵ֥ץ הַ⁠גָּֽן	1	See how you translated **garden** in Genesis 2, beginning in verse 8. Alternate translation: “fruit from any of the trees that is in the garden?” or “any fruit from the trees in the garden?”
3:2	gevr		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠תֹּ֥אמֶר הָֽ⁠אִשָּׁ֖ה אֶל הַ⁠נָּחָ֑שׁ	1	Consider what is the best way to translate this quote margin in your language. Alternate translation: “The woman answered the snake,” or “The woman responded to him,” or “The woman replied,”
3:2	kllk		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive	נֹאכֵֽל	1	The woman is not including the snake when she says “we” here. Alternate translation: “No, we have permission from God to eat” or “No, God has given us permission to eat”
3:2	gy6f			מִ⁠פְּרִ֥י	1	See how you translated **fruit** in Gen 1:11-12, 29. Alternate translation: “the fruit from”
3:2	fmke			עֵֽץ הַ⁠גָּ֖ן	1	 Alternate translation: “all of the trees that are in the garden,” or “any tree in the garden,”
3:3	t2wx		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-versebridge	וּ⁠מִ⁠פְּרִ֣י הָ⁠עֵץ֮ אֲשֶׁ֣ר בְּ⁠תוֹךְ הַ⁠גָּן֒	1	For some languages it is necessary to put the exception clause first and say, “No, it is only the tree in the middle of the garden that God said we must/may not eat any fruit from, but the fruit of/from all the rest of the trees in the garden we may eat.” Notice that if you follow this example, you must combine verses 2 and 3 and put the verse numbers “2-3” in front of the combination. Alternate translation: “except fruit from the tree that is in the middle of the garden.” or “except there is one tree that we may not eat fruit from, which is in the center of the garden.”
3:3	nz0q		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes	אָמַ֣ר אֱלֹהִ֗ים לֹ֤א תֹֽאכְלוּ֙ מִמֶּ֔⁠נּוּ	1	Consider whether it is better in your language to translate this embedded quote as a direct or indirect quote. Alternate translation: “God told us to not eat any of that fruit,”
3:3	anrc			וְ⁠לֹ֥א תִגְּע֖וּ בּ֑⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “and do not even touch it,”
3:3	ztft		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes	פֶּן תְּמֻתֽוּ⁠ן	1	Make sure the way you translate this clause fits with whether you translated the first part of the sentence as a direct (**you**) or indirect (“we”) quote. Alternate translation: “because if you do eat it or touch it, you will die!” or “because if we do eat it or touch it, we will die!”
3:4	j40v		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֥אמֶר הַ⁠נָּחָ֖שׁ אֶל־הָֽ⁠אִשָּׁ֑ה	1	See how you translated **serpent** in verses 1-2. Alternate translation: “But the snake replied to her,” or “But the snake replied,”
3:5	ngb0			כִּ֚י יֹדֵ֣עַ אֱלֹהִ֔ים	1	The connecting word **For** introduces an explanation here. Consider what is the best way to do that in your language. Alternate translation: “Actually, he knows” or “The reason God said that is because he knows”
3:5	tr2j			כִּ֗י בְּ⁠יוֹם֙	1	 Alternate translation: “that if”
3:5	p329		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-dual	אֲכָלְ⁠כֶ֣ם מִמֶּ֔⁠נּוּ	1	The pronouns **you** and **your** are plural in this verse and refer to the man and the woman. Some languages have a special dual pronoun for this. Consider again how you translated **you** and **your** in verses 1-5. Alternate translation: “you eat any of that fruit,”
3:5	uld2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וְ⁠נִפְקְח֖וּ עֵֽינֵי⁠כֶ֑ם	1	Consider whether your language has an idiom like **your eyes will be opened** that would fit well here. Alternate translation: “your mind will be opened” or “you will gain new understanding,” or “you will know new things,”
3:5	npzf			וִ⁠הְיִיתֶם֙ כֵּֽ⁠אלֹהִ֔ים יֹדְעֵ֖י ט֥וֹב וָ⁠רָֽע	1	The Hebrew word “Elohim” is ambiguous in this context. It could mean: (1) **God**, which is what it means everywhere else in the first 30 chapters of Genesis; or (2) “gods” or “divine beings” or (3) “angels”. See how you translated **good and evil** in Gen 2:9, 17. Alternate translation: “and as a result you will be like God because you will know what is good and what is evil” or “so that you will know what is good and what is evil just like God does.”
3:6	d6rz			וַ⁠תֵּ֣רֶא הָֽ⁠אִשָּׁ֡ה כִּ֣י	1	 Alternate translation: “The woman observed that”
3:6	gpz2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	הָ⁠עֵ֨ץ	1	The word **tree** refers here to the fruit that is produced by that tree. Make sure that is clear in your translation. Alternate translation: “the tree produced fruit that” or “the fruit of that tree”
3:6	b6yp			טוֹב֩ & לְ⁠מַאֲכָ֜ל	1	 Alternate translation: “was good to eat”
3:6	aigt			וְ⁠כִ֧י תַֽאֲוָה ה֣וּא לָ⁠עֵינַ֗יִם	1	 Alternate translation: “and that the tree itself looked very beautiful,”
3:6	tkg3			וְ⁠נֶחְמָ֤ד הָ⁠עֵץ֙ לְ⁠הַשְׂכִּ֔יל	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “and she thought that the fruit from the tree would make her wise” or “She also desired to eat the fruit so that it would make her wise”
3:6	jrei			וַ⁠תִּקַּ֥ח מִ⁠פִּרְי֖⁠וֹ וַ⁠תֹּאכַ֑ל	1	 Alternate translation: “So she took some of the fruit off the tree and ate it.”
3:6	vgh6			וַ⁠יֹּאכַֽל	1	 Alternate translation: “and he ate some too.” or “and he also ate it”
3:7	on9y		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וַ⁠תִּפָּקַ֨חְנָה֙ עֵינֵ֣י שְׁנֵי⁠הֶ֔ם	1	An immediate result of their sin was that they realized they were naked, which they had not been aware of before. See how you translated the idiom “eyes … opened” in verse 5. Alternate translation: “Immediately it was as if their minds were opened” or “Immediately they both had new understanding,” or “Immediately they both understood new things,”
3:7	d586			וַ⁠יֵּ֣דְע֔וּ	1	 Alternate translation: “so that they realized” or “so that they became aware”
3:7	qm2z			כִּ֥י עֵֽירֻמִּ֖ם הֵ֑ם	1	 Alternate translation: “that their bodies were bare and they felt ashamed”
3:7	pb3y		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual	וַֽ⁠יִּתְפְּרוּ֙	1	The word for **sewed** implies here that some type of needle and thread were used. For example, they may have used a thin, sharpened stick for the needle, and plant fibers for the thread. If necessary, you could use a more general term such as “fastened/joined together” or “connected”. Also, some languages have dual pronouns that can be used in verses 7-8 for **they** and **themselves**. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “So they joined together”
3:7	e5t5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	עֲלֵ֣ה תְאֵנָ֔ה	1	Historical facts should not be changed in a translation, including the historical fact that Adam and Eve used fig tree leaves to make aprons. If fig trees are not known in your language area, you could say “large leaves from a tree called a fig tree”. Alternate translation: “some large leaves from a fig tree”
3:7	h1a6			וַ⁠יַּעֲשׂ֥וּ לָ⁠הֶ֖ם חֲגֹרֹֽת	1	These aprons/skirts probably covered them from the waist down to somewhere around the knees. Alternate translation: “and used them as aprons to cover their bodies.” or “and wore them around their waists to cover their bodies.” or “and used them to make clothes for themselves.”
3:8	ibyk		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַֽ⁠יִּשְׁמְע֞וּ	1	For some languages it may be clearer and more natural to put the noun phrase **the man and his wife** here and then use a pronoun (**they**) later in this sentence. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “Then the man and his wife heard”
3:8	kd3q			אֶת ק֨וֹל יְהוָ֧ה אֱלֹהִ֛ים מִתְהַלֵּ֥ךְ	1	This phrase can refer to the sound of God’s footsteps or to the sound of his voice. Either meaning fits the context well and is followed by many translations.
3:8	g02y			בַּ⁠גָּ֖ן	1	 Alternate translation: “around in the garden” or “through the garden”
3:8	dipk		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	לְ⁠ר֣וּחַ הַ⁠יּ֑וֹם	1	This idiom refers to the late afternoon or early evening when there is a breeze blowing and it is cooler. For some languages it is more natural to put this time phrase at the beginning of the sentence. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “late in the afternoon in the breezy time of the day,” or “late that day when there was a cool breeze blowing,”
3:8	x1fb		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יִּתְחַבֵּ֨א הָֽ⁠אָדָ֜ם וְ⁠אִשְׁתּ֗⁠וֹ	1	If you use **the man and his wife** earlier in this verse in your translation, consider whether or not a pronoun should be used here. Alternate translation: “so they hid themselves” or “so they tried to hide themselves”
3:8	q6cw		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	מִ⁠פְּנֵי֙ יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹהִ֔ים	1	Consider what is the best way to refer to Yahweh at this point in the paragraph in your language. Alternate translation: “from Yahweh God” or “from his sight”
3:8	k6j3			בְּ⁠ת֖וֹךְ עֵ֥ץ הַ⁠גָּֽן	1	Since the garden is already mentioned earlier in verse 8, for some languages it may be more natural to be general here and say “there”. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “in the midst of the trees in the garden.” or “behind some trees there.”
3:9	e4nw			וַ⁠יִּקְרָ֛א יְהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהִ֖ים	1	See how you translated this name for God in verses 1 and 8. Alternate translation: “Then Yahweh God called out”
3:9	ek33		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	אֶל הָֽ⁠אָדָ֑ם וַ⁠יֹּ֥אמֶר ל֖⁠וֹ	1	See the note at Gen 2:19 about when to start using Adam’s name. Also consider what is the best way to translate this quote margin in your language. Alternate translation: “to the man and asked him,” or “to Adam,”
3:9	a04v		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular	אַיֶּֽ⁠כָּה	1	Notice that the word **you** is singular here because God is only addressing the man.
3:10	e1lo		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֕אמֶר	1	 Alternate translation: “He answered him,”
3:10	mb7t			אֶת קֹלְ⁠ךָ֥ שָׁמַ֖עְתִּי	1	See how you translated **sound** in verse 8. Alternate translation: “I heard your voice” or “I heard the sound of your voice as you walked”
3:10	tr9j			בַּ⁠גָּ֑ן	1	 Alternate translation: “through the garden,”
3:10	aoxc			וָ⁠אִירָ֛א כִּֽי עֵירֹ֥ם אָנֹ֖כִי וָ⁠אֵחָבֵֽא	1	 Alternate translation: “but I was naked, so I felt afraid and I hid from you.” or “but I was naked and afraid that you would see me, so I hid.”
3:11	hsb3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יֹּ֕אמֶר	1	Make sure your translation of **he** refers to Yahweh here, not the man. Alternate translation: “So Yahweh God asked him,”
3:11	uf06		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular	מִ֚י הִגִּ֣יד לְ⁠ךָ֔ כִּ֥י עֵירֹ֖ם אָ֑תָּה	1	The pronoun **you** is still singular here. Alternate translation: “What made you realize that you were naked?” or “How did you find out that you were naked?”
3:11	gi9h		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes	אֲשֶׁ֧ר צִוִּיתִ֛י⁠ךָ לְ⁠בִלְתִּ֥י אֲכָל מִמֶּ֖⁠נּוּ	1	For some languages it is more natural to use a direct quote here for Yahweh’s words. Do what is best in your language.
3:12	hp6r			וַ⁠יֹּ֖אמֶר הָֽ⁠אָדָ֑ם	1	 Alternate translation: “But the man replied to him,” or “The man answered him,”
3:12	et6h			הָֽ⁠אִשָּׁה֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר נָתַ֣תָּה עִמָּדִ֔⁠י הִ֛וא	1	The pronoun **she** is emphatic in the Hebrew text. That, along with the position of **The woman** at the beginning of the sentence, shows that the man is strongly emphasizing his blame of the woman. Consider what is the best way to communicate that emphasis in your language. Alternate translation: “The woman whom you put here to live with me, she is the one who” or “It was the woman you gave to me who”
3:12	au82			נָֽתְנָה לִּ֥⁠י מִן הָ⁠עֵ֖ץ	1	See how you translated **fruit** in verses 1-6. Alternate translation: “gave me some fruit from that tree,” or “gave me some of the fruit,”
3:12	z2ws			וָ⁠אֹכֵֽל	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “That is why I ate it”
3:13	lvw3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר יְהוָ֧ה אֱלֹהִ֛ים לָ⁠אִשָּׁ֖ה	1	Consider what is the best way to translate this quote margin in your language. Alternate translation: “So Yahweh God asked the woman,”
3:13	vvhk			מַה זֹּ֣את עָשִׂ֑ית	1	God already knew the answer to this question, but he is giving the woman a chance to confess and explain what she did. God’s question probably also implies that he is displeased with what has happened. Alternate translation: “What have you done?” or “Tell me what you have done.”
3:13	rhhc		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠תֹּ֨אמֶר֙ הָֽ⁠אִשָּׁ֔ה	1	 Alternate translation: “But the woman said to him,” or “The woman said” or “She replied,”
3:13	n1zl			הַ⁠נָּחָ֥שׁ	1	This phrase is emphasized in the Hebrew text. Alternate translation: “It was the snake that”
3:13	w0b8			הִשִּׁיאַ֖⁠נִי	1	 Alternate translation: “lied to me,”
3:13	bews			וָ⁠אֹכֵֽל	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “so I ate some of that fruit.” or “That is why I ate it”
3:14	ie75			כִּ֣י עָשִׂ֣יתָ זֹּאת֒	1	 Alternate translation: “Since you did that,” or “Since you tricked the woman,”
3:14	dfy7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms	אָר֤וּר אַתָּה֙	1	In this context, **cursed** involves God punishing the serpent and its descendants, causing them to suffer by crawling along the ground on their bellies and having a hostile relationship with human beings. Make sure that the way you translate this term does not imply the use of magic. Alternate translation: “you are cursed by me” or “I will cause you to suffer” or “I will punish you”
3:14	qu53			מִ⁠כָּל־הַ⁠בְּהֵמָ֔ה	1	When Adam and Eve sinned and God judged them, the curse and punishment of death and decay also affected everything that was under their authority, including the animals. Here in Gen 3:14, God puts a more severe curse on the serpent (and his descendants) than he put on the rest of the animals. See how you translated **livestock** in Gen 1:24-26; 2:20. Alternate translation: “more harshly than all the tame animals”
3:14	d3v1			וּ⁠מִ⁠כֹּ֖ל חַיַּ֣ת הַ⁠שָּׂדֶ֑ה	1	See how you translated **every living thing of the field** in verse 1. Alternate translation: “and more harshly than all the creatures of the fields” or “and more harshly than all the wild animals.”
3:14	obw6			עַל גְּחֹנְ⁠ךָ֣ תֵלֵ֔ךְ	1	 Alternate translation: “As a result, you will move on the ground on your stomach,”
3:14	aocs			וְ⁠עָפָ֥ר תֹּאכַ֖ל	1	Make sure your translation of this clause does not imply that dust or dirt is all the snake will eat. Rather it could mean that dirt will get into his mouth when he eats his food, or it could be an idiom that refers to the fact that as he slithers along, his mouth will always be close to the dirt on the ground (a position of humility). Also see how you translated **dust** in Gen 2:7. Alternate translation: “and you will eat dirt with your food”
3:14	g32q			כָּל יְמֵ֥י חַיֶּֽי⁠ךָ	1	 Alternate translation: “your entire life.”
3:15	ivt7			וְ⁠אֵיבָ֣ה אָשִׁ֗ית בֵּֽינְ⁠ךָ֙ וּ⁠בֵ֣ין הָֽ⁠אִשָּׁ֔ה וּ⁠בֵ֥ין זַרְעֲ⁠ךָ֖ וּ⁠בֵ֣ין זַרְעָ֑⁠הּ	1	 Alternate translation: “I will also cause you and the woman to be enemies with each other, and your offspring and her offspring to also be enemies.”
3:15	yfon			ה֚וּא	1	The pronoun **He** is ambiguous here. It could refer to: (1) the woman’s descendant (Jesus) who would one day come to earth as the Messiah/Christ; or (2) the woman’s descendants who will constantly be enemies of the snake’s descendants. If you follow the first interpretation, this would be the first prophecy in the Bible about the Messiah/Christ (“the Anointed One” or “the Promised Savior King”) who would come to earth and destroy Satan’s power (Hebrews 2:14). You could include that information in a footnote. Alternate translation: “In fact, her offspring” or “In fact, one of her descendants”
3:15	e3wq		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	יְשׁוּפְ⁠ךָ֣ רֹ֔אשׁ וְ⁠אַתָּ֖ה תְּשׁוּפֶ֥⁠נּוּ עָקֵֽב	1	This is figurative language that Satan will harm the Messiah, but the Messiah will destroy him. For some languages it is better to switch the order of these clauses and say, “In fact, you will strike/bite/bruise the heel of one of her descendants, but he will strike/crush your head.” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “will crush your head, and you will bruise his heel.”
3:16	chez		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	אֶֽל הָ⁠אִשָּׁ֣ה אָמַ֗ר	1	In the Hebrew text, “to the woman” comes first in this sentence, to emphasize her. Do what is natural in your language. Also consider what is the best way to refer to God here in your language. Alternate translation: “Then he said to the woman,” or “Then Yahweh God turned to the woman and said to her,”
3:16	vgi1			הַרְבָּ֤ה אַרְבֶּה֙ עִצְּבוֹנֵ֣⁠ךְ	1	 Alternate translation: “I will cause you to have much pain” or “I will cause it to be very painful”
3:16	icn7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	בְּ⁠עֶ֖צֶב תֵּֽלְדִ֣י בָנִ֑ים	1	This clause is the second part of a parallelism, which emphasizes the pain and suffering that women will experience when they bear children. If possible, it is best to keep both parts of the parallelism in your translation. Alternate translation: “yes you will suffer much pain when you give birth.” or “yes bearing children will be very painful for you.”
3:16	jbk6			וְ⁠אֶל אִישֵׁ⁠ךְ֙ תְּשׁ֣וּקָתֵ֔⁠ךְ	1	The Hebrew text is ambiguous here, because the conjunctions and the idiom **your desire will be for your husband** are all ambiguous in this context. The text could mean: (1) “Yet/But you will still desire/long to be with your husband, and he …”, which is similar to what **desire** means in Song of Songs 7:10; or (2) “Besides that, you will desire/want to control your husband, but he …”, which is similar to what **desire** means in Gen 4:7. The interpretation that is not followed in your translation could be put in a footnote.
3:16	friw			וְ⁠ה֖וּא יִמְשָׁל בָּֽ⁠ךְ	1	See how you translated **rule over** in Gen 1:18. It may be necessary to translate this term differently here because of the negative context of the curse and the consequences of sin. Alternate translation: “and he will control you.” or “and he will lord it over you.”
3:17	sq0d			וּ⁠לְ⁠אָדָ֣ם אָמַ֗ר	1	In the Hebrew text, the phrase **to the man** is emphasized. See how you translated a similar case (“to the woman”) in verse 16. For a note about when to start using Adam’s name in your translation, see Gen 2:19. Alternate translation: “Next God said to the man,” or “Next Yahweh God turned to Adam and said to him,”
3:17	dyjb		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	כִּֽי־שָׁמַעְתָּ֮ לְ⁠ק֣וֹל אִשְׁתֶּ⁠ךָ֒	1	This phrase means that Adam heard what his wife said to him and then did what she said. Consider what is the best way to communicate that in your language. Alternate translation: “Since you disobeyed me and did what your wife said” or “Since you did what your wife told you to do”
3:17	x2ur		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes	אֲשֶׁ֤ר צִוִּיתִ֨י⁠ךָ֙ לֵ⁠אמֹ֔ר לֹ֥א תֹאכַ֖ל מִמֶּ֑⁠נּוּ	1	Consider whether it is better in your language to translate this embedded quote as a direct or indirect quote. Also see how you translated this command in verse 3. Alternate translation: “that I commanded you to not eat any fruit from.”
3:17	ggfr		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	אֲרוּרָ֤ה הָֽ⁠אֲדָמָה֙ בַּֽ⁠עֲבוּרֶ֔⁠ךָ	1	For some languages it may be clearer or more natural to break up this long sentence and say, “You did what your wife said and ate fruit from the tree that I commanded you not to eat any fruit from. Because of what you did, I have cursed the ground.” Also see how you translated **cursed** in verse 14. Alternate translation: “the ground is cursed by me because of what you did.” or “I have cursed the ground because you sinned.”
3:17	wdns		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result	בְּ⁠עִצָּבוֹן֙ תֹּֽאכֲלֶ֔⁠נָּה	1	 Alternate translation: “As a result, only by painful toil will you eat any food from it” or “As a result, you will have to work very hard and suffer to get enough food to eat”
3:17	o4tu		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	כֹּ֖ל יְמֵ֥י חַיֶּֽי⁠ךָ	1	For some languages it is better to put this phrase before the previous clause and say, “As a result, for as long as you live, you will have to work very hard and suffer to grow/get enough food to eat.” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “every day of your life.” or “for your entire life.”
3:18	gzbg		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	וְ⁠ק֥וֹץ וְ⁠דַרְדַּ֖ר תַּצְמִ֣יחַֽ	1	The thorn and thistle plants represent all types of weeds, which are useless and possibly harmful plants. Alternate translation: “In fact, the ground will produce thorn plants and thistle plants and other weeds” or “In fact, thorn bushes and thistle plants and other weeds will grow from the ground”
3:18	z3ub			לָ֑⁠ךְ וְ⁠אָכַלְתָּ֖ אֶת עֵ֥שֶׂב הַ⁠שָּׂדֶֽה	1	The Hebrew text here could mean: (1) “and make it difficult for you to grow enough crops in the/your fields for food.” or “so that you will have to work very hard in your fields to grow/produce enough crops/food to eat.” or (2) “so that your crops will not grow well and you will have to eat wild plants that grow in the open fields to survive.” That difference of interpretation comes from the fact that the Hebrew word **fields** can refer to land that people cultivate or to uncultivated land where wild plants grow.
3:19	ewn7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	בְּ⁠זֵעַ֤ת אַפֶּ֨י⁠ךָ֙ תֹּ֣אכַל לֶ֔חֶם	1	The phrase “by the sweat of your nose/brow” is an idiom that refers to hard physical labor. Consider whether or not your language has a similar idiom. Also, bread was one of the main food staples for that time and culture, so the Hebrew word for **bread** is used here as an idiom that refers to all food, not just bread. Consider whether your language does something similar, using one type of food (such as bread, rice or potatoes) to refer to all food in general. Or you could use a general term like “food,” especially if bread is rare or expensive in your language area. Alternate translation: “Only by the sweat of your face will you be able to have enough food to eat,” or “You will have to work hard and sweat a lot in order to have enough food to eat,”
3:19	n8ba			עַ֤ד שֽׁוּבְ⁠ךָ֙ אֶל הָ֣⁠אֲדָמָ֔ה	1	 Alternate translation: “until you die and again become dust”
3:19	ek0a			כִּ֥י מִמֶּ֖⁠נָּה לֻקָּ֑חְתָּ	1	 Alternate translation: “which you were made from by me.” or “which I took you from.” or “which I made you out of.”
3:19	d4o3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases	כִּֽי	1	This sentence rephrases and emphasizes what God just said. Alternate translation: “Indeed,”
3:19	nwc3			עָפָ֣ר אַ֔תָּה	1	 Alternate translation: “your bodies were made by me from dust” or “I made you out of dust”
3:19	qlcr			וְ⁠אֶל עָפָ֖ר תָּשֽׁוּב	1	 Alternate translation: “so dust is what you will become again after you die.”
3:20	wmrp			וַ⁠יִּקְרָ֧א הָֽ⁠אָדָ֛ם שֵׁ֥ם אִשְׁתּ֖⁠וֹ	1	Some translations use Adam’s name here because he is naming Eve. See what you did in verse 17. Alternate translation: “Then Adam called his wife” or “Then the man gave his wife the name”
3:20	czch		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	חַוָּ֑ה	1	If you include the meaning of Eve’s name in your translation or in a footnote, make sure it is similar to the word in the following clause that has the same meaning (**living**), so that it is clear why Eve was given that name. The meaning of names is important in the Hebrew language, and this translation issue occurs frequently in the book of Genesis.
3:20	alel			כִּ֛י	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “He did that because”
3:20	q3ny			הִ֥וא הָֽיְתָ֖ה אֵ֥ם	1	 Alternate translation: “she would be the ancestor of”
3:20	kvu6			כָּל חָֽי	1	 Alternate translation: “all the people who would ever live.”
3:21	idfq			וַ⁠יַּעַשׂ֩ יְהוָ֨ה אֱלֹהִ֜ים & כָּתְנ֥וֹת ע֖וֹר	1	 Alternate translation: “Then Yahweh God made some garments out of animal skins” or “Then Yahweh God used some animal hides to make some garments”
3:21	yd2w			לְ⁠אָדָ֧ם וּ⁠לְ⁠אִשְׁתּ֛⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “for Adam and his wife Eve,” or “for the man and his wife,”
3:21	nedp			וַ⁠יַּלְבִּשֵֽׁ⁠ם	1	 Alternate translation: “and he dressed them.” or “and he put the garments on them.”
3:22	zmrj		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹהִ֗ים	1	Consider what is the best way to refer to Yahweh God in your language at this point in the paragraph. Also, see how you translated a similar quote margin in Gen 1:26, where **said** has the same meaning. Alternate translation: “Then he said” or “Then he said to himself,”
3:22	tgmz			הֵ֤ן	1	This word expresses emotion and calls attention to what God says next. See how you translated this term in Gen 1:29. Alternate translation: “Listen,”
3:22	m45e			הָֽ⁠אָדָם֙	1	Throughout verses 22-24 **the man** represents mankind, which included both the man and the woman at this point. Make sure your translation communicates that clearly in those verses and does not just refer to Adam. Alternate translation: “the man and his wife” or “mankind” or “human beings”
3:22	jtzi		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive	הָיָה֙ כְּ⁠אַחַ֣ד מִמֶּ֔⁠נּוּ	1	The pronoun **us** is inclusive because God is talking to himself. Alternate translation: “have become like us”
3:22	u2uz			לָ⁠דַ֖עַת ט֣וֹב וָ⁠רָ֑ע	1	See how you translated this phrase in verse 5 and a similar phrase in Gen 2:9.
3:22	z722			וְ⁠עַתָּ֣ה פֶּן יִשְׁלַ֣ח יָד֗⁠וֹ וְ⁠לָקַח֙ גַּ֚ם	1	See how you translated “took/picked … fruit” in verse 6. Alternate translation: “So now, they must not be allowed by us to also pick” or “So we must not allow them to also pick” or “So now we must do something so that they can not also pick”
3:22	jc4x			מֵ⁠עֵ֣ץ הַֽ⁠חַיִּ֔ים וְ⁠אָכַ֖ל	1	See how you translated **the tree of life** in Gen 2:9. Alternate translation: “fruit from the tree of eternal life and eat some of it,”
3:22	ekrd			וָ⁠חַ֥י לְ⁠עֹלָֽם	1	 Alternate translation: “and so live forever!” or “which would make them live forever!”
3:23	x97q			וַֽ⁠יְשַׁלְּחֵ֛⁠הוּ יְהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהִ֖ים	1	Notice that in verses 22-24, “the man”, **him**, and **he** refer to mankind, that is, the man and the woman. Make sure it is clear in your translation here that both of them were sent out of the garden, not just the man. Consider again how you translated **Yahweh God** in Genesis 2 and 3, and see the note about this at Gen 2:4. Some languages have dual pronouns that are used for “they” and “them” in verses 22-24. Alternate translation: “Then Yahweh God banished the man and his wife” or “So then Yahweh God forced them to leave”
3:23	kl96			מִ⁠גַּן עֵ֑דֶן	1	See how you translated this phrase in Gen 2:15. Alternate translation: “the garden in the land of Eden”
3:23	hhh0			לַֽ⁠עֲבֹד֙ אֶת הָ֣⁠אֲדָמָ֔ה	1	See how you translated **work the ground** in Gen 2:5 and “work it” in 2:15. Alternate translation: “to farm the land”
3:23	d3re			אֲשֶׁ֥ר לֻקַּ֖ח מִ⁠שָּֽׁם	1	It does not refer to the exact ground that he was made from. See how you translated **taken from** in verse 19. Alternate translation: “which they had been taken from by him” or “which he had taken them from.”
3:24	j8r9			וַ⁠יְגָ֖רֶשׁ אֶת הָֽ⁠אָדָ֑ם	1	 Alternate translation: “Then after God drove the man and his wife out of the garden,” or “After God banished them from the garden,”
3:24	v4dm			וַ⁠יַּשְׁכֵּן֩	1	 Alternate translation: “then he stationed”
3:24	zcdx			מִ⁠קֶּ֨דֶם לְ⁠גַן עֵ֜דֶן	1	It is implied that the entrance to the garden is where the cherubim were placed to keep everyone from ever entering the garden again. Consider again how you translated “garden” in Gen 2:8-10, 15-16; 3:1-3, 8, 10, 23-24. Alternate translation: “on the east side of the garden at its entrance” or “at the entrance to the garden, which was on its east side”
3:24	n3sj		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	אֶת הַ⁠כְּרֻבִ֗ים	1	Most translations transliterate or borrow this term from Hebrew throughout the Bible. Cherubim are a special category of very powerful angels. Each one has four faces: a human face, a lion’s face, a bull’s face and an eagle’s face (Ezekiel 1:10; 10:14). Each of them also has multiple wings. You could include some of that information in a footnote. Alternate translation: “some powerful beings called cherubim angels”
3:24	gndv			וְ⁠אֵ֨ת לַ֤הַט הַ⁠חֶ֨רֶב֙	1	A sword is a weapon that has a very long, sharp (often two-sided) blade that is longer than a knife, machete, or dagger and is attached to a hilt or handle. This sword may have had flames coming from it, or this may have been fire in the shape of a sword. Alternate translation: “and a fiery sword” or “and a sword made of flames”
3:24	i7zi			הַ⁠מִּתְהַפֶּ֔כֶת	1	It seems that the sword was swinging by itself since there is no mention of anyone holding it. Alternate translation: “that was turning around in all directions” or “that was flashing back and forth”
3:24	orao			לִ⁠שְׁמֹ֕ר אֶת דֶּ֖רֶךְ	1	 Alternate translation: “to keep everyone away from the way that leads to” or “so that no one could go near”
3:24	ar1o			עֵ֥ץ הַֽ⁠חַיִּֽים	1	See how you translated this phrase in Gen 2:9 and 3:22. Alternate translation: “the tree of eternal life.” or “the tree whose fruit gives people eternal life.”
4:1	cibb			וְ⁠הָ֣⁠אָדָ֔ם	1	For a note about when to begin referring to the man as Adam, see Gen 2:19. Alternate translation: “Then the man Adam”
4:1	k9i4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism	יָדַ֖ע אֶת חַוָּ֣ה אִשְׁתּ֑⁠וֹ	1	This phrase is a Hebrew idiom that means Adam had marital/sexual relations with Eve. Many languages have a similar idiom. Make sure you translate this in a way that is polite and will not offend or embarrass people, especially when read aloud. Alternate translation: “slept with his wife Eve,” or “was intimate with his wife Eve,”
4:1	um2r			וַ⁠תַּ֨הַר֙ וַ⁠תֵּ֣לֶד	1	Translate this clause in a way that will not embarrass people, especially when read aloud. Alternate translation: “so that she became pregnant and later gave birth to”
4:1	a1ox			אֶת קַ֔יִן	1	You could include the meaning of Cain’s name in your translation or in a footnote. See what you did for a similar case in Gen 3:20.
4:1	y3qd			וַ⁠תֹּ֕אמֶר	1	This sentence explains how Cain got his name. Make sure that is clear in your translation. Also consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “because she exclaimed,” or “They named him that because Eve had said”
4:1	ww1b			קָנִ֥יתִי	1	The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “I have obtained/acquired” or (2) “I have produced/created”. If you include the meaning of Cain’s name earlier in this verse in your translation or in a footnote, make sure it matches your choice here so that it is clear why he was given that name.
4:1	gohm			אִ֖ישׁ	1	For some languages it is confusing to refer to a newborn baby as a man. Do what is clear and natural in your language. Alternate translation: “a male child” or “a boy” or “a baby boy”
4:1	tfqh		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	אֶת יְהוָֽה	1	For some languages it is more natural to put this phrase earlier in this sentence and say, “With Yahweh’s help I have obtained/acquired a son!” or “Yahweh has enabled/helped me to obtain/get a son!” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “with help from Yahweh!”
4:2	gqfn		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠תֹּ֣סֶף לָ⁠לֶ֔דֶת	1	The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. Cain and Abel may have been twins, or Abel may have been born sometime later after Eve became pregnant again. If possible, translate verse 2 in a way that allows for either interpretation. Also, consider whether it is better in your language to use a pronoun or a noun to refer to Eve here. Alternate translation: “Then she also gave birth to” or “After that, Eve gave birth to”
4:2	i71z		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship	אֶת אָחִ֖י⁠ו	1	Some languages have a specific term for “younger brother” that can be used here. Do what is best in your language.
4:2	wid6			אֶת הָ֑בֶל	1	 Alternate translation: “whose name was Abel.”
4:2	xfso		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background	וַֽ⁠יְהִי הֶ֨בֶל֙	1	This sentence introduces background information for what happens next. Consider what is the best way to begin this sentence in your language. Also, It is implied here that the boys had grown up to be adults. If necessary, you could make that explicit in your translation. Alternate translation: “Now when the boys had grown up, Abel”
4:2	aikd			רֹ֣עֵה צֹ֔אן	1	A flock can be a large group of sheep or goats, or a mixture of both. Alternate translation: “was a keeper of sheep,” or “was a shepherd,” or “raised sheep and goats,”
4:2	vsb1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast	וְ⁠קַ֕יִן	1	Consider what is the best way in your language to contrast Cain and his work with Abel and his work. Alternate translation: “but Cain”
4:2	dd6k			הָיָ֖ה עֹבֵ֥ד אֲדָמָֽה	1	Cain raised crops, not animals. See how you translated a similar phrase (“work the ground”) in Gen 2:5. Alternate translation: “was a tiller of the soil.” or “was a crop farmer.” or “grew food crops.”
4:3	bwql		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent	וַֽ⁠יְהִ֖י מִ⁠קֵּ֣ץ יָמִ֑ים	1	These phrases introduce an important new event. Consider what is the best way to do that in your language. Alternate translation: “Then one day it happened that” or “As time went on one day”
4:3	mhjm			וַ⁠יָּבֵ֨א קַ֜יִן	1	 Alternate translation: “Cain offered”
4:3	zn5b			מִ⁠פְּרִ֧י הָֽ⁠אֲדָמָ֛ה	1	The word **fruit** is general here and refers to any edible plant or crop that grows as the result of being cultivated. Make sure that is clear in your translation. Alternate translation: “some of the crops that he had raised in his fields” or “some of the edible plants that he had harvested from his fields”
4:3	of0f		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms	מִנְחָ֖ה לַֽ⁠יהוָֽה	1	The term **offering** refers to something that is given. Alternate translation: “to Yahweh as an gift to worship him.”
4:4	mq9z			וְ⁠הֶ֨בֶל הֵבִ֥יא גַם	1	There is a contrast between Abel and Cain and between their offerings. Alternate translation: “Abel also offered an offering to Yahweh, but what he gave was” or “But Abel gave to Yahweh”
4:4	r4og			מִ⁠בְּכֹר֥וֹת צֹאנ֖⁠וֹ	1	See how you translated **flocks** in verse 2. Alternate translation: “some of the firstborn animals from his sheep”
4:4	oxhr			וּ⁠מֵֽ⁠חֶלְבֵ⁠הֶ֑ן	1	In that culture, fat was considered one of the best parts of an animal to eat. If that is different from how fat is viewed in your language area, that information could be put in a footnote. Alternate translation: “and some of the fat portions of the meat.” or “and some of their best parts.” or “and the best parts of the meat.”
4:4	v9sn			וַ⁠יִּ֣שַׁע יְהוָ֔ה אֶל	1	 Alternate translation: “Yahweh was happy with” or “Yahweh accepted”
4:4	jlf3			הֶ֖בֶל וְ⁠אֶל מִנְחָתֽ⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “Abel and his sacrifice.” or “Abel and what he gave to him.”
4:5	zedh			וְ⁠אֶל קַ֥יִן & לֹ֣א שָׁעָ֑ה	1	See how you translated “looked favorably on” in verse 4. Alternate translation: “But Yahweh was not happy with Cain” or “However, he did not accept Cain”
4:5	hxcc			וְ⁠אֶל מִנְחָת֖⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “and his gift” or “and what he gave to him.”
4:5	ai77		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וַ⁠יִּ֤חַר לְ⁠קַ֨יִן֙ מְאֹ֔ד	1	Many languages have a similar idiom that fits well here. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “So Cain was extremely angry,”
4:5	m590		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וַֽ⁠יִּפְּל֖וּ פָּנָֽי⁠ו	1	 Alternate translation: “and his face showed that he was angry” or “and he scowled.” or “and his face showed it.”
4:6	eymy		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֥אמֶר יְהוָ֖ה אֶל קָ֑יִן	1	The way you translate this quote margin should fit with the way that you translated the following three rhetorical questions. Alternate translation: “Then Yahweh asked Cain”
4:6	qa15		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	לָ֚⁠מָּה חָ֣רָה לָ֔⁠ךְ וְ⁠לָ֖⁠מָּה נָפְל֥וּ פָנֶֽי⁠ךָ	1	God is using these rhetorical questions to correct Cain. Consider what is the best way to communicate that in your language. Also see how you translated the idioms “burned with … anger” and “face fell” in verse 5. Alternate translation: “Why are you so angry? And why are you scowling?” or “There is no reason for you to be angry and scowling.”
4:7	ltx6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	הֲ⁠ל֤וֹא & שְׂאֵ֔ת	1	God uses this rhetorical question here to remind Cain of something that he already knew. Consider what is the best way to do that in your language. Alternate translation: “you know that you will be accepted by me.” or “you know that I will be pleased with you and your gift too.” or “I will accept you and your gift too.”
4:7	hj95			וְ⁠אִם֙ לֹ֣א תֵיטִ֔יב	1	 Alternate translation: “But if you do what is wrong,”
4:7	re3c		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	חַטָּ֣את רֹבֵ֑ץ	1	In verse 7 sin is personified, that is, it is treated as if it were alive, like a lion or some other fierce animal that wants to attack Cain. Some languages can do the same thing. Other languages cannot do that and must say something like: “then you are in great danger of being tempted to sin, but you must resist and not give in.” Alternate translation: “then sin is like a dangerous animal that is waiting” or “then sin will be waiting like a wild animal”
4:7	sy1l			לַ⁠פֶּ֖תַח	1	 Alternate translation: “outside the door of your heart to tempt you,”
4:7	t750			וְ⁠אֵלֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ תְּשׁ֣וּקָת֔⁠וֹ	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “Sin wants to destroy you,”
4:7	r8yc			וְ⁠אַתָּ֖ה תִּמְשָׁל בּֽ⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “but you must master it so that you do not sin.” or “but you must keep it from destroying you.” or “but you must keep it from doing that.”
4:8	hfxs			וַ⁠יֹּ֥אמֶר קַ֖יִן	1	After God spoke to Cain, we do not know how long Cain waited before he spoke to Abel; it may have been a few hours or a few days. Alternate translation: “Later Cain spoke”
4:8	dhvy		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants	אֶל הֶ֣בֶל אָחִ֑י⁠ו	1	This sentence is what the Hebrew text has. Instead of that text, some ancient manuscripts and translations (including the Samaritan Pentateuch, Septuagint, Latin Vulgate, and Syriac) and many modern translations have: “Then Cain said to Abel his brother, “Let’s go out to the field and work together.” ” or “Then Cain invited/asked his brother Abel to go out to the field with him to work.” Some translation teams follow the way this verse is translated in a well-known translation, such as in the national language or in a neighboring language. Decide what to do in your translation. The textual variant that you do not use in your translation could be put in a footnote. Alternate translation: “with his brother Abel.”
4:8	bkk1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וַֽ⁠יְהִי֙ בִּ⁠הְיוֹתָ֣⁠ם בַּ⁠שָּׂדֶ֔ה	1	For some languages it is necessary to make explicit that Cain and Abel actually went to the field. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “So they went out to the field to work together, but while they were there,”
4:8	ms2c		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	הֶ֣בֶל אָחִ֑י⁠ו	1	The Hebrew text keeps repeating the phrase **Abel his brother** to emphasize the seriousness of Cain’s crime. Consider what is the best way to do that in your language. See how you translated **brother** in verse 2. Alternate translation: “his own brother Abel” or “his own brother”
4:9	ylt7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר יְהוָה֙ אֶל קַ֔יִן	1	 Alternate translation: “Then Yahweh asked Cain,”
4:9	lg3y			אֵ֖י הֶ֣בֶל אָחִ֑י⁠ךָ	1	See how you translated “Abel … brother” in verse 8.
4:9	e118		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר֙	1	Cain is answering Yahweh rudely. Consider what is the best way to translate this quote margin in your language, including whether or not to use a conjunction here. Alternate translation: “Then He said to him,” or “He answered him,” or “He retorted,”
4:9	pi34			לֹ֣א יָדַ֔עְתִּי	1	 Alternate translation: “How should I know that?”
4:9	d7iw		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	הֲ⁠שֹׁמֵ֥ר אָחִ֖⁠י אָנֹֽכִי	1	Cain uses this rhetorical question to support the lie that he just told. His response to God is rude and disrespectful. Consider whether or not a rhetorical question communicates that here in your language. Alternate translation: “Am I in charge of my brother?” or “Is it my responsibility to take care of my brother?”
4:10	n5ej		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יֹּ֖אמֶר	1	Make sure that your translation of this phrase refers to Yahweh, not Cain. Alternate translation: “Then Yahweh asked”
4:10	flvm		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	מֶ֣ה עָשִׂ֑יתָ	1	God uses this rhetorical question to condemn what Cain had done. Consider whether or not a rhetorical question works well here in your language. Alternate translation: “What you have done is very horrible” or “You have done a horrible thing!”
4:10	qix1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	ק֚וֹל דְּמֵ֣י אָחִ֔י⁠ךָ צֹעֲקִ֥ים אֵלַ֖⁠י מִן הָֽ⁠אֲדָמָֽה	1	In the Hebrew text, blood is personified, as if it had a voice or could cry out like a person does. If it is not possible to do that in your language, you could say that his brother’s blood is “like a voice …” or you could translate this sentence without personification.
4:11	ayem			וְ⁠עַתָּ֖ה	1	 Alternate translation: “Therefore from now on” or “Because of what you did,”
4:11	nr1b		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	אָר֣וּר אָ֑תָּה	1	Consider what is the best way to translate this passive clause in your language. Also see how you translated this in Gen 3:14. Alternate translation: “you are cursed by me”
4:11	kzep		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	מִן הָֽ⁠אֲדָמָה֙	1	 Alternate translation: “so that you will not be able to grow food from the soil,” or “so that you are banished from farming the soil,”
4:11	af4e		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	אֲשֶׁ֣ר פָּצְתָ֣ה אֶת פִּ֔י⁠הָ לָ⁠קַ֛חַת אֶת דְּמֵ֥י אָחִ֖י⁠ךָ	1	In the Hebrew text, **the ground** is personified as if it had a mouth to open. If that is not possible in your language, you could follow one of the alternates above. Alternate translation: “which is covered with blood from your brother”
4:11	rubj			מִ⁠יָּדֶֽ⁠ךָ	1	 Alternate translation: “when you killed him.”
4:12	ikp7			כִּ֤י	1	 Alternate translation: “As a result, whenever”
4:12	vpbv			תַֽעֲבֹד֙ אֶת הָ֣⁠אֲדָמָ֔ה	1	See how you translated **work the ground** in Gen 2:5 and 3:23; also see similar phrases in 4:2, 11. Alternate translation: “you try to farm the soil,”
4:12	caed			לֹֽא תֹסֵ֥ף תֵּת כֹּחָ֖⁠הּ לָ֑⁠ךְ	1	 Alternate translation: “it will no longer grow good crops for you.” or “it will not grow enough food for you anymore.”
4:12	azf9			תִּֽהְיֶ֥ה	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “and you will also”
4:12	ptn2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys	נָ֥ע וָ⁠נָ֖ד תִּֽהְיֶ֥ה בָ⁠אָֽרֶץ	1	The phrase **a fugitive and a wanderer** forms a hendiadys. Consider what is the best way to translate that phrase in your language. Alternate translation: “be a fugitive who wanders around on the earth without a permanent home.” or “be a homeless outcast on the earth.” or “be rejected by people so that you have no permanent home and have to move from place to place.”
4:13	k174		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֥אמֶר קַ֖יִן אֶל יְהוָ֑ה	1	 Alternate translation: “But Cain replied to him,”
4:13	au2w		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	גָּד֥וֹל עֲוֺנִ֖⁠י	1	 Alternate translation: “Your punishment of me will cause me more suffering” or “You are punishing me more harshly”
4:13	vjkj			מִ⁠נְּשֹֽׂא	1	 Alternate translation: “than I am able to cope with.”
4:14	tmvv			הֵן֩	1	This term emphasizes what Cain says next. See how you translated this term in Gen 1:29 and 3:22. It may be necessary to translate it in different ways, depending on the context. Alternate translation: “Listen,”
4:14	evll			גֵּרַ֨שְׁתָּ אֹתִ֜⁠י הַ⁠יּ֗וֹם	1	See how you translated “drove/expelled” in Gen 3:24. Alternate translation: “today you are forcing me away” or “you have now prevented me”
4:14	xrxp			מֵ⁠עַל֙ פְּנֵ֣י הָֽ⁠אֲדָמָ֔ה	1	 Alternate translation: “from working the land”
4:14	kjbr		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וּ⁠מִ⁠פָּנֶ֖י⁠ךָ אֶסָּתֵ֑ר	1	This clause is probably an idiom that means Cain will be cursed and no longer blessed by God. Alternate translation: “and I will be separated from you.” or “and you will no longer bless me.”
4:14	jhqn		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys	וְ⁠הָיִ֜יתִי נָ֤ע וָ⁠נָד֙ בָּ⁠אָ֔רֶץ	1	See how you translated this phrase in verse 12. Alternate translation: “I will be a fugitive who wanders around on the earth without a permanent home,” or “I will be a wandering outcast on the earth,”
4:14	v3gz		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole	כָל מֹצְאִ֖⁠י יַֽהַרְגֵֽ⁠נִי	1	Cain uses hyperbole here to emphasize his strong emotion. If possible, keep this hyperbole in your translation because it helps communicate how fearful Cain was feeling. Alternate translation: “anyone who meets me will kill me!”
4:15	kucp		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֧אמֶר ל֣⁠וֹ יְהוָ֗ה	1	 Alternate translation: “So Yahweh said to him” or “Yahweh said to Cain,”
4:15	fsei		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants	לָ⁠כֵן֙	1	That is what the Hebrew text has. Instead of that text, some ancient translations (such as the Septuagint) and many modern translations have: “Not so/true.” or “That will not happen because”. The textual variant that you do not use in your translation could be put in a footnote. Alternate translation: “In that case,”
4:15	kb8d		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	כָּל הֹרֵ֣ג קַ֔יִן & יֻקָּ֑ם	1	What God says here implies that he will do something to prevent people from killing Cain; he is not just talking about punishing them if they kill him. If necessary, you could make that explicit in your translation. Alternate translation: “I will warn everyone that if anyone kills you, I will take revenge on him for you” or “I will make it clear to everyone that I will take revenge on anyone who kills you”
4:15	y2v3			וַ⁠יָּ֨שֶׂם יְהוָ֤ה לְ⁠קַ֨יִן֙ א֔וֹת	1	We do not know exactly how Yahweh marked Cain, so keep your translation of this clause general (like the Hebrew text is). Alternate translation: “Then he put a special symbol on Cain” or “Then he marked Cain with a special mark”
4:15	cqhr		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	לְ⁠בִלְתִּ֥י הַכּוֹת אֹת֖⁠וֹ כָּל מֹצְאֽ⁠וֹ	1	The phrase **strike him** is used here as an idiom that means “kill him”. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “so that anyone who saw him would not kill him.” or “to warn everyone who saw him not to kill him.”
4:16	mmsm			וַ⁠יֵּ֥צֵא קַ֖יִן	1	 Alternate translation: “After that, Cain went away”
4:16	s73l		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	מִ⁠לִּ⁠פְנֵ֣י יְהוָ֑ה	1	Yahweh is everywhere, so this probably means that after talking to Yahweh, Cain left that place. Alternate translation: “from Yahweh” or “from the place where Yahweh had been talking to him”
4:16	iydu			וַ⁠יֵּ֥שֶׁב	1	 Alternate translation: “and settled” or “and started living”
4:16	ksys		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	בְּ⁠אֶֽרֶץ נ֖וֹד	1	The original readers of the Hebrew text knew that the name **Nod** means “wandering”. Usually translators transliterate (copy or borrow) the name from the Hebrew text, and they might also include the meaning of the name in the text or in a footnote. If you do that here, the meaning should be similar to how you translated “wanderer” in verses 12 and 14.
4:16	glwo			קִדְמַת עֵֽדֶן	1	Consider again how you translated “the land/region of Eden” and “the Garden of Eden” in the book of Genesis. See Gen 2:8, 10, 15; 3:23-24; 4:16. Alternate translation: “which was east of the land called Eden.” or “which was east of Eden Land.”
4:17	tgil		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism	וַ⁠יֵּ֤דַע קַ֨יִן֙ אֶת אִשְׁתּ֔⁠וֹ	1	See how you translated this idiom in Gen 4:1. Alternate translation: “Then Cain slept with his wife,”
4:17	rr2c			וַ⁠תַּ֖הַר וַ⁠תֵּ֣לֶד	1	See how you translated this phrase in Gen 4:1. Alternate translation: “so that she became pregnant and gave birth to”
4:17	i17s		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	אֶת חֲנ֑וֹךְ	1	 Alternate translation: “a son named Enoch.” or “a son whose name was Enoch.”
4:17	a43z		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַֽ⁠יְהִי֙ בֹּ֣נֶה עִ֔יר	1	Make sure that your translation of this clause refers to Cain, not Enoch. Alternate translation: “Now at that time, Cain was in the process of constructing a city,”
4:17	isn9			וַ⁠יִּקְרָא֙ שֵׁ֣ם הָ⁠עִ֔יר	1	 Alternate translation: “so he called the city”
4:17	ocqy			כְּ⁠שֵׁ֖ם בְּנ֥⁠וֹ חֲנֽוֹךְ	1	 Alternate translation: “Enoch, after his son.” or “Enoch, the same name as his son.”
4:18	d1x6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases	וַ⁠יִּוָּלֵ֤ד לַֽ⁠חֲנוֹךְ֙	1	In this record of Cain’s descendants, It is implied that many years have gone by between each descendant growing up, getting married, and having his own children. Decide the best way to translate this genealogical record in your language. Alternate translation: “Later on, Enoch had” or “When Enoch grew up, he fathered” or “Enoch was the father of”
4:18	yll5			אֶת עִירָ֔ד	1	 Alternate translation: “a son whose name was Irad,”
4:18	zgh0			וְ⁠עִירָ֕ד יָלַ֖ד	1	Consider whether or not it is best in your language to begin a new sentence with each new generation that is mentioned in this verse. Alternate translation: “Then Irad fathered” or “When Irad grew up, he had” or “Irad was the father of”
4:18	lb2t			אֶת מְחֽוּיָאֵ֑ל	1	 Alternate translation: “a son whose name was Mehujael,”
4:18	hdkq			וּ⁠מְחִיּיָאֵ֗ל יָלַד֙	1	 Alternate translation: “Then Mehujael fathered” or “When Mehujael grew up, he had” or “Mehujael was the father of”
4:18	r4oo			אֶת מְת֣וּשָׁאֵ֔ל	1	 Alternate translation: “a son whose name was Methushael,”
4:18	bw8i			וּ⁠מְתוּשָׁאֵ֖ל יָלַ֥ד	1	 Alternate translation: “Then Methushael fathered” or “When Methushael grew up, he had” or “Methushael was the father of”
4:18	a3xs			אֶת לָֽמֶךְ	1	 Alternate translation: “a son whose name was Lamech.”
4:19	sx75		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וַ⁠יִּֽקַּֽח ל֥⁠וֹ לֶ֖מֶךְ שְׁתֵּ֣י נָשִׁ֑ים	1	In this context, the phrase **took for himself** is an idiom that means “married”. Consider whether or not your language has a similar idiom. Alternate translation: “Then Lamech grew up, and he chose two women to be his wives.” or “When Lamech grew up, he married two women.”
4:19	div9			שֵׁ֤ם הָֽ⁠אַחַת֙ עָדָ֔ה	1	 Alternate translation: “His first wife was named Adah,”
4:19	nogk			וְ⁠שֵׁ֥ם הַ⁠שֵּׁנִ֖ית צִלָּֽה	1	 Alternate translation: “and his second wife was named Zillah.”
4:20	gfmj			וַ⁠תֵּ֥לֶד עָדָ֖ה	1	 Alternate translation: “Adah had”
4:20	baqx			אֶת יָבָ֑ל	1	 Alternate translation: “a son whose name was Jabal.”
4:20	w051			ה֣וּא הָיָ֔ה	1	Consider whether or not it is best in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “who was” or “who grew up and became”
4:20	twss		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	אֲבִ֕י יֹשֵׁ֥ב	1	The phrase **father of** is used here as an idiom that means Jabal was the first person to do these things. He originated this way of living, and many people after him followed his example. Alternate translation: “the first of all people who”
4:20	lmj0		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	יֹשֵׁ֥ב אֹ֖הֶל	1	A tent is a portable living place that has walls made of cloth or animal skins and is held up by poles. Tents are used by people who need to take their home with them as they move from place to place, often to find food and water for themselves and their livestock. If people in your language area are not familiar with tents, you could include some of the above information in a footnote. Alternate translation: “are tent dwellers” or “live in portable shelters”
4:20	ifog			וּ⁠מִקְנֶֽה	1	The term **livestock** includes all kinds of domestic animals, such as cows, sheep, goats, camels, and donkeys. See how you translated **livestock** in Gen 1:24-26; 2:20, 3:14. Alternate translation: “and raise animals for a living.”
4:21	g37o		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship	וְ⁠שֵׁ֥ם אָחִ֖י⁠ו יוּבָ֑ל	1	Jubal was probably younger than Jabal. See how you translated **brother** in verse 2. Alternate translation: “Jabal had a brother named Jubal.”
4:21	wc9b			ה֣וּא הָיָ֔ה	1	 Alternate translation: “who was” or “He grew up and became”
4:21	dbuc			אֲבִ֕י כָּל	1	See how you translated a similar phrase in verse 20. Alternate translation: “the ancestor of all people who”
4:21	thhz		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	תֹּפֵ֥שׂ כִּנּ֖וֹר וְ⁠עוּגָֽב	1	 Alternate translation: “play musical instruments called lyres and pipes.” or “play stringed instruments and wind instruments.”
4:22	jm2j			גַם & יָֽלְדָה֙	1	 Alternate translation: “also became pregnant and gave birth to a son, and they named him”
4:22	nipn		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	אֶת תּ֣וּבַל קַ֔יִן	1	Be consistent with how you spell this name both times in verse 22. Alternate translation: “Tubal-Cain” or “Tubal-cain” or “Tubalcain”
4:22	t53i		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	לֹטֵ֕שׁ	1	It is probably implied from verses 20-21 that Tubal Cain, like his brothers, was the father/ancestor or first of all those who had his skill. Alternate translation: “He was the first person to forge” or “He was the first blacksmith and forged” or “He was the first of all people who forge”
4:22	dn66			כָּל חֹרֵ֥שׁ נְחֹ֖שֶׁת וּ⁠בַרְזֶ֑ל	1	The word **tools** that is used here in the Hebrew text is general and can include farming tools and weapons and other things that are made out of metal. Alternate translation: “all kinds of tools and other things out of brass and iron.” or “all kinds of brass and iron things”
4:22	dmz0			וַֽ⁠אֲח֥וֹת תּֽוּבַל קַ֖יִן נַֽעֲמָֽה	1	 Alternate translation: “Tubal Cain had a sister named Naamah.”
4:23	apyu		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent	וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר לֶ֜מֶךְ	1	Consider what is the best way in your language to introduce this new event. Alternate translation: “One time, Lamech said proudly” or “One day, Lamech boasted”
4:23	gae9			לְ⁠נָשָׁ֗י⁠ו עָדָ֤ה וְ⁠צִלָּה֙	1	Be consistent with how you spelled these names in verses 19-20, 22-23.
4:23	lbpd		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	שְׁמַ֣עַן קוֹלִ֔⁠י	1	The phrase **my voice** refers here to the words being said. Consider what is the best way to translate this figure of speech in your language. Alternate translation: “listen to what I am going to tell you.”
4:23	uqtr		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	נְשֵׁ֣י לֶ֔מֶךְ הַאְזֵ֖נָּה אִמְרָתִ֑⁠י	1	This clause forms a parallelism with the previous clause and emphasizes what Lamech says next. Also, consider whether or not your language has an idiom that is similar to **give ear to**. Alternate translation: “My wives, listen to me carefully.”
4:23	m97i			כִּ֣י אִ֤ישׁ הָרַ֨גְתִּי֙ לְ⁠פִצְעִ֔⁠י וְ⁠יֶ֖לֶד לְ⁠חַבֻּרָתִֽ⁠י	1	The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “I killed a man for wounding me; he was a young man who bruised/injured me!” or “I killed a young man for wounding/injuring me! In fact, I killed that man just because he bruised/injured me!” or (2) “I killed a man for wounding me, and also a young man for bruising/injuring me.” or “A man wounded me, so I killed him. A young man injured me, so I killed him too!” According to the first interpretation, Lamech refers to one man he killed. According to the second interpretation, he refers to two men he killed.
4:24	q45d		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	כִּ֥י שִׁבְעָתַ֖יִם יֻקַּם קָ֑יִן וְ⁠לֶ֖מֶךְ	1	Consider what is the best way to translate this passive clause in your language. Alternate translation: “Since God has promised to avenge Cain seven times, then” or “Cain is avenged by God seven times, but”
4:24	g912			וְ⁠לֶ֖מֶךְ שִׁבְעִ֥ים וְ⁠שִׁבְעָֽה	1	Lamech is bragging in verses 23 and 24 about how severely he avenges himself. He is not saying that God will avenge him more than he will avenge Cain. Also, each translation team needs to decide how they will handle numbers in the Hebrew text so that readers will not confuse those numbers with verse numbers. For example, it may be best to use words for single and double-digit numbers in the text. Be consistent with how you spelled the name **Lamech** in verses 18-19, 23-24. Alternate translation: “I, Lamech avenge myself seventy-seven times!” or “I avenge myself 77 times!”
4:25	rw9r		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism	וַ⁠יֵּ֨דַע אָדָ֥ם עוֹד֙ אֶת אִשְׁתּ֔⁠וֹ	1	See how you translated the idiom **knew** in 4:1, 17. Alternate translation: “Then Adam slept with his wife Eve again,” or “Again Adam had marital relations with his wife Eve,”
4:25	tlhj		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result	וַ⁠תֵּ֣לֶד בֵּ֔ן	1	 Alternate translation: “so that she conceived and had a son,” or “with the result that she became pregnant and gave birth to a son,”
4:25	uyxx			וַ⁠תִּקְרָ֥א אֶת שְׁמ֖⁠וֹ	1	See how you translated a similar phrase in Gen 3:20. Alternate translation: “and she gave him the name”
4:25	yiax		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	כִּ֣י	1	What follows is a direct quote of what Eve said that gave Seth his name. Make sure that is clear in your language. Also consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “She named him that because when he was born, she had exclaimed,”
4:25	pmzd			שָֽׁת לִ֤⁠י אֱלֹהִים֙	1	If you include the meaning of Seth’s name in your translation or in a footnote, make sure it matches the way you translate **appointed** here, so that it is clear why he was given that name. Alternate translation: “God has given to me”
4:25	k147			תַּ֣חַת הֶ֔בֶל	1	 Alternate translation: “to take the place of Abel,”
4:25	d8wl		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	כִּ֥י הֲרָג֖⁠וֹ קָֽיִן	1	For some language it is necessary to put this phrase first in this clause (so that events are in the order that they happened) and say, “Since Cain killed Abel, God granted me another child to replace him.” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “whom Cain murdered.”
4:26	oqgu			וּ⁠לְ⁠שֵׁ֤ת גַּם & יֻלַּד בֵּ֔ן	1	The word order in the Hebrew text here emphasizes Seth. Do what is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Later on, Seth also had a son,”
4:26	zd7h			וַ⁠יִּקְרָ֥א אֶת שְׁמ֖⁠וֹ אֱנ֑וֹשׁ	1	 Alternate translation: “whom he named Enosh.”
4:26	tq3j			אָ֣ז	1	 Alternate translation: “At that time” or “That is when”
4:26	o4hk		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	הוּחַ֔ל לִ⁠קְרֹ֖א בְּ⁠שֵׁ֥ם יְהוָֽה	1	The phrase **call on the name of Yahweh** is an idiom that refers to prayers, worship, and praise in which people addressed God directly by his personal name Yahweh. It also implies that they were trusting in him to help and guide them. Alternate translation: “people began to address God by his name Yahweh as they worshiped him.” or “people began to praise Yahweh by name.” or “people first called Yahweh by name in their prayers and worship.”
5:1	r7au			זֶ֣ה	1	 Alternate translation: “What follows is”
5:1	nf58			סֵ֔פֶר	1	 Alternate translation: “the written family record of”
5:1	hbea			תּוֹלְדֹ֖ת אָדָ֑ם	1	 Alternate translation: “about Adam and his descendants:”
5:1	ztgp			בְּ⁠י֗וֹם בְּרֹ֤א אֱלֹהִים֙ אָדָ֔ם & עָשָׂ֥ה אֹתֽ⁠וֹ	1	See how you translated **created** in Gen 1:1, 27; 2:4, and “man” in Gen 1:26-27. Alternate translation: “On the day that God made human beings, he made them”
5:1	c3vh			בִּ⁠דְמ֥וּת אֱלֹהִ֖ים	1	God created mankind to be like himself in certain ways, but not to be exactly like him in every way (Gen 1:26-27). Alternate translation: “in his own likeness.”
5:2	sfms			זָכָ֥ר וּ⁠נְקֵבָ֖ה בְּרָאָ֑⁠ם	1	See how you translated this clause in Gen 1:27.
5:2	xoeq			וַ⁠יְבָ֣רֶךְ אֹתָ֗⁠ם	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Also see how you translated **blessed** in Gen 1:22, 28. It may be necessary to translate this term in different ways, depending on the context. Alternate translation: “He blessed them” or “He said that he would make them prosper”
5:2	md6q			וַ⁠יִּקְרָ֤א אֶת שְׁמָ⁠ם֙	1	See how you translated the phrase “called … name” in Gen 4:17, 25, 26. Alternate translation: “and called them”
5:2	bpym			אָדָ֔ם	1	Be consistent here with how you translated this term in verse 1.
5:2	ocap		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	בְּ⁠י֖וֹם הִבָּֽרְאָֽ⁠ם	1	Consider what is the best way to translate this passive clause in your language. Also, for some languages it is clearer or more natural to put this clause earlier in this verse and say, “and on the same day that he created them, he blessed them and called/named them human beings.” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “on the same day that they were created by him.”
5:3	mu3a		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers	וַֽ⁠יְחִ֣י אָדָ֗ם שְׁלֹשִׁ֤ים וּ⁠מְאַת֙ שָׁנָ֔ה וַ⁠יּ֥וֹלֶד	1	Each translation team needs to decide how they are going to write large numbers in the Bible. Many teams use numerals, for example, **130** here in verse 3, especially if the target language has a complicated counting system. Other teams prefer to use words, for example, “one hundred thirty” here. Be consistent in what you do throughout your translation. Alternate translation: “When Adam had lived 130 years, he had a son” or “When Adam was 130 years old, he fathered a son”
5:3	i5yo		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	בִּ⁠דְמוּת֖⁠וֹ כְּ⁠צַלְמ֑⁠וֹ	1	These two phrases have similar meanings and emphasize that Seth was similar to Adam in many ways. See how you translated similar phrases in Gen 1:26. Alternate translation: “who was a human being like himself and looked like him,”
5:3	d878			וַ⁠יִּקְרָ֥א אֶת שְׁמ֖⁠וֹ שֵֽׁת	1	For some languages it is more natural to begin a new sentence here. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “and Adam named him Seth.” or “Adam named his son Seth.”
5:4	m5uq			וַ⁠יִּֽהְי֣וּ יְמֵי אָדָ֗ם אַֽחֲרֵי֙ הוֹלִיד֣⁠וֹ אֶת שֵׁ֔ת	1	 Alternate translation: “After he had Seth, he lived” or “After Seth was born, Adam lived”
5:4	dt93		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	שְׁמֹנֶ֥ה מֵאֹ֖ת שָׁנָ֑ה	1	For some languages, it may be more natural to change the clause order of this sentence and say, “Adam lived 800 more years after Seth was born …” Do what is best in your language throughout this chapter. Alternate translation: “800 more years,”
5:4	w4va			וַ⁠יּ֥וֹלֶד	1	This clause probably refers to all the other children that Adam had, including those who were born before and after Seth was born. Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “and he also had” or “Adam also had” or “He was also the father of”
5:5	exxg		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	וַ⁠יִּֽהְי֞וּ כָּל יְמֵ֤י אָדָם֙ אֲשֶׁר חַ֔י תְּשַׁ֤ע מֵאוֹת֙ שָׁנָ֔ה וּ⁠שְׁלֹשִׁ֖ים שָׁנָ֑ה	1	Make sure that the name **Adam** is spelled consistently in your translation of verses 1, 3-5. Alternate translation: “So he lived a total of 930 years,” or “All together Adam lived 930 years,”
5:5	vx22			וַ⁠יָּמֹֽת	1	Notice that if you use the second alternative here (“before he died”), a comma is not used before it (in English). Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “before he died.”
5:6	e8ow		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background	וַֽ⁠יְחִי־שֵׁ֕ת חָמֵ֥שׁ שָׁנִ֖ים וּ⁠מְאַ֣ת שָׁנָ֑ה	1	The events in verse 6 happened before Adam died (verse 5). So if you use a conjunction here, make sure your translation does not sound like verse 6 happened after Adam died. Alternate translation: “After Seth had lived 105 years,” or “After Seth was 105 years old,”
5:6	ac8w		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וַ⁠יּ֖וֹלֶד אֶת אֱנֽוֹשׁ	1	You could make it explicit in your translation or in a footnote that Enosh was a son. The same thing is true for the rest of the children whose births are mentioned in this chapter (who were all sons). Alternate translation: “he fathered a son named Enosh.” or “he had a son they named Enosh.” or “he had a son whose name was Enosh.”
5:7	zq5v		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַֽ⁠יְחִי שֵׁ֗ת אַֽחֲרֵי֙ הוֹלִיד֣⁠וֹ אֶת אֱנ֔וֹשׁ	1	In fact, throughout chapter 5, make sure it is clear in your translation whom each pronoun refers to. Alternate translation: “After he had Enosh, he lived” or “After Enosh was born, Seth lived”
5:7	axao			שֶׁ֣בַע שָׁנִ֔ים וּ⁠שְׁמֹנֶ֥ה מֵא֖וֹת שָׁנָ֑ה	1	 Alternate translation: “807 more years,”
5:7	m6hy			וַ⁠יּ֥וֹלֶד	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. See how you translated this phrase and the following one in verse 4. Alternate translation: “and he also had” or “Seth also had” or “He was also the father of”
5:8	cpt9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	וַ⁠יִּֽהְיוּ֙ כָּל יְמֵי שֵׁ֔ת שְׁתֵּ֤ים עֶשְׂרֵה֙ שָׁנָ֔ה וּ⁠תְשַׁ֥ע מֵא֖וֹת שָׁנָ֑ה	1	Be consistent with how you spell the name **Seth** in the book of Genesis. See Gen 4:25-26; 5:3-4, 6-8. Alternate translation: “So he lived a total of 912 years,” or “All together he lived 912 years,”
5:8	wfwj			וַ⁠יָּמֹֽת	1	 Alternate translation: “before he died.”
5:9	hpxy		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background	וַֽ⁠יְחִ֥י אֱנ֖וֹשׁ תִּשְׁעִ֣ים שָׁנָ֑ה	1	See how you translated the beginning of a similar new paragraph in this genealogy at verse 6. Alternate translation: “After Enosh had lived 90 years,” or “After Enosh was 90 years old,”
5:9	ealf		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וַ⁠יּ֖וֹלֶד אֶת קֵינָֽן	1	 Alternate translation: “he fathered a son named Kenan.” or “he had a son whose name was Kenan.”
5:10	qcro		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַֽ⁠יְחִ֣י אֱנ֗וֹשׁ אַֽחֲרֵי֙ הוֹלִיד֣⁠וֹ אֶת קֵינָ֔ן	1	See how you translated a similar sentence in verse 7, and see the notes about that there. Alternate translation: “After he had Kenan, he lived” or “After Kenan was born, Enosh lived”
5:10	vyfp			חֲמֵ֤שׁ עֶשְׂרֵה֙ שָׁנָ֔ה וּ⁠שְׁמֹנֶ֥ה מֵא֖וֹת שָׁנָ֑ה	1	 Alternate translation: “815 more years,”
5:10	a9fp			וַ⁠יּ֥וֹלֶד	1	 Alternate translation: “and he also had” or “Enosh also had” or “He was also the father of”
5:11	t6cg		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	וַ⁠יִּֽהְיוּ֙ כָּל יְמֵ֣י אֱנ֔וֹשׁ חָמֵ֣שׁ שָׁנִ֔ים וּ⁠תְשַׁ֥ע מֵא֖וֹת שָׁנָ֑ה	1	Make sure that the name **Enosh** is spelled consistently in your translation of verses 6-7, 9-11. Alternate translation: “So he lived a total of 905 years,” or “All together he lived 905 years,”
5:11	ajtj			וַ⁠יָּמֹֽת	1	 Alternate translation: “before he died.”
5:12	q01x		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers	וַֽ⁠יְחִ֥י קֵינָ֖ן שִׁבְעִ֣ים שָׁנָ֑ה	1	Throughout this chapter, be consistent with how you have decided to handle numbers in the Bible. For example, many translation teams use words for single and double-digit numbers, but use numerals for larger numbers. This strategy helps prevent confusion with verse numbers. This is especially true in translations that use a large font size for verse numbers so that people doing group Bible study can easily be in the same verse together. Alternate translation: “After Kenan had lived seventy years,” or “After Kenan was seventy years old,”
5:12	s14a		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וַ⁠יּ֖וֹלֶד אֶת מַֽהֲלַלְאֵֽל	1	 Alternate translation: “he fathered a son named Mahalalel.” or “he fathered a son whose name was Mahalalel.”
5:13	x4dz		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יְחִ֣י קֵינָ֗ן אַחֲרֵי֙ הוֹלִיד֣⁠וֹ אֶת מַֽהֲלַלְאֵ֔ל	1	 Alternate translation: “After Kenan had Mahalalel, he lived” or “After Mahalalel was born, Kenan lived”
5:13	ml02			אַרְבָּעִ֣ים שָׁנָ֔ה וּ⁠שְׁמֹנֶ֥ה מֵא֖וֹת שָׁנָ֑ה	1	 Alternate translation: “840 more years,”
5:13	pdi2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יּ֥וֹלֶד	1	Consider what is the best way in your language to refer to Kenan at this point in the paragraph. Alternate translation: “and he also had” or “Kenan also had” or “He was also the father of”
5:14	iukx		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	וַ⁠יִּֽהְיוּ֙ כָּל יְמֵ֣י קֵינָ֔ן עֶ֣שֶׂר שָׁנִ֔ים וּ⁠תְשַׁ֥ע מֵא֖וֹת שָׁנָ֑ה	1	Make sure that the name **Kenan** is spelled consistently in your translation of verses 9-10, 12-14. Alternate translation: “So he lived a total of 910 years,” or “All together he lived 910 years,”
5:14	qzt5			וַ⁠יָּמֹֽת	1	 Alternate translation: “before he died.”
5:15	ibht			וַֽ⁠יְחִ֣י מַֽהֲלַלְאֵ֔ל חָמֵ֥שׁ שָׁנִ֖ים וְ⁠שִׁשִּׁ֣ים שָׁנָ֑ה	1	 Alternate translation: “After Mahalalel had lived 65 years,” or “After Mahalalel was 65 years old,”
5:15	xypc		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וַ⁠יּ֖וֹלֶד אֶת יָֽרֶד	1	 Alternate translation: “he fathered a son named Jared.” or “he fathered a son whose name was Jared.”
5:16	pue9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַֽ⁠יְחִ֣י מַֽהֲלַלְאֵ֗ל אַֽחֲרֵי֙ הוֹלִיד֣⁠וֹ אֶת יֶ֔רֶד	1	 Alternate translation: “After he had Jared, he lived” or “After Jared was born, Mahalalel lived”
5:16	v7b5			שְׁלֹשִׁ֣ים שָׁנָ֔ה וּ⁠שְׁמֹנֶ֥ה מֵא֖וֹת שָׁנָ֑ה	1	 Alternate translation: “830 more years,”
5:16	duud			וַ⁠יּ֥וֹלֶד	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “and he also had” or “He also fathered” or “He was also the father of”
5:17	y3k1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	וַ⁠יִּהְיוּ֙ כָּל יְמֵ֣י מַהֲלַלְאֵ֔ל חָמֵ֤שׁ וְ⁠תִשְׁעִים֙ שָׁנָ֔ה וּ⁠שְׁמֹנֶ֥ה מֵא֖וֹת שָׁנָ֑ה	1	Make sure that the name **Mahalalel** is spelled consistently in your translation of verses 12-13, 15-17. Alternate translation: “So he lived a total of 895 years,” or “All together he lived 895 years,”
5:17	k21r			וַ⁠יָּמֹֽת	1	 Alternate translation: “before he died.”
5:18	k5fo			וַֽ⁠יְחִי־יֶ֕רֶד שְׁתַּ֧יִם וְ⁠שִׁשִּׁ֛ים שָׁנָ֖ה וּ⁠מְאַ֣ת שָׁנָ֑ה	1	 Alternate translation: “After Jared had lived 162 years,” or “After Jared was 162 years old,”
5:18	hnj8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וַ⁠יּ֖וֹלֶד אֶת חֲנֽוֹךְ	1	 Alternate translation: “he fathered a son named Enoch.” or “he fathered a son whose name was Enoch.”
5:19	ttlq			וַֽ⁠יְחִי יֶ֗רֶד אַֽחֲרֵי֙ הוֹלִיד֣⁠וֹ אֶת חֲנ֔וֹךְ	1	 Alternate translation: “After Jared had Enoch, he lived” or “After Enoch was born, Jared lived”
5:19	dml1			שְׁמֹנֶ֥ה מֵא֖וֹת שָׁנָ֑ה	1	 Alternate translation: “800 more years,”
5:19	qvdm		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יּ֥וֹלֶד	1	Consider what is the best way in your language to refer to Jared at this point in the paragraph. Alternate translation: “and he also had” or “Jared also had” or “He was also the father of”
5:20	y9dd		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	וַ⁠יִּֽהְיוּ֙ כָּל יְמֵי יֶ֔רֶד שְׁתַּ֤יִם וְ⁠שִׁשִּׁים֙ שָׁנָ֔ה וּ⁠תְשַׁ֥ע מֵא֖וֹת שָׁנָ֑ה	1	Make sure that the name **Jared** is spelled consistently in your translation of verses 15-16, 18-20. Alternate translation: “So he lived a total of 962 years,” or “All together he lived 962 years,”
5:20	dsut			וַ⁠יָּמֹֽת	1	 Alternate translation: “before he died.”
5:21	yd7b			וַֽ⁠יְחִ֣י חֲנ֔וֹךְ חָמֵ֥שׁ וְ⁠שִׁשִּׁ֖ים שָׁנָ֑ה	1	Consider again how you translated double-digit numbers in verses 9, 12, 15, 21. Alternate translation: “After Enoch had lived 65 years,” or “After Enoch was 65 years old,”
5:21	q122		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וַ⁠יּ֖וֹלֶד אֶת מְתוּשָֽׁלַח	1	 Alternate translation: “he fathered a son named Methuselah.” or “he had a son whose name was Methuselah.”
5:22	aw7m			אַֽחֲרֵי֙ הוֹלִיד֣⁠וֹ אֶת מְתוּשֶׁ֔לַח	1	 Alternate translation: “After he had Methuselah,” or “After Methuselah was born,”
5:22	jft2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וַ⁠יִּתְהַלֵּ֨ךְ חֲנ֜וֹךְ אֶת הָֽ⁠אֱלֹהִ֗ים	1	The phrase **walked with** is used here as an idiom that means “lived in a close relationship with”. Consider whether or not you have a similar idiom in your language. Alternate translation: “Enoch lived faithfully with God” or “Enoch lived in a faithful relationship with God”
5:22	t5cg			שְׁלֹ֥שׁ מֵא֖וֹת שָׁנָ֑ה	1	 Alternate translation: “for 300 more years,”
5:22	nvyk			וַ⁠יּ֥וֹלֶד	1	 Alternate translation: “and he also had” or “Enoch also had” or “He was also the father of”
5:23	q9fs			וַ⁠יְהִ֖י כָּל יְמֵ֣י חֲנ֑וֹךְ חָמֵ֤שׁ וְ⁠שִׁשִּׁים֙ שָׁנָ֔ה וּ⁠שְׁלֹ֥שׁ מֵא֖וֹת שָׁנָֽה	1	Make sure that the name **Enoch** is spelled consistently in your translation of verses 18-19, 21-24. Alternate translation: “So he lived a total of 365 years.” or “All together he lived 365 years.”
5:24	ovax			וַ⁠יִּתְהַלֵּ֥ךְ חֲנ֖וֹךְ אֶת הָֽ⁠אֱלֹהִ֑ים	1	 Alternate translation: “All his life Enoch lived in a faithful relationship with God, and then”
5:24	h09o			וְ⁠אֵינֶ֕⁠נּוּ	1	 Alternate translation: “suddenly he was not on earth anymore,” or “he suddenly disappeared from earth,”
5:24	qhcv		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	כִּֽי לָקַ֥ח אֹת֖⁠וֹ אֱלֹהִֽים	1	It may be more natural to put this clause before the previous clause and say, “… God took him away to be with him, so he was suddenly no longer on earth.” Do what is best in your language.
5:25	e0io			וַ⁠יְחִ֣י מְתוּשֶׁ֔לַח שֶׁ֧בַע וּ⁠שְׁמֹנִ֛ים שָׁנָ֖ה וּ⁠מְאַ֣ת שָׁנָ֑ה	1	Consider again how you translated verses in this chapter that are similar in structure to this verse; see verses 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 25, and part of verses 3 and 28, and see the note about this at verse 6. Alternate translation: “After Methuselah had lived 187 years,” or “After Methuselah was 187 years old,”
5:25	umwj		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וַ⁠יּ֖וֹלֶד אֶת לָֽמֶךְ	1	 Alternate translation: “he fathered a son named Lamech.” or “he had a son whose name was Lamech.”
5:26	y4u9			וַֽ⁠יְחִ֣י מְתוּשֶׁ֗לַח אַֽחֲרֵי֙ הוֹלִיד֣⁠וֹ אֶת לֶ֔מֶךְ	1	 Alternate translation: “After he had Lamech, he lived” or “After Lamech was born, Methuselah lived”
5:26	xyho			שְׁתַּ֤יִם וּ⁠שְׁמוֹנִים֙ שָׁנָ֔ה וּ⁠שְׁבַ֥ע מֵא֖וֹת שָׁנָ֑ה	1	 Alternate translation: “782 more years,”
5:26	jiwj		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יּ֥וֹלֶד	1	Consider what is the best way in your language to refer to Methuselah at this point in the paragraph. Alternate translation: “and he also had” or “He also fathered” or “He was also the father of”
5:27	d46p		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	וַ⁠יִּהְיוּ֙ כָּל יְמֵ֣י מְתוּשֶׁ֔לַח תֵּ֤שַׁע וְ⁠שִׁשִּׁים֙ שָׁנָ֔ה וּ⁠תְשַׁ֥ע מֵא֖וֹת שָׁנָ֑ה	1	Make sure that the name **Methuselah** is spelled consistently in your translation of verses 21-22, 25-27. Alternate translation: “So he lived a total of 969 years,” or “So all together he lived 969 years,”
5:27	bmrx			וַ⁠יָּמֹֽת	1	 Alternate translation: “before he died.”
5:28	mhbp			וַֽ⁠יְחִי־לֶ֕מֶךְ שְׁתַּ֧יִם וּ⁠שְׁמֹנִ֛ים שָׁנָ֖ה וּ⁠מְאַ֣ת שָׁנָ֑ה	1	 Alternate translation: “After Lamech had lived 182 years,” or “After Lamech was 182 years old,”
5:29	ao6m			וַ⁠יִּקְרָ֧א אֶת שְׁמ֛⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “whom he named”
5:29	fqyr		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	נֹ֖חַ	1	If you include the meaning of Noah’s name in your translation or in a footnote, make sure it matches what Lamech says about him in the following quote so it is clear why he was given that name.
5:29	d1z6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	לֵ⁠אמֹ֑ר	1	What Lamech says next is the reason that he named his son Noah. Make sure that is clear in your translation. Alternate translation: “He named him that because he had said about him,”
5:29	ivc5			זֶ֞֠ה יְנַחֲמֵ֤⁠נוּ	1	 Alternate translation: “This son will relieve us” or “This son will give us relief”
5:29	gzo5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	מִֽ⁠מַּעֲשֵׂ֨⁠נוּ֙ וּ⁠מֵ⁠עִצְּב֣וֹן יָדֵ֔י⁠נוּ	1	These two phrases have similar meanings and emphasize how difficult the work was. Consider what is the best way to communicate that in your language. Alternate translation: “from the difficult labor and work we have to do with our hands” or “from the agonizing work that we have to do”
5:29	omyc			מִן הָ֣⁠אֲדָמָ֔ה אֲשֶׁ֥ר אֵֽרְרָ֖⁠הּ יְהוָֽה	1	 Alternate translation: “as we farm the ground that Yahweh has cursed.”
5:30	d607			וַֽ⁠יְחִי לֶ֗מֶךְ אַֽחֲרֵי֙ הוֹלִיד֣⁠וֹ אֶת נֹ֔חַ	1	Consider again how you translated verses in this chapter that are similar in structure to this verse; see verses 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, 26, 30, and part of verses 4 and 22. Alternate translation: “After he fathered Noah, he lived” or “After Noah was born, Lamech lived”
5:30	gfzu			חָמֵ֤שׁ וְ⁠תִשְׁעִים֙ שָׁנָ֔ה וַ⁠חֲמֵ֥שׁ מֵאֹ֖ת שָׁנָ֑ה	1	 Alternate translation: “595 more years,”
5:30	gczp			וַ⁠יּ֥וֹלֶד	1	 Alternate translation: “and he also had” or “Lamech also had” or “He was also the father of”
5:31	i74z		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	וַֽ⁠יְהִי֙ כָּל יְמֵי לֶ֔מֶךְ שֶׁ֤בַע וְ⁠שִׁבְעִים֙ שָׁנָ֔ה וּ⁠שְׁבַ֥ע מֵא֖וֹת שָׁנָ֑ה	1	Consider again how you translated verses that are similar to verse 31; see verses 8, 11, 14, 17, 20, 27, 31, and the first half of verses 5 and 23. Also make sure that the name **Lamech** is spelled consistently in your translation of verses 25-26, 28-31, and also in 4:18-19, 23-24 for a different person who has the same name. Alternate translation: “So he lived a total of 777 years,” or “All together he lived 777 years,”
5:31	ojma			וַ⁠יָּמֹֽת	1	 Alternate translation: “before he died.”
5:32	uzva		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases	וַֽ⁠יְהִי נֹ֕חַ בֶּן חֲמֵ֥שׁ מֵא֖וֹת שָׁנָ֑ה	1	Noah’s sons were not triplets, but were born in different years after Noah was 500 years old. The way you translate this verse should allow for that meaning.
5:32	yohb			וַ⁠יּ֣וֹלֶד נֹ֔חַ	1	Consider again how you translated **fathered** in this chapter; see verses 4, 6-7, 9-10, 12-13, 15-16, 18-19, 25-26, 28, 30, 32. Alternate translation: “he fathered”
5:32	nl9j		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	אֶת שֵׁ֖ם אֶת חָ֥ם וְ⁠אֶת יָֽפֶת	1	 Alternate translation: “sons named Shem, Ham, and Japheth.” or “sons he named Shem, Ham, and Japheth.”
6:1	pmgg		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background	וַֽ⁠יְהִי֙	1	The events in Gen 6:1-2 started happening long before the events in 5:32, so the way your translation begins this verse should allow for that meaning and not begin with a sequence word like “Then”, which would have the wrong meaning here. Many translations omit the conjunction here. Do what is best in your language. Also, the phrase **it happened** introduces and emphasizes important background information which the following narrative builds on. It also creates suspense so that readers and listeners wonder what will happen next. Some translations leave this phrase out, but doing that loses some of the suspense. Do what is best in your language.
6:1	as12		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background	כִּֽי	1	 Alternate translation: “that as”
6:1	mezb			הָֽ⁠אָדָ֔ם	1	See how you translated this term in Gen 5:1-2. Alternate translation: “human beings”
6:1	fo85			הֵחֵ֣ל & לָ⁠רֹ֖ב	1	 Alternate translation: “began to increase in number” or “began to be more numerous”
6:1	ps4y			עַל פְּנֵ֣י הָֽ⁠אֲדָמָ֑ה	1	 Alternate translation: “throughout the world”
6:1	r0sl			וּ⁠בָנ֖וֹת יֻלְּד֥וּ לָ⁠הֶֽם	1	 Alternate translation: “and they were having many daughters,”
6:2	vn76			וַ⁠יִּרְא֤וּ	1	Verses 1 and 2 are one long sentence in the Hebrew text. For many languages it is necessary to divide it into two or more shorter sentences. For example, depending on how you began verse 1, you could begin verse 2 with a new sentence. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “Then when those girls grew up,” or “When those daughters grew up,”
6:2	w4mk			בְנֵי הָֽ⁠אֱלֹהִים֙	1	The meaning of Gen 6:2 is not certain and is heavily debated, so it is probably best to translate it fairly literally and possibly include a footnote about what it means. If it is not translated literally, the literal text should be put in a footnote. There are three main views of who **the sons of God** and **the daughters of mankind** refer to: (1) nonhuman, god-like (supernatural) beings, such as demons or angels (as in Job 1:6, 38:7) who took human form and married the daughters of human beings (which may be what is referred to in 1 Peter 3:19–20; 2 Peter 2:4, and Jude 6); or (2) male descendants of Seth (the righteous, chosen family line) who married female descendants of Cain (the unrighteous family line); or (3) sons of powerful men, such as judges or rulers (as in Exodus 22:8, Psalm 82:1, 6) who married the daughters of common, poor people. Alternate translation: “some angels” or “some supernatural beings”
6:2	znk3			וַ⁠יִּרְא֤וּ & אֶת בְּנ֣וֹת הָֽ⁠אָדָ֔ם כִּ֥י טֹבֹ֖ת הֵ֑נָּה	1	 Alternate translation: “saw that the daughters of human beings were beautiful,” or “saw that those young women were beautiful,” or “saw that they were very beautiful,”
6:2	qnty			וַ⁠יִּקְח֤וּ לָ⁠הֶם֙ נָשִׁ֔ים מִ⁠כֹּ֖ל אֲשֶׁ֥ר בָּחָֽרוּ	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Also, see how you translated “took/married” in Gen 4:19. Alternate translation: “so they married any of them that they wanted to.” or “So they chose all of them that they wanted and married them.”
6:3	fdyv		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר יְהוָ֗ה	1	Only make implied information explicit in your translation if it is necessary to prevent wrong meaning or if your language’s grammar requires it, so that your translation is easier to read and understand. Alternate translation: “So Yahweh said to himself,”
6:3	n5w7			רוּחִ֤⁠י	1	The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) **My Spirit** or “I”, which is a way of God referring to himself (Gen 1:2 is similar); or (2) “My spirit”, which could refer to God’s breath that gives life (as in Gen 2:7). If the text is not translated literally, the literal text should be put in a footnote.
6:3	lxhr			לֹֽא־יָד֨וֹן & בָֽ⁠אָדָם֙ לְ⁠עֹלָ֔ם	1	The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “will not contend with human beings forever,” or “will not put up with human beings forever,” or (2) “will not remain/live with/in human beings forever,” The interpretation that is not used in your translation could be put in a footnote.
6:3	nsna		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	בְּ⁠שַׁ⁠גַּ֖ם ה֣וּא בָשָׂ֑ר	1	The word **flesh** is used here as an idiom that means human beings are “mortal” (that is, their bodies will die) and that they are “sinful/corrupt”. The two meanings are interrelated since it is because of sin that their bodies die. In this context, the focus is on their corrupt behavior, which is the reason God will send a flood. Alternate translation: “because they are very sinful” or “because they are only sinful mortals.”
6:3	u5p6			וְ⁠הָי֣וּ יָמָ֔י⁠ו מֵאָ֥ה וְ⁠עֶשְׂרִ֖ים שָׁנָֽה	1	The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “So they will have 120 years to repent.” or “I will give them 120 years to repent.” or (2) “From now on, they/people will have/live no longer than 120 years.” The first interpretation seems to best fit the context here of God announcing his plan to judge mankind for their sin (verse 7). This would mean that Noah was 480 years old when God said this (about 20 years before he started having sons; Gen 5:32), since the flood came when he was 600 years old (Gen 7:6); you could put some of that information in a footnote. The second interpretation does not fit with the fact that after God said this, many people lived much longer than 120 years, so it does not seem likely that length of life was his meaning here.
6:4	ynoy		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	הַ⁠נְּפִלִ֞ים	1	Most translations transliterate (borrow or copy) the Hebrew word **Nephilim** here, treating it as a name. The word means “fallen ones” and probably refers to their fallen (sinful) spiritual state. The Nephilim were the descendants of the sons of God and the daughters of mankind. The only other time in the Bible that the Nephilim are mentioned is centuries later in Numbers 13:32-33, where they are identified as evil giants. Based on that, some translations translate “the Nephilim” as “giants” here in Gen 6:4. Alternate translation: “Giants called the Nephilim” or “Giants”
6:4	mfas			הָי֣וּ בָ⁠אָרֶץ֮	1	 Alternate translation: “were living on the earth”
6:4	x5nq		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	בַּ⁠יָּמִ֣ים הָ⁠הֵם֒ וְ⁠גַ֣ם אַֽחֲרֵי	1	It may be more natural to put this time phrase first in verse 4 and say, “During that time there were Nephilim/giants living on the earth, when …” Do what is best in your language.
6:4	brcd			כֵ֗ן אֲשֶׁ֨ר	1	Consider whether or not it is better to begin a new sentence here in your language. Alternate translation: “That was when”
6:4	dopz			בְּנֵ֤י הָֽ⁠אֱלֹהִים֙	1	Be consistent here with how you translated this phrase in verse 2, and see the important note about that there. Alternate translation: “angels” or “supernatural beings”
6:4	pirs		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism	יָבֹ֜אוּ & אֶל	1	Translate this idiom in a way that is polite and will not shame or embarrass people when this verse is read aloud in public. See how you translated a similar idiom (“knew”) in Gen 4:1, 17, 25. Alternate translation: “slept with” or “had sexual relations with”
6:4	m59u			בְּנ֣וֹת הָֽ⁠אָדָ֔ם	1	See how you translated this phrase in verse 2. Alternate translation: “human women,”
6:4	si43			וְ⁠יָלְד֖וּ לָ⁠הֶ֑ם	1	 Alternate translation: “and those women had children.”
6:4	e4oo		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	הֵ֧מָּה	1	Make sure it is clear in your translation who is being referred to here. Alternate translation: “Those children grew up and were the Nephilim, who were”
6:4	yujd			הַ⁠גִּבֹּרִ֛ים	1	 Alternate translation: “the powerful men” or “heroes”
6:4	ps8j			אֲשֶׁ֥ר מֵ⁠עוֹלָ֖ם	1	 Alternate translation: “who lived a long time ago,” or “who lived many years ago,”
6:4	xhsv			אַנְשֵׁ֥י הַ⁠שֵּֽׁם	1	For some languages it may be more natural to put this phrase earlier in this sentence and say, “They were the mighty men of renown who were from long ago.” or “They were the famous mighty men who lived a long time ago.” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “who were famous men.”
6:5	utlu		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וַ⁠יַּ֣רְא יְהוָ֔ה	1	The verb **saw** is used here as an idiom. Consider whether your language has a similar idiom that would fit well here. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh knew” or “Yahweh was aware”
6:5	ommt			כִּ֥י רַבָּ֛ה רָעַ֥ת הָ⁠אָדָ֖ם בָּ⁠אָ֑רֶץ	1	 Alternate translation: “how evil mankind had become on the earth,” or “that the people on the earth had become very wicked”
6:5	wy3t		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וְ⁠כָל יֵ֨צֶר֙ מַחְשְׁבֹ֣ת לִבּ֔⁠וֹ	1	In Hebrew culture the heart is considered the center of thoughts and desires. Consider whether your language has a similar idiom. Alternate translation: “and that every desire they had in their minds” or “and that everything they thought about and wanted”
6:5	wfz7			כָּל הַ⁠יּֽוֹם	1	 Alternate translation: “constantly.”
6:6	kp4z		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יִּנָּ֣חֶם יְהוָ֔ה	1	 Alternate translation: “As a result, Yahweh regretted” or “Yahweh regretted”
6:6	a0zs		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	כִּֽי עָשָׂ֥ה אֶת הָֽ⁠אָדָ֖ם	1	See how you translated **mankind** in verses 1, 3, and 5, and consider whether or not it is best to use a pronoun (“them”) here in your language. Alternate translation: “that he had created them” or “that he had created human beings”
6:6	lbxh		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וַ⁠יִּתְעַצֵּ֖ב אֶל לִבּֽ⁠וֹ	1	Consider whether your language has a similar idiom that would fit well here. Alternate translation: “and his heart was filled with pain” or “and he was very sad”
6:7	mt6s			וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר יְהוָ֗ה	1	See how you translated this phrase in verse 3. Also make sure that the way you begin verse 7 fits well with the way you begin verse 6. Alternate translation: “Then he said to himself,”
6:7	wbhw		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	אֶמְחֶ֨ה	1	Consider whether your language has a similar idiom that would fit well here. Alternate translation: “I will wash away” or “I will blot out” or “I will completely wipe”
6:7	ymf2			אֶת הָ⁠אָדָ֤ם אֲשֶׁר בָּרָ֨אתִי֙ מֵ⁠עַל֙ פְּנֵ֣י הָֽ⁠אֲדָמָ֔ה	1	 Alternate translation: “all the human beings whom I created, from the surface of the earth,”
6:7	l6r9			מֵֽ⁠אָדָם֙ עַד בְּהֵמָ֔ה	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “In fact, I will destroy not just all the people, but also all the animals,”
6:7	ilp6			עַד רֶ֖מֶשׂ	1	 Alternate translation: “and the creatures that move on the ground”
6:7	cmz9			וְ⁠עַד ע֣וֹף הַ⁠שָּׁמָ֑יִם	1	 Alternate translation: “and all the birds that fly in the air,” or “and all the birds,”
6:7	tgkj			כִּ֥י נִחַ֖מְתִּי	1	See how you translated “was sorry” or “regretted” in verse 6. Alternate translation: “because I am sad”
6:7	acg2			כִּ֥י עֲשִׂיתִֽ⁠ם	1	 Alternate translation: “that I ever created them.”
6:8	k0ja		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וְ⁠נֹ֕חַ מָ֥צָא חֵ֖ן בְּ⁠עֵינֵ֥י יְהוָֽה	1	The idiom “find favor” means to please someone. And the idiom **in the eyes of** refers to someone’s opinion about something or someone. Consider whether your language has similar idioms that work well here or whether it is better to translate this sentence without an idiom. Alternate translation: “But Noah pleased God.” or “However, Yahweh was pleased with Noah.”
6:9	u5k8			אֵ֚לֶּה תּוֹלְדֹ֣ת נֹ֔חַ	1	Some of Noah’s history has already been given in Gen 5:29, 32, and 6:8. What follows tells more about him. Alternate translation: “This is more of the record of Noah and his family:” or “What follows tells more about Noah and his family:”
6:9	gw44		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	נֹ֗חַ	1	Consider whether it is better in your language to use a noun or a pronoun here to refer to Noah.
6:9	zk74		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms	אִ֥ישׁ צַדִּ֛יק	1	 Alternate translation: “an good man.”
6:9	w0cg		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	תָּמִ֥ים הָיָ֖ה בְּ⁠דֹֽרֹתָ֑י⁠ו	1	The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “He alone was blameless/faultless in God’s eyes among his contemporaries.” or “Out of all the people living at that time, Noah/he was the only one whom God considered blameless.” or (2) “He had a blameless/spotless reputation among his contemporaries.” or “His contemporaries considered him to be a man of integrity.” The phrase **without blemish** is often used in the Bible to describe animals that have no defects. Here it is used as an idiom that means Noah was “blameless/faultless” in an ethical or moral sense, or that he had good integrity, but it does not mean that he was sinless. Consider whether your language has a similar idiom that would work well here. Also, the word **generation** refers here to people who lived during the same time period.
6:9	ky2x		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	אֶת הָֽ⁠אֱלֹהִ֖ים הִֽתְהַלֶּךְ נֹֽחַ	1	Consider whether or not it is best in your language to begin a new sentence here. See how you translated this idiom in Gen 5:22, 24. Alternate translation: “and he walked closely with God.” or “and he lived in a faithful relationship with God.”
6:10	vdjy			וַ⁠יּ֥וֹלֶד נֹ֖חַ	1	The fact that Noah fathered/had these three sons was already mentioned in Gen 5:32. Make sure that the way you begin this verse in your translation does not sound like he fathered these sons a second time. Alternate translation: “Eventually he had” or “And as mentioned before, he had”
6:10	d1np			שְׁלֹשָׁ֣ה בָנִ֑ים אֶת שֵׁ֖ם אֶת חָ֥ם וְ⁠אֶת יָֽפֶת	1	 Alternate translation: “three sons, namely Shem, Ham, and Japheth.”
6:11	f221		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	וַ⁠תִּשָּׁחֵ֥ת הָ⁠אָ֖רֶץ	1	The phrase **the earth** is often used in the Bible to refer to all the people on the earth. Consider whether your language can do the same thing, or whether it is necessary to make that implied information explicit. Alternate translation: “Now the people of the earth had become corrupt”
6:11	rpln		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	וַ⁠תִּמָּלֵ֥א הָ⁠אָ֖רֶץ חָמָֽס	1	This clause forms a parallelism with the previous clause in order to emphasize how evil the people on the earth had become. The two clauses are different enough from each other that, if possible, it is best to keep both parts of the parallelism in your translation. Also be consistent with how you translated **the earth** earlier in this verse. Alternate translation: “and they had filled the earth with their lawlessness.” or “and all over the earth they were doing lawless things.”
6:12	czxe			וַ⁠יַּ֧רְא אֱלֹהִ֛ים	1	Consider whether or not it is best in your language to begin this sentence with a conjunction.
6:12	xmkj		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	אֶת הָ⁠אָ֖רֶץ וְ⁠הִנֵּ֣ה נִשְׁחָ֑תָה	1	See how you translated “corrupt” and **the earth** in verse 11. Alternate translation: “that everyone on the earth was very wicked,” or “how corrupt everyone on the earth had become,”
6:12	hi89		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	כִּֽי & כָּל בָּשָׂ֛ר & עַל הָ⁠אָֽרֶץ	1	The phrase **all flesh** refers here to all people and probably implies that people are mortal (verse 3). Alternate translation: “because everyone living on earth”
6:12	ldf8			הִשְׁחִ֧ית & אֶת דַּרְכּ֖⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “were living wicked lives.” or “were continually doing wicked things.” or “were continually acting in evil ways.”
6:13	j1na			וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר אֱלֹהִ֜ים לְ⁠נֹ֗חַ	1	 Alternate translation: “Then God said to Noah,”
6:13	wv74		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	קֵ֤ץ כָּל בָּשָׂר֙ בָּ֣א לְ⁠פָנַ֔⁠י	1	Be consistent here with how you translated **flesh** in verse 12. Alternate translation: “I have decided to put an end to all human beings,” or “I am going to destroy all flesh”
6:13	dx95			כִּֽי מָלְאָ֥ה הָ⁠אָ֛רֶץ חָמָ֖ס מִ⁠פְּנֵי⁠הֶ֑ם	1	See how you translated **violence** in verse 11. Alternate translation: “because they have filled the earth with their violence” or “because all over the earth they are doing lawless things.”
6:13	uymq			וְ⁠הִנְ⁠נִ֥י	1	This phrase draws extra attention to what God says next. Consider what is the best way to do that in your language. Alternate translation: “Now listen,”
6:13	nnog			מַשְׁחִיתָ֖⁠ם	1	 Alternate translation: “I plan to destroy them” or “I will destroy them”
6:13	dukx		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	אֶת הָ⁠אָֽרֶץ	1	This phrase includes everything on the earth, not just the people. Alternate translation: “as well as everything else on the earth.”
6:14	i9zf		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result	עֲשֵׂ֤ה	1	 Alternate translation: “Consequently you must make”
6:14	altn		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate	תֵּבַ֣ת	1	The term **ark** is general and refers to a chest/box that is closed on all sides, including the top. In this case, the ark was a very large boat that people and many animals lived in for a year. It had no motor, no oars, no sail and no rudder. Since this was a unique, one-of-a-kind boat that may already be well-known as the **ark** in the receptor language area, some translations transliterate (copy or borrow) the word **ark** throughout Genesis. Decide what is best for your translation. Alternate translation: “a very large houseboat”
6:14	tpc0		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	לְ⁠ךָ֙	1	 Alternate translation: “for you and your family”
6:14	jqp0		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	עֲצֵי גֹ֔פֶר	1	It is not certain what kind of wood this was, so many translations transliterate (copy or borrow) the Hebrew word **gopher**. Some Bible scholars think it was cypress wood. Alternate translation: “from cypress wood which is good for building boats.”
6:14	l2wm			קִנִּ֖ים תַּֽעֲשֶׂ֣ה אֶת הַ⁠תֵּבָ֑ה	1	 Alternate translation: “Build the ark with stalls inside,” or “Make rooms inside the ark”
6:14	kfop			וְ⁠כָֽפַרְתָּ֥ אֹתָ֛⁠הּ מִ⁠בַּ֥יִת וּ⁠מִ⁠ח֖וּץ	1	 Alternate translation: “and completely coat it inside and outside”
6:14	ch1i			בַּ⁠כֹּֽפֶר	1	The Hebrew word **covering** is general and does not specify what kind of waterproofing material is being used. However, many translations are more specific than that here and refer to “pitch” or “tar” or some other material made from tree resin or sap that can seal a boat well and keep it from leaking. Alternate translation: “with pitch to keep water out.” or “with pitch to keep the boat from leaking.”
6:15	qrn8			וְ⁠זֶ֕ה אֲשֶׁ֥ר תַּֽעֲשֶׂ֖ה אֹתָ֑⁠הּ	1	 Alternate translation: “Build the ark with these dimensions” or “You must build the ark like this:”
6:15	e4re		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance	שְׁלֹ֧שׁ מֵא֣וֹת אַמָּ֗ה אֹ֚רֶךְ הַ⁠תֵּבָ֔ה חֲמִשִּׁ֤ים אַמָּה֙ רָחְבָּ֔⁠הּ וּ⁠שְׁלֹשִׁ֥ים אַמָּ֖ה קוֹמָתָֽ⁠הּ	1	A cubit was about half a meter (18 inches) long, which was the distance from a man’s elbow to the tip of his middle finger. You can: (1) translate cubits into meters or feet, and put the literal text in a footnote; or (2) keep **cubits** in the main text (so that the numbers 300, fifty/50 and thirty/30 are kept) and put what that equals in meters or feet in a footnote. Alternate translation: “It must be 140 meters long, 23 meters wide, and 14 meters high.” or “It must be 450 feet long, 75 feet wide, and 45 feet high.”
6:16	f4nj		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance	צֹ֣הַר תַּֽעֲשֶׂ֣ה לַ⁠תֵּבָ֗ה וְ⁠אֶל אַמָּה֙ תְּכַלֶ֣⁠נָּה מִ⁠לְ⁠מַ֔עְלָ⁠ה	1	The meaning of the Hebrew text is not completely certain here, but God was probably telling Noah to make a one-cubit high window or opening at the top of the outside walls of the ark, just below the roof, all the way around the ark, to let light and air into the ark. See the note about **cubit** in verse 15. Alternate translation: “Build a skylight for the boat by finishing the sides of the ark to within one cubit below the top of the ark” or “Build a half-meter high window between the top of the sides of the ark and its roof all the way around, to let light and air in.”
6:16	xcyu		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases	וּ⁠פֶ֥תַח הַ⁠תֵּבָ֖ה בְּ⁠צִדָּ֣⁠הּ תָּשִׂ֑ים	1	Some translations begin this sentence without a conjunction (**And** or “Also”). Do what is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Also put a door in the side of the ark” or “Put a door for the ark in its side.”
6:16	pt7i			תַּחְתִּיִּ֛ם שְׁנִיִּ֥ם וּ⁠שְׁלִשִׁ֖ים תַּֽעֲשֶֽׂ⁠הָ	1	Consider whether or not it is best in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “Build a lower deck a middle deck and an upper deck on the inside.” or “and build a lower, middle, and upper story on the inside.” or “and make three complete floors on the inside.”
6:17	gjxs		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns	וַ⁠אֲנִ֗י הִנְ⁠נִי֩	1	In the Hebrew text, the pronoun **I** is emphatic, both by its form and by its position at the beginning of the sentence. Consider what is the best way to communicate that emphasis in your language. Alternate translation: “Behold I myself”
6:17	ipl7			מֵבִ֨יא אֶת־הַ⁠מַּבּ֥וּל מַ֨יִם֙ עַל־הָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ	1	 Alternate translation: “am going to send a flood on the whole earth” or “am going to flood the entire earth with water”
6:17	lkym			לְ⁠שַׁחֵ֣ת	1	See how you translated **destroy** in verse 13. Alternate translation: “in order to destroy”
6:17	cskc			כָּל בָּשָׂ֗ר	1	This phrase is general here and includes people and animals, so you may need to translate the phrase differently here from what you did earlier in verses 12-13 (where the focus seems to be on people). Alternate translation: “all the beings” or “every creature”
6:17	wwec			אֲשֶׁר בּ⁠וֹ֙ ר֣וּחַ חַיִּ֔ים	1	See how you translated this phrase in Gen 1:30. Alternate translation: “that breathes air”
6:17	jqbz		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	מִ⁠תַּ֖חַת הַ⁠שָּׁמָ֑יִם	1	For some languages it may be clearer to put this phrase earlier in this sentence and say, “to destroy every living thing under the heavens/sky that has the breath of life in it.” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “from under the sky.”
6:17	o6ky			כֹּ֥ל אֲשֶׁר בָּ⁠אָ֖רֶץ	1	 Alternate translation: “As a result, every living being that lives on land”
6:17	f07y		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	יִגְוָֽע	1	The verb **expire** (which could also be translated “exhale” or “breathe out”) is used here as an idiom that means “die”. Consider whether your language has a similar or different idiom that would work well here. Alternate translation: “will breathe out its last breath!” or “will perish!”
6:18	dkie		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast	וַ⁠הֲקִמֹתִ֥י	1	The word **establish** means to deliberately and formally put something into effect. Alternate translation: “However I will make” or “However I will set up”
6:18	s3cm		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms	אֶת בְּרִיתִ֖⁠י אִתָּ֑⁠ךְ	1	This covenant is made up of the unconditional, unbreakable promises that God made to Noah (and all mankind and all other living things) in Genesis 8:2-9:17. The word “testament” is another word for “covenant,” so the way you translate **covenant** here could be similar to the way you translate the titles “Old Testament” and “New Testament.” Alternate translation: “a covenant between me and you,” or “a peace agreement between me and you,”
6:18	edeh			וּ⁠בָאתָ֙ אֶל הַ⁠תֵּבָ֔ה	1	 Alternate translation: “so you must enter the ark” or “so you must get on board the ark”
6:18	sxiu			אַתָּ֕ה וּ⁠בָנֶ֛י⁠ךָ וְ⁠אִשְׁתְּ⁠ךָ֥ וּ⁠נְשֵֽׁי בָנֶ֖י⁠ךָ אִתָּֽ⁠ךְ	1	 Alternate translation: “and take with you your wife, your sons, and their wives.”
6:19	g341			וּ⁠מִ⁠כָּל הָ֠⁠חַי מִֽ⁠כָּל בָּשָׂ֞ר שְׁנַ֧יִם מִ⁠כֹּ֛ל תָּבִ֥יא אֶל הַ⁠תֵּבָ֖ה	1	 Alternate translation: “Also, from every kind of living creature, yes, from every kind of animal, you must take pairs of each kind into the ark” or “You must also bring into the ark pairs of every kind of living creature, including every kind of animal,”
6:19	e4sw			לְ⁠הַחֲיֹ֣ת אִתָּ֑⁠ךְ	1	 Alternate translation: “in order to keep them alive with you.”
6:19	ew4s			זָכָ֥ר וּ⁠נְקֵבָ֖ה יִֽהְיֽוּ	1	 Alternate translation: “They must be pairs with one male and one female each.” or “Each pair must have one male and one female.” or “Make sure that each pair has one male and one female.”
6:20	tuxp			מֵ⁠הָ⁠ע֣וֹף לְ⁠מִינֵ֗⁠הוּ	1	 Alternate translation: “Males and females of every type of bird,”
6:20	li2p			וּ⁠מִן הַ⁠בְּהֵמָה֙ לְ⁠מִינָ֔⁠הּ	1	 Alternate translation: “and of every kind of animal,”
6:20	tymx			מִ⁠כֹּ֛ל רֶ֥מֶשׂ הָֽ⁠אֲדָמָ֖ה לְ⁠מִינֵ֑⁠הוּ	1	This phrase emphasizes that the birds and animals mentioned in the first half of this verse lived on land. Alternate translation: “including every kind of creature that lives on the land,”
6:20	aqyo		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	שְׁנַ֧יִם מִ⁠כֹּ֛ל יָבֹ֥אוּ אֵלֶ֖י⁠ךָ	1	For some languages it is more natural to change the order of clauses in this sentence and say, “Two/Pairs of every kind of bird and every kind of animal, including every kind of creature that moves on the ground, will come to you … ” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “two of every kind of animal will come to you” or “two of each kind of animal will come to you”
6:20	gcv1			לְ⁠הַֽחֲיֽוֹת	1	 Alternate translation: “to keep them alive on the ark” or “into the ark so that they stay alive.” or “so that you keep them alive in the ark”
6:21	hpvn		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular	וְ⁠אַתָּ֣ה	1	Although the pronoun **you** is singular in the Hebrew text in verse 21, it could be translated as plural, since God’s instructions apply to Noah and his family, not just Noah. Or you could make his family explicit. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “You and your family”
6:21	wvi8			קַח־לְ⁠ךָ֗	1	 Alternate translation: “must also gather and take”
6:21	kcf9			מִ⁠כָּל מַֽאֲכָל֙	1	 Alternate translation: “every kind of food”
6:21	foah			אֲשֶׁ֣ר יֵֽאָכֵ֔ל	1	 Alternate translation: “that is eaten by people and animals” or “that you and all the animals will need”
6:21	p7aq			וְ⁠אָסַפְתָּ֖ אֵלֶ֑י⁠ךָ	1	 Alternate translation: “and put it on the ark with you,”
6:21	klow			וְ⁠הָיָ֥ה & לְ⁠אָכְלָֽה	1	Consider whether or not it is best in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “This will be the food supply”
6:21	b77w		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular	לְ⁠ךָ֛	1	Consider again how you translated the pronoun **you** in this verse.
6:22	gvtb			וַ⁠יַּ֖עַשׂ נֹ֑חַ	1	Some translations begin verse 22 without a conjunction. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “Noah did all of that”
6:22	jpgk			כְּ֠⁠כֹל אֲשֶׁ֨ר צִוָּ֥ה אֹת֛⁠וֹ אֱלֹהִ֖ים כֵּ֥ן עָשָֽׂה	1	 Alternate translation: “he did everything just as God had told him to do.”
7:1	k23r		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר יְהוָה֙ לְ⁠נֹ֔חַ	1	For some languages it may be necessary to make it explicit that the boat was completed before Yahweh told Noah to enter it. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “Then after they had finished building the ark Yahweh told Noah,” or “After the ark was finished, Yahweh told Noah,”
7:1	hvzy			בֹּֽא אַתָּ֥ה וְ⁠כָל בֵּיתְ⁠ךָ֖ אֶל הַ⁠תֵּבָ֑ה	1	See how you translated “ark/boat” in Gen 6:14-16. Alternate translation: “Board the ark along with your entire family,” or “You and your entire family must get into the ark”
7:1	el0w			כִּֽי & רָאִ֛יתִי	1	 Alternate translation: “because I have found” or “because I see”
7:1	cg2s			אֹתְ⁠ךָ֥ & צַדִּ֥יק	1	In the Hebrew text, the pronoun **you** is emphasized to show that Noah was the only one who was righteous. See how you translated **righteous** in Gen 6:9. Alternate translation: “that you alone are upright” or “that you are the only one who is living rightly” or “… living the right way”
7:1	ifig			לְ⁠פָנַ֖⁠י	1	 Alternate translation: “in my eyes” or “according to my will”
7:1	jbhc		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	בַּ⁠דּ֥וֹר הַ⁠זֶּֽה	1	For some languages it may be more natural to put this phrase earlier in this verse and say, “… you are the only one among the people living today who is righteous in my sight.” Do what is best in your language.
7:2	plj4			מִ⁠כֹּ֣ל הַ⁠בְּהֵמָ֣ה הַ⁠טְּהוֹרָ֗ה	1	It may be necessary to include a footnote that explains the concept of clean and unclean animals: In the Bible a **clean animal** was an animal that was acceptable to be sacrificed to God or to be eaten, and an “unclean animal” was one that could not be sacrificed or eaten; it does not refer to how clean the animal was physically. Later Moses wrote down the laws about clean and unclean animals in the book of Leviticus. Alternate translation: “From every kind of pure animal” or “From every kind of animal that is acceptable to sacrifice”
7:2	f83c		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular	תִּֽקַּח לְ⁠ךָ֛	1	The pronoun **you** is singular in the Hebrew text, but could be translated as a plural to include Noah’s family. Alternate translation: “bring with you”
7:2	mvwj			שִׁבְעָ֥ה שִׁבְעָ֖ה אִ֣ישׁ וְ⁠אִשְׁתּ֑⁠וֹ	1	See how you translated “male and female” in Gen 6:19.
7:2	lwul			וּ⁠מִן הַ⁠בְּהֵמָ֡ה אֲ֠שֶׁר לֹ֣א טְהֹרָ֥ה	1	 Alternate translation: “and from every kind of impure animal” or “and from every kind of animal that is not acceptable to sacrifice”
7:2	wv9k		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	שְׁנַ֖יִם אִ֥ישׁ וְ⁠אִשְׁתּֽ⁠וֹ	1	For some languages it may be better to change the order of the phrases in this sentence and say, “Take with you seven male and female pairs of every kind of clean/pure animal, and one male and female pair of every kind of unclean/impure animal,” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “take a male and female pair,”
7:3	oyjz			גַּ֣ם	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “and also” or “In addition,”
7:3	jjfy			מֵ⁠ע֧וֹף הַ⁠שָּׁמַ֛יִם	1	 Alternate translation: “from every type of bird that flies in the sky” or “from every type of bird”
7:3	yls2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	שִׁבְעָ֥ה שִׁבְעָ֖ה זָכָ֣ר וּ⁠נְקֵבָ֑ה	1	See how you translated a similar phrase in verse 2. Also, for some languages it may be better to put this phrase earlier in this sentence and say, “Also take seven male and female pairs of every kind of bird that flies in the sky/air …” Do what is best in your language.
7:3	y6qa			לְ⁠חַיּ֥וֹת זֶ֖רַע	1	 Alternate translation: “so that later they will have offspring that will live”
7:3	pazh			עַל פְּנֵ֥י כָל הָ⁠אָֽרֶץ	1	 Alternate translation: “and spread all over the earth,” or “to repopulate the whole earth,”
7:4	yy52		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	כִּי֩	1	For many languages it is more natural to begin a new sentence here. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “The reason you must do that is”
7:4	dftv			לְ⁠יָמִ֨ים ע֜וֹד שִׁבְעָ֗ה	1	The phrase, **seven more days** could be translated “another week” here and in verse 11. However, it is probably best to keep the number seven in the text in both places, especially since the number seven often signifies perfection or completion in the Bible, perhaps also here. Alternate translation: “seven days from now”
7:4	xtx7			אָֽנֹכִי֙ מַמְטִ֣יר	1	 Alternate translation: “I will send rain”
7:4	tldc			עַל הָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ	1	 Alternate translation: “all over the world”
7:4	oj9l			אַרְבָּעִ֣ים י֔וֹם וְ⁠אַרְבָּעִ֖ים לָ֑יְלָה	1	This phrase refers to forty complete 24-hour days.
7:4	g4jc		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וּ⁠מָחִ֗יתִי	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. See how you translated this idiom in Gen 6:7. Alternate translation: “in order to blot out” or “That will wash away”
7:4	r62g			אֶֽת כָּל הַ⁠יְקוּם֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר עָשִׂ֔יתִי	1	See how you translated a similar phrase (“living creature”) in Gen 6:19. Alternate translation: “all the living things that I have made”
7:4	ne24		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	מֵ⁠עַ֖ל פְּנֵ֥י הָֽ⁠אֲדָמָֽה	1	It may be clearer to put this phrase earlier in the sentence and say, “in order to completely destroy from/off the ground/earth every living creature/thing that I have made.” Do what is best in your language. See how you translated this phrase in Gen 6:7. Alternate translation: “off the surface of the earth.” or “off the land.”
7:5	juaw			וַ⁠יַּ֖עַשׂ נֹ֑חַ כְּ⁠כֹ֥ל אֲשֶׁר	1	 Alternate translation: “So Noah did everything that” or “So Noah did everything exactly as”
7:5	jv8k			צִוָּ֖⁠הוּ יְהוָֽה	1	See how you translated Gen 6:22 which is similar to 7:5. Alternate translation: “Yahweh had told him to do.”
7:6	r7or		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers	וְ⁠נֹ֕חַ בֶּן שֵׁ֥שׁ מֵא֖וֹת שָׁנָ֑ה	1	See how you handled large numbers in Gen 5 and in Gen 6:3, and see the note about this at Gen 5:3. Also see how you translated the idiom “son of … years” in Gen 5:32. Alternate translation: “He was 600 years old”
7:6	j0wg		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	וְ⁠הַ⁠מַּבּ֣וּל הָיָ֔ה מַ֖יִם עַל הָ⁠אָֽרֶץ	1	For some languages it may be more natural to put this clause first in this sentence and say, “When the flood waters came on the earth, Noah was 600 years old.” Do what is best in your language. Also, see how you translated **floodwaters** in Gen 6:17. Alternate translation: “when the earth was covered with deep water.”
7:7	xwa2			וַ⁠יָּ֣בֹא נֹ֗חַ וּ֠⁠בָנָי⁠ו וְ⁠אִשְׁתּ֧⁠וֹ וּ⁠נְשֵֽׁי בָנָ֛י⁠ו אִתּ֖⁠וֹ אֶל הַ⁠תֵּבָ֑ה	1	Noah and his family entered the ark on the same day that the floodwaters started coming (See verses 11-13). See how you translated a similar list of people in Gen 6:18. Alternate translation: “That is when Noah and his wife, and his sons and their wives, went together into the ark”
7:7	tiry			מִ⁠פְּנֵ֖י	1	 Alternate translation: “because of” or “to escape from” or “to keep them safe from”
7:7	go2s			מֵ֥י הַ⁠מַּבּֽוּל	1	 Alternate translation: “the floodwaters.”
7:8	tg96			מִן הַ⁠בְּהֵמָה֙ הַ⁠טְּהוֹרָ֔ה וּ⁠מִן הַ֨⁠בְּהֵמָ֔ה אֲשֶׁ֥ר אֵינֶ֖נָּ⁠ה טְהֹרָ֑ה	1	See how you translated **clean** and “unclean” animals in verse 2. Alternate translation: “Also, every kind of clean animal and every kind of unclean animal”
7:8	ca9u			וְ⁠כֹ֥ל אֲשֶׁר רֹמֵ֖שׂ עַל הָֽ⁠אֲדָמָֽה	1	The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “including every kind of creature/animal that moves/lives on land,” or “which includes every kind of creature/animal that moves/lives on land,” According to this interpretation, the rest of verse 8 emphasizes that the clean and unclean animals and birds (verses 2-3, 8) were all creatures that lived on land (which are the creatures that the flood affected). Or it could mean: (2) “as well as every kind of creature/animal that crawls/creeps along the ground”. According to this interpretation, the rest of verse 8 refers to a fourth category of creatures besides the clean animals, unclean animals, and birds.
7:9	nob2			שְׁנַ֨יִם שְׁנַ֜יִם בָּ֧אוּ אֶל נֹ֛חַ אֶל הַ⁠תֵּבָ֖ה	1	 Alternate translation: “came to Noah in pairs and went into the ark” or “came in pairs and entered the ark with Noah,”
7:9	nt73			זָכָ֣ר וּ⁠נְקֵבָ֑ה	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “Each pair had one male and one female,”
7:9	vu6n			כַּֽ⁠אֲשֶׁ֛ר צִוָּ֥ה אֱלֹהִ֖ים אֶת נֹֽחַ	1	 Alternate translation: “which was exactly what God had told Noah to bring along.”
7:10	e3k7			וַֽ⁠יְהִ֖י	1	This phrase focuses attention on an important event (the beginning of the flood), and it builds suspense so that readers and listeners wonder what will happen next. Consider what is the best way to do that in your language. Alternate translation: “Then”
7:10	v4ou		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	לְ⁠שִׁבְעַ֣ת הַ⁠יָּמִ֑ים	1	This phrase refers to the seven days which God talked about in verse 4. It does not mean seven days after Noah and the animals went into the ark (verses 7-9); they went into the ark on the same day that the flood started (verse 13). Translate the beginning of this sentence in a way that makes that clear. Alternate translation: “after seven days,”
7:10	vud7			וּ⁠מֵ֣י הַ⁠מַּבּ֔וּל הָי֖וּ עַל	1	 Alternate translation: “the floodwaters started to come on” or “water started to cover”
7:10	d4xi			הָ⁠אָֽרֶץ	1	 Alternate translation: “the whole earth.”
7:11	h4ya		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal	בִּ⁠שְׁנַ֨ת שֵׁשׁ־מֵא֤וֹת שָׁנָה֙ לְ⁠חַיֵּי נֹ֔חַ	1	Compare how you translated Noah’s age in verse 6.
7:11	e0a6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	בַּ⁠חֹ֨דֶשׁ֙ הַ⁠שֵּׁנִ֔י בְּ⁠שִׁבְעָֽה עָשָׂ֥ר י֖וֹם לַ⁠חֹ֑דֶשׁ	1	For some languages it is more natural to switch the phrase order and say which day it is before giving the month. Do what is natural in your language.
7:11	qs0m			בַּ⁠יּ֣וֹם הַ⁠זֶּ֗ה	1	 Alternate translation: “on that same day” or “that is the day when”
7:11	k61q			כָּֽל מַעְיְנֹת֙	1	 Alternate translation: “all the underground water sources”
7:11	dtni		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	נִבְקְעוּ֙	1	For some languages it may be more natural to put this phrase earlier and say, “water started gushing/pouring out of all the fountains/springs in the deep ocean,” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “split open,” or “started gushing out water,”
7:11	d3i9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	וַ⁠אֲרֻבֹּ֥ת הַ⁠שָּׁמַ֖יִם נִפְתָּֽחוּ	1	This metaphor describes the beginning of a very heavy rainfall; it does not refer to actual windows. Alternate translation: “and all the windows in the sky were opened by God,” or “God also caused the water in the heavens to start coming down, as if he had opened huge faucets in the heavens”
7:12	uyzz			וַֽ⁠יְהִ֥י הַ⁠גֶּ֖שֶׁם	1	 Alternate translation: “so that heavy rain poured continuously”
7:12	gvln			עַל הָ⁠אָ֑רֶץ	1	 Alternate translation: “all over the world”
7:12	itlr			אַרְבָּעִ֣ים י֔וֹם וְ⁠אַרְבָּעִ֖ים לָֽיְלָה	1	See how you translated this phrase in verse 4.
7:13	enc3			בְּ⁠עֶ֨צֶם הַ⁠יּ֤וֹם הַ⁠זֶּה֙	1	This is the same day that is mentioned in verse 11, when the flood started. Verses 13-16 repeat what happened, in order to emphasize it. Make sure that a translation does not sound like this is the second (or third) time that Noah and his family and the animals entered the ark. Alternate translation: “So it was that on the very same day that the rain started,”
7:13	m0hx			נֹ֔חַ וְ⁠שֵׁם וְ⁠חָ֥ם וָ⁠יֶ֖פֶת בְּנֵי נֹ֑חַ וְ⁠אֵ֣שֶׁת נֹ֗חַ וּ⁠שְׁלֹ֧שֶׁת נְשֵֽׁי בָנָ֛י⁠ו אִתָּ֖⁠ם	1	See how you translated a similar sentence in verse 7. Alternate translation: “Noah and his wife and their sons, Shem, Ham, and Japheth, and their three wives all”
7:13	q42f			בָּ֣א & אֶל הַ⁠תֵּבָֽה	1	 Alternate translation: “boarded the ark”
7:14	u7hi			הֵ֜מָּה וְ⁠כָל	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “They took with them every”
7:14	qs6f			וְ⁠כָל הַֽ⁠חַיָּ֣ה לְ⁠מִינָ֗⁠הּ וְ⁠כָל	1	In the Hebrew text this phrase is ambiguous. It could mean: (1) “every kind of living thing/creature, including every” or (2) “every kind of wild animal, and every”. The animal groups listed in verse 14 show that every kind of animal was to be brought onto the ark. Your language may have a different way of grouping animals. Make sure it is clear in your translation of this verse that all the different kinds of birds and land animals are included.
7:14	nbh7			וְ⁠כָל הַ⁠בְּהֵמָה֙ לְ⁠מִינָ֔⁠הּ	1	 Alternate translation: “every kind of tame animal,”
7:14	cm34			וְ⁠כָל הָ⁠רֶ֛מֶשׂ הָ⁠רֹמֵ֥שׂ עַל הָ⁠אָ֖רֶץ לְ⁠מִינֵ֑⁠הוּ	1	In the Hebrew text, this phrase is ambiguous. It could mean: (1) “and every other kind of creature/animal that moves/lives on the earth/land,” which seems to fit this context best; or (2) “and every kind of creature/animal that crawls on the ground,”
7:14	hfxm			וְ⁠כָל הָ⁠ע֣וֹף לְ⁠מִינֵ֔⁠הוּ כֹּ֖ל צִפּ֥וֹר כָּל כָּנָֽף	1	This phrase probably refers not only to birds, but also to other creatures that have wings and fly, such as bats and insects. Alternate translation: “and every kind of bird and everything else that has wings.” or “and every kind of bird and every other kind of creature that flies.”
7:15	an75			וַ⁠יָּבֹ֥אוּ אֶל נֹ֖חַ אֶל הַ⁠תֵּבָ֑ה	1	See how you translated a similar clause in verse 9. Alternate translation: “They came to Noah and came into the ark,” or “They entered the ark with Noah,”
7:15	ob0n		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	שְׁנַ֤יִם שְׁנַ֨יִם֙ מִ⁠כָּל הַ⁠בָּשָׂ֔ר	1	The word **flesh** refers here to any kind of creature or animal. Alternate translation: “pairs of every kind of animal” or “pairs of every kind of living thing”
7:15	kzj8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	אֲשֶׁר בּ֖⁠וֹ ר֥וּחַ חַיִּֽים	1	See how you translated this phrase in Gen 6:17. For some languages it may be better to change the order of the clauses in this verse and say, “Pairs of every kind of living thing that breathes air came to Noah and went into the boat.” Do what is best in your language.
7:16	ihzf		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go	וְ⁠הַ⁠בָּאִ֗ים	1	Consider whether it is better in your language to use **went** or “came” here. Also consider again how you translated **went** in verses 7, 9, 13, and 15. Alternate translation: “The pairs that came into the ark” or “Those animals”
7:16	wggh		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	מִ⁠כָּל בָּשָׂר֙	1	See how you translated **all flesh** in verse 15. Alternate translation: “of every kind of creature” or “of every kind of living thing,”
7:16	an9a			בָּ֔אוּ כַּֽ⁠אֲשֶׁ֛ר צִוָּ֥ה אֹת֖⁠וֹ אֱלֹהִ֑ים	1	See how you translated “just as God commanded him” in verse 9. Alternate translation: “which was exactly what God had commanded him to bring along.”
7:16	blj8			וַ⁠יִּסְגֹּ֥ר יְהוָ֖ה בַּֽעֲדֽ⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “After that, Yahweh shut them in the ark” or “Then after they were all inside, Yahweh shut the door of the ark behind him”
7:17	z3pc		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential	וַֽ⁠יְהִ֧י הַ⁠מַּבּ֛וּל	1	Some translations begin this sentence without a conjunction. Do what is natural in your language. Also, notice that verses 17-20 talk about the forty days and nights that the flood kept getting deeper and deeper. Alternate translation: “After that the floodwaters kept getting deeper and deeper” or “The water kept coming”
7:17	xy2v		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	אַרְבָּעִ֥ים י֖וֹם	1	For some languages it may be more natural to put this time phrase first in this sentence and say, “For forty days and forty nights the flood kept getting deeper and deeper all over the earth,” Do what is best in your language. Also see how you translated this phrase in verse 12. Alternate translation: “for forty days and forty nights,”
7:17	nndw			וַ⁠יִּרְבּ֣וּ הַ⁠מַּ֗יִם	1	 Alternate translation: “and as the water level rose,” or “As the water got deeper and deeper,”
7:17	xs45			וַ⁠יִּשְׂאוּ֙ אֶת הַ⁠תֵּבָ֔ה וַ⁠תָּ֖רָם מֵ⁠עַ֥ל הָ⁠אָֽרֶץ	1	 Alternate translation: “it lifted up the ark so that it floated on the water high above the earth” or “it made the ark rise up off the ground and float.”
7:18	dkud		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases	וַ⁠יִּגְבְּר֥וּ הַ⁠מַּ֛יִם	1	Verse 18 repeats some of verse 17 to emphasize what happened. Consider what is the best way to begin this sentence in your language. Alternate translation: “So the floodwaters continued to rise and get much higher” or “Yes, the water continued …” or “The water continued …”
7:18	tfc3			עַל הָ⁠אָ֑רֶץ	1	 Alternate translation: “all over the world,”
7:18	utly			וַ⁠תֵּ֥לֶךְ הַ⁠תֵּבָ֖ה	1	 Alternate translation: “but the ark floated safely” or “so that the ark moved about”
7:18	daf9			עַל פְּנֵ֥י הַ⁠מָּֽיִם	1	 Alternate translation: “on the surface of the water.” or “on top of the water.”
7:19	cjmw			וְ⁠הַ⁠מַּ֗יִם גָּֽבְר֛וּ מְאֹ֥ד מְאֹ֖ד עַל הָ⁠אָ֑רֶץ	1	 Alternate translation: “At last, the waters became very deep over the world, so that” or “Eventually the water became so deep on the world that”
7:19	p6av		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	וַ⁠יְכֻסּ֗וּ	1	For some languages it is better to use an active form of the verb here and say, “Eventually the water became so deep on the earth that it even covered all the highest mountains under the entire sky.” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “were covered by water.” or “were submerged in water.”
7:20	yd7f		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance	חֲמֵ֨שׁ עֶשְׂרֵ֤ה אַמָּה֙ מִ⁠לְ⁠מַ֔עְלָ⁠ה גָּבְר֖וּ הַ⁠מָּ֑יִם	1	See how you translated **cubits** in Gen 6:15-16. Alternate translation: “In fact, the highest mountain tops were covered by at least twenty-two feet of water,”
7:20	aidy		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	וַ⁠יְכֻסּ֖וּ הֶ⁠הָרִֽים	1	See how you translated **were covered** in verse 19. Alternate translation: “so that they were completely covered with water.” or “… completely submerged in water.” or “… completely under water.”
7:21	j1r4			כָּל בָּשָׂ֣ר	1	This phrase refers to everything listed in verse 21, including people. See how you translated this phrase in Gen 6:17. Alternate translation: “Then all the beings” or “Then every creature” or “Then every living thing”
7:21	jg81			הָ⁠רֹמֵ֣שׂ עַל הָ⁠אָ֗רֶץ	1	 Alternate translation: “that moved on the ground”
7:21	dnqo		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וַ⁠יִּגְוַ֞ע	1	See how you translated this idiom in Gen 6:17. Alternate translation: “breathed out its last breath,” or “perished,”
7:21	wh52			בָּ⁠ע֤וֹף וּ⁠בַ⁠בְּהֵמָה֙	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “including all the birds, the tame animals,”
7:21	zw53			וּ⁠בַ֣⁠חַיָּ֔ה	1	The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “and the other living things/creatures” or (2) “and the wild animals”
7:21	edpc			וּ⁠בְ⁠כָל הַ⁠שֶּׁ֖רֶץ הַ⁠שֹּׁרֵ֣ץ עַל הָ⁠אָ֑רֶץ	1	 Alternate translation: “including every kind of animal that lived in large numbers on the earth,”
7:21	q5y5			וְ⁠כֹ֖ל הָ⁠אָדָֽם	1	 Alternate translation: “in addition to all the human beings.”
7:22	vfi8			כֹּ֡ל אֲשֶׁר֩ נִשְׁמַת ר֨וּחַ חַיִּ֜ים בְּ⁠אַפָּ֗י⁠ו	1	See how you translated a similar phrase in verse 15. Alternate translation: “Every living thing that breathed air”
7:22	impv			מִ⁠כֹּ֛ל אֲשֶׁ֥ר בֶּ⁠חָֽרָבָ֖ה מֵֽתוּ	1	 Alternate translation: “and was on dry land died.”
7:23	mudq			וַ⁠יִּ֜מַח	1	See how you translated this idiom in verse 4. Alternate translation: “That is how Yahweh washed away” or “In that way, Yahweh blotted out” or “… completely destroyed”
7:23	k1dj			אֶֽת כָּל הַ⁠יְק֣וּם	1	See how you translated this phrase in verse 4. Alternate translation: “every living creature” or “all living things”
7:23	lthw			אֲשֶׁ֣ר עַל פְּנֵ֣י הָֽ⁠אֲדָמָ֗ה	1	See how you translated **the surface of the ground** in verse 4. Alternate translation: “that was on the surface of the earth,” or “that were on the land,”
7:23	sgaj		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms	מֵ⁠אָדָ֤ם	1	See how you translated **mankind** in verse 21. Alternate translation: “including all mankind”
7:23	fnpu			עַד בְּהֵמָה֙ עַד רֶ֨מֶשׂ֙	1	 Alternate translation: “and all the livestock and all the other animals that moved on the ground” or “and all the animals, including smaller animals that crawl on the ground”
7:23	qtlr			וְ⁠עַד ע֣וֹף הַ⁠שָּׁמַ֔יִם	1	Some languages leave out the phrase **of the sky** because it is not natural. Do what is best in your language.
7:23	ugs2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וַ⁠יִּמָּח֖וּ מִן הָ⁠אָ֑רֶץ	1	See how you translated “wipe … off” in verse 4. Alternate translation: “All of them were completely washed off the earth by God,” or “He completely destroyed them all from the earth,” or “Yes, God completely destroyed everything that lived on the earth,”
7:23	sm4h			וַ⁠יִשָּׁ֧אֶר אַךְ נֹ֛חַ	1	Some translations leave out the first conjunction and begin a new sentence here. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “so that only Noah was left alive, along with” or “so that the only ones who were left alive were Noah and” or “Only Noah survived, along with”
7:23	qord			וַֽ⁠אֲשֶׁ֥ר אִתּ֖⁠וֹ בַּ⁠תֵּבָֽה	1	 Alternate translation: “and his family and the animals that were with him in the ark” or “along with his family …”
7:24	j5a8			וַ⁠יִּגְבְּר֥וּ הַ⁠מַּ֖יִם עַל	1	 Alternate translation: “Deep water continued to flood” or “The floodwaters stayed deep over”
7:24	p4ot		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers	הָ⁠אָ֑רֶץ חֲמִשִּׁ֥ים וּ⁠מְאַ֖ת יֽוֹם	1	See how you handled a large number in verse 6. Alternate translation: “the entire earth for 150 days.”
8:1	vjhe		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וַ⁠יִּזְכֹּ֤ר אֱלֹהִים֙	1	The phrase **God remembered** is an idiom in the Bible that often means God was paying special attention to certain people and was about to do something. Make sure that the way you translate this phrase does not imply that God had forgotten about Noah. Alternate translation: “God kept in mind” or “But God did not forget”
8:1	yash		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	אֶת נֹ֔חַ	1	Noah is the person that the author is focusing on here, but Noah’s family is also included. Consider whether or not you need to make that explicit in your translation.
8:1	zvki			וְ⁠אֵ֤ת כָּל הַֽ⁠חַיָּה֙ וְ⁠אֶת	1	In the Hebrew text this phrase is ambiguous. It could mean: (1) “and all the creatures/animals, including” or (2) “and all the wild animals and”. See how you translated “living thing” in Gen 7:14.
8:1	ujic		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	כָּל הַ⁠בְּהֵמָ֔ה אֲשֶׁ֥ר אִתּ֖⁠וֹ בַּ⁠תֵּבָ֑ה	1	Some translations combine this phrase with the previous phrase and say, “and all the animals, both wild and tame/domestic, that were with him/them in the ark/boat.” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “all the tame animals that were with him in the ark”
8:1	vu2u		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יַּעֲבֵ֨ר אֱלֹהִ֥ים ר֨וּחַ֙ עַל	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “and he sent a wind over” or “So God sent a wind to blow over”
8:1	ruy7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	הָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ	1	 Alternate translation: “the water that was over the earth,”
8:1	u9g1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וַ⁠יָּשֹׁ֖כּוּ הַ⁠מָּֽיִם	1	Notice that the floodwaters did not go all the way down until verse 14, so the way you translate this clause should allow for that. Alternate translation: “so that the water started to recede” or “so that the water level started to go down.”
8:2	u995		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	וַ⁠יִּסָּֽכְרוּ֙ מַעְיְנֹ֣ת תְּה֔וֹם וַֽ⁠אֲרֻבֹּ֖ת הַ⁠שָּׁמָ֑יִם	1	See how you translated some of the same words and phrases in Gen 7:11. Alternate translation: “He also caused the fountains in the deep ocean to stop gushing out water, and he caused the rain to stop pouring from the sky,” or “God also stopped the water from gushing out of springs at the bottom of the ocean, and the rain from coming from the heavens”
8:2	q4gv		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	וַ⁠יִּכָּלֵ֥א הַ⁠גֶּ֖שֶׁם מִן הַ⁠שָּׁמָֽיִם	1	Consider whether it is better in your language to use an active or a passive verb here and in the previous clause. Alternate translation: “so that rain stopped falling from the sky.”
8:3	kqse			וַ⁠יָּשֻׁ֧בוּ הַ⁠מַּ֛יִם & הָל֣וֹךְ וָ⁠שׁ֑וֹב	1	 Alternate translation: “Then the floodwaters gradually went down”
8:3	fmzv			מֵ⁠עַ֥ל הָ⁠אָ֖רֶץ	1	 Alternate translation: “from the surface of the ground,”
8:3	vzel			מִ⁠קְצֵ֕ה חֲמִשִּׁ֥ים וּ⁠מְאַ֖ת יֽוֹם	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Also make sure it is clear in your translation that the 150 days mentioned here in Gen 8:3 are the same 150 days mentioned in Gen 7:24, not two different periods of time. Alternate translation: “so that after the 150 days had passed,”
8:3	rxcd			הַ⁠מַּ֔יִם	1	Make sure the way you translate this phrase fits with the way you translated the beginning of the verse. Alternate translation: “the water level” or “it”
8:3	dw9j			וַ⁠יַּחְסְר֣וּ	1	 Alternate translation: “had subsided,”
8:4	aqon		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result	וַ⁠תָּ֤נַח	1	 Alternate translation: “so low that”
8:4	w92a		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	בַּ⁠חֹ֣דֶשׁ הַ⁠שְּׁבִיעִ֔י בְּ⁠שִׁבְעָה עָשָׂ֥ר י֖וֹם לַ⁠חֹ֑דֶשׁ	1	See how you translated a similar time phrase in Gen 7:11.
8:4	fvzr			וַ⁠תָּ֤נַח הַ⁠תֵּבָה֙	1	 Alternate translation: “the ark came to rest” or “the ark landed”
8:4	xogo		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	עַ֖ל הָרֵ֥י	1	The ark landed on one mountain in a mountain range. Alternate translation: “on a mountain”
8:4	agk1			אֲרָרָֽט	1	 Alternate translation: “in the land of Ararat.”
8:5	zz83			וְ⁠הַ⁠מַּ֗יִם	1	 Alternate translation: “Then the water” or “The water”
8:5	x2pm			הָיוּ֙ הָל֣וֹךְ וְ⁠חָס֔וֹר	1	See how you translated “decreased” in verse 3. Alternate translation: “continued to go away” or “kept subsiding”
8:5	ao6h		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	עַ֖ד הַ⁠חֹ֣דֶשׁ הָֽ⁠עֲשִׂירִ֑י בָּֽ⁠עֲשִׂירִי֙ בְּ⁠אֶחָ֣ד לַ⁠חֹ֔דֶשׁ	1	See how you translated a similar time phrase in verse 4. Alternate translation: “until the tenth month of the year. On the first day of that month,”
8:5	de4l			רָאשֵׁ֥י הֶֽ⁠הָרִֽים	1	 Alternate translation: “the mountaintops”
8:5	gs9e		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	נִרְא֖וּ	1	 Alternate translation: “could be seen above the water by Noah.” or “appeared above the surface of the water.”
8:6	dbs8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent	וַֽ⁠יְהִ֕י מִ⁠קֵּ֖ץ אַרְבָּעִ֣ים י֑וֹם	1	The phrase **Then it happened** focuses attention on what happens next, and it builds suspense so that readers and listeners wonder what the outcome will be. Some translations leave this phrase out, but that loses some of the suspense. Do what is best in your language.
8:6	cff8			וַ⁠יִּפְתַּ֣ח נֹ֔חַ אֶת חַלּ֥וֹן	1	It is not clear when Noah made this window. It may refer to the opening around the top of the walls of the ark (Gen 6:16) or a different window that he made sometime later.
8:6	l2kv			הַ⁠תֵּבָ֖ה אֲשֶׁ֥ר עָשָֽׂה	1	 Alternate translation: “that he had made in the ark”
8:7	x995			וַ⁠יְשַׁלַּ֖ח	1	 Alternate translation: “and he set free”
8:7	wdl3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknowns	אֶת הָֽ⁠עֹרֵ֑ב	1	A raven is a large, black scavenger bird that eats whatever it finds, including dead animals. If the people in your language area are not familiar with ravens, you could make a comparison to a similar bird that they are familiar with and say, “a large black bird like a …” Or you could include a footnote that explains what a raven is. Alternate translation: “a large black bird called a raven”
8:7	ncnh			וַ⁠יֵּצֵ֤א יָצוֹא֙ וָ⁠שׁ֔וֹב	1	 Alternate translation: “which continued flying back and forth outside the boat” or “but it kept flying around outside the boat”
8:7	e1go			עַד & הַ⁠מַּ֖יִם	1	 Alternate translation: “until the floodwaters”
8:7	r082			יְבֹ֥שֶׁת & מֵ⁠עַ֥ל הָ⁠אָֽרֶץ	1	This phrase refers to the ground/land (as verse 8 confirms), not the entire planet. Alternate translation: “had dried up more from the ground”
8:8	xr9x		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous	וַ⁠יְשַׁלַּ֥ח	1	The events in verse 8 happened while the raven was still flying back and forth (verse 7). Consider what conjunction best communicates that in your language. Alternate translation: “Then he also sent out” or “Then he also released”
8:8	ijuq		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	אֶת הַ⁠יּוֹנָ֖ה מֵ⁠אִתּ֑⁠וֹ	1	A dove is a small, white or gray bird that makes a cooing sound. If doves are unknown in your language area, you could make a comparison to a similar bird they are familiar with and say, “a small white/gray bird like a …” Or you could include a footnote that explains what a dove is. Alternate translation: “a dove that was with him” or “a dove from the ark” or “a small bird called a dove”
8:8	c4yx			לִ⁠רְאוֹת֙ הֲ⁠קַ֣לּוּ הַ⁠מַּ֔יִם	1	 Alternate translation: “to find out if the floodwaters had receded”
8:8	zx1c			מֵ⁠עַ֖ל פְּנֵ֥י הָֽ⁠אֲדָמָֽה	1	 Alternate translation: “from the surface of the land.” or “from the ground”
8:9	mgxp		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וְ⁠לֹֽא־מָצְאָה֩ הַ⁠יּוֹנָ֨ה	1	Consider what is the best way to refer to the dove at this point in the paragraph in your language. Alternate translation: “But the dove could not find” or “But it was not able to find”
8:9	fpmf			מָנ֜וֹחַ לְ⁠כַף רַגְלָ֗⁠הּ	1	In Hebrew the word **dove** is grammatically a feminine noun (for both male and female doves), so some translations say “her feet … she returned …” here. For languages such as English that do not assign grammatical gender to nouns, it is more accurate to use **its** and **it** here, because it is not known whether this dove was male or female. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “anywhere to perch and rest,”
8:9	z0lc			וַ⁠תָּ֤שָׁב	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “So it returned” or “So the dove flew back”
8:9	okue			אֵלָי⁠ו֙ אֶל הַ⁠תֵּבָ֔ה	1	 Alternate translation: “flew back to him at the ark”
8:9	g9b8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	כִּי מַ֖יִם עַל פְּנֵ֣י כָל הָ⁠אָ֑רֶץ	1	Some languages may have to switch the clause order in this verse and say, “But water was still covering the entire earth/world, so the dove did/could not find a resting place for its feet. Then it returned to Noah at the boat, and he/Noah reached …” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “because water was still covering the entire world.”
8:9	k23d			וַ⁠יִּשְׁלַ֤ח יָד⁠וֹ֙	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “So he reached out” or “and he reached out”
8:9	hq6l			אֵלָ֖י⁠ו אֶל הַ⁠תֵּבָֽה	1	 Alternate translation: “back to himself in the ark” or “back into the ark”
8:10	y0bi		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases	וַ⁠יָּ֣חֶל ע֔וֹד	1	Consider whether it is better in your language to begin this sentence with or without a conjunction. Alternate translation: “He waited”
8:10	nxwx			וַ⁠יֹּ֛סֶף שַׁלַּ֥ח אֶת הַ⁠יּוֹנָ֖ה מִן הַ⁠תֵּבָֽה	1	 Alternate translation: “then he sent the dove out from the ark another time.” or “then he released the dove from the ark again.”
8:11	b9p3			וַ⁠תָּבֹ֨א אֵלָ֤י⁠ו הַ⁠יּוֹנָה֙ לְ⁠עֵ֣ת עֶ֔רֶב	1	 Alternate translation: “That evening the dove returned to Noah,” or “When it was evening, the dove returned to him”
8:11	ilgw			וְ⁠הִנֵּ֥ה	1	 Alternate translation: “and surprisingly,” or “and Noah saw that”
8:11	wm5e		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	עֲלֵה זַ֖יִת טָרָ֣ף בְּ⁠פִ֑י⁠הָ	1	An olive tree produces small, oval, green fruit that has a hard pit. Olives are used for food and as a source of cooking oil. If olive trees are unknown in your language area, you could include a footnote about them. Alternate translation: “it was holding a newly picked green leaf from an olive tree in its mouth” or “the dove had a green leaf in its mouth that it had just picked from an olive tree.”
8:11	or72			וַ⁠יֵּ֣דַע נֹ֔חַ	1	 Alternate translation: “Then Noah realized” or “That is how he knew”
8:11	z04k			כִּי & הַ⁠מַּ֖יִם	1	 Alternate translation: “that the floodwaters”
8:11	noj3			קַ֥לּוּ	1	See how you translated **subsided** in verse 8, and how you translated three other Hebrew words with similar meanings In verses 1, 3, and 5. Alternate translation: “had receded” or “had gone down more”
8:11	oy8e			מֵ⁠עַ֥ל הָ⁠אָֽרֶץ	1	See how you translated this phrase in verse 7. Alternate translation: “from the ground”
8:12	eeml			וַ⁠יִּיָּ֣חֶל ע֔וֹד שִׁבְעַ֥ת יָמִ֖ים אֲחֵרִ֑ים וַ⁠יְשַׁלַּח֙ אֶת־הַ⁠יּוֹנָ֔ה	1	See how you translated **sent out** in verses 7, 8, and 10. Alternate translation: “He waited another seven days, then he released the dove again,” or “After he waited seven more days, he released the dove again,”
8:12	rnay		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וְ⁠לֹֽא יָסְפָ֥ה שׁוּב אֵלָ֖י⁠ו עֽוֹד	1	Remember to only make implied information explicit in a translation if it helps readers’ understanding or if it is necessary to prevent wrong meaning or incorrect grammar. Alternate translation: “but this time it did not fly back to him again because it found a dry place to land”
8:13	kogb			וַֽ֠⁠יְהִי	1	 Alternate translation: “So it happened that”
8:13	o42y			בְּ⁠אַחַ֨ת וְ⁠שֵׁשׁ־מֵא֜וֹת שָׁנָ֗ה	1	See how you translated a similar phrase in Gen 7:11.
8:13	in0r		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal	בָּֽ⁠רִאשׁוֹן֙ בְּ⁠אֶחָ֣ד לַ⁠חֹ֔דֶשׁ	1	 Alternate translation: “in the first month of the year, on the first day of the month,”
8:13	w07v			חָֽרְב֥וּ הַ⁠מַּ֖יִם	1	Make sure your translation of this phrase fits with the fact that the ground was not yet dry enough to get out of the ark. That did not happen until the end of the second month (verse 14). Alternate translation: “the water was drying up”
8:13	nmrd			מֵ⁠עַ֣ל הָ⁠אָ֑רֶץ	1	 Alternate translation: “from the ground”
8:13	zuj2			וַ⁠יָּ֤סַר נֹ֨חַ֙	1	 Alternate translation: “So he took off part of” or “made an opening in”
8:13	leq8			אֶת מִכְסֵ֣ה הַ⁠תֵּבָ֔ה	1	 Alternate translation: “the roof that was covering the ark” or “the roof of the ark”
8:13	kuyo			וַ⁠יַּ֕רְא	1	 Alternate translation: “and looked out,”
8:13	sg80			וְ⁠הִנֵּ֥ה	1	See how you translated this phrase in verse 11. Alternate translation: “and indeed,”
8:13	o3sh			חָֽרְב֖וּ	1	 Alternate translation: “was drying off.”
8:14	j99d			וּ⁠בַ⁠חֹ֨דֶשׁ֙ הַ⁠שֵּׁנִ֔י בְּ⁠שִׁבְעָ֧ה וְ⁠עֶשְׂרִ֛ים י֖וֹם לַ⁠חֹ֑דֶשׁ	1	See how you translated similar time phrases in verses 4, 5, and 13.
8:14	bys7			הָ⁠אָֽרֶץ	1	Notice that the land/ground was dry here, not the entire earth. Consider again how you translated this phrase in verses 3, 7, 11, 13-14. Alternate translation: “the ground”
8:14	r70v			יָבְשָׁ֖ה	1	In this context **dry** means that the ground was dry enough to walk on and live on without getting stuck in mud. Make sure your translation does not imply that it was so dry that nothing would grow on it (like a desert).
8:15	hn11		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יְדַבֵּ֥ר אֱלֹהִ֖ים אֶל נֹ֥חַ לֵ⁠אמֹֽר	1	See how you translated **said to Noah** in Gen 7:1. Alternate translation: “So God said to Noah,”
8:16	so3f		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go	צֵ֖א מִן הַ⁠תֵּבָ֑ה	1	Consider whether “come” or “go” is more natural here in your language. Also, some languages have a special term for getting off a boat that fits well here. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “Come out of the ark” or “Disembark from the ark”
8:16	y4un			וּ⁠נְשֵֽׁי בָנֶ֖י⁠ךָ אִתָּֽ⁠ךְ	1	 Alternate translation: “and their wives.”
8:17	u569		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go	הוצא אִתָּ֑⁠ךְ	1	Consider whether “bring” or “take” is more natural here in your language. Alternate translation: “Take with you” or “Take out”
8:17	s8b9			כָּל הַ⁠חַיָּ֨ה אֲשֶֽׁר	1	 Alternate translation: “all the living things that are”
8:17	ngp1			־אִתְּ⁠ךָ֜	1	 Alternate translation: “with you in the ark” or “in the ark”
8:17	nn5n		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	מִ⁠כָּל בָּשָׂ֗ר	1	See how you translated **flesh** in Gen 7:15-16.
8:17	guxs			בָּ⁠ע֧וֹף וּ⁠בַ⁠בְּהֵמָ֛ה	1	 Alternate translation: “including the birds, domestic animals,”
8:17	ii1h			וּ⁠בְ⁠כָל הָ⁠רֶ֛מֶשׂ הָ⁠רֹמֵ֥שׂ	1	In the Hebrew text this phrase is ambiguous. It could mean: (1) “and every other creature/animal that moves/lives”, which seems to fit this context best since it is general and includes all the land animals that were not birds or livestock; or (2) “and every creature/animal that crawls”, which is more specific and refers to animals like lizards, snakes, mice, and other animals that have bodies that are close to the ground.
8:17	qfw9			עַל הָ⁠אָ֖רֶץ	1	 Alternate translation: “on the ground,”
8:17	ubmo			וְ⁠שָֽׁרְצ֣וּ בָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “Then they can spread all over the world”
8:17	vpty		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	וּ⁠פָר֥וּ	1	The rest of verse 17 forms a parallelism with **abound on the earth** that emphasizes filling the earth again with animals. Make sure your translation does not sound like this refers to separate events. Alternate translation: “yes, they will have many offspring”
8:17	kz24			וְ⁠רָב֖וּ	1	See how you translated **be fruitful** and **multiply** in Gen 1:22, 28. Alternate translation: “and become very many”
8:17	oe06			עַל הָ⁠אָֽרֶץ	1	 Alternate translation: “all over the world.” or “throughout the earth.”
8:18	m38a		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go	וַ⁠יֵּ֖צֵא נֹ֑חַ	1	 Alternate translation: “Then Noah went out of the ark” or “So Noah disembarked from the ark” or “Then Noah got off the ark”
8:18	fxvc			וּ⁠בָנָ֛י⁠ו וְ⁠אִשְׁתּ֥⁠וֹ וּ⁠נְשֵֽׁי בָנָ֖י⁠ו אִתּֽ⁠וֹ	1	See how you translated this list of Noah’s family members (and similar lists) in Gen 6:18; 7:7, 13; 8:16. Notice that the order of the people in this list varies in the Hebrew text, perhaps depending on who is in focus in each context. Alternate translation: “together with his wife and his sons and their wives.”
8:19	f790			כָּל הַֽ⁠חַיָּ֗ה	1	 Alternate translation: “Every living creature,”
8:19	ohu5			כָּל הָ⁠רֶ֨מֶשׂ֙	1	 Alternate translation: “including every animal that crawls” or “including all the creatures that crawl”
8:19	tfez			כֹּ֖ל	1	 Alternate translation: “yes, every creature”
8:19	la0w			רוֹמֵ֣שׂ עַל הָ⁠אָ֑רֶץ	1	This phrase refers here to the land, not the entire planet earth. See how you translated this phrase in verse 17. Alternate translation: “that moves on the ground,”
8:19	s8uv		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go	יָצְא֖וּ מִן־הַ⁠תֵּבָֽה	1	Consider again how you translated “go/come out” and “went/came out” and “bring/take out” in verses 16-19. Notice that your choices are affected by your perspective: whether the viewpoint is from inside the ark or whether the viewpoint is from outside the ark. Do what is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “also came out of the ark”
8:19	j4js			לְ⁠מִשְׁפְּחֹ֣תֵי⁠הֶ֔ם	1	 Alternate translation: “grouped by their kinds.” or “one family after another.”
8:20	ap9x		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms	וַ⁠יִּ֥בֶן נֹ֛חַ מִזְבֵּ֖חַ	1	An altar was an elevated, often table-shaped structure made out of stones where certain animals and crops were burned as sacrifices to God. Alternate translation: “Then Noah built an altar out of large stones” or “Then Noah made a sacrifice table with large stones”
8:20	c6ri			לַֽ⁠יהוָ֑ה	1	 Alternate translation: “dedicated to Yahweh,” or “to worship Yahweh,”
8:20	penu			וַ⁠יִּקַּ֞ח	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “Then he chose”
8:20	ehez			מִ⁠כֹּ֣ל הַ⁠בְּהֵמָ֣ה הַ⁠טְּהוֹרָ֗ה וּ⁠מִ⁠כֹּל֙ הָ⁠ע֣וֹף הַ⁠טָּהֹ֔ר	1	In the Bible, a **clean** animal or bird is one that is acceptable to be sacrificed to God or eaten; it does not refer to how clean the animal or bird was physically. See how you translated this term in Gen 7:2, 8. Alternate translation: “some of every kind of pure animal and one of every kind of clean bird,” or “some of every kind of animal and bird that are acceptable to sacrifice”
8:20	rdoh		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וַ⁠יַּ֥עַל עֹלֹ֖ת בַּ⁠מִּזְבֵּֽחַ	1	When animals were sacrificed, they were killed first, not burned alive. Consider whether or not you need to make that information explicit in your translation. Alternate translation: “and he killed them and offered them as burnt offerings to Yahweh on the altar.” or “and he killed them and burned their bodies on the altar as gifts to Yahweh to honor him.”
8:21	rabn			וַ⁠יָּ֣רַח יְהוָה֮ אֶת רֵ֣יחַ הַ⁠נִּיחֹחַ֒	1	 Alternate translation: “Yahweh smelled the sweet smell of the sacrifices,” or “When Yahweh smelled the aroma of the sacrifices, he was pleased,”
8:21	pjky		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר יְהוָ֜ה אֶל־לִבּ֗⁠וֹ	1	Consider whether or not your language has this idiom or a similar idiom that would work well here. Alternate translation: “so he said to himself,”
8:21	wfkp		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms	לֹֽא־אֹ֠סִף לְ⁠קַלֵּ֨ל ע֤וֹד אֶת־הָֽ⁠אֲדָמָה֙	1	Make sure that your translation of **curse** does not imply the use of magic. Alternate translation: “I will never again curse the earth”
8:21	ukf5			בַּ⁠עֲב֣וּר הָֽ⁠אָדָ֔ם	1	 Alternate translation: “to punish mankind for their sins,”
8:21	oonb		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	כִּ֠י יֵ֣צֶר לֵ֧ב הָ⁠אָדָ֛ם רַ֖ע	1	See how you translated **inclination** in a similar phrase in Gen 6:5. Alternate translation: “even though the desires of their hearts are evil” or “even though everything they desire is evil”
8:21	x9w9			מִ⁠נְּעֻרָ֑י⁠ו	1	 Alternate translation: “from youth onward.” or “from the time they are young”
8:21	sf7h			וְ⁠לֹֽא אֹסִ֥ף ע֛וֹד	1	 Alternate translation: “I will never again” or “Nor will I ever again”
8:21	eku1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	לְ⁠הַכּ֥וֹת	1	Consider whether your language has this idiom or a similar idiom that fits well here. Alternate translation: “kill”
8:21	fwl7			אֶת כָּל חַ֖י	1	 Alternate translation: “every living creature” or “all living things”
8:21	chnf			כַּֽ⁠אֲשֶׁ֥ר עָשִֽׂיתִי	1	 Alternate translation: “as I just did.”
8:22	iep2			עֹ֖ד כָּל יְמֵ֣י הָ⁠אָ֑רֶץ	1	 Alternate translation: “As long as the earth still lasts,”
8:22	cskk			זֶ֡רַע	1	 Alternate translation: “seed-planting time” or “the time for planting seeds”
8:22	v2j4			וְ֠⁠קָצִיר	1	 Alternate translation: “and harvest time” or “the time for gathering crops”
8:22	xw8i		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	וְ⁠קֹ֨ר וָ⁠חֹ֜ם	1	These terms form a parallelism with **summer and winter**. If possible, it is best to keep both parts of the parallelism in your translation since each part has a different emphasis. Alternate translation: “cold season and hot season,”
8:22	io1a			וְ⁠קַ֧יִץ וָ⁠חֹ֛רֶף	1	The seasons of summer and winter may be described differently depending on which part of the world your language area is located in. For example, some translations might use the terms “dry season” and “rainy/wet season,” depending on what best corresponds to summer and winter in that area.
8:22	zj8p		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	לֹ֥א יִשְׁבֹּֽתוּ	1	It may be more natural to change the order of this sentence and say, “As long as the earth exists, each year there will always be a season/time to plant seeds and a season/time to harvest crops, as well as cold weather and hot weather, winter and summer, and day and night.” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “will never stop.” or “will always continue to occur each year.”
9:1	w3js			וַ⁠יְבָ֣רֶךְ אֱלֹהִ֔ים אֶת נֹ֖חַ וְ⁠אֶת בָּנָ֑י⁠ו	1	See how you translated **blessed** in Gen 1:22, 28. Alternate translation: “Then God showed favor to Noah and his sons” or “Then God caused Noah and his sons to flourish”
9:1	xsmx		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֧אמֶר לָ⁠הֶ֛ם	1	The phrase “blessed … and said” is a Hebrew expression that refers to one event and emphasizes it. It does not refer to two separate events. The words of the blessing are in verses 1-7. See how you translated this phrase in Gen 1:28. Alternate translation: “He said,”
9:1	ptxq		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	פְּר֥וּ	1	 Alternate translation: “Bear many children” or “You will bear many children”
9:1	ise7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal	וּ⁠רְב֖וּ	1	See how you translated “be fruitful and multiply and fill the earth” in Gen 1:28. Alternate translation: “so that you and your descendants will increase greatly in number” or “so that you and your descendants will become very many”
9:1	wnmi			וּ⁠מִלְא֥וּ אֶת הָ⁠אָֽרֶץ	1	 Alternate translation: “and fill the earth with people.” or “and inhabit the whole earth.” or “and live all over the world.”
9:2	izzi		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	וּ⁠מוֹרַאֲ⁠כֶ֤ם וְ⁠חִתְּ⁠כֶם֙ יִֽהְיֶ֔ה עַ֚ל כָּל חַיַּ֣ת הָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ	1	The phrase “the fear … and the dread” repeats the same idea in two different ways to emphasize how afraid the creatures will be. For some languages it may be better to combine the phrase and say “very afraid/terrified”. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “Every living thing on the earth will be afraid and terrified of you,” or “All the animals on earth will be very afraid of you,”
9:2	vgnr			וְ⁠עַ֖ל כָּל ע֣וֹף	1	The birds, moving creatures, and fish are all included in the general category of living creatures. Consider again how you translated “birds of the sky” in the book of Genesis; see Gen 1:26, 28, 30; 2:19-20; 6:7; 7:3, 23; 9:2. Alternate translation: “including every bird that flies in the air,” or “including all the birds that fly in the sky”
9:2	kksa			בְּ⁠כֹל֩ אֲשֶׁ֨ר תִּרְמֹ֧שׂ	1	 Alternate translation: “along with every animal that lives on land” or “as well as all animals that live on land,”
9:2	vx4q			וּֽ⁠בְ⁠כָל דְּגֵ֥י הַ⁠יָּ֖ם	1	 Alternate translation: “and all the fish in the sea”
9:2	vs4q		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	בְּ⁠יֶדְ⁠כֶ֥ם נִתָּֽנוּ	1	The phrase “into your hand” means God was again giving mankind the responsibility to manage and control all the rest of what God had created. Consider whether your language has a similar idiom that would work well here. Alternate translation: “I have put you in charge of them all.”
9:3	jhft			כָּל רֶ֨מֶשׂ֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר הוּא חַ֔י	1	See how you translated “every moving creature” in Gen 1:26, and see the note about that there. It may be necessary to translate this phrase in different ways in different contexts. Alternate translation: “From now on every kind of living thing that moves” or “From now on every animal that is alive and moves”
9:3	qntp		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	לָ⁠כֶ֥ם יִהְיֶ֖ה לְ⁠אָכְלָ֑ה	1	For some languages it is more natural to change the order of this sentence and say, “You may now have/eat any kind of living creature that moves, for food.” or “I now permit you to eat every/any kind of living creature that moves.” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “is available for you to eat as food.”
9:3	h0u4			כְּ⁠יֶ֣רֶק עֵ֔שֶׂב	1	Consider again how you translated **green plants** in Gen 1:30, and how you translated **plants** in Gen 1:11-12, 29; 2:5; 3:18; 9:3. Alternate translation: “plants to eat,”
9:3	lqhk			נָתַ֥תִּי לָ⁠כֶ֖ם אֶת כֹּֽל	1	Make sure that the way you translate this phrase means that God is now permitting people to eat both plants and animals. Alternate translation: “now I give you everything for food.” or “so now I permit you to eat everything.” or “so now I permit you to eat both plants and animals.”
9:4	ifut		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-exceptions	אַךְ	1	God is putting a limit on the way that people may eat meat.
9:4	lov7			בָּשָׂ֕ר & לֹ֥א תֹאכֵֽלוּ	1	 Alternate translation: “you must never eat animal flesh”
9:4	goma			בְּ⁠נַפְשׁ֥⁠וֹ דָמ֖⁠וֹ	1	Since life is in the blood, God did not want people to eat meat that still had its blood in it. Rather he wanted them to drain it out first before they cooked it (also see Deuteronomy 12:16, 23). You could put that information in a footnote. Alternate translation: “that still has its life in it, which is in its blood.” or “with its blood in it, which made it live.” or “that still has its lifeblood in it.”
9:5	rp2l			וְ⁠אַ֨ךְ אֶת דִּמְ⁠כֶ֤ם לְ⁠נַפְשֹֽׁתֵי⁠כֶם֙ אֶדְרֹ֔שׁ	1	 Alternate translation: “Also, I will definitely require an accounting for your lifeblood.”
9:5	ok4h		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	מִ⁠יַּ֥ד כָּל חַיָּ֖ה	1	In this verse, the phrase **the hand of** refers to the animal or the person that is responsible for killing someone. Alternate translation: “From any animal that kills a person”
9:5	hzwk			אֶדְרְשֶׁ֑⁠נּוּ	1	 Alternate translation: “I will demand its blood” or “I require it to be killed,” or “I demand that it must die,”
9:5	yt01			וּ⁠מִ⁠יַּ֣ד הָֽ⁠אָדָ֗ם	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “and that is also true for human beings.”
9:5	e6fe			מִ⁠יַּד֙ אִ֣ישׁ	1	 Alternate translation: “If a man kills” or “If anyone kills”
9:5	puht		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	אָחִ֔י⁠ו	1	This phrase is used here as a general reference to any human being, not just biological brothers. Alternate translation: “a fellow human being,”
9:5	wf23			אֶדְרֹ֖שׁ אֶת נֶ֥פֶשׁ הָֽ⁠אָדָֽם	1	 Alternate translation: “I require him to be executed” or “I demand that he must die.”
9:6	i3ix			שֹׁפֵךְ֙	1	The first half of verse 6 repeats and summarizes verse 5. Alternate translation: “Yes if anyone”
9:6	n8bs		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	שֹׁפֵךְ֙ דַּ֣ם	1	The first half of verse 6 repeats and summarizes verse 5. The phrase “sheds the blood of” is an idiom that means to deliberately kill someone. Blood is an important concept in this passage and throughout the Bible so, if possible, it is best to keep this term in a translation. If that is not possible, you should put the literal text in a footnote. Alternate translation: “Yes if anyone kills” or “Whoever takes the life of”
9:6	tey3			הָֽ⁠אָדָ֔ם	1	 Alternate translation: “a person,” or “another human being,” or “someone,”
9:6	xvtg		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	בָּֽ⁠אָדָ֖ם דָּמ֣⁠וֹ יִשָּׁפֵ֑ךְ	1	For some languages it is more natural to put this clause first in this verse and say, “That’s right, you must put to death anyone who murders a human being, because I, God, made human beings in my own image.” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “people must execute him,” or “people must put him to death,” or “he must be executed,”
9:6	c56p		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	כִּ֚י בְּ⁠צֶ֣לֶם אֱלֹהִ֔ים עָשָׂ֖ה אֶת הָ⁠אָדָֽם	1	Make sure it is clear in your translation that God is referring to himself in this clause. See how you translated a similar clause in Gen 1:27. Alternate translation: “because I, God made people in my own image.” or “because I created human beings to be like myself.”
9:7	uion			וְ⁠אַתֶּ֖ם	1	In the Hebrew text, the pronoun **you** is emphatic and has an emphatic position in the sentence (before the verb) to introduce a new topic. Consider what is the best way in your language to begin a new paragraph like this. Alternate translation: “And as for you,” or “As for you,”
9:7	mt4l		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	פְּר֣וּ	1	See how you translated **be fruitful and multiply** in verse 1. Alternate translation: “bear many children”
9:7	mi6k			וּ⁠רְב֑וּ	1	 Alternate translation: “so that you and your descendants become very many.” or “so that you have many descendants.”
9:7	in4s			שִׁרְצ֥וּ בָ⁠אָ֖רֶץ	1	 Alternate translation: “Live all over the earth”
9:7	s5nm			וּ⁠רְבוּ	1	 Alternate translation: “and increase in numbers”
9:7	jl94			בָֽ⁠הּ	1	 Alternate translation: “throughout it.”
9:8	mp5r			וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר אֱלֹהִים֙	1	 Alternate translation: “Then God continued speaking”
9:8	bm0t		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	אֶל נֹ֔חַ וְ⁠אֶל בָּנָ֥י⁠ו אִתּ֖⁠וֹ לֵ⁠אמֹֽר	1	God is still speaking to the same people. This phrase emphasizes what he says next to them. Alternate translation: “to Noah and his sons who were with him, and said,” or “to them,”
9:9	ycb0			וַ⁠אֲנִ֕י הִנְנִ֥⁠י	1	See how you translated **behold** in Gen 1:29, 4:14, 6:13, 17. It may be necessary to translate this term in different ways, depending on the context. Alternate translation: “Now listen carefully to me: I”
9:9	pujm			מֵקִ֛ים	1	See how you translated “establish my covenant with” in Gen 6:18, and see the note about that there. Alternate translation: “am instituting” or “am setting up”
9:9	g76x			אֶת בְּרִיתִ֖⁠י אִתְּ⁠כֶ֑ם וְ⁠אֶֽת זַרְעֲ⁠כֶ֖ם אַֽחֲרֵי⁠כֶֽם	1	Notice that the pronouns **you** and **your** are plural throughout verses 2-15, since God is speaking to Noah and his sons. Alternate translation: “my special agreement with you and your descendants who come after you,” or “my covenant between me and you and your offspring”
9:10	c62u			וְ⁠אֵ֨ת	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to break up this long sentence and begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “along with” or “The covenant is also with”
9:10	tzzr			וּֽ⁠בְ⁠כָל חַיַּ֥ת הָ⁠אָ֖רֶץ	1	 Alternate translation: “and all the other living things on the earth” or “and all the wild animals”
9:10	mxmq			מִ⁠כֹּל֙ יֹצְאֵ֣י הַ⁠תֵּבָ֔ה	1	The words “from … to …” are used to emphasize that all the animals are included in God’s covenant. Consider what is the best way to express that in your language. Alternate translation: “That includes all those that went out of the ark”
9:10	kqlk			לְ⁠כֹ֖ל חַיַּ֥ת	1	 Alternate translation: “and all the living things” or “and all the animals”
9:10	gq32			הָ⁠אָֽרֶץ	1	 Alternate translation: “that live on the earth.”
9:11	lh5t		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms	וַ⁠הֲקִמֹתִ֤י אֶת בְּרִיתִ⁠י֙ אִתְּ⁠כֶ֔ם	1	See how you translated **my covenant** and “establish” in verse 9. Alternate translation: “The covenant that I am making with you is that”
9:11	r2u9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	וְ⁠לֹֽא & כָּל בָּשָׂ֛ר ע֖וֹד	1	The phrase **all flesh** refers here to all people and animals. Alternate translation: “never again will all life” or “never again will all living creatures”
9:11	l5v0		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	יִכָּרֵ֧ת	1	 Alternate translation: “be killed by” or “be wiped out by”
9:11	d5ve			מִ⁠מֵּ֣י הַ⁠מַּבּ֑וּל	1	See how you translated a similar phrase in Gen 7:10. Alternate translation: “water from a flood,”
9:11	jown			וְ⁠לֹֽא יִהְיֶ֥ה ע֛וֹד מַבּ֖וּל	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “I promise that I will never again use a flood”
9:11	mxo7			לְ⁠שַׁחֵ֥ת	1	See how you translated “destroying” in Gen 6:13. Alternate translation: “that destroys”
9:11	euoi		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	הָ⁠אָֽרֶץ	1	This phrase refers here to everything that lives on the earth. Alternate translation: “life on the earth.” or “all living creatures on the earth.”
9:12	b7sv		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר אֱלֹהִ֗ים	1	God is still talking to the same people, but a quote margin (**Then God said**) is added here to emphasize the new topic (**the sign of the covenant**). For some languages it is more natural to leave this quote margin implied and just have a paragraph break. See what you did for a similar case in verse 8. Alternate translation: “Then God also said to them,” or “Then God added” or “Then God continued talking to Noah and his sons,”
9:12	htun			זֹ֤את אֽוֹת הַ⁠בְּרִית֙ אֲשֶׁר אֲנִ֣י נֹתֵ֗ן	1	 Alternate translation: “This is the sign which shows that I promise to always keep the covenant that I am making” or “This is how I will remind everyone that I have made this covenant”
9:12	tm2n			לְ⁠דֹרֹ֖ת עוֹלָֽם	1	 Alternate translation: “for all future generations:” or “and with all generations to come:” or “as well as with all the people and creatures that will ever live:”
9:13	op2l			אֶת קַשְׁתִּ֕⁠י נָתַ֖תִּי	1	 Alternate translation: “I have put my rainbow” or “I am placing my rainbow”
9:13	nocp			וְ⁠הָֽיְתָה֙ לְ⁠א֣וֹת	1	See how you translated **the sign of the covenant** in verse 12. Alternate translation: “where it will show everyone” or “to show everyone” or “and it will serve as the sign which shows”
9:13	ay4p			בְּרִ֔ית בֵּינִ֖⁠י וּ⁠בֵ֥ין	1	 Alternate translation: “that I have made my covenant with” or “that I pledge to always keep my covenant with”
9:13	n8yc		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	הָ⁠אָֽרֶץ	1	This phrase refers here to mankind and all the animals. See how you translated the same phrase in verse 11. Alternate translation: “every living thing on the earth.”
9:14	vday			וְ⁠הָיָ֕ה בְּ⁠עַֽנְנִ֥⁠י עָנָ֖ן	1	 Alternate translation: “So it will happen that whenever I bring clouds together” or “So whenever I cause clouds to appear”
9:14	v1al			עַל הָ⁠אָ֑רֶץ	1	 Alternate translation: “in the sky over the earth”
9:14	kfox		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	וְ⁠נִרְאֲתָ֥ה הַ⁠קֶּ֖שֶׁת בֶּ⁠עָנָֽן	1	Consider whether it is better in your language to use a passive or active verb here. Alternate translation: “and a rainbow forms among the clouds,” or “and you see a rainbow among the clouds,”
9:15	jg40		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וְ⁠זָכַרְתִּ֣י אֶת בְּרִיתִ֗⁠י	1	See how you translated **remember** in Gen 8:1. It may need to be translated differently in different contexts. Alternate translation: “then I will remember and keep my covenant” or “then I will not forget to keep my treaty”
9:15	cl8q			אֲשֶׁ֤ר בֵּינִ⁠י֙ וּ⁠בֵ֣ינֵי⁠כֶ֔ם	1	 Alternate translation: “that I have made between me and you” or “that I have made with you”
9:15	px73			וּ⁠בֵ֛ין כָּל נֶ֥פֶשׁ חַיָּ֖ה בְּ⁠כָל בָּשָׂ֑ר	1	The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “and all living creatures of every kind,” or “and all the animals, including all the different kinds,” or (2) “and all other living creatures, including all people and animals,”
9:15	w7qt			וְ⁠לֹֽא יִֽהְיֶ֨ה ע֤וֹד הַ⁠מַּ֨יִם֙ לְ⁠מַבּ֔וּל לְ⁠שַׁחֵ֖ת	1	Make sure it is clear in your translation that this last clause in verse 15 is what God promised in his covenant. Also, consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “that never again will there be a flood that destroys” or “I vow that never again will I use a flood to destroy”
9:15	ha7y			כָּל־בָּשָֽׂר	1	 Alternate translation: “all life.” or “all people and animals.”
9:16	msfb			וְ⁠הָיְתָ֥ה הַ⁠קֶּ֖שֶׁת	1	In verse 16, God repeats and emphasizes what he said in verses 12-15. Alternate translation: “So whenever a rainbow forms” or “That is how it will be: Whenever there is a rainbow”
9:16	jn6a			בֶּֽ⁠עָנָ֑ן	1	See how you translated this phrase in verses 13 and 14. Alternate translation: “among the clouds,”
9:16	mfvm			וּ⁠רְאִיתִ֗י⁠הָ	1	 Alternate translation: “I will look at it”
9:16	flfg		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	לִ⁠זְכֹּר֙	1	See how you translated **remember** in verse 15. Alternate translation: “and fulfill” or “and not forget to keep”
9:16	s1px			בְּרִ֣ית עוֹלָ֔ם	1	 Alternate translation: “my permanent covenant” or “my covenant that lasts forever” or “my covenant that never ends”
9:16	qbnx		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	בֵּ֣ין אֱלֹהִ֔ים וּ⁠בֵין֙	1	Make sure it is clear in your translation that God is referring to himself here. Alternate translation: “between me and” or “which I have made with”
9:16	ed49			כָּל נֶ֣פֶשׁ חַיָּ֔ה בְּ⁠כָל בָּשָׂ֖ר	1	See how you translated this phrase in verse 15 and how you translated **every living creature** in verses 10 and 12. Alternate translation: “all living beings of every kind”
9:16	wqf1			אֲשֶׁ֥ר עַל הָ⁠אָֽרֶץ	1	 Alternate translation: “that are on the earth.” or “that live in the world.”
9:17	ol42		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֥אמֶר אֱלֹהִ֖ים אֶל נֹ֑חַ	1	 Alternate translation: “Finally, God said to Noah,” or “Then God finished by saying to Noah,”
9:17	wreo		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms	אֽוֹת הַ⁠בְּרִית֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר הֲקִמֹ֔תִי	1	See how you translated a similar clause in verse 12. In that verse God is explaining the rainbow for the first time, whereas here in verse 17, he is pointing back to what he just said about the rainbow in order to emphasize its importance. Also, consider again how you translated **covenant** in verses 9, 11-13, 15-17. Alternate translation: “the sign which shows that I promise to always keep the covenant that I am making” or “what I will uses to show everyone that I have made this treaty”
9:17	foms			כָּל בָּשָׂ֖ר אֲשֶׁ֥ר עַל הָ⁠אָֽרֶץ	1	Consider again how you translated **all flesh** when it includes people and animals. See Gen 6:12-13, 17; 7:21; 9:11, 15-17. It may be necessary to translate this phrase in different ways in different contexts. Alternate translation: “all living creatures” or “all the people and creatures that are on the earth.”
9:18	jnw4			הַ⁠תֵּבָ֔ה	1	Be consistent here with how you translated “ark/boat” in chapters 6-8, and see the note about this at Gen 6:14. Alternate translation: “who went out from the ark after the flood” or “who disembarked from …” or “who got off …”
9:18	dhau			וַ⁠יִּֽהְי֣וּ & שֵׁ֖ם וְ⁠חָ֣ם וָ⁠יָ֑פֶת	1	Consider what is the best way to list names in your language.
9:18	h3vw			וְ⁠חָ֕ם ה֖וּא	1	The pronoun **he** is emphatic here, emphasizing that Ham was the father of Canaan, who is probably mentioned here because he was well known as the ancestor of the Canaanites and the one whom the land/region of Canaan was named after. Alternate translation: “Ham was the one who”
9:18	sy8w			אֲבִ֥י כְנָֽעַן	1	 Alternate translation: “fathered Canaan.”
9:20	uydp			וַ⁠יָּ֥חֶל נֹ֖חַ אִ֣ישׁ הָֽ⁠אֲדָמָ֑ה וַ⁠יִּטַּ֖ע	1	Consider what is the best way in your language to introduce or begin a new episode here. The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “who was a farmer, began/started farming and planted” or “who was a farmer, was the first man/person to plant” or (2) “began to be a farmer and planted” or “became a farmer and planted” Alternate translation: “Now later on, Noah,”
9:20	utl1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	כָּֽרֶם	1	It is implied that Noah made wine from the grapes (verse 21). If necessary, you could make that explicit here. Also, if grapes are not known in your language area, you could say “vines/plants with a fruit called grapes”, or you could put in a footnote information about grapes, including how they are squeezed and how the juice is fermented to make wine. Alternate translation: “some grapevines and made wine from the grapes.” or “a field with grapevines. And he made wine from the grapes.”
9:21	w1ox			וַ⁠יֵּ֥שְׁתְּ מִן הַ⁠יַּ֖יִן	1	 Alternate translation: “One day he drank a lot of the wine,”
9:21	cj5k		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וַ⁠יִּשְׁכָּ֑ר וַ⁠יִּתְגַּ֖ל	1	It is implied from verse 24 that Noah had fallen asleep. Alternate translation: “so that he became so intoxicated that he fell asleep uncovered”
9:21	zhoh			בְּ⁠ת֥וֹךְ אָהֳלֹֽ⁠ה	1	See how you translated **tent** in Gen 4:20.
9:22	p8vt			אֵ֖ת עֶרְוַ֣ת אָבִ֑י⁠ו	1	 Alternate translation: “that his father was uncovered,”
9:22	ideh			וַ⁠יַּגֵּ֥ד לִ⁠שְׁנֵֽי אֶחָ֖י⁠ו בַּ⁠חֽוּץ	1	 Alternate translation: “and he went out and told his two brothers that their father was drunk and naked.”
9:23	w3iy			וַ⁠יִּקַּח֩ שֵׁ֨ם וָ⁠יֶ֜פֶת	1	 Alternate translation: “Then Shem and Japheth took”
9:23	f7fp			אֶת הַ⁠שִּׂמְלָ֗ה	1	This garment would have probably been fairly large, big enough to cover Noah’s body. Alternate translation: “a cloak,”
9:23	ldi6			וַ⁠יָּשִׂ֨ימוּ֙ עַל שְׁכֶ֣ם שְׁנֵי⁠הֶ֔ם	1	 Alternate translation: “put it between them over their shoulders”
9:23	ahuv			וַ⁠יֵּֽלְכוּ֙ אֲחֹ֣רַנִּ֔ית	1	 Alternate translation: “and went backward into the tent”
9:23	tx8k			וַ⁠יְכַסּ֕וּ אֵ֖ת עֶרְוַ֣ת אֲבִי⁠הֶ֑ם	1	 Alternate translation: “and used it to cover their naked father.”
9:23	n341			וּ⁠פְנֵי⁠הֶם֙ אֲחֹ֣רַנִּ֔ית	1	 Alternate translation: “As they did that, they kept their eyes looking away from him,” or “As they did that, they looked away from him,”
9:23	wcj9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וְ⁠עֶרְוַ֥ת אֲבִי⁠הֶ֖ם לֹ֥א רָאֽוּ	1	Consider whether it is better here in your language to refer to Noah with a noun phrase or a pronoun. Alternate translation: “so that they did not see his nakedness.” or “so that they did not see him naked.”
9:24	huys			וַ⁠יִּ֥יקֶץ נֹ֖חַ	1	 Alternate translation: “Later he woke up”
9:24	z3po			מִ⁠יֵּינ֑⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “sober from the effects of the wine,” or “sober,”
9:24	e13r			וַ⁠יֵּ֕דַע	1	The text does not say how Noah found out about this, so it is best to not be too specific about that here in your translation. Alternate translation: “and he heard about”
9:24	k45l			אֵ֛ת אֲשֶׁר עָ֥שָׂה ל֖⁠וֹ בְּנ֥⁠וֹ הַ⁠קָּטָֽן	1	 Alternate translation: “that his youngest son Ham had disrespected him,”
9:25	yls5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֖אמֶר	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “So he exclaimed about Ham,”
9:25	wpmd			אָר֣וּר	1	 Alternate translation: “I hereby ask God to curse” or “May God curse”
9:25	bhhg		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	כְּנָ֑עַן	1	In verses 25-27, Canaan probably represents Ham and all of Ham’s descendants (the Canaanites), who will serve Shem and Japheth and all their descendants. You could put that information in a footnote.
9:25	tt6u			יִֽהְיֶ֥ה	1	 Alternate translation: “I proclaim that he will be”
9:25	dvbz			עֶ֥בֶד עֲבָדִ֖ים	1	The Hebrew word here can mean either **slave** or “servant”. Slaves in the Old Testament were usually treated well and were not much different than servants, sometimes even becoming like members of their owner’s family. But they were of lower status than their masters, which is part of how Ham’s family is being cursed. Alternate translation: “the lowest slave”
9:25	dnvn			לְ⁠אֶחָֽי⁠ו	1	Verses 26 and 27 show that **his brothers** probably refers here to Shem and Japheth (who were Canaan’s uncles) and their descendants.
9:26	s7yt		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יֹּ֕אמֶר	1	 Alternate translation: “Then he also said,” or “He also said,”
9:26	a9c8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms	בָּר֥וּךְ יְהֹוָ֖ה	1	Although many English translations have “Blessed be” here instead of “Praised be,” the word used in the Hebrew text means “praise” when people are acting towards God (as here), and it means “bless” when God is acting towards people (as in Gen 1:28; 5:2; 9:1). Alternate translation: “I praise Yahweh,”
9:26	o8qs			אֱלֹ֣הֵי שֵׁ֑ם	1	 Alternate translation: “who is the God whom Shem worships”
9:26	dkl7			וִ⁠יהִ֥י כְנַ֖עַן	1	 Alternate translation: “May he cause Canaan to be” or “May he make Canaan” or “I ask him to make Canaan”
9:26	u8da			עֶ֥בֶד לָֽ⁠מוֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “a servant for him”
9:27	qf4e		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	יַ֤פְתְּ אֱלֹהִים֙ לְ⁠יֶ֔פֶת	1	In this context, **Japheth** refers to the territory or land where he lived. Alternate translation: “… give Japheth more land,”
9:27	m5k2			וְ⁠יִשְׁכֹּ֖ן	1	 Alternate translation: “and enable him and his family to live”
9:27	fs08			בְּ⁠אָֽהֳלֵי שֵׁ֑ם	1	 Alternate translation: “together in harmony with Shem and his family” or “peacefully among Shem and his family”
9:27	u2hq			וִ⁠יהִ֥י כְנַ֖עַן	1	See how you translated a similar sentence in verse 26. Alternate translation: “I also ask God to make Canaan” or “Canaan will also be”
9:27	vfve			עֶ֥בֶד לָֽ⁠מוֹ	1	Compare how you translated **slave** or “servant” in verses 25-27. Alternate translation: “a servant for him”
9:28	j0sh		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	אַחַ֣ר הַ⁠מַּבּ֑וּל	1	Notice that this phrase refers to when the flood began, when Noah was 600 years old (Gen 7:6), not when it ended a year later, when he was 601 years old (8:13), since he was 950 when he died (verse 29), not 951. Alternate translation: “After the time that the flood began,” or “From the beginning of the flood,”
9:28	murg			וַֽ⁠יְחִי נֹ֖חַ & שְׁלֹ֤שׁ מֵאוֹת֙ שָׁנָ֔ה וַֽ⁠חֲמִשִּׁ֖ים שָׁנָֽה	1	 Alternate translation: “Noah lived 350 more years.”
9:29	zycm			וַ⁠יִּֽהְיוּ֙ כָּל יְמֵי נֹ֔חַ	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. See how you translated Gen 5:31, which is similar to 9:29. Alternate translation: “so that Noah lived a total of 950 years,” or “So all together Noah lived 950 years,”
9:29	k4gw			וַ⁠יָּמֹֽת	1	 Alternate translation: “and then he died.”
10:1	z8s6			וְ⁠אֵ֨לֶּה֙ תּוֹלְדֹ֣ת	1	This sentence begins a new section. Alternate translation: “Here is the list of the names of”
10:1	gmzi		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	בְּנֵי נֹ֔חַ שֵׁ֖ם חָ֣ם וָ⁠יָ֑פֶת	1	Give special attention to the best way in your language to spell all the names in this chapter.
10:1	pxnr			וַ⁠יִּוָּלְד֥וּ לָ⁠הֶ֛ם בָּנִ֖ים	1	The following record includes the names of Noah’s sons and grandsons and their descendants (including some of the people groups who came from them). Alternate translation: “and their sons and other descendants who were born” or “and the sons they had”
10:1	vjic			אַחַ֥ר הַ⁠מַּבּֽוּל	1	 Alternate translation: “after the flood was gone.”
10:2	ywoe			בְּנֵ֣י יֶ֔פֶת	1	Throughout this chapter, many translations have a colon (:) instead of **were**. Do what is best in your language.
10:2	ymm9			גֹּ֣מֶר וּ⁠מָג֔וֹג וּ⁠מָדַ֖י וְ⁠יָוָ֣ן וְ⁠תֻבָ֑ל וּ⁠מֶ֖שֶׁךְ וְ⁠תִירָֽס	1	Translate the lists of names in this chapter in a way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Gomer, Magog, Madai, Javan, Jubal, Meshech, and Tiras.”
10:3	n005			אַשְׁכֲּנַ֥ז וְ⁠רִיפַ֖ת וְ⁠תֹגַרְמָֽה	1	 Alternate translation: “named Ashkenaz, Riphath, and Togarmah.”
10:4	kz0u			וּ⁠בְנֵ֥י יָוָ֖ן	1	Compare how you translated a similar clause in verses 2 and 3.
10:4	lce6			אֱלִישָׁ֣ה וְ⁠תַרְשִׁ֑ישׁ	1	These are the names of Javan’s sons, but the next two names are the names of people groups that descended from him. Alternate translation: “named Elishah and Tarshish, and he was the ancestor of”
10:4	iwl4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	כִּתִּ֖ים וְ⁠דֹדָנִֽים	1	Most translation teams transliterate people group names in the Bible, but handle the suffix endings in different ways. For example, you could: (1) transliterate the Hebrew plural suffix “-im”; or (2) use a suffix that your language has for names of people groups (such as “-ites” in English); or (3) translate “-im” as “people” or “people/ethnic group.” Try to be consistent in how you handle people group names throughout this chapter and the rest of the book of Genesis. Alternate translation: “the Kitt people group and the Dodan people group.”
10:5	swml			מֵ֠⁠אֵלֶּה	1	This phrase probably refers to Japheth’s descendants (verses 2-4), especially since the descendants of his brothers Ham (verse 20) and Shem (verse 31) are summarized in a similar way.
10:5	ccp2			נִפְרְד֞וּ אִיֵּ֤י הַ⁠גּוֹיִם֙	1	 Alternate translation: “came the people groups who lived in regions beside the Mediterranean Sea. They moved to different places and settled”
10:5	rjew		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	בְּ⁠אַרְצֹתָ֔⁠ם	1	 Alternate translation: “in their own regions,”
10:5	hstu			אִ֖ישׁ לִ⁠לְשֹׁנ֑⁠וֹ	1	Consider whether it is more natural in your language to break up this long sentence and start a new sentence here (or later in this verse). Alternate translation: “They all spoke their own languages,”
10:5	yius			לְ⁠מִשְׁפְּחֹתָ֖⁠ם	1	The word “clan” refers to a group of families who are descended from a common ancestor. Alternate translation: “and each of them lived in their own extended families,” or “They each had their own family groups,”
10:5	b8t2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	בְּ⁠גוֹיֵ⁠הֶֽם	1	The word **nations** refers here to people groups, not countries. Also, for some languages it may be clearer to change the order of the phrases in this verse and say, “Japheth’s descendants spread out and settled near/by the Mediterranean Sea. They all formed their own family groups, which grew/multiplied and became their own people groups that spoke their own languages and lived in their own territories/regions.” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “and they formed their own people groups.” or “which grew and became their own distinct ethnic groups.”
10:8	zwg5			וְ⁠כ֖וּשׁ יָלַ֣ד אֶת נִמְרֹ֑ד	1	See how you translated **fathered** in Gen 6:10, and how you translated a phrase in 10:1 (“were born to”) that has a similar meaning. Alternate translation: “Cush also fathered a son named Nimrod,”
10:8	k7ej			ה֣וּא הֵחֵ֔ל לִֽ⁠הְי֥וֹת	1	The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “who was the first person/man/one to be” or (2) “who became”
10:8	kt9f			גִּבֹּ֖ר	1	There were other mighty men before Nimrod, but apparently he was the first one to have a kingdom (verse 10). Alternate translation: “a powerful warrior” or “a powerful king”
10:8	u6s3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	בָּ⁠אָֽרֶץ	1	For some languages it may be more natural to put this phrase earlier and say, “who was the first person/man on earth to be/become a powerful ruler/warrior.” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “in the world.”
10:9	e8rh			הֽוּא הָיָ֥ה גִבֹּֽר צַ֖יִד	1	 Alternate translation: “Nimrod was also a excellent hunter”
10:9	fzr8			לִ⁠פְנֵ֣י יְהוָ֑ה	1	 Alternate translation: “whom Yahweh helped.” or “because Yahweh helped him.”
10:9	vq2f			יֵֽאָמַ֔ר	1	This phrase indicates that what follows was a well-known saying that was used by people to praise or compliment other great men by comparing them to Nimrod. Alternate translation: “we have the saying about other great men:”
10:9	ham3			כְּ⁠נִמְרֹ֛ד	1	 Alternate translation: “So and so is like Nimrod,”
10:9	twpi			הֽוּא־הָיָ֥ה גִבֹּֽר צַ֖יִד	1	 Alternate translation: “Nimrod was also a excellent hunter”
10:9	fyot			לִ⁠פְנֵ֣י יְהוָ֑ה	1	Be consistent here with how you translated this phrase earlier in verse 9. Alternate translation: “whom Yahweh helped.” or “because Yahweh helped him.”
10:10	an74			וַ⁠תְּהִ֨י רֵאשִׁ֤ית מַמְלַכְתּ⁠וֹ֙	1	 Alternate translation: “He started ruling as king over” or “The first cities that Nimrod ruled as king were”
10:10	orky			בְּ⁠אֶ֖רֶץ שִׁנְעָֽר	1	Shinar is another name for the land/country of Babylonia. You could put that information in a footnote. Alternate translation: “which were all located in the land called Shinar.”
10:11	tmzb			מִן הָ⁠אָ֥רֶץ הַ⁠הִ֖וא	1	 Alternate translation: “From that region” or “From the land of Shinar”
10:11	jcf8			יָצָ֣א אַשּׁ֑וּר	1	See how you translated “the land/region of/called Asshur/Assyria” in Gen 2:14. Alternate translation: “he moved to the land called Asshur”
10:11	gcc2			וַ⁠יִּ֨בֶן֙	1	 Alternate translation: “and there he built”
10:12	yxdv			וְֽ⁠אֶת רֶ֔סֶן בֵּ֥ין נִֽינְוֵ֖ה וּ⁠בֵ֣ין כָּ֑לַח הִ֖וא הָ⁠עִ֥יר הַ⁠גְּדֹלָֽה	1	The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “and Resen, which is located between the cities of Nineveh and the great city of Calah.” or (2) “and Resen, which is the great city located between the cities of Nineveh and Calah.”
10:13	p1bp			וּ⁠מִצְרַ֡יִם יָלַ֞ד	1	 Alternate translation: “Mizraim was the father of”
10:13	ptqo		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	אֶת לוּדִ֧ים וְ⁠אֶת עֲנָמִ֛ים וְ⁠אֶת לְהָבִ֖ים וְ⁠אֶת נַפְתֻּחִֽים	1	Throughout verses 13-18, translate the names of people groups in a way that is clear and natural in your language. See what you did in verse 4. Also consider what is the best way in your language to list the names in these verses. Some languages use a conjunction (like **and**) between names, while other languages only use a conjunction before the last name in the list, with commas between the other names.
10:14	ylfj			וְֽ⁠אֶת פַּתְרֻסִ֞ים וְ⁠אֶת כַּסְלֻחִ֗ים אֲשֶׁ֨ר יָצְא֥וּ מִ⁠שָּׁ֛ם פְּלִשְׁתִּ֖ים וְ⁠אֶת כַּפְתֹּרִֽים	1	 Alternate translation: “Pathrusites, Casluhites (whom the Philistines came from), and Caphtorites.” or “Pathrusites, Casluhites, and Caphtorites. The Philistines came from the Casluhites.”
10:15	m1d3			וּ⁠כְנַ֗עַן יָלַ֛ד	1	See how you translated **fathered** in verses 8 and 13.
10:15	zjx9			וְ⁠אֶת חֵֽת	1	Canaan’s son Heth was the ancestor of the Hittites, so some translations use “Hittites” here instead and say, “He was also the ancestor of the Hittites,” Alternate translation: “then he had a son named Heth,”
10:16	uwbf			וְ⁠אֶת הַ⁠יְבוּסִי֙ וְ⁠אֶת הָ֣⁠אֱמֹרִ֔י וְ⁠אֵ֖ת הַ⁠גִּרְגָּשִֽׁי	1	In verses 16-18, the people group names are singular collective nouns in Hebrew (in contrast to the people group names in verses 4, 13-14 that are plural nouns). Most English versions translate these names with a plural “-ites” suffix so that it is clear that these names refer to more than one person. Alternate translation: “and Canaan was also the ancestor of the Jebusites, Amorites, Girgashites,”
10:18	q1m9			וְ⁠אַחַ֣ר	1	 Alternate translation: “As time went by,”
10:18	yfp1			נָפֹ֔צוּ	1	 Alternate translation: “moved to different places,”
10:19	efvy			וַֽ⁠יְהִ֞י גְּב֤וּל הַֽ⁠כְּנַעֲנִי֙	1	 Alternate translation: “and eventually the borders of their land extended” or “so that eventually the land where they lived extended”
10:19	m5gx		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	מִ⁠צִּידֹ֔ן	1	Some languages have an affix or a word (that means “city”) that must be used every time the name of a city is mentioned or the first time a particular city is mentioned in a paragraph or section. Do what is natural in your language here and elsewhere throughout the Bible. Alternate translation: “from Sidon City in the north,”
10:19	juim		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	בֹּאֲ⁠כָ֥ה גְרָ֖רָ⁠ה עַד עַזָּ֑ה	1	The Canaanites’ border reached Gaza, but did not extend down to Gerar, which was farther south. Alternate translation: “all the way down toward the city of Gerar to the city of Gaza,” or “down to Gaza City, which is on the road to Gerar City,”
10:19	jenu			עַד לָֽשַׁע	1	 Alternate translation: “until you reach Lasha City.”
10:20	mrbd			אֵ֣לֶּה	1	The word **Those** refers back to the people listed in verses 6-19. Also, many translations that use “were” (and other past tense verbs) in verses 2-19 and 21-30 use **are** here (and in verses 31 and 32). Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “Those are the names of” or “Those men are”
10:20	w958			בְנֵי חָ֔ם	1	 Alternate translation: “the descendants of Ham”
10:20	ixjv			לְ⁠מִשְׁפְּחֹתָ֖⁠ם	1	See how you translated **clans** in verse 5. Alternate translation: “according to their family groups,” or “and each one had his own clan” or “and their extended families,”
10:20	n9z9			לִ⁠לְשֹֽׁנֹתָ֑⁠ם בְּ⁠אַרְצֹתָ֖⁠ם בְּ⁠גוֹיֵ⁠הֶֽם	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. See how you translated verse 5, which has some of the same phrases as verse 20. Alternate translation: “Each family spoke its own language and lived in its own territory and eventually became its own people group.” or “Each family multiplied and established its own ethnic group that had its own language and lived in its own region.”
10:21	am4z			וּ⁠לְ⁠שֵׁ֥ם יֻלַּ֖ד גַּם	1	In the Hebrew text, **to Shem** comes first in this sentence after **And**, to emphasize Shem. Do what is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Shem also fathered some sons”
10:21	f29s			אֲחִ֖י יֶ֥פֶת הַ⁠גָּדֽוֹל	1	The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “and his/Shem’s older brother was Japheth.” (2) “and he/Shem was Japheth’s older/oldest brother.”
10:22	o6p2			עֵילָ֣ם וְ⁠אַשּׁ֑וּר וְ⁠אַרְפַּכְשַׁ֖ד וְ⁠ל֥וּד וַֽ⁠אֲרָֽם	1	The name **Arpachshad** is spelled as “Arphaxad” in many translations. Also, see how you spelled **Lud** in verse 13 (who is a different person with the same name). Be consistent with how you spell each name throughout the Bible. Alternate translation: “Elam, Asshur, Arpachshad, Lud and Aram.”
10:23	qqox			ע֥וּץ וְ⁠ח֖וּל וְ⁠גֶ֥תֶר וָ⁠מַֽשׁ	1	The same person who is called **Mash** here, is referred to as “Meshech/Meshek” in 1 Chronicles 1:17. To prevent confusion, some translations use “Meshech/Meshek” here too, or they put that name in a footnote.
10:24	u3c2			וְ⁠אַרְפַּכְשַׁ֖ד יָלַ֣ד אֶת שָׁ֑לַח	1	Be consistent here with how you spelled “Arpachshad/Arphaxad” in verse 22. Alternate translation: “Arphaxad had a son named Shelah,”
10:24	bfuy			וְ⁠שֶׁ֖לַח יָלַ֥ד אֶת עֵֽבֶר	1	 Alternate translation: “and Shelah had a son named Eber.”
10:25	jiw4			וּ⁠לְ⁠עֵ֥בֶר יֻלַּ֖ד שְׁנֵ֣י בָנִ֑ים	1	 Alternate translation: “Then Eber fathered two sons.”
10:25	u8nm			שֵׁ֣ם הָֽ⁠אֶחָ֞ד	1	 Alternate translation: “The name of the first son was” or “The first son was named”
10:25	ibtk			פֶּ֗לֶג	1	You can put the meaning of Peleg’s name in the text or in a footnote, so that it is clear why he was given his name. See what you did for a similar case (Noah’s name) in Gen 5:29.
10:25	v3na		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	נִפְלְגָ֣ה הָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ	1	This phrase refers to the people on the earth and implies that they scattered and lived all over the earth (as specified in Gen 11:8). Alternate translation: “the people on the earth separated into separate groups and scattered everywhere.”
10:25	po91		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וְ⁠שֵׁ֥ם אָחִ֖י⁠ו יָקְטָֽן	1	Make sure it is clear in your translation who is being referred to in this sentence, especially after reading the previous two sentences.
10:26	eu4k			וְ⁠יָקְטָ֣ן יָלַ֔ד	1	Notice that the list of Joktan’s sons continues through verse 29. Alternate translation: “Joktan fathered sons named” or “Joktan had the following sons:”
10:29	xri4			וְ⁠אֶת אוֹפִ֥ר וְ⁠אֶת חֲוִילָ֖ה וְ⁠אֶת יוֹבָ֑ב	1	Consider again how you translated lists of names throughout chapter 10.
10:29	d37u			כָּל אֵ֖לֶּה	1	 Alternate translation: “All those were the names of” or “All those men were”
10:30	z0dr			וַֽ⁠יְהִ֥י מוֹשָׁבָ֖⁠ם	1	 Alternate translation: “Their dwelling place” or “Their region” or “The area where they and their descendants lived”
10:30	h4i1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וַֽ⁠יְהִ֥י & מִ⁠מֵּשָׁ֑א	1	See how you translated a similar sentence in verse 19. Alternate translation: “extended from the city of Mesha in the west,”
10:30	qhqk			בֹּאֲ⁠כָ֥ה סְפָ֖רָ⁠ה	1	 Alternate translation: “as far as”
10:30	buoh			סְפָ֖רָ⁠ה	1	Sephar might refer to a city, a mountain, or a region (that was named after the city or mountain). Alternate translation: “the town of Sephar, which is in”
10:30	bl54			הַ֥ר הַ⁠קֶּֽדֶם	1	The word **mountains** is ambiguous in the Hebrew text. It can be: (1) a collective noun that refers to mountains or hill country near the town of Sephar; or (2) a singular noun that refers to a specific mountain that was called Sephar. Alternate translation: “the mountain range that is in the east.” or “the eastern hill country.”
10:31	v7ly			אֵ֣לֶּה	1	The word **Those** refers here to the people listed in verses 21-30. See how you translated verse 20, which is almost exactly the same as verse 31. Alternate translation: “Those are the names of” or “Those men are”
10:31	ffht			בְנֵי שֵׁ֔ם	1	 Alternate translation: “the descendants of Shem”
10:31	lpn7			לְ⁠מִשְׁפְּחֹתָ֖⁠ם	1	See how you translated **clans** in verses 5 and 20. Alternate translation: “and each one had his own clan”
10:31	b1x8			לִ⁠לְשֹׁנֹתָ֑⁠ם בְּ⁠אַרְצֹתָ֖⁠ם לְ⁠גוֹיֵ⁠הֶֽם	1	 Alternate translation: “Each family spoke its own language and lived in its own territory, and eventually became its own people group.” or “Each family multiplied and established its own ethnic group that had its own language and lived in its own territory.”
10:32	e560			אֵ֣לֶּה מִשְׁפְּחֹ֧ת בְּנֵי נֹ֛חַ	1	The word **Those** refers here to everyone who is listed in verses 2-31. Consider again how you translated **clans** in verses 5, 18, 29, 31-32.
10:32	bl71			לְ⁠תוֹלְדֹתָ֖⁠ם בְּ⁠גוֹיֵ⁠הֶ֑ם	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Also, compare how you translated similar phrases in verses 5, 20, and 31. Alternate translation: “Each clan had its own genealogy and became its own ethnic group.”
10:32	nh8d		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	וּ⁠מֵ⁠אֵ֜לֶּה נִפְרְד֧וּ הַ⁠גּוֹיִ֛ם בָּ⁠אָ֖רֶץ אַחַ֥ר הַ⁠מַּבּֽוּל	1	Consider again how you translated **nations** in verses 5, 20, 31-32. Alternate translation: “From those people came all the ethnic groups who spread out over the earth after the flood.”
11:1	r2b8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background	וַֽ⁠יְהִ֥י כָל־הָ⁠אָ֖רֶץ שָׂפָ֣ה אֶחָ֑ת	1	The events in chapter 11:1-9 happened before the people listed in chapter 10 had their own languages and before they spread out over the earth (Gen 10:5, 19-20, 30-32). You could include some of that information in a footnote. Alternate translation: “Now at first, everyone on the earth shared the same language” or “Now for a while, all the people on the earth spoke one language”
11:1	l2n1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	וּ⁠דְבָרִ֖ים אֲחָדִֽים	1	The phrases **one language** and **the same words** are very similar in meaning and emphasize the fact that everyone spoke the same language. Consider what is the best way to communicate that in your language. Alternate translation: “and shared the same vocabulary.” or “and spoke words everyone knew”
11:2	ufks		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent	וַֽ⁠יְהִ֖י	1	The phrase “it happened that” introduces an important event and helps create suspense so that readers will wonder what the outcome will be. Some translations omit this phrase because it is not natural in their language. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “After a while, as” or “When”
11:2	phjs		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	בְּ⁠נָסְעָ֣⁠ם	1	Consider whether it is better in your language to use a pronoun (**they**) or a noun phrase (“the people”) here. Alternate translation: “they traveled” or “the people moved”
11:2	kqit			מִ⁠קֶּ֑דֶם	1	At first after the flood, people lived in the regions around the mountains of Ararat (where the ark had landed). As they began to migrate and spread out to different places (as God had told them to do), they must have headed south at some point since they ended up at the plain of Shinar, which was south of where the Ararat Mountains were. The reference to **the east** probably reflects the viewpoint of the author (Moses), since the Ararat mountains and the plain of Shinar were both far to the east of where he was living. Alternate translation: “around in the eastern regions,”
11:2	zdwp			וַֽ⁠יִּמְצְא֥וּ	1	Make sure the way you translate this phrase fits with the way you translated the first half of this verse. Alternate translation: “they discovered” or “they eventually came to”
11:2	vygx			בִקְעָ֛ה בְּ⁠אֶ֥רֶץ שִׁנְעָ֖ר	1	This plain was a wide, flat area between mountains. Also be consistent here with how you translated **land of Shinar** in Gen 10:10. Alternate translation: “a wide flat area in the land called Shinar”
11:2	dxfo			וַ⁠יֵּ֥שְׁבוּ שָֽׁם	1	 Alternate translation: “and lived there.” or “and began to live there.”
11:3	m2g2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent	וַ⁠יֹּאמְר֞וּ אִ֣ישׁ אֶל־רֵעֵ֗⁠הוּ	1	The events that are described below probably did not happen immediately after they arrived at the plain. Consider what is the best way to begin these events in your language. Alternate translation: “Then one day they urged each other,”
11:3	jfqv		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	הָ֚בָ⁠ה	1	Consider whether or not your language has an idiom like this that is used to urge or persuade someone to do something together.
11:3	uwu2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive	נִלְבְּנָ֣ה	1	The pronoun **us** is inclusive here and refers to the people who are talking to each other. Alternate translation: “we should work together and make”
11:3	wprr		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	לְבֵנִ֔ים	1	 Alternate translation: “some mud blocks” or “some blocks from mud”
11:3	y8pj			וְ⁠נִשְׂרְפָ֖ה לִ⁠שְׂרֵפָ֑ה	1	 Alternate translation: “and harden them with fire.” or “and use fire to bake them.” or “and put them over fire to make them hard”
11:3	s0kz			וַ⁠תְּהִ֨י לָ⁠הֶ֤ם	1	 Alternate translation: “So they did that, and they had” or “They had”
11:3	uxzq			הַ⁠לְּבֵנָה֙ לְ⁠אָ֔בֶן	1	 Alternate translation: “blocks to build with instead of stone,”
11:3	u7qc			וְ⁠הַ֣⁠חֵמָ֔ר הָיָ֥ה לָ⁠הֶ֖ם	1	 Alternate translation: “and they used tar between the blocks”
11:3	b4kx			לַ⁠חֹֽמֶר	1	 Alternate translation: “to hold the blocks together.”
11:4	rlly			וַ⁠יֹּאמְר֞וּ	1	 Alternate translation: “Then they said to each other,”
11:4	igxx			הָ֣בָ⁠ה	1	See how you translated this idiom in verse 3.
11:4	gfzh			נִבְנֶה	1	See how you translated a similar phrase in verse 3. Alternate translation: “let us work together and build”
11:4	a5tp			וּ⁠מִגְדָּל֙	1	 Alternate translation: “that has a high tower” or “with a very tall building”
11:4	h80w			וְ⁠רֹאשׁ֣⁠וֹ בַ⁠שָּׁמַ֔יִם	1	 Alternate translation: “that reaches high into the heavens” or “that reaches up to heaven,”
11:4	z87w		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וְ⁠נַֽעֲשֶׂה לָּ֖⁠נוּ שֵׁ֑ם פֶּן נָפ֖וּץ	1	The phrase **make a name for ourselves** is a idiom. Consider whether or not your language has a similar idiom that would work well here. Also see how you translated the word **scattered** in Gen 10:18, 32. Alternate translation: “We should do that to make ourselves famous and to keep us from spreading out” or “That way we will become well-known and we will not separate from each other and live”
11:4	ytfe		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	עַל פְּנֵ֥י כָל הָ⁠אָֽרֶץ	1	 Alternate translation: “all over the world.” or “around the world.”
11:5	f9ua		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וַ⁠יֵּ֣רֶד יְהוָ֔ה	1	 Alternate translation: “Then one day Yahweh came down from heaven”
11:5	oe6q			לִ⁠רְאֹ֥ת אֶת הָ⁠עִ֖יר	1	The text implies that Yahweh actually looked at the city. Consider whether or not it is better in your language to make that explicit here. Alternate translation: “and inspected the city”
11:5	pbs0			וְ⁠אֶת הַ⁠מִּגְדָּ֑ל	1	See how you translated this word in verse 4.
11:5	zcoi			בָּנ֖וּ	1	Make sure the way you translate this verb fits with the fact that the people had not yet finished building the city (verse 8). Alternate translation: “had started building.”
11:6	zesy		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר יְהוָ֗ה	1	Consider what is the best way to refer to Yahweh here in your language. Alternate translation: “And he said (to himself),” or “He said,”
11:6	h94b			הֵ֣ן	1	This term calls attention to what Yahweh says next. Consider what is the best way to do that in your language.
11:6	q2ld			עַ֤ם אֶחָד֙	1	The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “they are one people/ethnic group,” or (2) “the/these people are one/united in what they are doing,”
11:6	emr9			וְ⁠שָׂפָ֤ה אַחַת֙ לְ⁠כֻלָּ֔⁠ם	1	See how you translated **have one language** in verse 1. Alternate translation: “and they all share the same language.”
11:6	jn1z			וְ⁠זֶ֖ה הַחִלָּ֣⁠ם לַ⁠עֲשׂ֑וֹת	1	 Alternate translation: “This is only the beginning of what they will do together.”
11:6	m869			וְ⁠עַתָּה֙	1	 Alternate translation: “Now”
11:6	cwlf		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives	לֹֽא יִבָּצֵ֣ר מֵ⁠הֶ֔ם כֹּ֛ל אֲשֶׁ֥ר יָזְמ֖וּ לַֽ⁠עֲשֽׂוֹת	1	The words **not** and **impossible** are two negatives that work together to communicate an emphatic positive statement. Consider what is the best way to translate this in your language. Alternate translation: “nothing that they plan to do will be impossible for them.” or “anything they attempt to do will be possible for them.” or “they will be able to do whatever they try to do.”
11:7	siye			הָ֚בָ⁠ה	1	 Alternate translation: “So come on,”
11:7	ab2t			נֵֽרְדָ֔ה & שָׁ֖ם	1	Most Bible scholars think the plural pronoun **us** refers here to God and the fact that he is three Persons in one God. So it is best to keep this plural pronoun in your translation. See what you did for similar pronouns in Gen 1:26. Alternate translation: “let us go to them”
11:7	b6e9			וְ⁠נָבְלָ֥ה & שְׂפָתָ֑⁠ם	1	 Alternate translation: “and scramble their language”
11:7	qlnr			אֲשֶׁר֙ לֹ֣א יִשְׁמְע֔וּ	1	 Alternate translation: “so that they will not be able to understand” or “so that they cannot understand”
11:8	abaf			וַ⁠יָּ֨פֶץ יְהוָ֥ה אֹתָ֛⁠ם מִ⁠שָּׁ֖ם	1	 Alternate translation: “So Yahweh did that and caused the people to leave from there and spread out” or “That is how Yahweh caused the people to leave from there and settle in different places”
11:8	m39c		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	עַל פְּנֵ֣י כָל הָ⁠אָ֑רֶץ	1	 Alternate translation: “over the surface of the entire earth,” or “all over the earth”
11:8	bj40			וַֽ⁠יַּחְדְּל֖וּ לִ⁠בְנֹ֥ת	1	 Alternate translation: “so that they had to stop constructing”
11:8	fvq8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	הָ⁠עִֽיר	1	For some languages it is better to change the order of clauses in this verse (so that events are in the order that they happened) and say, “In that way, Yahweh caused the people to stop building the city and the tower and to move away from each other, so that eventually they lived all over the world.” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “the city and the tower.”
11:9	grok			קָרָ֤א שְׁמָ⁠הּ֙	1	Frequently in the Hebrew text, this phrase has a general meaning and does not refer to someone specific. Alternate translation: “people named the city” or “the name of that city is” or “the city was named”
11:9	flf8			בָּבֶ֔ל	1	If you include the meaning of **Babel** here in your translation or in a footnote, be consistent with the way you translate **confused** later in this verse and in verse 7.
11:9	go0s			כִּי שָׁ֛ם & יְהוָ֖ה	1	 Alternate translation: “because it was in that city that Yahweh”
11:9	cnun			בָּלַ֥ל	1	 Alternate translation: “scrambled”
11:9	f8ye			שְׂפַ֣ת כָּל הָ⁠אָ֑רֶץ	1	 Alternate translation: “the language that everyone on the earth spoke”
11:9	uhku			וּ⁠מִ⁠שָּׁם֙ הֱפִיצָ֣⁠ם יְהוָ֔ה	1	 Alternate translation: “and in that way Yahweh made them spread out from there”
11:9	onj2			עַל פְּנֵ֖י כָּל הָ⁠אָֽרֶץ	1	See how you translated this phrase in verses 4 and 8. Alternate translation: “over the surface of the entire earth.” or “all over the world.”
11:10	xsg5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	שֵׁ֚ם בֶּן מְאַ֣ת שָׁנָ֔ה וַ⁠יּ֖וֹלֶד אֶת אַרְפַּכְשָׁ֑ד שְׁנָתַ֖יִם אַחַ֥ר הַ⁠מַּבּֽוּל	1	The phrase **after the flood** probably refers to two years after the flood began, not after it ended; see a similar case in Gen 9:28. Also be consistent here with how you spelled “Arpachshad/Arphaxad” in Gen 10:22. Alternate translation: “Two years after the flood began, when Shem was 100 years old, he had a son named Arphaxad.”
11:11	hhxi		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַֽ⁠יְחִי שֵׁ֗ם אַֽחֲרֵי֙ הוֹלִיד֣⁠וֹ אֶת אַרְפַּכְשָׁ֔ד	1	Throughout this section, make sure that names and pronouns (like **he**) are used in a way that is accurate and natural in your language, so that it is always clear who is being referred to. Alternate translation: “After he had Arphaxad, he lived” or “After Arphaxad was born, Shem lived”
11:11	newn		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	חֲמֵ֥שׁ מֵא֖וֹת שָׁנָ֑ה	1	See how you translated Gen 5:7, which has the same sentence structure as 11:11. For some languages, it may be more natural to change the clause order of this sentence and say, “Shem lived 500 more years after Arpachshad/Arphaxad was born …” Do what is best in your language throughout this chapter. Alternate translation: “500 more years,”
11:11	e9d9			וַ⁠יּ֥וֹלֶד	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. See how you translated this phrase and the following one in Gen 5:4. Alternate translation: “and he also had” or “Shem also had” or “He was also the father of”
11:11	lc2z			בָּנִ֖ים וּ⁠בָנֽוֹת	1	 Alternate translation: “other sons as well as daughters.”
11:12	cx5o			וְ⁠אַרְפַּכְשַׁ֣ד חַ֔י חָמֵ֥שׁ וּ⁠שְׁלֹשִׁ֖ים שָׁנָ֑ה	1	Make sure that your translation of this clause does not mean that Arpachshad only lived to be thirty-five years old. Also, throughout this chapter, be consistent with how you have decided to handle numbers in the Bible. For example, many translation teams use words for single and double-digit numbers, but use numerals for larger numbers. This strategy helps prevent confusion with verse numbers. This is especially true in translations that use a large font size for verse numbers so that people doing group Bible study can easily see the numbers and be in the same verse together. See what you did in chapter 5. Alternate translation: “When Arphaxad had lived 35 years,” or “When Arphaxad was 35 years old,”
11:12	wvlk			וַ⁠יּ֖וֹלֶד אֶת שָֽׁלַח	1	See how you translated Gen 5:6, which has the same sentence structure as 11:12. Alternate translation: “he fathered a son named Shelah.” or “he fathered a son they named Shelah.” or “he fathered a son whose name was Shelah.”
11:13	s590		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	וַֽ⁠יְחִ֣י אַרְפַּכְשַׁ֗ד אַֽחֲרֵי֙ הוֹלִיד֣⁠וֹ אֶת שֶׁ֔לַח	1	Be consistent with how you spell the name “Arpachshad/Arphaxad” in the book of Genesis. See Gen 10:22, 24; 11:10-13. Alternate translation: “After he had Shelah, Arphaxad lived” or “After Shelah was born, Arphaxad lived”
11:13	yqx2			שָׁלֹ֣שׁ שָׁנִ֔ים וְ⁠אַרְבַּ֥ע מֵא֖וֹת שָׁנָ֑ה	1	 Alternate translation: “403 more years,”
11:13	om3u		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יּ֥וֹלֶד	1	Consider what is the best way in your language to refer to Arpachshad at this point in the paragraph. Alternate translation: “and he also had” or “He also fathered” or “He was also the father of”
11:13	e35h			בָּנִ֖ים וּ⁠בָנֽוֹת	1	 Alternate translation: “other sons as well as daughters.”
11:14	w7dj			וְ⁠שֶׁ֥לַח חַ֖י שְׁלֹשִׁ֣ים שָׁנָ֑ה	1	 Alternate translation: “When Shelah had lived 30 years,” or “When Shelah was 30 years old,”
11:14	kt42			וַ⁠יּ֖וֹלֶד אֶת עֵֽבֶר	1	 Alternate translation: “he fathered a son named Eber.” or “he had a son whose name was Eber.”
11:15	hd5n		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	וַֽ⁠יְחִי שֶׁ֗לַח אַחֲרֵי֙ הוֹלִיד֣⁠וֹ אֶת עֵ֔בֶר	1	Be consistent with how you spell the name **Shelah** in Gen 10:24; 11:12-15. Alternate translation: “After he had Eber, he lived”
11:15	ms3c			שָׁלֹ֣שׁ שָׁנִ֔ים וְ⁠אַרְבַּ֥ע מֵא֖וֹת שָׁנָ֑ה	1	 Alternate translation: “403 more years,”
11:15	du9x			וַ⁠יּ֥וֹלֶד	1	 Alternate translation: “and he also had” or “Shelah also had” or “He was also the father of”
11:15	g3i9			בָּנִ֖ים וּ⁠בָנֽוֹת	1	 Alternate translation: “other sons as well as daughters.”
11:16	ylnk			וַֽ⁠יְחִי עֵ֕בֶר אַרְבַּ֥ע וּ⁠שְׁלֹשִׁ֖ים שָׁנָ֑ה	1	 Alternate translation: “When Eber had lived 34 years,” or “When Eber was 34 years old,”
11:16	xcap		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	וַ⁠יּ֖וֹלֶד אֶת פָּֽלֶג	1	 Alternate translation: “he fathered a son named Peleg.” or “he had a son whose name was Peleg.”
11:17	wlcr		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	וַֽ⁠יְחִי עֵ֗בֶר אַחֲרֵי֙ הוֹלִיד֣⁠וֹ אֶת פֶּ֔לֶג	1	Be consistent with how you spell the name **Eber** in Gen 10:24-25; 11:14-17. Alternate translation: “After he had Peleg, he lived”
11:17	cc14			שְׁלֹשִׁ֣ים שָׁנָ֔ה וְ⁠אַרְבַּ֥ע מֵא֖וֹת שָׁנָ֑ה	1	 Alternate translation: “430 more years,”
11:17	ocjw		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יּ֥וֹלֶד	1	Consider what is the best way in your language to refer to Eber at this point in the paragraph. Alternate translation: “and he also had” or “Eber also had” or “He was also the father of”
11:17	cc06			בָּנִ֖ים וּ⁠בָנֽוֹת	1	 Alternate translation: “other sons as well as daughters.”
11:18	gdd8			וַֽ⁠יְחִי פֶ֖לֶג שְׁלֹשִׁ֣ים שָׁנָ֑ה	1	 Alternate translation: “When Peleg had lived 30 years,” or “When Peleg was 30 years old,”
11:18	waxn			וַ⁠יּ֖וֹלֶד אֶת רְעֽוּ	1	 Alternate translation: “he fathered a son named Reu.” or “he had a son whose name was Reu.”
11:19	qfcg		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	וַֽ⁠יְחִי פֶ֗לֶג אַחֲרֵי֙ הוֹלִיד֣⁠וֹ אֶת רְע֔וּ	1	Be consistent with how you spell the name **Peleg** in Gen 10:25; 11:16-19. Alternate translation: “After he had Reu, he lived”
11:19	xncw			תֵּ֥שַׁע שָׁנִ֖ים וּ⁠מָאתַ֣יִם שָׁנָ֑ה	1	 Alternate translation: “209 more years,”
11:19	bpuk			וַ⁠יּ֥וֹלֶד	1	 Alternate translation: “and he also had” or “Peleg also had” or “He was also the father of”
11:19	nr72			בָּנִ֖ים וּ⁠בָנֽוֹת	1	 Alternate translation: “other sons as well as daughters.”
11:20	ek1h			וַ⁠יְחִ֣י רְע֔וּ שְׁתַּ֥יִם וּ⁠שְׁלֹשִׁ֖ים שָׁנָ֑ה	1	 Alternate translation: “When Reu had lived 32 years,” or “When Reu was 32 years old,”
11:20	zm8n			וַ⁠יּ֖וֹלֶד אֶת שְׂרֽוּג	1	 Alternate translation: “he fathered a son named Serug.” or “he had a son whose name was Serug.”
11:21	blty		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	וַ⁠יְחִ֣י רְע֗וּ אַחֲרֵי֙ הוֹלִיד֣⁠וֹ אֶת שְׂר֔וּג	1	Be consistent with how you spell **Reu** in Gen 11:18-21. Alternate translation: “After Reu had Serug, he lived”
11:21	x8r5			שֶׁ֥בַע שָׁנִ֖ים וּ⁠מָאתַ֣יִם שָׁנָ֑ה	1	 Alternate translation: “207 more years,”
11:21	t6kn		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יּ֥וֹלֶד	1	Consider what is the best way in your language to refer to Reu at this point in the paragraph. Alternate translation: “and he also had” or “Reu also had” or “He was also the father of”
11:21	f8g8			בָּנִ֖ים וּ⁠בָנֽוֹת	1	 Alternate translation: “other sons as well as daughters.”
11:22	lx37			וַ⁠יְחִ֥י שְׂר֖וּג שְׁלֹשִׁ֣ים שָׁנָ֑ה	1	 Alternate translation: “When Serug had lived 30 years,” or “When Serug was 30 years old,”
11:22	q17o			וַ⁠יּ֖וֹלֶד אֶת נָחֽוֹר	1	 Alternate translation: “he fathered a son named Nahor.” or “he had a son whose name was Nahor.”
11:23	ryhr		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	וַ⁠יְחִ֣י שְׂר֗וּג אַחֲרֵ֛י הוֹלִיד֥⁠וֹ אֶת נָח֖וֹר	1	Be consistent with how you spell the name **Serug** in Gen 11:20-23. Alternate translation: “After he had Nahor, he lived”
11:23	lmbh			מָאתַ֣יִם שָׁנָ֑ה	1	 Alternate translation: “200 more years,”
11:23	yaea			וַ⁠יּ֥וֹלֶד	1	 Alternate translation: “and he also had” or “Serug also had” or “He was also the father of”
11:23	vtw1			בָּנִ֖ים וּ⁠בָנֽוֹת	1	 Alternate translation: “other sons as well as daughters.”
11:24	qb4u			וַ⁠יְחִ֣י נָח֔וֹר תֵּ֥שַׁע וְ⁠עֶשְׂרִ֖ים שָׁנָ֑ה	1	 Alternate translation: “When Nahor had lived 29 years,” or “When Nahor was 29 years old,”
11:24	ej3c			וַ⁠יּ֖וֹלֶד אֶת תָּֽרַח	1	Consider again how you translated verses 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, and 24, which all have the same sentence structure. Alternate translation: “he fathered a son named Terah.” or “he had a son whose name was Terah.”
11:25	c5ag		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יְחִ֣י נָח֗וֹר אַחֲרֵי֙ הוֹלִיד֣⁠וֹ אֶת תֶּ֔רַח	1	 Alternate translation: “After he had Terah, he lived”
11:25	jla4			תְּשַֽׁע־עֶשְׂרֵ֥ה שָׁנָ֖ה וּ⁠מְאַ֣ת שָׁנָ֑ה	1	 Alternate translation: “119 more years,”
11:25	is9f			וַ⁠יּ֥וֹלֶד	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “and he also had” or “Nahor also had” or “He was also the father of”
11:25	e11k			בָּנִ֖ים וּ⁠בָנֽוֹת	1	Consider again how you translated verses 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23 and 25, which all have the same sentence structure. Alternate translation: “other sons as well as daughters.”
11:26	fa4t			וַֽ⁠יְחִי־תֶ֖רַח שִׁבְעִ֣ים שָׁנָ֑ה	1	Your translation needs to allow for the fact that Terah’s sons were not triplets (just as Noah’s sons were not triplets; see Gen 5:32), rather he started having children after he turned seventy and his sons were born in different years after that. In fact, Abram was not born until Terah was at least 130 years old (11:32, 12:4-5; Acts 7:4), and he was probably Terah’s youngest son. Abram is listed first (instead of Haran or Nahor) probably because of his importance as the one whom Yahweh made His covenant with. Some of this information could be put in a footnote. Alternate translation: “After Terah had lived 70 years,” or “After Terah turned 70 years old,”
11:26	cywf			וַ⁠יּ֨וֹלֶד֙ אֶת אַבְרָ֔ם אֶת נָח֖וֹר וְ⁠אֶת הָרָֽן	1	 Alternate translation: “he had sons named Abram, Nahor, and Haran.” or “he fathered sons whose names were Abram, Nahor, and Haran.”
11:27	y44z			וְ⁠אֵ֨לֶּה֙ תּוֹלְדֹ֣ת תֶּ֔רַח	1	This section is different from the previous section. What follows is a history about Terah’s descendants (especially Abram); it is not a genealogy or list of names. See how you translated a similar phrase in Gen 6:9. Alternate translation: “This is the account about Terah and his family:”
11:27	egvx			תֶּ֚רַח הוֹלִ֣יד אֶת אַבְרָ֔ם אֶת נָח֖וֹר וְ⁠אֶת הָרָ֑ן	1	 Alternate translation: “Terah had sons named Abram, Nahor, and Haran;”
11:27	vacr			וְ⁠הָרָ֖ן הוֹלִ֥יד אֶת לֽוֹט	1	 Alternate translation: “and Haran had a son named Lot.” or “and Haran had a son whose name was Lot.”
11:28	l32z			וַ⁠יָּ֣מָת הָרָ֔ן עַל פְּנֵ֖י תֶּ֣רַח אָבִ֑י⁠ו	1	 Alternate translation: “Later Haran died while he was with his father Terah,” or “While his father Terah was still alive, Haran died”
11:28	w957			בְּ⁠אֶ֥רֶץ מוֹלַדְתּ֖⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “in his native land,”
11:28	la6c			בְּ⁠א֥וּר כַּשְׂדִּֽים	1	The word **Kasdim** probably comes from the name of one of Nahor’s sons, Kesed (Gen 22:22), and often refers to the Chaldeans who were a people group that lived in the country of Babylonia (where Ur was located). Alternate translation: “in the city of Ur which was ruled by the Kasdim” or “in the city of Ur where the Kasdim people lived.”
11:29	w0fn			וַ⁠יִּקַּ֨ח אַבְרָ֧ם וְ⁠נָח֛וֹר לָ⁠הֶ֖ם נָשִׁ֑ים	1	 Alternate translation: “Meanwhile Abram and Nahor each got married.”
11:30	nr3i		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background	וַ⁠תְּהִ֥י שָׂרַ֖י עֲקָרָ֑ה	1	Consider what is the best way in your language to introduce this background information about Sarai. Alternate translation: “Now Sarai was unable to conceive,” or “Sarai was not able to get pregnant,”
11:30	x9g9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	אֵ֥ין לָ֖⁠הּ וָלָֽד	1	For some languages it may be better to switch the order of the clauses in this verse and say, “But/Now Sarai did not have any children, because she was not able to conceive.” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “so she had no children.”
11:31	a4sh		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent	וַ⁠יִּקַּ֨ח תֶּ֜רַח	1	Consider what is the best way to begin this new paragraph in your language. Alternate translation: “One day, Terah called together”
11:31	cmu7			אֶת אַבְרָ֣ם בְּנ֗⁠וֹ	1	Make sure it is clear in your translation of this phrase that **his son** refers to Abram, not another person.
11:31	zczu			וְ⁠אֶת ל֤וֹט בֶּן הָרָן֙ בֶּן בְּנ֔⁠וֹ	1	The phrases “Lot,” “Haran’s son,” and **his son’s son** all refer to Lot. Make sure that is clear in your translation and that it does not sound like three people.
11:31	zs6d			וְ⁠אֵת֙ שָׂרַ֣י כַּלָּת֔⁠וֹ	1	The phrases “Sarai,” “his daughter-in-law,” and **the wife of his son Abram** all refer to Sarai. Make sure that is clear in your translation.
11:31	mrxu			וַ⁠יֵּצְא֨וּ אִתָּ֜⁠ם	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “and all of them set out together” or “Then they all left”
11:31	bdcj		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	מֵ⁠א֣וּר	1	See the note at Gen 10:19 about how to translate the names of cities. Alternate translation: “from Ur City”
11:31	id6w			כַּשְׂדִּ֗ים	1	See how you translated this phrase in verse 28. Alternate translation: “of the Chaldeans” or “where the Kasdim people lived”
11:31	e1dg			לָ⁠לֶ֨כֶת֙ אַ֣רְצָ⁠ה כְּנַ֔עַן	1	 Alternate translation: “to go to the region of Canaan.” or “to go to Canaan Land.”
11:31	izwt			וַ⁠יָּבֹ֥אוּ עַד חָרָ֖ן	1	The city of Haran was not in the land of Canaan, rather it was around 450 kilometers (280 miles) northeast of there. Alternate translation: “But on the way there, they came to the city of Haran, and” or “But along the way, when they stopped at the city of Haran,”
11:31	zd02			וַ⁠יֵּ֥שְׁבוּ שָֽׁם	1	 Alternate translation: “they stayed there instead.” or “they decided to settle there instead.”
11:32	ql8v			וַ⁠יִּהְי֣וּ יְמֵי תֶ֔רַח חָמֵ֥שׁ שָׁנִ֖ים וּ⁠מָאתַ֣יִם שָׁנָ֑ה	1	 Alternate translation: “When Terah reached the age of 205 years,”
11:32	t1h0			בְּ⁠חָרָֽן	1	 Alternate translation: “in Haran City.”
12:1	lkpd		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent	וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר יְהוָה֙ אֶל אַבְרָ֔ם	1	Consider what is the best way to begin this new section in your language. Also, make sure that the way you translate this quote margin fits with what Yahweh says in the following quote. Alternate translation: “Then one day Yahweh told Abram,”
12:1	rqtx			לֶךְ לְ⁠ךָ֛ מֵ⁠אַרְצְ⁠ךָ֥	1	 Alternate translation: “Get yourself away from your country” or “You must move away from your country” or “You must leave behind the land where you are living”
12:1	ya2a			וּ⁠מִ⁠מּֽוֹלַדְתְּ⁠ךָ֖	1	 Alternate translation: “and your people,”
12:1	pxeg		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	וּ⁠מִ⁠בֵּ֣ית אָבִ֑י⁠ךָ	1	The phrase **the house** refers here to everyone who was a member of Terah’s household.
12:1	sr9w			אֶל הָ⁠אָ֖רֶץ	1	 Alternate translation: “and go to the place”
12:2	vjs1			וְ⁠אֶֽעֶשְׂ⁠ךָ֙	1	 Alternate translation: “I will make you the father of”
12:2	is7x			לְ⁠ג֣וֹי גָּד֔וֹל	1	 Alternate translation: “an large people group,” or “a large, important ethnic group,”
12:2	kyvt			וַ⁠אֲבָ֣רֶכְ⁠ךָ֔	1	See how you translated “blessed” in Gen 1:22, 28. It may be necessary to translate this term in different ways, depending on the context. Alternate translation: “and I will bless you and them.” or “and I will cause you all to flourish.”
12:2	y893		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וַ⁠אֲגַדְּלָ֖ה שְׁמֶ֑⁠ךָ	1	Consider what is the best way to translate this idiom in your language. Also consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “I will make you important and famous,”
12:2	xnwh		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וֶ⁠הְיֵ֖ה בְּרָכָֽה	1	 Alternate translation: “and you will be a blessing to many people.” or “and I will use you and your descendants to bless many people.”
12:3	zjl7			וּ⁠מְקַלֶּלְ⁠ךָ֖ אָאֹ֑ר	1	See how you translated **curse** in Gen 8:21.
12:3	yvsd		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	בְ⁠ךָ֔	1	This phrase refers to Abram and his descendants, including ultimately the Messiah. In other words, God’s promise in this verse is part of his wonderful news (the Gospel message) for all people (Galatians 3:8-9) and is a prophecy about the Messiah/Christ, who was one of Abraham’s descendants (Matthew 1:1, Genesis 22:18, Galatians 3:16). God blessed all people on earth by sending his Son Jesus (the Messiah/Christ) to die in their place and pay for all their sins (John 3:16-18, 1 Timothy 2:3-6), so that they could have a close relationship with him/God and be part of his family forever. God repeats this great promise in Genesis 18:18; 22:18; 26:4; 28:14. You could put some of that information in a footnote. Alternate translation: “Through you and your offspring” or “Because of you and your offspring” or “By means of you and your offspring”
12:3	yt58		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	וְ⁠נִבְרְכ֣וּ & כֹּ֖ל מִשְׁפְּחֹ֥ת הָ⁠אֲדָמָֽה	1	Consider what is the best way in your language to translate this passive sentence. For some languages it is clearer to change the order of the sentence and say, “I will use you and your offspring/descendants to bless all the families/people on the earth.” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “all the people on the earth will be blessed by me.” or “I will bless all the people on the earth.”
12:4	b2v7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases	וַ⁠יֵּ֣לֶךְ אַבְרָ֗ם כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֨ר דִּבֶּ֤ר אֵלָי⁠ו֙ יְהוָ֔ה	1	Consider what is the best way in your language to begin this sentence to show that Abram is now doing what God just commanded him to do (verse 1). Alternate translation: “Then Abram left the city of Haran, just as Yahweh had told him to do,” or “Then Abram did what Yahweh had told him to do and left the city of Haran,”
12:4	hh61			וַ⁠יֵּ֥לֶךְ אִתּ֖⁠וֹ ל֑וֹט	1	 Alternate translation: “and his nephew Lot left with him.”
12:4	p63p		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background	וְ⁠אַבְרָ֗ם	1	Many translations omit the conjunction **And** or “Now” here. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “Now Abram”
12:4	p5rf			בֶּן	1	See how you translated a similar phrase in Gen 5:32 and 11:10. Alternate translation: “was 75 years old”
12:4	tb22			בְּ⁠צֵאת֖⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “when he set out”
12:4	ln5h			מֵ⁠חָרָֽן	1	 Alternate translation: “from the city of Haran.”
12:5	w44u		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go	וַ⁠יִּקַּ֣ח אַבְרָם֩ אֶת שָׂרַ֨י אִשְׁתּ֜⁠וֹ	1	Be consistent here with how you spelled **Sarai** in Gen 11:29-31. Alternate translation: “He brought with him his wife Sarai”
12:5	t055		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וְ⁠אֶת ל֣וֹט בֶּן אָחִ֗י⁠ו	1	For some languages it is more natural to make **son of his brother** or “his nephew” explicit in verse 4 (where Lot is first mentioned in this section) and leave it implied here in verse 5. Do what is best in your language.
12:5	af34			וְ⁠אֶת כָּל רְכוּשָׁ⁠ם֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר רָכָ֔שׁוּ וְ⁠אֶת הַ⁠נֶּ֖פֶשׁ אֲשֶׁר עָשׂ֣וּ	1	The word **possessions** is general here and includes slaves, animals, furniture, clothes, and money. See how you translated “slave” or “servant” in Gen 9:25-27. Alternate translation: “everything that they owned, including slaves and everything else they had gotten”
12:5	v8yx			בְ⁠חָרָ֑ן	1	“in the city of Haran,” or “in Haran City”
12:5	iazy			אַ֣רְצָ⁠ה כְּנַ֔עַן	1	 Alternate translation: “to the land called Canaan.” or “to Canaan Land.”
12:5	zel6			וַ⁠יָּבֹ֖אוּ אַ֥רְצָ⁠ה כְּנָֽעַן	1	 Alternate translation: “Then they arrived in Canaan.” or “When they reached Canaan,” or “When they got there,”
12:6	ep53		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	וַ⁠יַּעֲבֹ֤ר אַבְרָם֙	1	Abram is the only one named here because he is in focus. However, your translation should not sound like he traveled alone in verse 6. Also make sure that the way you begin this verse in your translation fits with the way you ended verse 5. Alternate translation: “Abram went” or “Abram and his family went” or “they went”
12:6	o804			בָּ⁠אָ֔רֶץ	1	See how you translated **land** in verse 5. Alternate translation: “through that land”
12:6	ai2i			עַ֚ד	1	 Alternate translation: “until they arrived at”
12:6	klyk			מְק֣וֹם שְׁכֶ֔ם	1	The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “the city of Shechem,” or (2) “the/a sacred place at/near the city of Shechem,”
12:6	wf66		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	עַ֖ד אֵל֣וֹן מוֹרֶ֑ה	1	Moreh is probably the name of the person who owned the land where the terebinth tree was. A terebinth tree is a large, broadleaf, flowering tree in the cashew family that can grow to a height of 5 to 12 meters (16 to 40 feet). The Hebrew words for “oak” and **terebinth** are similar, so many translations (including LXX) translate this as “oak tree” here. Notice, however, that oak trees and terebinth trees are from two different families of trees.
12:6	aje0		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	וְ⁠הַֽ⁠כְּנַעֲנִ֖י אָ֥ז בָּ⁠אָֽרֶץ	1	For some languages it is clearer and more natural to put the time phrase (**at that time**) first in this sentence. Alternate translation: “At that time the Canaanites were still living in that region,”
12:7	nqjy			וַ⁠יֵּרָ֤א יְהוָה֙ אֶל אַבְרָ֔ם	1	Yahweh’s promise in verse 7 to give Canaan to Abram’s descendants contrasts with the fact that the Canaanites were still occupying that region (verse 6). Also, notice that the text does not specify in what form or in what way God appeared to Abram, so your translation should not do that either. Alternate translation: “Then Yahweh came to Abram” or “but Yahweh visited Abram”
12:7	nsz9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֕אמֶר	1	 Alternate translation: “and promised to him,”
12:7	zfqw		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	לְ⁠זַ֨רְעֲ⁠ךָ֔ אֶתֵּ֖ן אֶת הָ⁠אָ֣רֶץ הַ⁠זֹּ֑את	1	In the Hebrew text, the phrase “to your offspring” is emphasized by its position at the beginning of this quote. However, for some languages it may be clearer and more natural to change the order of the clauses and say, “I will give this land to your offspring/descendants.” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “I will give this land to your offspring”
12:7	ed0y		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יִּ֤בֶן & מִזְבֵּ֔חַ	1	Consider what is the best way to refer to Abram here in your language. See how you translated **altar** in Gen 8:20. Alternate translation: “So he made an altar out of large stones” or “So he built a sacrifice mound with stones”
12:7	s3yo			שָׁם֙	1	 Alternate translation: “near the tree”
12:7	rv38			לַ⁠יהוָ֖ה	1	 Alternate translation: “and burned sacrifices on it to thank and worship Yahweh,”
12:7	ywd2			הַ⁠נִּרְאֶ֥ה אֵלָֽי⁠ו	1	See how you translated **appeared** earlier in verse 7. Alternate translation: “who had come to him there.” or “because he had come to him there.”
12:8	y0sn		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יַּעְתֵּ֨ק מִ⁠שָּׁ֜ם	1	 Alternate translation: “From the place of Shechem, he and his family moved south to”
12:8	c1kt			הָ⁠הָ֗רָ⁠ה מִ⁠קֶּ֛דֶם לְ⁠בֵֽית אֵ֖ל	1	 Alternate translation: “the mountainous region east of the town of Bethel”
12:8	u3l7			וַ⁠יֵּ֣ט אָהֳלֹ֑⁠ה	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. See how you translated “tent” in Gen 9:21, 27. Alternate translation: “and put up his tents there” or “They set up their camp”
12:8	r71q			בֵּֽית אֵ֤ל מִ⁠יָּם֙ וְ⁠הָ⁠עַ֣י מִ⁠קֶּ֔דֶם	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “Bethel was to the west of them and the town of Ai was to the east.”
12:8	cl64			וַ⁠יִּֽבֶן שָׁ֤ם	1	 Alternate translation: “There he made”
12:8	s3gs			מִזְבֵּ֨חַ֙	1	See how you translated **altar** in verse 7. Alternate translation: “another sacrifice mound”
12:8	b7gd			לַֽ⁠יהוָ֔ה	1	See how you translated **to Yahweh** in verse 7.
12:8	yv1t		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וַ⁠יִּקְרָ֖א בְּ⁠שֵׁ֥ם יְהוָֽה	1	See how you translated a similar clause in Gen 4:26. Alternate translation: “and he praised him by name.” or “he addressed him by his name as he praised him.” or “he praised him.”
12:9	bv60			וַ⁠יִּסַּ֣ע אַבְרָ֔ם הָל֥וֹךְ וְ⁠נָס֖וֹעַ	1	 Alternate translation: “After that, he and his family traveled in stages” or “Then he and his family moved from place to place”
12:9	yypr		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	הַ⁠נֶּֽגְבָּ⁠ה	1	The Hebrew word **Negev** can mean “south” or “dry country,” so some translations translate the meaning. But most translations transliterate the Hebrew name (as **Negev** or “Negeb”) as they do with other names in the Bible. Alternate translation: “south toward the Negev Wilderness” or “southward until they reached the Southern Wilderness”
12:10	glm2			וַ⁠יְהִ֥י	1	This clause gives the setting for the rest of the sentence. Translate this in a way that is natural in your language.
12:10	eik8			רָעָ֖ב	1	A **famine** is a prolonged period of time when people are starving because crops are failing, often due to a lack of rain or other severe weather conditions. Alternate translation: “a serious lack of food” or “a hungry time when food was very scarce”
12:10	wayf			בָּ⁠אָ֑רֶץ	1	 Alternate translation: “in that area,” or “in the Negev Desert,”
12:10	rz12			וַ⁠יֵּ֨רֶד אַבְרָ֤ם	1	This phrase refers to the fact that Egypt is lower in elevation than Canaan (verse 5). It is also located southwest of Canaan. Alternate translation: “so Abram and his family traveled southwest” or “so Abram and his family moved further south”
12:10	ipz4			מִצְרַ֨יְמָ⁠ה֙	1	 Alternate translation: “to the land of Egypt”
12:10	kyr1			לָ⁠ג֣וּר שָׁ֔ם	1	 Alternate translation: “to live there for a while”
12:10	vqpl			כִּֽי כָבֵ֥ד הָ⁠רָעָ֖ב	1	 Alternate translation: “because the food shortage was very severe”
12:10	vjke		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	בָּ⁠אָֽרֶץ	1	For some languages it may be more natural to put this clause near the beginning of this verse and say, “Then/Now there was a famine in that land/region that was so heavy/severe/bad that Abram and his family left there and went down to the land/country of Egypt to live for a while.” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “in that land” or “in the Negev Desert so they could not survive there.”
12:11	aosr			וַ⁠יְהִ֕י כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֥ר הִקְרִ֖יב לָ⁠ב֣וֹא מִצְרָ֑יְמָ⁠ה	1	 Alternate translation: “As they approached Egypt,”
12:11	v1kk			וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר֙ אֶל־שָׂרַ֣י אִשְׁתּ֔⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “he told his wife Sarai,”
12:11	phg5			הִנֵּה נָ֣א	1	 Alternate translation: “Listen please,” or “Please listen to this:”
12:11	ajhq			יָדַ֔עְתִּי כִּ֛י אִשָּׁ֥ה יְפַת מַרְאֶ֖ה אָֽתְּ	1	 Alternate translation: “I know that you are a very beautiful woman.”
12:12	x50x		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result	וְ⁠הָיָ֗ה כִּֽי	1	Consider whether it is better in your language to begin this sentence with or without a conjunction (**So**). Alternate translation: “So when”
12:12	jv43			הַ⁠מִּצְרִ֔ים	1	 Alternate translation: “the people of Egypt”
12:12	cqnx			יִרְא֤וּ אֹתָ⁠ךְ֙	1	 Alternate translation: “notice you with me,”
12:12	semy		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations	וְ⁠אָמְר֖וּ אִשְׁתּ֣⁠וֹ זֹ֑את	1	Consider whether it is better in your language to translate this embedded quote as a direct or indirect quote. Alternate translation: “they will know that you are my wife,”
12:12	sw31			וְ⁠הָרְג֥וּ אֹתִ֖⁠י וְ⁠אֹתָ֥⁠ךְ יְחַיּֽוּ	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “Then they will kill me but let you live so that they can have you.”
12:13	t2hf			אִמְרִי נָ֖א	1	 Alternate translation: “So please tell them”
12:13	erv1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations	אֲחֹ֣תִ⁠י אָ֑תְּ	1	Consider whether an indirect quote or direct quote is best here in your language.
12:13	p2h5			לְמַ֨עַן֙ יִֽיטַב לִ֣⁠י	1	 Alternate translation: “so that I will be treated well” or “so that people will treat me well”
12:13	kbgh			וְ⁠חָיְתָ֥ה נַפְשִׁ֖⁠י בִּ⁠גְלָלֵֽ⁠ךְ	1	For some languages it is not natural to include the phrase **because of you** here, because it repeats the same idea as **for your sake** in the previous clause. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “and my life will be spared by them.” or “and they will spare my life.” or “and they will let me live.”
12:14	ajxi		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	כְּ⁠ב֥וֹא אַבְרָ֖ם מִצְרָ֑יְמָ⁠ה	1	Although Abram is in focus here, your translation should not sound like he was traveling alone. Alternate translation: “When Abram and his family entered the land of Egypt,”
12:14	s2xw			וַ⁠יִּרְא֤וּ הַ⁠מִּצְרִים֙	1	 Alternate translation: “the Egyptian people saw” or “the people living there saw”
12:14	g5l2			אֶת־הָ֣⁠אִשָּׁ֔ה כִּֽי־יָפָ֥ה הִ֖וא מְאֹֽד	1	 Alternate translation: “that the woman with him was indeed very beautiful.” or “that Sarai was indeed very beautiful.”
12:15	twfq		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	וַ⁠יִּרְא֤וּ אֹתָ⁠הּ֙ שָׂרֵ֣י פַרְעֹ֔ה	1	The term **officials** is general and refers to leaders or rulers who were under Pharaoh and served him. Also, the term **Pharaoh** is an Egyptian title that refers to the king or ruler over Egypt. However, in the Old Testament, it is treated as a name (that frequently occurs with the title “king of Egypt”), so translators often transliterate **Pharaoh** (which is how other names in the Bible are normally treated). Some languages require an honorific title with the names of kings, for example, “King Pharaoh”. Decide how you will handle this in your translation. Alternate translation: “Some of the officers who ruled under the Egyptian king spotted her, so” or “When some officials of Pharaoh the king of Egypt saw her,”
12:15	oubs		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יְהַֽלְל֥וּ אֹתָ֖⁠הּ אֶל פַּרְעֹ֑ה	1	 Alternate translation: “they told him how beautiful she was,”
12:15	vbhr		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	וַ⁠תֻּקַּ֥ח הָ⁠אִשָּׁ֖ה	1	Consider what is the best way to translate this passive clause in your language. Also consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “and she was brought” or “So he had them bring Sarai”
12:15	hq0q			בֵּ֥ית פַּרְעֹֽה	1	 Alternate translation: “into his palace to be one of his wives.”
12:16	xuh3			וּ⁠לְ⁠אַבְרָ֥ם הֵיטִ֖יב בַּ⁠עֲבוּרָ֑⁠הּ	1	 Alternate translation: “Then Pharaoh treated Abram well because of her”
12:16	wjdj		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַֽ⁠יְהִי ל֤⁠וֹ	1	Make sure it is clear in your translation who is being referred to here. Also consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “and Abram acquired from him” or “and he gave him” or “He gave Abram”
12:16	k8w6			צֹאן וּ⁠בָקָר֙	1	 Alternate translation: “flocks of sheep and herds of cattle,”
12:16	wvny			וַ⁠חֲמֹרִ֔ים וַ⁠עֲבָדִים֙ וּ⁠שְׁפָחֹ֔ת וַ⁠אֲתֹנֹ֖ת	1	 Alternate translation: “as well as men and women servants, and male and female donkeys,”
12:16	r8kj		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	וּ⁠גְמַלִּֽים	1	If camels are not known in your language area, you could include a picture of a camel in your translation. You could also describe it in the text or in a footnote. Alternate translation: “and larger load-bearing animals called camels.”
12:17	dn17		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-honorifics	וַ⁠יְנַגַּ֨ע יְהוָ֧ה אֶת פַּרְעֹ֛ה & וְ⁠אֶת בֵּית֑⁠וֹ	1	See how you translated **Pharaoh** in verse 15. You could translate it differently in different contexts. Do what is clear and natural in your language in each context. Alternate translation: “Then Yahweh struck the king and the people in his household” or “Then Yahweh caused King Pharaoh and the people in his household to get very sick”
12:17	edr0			נְגָעִ֥ים גְּדֹלִ֖ים	1	 Alternate translation: “with severe diseases”
12:17	s1no		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	עַל דְּבַ֥ר שָׂרַ֖י אֵ֥שֶׁת אַבְרָֽם	1	For many languages it is clearer and more natural to put this clause first in this verse and say, “But since King Pharaoh had taken Abram’s wife Sarai, Yahweh afflicted the king and his family with severe illnesses.” Do what is best in your language
12:18	qiwz			וַ⁠יִּקְרָ֤א פַרְעֹה֙	1	 Alternate translation: “So King Pharaoh sent for Abram” or “Then Pharaoh summoned Abram before him” or “Then the king sent for Abram to come to him”
12:18	ru7l		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֕אמֶר	1	Make sure that the way you translate this quote margin fits with the way that you translate the following quote. Alternate translation: “and asked him,”
12:18	xd4w		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	מַה זֹּ֖את עָשִׂ֣יתָ לִּ֑⁠י	1	Pharaoh uses rhetorical questions in verses 18 and 19 to express his anger at what Abram had done; he does not expect Abram to answer him. Some languages must use statements or exclamations here instead. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “Why have you treated me so badly?”
12:18	yw65		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	לָ֚⁠מָּה לֹא הִגַּ֣דְתָּ לִּ֔⁠י כִּ֥י אִשְׁתְּ⁠ךָ֖ הִֽוא	1	 Alternate translation: “You should have informed me that she is your wife!”
12:19	o893		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	לָ⁠מָ֤ה אָמַ֨רְתָּ֙ אֲחֹ֣תִ⁠י הִ֔וא	1	Pharaoh uses this rhetorical question to scold Abram and express his anger at him. Consider what is the best way to do that in your language. Also consider whether it is better in your language to translate this embedded quote as a direct or indirect quote. Alternate translation: “Why did you say that she is your sister,” or “You should not have pretended that she is your sister,”
12:19	xl4b		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result	וָ⁠אֶקַּ֥ח אֹתָ֛⁠הּ לִ֖⁠י לְ⁠אִשָּׁ֑ה	1	For some languages it is clearer and more natural to begin a new sentence here. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “so that I chose her to be a wife!” or “I believed you and took her to be my wife!”
12:19	dqec			וְ⁠עַתָּ֕ה	1	 Alternate translation: “Now therefore,”
12:19	zn5o			הִנֵּ֥ה אִשְׁתְּ⁠ךָ֖	1	 Alternate translation: “here is your wife back.”
12:20	hloj			וַ⁠יְצַ֥ו & פַּרְעֹ֖ה	1	Consider again how you translated **Pharaoh** in verses 15-18, 20. It may be helpful to read this section aloud to make sure it is clear and natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Then King Pharaoh gave orders to” or “Then the Egyptian king ordered” or “Then the king of Egypt ordered”
12:20	cnsk			אֲנָשִׁ֑ים	1	 Alternate translation: “some of his men”
12:20	caru		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	עָלָ֛י⁠ו	1	Throughout this verse, make sure it is clear in your translation who is being referred to. Alternate translation: “about him”
12:20	ynrv		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result	וַֽ⁠יְשַׁלְּח֥וּ אֹת֛⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “so they forced him to leave their country,” or “so they expelled him from Egypt,”
12:20	hplb			וְ⁠אֶת כָּל אֲשֶׁר לֽ⁠וֹ	1	This included Abram’s slaves, animals, and everything else that he owned. Alternate translation: “and all that he had” or “all his possessions.”
13:1	dcd5			וַ⁠יַּעַל֩ אַבְרָ֨ם מִ⁠מִּצְרַ֜יִם	1	The Negev Wilderness (or Desert) is northeast in direction from Egypt and is higher in elevation. Compare how you translated “down” in Gen 12:10 when Abram traveled in the opposite direction. Alternate translation: “So Abram went northeast from the country of Egypt,” or “Then Abram left the land of Egypt,”
13:1	x9jp			ה֠וּא וְ⁠אִשְׁתּ֧⁠וֹ	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “taking with him his wife”
13:1	er79			וְ⁠כָל אֲשֶׁר ל֛⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “and everything that he had,”
13:1	g46k			וְ⁠ל֥וֹט עִמּ֖⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “as well as his nephew Lot,” or “and his nephew Lot went with him”
13:1	hcbz		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	הַ⁠נֶּֽגְבָּ⁠ה	1	For many languages it is more natural to put this phrase earlier in this verse and say, “Then Abram went up from Egypt and traveled back to the Negev Wilderness/Desert, along with his wife and everything that belonged to him. His nephew Lot also went with them.” Do what is best in your language. Also see how you translated **Negev** in Gen 12:9, and see the note about that there. Alternate translation: “and they all went back to the Negev Desert.”
13:2	zhuu		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background	וְ⁠אַבְרָ֖ם	1	Consider what is the best way in your language to introduce this background information about Abram. Alternate translation: “Now” or “By this time Abram”
13:2	t3k3			כָּבֵ֣ד מְאֹ֑ד	1	 Alternate translation: “had become very wealthy”
13:2	k7fc			בַּ⁠מִּקְנֶ֕ה	1	The term **livestock** includes all kinds of domestic animals, such as cattle, sheep, goats, camels and donkeys. Alternate translation: “with many livestock”
13:2	sedh			בַּ⁠כֶּ֖סֶף וּ⁠בַ⁠זָּהָֽב	1	In this context, “silver and gold” includes the metals themselves as well as objects made out of the metals, but not coins (since coins did not exist at that time). See how you translated **gold** in Gen 2:11-12.
13:3	seap			מִ⁠נֶּ֖גֶב	1	See how you translated **the Negev** in verse 1. Alternate translation: “From the Southern Desert”
13:3	ph3d		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וַ⁠יֵּ֨לֶךְ֙ לְ⁠מַסָּעָ֔י⁠ו	1	Abram represents his whole family here, and it is assumed that they are traveling with him. Consider whether or not you need to make them explicit in your language. Alternate translation: “Abram and his family moved from place to place northward” or “Abram and his family continued traveling northward”
13:3	rt3n			וְ⁠עַד בֵּֽית אֵ֑ל	1	 Alternate translation: “until he came to the town of Bethel,”
13:3	yj2g			עַד הַ⁠מָּק֗וֹם אֲשֶׁר הָ֨יָה שָׁ֤ם אָֽהֳלוֹ֙	1	 Alternate translation: “to the site where they had camped in tents” or “where he had pitched his tents”
13:3	nnuh			בַּ⁠תְּחִלָּ֔ה	1	 Alternate translation: “previously,” or “the first time he was there,”
13:3	moa2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	בֵּ֥ין בֵּֽית אֵ֖ל וּ⁠בֵ֥ין הָ⁠עָֽי	1	For some languages it may be clearer or more natural to put this phrase earlier in the sentence and say, “Then from the Negev Desert Abram and his family continued traveling northward until they came to the place between the towns of Bethel and Ai where they had camped in tents before.” Do what is best in your language. Also, be consistent here with how you spelled **Bethel** and **Ai** in Gen 12:8.
13:4	jmqv			אֶל מְקוֹם֙ הַ⁠מִּזְבֵּ֔חַ אֲשֶׁר עָ֥שָׂה שָׁ֖ם בָּ⁠רִאשֹׁנָ֑ה	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Also see how you translated **altar** in Gen 8:20 and 12:7-8. Alternate translation: “to the same site where he had made an altar before” or “That is the same site where he had first made an altar,”
13:4	tq1g		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וַ⁠יִּקְרָ֥א שָׁ֛ם אַבְרָ֖ם בְּ⁠שֵׁ֥ם יְהוָֽה	1	See how you translated **called on the name of Yahweh** in Gen 12:8. Alternate translation: “There again Abram sacrificed animals on that altar and addressed Yahweh by his name as he praised him.” or “So Abram again used that altar there and praised Yahweh by name.” or “… praised Yahweh.”
13:5	mqte		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background	וְ⁠גַם לְ⁠ל֔וֹט הַ⁠הֹלֵ֖ךְ אֶת אַבְרָ֑ם הָיָ֥ה	1	The word **Now** introduces more background information for the new episode. For some languages it is more natural to leave **Now** implied and just use a paragraph break. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “Lot was traveling with his uncle Abram, and he and his family also had”
13:5	r7v1			צֹאן וּ⁠בָקָ֖ר	1	See how you translated this phrase in Gen 12:16. Alternate translation: “flocks of sheep and goats and herds of cattle”
13:5	q7sx			וְ⁠אֹהָלִֽים	1	 Alternate translation: “and many tents.”
13:6	zhy2			וְ⁠לֹא־נָשָׂ֥א אֹתָ֛⁠ם הָ⁠אָ֖רֶץ	1	 Alternate translation: “As a result, there was not enough land to provide them all with enough food and water” or “In fact, there was not enough land to provide enough food and water for both families and their animals”
13:6	a3n3			לָ⁠שֶׁ֣בֶת יַחְדָּ֑ו	1	 Alternate translation: “if they lived near each other,” or “if they lived in the same region,”
13:6	qa7c			כִּֽי הָיָ֤ה רְכוּשָׁ⁠ם֙ רָ֔ב	1	The phrase **their possessions** especially refers to their livestock, which required much land to graze on and much water to drink, and probably also includes their many servants. Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “because their belongings were so abundant that” or “because they owned so many servants and livestock that” or “They each owned so many servants and livestock that”
13:6	nfu1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	וְ⁠לֹ֥א יָֽכְל֖וּ לָ⁠שֶׁ֥בֶת יַחְדָּֽו	1	See how you translated a similar phrase earlier in this verse. For some languages it may be clearer or more natural to change the order of the clauses in this sentence and say, “In fact, they each/both owned so many servants and livestock/animals that they could not live in the same area. There was not enough land to provide/produce the amount of food and water that they all needed.” Do what is best in your language. Also see how you translated **stayed together** earlier in this verse. Alternate translation: “they could not all live near each other.” or “it was not possible for them to all live in the same area”
13:7	wfy2			וַֽ⁠יְהִי	1	 Alternate translation: “In fact,”
13:7	qb77			וַֽ⁠יְהִי רִ֗יב	1	The Hebrew word for **strife** is general in meaning and can include arguing and fighting. Some languages have an idiom for this that fits well here. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “there was arguing” or “quarreling erupted”
13:7	jdu4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	בֵּ֚ין רֹעֵ֣י מִקְנֵֽה אַבְרָ֔ם וּ⁠בֵ֖ין רֹעֵ֣י מִקְנֵה ל֑וֹט	1	For some languages it may be clearer and more natural to change the order of the clauses in this sentence and say, “Then the men who were taking care of Abram’s livestock and the men who were taking care of Lot’s livestock started to argue with each other.” Do what is best in your language.
13:7	hvu9			וְ⁠הַֽ⁠כְּנַעֲנִי֙	1	 Alternate translation: “Adding to that problem was the fact that”
13:7	syk1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	וְ⁠הַֽ⁠כְּנַעֲנִי֙ וְ⁠הַ⁠פְּרִזִּ֔י	1	See how you translated the names of people groups in Gen 10, and see how you translated **the Canaanites** in Gen 12:6. Alternate translation: “the Canaanite people and the Perizzite people” or “the descendants of Canaan and Perez”
13:7	xsuz			יֹשֵׁ֥ב בָּ⁠אָֽרֶץ	1	 Alternate translation: “were also living in the area”
13:7	eq3i		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	אָ֖ז	1	For some languages it is more natural to put this time phrase earlier in the sentence and say, “… at that time the Canaanites …” Do what is best in your language.
13:8	wne5			וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר אַבְרָ֜ם אֶל ל֗וֹט	1	 Alternate translation: “Then one day Abram said to Lot,”
13:8	d1gl			אַל נָ֨א תְהִ֤י	1	 Alternate translation: “Please, we should not allow” or “We need to do something so that there is not any”
13:8	xank			מְרִיבָה֙	1	See how you translated **strife** in verse 7. Alternate translation: “arguing”
13:8	kz66			בֵּינִ֣⁠י וּ⁠בֵינֶ֔י⁠ךָ	1	 Alternate translation: “between you and me,” or “between us,”
13:8	a1pw			וּ⁠בֵ֥ין רֹעַ֖⁠י וּ⁠בֵ֣ין רֹעֶ֑י⁠ךָ	1	See how you translated **herdsmen** in verse 7. Alternate translation: “or between the men tending my livestock and the men tending your livestock,” or “or between our herdsmen,”
13:8	d9nl		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	כִּֽי אֲנָשִׁ֥ים אַחִ֖ים אֲנָֽחְנוּ	1	Abram and Lot were close relatives, not actual brothers. Also, for some languages it may be better to put this clause earlier in this verse and say, “Please, since we are close relatives, we need to do something so that you and I and our herdsmen will not argue.” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “because we are men who are also relatives.” or “because we are close relatives.”
13:9	sm7c		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	הֲ⁠לֹ֤א כָל הָ⁠אָ֨רֶץ֙ לְ⁠פָנֶ֔י⁠ךָ	1	Abram is using a rhetorical question to emphasize his point. He does not expect an answer from Lot. If that is not clear, you can translate this as a statement. Alternate translation: “You can choose to live anywhere in this entire land.”
13:9	ad9o		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-politeness	הִפָּ֥רֶד נָ֖א מֵ⁠עָלָ֑⁠י	1	Make sure it is clear in your translation of verse 9 that Abram is being kind to Lot, not mean or rude.
13:9	oj9a			אִם הַ⁠שְּׂמֹ֣אל	1	 Alternate translation: “if you decide to live in the land to our left,”
13:9	fva4			וְ⁠אֵימִ֔נָה	1	 Alternate translation: “then I will choose the land to the right,” or “then I will live in the land to our right,”
13:9	dd7y			וְ⁠אִם הַ⁠יָּמִ֖ין	1	For some languages, it may be more natural to begin a new sentence here. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “Or if you decide to live in the land to our right,”
13:9	m1ka			וְ⁠אַשְׂמְאִֽילָה	1	 Alternate translation: “then I will choose the land to the left.” or “then I will live in the land to our left.”
13:10	ksqi		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idioms	וַ⁠יִּשָּׂא־ל֣וֹט אֶת־עֵינָ֗י⁠ו	1	 Alternate translation: “So Lot looked all around” or “Lot looked around carefully”
13:10	cuw3			וַ⁠יַּרְא֙ אֶת־כָּל־כִּכַּ֣ר הַ⁠יַּרְדֵּ֔ן כִּ֥י כֻלָּ֖⁠הּ & בֹּאֲ⁠כָ֖ה צֹֽעַר	1	The Jordan Plain is the wide, flat valley where the Jordan River flows between the Sea of Galilee and the Dead Sea. Alternate translation: “and he observed that the whole Jordan River Valley, all the way to the town of Zoar,”
13:10	pwsa			מַשְׁקֶ֑ה	1	 Alternate translation: “had a lot of water,”
13:10	r14f			כְּ⁠גַן יְהוָה֙	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Also see how you translated **garden** in Gen 3:23-24. This phrase refers to the Garden of Eden. You could put that information in a footnote.
13:10	mtls			כְּ⁠אֶ֣רֶץ מִצְרַ֔יִם	1	 Alternate translation: “and like the country of Egypt,”
13:10	k9y5			לִ⁠פְנֵ֣י שַׁחֵ֣ת יְהוָ֗ה אֶת סְדֹם֙ וְ⁠אֶת עֲמֹרָ֔ה	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here.
13:11	oyxz			וַ⁠יִּבְחַר ל֣⁠וֹ ל֗וֹט אֵ֚ת כָּל כִּכַּ֣ר הַ⁠יַּרְדֵּ֔ן	1	See how you translated **plain of the Jordan** in verse 10. Alternate translation: “Then Lot chose the whole Jordan River Plain for himself,” or “Then Lot decided to live in the valley that surrounded the Jordan River,”
13:11	w8ng		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יִּסַּ֥ע ל֖וֹט	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Also consider whether it is better in your language to use Lot’s name or a pronoun to refer to him here. Alternate translation: “and he moved” or “Then Lot left Abram and moved”
13:11	re87			מִ⁠קֶּ֑דֶם	1	The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “to/toward the east to live there” or “eastward” or (2) “from the east”
13:11	h78o		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יִּפָּ֣רְד֔וּ אִ֖ישׁ מֵ⁠עַ֥ל אָחִֽי⁠ו	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Also consider what is the best way to refer to Abram and Lot at this point in the paragraph. Alternate translation: “So in this way they lived separately from each other.” or “That is how Abram and Lot ended up living in separate places.”
13:12	eqvk			אַבְרָ֖ם יָשַׁ֣ב	1	 Alternate translation: “Abram settled where he was” or “Abram continued to live”
13:12	yax4			בְּ⁠אֶֽרֶץ כְּנָ֑עַן	1	 Alternate translation: “in that part of the land of Canaan,”
13:12	k2oi			וְ⁠ל֗וֹט יָשַׁב֙	1	 Alternate translation: “but Lot lived”
13:12	f9os		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	בְּ⁠עָרֵ֣י הַ⁠כִּכָּ֔ר	1	As Lot traveled, he probably lived in several different cities in the Jordan River Valley until he eventually settled in the city of Sodom (Gen 14:12). Alternate translation: “in another part of the land in the cities of the Jordan River valley” or “in another part of the land in the cities in the valley surrounding the Jordan River”
13:12	tu8e			וַ⁠יֶּאֱהַ֖ל עַד	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “He eventually pitched his tents in” or “and eventually moved his tents near”
13:12	j59c			סְדֹֽם	1	 Alternate translation: “the city of Sodom and settled there.”
13:13	qquc		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	וְ⁠אַנְשֵׁ֣י סְדֹ֔ם	1	The conjunction “Now/But” introduces background information that builds suspense for what happens to the people of Sodom later in Genesis (chapters 18-19). Consider what is the best way to begin this verse in your language. Also, this phrase probably has a general meaning here that includes all the people of Sodom, especially the men.
13:13	ussh			רָעִ֖ים & מְאֹֽד	1	 Alternate translation: “were very evil”
13:13	a8b1			וְ⁠חַטָּאִ֑ים לַ⁠יהוָ֖ה	1	Some translations treat the phrase **wicked and sinful** as a hendiadys that means “wicked sinners”, but it is best to keep the two parts of this phrase separate (like the Hebrew text does) to emphasize the people’s evil character and behavior. Alternate translation: “were terrible sinners against Yahweh.” or “were always rebelling against Yahweh.”
13:14	grqj		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-politeness	שָׂ֣א נָ֤א עֵינֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙	1	See how you translated the idiom “lift … eyes” in verse 10. The Hebrew word for **please** is used to show politeness when making a proposal or to soften a command. It can also be translated “now” or omitted, depending on the context. Your translation here should not sound like God is begging. Alternate translation: “Look around now”
13:14	pmid		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	מִן הַ⁠מָּק֖וֹם אֲשֶׁר אַתָּ֣ה	1	For some languages it is more natural to put this phrase first in this quote and say, “From where you are standing, look all around you. Look …” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “from where you are standing,”
13:14	ipow			וּ⁠רְאֵ֔ה	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here.
13:14	tlr6			צָפֹ֥נָ⁠ה וָ⁠נֶ֖גְבָּ⁠ה וָ⁠קֵ֥דְמָ⁠ה וָ⁠יָֽמָּ⁠ה	1	See how you translated “east” and “west” in Gen 12:8. Alternate translation: “to the north, south, east, and west,” or “in all directions: north, south, east, and west,” or “around you in every direction,”
13:15	u6rx			כִּ֧י אֶת כָּל הָ⁠אָ֛רֶץ אֲשֶׁר אַתָּ֥ה רֹאֶ֖ה	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “All that land, as far as you can see,”
13:15	arvu			לְ⁠ךָ֣ אֶתְּנֶ֑⁠נָּה וּֽ⁠לְ⁠זַרְעֲ⁠ךָ֖	1	See how you translated **offspring** in Gen 12:7.
13:15	dcfi			עַד עוֹלָֽם	1	 Alternate translation: “to possess forever.”
13:16	psm1			וְ⁠שַׂמְתִּ֥י אֶֽת זַרְעֲ⁠ךָ֖	1	 Alternate translation: “Besides that, I will also cause your descendants to be” or “In fact, I will also give you so many offspring that they will be”
13:16	h6lr			כַּ⁠עֲפַ֣ר הָ⁠אָ֑רֶץ	1	See how you translated “dust/dirt” in Gen 3:19. Alternate translation: “as numerous as the specks of dirt on the earth,”
13:16	rtyn		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-contrary	אֲשֶׁ֣ר אִם יוּכַ֣ל אִ֗ישׁ לִ⁠מְנוֹת֙	1	The Hebrew text has a contrary-to-fact clause here which implies that it is impossible for anyone to count all the specks of dust. Consider what is the best way to communicate that in your language. Alternate translation: “Just as it is impossible to count” or “Just as no one is able to count”
13:16	it85			אֶת־עֲפַ֣ר הָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ	1	For some languages it is not natural to repeat “of/on the earth” here. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “all the dirt specks” or “how many specks of dirt there are,”
13:16	tjyw		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	גַּֽם זַרְעֲ⁠ךָ֖ יִמָּנֶֽה	1	For some languages it may be clearer or more natural to change the order of the last two clauses and say, “No one will be able to count how many offspring/descendants you have, just as no one can count how many specks/particles of dust/dirt there are.” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “so it will be impossible to count all your offspring because they will be so numerous.” or “no one will be able to count how many descendants you have.”
13:17	hsbz			ק֚וּם הִתְהַלֵּ֣ךְ	1	The phrase “get up” may imply that Abram was sitting down, but it probably just means that God is telling him to start walking through the land. Alternate translation: “Now go walk”
13:17	vbbt			בָּ⁠אָ֔רֶץ	1	 Alternate translation: “throughout the land in all directions,”
13:17	hdl5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism	לְ⁠אָרְכָּ֖⁠הּ וּ⁠לְ⁠רָחְבָּ֑⁠הּ	1	The phrase “its length … its width” also includes all the area of land in between. Consider what is the best way to translate this merism in your language. Also consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “including its length and its width, and look it over,” or “Walk throughout the entire land and look it over,”
13:17	j72c			כִּ֥י לְ⁠ךָ֖ אֶתְּנֶֽ⁠נָּה	1	In the Hebrew text, the phrase **to you** is before the verb to emphasize Abram. In your translation, communicate this emphasis in a way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “because you are the one I am giving it to.”
13:18	evru			וַ⁠יֶּאֱהַ֣ל אַבְרָ֗ם	1	Abram obeyed God, but we do not know if he did everything that God commanded in verse 17 before he moved his tents near Hebron (verse 18), or if moving his tents was the first step in obeying what God told him to do. It is best to keep this general in your translation (as the Hebrew text does). Also see how you translated the phrase **moved his tents** in verse 12. Alternate translation: “Then Abram did what Yahweh commanded and moved his tents” or “Abram obeyed Yahweh and relocated his tents”
13:18	uf3q			וַ⁠יָּבֹ֛א וַ⁠יֵּ֛שֶׁב	1	 Alternate translation: “and went to live”
13:18	rny9			בְּ⁠אֵלֹנֵ֥י מַמְרֵ֖א	1	See how you translated **terebinth** in Gen 12:6. Alternate translation: “near the terebinth trees on the land owned by a man named Mamre,”
13:18	hx7g			וַ⁠יִּֽבֶן שָׁ֥ם מִזְבֵּ֖חַ	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. See how you translated this phrase in Gen 12:7-8.
13:18	ikf8			לַֽ⁠יהוָֽה	1	See how you translated this phrase in Gen 12:7 and how you translated a similar phrase in Gen 8:20 and 12:8. Alternate translation: “and offered sacrifices on it to thank and worship Yahweh.”
14:1	vbzr			וַ⁠יְהִ֗י בִּ⁠ימֵי֙	1	 Alternate translation: “Then it happened that during the time when”
14:1	rxaj		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-keyterms	אַמְרָפֶ֣ל מֶֽלֶךְ	1	The term **king** refers to the highest ruler or leader over a kingdom, which at that time was often just a city, a small region or a people group. Translate this with the best word for that in your language. Also see how you translated **Shinar** in Gen 10:10; 11:2. Alternate translation: “Amraphel was the ruler over” or “King Amraphel was ruling”
14:1	x729			שִׁנְעָ֔ר	1	 Alternate translation: “the region of Shinar,”
14:1	abfg			אַרְי֖וֹךְ מֶ֣לֶךְ	1	It is not known whether Ellasar was the name of a city or the name of a kingdom that had one or more cities. Alternate translation: “Arioch was the ruler over” or “King Arioch was ruling”
14:1	lxcz			אֶלָּסָ֑ר	1	 Alternate translation: “the kingdom of Ellasar,”
14:1	b13t		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	כְּדָרְלָעֹ֨מֶר֙ מֶ֣לֶךְ	1	In Hebrew this king’s name is pronounced **Kedorlaomer**. However in many translations it is spelled “Chedorlaomer”. Be consistent with your choice throughout this chapter. Also, **Elam** refers to the land where the descendants of Shem’s son Elam lived (Gen 10:22). Alternate translation: “Kedorlaomer was the ruler over” or “King Kedorlaomer was ruling”
14:1	wi37			עֵילָ֔ם	1	 Alternate translation: “the land of the Elamites,”
14:1	ygbq		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	וְ⁠תִדְעָ֖ל מֶ֥לֶךְ	1	Most translation teams transliterate the name “Goyim” (as they do other names in the Bible). Some translations translate its meaning and say, “the nations/peoples.” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “and Tidal was the ruler over” or “and King Tidal was ruling”
14:1	sjfe		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	גּוֹיִֽם	1	Most translation teams transliterate the name “Goyim” (as they do other names in the Bible). Some translations translate its meaning and say “the nations/peoples”. Do what is best in your language.
14:2	htro			עָשׂ֣וּ מִלְחָמָ֗ה אֶת־	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here, which depends on how you translated verse 1. Alternate translation: “those four kings became allies and made war” or “those four kings joined forces and went to war”
14:2	lshe			בֶּ֨רַע֙ מֶ֣לֶךְ	1	 Alternate translation: “Bera who was the ruler over” or “King Bera who was ruling”
14:2	nskg			וְ⁠אֶת בִּרְשַׁ֖ע מֶ֣לֶךְ	1	 Alternate translation: “Birsha who was the ruler over” or “King Birsha who was ruling”
14:2	c762			שִׁנְאָ֣ב מֶ֣לֶךְ	1	 Alternate translation: “Shinab who was the ruler over” or “King Shinab who was ruling”
14:2	wqsq			וְ⁠שֶׁמְאֵ֨בֶר֙ מֶ֣לֶךְ	1	 Alternate translation: “Shemeber who was the ruler over” or “King Shemeber who was ruling”
14:2	l0c9			וּ⁠מֶ֥לֶךְ	1	 Alternate translation: “and the ruler over” or “and the ruler who was ruling”
14:2	yl85		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	הִיא צֹֽעַר	1	This town is first mentioned in Gen 13:10, but it was not actually named Zoar until later (Gen 19:22). You may want to put that information in a footnote. Alternate translation: “which is now called Zoar.” or “which was later called Zoar.” or “that is, Zoar.”
14:3	lfo8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	כָּל אֵ֨לֶּה֙	1	Consider whether it is necessary to make it explicit in your translation that **these** refers to the five kings just mentioned in verse 2. Alternate translation: “These five kings all”
14:3	ju1b			חָֽבְר֔וּ	1	 Alternate translation: “combined their forces as partners and fought against the four kings”
14:3	v7c6			ה֖וּא יָ֥ם הַ⁠מֶּֽלַח	1	The Hebrew word for “sea/ocean” can also refer to a large lake. The Salt Sea, also known as the Dead Sea, is about 31 miles (50 kilometers) long and 9 miles (15 kilometers) wide. Use a term in your language for a body of water that size. Alternate translation: “which later became the Salt Sea.”
14:4	n2ht		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background	שְׁתֵּ֤ים עֶשְׂרֵה֙ שָׁנָ֔ה	1	This paragraph (verses 4-9) is a flashback that tells the events that led up to the war (verses 1-3). Consider what is the best way in your language to introduce this background information. Alternate translation: “This is what happened: For twelve years” or “This is why they were fighting: During twelve years”
14:4	iqc8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	עָבְד֖וּ	1	Consider what is the best way in your language to refer to the five kings (listed in verse 2) at this point in the paragraph. Alternate translation: “the five kings had paid taxes to” or “the five kings had been subject to” or “they had been ruled by”
14:4	cdq3			אֶת כְּדָרְלָעֹ֑מֶר	1	Be consistent here with how you spelled this name in verse 1. Alternate translation: “King Kedorlaomer”
14:4	ng6n			וּ⁠שְׁלֹשׁ עֶשְׂרֵ֥ה שָׁנָ֖ה	1	 Alternate translation: “but sometime in the thirteenth year”
14:4	hmdh			מָרָֽדוּ	1	 Alternate translation: “they started to revolt against him.”
14:5	qae4			וּ⁠בְ⁠אַרְבַּע֩ עֶשְׂרֵ֨ה שָׁנָ֜ה	1	 Alternate translation: “Then sometime in the fourteenth year,”
14:5	nqz7			כְדָרְלָעֹ֗מֶר	1	 Alternate translation: “King Kedorlaomer”
14:5	yglc			אֲשֶׁ֣ר אִתּ֔⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “who were allied with him” or “who were his partners”
14:5	oirx		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	בָּ֣א	1	Verses 5-7 list enemies of King Kedorlaomer that are in addition to the five kings mentioned in verses 2-4. Consider whether or not to make it explicit in your translation here that they were fighting all their enemies. Alternate translation: “combined their armies and went to fight against all their enemies”
14:5	cg83		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וַ⁠יַּכּ֤וּ	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “First, they conquered”
14:5	vtcv		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	אֶת רְפָאִים֙	1	See how you translated the names of people groups in Gen 10:4, 13-18, and see the note about that at 10:4. Alternate translation: “the Repha people”
14:5	fviv			וְ⁠אֶת הַ⁠זּוּזִ֖ים	1	 Alternate translation: “and the Zuzites” or “and the Zuz people”
14:5	wbtc			הָֽ⁠אֵימִ֔ים	1	 Alternate translation: “the Em people”
14:6	zg2n			וְ⁠אֶת הַ⁠חֹרִ֖י	1	 Alternate translation: “and the Hor people”
14:6	f5cg			בְּ⁠הַרְרָ֣⁠ם שֵׂעִ֑יר	1	 Alternate translation: “who lived in the hill country of the region of Seir” or “who lived in the Seir Hills”
14:6	b5lx			אֲשֶׁ֖ר עַל	1	 Alternate translation: “which is located beside” or “which is on the edge of”
14:6	pbqs			הַ⁠מִּדְבָּֽר	1	A wilderness is a dry, rocky area where few plants grow and few people live. See how you translated “wilderness/desert” in Gen 12:9 and 13:1, 3 (if you made that explicit in those verses). Alternate translation: “a desert.”
14:7	rugw			וַ֠⁠יָּשֻׁבוּ	1	 Alternate translation: “Next the four kings and their armies”
14:7	cwo4			וַ֠⁠יָּשֻׁבוּ	1	 Alternate translation: “started to return home”
14:7	wbrw			הִ֣וא קָדֵ֔שׁ	1	See how you translated a similar phrase in verse 2. Alternate translation: “which is now called Kadesh,” or “which was later called Kadesh,” or “that is, Kadesh,”
14:7	v4ak			וַ⁠יַּכּ֕וּ	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “They defeated”
14:7	wufy			אֶֽת כָּל שְׂדֵ֖ה הָ⁠עֲמָלֵקִ֑י	1	 Alternate translation: “the whole area where the Amalekites lived” or “… where the Amalek people group lived”
14:7	p33f			וְ⁠גַם֙ אֶת הָ֣⁠אֱמֹרִ֔י	1	Be consistent here with how you translated **Amorites** in Gen 10:16. Alternate translation: “as well as the Amor people group,”
14:8	txjr		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases	וַ⁠יֵּצֵ֨א	1	Verse 8 is talking about the same battle that is mentioned in verse 2, except it leaves out the names of the kings. Make sure in your translation that it does not sound like a different battle.
14:8	irbp			מֶֽלֶךְ סְדֹ֜ם וּ⁠מֶ֣לֶךְ עֲמֹרָ֗ה וּ⁠מֶ֤לֶךְ אַדְמָה֙ וּ⁠מֶ֣לֶךְ צְבוֹיִ֔ם וּ⁠מֶ֥לֶךְ בֶּ֖לַע	1	Be consistent in verse 8 with how you spelled the names of these cities in verse 2 and in Gen 10:19. Alternate translation: “the kings over the cities of Sodom, Gomorrah, Admah, and Bela,”
14:8	or65			הִוא צֹ֑עַר	1	See how you translated this phrase in verse 2. Alternate translation: “which is now called Zoar,” or “that is, Zoar,”
14:8	e103			וַ⁠יֵּצֵ֨א	1	 Alternate translation: “went out with their armies”
14:8	djq8			בְּ⁠עֵ֖מֶק הַ⁠שִּׂדִּֽים	1	See how you translated this phrase in verse 3.
14:8	g78j			וַ⁠יַּֽעַרְכ֤וּ אִתָּ⁠ם֙ מִלְחָמָ֔ה	1	The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “and assembled/prepared/positioned themselves for battle” or “and got ready to fight” or (2) “and joined/united together in battle”
14:9	daj4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	אֵ֣ת כְּדָרְלָעֹ֜מֶר מֶ֣לֶךְ	1	The same kings (and the places they ruled) that are listed here in verse 9 are listed in verse 1, but in a different order. Be consistent here with how you spelled the names there. Alternate translation: “against Kedorlaomer who was the ruler over” or “against King Kedorlaomer who was ruling”
14:9	g6fo			עֵילָ֗ם	1	 Alternate translation: “the region of Elam,”
14:9	tgaj			וְ⁠תִדְעָל֙ מֶ֣לֶךְ	1	 Alternate translation: “Tidal who was the ruler over” or “King Tidal who was ruling”
14:9	izhi			גּוֹיִ֔ם	1	Be consistent here with how you translated this people group name in verse 1. Alternate translation: “the Goyim people,”
14:9	w2fr			וְ⁠אַמְרָפֶל֙ מֶ֣לֶךְ	1	 Alternate translation: “Amraphel who was the ruler over” or “King Amraphel who was ruling”
14:9	nnvk			שִׁנְעָ֔ר	1	 Alternate translation: “the region of Shinar,”
14:9	oj0f			וְ⁠אַרְי֖וֹךְ מֶ֣לֶךְ	1	 Alternate translation: “and Arioch who was the ruler over” or “and King Arioch who was ruling”
14:9	gwis			אֶלָּסָ֑ר	1	 Alternate translation: “the city of Ellasar,”
14:9	jqlu			אַרְבָּעָ֥ה מְלָכִ֖ים אֶת	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “It was four kings who started fighting against” or “Then those four kings attacked”
14:9	ea8b		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	הַ⁠חֲמִשָּֽׁה	1	It is implied in verse 10 that the four kings had started defeating the five kings. If that is not clear, you could make that explicit here.
14:10	n67g		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background	וְ⁠עֵ֣מֶק הַ⁠שִׂדִּ֗ים בֶּֽאֱרֹ֤ת בֶּאֱרֹת֙ חֵמָ֔ר	1	The word **Now** indicates a change of topic and introduces background information. For some languages it is more natural to omit that word and just use a paragraph break. Do what is best in your language. Also be consistent here with how you translated **the Valley of Siddim** in verses 3 and 8, and how you translated **tar** in Gen 11:3. Alternate translation: “The Siddim Valley was full of tar pits,” or “There were many tar pits in the Siddim Valley,”
14:10	p8kh		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וַ⁠יָּנֻ֛סוּ מֶֽלֶךְ סְדֹ֥ם וַ⁠עֲמֹרָ֖ה	1	It is assumed here that the kings were accompanied by their armies. If that is not understood, you could make that explicit in your translation. Also, consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “As the kings of the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah and their armies were running away from the battle,”
14:10	wym8			וַ⁠יִּפְּלוּ שָׁ֑מָּ⁠ה	1	The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “they died there in the tar pits.” or “some of their soldiers/men were killed there in the tar pits.” or “they fell into the tar pits and died.” or (2) “jumped into the tar pits to hide.” Notice that the king of Sodom is still alive in verse 17, so the pronoun **they** probably does not include him here, depending on how you translate **fell there**.
14:10	v2gs			וְ⁠הַ⁠נִּשְׁאָרִ֖ים	1	The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “while/but those who were left” or “Those who escaped” or (2) “But the other three kings and their armies/soldiers”. Consider whether it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here or to continue the previous sentence.
14:10	wjyr			נָּֽסוּ	1	See how you translated **fled** earlier in this verse.
14:10	d4wa			הֶ֥רָ⁠ה	1	See how you translated **hill country** in verse 6. Alternate translation: “to the hills to hide.”
14:11	yt9q		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ֠⁠יִּקְחוּ	1	Consider what is the best way in your language to refer to the four kings at this point in the paragraph. Alternate translation: “Then the four kings took by force”
14:11	vxuv		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	אֶת כָּל רְכֻ֨שׁ סְדֹ֧ם וַ⁠עֲמֹרָ֛ה	1	The phrase **Sodom and Gomorrah** refers here to the people who lived in those cities. Consider what is the best way to refer to those people here in your language. Alternate translation: “all the possessions from the people of the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah”
14:11	wi6p			וְ⁠אֶת כָּל אָכְלָ֖⁠ם	1	 Alternate translation: “even all their food,” or “as well as all their food,”
14:11	j1m7			וַ⁠יֵּלֵֽכוּ	1	 Alternate translation: “and left with it all.” or “and carried it all away with them.” or “and went on their way.”
14:12	nyoh			וַ⁠יִּקְח֨וּ	1	 Alternate translation: “They also took with them” or “They also carried away” or “The four kings also captured”
14:12	z7z0		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	וְ⁠ה֥וּא יֹשֵׁ֖ב בִּ⁠סְדֹֽם	1	For some languages it may be more clearer or more natural to put this phrase first in this sentence and say, “Since Abram’s nephew Lot was also living in the city of Sodom, the four kings took/captured him too, along with his possessions.”
14:13	rmjy			וַ⁠יָּבֹא֙ הַ⁠פָּלִ֔יט	1	 Alternate translation: “Then someone from Sodom escaped from the battle and came”
14:13	tz4r			וַ⁠יַּגֵּ֖ד לְ⁠אַבְרָ֣ם הָ⁠עִבְרִ֑י	1	The Hebrew people are the descendants of Abram (Abraham), and they were named after his ancestor Eber, who was Shem’s great grandson (Genesis 11:10-26). Some of this information could be put in a footnote.
14:13	b6mh		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background	וְ⁠הוּא֩	1	This phrase introduces background information about Abram as part of the setting for what happens next. Consider what is the best way to communicate that in your language. Alternate translation: “Now at that time he” or “At that time he”
14:13	ebfw			שֹׁכֵ֨ן בְּ⁠אֵֽלֹנֵ֜י מַמְרֵ֣א	1	See how you translated this clause in Gen 13:18. Alternate translation: “was still living by the oak trees that were owned by Mamre” or “was still living by the oak trees on the land owned by Mamre”
14:13	p3v8			הָ⁠אֱמֹרִ֗י	1	See how you translated “Amorites” in verse 7. Alternate translation: “who was a member of the Amorite people group”
14:13	crpr			אֲחִ֤י אֶשְׁכֹּל֙ וַ⁠אֲחִ֣י עָנֵ֔ר	1	 Alternate translation: “whose brothers were Eshcol and Aner”
14:13	tqk2			וְ⁠הֵ֖ם	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here.
14:13	u9mn			בַּעֲלֵ֥י בְרִית אַבְרָֽם	1	 Alternate translation: “had made a covenant with Abram to be his allies.” or “and Abram had made a pact together that they would help each other against their enemies.”
14:14	hnqu			וַ⁠יִּשְׁמַ֣ע אַבְרָ֔ם	1	 Alternate translation: “When Abram found out”
14:14	bkqj		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	כִּ֥י נִשְׁבָּ֖ה אָחִ֑י⁠ו	1	Consider what is the best way to translate this passive clause in your language. Alternate translation: “that his nephew Lot had been captured,”
14:14	r50d			וַ⁠יָּ֨רֶק	1	 Alternate translation: “he called together for battle” or “he summoned for battle.”
14:14	j9ie			אֶת חֲנִיכָ֜י⁠ו יְלִידֵ֣י בֵית֗⁠וֹ שְׁמֹנָ֤ה עָשָׂר֙ וּ⁠שְׁלֹ֣שׁ מֵא֔וֹת	1	It is clear from verse 15 that these men were Abram’s servants. Alternate translation: “318 of the servants who had been born in his household and were trained warriors” or “318 of his servants born in his household whom he had trained to fight”
14:14	uxi9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וַ⁠יִּרְדֹּ֖ף	1	In this sentence the pronoun **he** refers to Abram and all those who had united with him as his allies. Alternate translation: “Then he and his men and his allies went after the invaders” or “Then together with his allies they all pursued the four kings and their armies”
14:14	vvdg			עַד	1	 Alternate translation: “until they caught up with them at”
14:15	ktaz			וַ⁠יֵּחָלֵ֨ק עֲלֵי⁠הֶ֧ם לַ֛יְלָה ה֥וּא וַ⁠עֲבָדָ֖י⁠ו	1	 Alternate translation: “Then during the night he and his servants divided into groups, surprise attacked the four kings and their soldiers,”
14:15	chrk		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וַ⁠יַּכֵּ֑⁠ם	1	 Alternate translation: “and routed them”
14:15	xc61			וַֽ⁠יִּרְדְּפֵ⁠ם֙	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “Then they went after them”
14:15	yboz			עַד חוֹבָ֔ה	1	 Alternate translation: “all the way to the town of Hobah,”
14:16	wc8z			וַ⁠יָּ֕שֶׁב	1	 Alternate translation: “As a result, he got back” or “He recovered”
14:16	oopx			וְ⁠גַם֩ & הֵשִׁ֔יב	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “He also got back” or “He also recovered”
14:16	d9o8			וּ⁠רְכֻשׁ⁠וֹ֙	1	 Alternate translation: “and all his belongings,”
14:17	mqhb			וַ⁠יֵּצֵ֣א מֶֽלֶךְ סְדֹם֮	1	 Alternate translation: “Then the king over the city of Sodom”
14:17	ykht		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go	וַ⁠יֵּצֵ֣א מֶֽלֶךְ־סְדֹם֮	1	Consider whether **came** or “went” is more natural here in your language. Alternate translation: “Then the king over the city of Sodom went out”
14:17	ra44		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	לִ⁠קְרָאת⁠וֹ֒	1	 Alternate translation: “to greet him” or “and welcomed Abram”
14:17	icwx			אֶל עֵ֣מֶק שָׁוֵ֔ה	1	 Alternate translation: “in the Shaveh Valley,”
14:17	c2vk			אַחֲרֵ֣י שׁוּב֗⁠וֹ	1	When Abram reached the Shaveh Valley, he was still about 20 miles (30 kilometers) north of his home, which was near the city of Hebron (Gen 13:18). Alternate translation: “as he was returning home” or “as he was going back home”
14:17	oq8s		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	מֵֽ⁠הַכּוֹת֙	1	See how you translated “struck” in verse 15. Alternate translation: “after defeating” or “after he defeated”
14:17	luxv			אֶת כְּדָרלָעֹ֔מֶר	1	Be consistent here with how you spelled this name previously in this chapter; see verses 1, 4-5, 9, 17. Alternate translation: “King Kedorlaomer and his army”
14:17	wbxl			וְ⁠אֶת הַ⁠מְּלָכִ֖ים	1	 Alternate translation: “and the armies of the other three kings”
14:17	c1g6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	אֲשֶׁ֣ר אִתּ֑⁠וֹ	1	For some languages it may be better to put the clauses of this verse in the order that the events actually happened. For example you could say, “After Abram defeated King Kedorlaomer/Chedorlaomer and the other three kings who were Kedorlaomer’s/Chedorlaomer’s allies, he started to return home. When Abram reached the Shaveh Valley, that is, the King’s Valley, the king over the city of Sodom came/went there and greeted/welcomed him.” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “who had joined themselves with Kedorlaomer”
14:18	x5qz			וּ⁠מַלְכִּי צֶ֨דֶק֙ מֶ֣לֶךְ שָׁלֵ֔ם	1	Salem is the short name for the city of Jerusalem (See: Psalm 76:2). The Shaveh Valley, where Melchizedek met Abram, was located just east of Jerusalem. You could put some of that information in a footnote. Alternate translation: “Then Melchizedek who was the king over the city of Salem also went there, and he”
14:18	zo6c			הוֹצִ֖יא לֶ֣חֶם וָ⁠יָ֑יִן	1	It is not known whether Melchizedek brought out a large amount of bread and wine to feed Abram and his men, or if he brought out just enough for him and Abram to share, possibly as part of establishing a covenant between them. The first alternate above would work for either meaning. See how you translated **wine** in Gen 9:21, 24. Alternate translation: “brought (some) bread and wine for them to eat and drink.” or “brought some bread and wine for Abram and his men to eat and drink.”
14:18	ojgm			וְ⁠ה֥וּא	1	 Alternate translation: “He was also”
14:18	vl2w		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms	כֹהֵ֖ן	1	A priest is someone who represents people to God, and who represents God to the people. He leads the people in praying, worship, making sacrifices, ceremonies, and festivals. Alternate translation: “a priest for”
14:18	lwz3			לְ⁠אֵ֥ל עֶלְיֽוֹן	1	 Alternate translation: “the most high God.” or “the highest God.” or “God who is higher than all other gods.”
14:19	z3jb		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms	וַֽ⁠יְבָרְכֵ֖⁠הוּ	1	Make sure your translation of “blessed … and said” refers to the same event, not two separate events. Also see how you translated “bless” in Gen 12:2-3. Alternate translation: “He blessed Abram” or “So Melchizedek blessed Abram”
14:19	t0au			בָּר֤וּךְ אַבְרָם֙	1	 Alternate translation: “I pray that you Abram will be blessed”
14:19	qqks		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	לְ⁠אֵ֣ל עֶלְי֔וֹן	1	See how you translated this title in verse 18. For some languages it may be better to switch the order of phrases in this sentence and say, “May the greatest God, who owns heaven and earth, bless Abram/you.” or “I pray that the most high/powerful God, who created heaven and earth, will bless you Abram.” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “by the most high God,” or “by the highest God,”
14:19	cnzx			קֹנֵ֖ה שָׁמַ֥יִם וָ⁠אָֽרֶץ	1	The Hebrew word for **Possessor** also means “Creator,” which is used in many translations. Whichever one you do not use in the text you could put in a footnote. Alternate translation: “who is the Owner of heaven and earth.” or “who created heaven and earth.”
14:20	qi3k			וּ⁠בָרוּךְ֙	1	See how you translated “Praised be” in Gen 9:26. Alternate translation: “Give praise to” or “Let everyone praise”
14:20	bnw8			אֵ֣ל עֶלְי֔וֹן	1	See how you translated this phrase in verses 18-19. Alternate translation: “the most high God,” or “the highest God,”
14:20	bx1d		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	אֲשֶׁר מִגֵּ֥ן צָרֶ֖י⁠ךָ בְּ⁠יָדֶ֑⁠ךָ	1	The phrase “delivered … into your hand” is an idiom. Consider whether your language has a similar idiom that fits well here. Alternate translation: “because he gave you victory over your enemies!”
14:20	kq14		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יִּתֶּן ל֥⁠וֹ	1	Make sure it is clear in your translation who is being referred to here.
14:20	dxmy			מַעֲשֵׂ֖ר	1	 Alternate translation: “one-tenth”
14:20	yh95			מִ⁠כֹּֽל	1	This phrase refers to the belongings of the people of Sodom that Abram had recovered from the kings who stole them. Alternate translation: “of everything that he had captured in the battle.” or “of all the plunder he had brought back from the battle.”
14:21	u3e7			וַ⁠יֹּ֥אמֶר מֶֽלֶךְ סְדֹ֖ם אֶל־אַבְרָ֑ם	1	 Alternate translation: “Then the king of Sodom requested of Abram,” or “After that, the king over the city of Sodom urged Abram,”
14:21	kges		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-politeness	תֶּן לִ֣⁠י	1	Make sure in your translation that the king of Sodom’s request to Abram sounds polite, not rude or demanding. Alternate translation: “Please give to me”
14:21	pmak			הַ⁠נֶּ֔פֶשׁ	1	 Alternate translation: “my people whom you saved,” or “the people from Sodom whom you rescued,”
14:21	yqi3			וְ⁠הָ⁠רְכֻ֖שׁ קַֽח לָֽ⁠ךְ	1	See how you translated **possessions** in verses 11-12,16. Alternate translation: “but the plunder you may keep for yourself.” or “but take for yourself the belongings that you recovered.”
14:22	n9df		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יֹּ֥אמֶר אַבְרָ֖ם אֶל מֶ֣לֶךְ סְדֹ֑ם	1	Consider what is the best way in your language to refer to Abram and to the king of Sodom at this point in their conversation. Alternate translation: “But he replied to him,”
14:22	mra6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction	הֲרִימֹ֨תִי יָדִ֤⁠י אֶל יְהוָה֙	1	It was the custom that when a person made an oath, he raised his hand as an appeal to God to witness his oath and to hold him accountable and punish him if he were to break his oath. If this would not be clear to your readers, you could explain the significance of this action in the text or in a footnote. Alternate translation: “As a witness to this oath, I call on Yahweh”
14:22	km6h		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-oathformula	הֲרִימֹ֨תִי יָדִ֤⁠י אֶל יְהוָה֙	1	The phrase **I raise my hand to Yahweh** begins an oath formula. Use a natural way in your language to express an oath. Alternate translation: “I pledge before Yahweh”
14:22	j9qr			אֵ֣ל עֶלְי֔וֹן	1	See how you translated this phrase in verses 18-20. Alternate translation: “who is the highest God”
14:22	v040			קֹנֵ֖ה שָׁמַ֥יִם וָ⁠אָֽרֶץ	1	See how you translated this phrase in verse 19. Alternate translation: “and the Owner of heaven and earth,” or “and the One who created heaven and earth,”
14:23	xn0s		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	אִם־מִ⁠חוּט֙ וְ⁠עַ֣ד שְׂרֽוֹךְ־נַ֔עַל	1	 Abram is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from later in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “if I take anything from a thread to the strap of a sandal”
14:23	vzf5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	אִם־מִ⁠חוּט֙ וְ⁠עַ֣ד שְׂרֽוֹךְ־נַ֔עַל וְ⁠אִם־אֶקַּ֖ח מִ⁠כָּל־אֲשֶׁר־לָ֑⁠ךְ	1	According to custom, Abram is leaving out the part of his oath that tells what Yahweh will do to him if he does the things that he mentions in his oath. Because of the power of spoken words, people left that part to be understood silently. You could supply these words if it would be clearer and not offensive in your language. Alternate translation: “if from a thread even to the strap of a sandal, or I take from anything that {belongs} to you, may Yahweh punish me severely” or “…may Yahweh strike me dead”
14:23	lbqa		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole	מִ⁠חוּט֙ וְ⁠עַ֣ד שְׂרֽוֹךְ נַ֔עַל	1	 Abram is mentioning things that are so small and insignificant that no one would want them in order to make the point that he doesn't want anything from the king of Sodom. Alternate translation: “even a thread or the strap from a sandal,” or “even something as small as a piece of string or a sandal strap”
14:23	wb28		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	וְ⁠אִם אֶקַּ֖ח מִ⁠כָּל	1	This clause emphasizes Abram’s point by repeating the meaning of the previous phrase in different words. Consider what is the best way to emphasize a point in your language. Also, consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “No I will not keep anything”
14:23	ah9p		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	אֲשֶׁר לָ֑⁠ךְ	1	For some languages, it may be clearer and more natural to put this phrase earlier in this verse and say, “that I will not keep/accept anything that belongs to you or your people, not even something as small as a piece of thread/string or the strap from a sandal.” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “that belongs to you or your people,”
14:23	hns6			וְ⁠לֹ֣א תֹאמַ֔ר	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here.
14:23	xhbz		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes	אֲנִ֖י הֶעֱשַׁ֥רְתִּי אֶת אַבְרָֽם	1	The Hebrew pronoun that refers here to the king of Sodom is emphatic. Consider what is the best way to communicate that emphasis in your language. Also consider whether it is better in your language to translate this embedded quote as a direct or indirect quote. Alternate translation: “I am the one who made Abram wealthy!”
14:24	kk1m		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-exceptions	בִּלְעָדַ֗⁠י רַ֚ק	1	Consider what is the best way in your language to translate this exception sentence. Alternate translation: “So I will not keep anything, except” or “So I will only accept”
14:24	kaz7			אֲשֶׁ֣ר אָֽכְל֣וּ הַ⁠נְּעָרִ֔ים	1	These young men were Abram’s trained servants or warriors who are mentioned in verses 14-15. Alternate translation: “what my servants who fought with me have eaten” or “what my men ate”
14:24	pp7i			וְ⁠חֵ֨לֶק֙ הָֽ⁠אֲנָשִׁ֔ים אֲשֶׁ֥ר הָלְכ֖וּ אִתִּ֑⁠י עָנֵר֙ אֶשְׁכֹּ֣ל וּ⁠מַמְרֵ֔א	1	 Alternate translation: “and the share of the plunder that Aner, Eshcol, and Mamre deserve for being my allies” or “and what Aner, Eshcol, and Mamre deserve for helping me in the battle.”
14:24	h54m		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-politeness	הֵ֖ם יִקְח֥וּ	1	Abram is being polite, but make sure in your translation that he does not sound like he is begging, especially since he is a mighty warrior. Alternate translation: “Please let them take” or “Please give them”
14:24	umi6			חֶלְקָֽ⁠ם	1	 Alternate translation: “their share of the plunder.” or “their part of what we recovered.”
15:1	gh9e			אַחַ֣ר הַ⁠דְּבָרִ֣ים הָ⁠אֵ֗לֶּה	1	 Alternate translation: “After those events happened,”
15:1	uy8x		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms	הָיָ֤ה דְבַר יְהוָה֙ אֶל אַבְרָ֔ם בַּֽ⁠מַּחֲזֶ֖ה לֵ⁠אמֹ֑ר	1	A vision is a supernatural experience that a person has while he is awake, so the way you translate this term should be different from the way you translate “dream” (since people have dreams while asleep). Make sure your translation of this clause does not sound like what Abram saw was unreal; what he saw and heard actually happened. Alternate translation: “Yahweh appeared to Abram visually and said to him,”
15:1	a97c		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	אָנֹכִי֙ מָגֵ֣ן לָ֔⁠ךְ	1	God is like a shield to Abram since he protects him. Consider what is the best way to translate this metaphor in your language. Alternate translation: “I am your shield” or “I protect you like a shield,” or “I will shield you,”
15:1	dbve			שְׂכָרְ⁠ךָ֖ הַרְבֵּ֥ה מְאֹֽד	1	The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “and your reward from me will be very great.” or “and I will give you a very great/valuable reward/gift.” (2) “and I am your very great/valuable reward.” The context (verse 2) shows that the first interpretation is what Abram understood God to be saying.
15:2	vwfv		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר אַבְרָ֗ם	1	The way you translate this quote margin may depend on how you translate the following rhetorical question. Alternate translation: “Then Abram said to him,” or “Then Abram asked him,”
15:2	n8qe		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms	אֲדֹנָ֤⁠י יֱהוִה֙	1	The phrase **My Lord** means that Yahweh owns Abram and has complete authority over him, just as a master (at that time) had complete authority over his servant. Alternate translation: “My Master Yahweh,” or “Yahweh my Lord”
15:2	ep5f		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	מַה תִּתֶּן לִ֔⁠י	1	Abram uses this rhetorical question to show that he is lamenting that he has no children. Make sure in your translation that he does not sound rude. Alternate translation: “what reward can you give to me that would benefit me,” or “even if you reward me greatly, that will not help me,”
15:2	ifre			וְ⁠אָנֹכִ֖י הוֹלֵ֣ךְ עֲרִירִ֑י	1	 Alternate translation: “since I remain childless”
15:2	dltw		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וּ⁠בֶן מֶ֣שֶׁק	1	The phrase **son of the inheritance** is used here as an idiom that means “inheritor” or “heir”; it does not refer to an actual son. Consider whether or not your language has a similar idiom. Also consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “so that after I die, the heir of” or “So when I die, the one who will own”
15:2	gn01		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	בֵּיתִ֔⁠י	1	This phrase refers here to all Abram’s belongings. Alternate translation: “my estate” or “all that I own”
15:2	nc22		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	דַּמֶּ֥שֶׂק אֱלִיעֶֽזֶר	1	In the Hebrew text, Abram emphasizes the fact that Eliezer was from Damascus, which means he was a foreigner from a foreign city, not a blood relative. Consider what is the best way to communicate that in your language. Also, be consistent here with how you translated “the city of Damascus” in Gen 14:15. Alternate translation: “is my foreign servant Eliezer from Damascus”
15:3	jv86		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר אַבְרָ֔ם	1	Some languages omit these words, because the same speaker is still speaking to the same audience. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “Then he added,”
15:3	im0k			הֵ֣ן	1	Some translations omit this phrase to prevent Abram from sounding rude. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “Look”
15:3	o4j4			לִ֔⁠י לֹ֥א נָתַ֖תָּה זָ֑רַע	1	In the Hebrew text **to me** is before **you have not given** to emphasize Abram. Do what is natural in your language.
15:3	w212			וְ⁠הִנֵּ֥ה	1	 Alternate translation: “so that now after I die,”
15:3	zvm0			בֶן בֵּיתִ֖⁠י	1	 Alternate translation: “a servant from my household”
15:3	ojds			יוֹרֵ֥שׁ אֹתִֽ⁠י	1	 Alternate translation: “will be my heir!” or “will get everything I own!”
15:4	nsoi			וְ⁠הִנֵּ֨ה	1	 Alternate translation: “Immediately”
15:4	os3q		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	דְבַר יְהוָ֤ה אֵלָי⁠ו֙ לֵ⁠אמֹ֔ר	1	See how you translated this idiom in verse 1. It may be necessary to translate it differently here because of the different context. Alternate translation: “Yahweh said to him”
15:4	mxfc			זֶ֑ה	1	 Alternate translation: “No, that man”
15:4	lns8			לֹ֥א יִֽירָשְׁ⁠ךָ֖ & כִּי אִם֙	1	 Alternate translation: “will not get your estate rather”
15:4	o38q		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-Idiom	אֲשֶׁ֣ר יֵצֵ֣א מִ⁠מֵּעֶ֔י⁠ךָ ה֖וּא	1	The phrase **comes from your bowels** is an idiom that refers to fathering a child. Make sure your translation of this clause does not imply that Abram would give birth to a son. Alternate translation: “a son whom you father”
15:4	hr4c			יִֽירָשֶֽׁ⁠ךָ	1	 Alternate translation: “will own your estate” or “will own it.”
15:5	ww36		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יּוֹצֵ֨א אֹת֜⁠וֹ	1	Consider what is the best way in your language to refer to Yahweh and Abram at this point in the paragraph. Alternate translation: “Then Yahweh led Abram”
15:5	gdld		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	הַ⁠ח֗וּצָ⁠ה	1	Abram was probably inside a tent, not inside a house. But if possible, it is best to leave this implied in a translation (as the Hebrew text does).
15:5	vwsk			הַבֶּט נָ֣א	1	See how you translated “please” in Gen 13:14. Make sure your translation does not sound like God is begging. Alternate translation: “Now look up”
15:5	zhiv			הַ⁠שָּׁמַ֗יְמָ⁠ה	1	 Alternate translation: “into the heavens” or “into the night sky”
15:5	i9uf		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-contrary	וּ⁠סְפֹר֙ הַ⁠כּ֣וֹכָבִ֔ים אִם תּוּכַ֖ל לִ⁠סְפֹּ֣ר אֹתָ֑⁠ם	1	God’s point here is that there are so many stars that no one could ever count that high. He is not questioning Abram’s ability to count. Consider what is the best way to translate this contrary-to-fact statement in your language. Alternate translation: “and try to count how many stars there are, if in fact, anyone could possibly count all of them.” or “There are so many stars that no one could ever count them all.”
15:5	uudh		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר ל֔⁠וֹ	1	Throughout this chapter make sure it is clear in your translation who is speaking to whom. Always use pronouns and nouns in a way that is clear and natural in your language. Alternate translation: “While Abram was looking at the stars, Yahweh said to Abram,” or “So Abram looked up at the stars, and Yahweh continued speaking to him,”
15:5	fv94			כֹּ֥ה יִהְיֶ֖ה זַרְעֶֽ⁠ךָ	1	 Alternate translation: “That is how many your offspring will be.” or “That is how many offspring you will have.”
15:6	obq6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וְ⁠הֶאֱמִ֖ן	1	Many translations omit the conjunction **And** here. Do what is best in your language. Also, make sure it is clear in your translation that Abram is the subject here, not Yahweh (who was the last subject in verse 5). Alternate translation: “He believed Yahweh,” or “He believed what Yahweh said,”
15:6	nhkm		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יַּחְשְׁבֶ֥⁠הָ לּ֖⁠וֹ צְדָקָֽה	1	Notice that Yahweh is now the subject again. Make sure it is clear in your translation who is speaking to whom here and throughout this section. Alternate translation: “and so Yahweh credited it to him as righteousness.” or “and because of that, Yahweh reckoned Abram to be righteous.” or “so Yahweh considered Abram to have a right relationship with him.”
15:7	il2v			וַ⁠יֹּ֖אמֶר אֵלָ֑י⁠ו	1	 Alternate translation: “Then Yahweh said to Abram,”
15:7	jwqc		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go	אֲנִ֣י יְהוָ֗ה אֲשֶׁ֤ר הוֹצֵאתִ֨י⁠ךָ֙ מֵ⁠א֣וּר	1	 Alternate translation: “I am Yahweh who led you here from the city of Ur”
15:7	j8wd			כַּשְׂדִּ֔ים	1	See how you translated “Ur of the Kasdim/Chaldeans” in Gen 11:28, 31, and see the note about that there. Alternate translation: “which is ruled by the Kasdim” or “that the Kasdim rule” or “where the Kasdim live”
15:7	g9jd			לְ⁠רִשְׁתָּֽ⁠הּ	1	 Alternate translation: “as your homeland.” or “to be your own”
15:8	vtol		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יֹּאמַ֑ר	1	Make sure it is clear in your translation that Abram is the one speaking here, not Yahweh. Alternate translation: “Then Abram said to him,” or “But he asked him,”
15:8	yj8m			אֲדֹנָ֣⁠י יֱהוִ֔ה	1	See how you translated this phrase in verse 2. Alternate translation: “My Master Yahweh,” or “Yahweh my Lord”
15:8	i68u			בַּ⁠מָּ֥ה אֵדַ֖ע	1	 Alternate translation: “how can I know for sure” or “how will I be sure”
15:8	auft			כִּ֥י אִֽירָשֶֽׁ⁠נָּה	1	 Alternate translation: “that I will possess this territory?”
15:9	m3dc			וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר אֵלָ֗י⁠ו	1	 Alternate translation: “Yahweh said to him”
15:9	uh33			עֶגְלָ֣ה מְשֻׁלֶּ֔שֶׁת	1	 Alternate translation: “a cow that is three years old,”
15:9	zo9s			וְ⁠עֵ֥ז מְשֻׁלֶּ֖שֶׁת	1	 Alternate translation: “a female goat that is three years old,”
15:9	x5l7			וְ⁠אַ֣יִל מְשֻׁלָּ֑שׁ	1	For some languages it may be more natural to shorten this list of animals and say, “Bring to me a young cow, a female goat, and a male sheep, each of which is three years old,” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “and a male sheep that is three years old”
15:9	h03l		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	וְ⁠תֹ֖ר וְ⁠גוֹזָֽל	1	Turtledoves and pigeons are common, closely related birds that look similar and are often gray or grayish brown in color. One of the main differences is that turtledoves are smaller than pigeons. Compare how you translated “dove” in Gen 8:8. Alternate translation: “as well as a turtledove and a young pigeon.”
15:10	haes			וַ⁠יִּֽקַּֽח	1	It was nighttime in verse 5 when Abram looked at the stars. Now in verses 10-11 it was probably daytime, which is when birds of prey fly (verse 11). Then in verse 12 it became night again. Consider what is the best way to begin this verse in your translation. Alternate translation: “So the next day Abram took”
15:10	rm6l		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	ל֣⁠וֹ אֶת כָּל אֵ֗לֶּה	1	Some languages need to make explicit that Abram killed the animals first, before cutting them in half. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “all those animals to him and killed them.”
15:10	qlm4			בַּ⁠תָּ֔וֶךְ	1	Abram probably cut the animals down the middle lengthwise, which means that each half had one front leg, and one back leg. Alternate translation: “into two parts lengthwise”
15:10	zyln			וַ⁠יִּתֵּ֥ן אִישׁ־בִּתְר֖⁠וֹ לִ⁠קְרַ֣את רֵעֵ֑⁠הוּ	1	 Alternate translation: “and placed each half a short distance across from its other half in two rows,” or “and laid the right half of each animal across from its left half in two rows,”
15:10	g80e			וְ⁠אֶת הַ⁠צִפֹּ֖ר לֹ֥א בָתָֽר	1	See how you translated “cut … in two” earlier in verse 10. Alternate translation: “but he did not divide the bodies of the birds in two” or “except for the birds, which he did not cut in two”
15:11	dhk0			וַ⁠יֵּ֥רֶד הָ⁠עַ֖יִט	1	This phrase refers to large birds that eat dead animal meat. Examples of these birds include vultures, buzzards, condors, eagles, and crows. Alternate translation: “Then some birds of prey landed” or “Then some vultures swooped down and landed” or “Then some meat-eating birds”
15:11	p4wl			עַל־הַ⁠פְּגָרִ֑ים	1	 Alternate translation: “the dead animal parts to eat them,” or “the dead animals to eat them,”
15:11	xeat			וַ⁠יַּשֵּׁ֥ב אֹתָ֖⁠ם אַבְרָֽם	1	 Alternate translation: “but Abram scared them away.” or “but Abram made them go away.”
15:12	e39m			וַ⁠יְהִ֤י	1	This phrase adds suspense and makes the reader wonder what will happen next. Many translations leave it out, but if possible it is best to keep it in your translation. Alternate translation: “Then it happened that”
15:12	d33t			הַ⁠שֶּׁ֨מֶשׁ֙ לָ⁠ב֔וֹא	1	 Alternate translation: “when the sun was going down” or “as it was starting to become night”
15:12	l3t7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וְ⁠תַרְדֵּמָ֖ה נָפְלָ֣ה עַל אַבְרָ֑ם	1	See how you translated a similar idiom in Gen 2:21. Alternate translation: “Abram went into a sound sleep,” or “Abram went soundly asleep,”
15:12	f59z			וְ⁠הִנֵּ֥ה	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “Then suddenly,”
15:12	zuck		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	אֵימָ֛ה חֲשֵׁכָ֥ה גְדֹלָ֖ה נֹפֶ֥לֶת עָלָֽי⁠ו	1	 Alternate translation: “a great terrifying darkness came over him.” or “it became very dark, and he was terrified.”
15:13	y3qj		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר לְ⁠אַבְרָ֗ם	1	 Alternate translation: “Then Yahweh said to Abram”
15:13	dsdw			יָדֹ֨עַ תֵּדַ֜ע כִּי	1	 Alternate translation: “You can be sure that”
15:13	pj1f			זַרְעֲ⁠ךָ֗	1	See how you translated this phrase in verse 5.
15:13	wscw			גֵ֣ר יִהְיֶ֣ה	1	The word **strangers** refers to people who live temporarily in a city, country, or region, but they do not settle there permanently. Alternate translation: “will live as sojourners”
15:13	sd2n			לֹ֣א לָ⁠הֶ֔ם	1	 Alternate translation: “that is not their home”
15:13	d6oi		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠עֲבָד֖וּ⁠ם	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Also, make sure that your translation of these pronouns clearly communicates who is being referred to. Alternate translation: “They will serve the people in that land as slaves,” or “They will be slaves for the people who live in that land”
15:13	kntb		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וְ⁠עִנּ֣וּ אֹתָ֑⁠ם	1	Notice that here the pronoun **they** refers to the people who were living in the country where Abram’s descendants will be sojourning and **them** refers to Abram’s descendants. Make sure that is clear in your translation. Alternate translation: “and those people will oppress them” or “and those people will treat them badly”
15:13	hx9m		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	אַרְבַּ֥ע מֵא֖וֹת שָׁנָֽה	1	This phrase refers to how long Abram’s descendants would live in a land that is not theirs, not how long they would be oppressed, which was less than half of those 400 years. To make that clear in your translation, you could move this phrase earlier and say: “I want you to know that for 400 years your offspring/descendants will live in a land/country that is not their own, and the people of that country will oppress them.” Alternate translation: “for a period of 400 years.”
15:14	r32f			וְ⁠גַ֧ם	1	 Alternate translation: “And you can also be sure that”
15:14	kuy4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	אֶת הַ⁠גּ֛וֹי	1	 Alternate translation: “the people of that nation” or “the people”
15:14	tbec			אֲשֶׁ֥ר יַעֲבֹ֖דוּ	1	 Alternate translation: “whom they serve as slaves” or “who made them slaves”
15:14	dvzz		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	דָּ֣ן אָנֹ֑כִי	1	For some languages it is clearer or more natural to put this clause earlier in this sentence and say, “But I will also judge/punish the people of the nation that they serve”. Do what is natural in your language.
15:14	rxgp			וְ⁠אַחֲרֵי כֵ֥ן	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “Then”
15:14	bwpf			יֵצְא֖וּ	1	 Alternate translation: “your offspring will leave that land”
15:14	hshe			בִּ⁠רְכֻ֥שׁ גָּדֽוֹל	1	See how you translated **possessions** in Gen 14:16, 21. Alternate translation: “with many possessions.” or “with much wealth.” or “and take many riches with them.”
15:15	lnj7			וְ⁠אַתָּ֛ה	1	In the Hebrew text, the pronoun **you** is emphatic and has an emphatic position in the sentence (before the verb) to change the topic. Do what is clear and natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Now as for you,”
15:15	yeva		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism	תָּב֥וֹא אֶל אֲבֹתֶ֖י⁠ךָ בְּ⁠שָׁל֑וֹם	1	This clause is a euphemism that refers to Abram’s death. However, it is best to translate the clause as literally as possible, since it implies the important information that people are still alive after they have died on earth. Also, notice that the term **fathers** refers here to ancestors who have died, not those who are still alive on earth. Alternate translation: “you will be at peace when you die and join your forefathers who have gone before you”
15:15	wwh9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	תִּקָּבֵ֖ר בְּ⁠שֵׂיבָ֥ה טוֹבָֽה	1	This clause is a euphemism that refers to Abram’s death. Make sure in your translation that it does not sound like he will be buried alive. For some languages it may be more natural to change the order of this sentence and say, “after you have lived a good/blessed long life, you will die peacefully and join your ancestors who have died before you.” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “In fact, you will not die until you have lived a blessed, long life.” or “In fact, you will live a blessed, long life before you die.”
15:16	pycy			וְ⁠ד֥וֹר רְבִיעִ֖י	1	 Alternate translation: “Then after four generations have passed,”
15:16	vmew			יָשׁ֣וּבוּ הֵ֑נָּה	1	 Alternate translation: “your descendants will come back to this land and live here,”
15:16	jv0t		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	כִּ֧י לֹא שָׁלֵ֛ם עֲוֺ֥ן הָ⁠אֱמֹרִ֖י עַד הֵֽנָּה	1	God planned to give the Amorites’ land to Abram’s descendants because of the Amorites’ sin. Consider whether or not to include that implied information in your translation or in a footnote. Also, see how you translated the names of people groups in Gen 10:13-18. Alternate translation: “because that is when the Amorite people will have sinned as much as I will allow before I take away their land and give it to your descendants.” or “and I will give them the land of the Amor people, whose sin will have reached its limit by then.”
15:17	pz6x			וַ⁠יְהִ֤י	1	See how you translated this phrase in verse 12, and see the note about that there. Alternate translation: “Then it happened that”
15:17	epqp			הַ⁠שֶּׁ֨מֶשׁ֙ בָּ֔אָה	1	The sun had started to go down in verse 12. Here it had completely set. Alternate translation: “after the sun had gone down,” or “after the sun had set,”
15:17	s3qr			וַ⁠עֲלָטָ֖ה הָיָ֑ה	1	This Hebrew word for **darkness** implies that it was darker than normal, so that not even light from the moon and stars was visible. Alternate translation: “it was very dark”
15:17	gctf			וְ⁠הִנֵּ֨ה	1	For some languages it is better to begin a new sentence here. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “and suddenly,”
15:17	b7pu			וְ⁠לַפִּ֣יד אֵ֔שׁ	1	 Alternate translation: “and also a burning torch”
15:17	mf10			אֲשֶׁ֣ר עָבַ֔ר	1	 Alternate translation: “and they both passed”
15:17	rzj8			בֵּ֖ין הַ⁠גְּזָרִ֥ים הָ⁠אֵֽלֶּה	1	 Alternate translation: “between the two rows of animal parts”
15:18	trnn			בַּ⁠יּ֣וֹם הַ⁠ה֗וּא	1	It is still nighttime at this point (See: verse 17), so the word **day** refers generally here to a 24-hour day; it does not refer to daytime. Alternate translation: “On that very day”
15:18	fchr		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-Idiom	כָּרַ֧ת יְהוָ֛ה	1	 Alternate translation: “Yahweh established”
15:18	zmuv			אֶת אַבְרָ֖ם בְּרִ֣ית	1	See how you translated **covenant** in Gen 9:9, 11-13, 15-17. Alternate translation: “a peace covenant with Abram”
15:18	jufm		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	לֵ⁠אמֹ֑ר	1	 Alternate translation: “by saying,”
15:18	nifa		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	לְ⁠זַרְעֲ⁠ךָ֗ נָתַ֨תִּי֙ אֶת הָ⁠אָ֣רֶץ הַ⁠זֹּ֔את	1	In the Hebrew text “to your offspring/descendants” is first in this quote to emphasize Abram’s descendants. Do what is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I am giving your offspring this land,” or “I hereby give this land to your offspring”
15:18	g5es			מִ⁠נְּהַ֣ר מִצְרַ֔יִם	1	This phrase probably refers to the Wadi El-Arish (not the Nile River), which is on the border between Egypt and Israel. It is best in a translation to leave this general as the Hebrew text does.
15:18	wiap			עַד הַ⁠נָּהָ֥ר הַ⁠גָּדֹ֖ל נְהַר פְּרָֽת	1	 Alternate translation: “to the big Euphrates River in the north,”
15:19	dwlz			אֶת	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “including the land which is owned by” or “That is the land which belongs to”
15:19	ba00			אֶת הַ⁠קֵּינִי֙ וְ⁠אֶת הַ⁠קְּנִזִּ֔י וְ⁠אֵ֖ת הַ⁠קַּדְמֹנִֽי	1	In a list of people group names like this (verses 19-21), for some languages it is more natural to leave out **and** and **the** most of the time. Do what is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Kenites, Kenizzites, Kadmonites,”
15:20	t17t			וְ⁠אֶת הַ⁠חִתִּ֥י וְ⁠אֶת הַ⁠פְּרִזִּ֖י וְ⁠אֶת הָ⁠רְפָאִֽים	1	Be consistent here with how you translated **the Hittites** in Gen 10:15, **the Perizzites** in Gen 13:7, and “the Rephaim/Rephaites” in Gen 14:5. Alternate translation: “the Hittites, the Perizzites, the Rephaites,” or “Hittites, Perizzites, Rephaites,”
15:21	tiio			וְ⁠אֶת הָֽ⁠אֱמֹרִי֙ וְ⁠אֶת הַֽ⁠כְּנַעֲנִ֔י וְ⁠אֶת הַ⁠גִּרְגָּשִׁ֖י וְ⁠אֶת הַ⁠יְבוּסִֽי	1	Be consistent here with how you translated **the Amorites** in verse 18 and **Amorites**, **Canaanites**, **Girgashites**, and **Jebusites** in Gen 10:15-18. Alternate translation: “Amorites, Canaanites, Girgashites, and Jebusites.”
16:1	j5rh		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background	וְ⁠שָׂרַי֙ אֵ֣שֶׁת אַבְרָ֔ם	1	This verse begins a new topic and gives background information about Sarai. Some languages have a special conjunction for this. Other languages do not use a conjunction here. Do what is best in your language.
16:1	itjv			לֹ֥א יָלְדָ֖ה ל֑⁠וֹ	1	Sarai’s barrenness is first mentioned in Gen 11:30. Alternate translation: “still had not had any children for him,”
16:1	ck1v			וְ⁠לָ֛⁠הּ	1	 Alternate translation: “but she did have”
16:1	oni8			שִׁפְחָ֥ה מִצְרִ֖ית	1	See how you translated “female slaves/servants” in Gen 12:16. Alternate translation: “an Egyptian slave woman” or “a female slave from the country of Egypt”
16:1	gj9y			וּ⁠שְׁמָ֥⁠הּ הָגָֽר	1	 Alternate translation: “named Hagar.”
16:2	hcuf			וַ⁠תֹּ֨אמֶר שָׂרַ֜י אֶל אַבְרָ֗ם	1	 Alternate translation: “Then she told Abram,”
16:2	hjtg			הִנֵּה נָ֞א	1	See how you translated this phrase in Gen 12:11. Alternate translation: “Listen now:” or “Please listen to me”
16:2	l1km			עֲצָרַ֤⁠נִי יְהוָה֙ מִ⁠לֶּ֔דֶת	1	 Alternate translation: “Since Yahweh has not permitted me to bear any children,” or “As you know, Yahweh has not permitted me to bear any children, so”
16:2	pxu9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism	בֹּא נָא֙ אֶל	1	Consider whether it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here or to continue the previous sentence. Also, see how you translated the idiom “went to” in Gen 6:4. Alternate translation: “please sleep with” or “please have sexual relations with”
16:2	b34m			שִׁפְחָתִ֔⁠י	1	See how you translated **maidservant** in verse 1. Alternate translation: “my slave woman Hagar.”
16:2	u5c8			אוּלַ֥י	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “Maybe” or “so that perhaps”
16:2	mcq5			אִבָּנֶ֖ה מִמֶּ֑⁠נָּה	1	 Alternate translation: “I can build a family through her children.” or “she can have children for me so that I can build a family.”
16:2	klj2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	וַ⁠יִּשְׁמַ֥ע אַבְרָ֖ם לְ⁠ק֥וֹל שָׂרָֽי	1	 Alternate translation: “Abram agreed to do what she requested” or “So Abram listened to Sarai.”
16:3	kkb6			וַ⁠תִּקַּ֞ח שָׂרַ֣י אֵֽשֶׁת אַבְרָ֗ם	1	In the Hebrew text, the phrase “Abram’s wife” is repeated (in verses 1 and 3) to emphasize Sarai’s relationship to Abram in contrast to Hagar. For some languages it is overly redundant to repeat that phrase, and so they leave it implied here. However, if possible, it is best to keep this repetition in your translation. Alternate translation: “Then Sarai took”
16:3	hq9o			אֶת הָגָ֤ר הַ⁠מִּצְרִית֙ שִׁפְחָתָ֔⁠הּ	1	The word **Egyptian** is repeated (in verses 1 and 3) to emphasize the fact that Hagar was a foreigner. If possible, it is best to keep this repetition in your translation. Alternate translation: “her Egyptian servant woman Hagar,” or “her servant Hagar,”
16:3	c5qd			מִ⁠קֵּץ֙ עֶ֣שֶׂר שָׁנִ֔ים לְ⁠שֶׁ֥בֶת אַבְרָ֖ם בְּ⁠אֶ֣רֶץ כְּנָ֑עַן	1	 Alternate translation: “after Abram and Sarai had lived in the land of Canaan for ten years,”
16:3	usjt		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	וַ⁠תִּתֵּ֥ן אֹתָ֛⁠הּ לְ⁠אַבְרָ֥ם אִישָׁ֖⁠הּ ל֥⁠וֹ לְ⁠אִשָּֽׁה	1	For most languages it is clearer and more natural to change the order of the clauses in this verse and say, “So Abram’s wife Sarai gave her servant Hagar to her husband Abram to be his second wife. This/That happened after Abram and Sarai had lived in the land/region of Canaan for ten years.” Make sure your translation does not sound like verse 3 happened ten years after Abram agreed to sleep with Hagar. Alternate translation: “and she gave her to her husband Abram to be his second wife.”
16:4	z3yz		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism	וַ⁠יָּבֹ֥א אֶל הָגָ֖ר	1	Consider whether it is better in your language to refer to Abram by his name or by a pronoun here at the beginning of this paragraph. See how you translated the idiom “go to” in verse 2. Alternate translation: “So Abram slept with Hagar,” or “So he had marital relations with Hagar,”
16:4	zkod		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result	וַ⁠תַּ֑הַר	1	 Alternate translation: “and as a result,” or “and so”
16:4	onr6			וַ⁠תַּ֑הַר	1	Make sure that the way you translate this phrase will not be embarrassing or offensive to people, especially when it is read aloud. Alternate translation: “and as a result, she became pregnant.” or “and so she became pregnant.”
16:4	j6gh		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וַ⁠תֵּ֨רֶא֙ כִּ֣י הָרָ֔תָה	1	The word **saw** is used here as an idiom that means “realized” or “perceived”. Consider whether or not you have a similar idiom in your language that would work well here. Alternate translation: “But when she saw that she was pregnant,”
16:4	kp9y		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	וַ⁠תֵּקַ֥ל גְּבִרְתָּ֖⁠הּ בְּ⁠עֵינֶֽי⁠הָ	1	The phrase **despised in her eyes** is an idiom that refers here to Hagar’s attitude and disrespectful actions toward Sarai. Consider whether or not your language has a similar idiom. Also consider what is the best way to translate this passive clause in your language. Alternate translation: “she despised her owner Sarai.” or “she treated her owner Sarai with contempt” or “she started to look down on her mistress Sarai.”
16:5	cvvc		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠תֹּ֨אמֶר שָׂרַ֣י אֶל אַבְרָם֮	1	 Alternate translation: “Then Sarai complained to Abram,”
16:5	l7q0			חֲמָסִ֣⁠י עָלֶי⁠ךָ֒	1	 Alternate translation: “I am suffering because of you!” or “I am being mistreated because of you!” or “It is your fault that I am being treated wrongly”
16:5	ris2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism	אָנֹכִ֗י נָתַ֤תִּי שִׁפְחָתִ⁠י֙ בְּ⁠חֵיקֶ֔⁠ךָ	1	The idiom “put … into your arms” refers to Abram’s relationship with Hagar. Make sure that your translation of this clause is not offensive. Alternate translation: “I gave my servant to you to be your wife,” or “I allowed my servant to have marital relations with you,”
16:5	ouxe			וַ⁠תֵּ֨רֶא֙ כִּ֣י הָרָ֔תָה	1	 Alternate translation: “but now that she knows that she is pregnant,”
16:5	dadx		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	וָ⁠אֵקַ֖ל בְּ⁠עֵינֶ֑י⁠הָ	1	Consider what is the best way to translate this passive clause in your language. Also see how you translated a similar clause in verse 4. Alternate translation: “she despises me!” or “she treats me with disdain”
16:5	igre		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	יִשְׁפֹּ֥ט יְהוָ֖ה בֵּינִ֥⁠י וּ⁠בֵינֶֽיׄ⁠ךָ	1	As the head of the household, it was Abram’s responsibility to rebuke Hagar and require her to respect Sarai. You could put that information in a footnote. Alternate translation: “I ask Yahweh to decide between you and me who is responsible for this!” or “I ask Yahweh to decide who is wrong, you or me!” or “May Yahweh judge whether it is you or I who is responsible for this!”
16:6	mgqu		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר אַבְרָ֜ם אֶל שָׂרַ֗י	1	 Alternate translation: “But Abram said to her,”
16:6	gb51			הִנֵּ֤ה	1	 Alternate translation: “Look”
16:6	onw4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	שִׁפְחָתֵ⁠ךְ֙ בְּ⁠יָדֵ֔⁠ךְ	1	The phrase **in your hand** is an idiom that refers to having control or authority over someone. Consider whether or not your language has a similar idiom. Also see how you translated **maidservant** in verses 1-3, 5. Alternate translation: “your slave woman is under your authority” or “you have authority over your slave”
16:6	ns17			עֲשִׂי לָ֖⁠הּ	1	 Alternate translation: “So you can do to her”
16:6	orxc			הַ⁠טּ֣וֹב בְּ⁠עֵינָ֑יִ⁠ךְ	1	The phrase **in your eyes** is an idiom that refers to Sarai’s opinion. See how you translated a similar idiom (“in her eyes”) in verses 4 and 5. Alternate translation: “whatever you decide is good” or “whatever pleases you.”
16:6	yvhx			וַ⁠תְּעַנֶּ֣⁠הָ שָׂרַ֔י	1	See how you translated “afflict” in Gen 15:13. Alternate translation: “So Sarai oppressed her so” or “So Sarai treated her so badly that”
16:6	a1qw		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠תִּבְרַ֖ח מִ⁠פָּנֶֽי⁠הָ	1	Make sure it is clear in your translation that Hagar is the one who fled, not Sarai. Alternate translation: “she ran away from her.” or “she ran away from home to get away from Sarai.”
16:7	ziyg		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms	וַֽ⁠יִּמְצָאָ֞⁠הּ מַלְאַ֧ךְ יְהוָ֛ה	1	Make sure that the way you translate **found** does not sound like the angel had come across Hagar accidentally. Rather, he knew where she was and had gone to her intentionally. Also, this messenger from Yahweh was an angel, not a human being. Alternate translation: “But an messenger sent from Yahweh found Hagar”
16:7	urd3			עַל עֵ֥ין הַ⁠מַּ֖יִם	1	 Alternate translation: “beside a spring of water” or “beside a spring”
16:7	b4xd			בַּ⁠מִּדְבָּ֑ר	1	See how you translated **wilderness** in Gen 14:6.
16:7	grd7			עַל הָ⁠עַ֖יִן	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “She was at the spring”
16:7	xce6			בְּ⁠דֶ֥רֶךְ שֽׁוּר	1	 Alternate translation: “that was by the road that goes to the city of Shur.” or “that was by the road near the city of Shur.”
16:8	aajb		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּאמַ֗ר	1	The angel asked Hagar a question, so for some languages it is better to use a word like “asked” here. Consider what is the best way to translate this quote margin in your language. Alternate translation: “And the angel said to her,” or “The angel asked her,”
16:8	yltk		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠תֹּ֕אמֶר	1	 Alternate translation: “She said to him,” or “Hagar answered him,”
16:8	ya1g			מִ⁠פְּנֵי֙ שָׂרַ֣י גְּבִרְתִּ֔⁠י אָנֹכִ֖י בֹּרַֽחַת	1	See how you translated “fled from … face” in verse 6 and how you translated **mistress** in verse 4. Alternate translation: “I am running away from my owner Sarai.”
16:9	symc		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases	וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר לָ⁠הּ֙ מַלְאַ֣ךְ יְהוָ֔ה	1	Consider what is the best way to begin this verse in your translation, after what Hagar said in verse 8. Alternate translation: “But he told Hagar,”
16:9	ceyk			שׁ֖וּבִי אֶל גְּבִרְתֵּ֑⁠ךְ	1	See how you translated “mistress/owner” in verses 4 and 8. Alternate translation: “Go back home to your owner Sarai”
16:9	hp9h		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וְ⁠הִתְעַנִּ֖י תַּ֥חַת יָדֶֽי⁠הָ	1	See how you translated a similar idiom (“in your hand”) in verse 6. Alternate translation: “and humbly submit yourself to her authority.”
16:10	wpc6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר לָ⁠הּ֙ מַלְאַ֣ךְ יְהוָ֔ה	1	Some languages do not include the quote margins here and in verse 11, because the angel is still talking to Hagar. However, the repeated quote margins could be there to emphasize what the angel says next and/or to show that he paused or that he is changing the topic. Alternate translation: “Then the angel told her,” or “Then he added”
16:10	un14		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	הַרְבָּ֥ה אַרְבֶּ֖ה אֶת זַרְעֵ֑⁠ךְ	1	The pronoun **I** refers to Yahweh here. So either the angel was representing Yahweh and speaking Yahweh’s words to Hagar or it was Yahweh himself who had taken on the form of an angel. Alternate translation: “I Yahweh will greatly multiply the number of your offspring so that”
16:10	py6e			וְ⁠לֹ֥א יִסָּפֵ֖ר	1	 Alternate translation: “there will be too many to count,”
16:10	vljc			מֵ⁠רֹֽב	1	 Alternate translation: “because of their large number.”
16:11	e1h4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר לָ⁠הּ֙ מַלְאַ֣ךְ יְהוָ֔ה	1	 Alternate translation: “Finally the angel also said to her,” or “Finally he also told her,” or “Then the angel added”
16:11	c3yg			הִנָּ֥⁠ךְ הָרָ֖ה וְ⁠יֹלַ֣דְתְּ בֵּ֑ן	1	Make sure it is clear in your translation that Hagar already knew that she was pregnant, but did not know she was having a son or what she should name him. Alternate translation: “Look as you know, you are expecting a child You will bear a son, and” or “Look you are pregnant with a son. After he is born,”
16:11	mecd			וְ⁠קָרָ֤את שְׁמ⁠וֹ֙	1	 Alternate translation: “give him the name”
16:11	tezq			יִשְׁמָעֵ֔אל	1	Some translation teams make the meaning of Ishmael’s name explicit in their translation. Other teams put the meaning of his name in a footnote. See what you did for similar cases in Gen 3:20, 4:1, 16, 25; 6:29, 10:25, 11:9.
16:11	q8bz		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	כִּֽי שָׁמַ֥ע יְהוָ֖ה אֶל	1	If you include the meaning of Ishmael’s name earlier in this verse, make sure it fits with how you translate this clause. Alternate translation: “because Yahweh heard” or “because Yahweh paid attention to”
16:11	aus7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	עָנְיֵֽ⁠ךְ	1	The word that means **listened to** implies here that God also took action to help Hagar. Alternate translation: “your cries of misery and has helped you.”
16:12	rnzx		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וְ⁠ה֤וּא	1	The pronoun **he** is emphatic here, to emphasize Ishmael. Make sure that your translation refers here to Ishmael, not Yahweh. Alternate translation: “As for Ishmael, when he grows up, he”
16:12	p7hn		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	יִהְיֶה֙ פֶּ֣רֶא אָדָ֔ם	1	The angel compares Ishmael to a wild donkey. Consider whether or not your language can use a similar metaphor or a simile here. Alternate translation: “will be proud and free like a untamed donkey” or “will be like a untamed donkey that no one can control” or “will not be ruled by anyone else”
16:12	ihvp			יָד֣⁠וֹ בַ⁠כֹּ֔ל וְ⁠יַ֥ד כֹּ֖ל בּ֑⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “He will be enemies with everyone.”
16:12	y6tx		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	וְ⁠עַל־פְּנֵ֥י & יִשְׁכֹּֽן	1	The rest of this verse forms a parallelism with the first half, emphasizing what Ishmael (and his descendants) will be like. Try to keep both parts of the parallelism in your translation, since each part has a different focus and the second part adds important information. Also, consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “Yes he will even fight against”
16:12	sdus		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	כָל אֶחָ֖י⁠ו	1	The word **brothers** is used here to refer to relatives in general. Consider what is the best way to translate this synecdoche in your language. Alternate translation: “all of his own relatives.” or “all of his own family members.”
16:13	iirj		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	וַ⁠תִּקְרָ֤א שֵׁם יְהוָה֙ הַ⁠דֹּבֵ֣ר אֵלֶ֔י⁠הָ אַתָּ֖ה אֵ֣ל רֳאִ֑י	1	Some translations transliterate (copy or borrow) the name **El Roi** from the Hebrew, some translate its meaning, and some do both. Decide what is best in your language.
16:13	nxa3			כִּ֣י אָֽמְרָ֗ה	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “She named him that, because she had said to herself,”
16:13	an8m		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	הֲ⁠גַ֥ם הֲלֹ֛ם רָאִ֖יתִי אַחֲרֵ֥י רֹאִֽ⁠י	1	Hagar’s rhetorical question shows surprise and amazement. Consider what is the best way to communicate that in your translation. Alternate translation: “How can it be that I was able to look at the back of the God who looks after me?” or “I just now saw the back of him who sees me!”
16:14	jkis			עַל כֵּן֙	1	See how you translated this phrase in Gen 11:9.
16:14	x357			קָרָ֣א לַ⁠בְּאֵ֔ר	1	Frequently in the Hebrew text, this phrase has a general meaning and does not refer to someone specific. Also, this well is the same as the spring in verse 7. For some languages, it may be necessary to translate these words the same way so that it is clear that they refer to the same place. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “the well is named” or “people call that well” or “the name of the well is”
16:14	vkz7			הִנֵּ֥ה	1	 Alternate translation: “That well is still there”
16:14	v5d5			בֵין קָדֵ֖שׁ וּ⁠בֵ֥ין בָּֽרֶד	1	Be consistent here with how you spelled **Kadesh** in Gen 14:7.
16:15	sm1e			וַ⁠תֵּ֧לֶד הָגָ֛ר לְ⁠אַבְרָ֖ם בֵּ֑ן	1	 Alternate translation: “After that, she returned home and gave birth to a son for Abram,”
16:15	sf8b			וַ⁠יִּקְרָ֨א אַבְרָ֧ם שֶׁם בְּנ֛⁠וֹ אֲשֶׁר יָלְדָ֥ה הָגָ֖ר יִשְׁמָעֵֽאל	1	 Alternate translation: “and he called his son whom she had Ishmael.” or “and he named their son Ishmael.”
16:16	a7rj		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases	וְ⁠אַבְרָ֕ם	1	For some languages it is more natural to omit the conjunction here. Do what is best in your language.
16:16	hec8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idioms	בֶּן	1	See how you translated a similar phrase in Gen 5:32.
16:16	xkvq			בְּ⁠לֶֽדֶת הָגָ֥ר אֶת יִשְׁמָעֵ֖אל לְ⁠אַבְרָֽם	1	See how you translated “bore … for Abram” in verse 15. Also, be consistent here with how you spelled **Hagar** in chapter 16 (verses 1, 4, 6-11, 13), and how you spelled **Ishmael** in verses 11, 12 and 15. Alternate translation: “when Hagar gave birth to Ishmael for him.”
17:1	a4g7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent	וַ⁠יְהִ֣י אַבְרָ֔ם בֶּן־תִּשְׁעִ֥ים שָׁנָ֖ה וְ⁠תֵ֣שַׁע שָׁנִ֑ים	1	Thirteen years have passed between the last verse of chapter 16 and the first verse of chapter 17. Consider what is the best way in your language to begin this new section. See how you translated “was a son of … years” in Gen 5:32. Alternate translation: “Years later, when Abram was 99 years old,”
17:1	b3u2			וַ⁠יֵּרָ֨א יְהוָ֜ה אֶל אַבְרָ֗ם	1	See how you translated this clause in Gen 12:7. Alternate translation: “Yahweh appeared to him” or “Yahweh visited him”
17:1	ph7e		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	אֲנִי אֵ֣ל שַׁדַּ֔י	1	Most translation teams translate the meaning of God’s title here (**God Almighty**). A few teams transliterate the title as “El Shaddai” (as if it were a personal name) and put the meaning of the title in a footnote. Abram already knew that God’s personal name is Yahweh (Gen 12:8; 15:7-8), so he would have understood that God was using a title here (not a personal name). The title **God Almighty** emphasizes God’s authority and power. You could include a transliteration of this title in a footnote. Alternate translation: “I am Almighty God.” or “I am the all-powerful God.”
17:1	z65o		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idioms	הִתְהַלֵּ֥ךְ לְ⁠פָנַ֖⁠י	1	This phrase is an idiom that means to habitually live according to God’s will. Alternate translation: “Walk in my presence” or “Live according to my will”
17:1	mxfa			וֶ⁠הְיֵ֥ה	1	 Alternate translation: “yes, you must be”
17:1	bv2d		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	תָמִֽים	1	See how you translated this idiom in Gen 6:9. It may be necessary to translate this term in different ways, depending on the context. Alternate translation: “without fault.” or “upright.”
17:2	dsx1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms	וְ⁠אֶתְּנָ֥ה בְרִיתִ֖⁠י	1	Some translations begin this sentence without a conjunction. Do what is best in your language. See how you translated “cut/make/establish … covenant” in Gen 15:18, where the verb is different from here but has a similar meaning (“establish/seal” or “put into effect”). Alternate translation: “I will institute my covenant”
17:2	unnk			וְ⁠אַרְבֶּ֥ה אוֹתְ⁠ךָ֖ בִּ⁠מְאֹ֥ד מְאֹֽד	1	 Alternate translation: “and I will cause you to have very many descendants.” or “and I will increase the number of your descendants so that they are exceedingly numerous.”
17:3	iqyn		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction	וַ⁠יִּפֹּ֥ל אַבְרָ֖ם עַל־פָּנָ֑י⁠ו	1	Make sure that the translation of this clause does not sound like Abram fell down accidentally. Rather, he intentionally threw himself to the ground out of deep respect for God. Alternate translation: “Then Abram prostrated himself before God to show him respect,”
17:3	ia2w		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יְדַבֵּ֥ר אִתּ֛⁠וֹ אֱלֹהִ֖ים לֵ⁠אמֹֽר	1	Some translations omit **saying** here because it is not natural in those languages. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “and God spoke to him and said,” or “and God continued speaking with Abram,” or “and God added,”
17:4	opjt			אֲנִ֕י הִנֵּ֥ה בְרִיתִ֖⁠י אִתָּ֑⁠ךְ וְ⁠הָיִ֕יתָ	1	In the Hebrew text, the pronoun **me** is emphatic both in form and in sentence position to emphasize that Yahweh is the one doing this. Alternate translation: “Look, this is my responsibility in my covenant with you: I will cause you to be” or “Look, this is what I will do to fulfill my covenant with you: I will make you”
17:4	jhlo			לְ⁠אַ֖ב	1	See how you translated this phrase in Gen 4:20, 21; 10:21.
17:4	to54			הֲמ֥וֹן	1	 Alternate translation: “a large number of”
17:4	bvqg		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms	גּוֹיִֽם	1	See how you translated this term in Gen 10:5, 20, 31, 32. Alternate translation: “ethnic groups.”
17:5	t3tn			וְ⁠לֹא־יִקָּרֵ֥א ע֛וֹד אֶת־שִׁמְ⁠ךָ֖ אַבְרָ֑ם	1	 Alternate translation: “So your name will not be Abram anymore,” or “Your name will no longer be Abram,”
17:5	y88x			וְ⁠הָיָ֤ה שִׁמְ⁠ךָ֙ אַבְרָהָ֔ם	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “Instead, from now on it will be Abraham,” or “Rather, I am changing it now to Abraham,”
17:5	ju00			כִּ֛י & נְתַתִּֽי⁠ךָ	1	The form of the Hebrew verb in this clause is completed aspect (**have made**) and shows certainty that God will do this. Consider what is the best way to communicate that in your language. Alternate translation: “because I will make you”
17:5	gvn8			אַב הֲמ֥וֹן גּוֹיִ֖ם	1	See how you translated this phrase in verse 4. Alternate translation: “the ancestor of many ethnic groups.”
17:6	d68r		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases	וְ⁠הִפְרֵתִ֤י אֹֽתְ⁠ךָ֙ בִּ⁠מְאֹ֣ד מְאֹ֔ד	1	This verse repeats and elaborates on the last part of verse 5; it does not refer to different events. Consider what is the best way to begin this sentence in your language. Alternate translation: “Yes, I will make you exceedingly fruitful,” or “I will give you very many offspring”
17:6	p8wc			וּ⁠נְתַתִּ֖י⁠ךָ לְ⁠גוֹיִ֑ם	1	 Alternate translation: “so that you will be the father of many ethnic groups,” or “and I will cause your descendants to become many ethnic groups,”
17:6	vqo1			וּ⁠מְלָכִ֖ים מִמְּ⁠ךָ֥ יֵצֵֽאוּ	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. See how you translated “king” in Gen 14:1-5. Alternate translation: “In fact, there will be kings who descend from you.” or “In fact, some of your descendants will become kings.”
17:7	q56j		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular	וַ⁠הֲקִמֹתִ֨י אֶת בְּרִיתִ֜⁠י בֵּינִ֣⁠י וּ⁠בֵינֶ֗⁠ךָ	1	See how you translated a similar clause in verse 2. The pronouns **you** and **your** are singular in this clause and also later in this verse. Alternate translation: “I will make my covenant with you”
17:7	dj4k			וּ⁠בֵ֨ין זַרְעֲ⁠ךָ֧ אַחֲרֶ֛י⁠ךָ	1	 Alternate translation: “and all your offspring who live after you” or “as well as all your offspring”
17:7	s1qx			לְ⁠דֹרֹתָ֖⁠ם	1	 Alternate translation: “for all future generations”
17:7	cyi2			לִ⁠בְרִ֣ית עוֹלָ֑ם	1	For some languages it is better to break up this long sentence and begin a new sentence here. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “It will be a covenant that never ends,” or “It will be a covenant that lasts forever,”
17:7	ds2h			לִ⁠הְי֤וֹת לְ⁠ךָ֙ לֵֽ⁠אלֹהִ֔ים וּֽ⁠לְ⁠זַרְעֲ⁠ךָ֖ אַחֲרֶֽי⁠ךָ	1	 Alternate translation: “that I will be the God who takes care of you and all your descendants.” or “that I will be the God whom you and all your descendants worship”
17:8	nyz3			וְ⁠נָתַתִּ֣י לְ֠⁠ךָ וּ⁠לְ⁠זַרְעֲ⁠ךָ֨ אַחֲרֶ֜י⁠ךָ	1	 Alternate translation: “I will also give to you and your offspring”
17:8	z44f			אֵ֣ת אֶ֣רֶץ מְגֻרֶ֗י⁠ךָ	1	 Alternate translation: “the land where you have been living as a outsider,”
17:8	ooc1			אֵ֚ת כָּל אֶ֣רֶץ כְּנַ֔עַן	1	 Alternate translation: “yes, the entire land of Canaan,”
17:8	bvrb			לַ⁠אֲחֻזַּ֖ת עוֹלָ֑ם	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “It will be their land forever,”
17:8	udkv			וְ⁠הָיִ֥יתִי לָ⁠הֶ֖ם לֵ⁠אלֹהִֽים	1	See how you translated the phrase “be God to you” in verse 7. Alternate translation: “and I will be the God who takes care of them.” or “I will be the God whom they worship”
17:9	qzbp			וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר אֱלֹהִים֙ אֶל אַבְרָהָ֔ם	1	Some languages leave out this quote margin, because God is still speaking to the same person. See what you did for similar cases in Gen 16:10-11.
17:9	ognl			וְ⁠אַתָּ֖ה	1	In the Hebrew text, the pronoun **you** is emphatic both in form and in sentence position to shift the focus from talking about God’s part in the covenant (verses 4-8) to talking about Abraham’s part. Translate this phrase in a way that shows this change in focus. Alternate translation: “As for you,” or “Now as for your part in my covenant” or “Your responsibility in my agreement is that”
17:9	zstx			אֶת בְּרִיתִ֣⁠י תִשְׁמֹ֑ר	1	 Alternate translation: “you must keep the requirements of my agreement,”
17:9	r3ok			אַתָּ֛ה וְ⁠זַרְעֲ⁠ךָ֥	1	For some languages it is better to begin a new sentence here. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “both you and” or “That includes you and”
17:9	uz7r			וְ⁠זַרְעֲ⁠ךָ֥ אַֽחֲרֶ֖י⁠ךָ	1	 Alternate translation: “all your descendants who live after you” or “all your offspring”
17:9	uumy			לְ⁠דֹרֹתָֽ⁠ם	1	See how you translated this phrase in verse 7, and a similar phrase in verse 8. Alternate translation: “including all generations to come.” or “for all future generations.”
17:10	grqg			זֹ֣את בְּרִיתִ֞⁠י	1	 Alternate translation: “This is what I require in my covenant” or “This is one of the requirements of my agreement”
17:10	mdxu		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular	אֲשֶׁ֣ר תִּשְׁמְר֗וּ	1	Notice that the pronoun **you** is plural here.
17:10	esro		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular	בֵּינִ⁠י֙ וּ⁠בֵ֣ינֵי⁠כֶ֔ם וּ⁠בֵ֥ין	1	The pronoun **you** is plural here and probably refers to Abraham and his family or household. Alternate translation: “the covenant that is between me and you all, including” or “the covenant I have made with all of you, including”
17:10	bxe0		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	זַרְעֲ⁠ךָ֖ אַחֲרֶ֑י⁠ךָ	1	Notice that the pronouns **your** and **you** are singular here and refer to Abraham. Also, it may be clearer or more natural to change the order of some of the clauses in this sentence and say, “This is what I require in my covenant/agreement with you and your descendants who will live after you, which you all must keep/obey:” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “your descendants who will live after you:” or “all your descendants:”
17:10	pe10		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms	הִמּ֥וֹל לָ⁠כֶ֖ם כָּל זָכָֽר	1	Circumcision involves cutting the foreskin off the penis of a boy or man. Translate this clause in a way that does not offend or embarrass people. Some languages may need to be more discreet and say something general like “must cut off the male skin” or “must follow the male skin-cutting custom.” It may be necessary to include a footnote and/or an explanation in the glossary about this so that people understand what circumcision is, especially in areas where people cut their skin on other parts of the body for other reasons. Alternate translation: “You must circumcise all males who live with you.” or “You must cut off the male foreskin of every boy and man who lives among you.”
17:11	mhww		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular	וּ⁠נְמַלְתֶּ֕ם אֵ֖ת בְּשַׂ֣ר עָרְלַתְ⁠כֶ֑ם	1	Notice that in the Hebrew text, the pronouns **you** and **your** are plural in this verse. Also, be consistent here with how you translated “circumcise” in verse 10. Alternate translation: “Yes, all the males among you must have your foreskins cut off,” or “Indeed you must circumcise the foreskin of all the males among you”
17:11	c80d		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular	וְ⁠הָיָה֙ לְ⁠א֣וֹת בְּרִ֔ית בֵּינִ֖⁠י וּ⁠בֵינֵי⁠כֶֽם	1	The pronoun **you** is plural here. Alternate translation: “and that practice will serve as the sign that reminds you of my agreement I made with all of you.” or “and that practice will show you all that I made my covenant with you.”
17:12	pl8e		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	וּ⁠בֶן שְׁמֹנַ֣ת יָמִ֗ים יִמּ֥וֹל	1	Consider what is the best way to translate this passive clause in your language. Alternate translation: “Every eight-day-old baby boy must be circumcised by you,” or “So you must circumcise every eight-day-old baby boy,”
17:12	c7zl			כָּל זָכָ֖ר	1	The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “and every other male” or “as well as all other males” or (2) “yes, every male child”. The following context suggests that this phrase includes males of all ages, not just babies, since male slaves who were bought would especially include adult males.
17:12	n2rq		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	לְ⁠דֹרֹתֵי⁠כֶ֑ם	1	It may be more natural to put this phrase at the beginning of this verse and say, “For all future generations you must circumcise every baby boy who is eight days old, as well as all other males among your people …” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “for all future generations,”
17:12	qqux			יְלִ֣יד בָּ֔יִת	1	This phrase refers to Abraham’s future sons, including Isaac (Gen 21:4) and his concubines’ sons (25:6), and may also refer to the sons of Abraham’s servants. Also, for some languages it may be better to begin a new sentence here. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “including males who are born in your family” or “That includes those from your own family”
17:12	lsxb			וּ⁠מִקְנַת כֶּ֨סֶף֙ מִ⁠כֹּ֣ל בֶּן נֵכָ֔ר אֲשֶׁ֛ר לֹ֥א מִֽ⁠זַּרְעֲ⁠ךָ֖	1	 Alternate translation: “and those whom you buy from foreigners as slaves who are not your descendants.” or “as well as those who are not your offspring but are slaves whom you have bought from foreigners.”
17:13	bi24			הִמּ֧וֹל יִמּ֛וֹל	1	This verse repeats and emphasizes what was just said in verse 12. Consider what is the best way to communicate this emphasis in your language. Alternate translation: “Yes, you must surely circumcise all of them,”
17:13	zibc			יְלִ֥יד בֵּֽיתְ⁠ךָ֖ וּ⁠מִקְנַ֣ת כַּסְפֶּ֑⁠ךָ	1	See how you translated these phrases in verse 12. It may be best to translate them in a slightly different way here because of the repetition. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “including those who are born in your household as well as those whom you buy as a slave” or “regardless of whether they are males from your own household or slaves whom you have bought.”
17:13	ojc7			וְ⁠הָיְתָ֧ה בְרִיתִ֛⁠י	1	 Alternate translation: “That is how the sign of my agreement must be marked” or “That is how you must mark my covenant”
17:13	yepf		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	בִּ⁠בְשַׂרְ⁠כֶ֖ם	1	The word **flesh** refers here to the body in general. Translate this in a way that is clear and natural in your language.
17:13	we4s			לִ⁠בְרִ֥ית עוֹלָֽם	1	See how you translated **an eternal covenant** in verse 7. Alternate translation: “to show that it is an permanent covenant” or “to show that it is a covenant that never ends.”
17:14	sp1v			וְ⁠עָרֵ֣ל זָכָ֗ר אֲשֶׁ֤ר לֹֽא יִמּוֹל֙ אֶת בְּשַׂ֣ר עָרְלָת֔⁠וֹ	1	In this context, **male** refers to men who refuse to be circumcised, not baby boys. Alternate translation: “But as for every man who is not circumcised,” or “In fact, if a man refuses to let you circumcise him,” or “If a man refuses to be circumcised,”
17:14	z5fa		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וְ⁠נִכְרְתָ֛ה הַ⁠נֶּ֥פֶשׁ הַ⁠הִ֖וא מֵ⁠עַמֶּ֑י⁠הָ	1	The phrase **cut off from his people** is an idiom which means that the person is an outcast of society and can no longer associate closely with other people in that society. Consider whether or not your language has a similar idiom that would work well here. Alternate translation: “that person must be sent away and not be allowed to fellowship with his people” or “you must send him away and not allow him to fellowship with his people”
17:14	x4d6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	הֵפַֽר	1	This phrase has the opposite meaning of “keep” or “obey” in verse 9. Consider whether or not your language has an idiom like **broken** that means to not do what has been agreed upon or to disobey what was commanded. Alternate translation: “because he has not kept”
17:14	r1ku			אֶת בְּרִיתִ֖⁠י	1	 Alternate translation: “the rules of my covenant” or “what I require in my covenant”
17:15	b4k2			וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר אֱלֹהִים֙ אֶל אַבְרָהָ֔ם	1	 Alternate translation: “Later God also said to Abraham,”
17:15	d7gc			שָׂרַ֣י אִשְׁתְּ⁠ךָ֔	1	This phrase is first in this quote to change the focus to Sarai and emphasize her. Consider what is the best way to do this in your language.
17:15	zovk			לֹא תִקְרָ֥א אֶת שְׁמָ֖⁠הּ שָׂרָ֑י	1	 Alternate translation: “her name will no longer be Sarai,”
17:15	fvai			כִּ֥י שָׂרָ֖ה שְׁמָֽ⁠הּ	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “because from now on her name will be Sarah.” or “Rather her name is now Sarah.” or “Rather, from now on it will be Sarah.”
17:16	m30z			וְ⁠גַ֨ם נָתַ֧תִּי מִמֶּ֛⁠נָּה לְ⁠ךָ֖ בֵּ֑ן	1	 Alternate translation: “and I will definitely enable her to have a son for you.” or “and I will definitely give you a son by her.”
17:16	fk5z			וּ⁠בֵֽרַכְתִּ֨י⁠הָ֙	1	 Alternate translation: “In fact, I will prosper her” or “Yes, I will bless her”
17:16	sif8			וְ⁠הָֽיְתָ֣ה לְ⁠גוֹיִ֔ם	1	See how you translated **nations** in verses 4-6. Alternate translation: “so that she will become the mother of many ethnic groups,” or “so much that she will have many descendants that will form new ethnic groups,”
17:16	gvvj			מַלְכֵ֥י עַמִּ֖ים מִמֶּ֥⁠נָּה יִהְיֽוּ	1	See how you translated a similar clause in verse 6. Alternate translation: “and kings over peoples will descend from her.” or “and some of her descendants will even be kings who rule over many ethnic groups.”
17:17	xnh2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction	וַ⁠יִּפֹּ֧ל אַבְרָהָ֛ם עַל־פָּנָ֖י⁠ו	1	See how you translated a similar clause in verse 3. Alternate translation: “When Abraham heard that, he bowed with his face to the ground before God to show respect,” or “Then Abraham prostrated himself before God to show him respect,”
17:17	wr09		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וַ⁠יִּצְחָ֑ק וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר בְּ⁠לִבּ֗⁠וֹ	1	The phrase **said in his heart** is an idiom that refers to something Abraham thought, but did not say out loud. Consider whether or not your language has a similar idiom that fits well here. Alternate translation: “but he laughed to himself and thought,”
17:17	d074		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	הַ⁠לְּ⁠בֶ֤ן מֵאָֽה שָׁנָה֙ יִוָּלֵ֔ד	1	Abraham uses the rhetorical questions in verse 17 to express strong disbelief. If that is not clear in your language, you could translate the rhetorical questions as statements, with or without a tag question. Alternate translation: “How can a hundred-year-old man like myself father a son” or “Certainly it is not possible for a hundred-year-old man like me to father a son” or “Certainly a hundred-year-old man like myself cannot father a child, can he?”
17:17	ld4f		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	וְ⁠אִ֨ם שָׂרָ֔ה הֲ⁠בַת תִּשְׁעִ֥ים שָׁנָ֖ה תֵּלֵֽד	1	 Alternate translation: “And how can Sarah who is 90 years old still have a baby” or “And certainly it is not possible for a 90-year-old woman like Sarah to still bear a baby” or “And certainly a 90-year-old woman like Sarah cannot still give birth to a baby can she?”
17:18	zy6u		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֥אמֶר אַבְרָהָ֖ם אֶל הָֽ⁠אֱלֹהִ֑ים	1	 Alternate translation: “So he said to God,”
17:18	ro82			ל֥וּ יִשְׁמָעֵ֖אל	1	Consider what is the best way to express this strong wish or hope in your language. Alternate translation: “Oh, that Ishmael could”
17:18	gi97		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	יִחְיֶ֥ה לְ⁠פָנֶֽי⁠ךָ	1	This idiom means to live under God’s care and be blessed by him. Alternate translation: “live in your presence!”
17:19	ocod		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר אֱלֹהִ֗ים	1	 Alternate translation: “God said to him,”
17:19	e0ka			אֲבָל֙	1	Consider whether it is best in your language to begin God’s response to Abraham here with a **No** or a “Yes”. Although God agrees that he will bless Ishmael (verse 20), he disagrees with Abraham’s request to allow Ishmael to be the one God establishes his covenant with. Alternate translation: “No, rather” or “Yes, however”
17:19	vvis			שָׂרָ֣ה אִשְׁתְּ⁠ךָ֗	1	Here God emphasizes what he said in verse 16 about Sarah. Alternate translation: “as I said, your wife Sarah is the one who”
17:19	ki58			יֹלֶ֤דֶת לְ⁠ךָ֙ בֵּ֔ן	1	 Alternate translation: “will bear you a son,”
17:19	yo8z			וְ⁠קָרָ֥אתָ אֶת שְׁמ֖⁠וֹ יִצְחָ֑ק	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. See how you translated “call … name …” in verse 15. Alternate translation: “and you must name him Isaac.” or “You must give him the name Isaac.”
17:19	jxgr			וַ⁠הֲקִמֹתִ֨י אֶת בְּרִיתִ֥⁠י אִתּ֛⁠וֹ	1	See how you translated a similar clause in verse 7. Alternate translation: “I will make my covenant with him” or “He is the one I will establish my covenant with,”
17:19	t5se			לִ⁠בְרִ֥ית עוֹלָ֖ם	1	 Alternate translation: “as a permanent covenant”
17:19	p6c9			לְ⁠זַרְע֥⁠וֹ אַחֲרָֽי⁠ו	1	 Alternate translation: “that will also be for all his offspring who live after him.” or “that I will also keep with all his offspring who live after him.”
17:20	x4ze			וּֽ⁠לְ⁠יִשְׁמָעֵ֘אל שְׁמַעְתִּי⁠ךָ֒	1	 Alternate translation: “As for Ishmael, I have heard your request for him.”
17:20	hdzr			הִנֵּ֣ה	1	 Alternate translation: “So behold” or “So here is what I will do:”
17:20	kdq9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	בֵּרַ֣כְתִּי אֹת֗⁠וֹ	1	See how you translated **bless** in verse 16. Alternate translation: “I will also prosper him,”
17:20	l4uk			וְ⁠הִרְבֵּיתִ֥י אֹת֖⁠וֹ בִּ⁠מְאֹ֣ד מְאֹ֑ד	1	 Alternate translation: “so that he has a great many descendants.”
17:20	kjss			יוֹלִ֔יד	1	 Alternate translation: “In fact, he will have”
17:20	ya9m			שְׁנֵים עָשָׂ֤ר נְשִׂיאִם֙	1	Many translations have “princes” here, but these Ishmaelite rulers were not actually sons of a king, so it is better to use a more general term in your translation. Alternate translation: “twelve sons who become chiefs,” or “twelve sons who will be great leaders,”
17:20	tlf0			וּ⁠נְתַתִּ֖י⁠ו לְ⁠ג֥וֹי גָּדֽוֹל	1	 Alternate translation: “and I will make him the father of a great ethnic group.” or “and I will make him and his descendants become a great ethnic group.”
17:21	ni6a		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms	וְ⁠אֶת בְּרִיתִ֖⁠י אָקִ֣ים	1	In the Hebrew text, the phrase **my covenant** is put before the verb in order to change the topic to God’s covenant. Consider what is the best way to do that in your language. Also consider again how you translated **covenant** in verses 2, 4, 7, 9-11, 13-14, 19, 21. Alternate translation: “But I will make my covenant”
17:21	nbs6			אֲשֶׁר֩ תֵּלֵ֨ד לְ⁠ךָ֤ שָׂרָה֙	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Also, see how you translated “is bearing … for you” in verse 19. Alternate translation: “whom Sarah will give birth to for you”
17:21	e5iw			לַ⁠מּוֹעֵ֣ד הַ⁠זֶּ֔ה בַּ⁠שָּׁנָ֖ה הָ⁠אַחֶֽרֶת	1	The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “by/at this time/season next year.” or (2) “at the appointed/set time next year.”
17:22	e61u			וַ⁠יְכַ֖ל לְ⁠דַבֵּ֣ר אִתּ֑⁠וֹ	1	See how you translated “spoke with him” in verse 3. Alternate translation: “When God had finished speaking with Abraham,”
17:22	fuch		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יַּ֣עַל אֱלֹהִ֔ים מֵ⁠עַ֖ל אַבְרָהָֽם	1	Consider whether to use a noun or a pronoun to refer to God and Abraham at each point in this verse. Do what is clear and natural in your language. Alternate translation: “he went up from Abraham to heaven.” or “he left him and ascended to heaven.” or “he left him.”
17:23	sklq			וַ⁠יִּקַּ֨ח אַבְרָהָ֜ם	1	 Alternate translation: “Then Abraham brought together”
17:23	crat			וְ⁠אֵת֙ כָּל מִקְנַ֣ת כַּסְפּ֔⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “as well as all the male slaves whom he had bought,”
17:23	waa8			כָּל זָכָ֕ר בְּ⁠אַנְשֵׁ֖י בֵּ֣ית אַבְרָהָ֑ם	1	This phrase refers to everyone mentioned in the first half of this verse, including all males of all ages, not just men.
17:23	m2zy			וַ⁠יָּ֜מָל אֶת בְּשַׂ֣ר עָרְלָתָ֗⁠ם בְּ⁠עֶ֨צֶם֙ הַ⁠יּ֣וֹם הַ⁠זֶּ֔ה	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “and on that same day he cut off their foreskins,”
17:23	dx5x		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֛ר דִּבֶּ֥ר אִתּ֖⁠וֹ אֱלֹהִֽים	1	For some languages it may be clearer or more natural to change the order of the clauses in this verse and say, “Then that very/same day, Abraham did just/exactly as God had told/commanded him to do: He took/gathered …” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “just as God had commanded him to do.”
17:24	q91v		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background	וְ⁠אַ֨בְרָהָ֔ם	1	The information in verses 24 and 25 is background information. Many languages have a specific conjunction or transitional phrase that is used to introduce this kind of information. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “Now Abraham”
17:24	cjb4			בֶּן תִּשְׁעִ֥ים וָ⁠תֵ֖שַׁע שָׁנָ֑ה	1	See how you translated “a son of … years” in verse 1. Alternate translation: “was ninety-nine years old”
17:24	belb		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	בְּ⁠הִמֹּל֖⁠וֹ בְּשַׂ֥ר עָרְלָתֽ⁠וֹ	1	We do not know who circumcised Abraham. Some Jewish scholars think it was Shem and some others think Abraham did it himself. However, the Hebrew text does not say who did it, so in your translation it is best to also not specify who did it. Consider what is the best way to translate this passive clause in your language. Alternate translation: “when his foreskin was cut off,”
17:25	vbof			וְ⁠יִשְׁמָעֵ֣אל בְּנ֔⁠וֹ	1	Consider whether or not it is better to begin a new sentence here in your language. Alternate translation: “His son Ishmael”
17:25	tj3a			בֶּן שְׁלֹ֥שׁ עֶשְׂרֵ֖ה שָׁנָ֑ה	1	 Alternate translation: “was 13 years old”
17:25	m286		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	בְּ⁠הִ֨מֹּל֔⁠וֹ אֵ֖ת בְּשַׂ֥ר עָרְלָתֽ⁠וֹ	1	See how you translated this clause in verse 24. Alternate translation: “when his foreskin was cut off.” or “when he was circumcised.” or “when he circumcised him.”
17:26	d2d2			בְּ⁠עֶ֨צֶם֙ הַ⁠יּ֣וֹם הַ⁠זֶּ֔ה	1	Verses 26 and 27 repeat what happened in verse 23 to emphasize what happened. Make sure in your translation that it does not sound like Abraham and Ishmael were circumcised twice. See how you translated “on that very/same day” in verse 23. Alternate translation: “So it was, on that very day”
17:26	ipkz		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	נִמּ֖וֹל אַבְרָהָ֑ם וְ⁠יִשְׁמָעֵ֖אל בְּנֽ⁠וֹ	1	Abraham is the one who circumcised his son Ishmael (verse 23). See how you translated “he was circumcised” in verse 24. Alternate translation: “Abraham was circumcised, and he circumcised his son Ishmael.”
17:27	xu47			יְלִ֣יד בָּ֔יִת	1	See how you translated this phrase in verses 12 and 23.
17:27	mrt0			וּ⁠מִקְנַת־כֶּ֖סֶף	1	See how you translated a similar clause in verses 12 and 23. Alternate translation: “as well as those whom he had bought as slaves”
17:27	b2ph			מֵ⁠אֵ֣ת בֶּן נֵכָ֑ר	1	See how you translated this phrase in verse 12.
17:27	tt49		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	נִמֹּ֖לוּ אִתּֽ⁠וֹ	1	For some languages it may be better to move this phrase earlier in this verse and say, “And all the other males in his/Abraham’s household were also circumcised, including those who had been born …” Do what is best in your language. Also, consider again how you translated **circumcised** in verses 10-14, 23-27.
18:1	xaic			וַ⁠יֵּרָ֤א אֵלָי⁠ו֙ יְהוָ֔ה	1	See how you translated **appeared** in Gen 12:7 and 17:1. Also, consider whether it is better to refer to Abraham here with a pronoun or with his name in your language. Alternate translation: “Then one day Yahweh came again to him” or “One day Yahweh visited Abraham again”
18:1	yyba			בְּ⁠אֵלֹנֵ֖י מַמְרֵ֑א	1	See how you translated this phrase in Gen 13:18, 14:13, and a similar phrase in Gen 12:6.
18:1	qyjw		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns	וְ⁠ה֛וּא יֹשֵׁ֥ב	1	 Alternate translation: “as Abraham was sitting”
18:1	grq0			פֶּֽתַח הָ⁠אֹ֖הֶל	1	The entrance to the tent was an opening that could be closed by a large piece of cloth or animal skin. It did not have a solid wood door like a house has. See how you translated **tent** in Gen 4:20. Alternate translation: “at the doorway of his tent” or “by the front of his tent”
18:1	x2ic			כְּ⁠חֹ֥ם הַ⁠יּֽוֹם	1	 Alternate translation: “during the hot time of the day.”
18:2	febu		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וַ⁠יִּשָּׂ֤א עֵינָי⁠ו֙ וַ⁠יַּ֔רְא	1	See how you translate this phrase in Gen 22:13. Alternate translation: “He looked up”
18:2	lfa5			וְ⁠הִנֵּה֙ שְׁלֹשָׁ֣ה אֲנָשִׁ֔ים נִצָּבִ֖ים	1	 Alternate translation: “and noticed that there were three men standing” or “and was surprised to see three men standing”
18:2	ceux			עָלָ֑י⁠ו	1	Translate this phrase in a way that fits with the fact that the men were far enough away from Abraham that he could run over to them (as he did in the next sentence). Alternate translation: “not too far away from him.”
18:2	waan			וַ⁠יַּ֗רְא	1	 Alternate translation: “When he saw them,”
18:2	vco6			וַ⁠יָּ֤רָץ & מִ⁠פֶּ֣תַח הָ⁠אֹ֔הֶל	1	 Alternate translation: “he got up from where he was and ran” or “he got up and ran to them”
18:2	xsoq			לִ⁠קְרָאתָ⁠ם֙	1	 Alternate translation: “to welcome them.”
18:2	ayo5			וַ⁠יִּשְׁתַּ֖חוּ אָֽרְצָ⁠ה	1	Compare how you translated a phrase that has a similar meaning (“fell on his face”) in Gen 17:3, 17. Alternate translation: “Then he bowed low before them with his forehead to the ground to show respect,” or “Then he prostrated himself on the ground in front of them to show respect,”
18:3	unrc			וַ⁠יֹּאמַ֑ר	1	 Alternate translation: “and said to them,”
18:3	i1yu		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-honorifics	אֲדֹנָ֗⁠י	1	Abraham uses **lords** here as a polite address to the three men. The Hebrew word “lord” can also be a reference to God, but notice that at this point Abraham probably thought he was talking to men or angels. It wasn’t until later that he realized that one of them was Yahweh (verse 14). Alternate translation: “My masters,” or “Gentlemen,”
18:3	f44a			אִם נָ֨א מָצָ֤אתִי חֵן֙ בְּ⁠עֵינֶ֔י⁠ךָ	1	The pronoun **your** is singular here in the Hebrew text, and also in the next clause. It could be that Abraham is addressing each of the three men simultaneously, or that he is addressing their leader or spokesman. Alternate translation: “if you are satisfied with me,” or “if you would honor me with your presence,”
18:3	qzez		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	אַל נָ֥א תַעֲבֹ֖ר מֵ⁠עַ֥ל עַבְדֶּֽ⁠ךָ	1	Abraham refers to himself as a servant here in order to show respect to his guests. Alternate translation: “please stay here for a while as my guests.”
18:4	s8jr		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	יֻקַּֽח נָ֣א מְעַט מַ֔יִם	1	Saying **a little** was a polite way of showing generosity. Make sure your translation does not sound here like Abraham was only offering the men a tiny bit of water; he or his servants were going to bring them enough water to wash their feet. Alternate translation: “Let my servants bring you some water,”
18:4	ygvl		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular	וְ⁠רַחֲצ֖וּ רַגְלֵי⁠כֶ֑ם	1	People wore sandals and their feet would get dusty when they traveled. So it was customary to offer guests water to wash the dust off their feet. Consider whether or not it is better to begin a new sentence here in your language. Also, notice that the pronouns **you** and **your** are plural here in the Hebrew text. Alternate translation: “That way you all can wash the dust off your feet”
18:4	pywd			וְ⁠הִֽשָּׁעֲנ֖וּ	1	 Alternate translation: “and then relax here”
18:5	dabs			וְ⁠אֶקְחָ֨ה	1	 Alternate translation: “I will also get you” or “Let me also get you”
18:5	w6hc			פַת	1	Saying **a morsel** was a polite way of showing generosity. Make sure your translation does not sound here like Abraham was only offering the men a tiny bit of bread; he was going to give them plenty of food to eat. Alternate translation: “a little bit of”
18:5	qih5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	לֶ֜חֶם	1	Since bread was a common staple of their diet, it is often used in the Bible to refer to food in general. Alternate translation: “bread for you to eat.”
18:5	e1nm		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וְ⁠סַעֲד֤וּ לִבְּ⁠כֶם֙	1	Notice that the pronouns **you** and **your** are plural in this quote in the Hebrew text and refer to Abraham’s three guests. Alternate translation: “Then you can be refreshed”
18:5	vde1			אַחַ֣ר תַּעֲבֹ֔רוּ	1	 Alternate translation: “and then continue on your way,” or “before you continue traveling,”
18:5	gvtq		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	כִּֽי־עַל־כֵּ֥ן עֲבַרְתֶּ֖ם עַֽל עַבְדְּ⁠כֶ֑ם	1	For some languages it may be more natural to put this clause at the beginning of this verse and say, “Since you are here with me, let me also bring some food …” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “now that you have come to me.” or “since you are here with me.”
18:5	hxgd		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמְר֔וּ	1	 Alternate translation: “So they said to him,” or “The men replied to him,”
18:5	wdtf			כֵּ֥ן	2	The word used here in the Hebrew text shows agreement or acceptance. Do what is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Very well,” or “That is good”
18:5	zxbs			תַּעֲשֶׂ֖ה כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֥ר דִּבַּֽרְתָּ	1	 Alternate translation: “do what you have suggested.”
18:6	mws9			הָ⁠אֹ֖הֱלָ⁠ה אֶל שָׂרָ֑ה	1	 Alternate translation: “to Sarah inside the tent”
18:6	i8g7			וַ⁠יֹּ֗אמֶר	1	 Alternate translation: “and said to her,”
18:6	eknx			מַהֲרִ֞י	1	 Alternate translation: “Quickly use” or “Quickly prepare”
18:6	vfdt		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	שְׁלֹ֤שׁ סְאִים֙	1	It is not certain how much **three seahs** was, but it is thought that it was more than 20 quarts/liters. It was enough flour to make bread for many people, just as the calf (verse 7) provided enough meat for many people and showed generous hospitality. Besides Abraham’s guests, others in his household may have also joined in eating the feast. Alternate translation: “three large scoops”
18:6	yzn0			קֶ֣מַח סֹ֔לֶת	1	 Alternate translation: “of good quality flour.” or “of the best flour.”
18:6	ygf6			ל֖וּשִׁי וַ⁠עֲשִׂ֥י עֻגֽוֹת	1	The Hebrew word for **loaves** here is often translated “cakes”, which probably refers to their flat, round shape (similar to biscuits). However, make sure your translation of this word does not sound like a dessert, because this bread was not sweet. Also, consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “Knead the dough and make it into loaves” or “and bake some loaves of flat bread.” or “and make some bread.”
18:7	bsyq		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns	וְ⁠אֶל־הַ⁠בָּקָ֖ר רָ֣ץ אַבְרָהָ֑ם	1	 Alternate translation: “Then he hurriedly left the tent and went to his herd of cattle” or “Next he quickly went outside to his herd of cattle”
18:7	hxpb			וַ⁠יִּקַּ֨ח	1	 Alternate translation: “and picked out”
18:7	z2ik			בֶּן בָּקָ֜ר רַ֤ךְ וָ⁠טוֹב֙	1	 Alternate translation: “one of his best calves that would be tasty to eat.”
18:7	jtgs			וַ⁠יִּתֵּ֣ן	1	The word **gave** means Abram brought the calf to his servant and put him in charge of preparing its meat for a meal. Make sure your translation does not sound like the calf was a gift. Alternate translation: “Then he took the calf” or “Then he turned it over”
18:7	vnc1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יְמַהֵ֖ר לַ⁠עֲשׂ֥וֹת אֹתֽ⁠וֹ	1	Make sure it is clear in your translation that this clause refers to the servant, not Abraham. Alternate translation: “and his servant quickly prepared it.” or “who quickly slaughtered it and roasted it.”
18:8	pb0g		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יִּקַּ֨ח	1	Make sure that your translation of this phrase refers to Abraham, not his servant. Alternate translation: “Then he got”
18:8	meiu			חֶמְאָ֜ה	1	This term refers to churned, fermented milk that has curdled. Alternate translation: “some curds”
18:8	dhgo			וְ⁠חָלָ֗ב	1	 Alternate translation: “along with milk” or “as well as milk”
18:8	iwky			וּ⁠בֶן הַ⁠בָּקָר֙	1	 Alternate translation: “and the meat from the calf”
18:8	c5ub			אֲשֶׁ֣ר עָשָׂ֔ה	1	 Alternate translation: “that he had his servant prepare,” or “that the servant had cooked”
18:8	tlvu		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יִּתֵּ֖ן לִ⁠פְנֵי⁠הֶ֑ם	1	Since verse 2 was the last time the three men were mentioned, it may be clearer and more natural to make them explicit here. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “and he served all of it to the three men to eat.” or “and he set it all before his three guests to eat.”
18:8	oc6u		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וַ⁠יֹּאכֵֽלוּ	1	As the host, Abraham stood nearby his guests in order to wait on them and make sure they had everything that they needed. Alternate translation: “and waited on them while they ate.”
18:9	xl7m		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּאמְר֣וּ אֵׄלָׄ֔יׄ⁠וׄ	1	The Hebrew text uses a plural pronoun here (**they**) to refer to one of the three men who spoke to Abraham on behalf of them all (See verse 10). Many languages can use **they** or “the men” in the same way. Make sure your translation of this quote margin does not sound like all three of the men spoke at the same time. Alternate translation: “Then one of the men asked him”
18:9	frnv		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֖אמֶר	1	Make sure it is clear in your translation that Abraham is the one speaking here. Alternate translation: “He answered him,”
18:9	c5q0			הִנֵּ֥ה בָ⁠אֹֽהֶל	1	 Alternate translation: “She is there inside the tent.”
18:10	b369			וַ⁠יֹּ֗אמֶר	1	This phrase refers to the man in verse 9 who spoke on behalf of himself and the other two men. We find out in verse 13 that the man was actually Yahweh. However, at this point Abraham and Sarah probably did not yet know who he was, so it is better to not specify who he was here, in order to keep that suspense in your translation. Alternate translation: “Then that man”
18:10	qpv8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֗אמֶר	1	 Alternate translation: “said to him” or “spoke again to Abraham,”
18:10	aib9			שׁ֣וֹב אָשׁ֤וּב	1	 Alternate translation: “I will certainly come back”
18:10	bdy4			אֵלֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙	1	 Alternate translation: “to you here”
18:10	s103		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	כָּ⁠עֵ֣ת חַיָּ֔ה	1	For some languages it may be more natural to move this time phrase to the beginning of this quote and say, “Next year at this time I will surely/definitely return …” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “at this season next year,” or “next year at this time”
18:10	usku			וְ⁠הִנֵּה	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “and when I do,” or “At that time,”
18:10	yh3k			בֵ֖ן לְ⁠שָׂרָ֣ה אִשְׁתֶּ֑⁠ךָ	1	This means that Sarah would have a son with her when Yahweh returns. It does not mean that she would give birth at that time. Alternate translation: “your wife Sarah will have a baby boy with her.” or “your wife Sarah will already have a baby son”
18:10	kp1s		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background	וְ⁠שָׂרָ֥ה שֹׁמַ֛עַת	1	This sentence gives information about something that was happening while the man was talking. Translate this in a way that makes that clear in your language. Alternate translation: “Now Sarah was eavesdropping” or “Sarah was eavesdropping”
18:10	btll			פֶּ֥תַח הָ⁠אֹ֖הֶל	1	See how you translated “the entrance of the tent” in verse 1. Alternate translation: “inside the doorway of the tent,”
18:10	vtqh			וְ⁠ה֥וּא אַחֲרָֽי⁠ו	1	Notice that the pronoun **it** refers to the entrance to the tent (where Sarah was). Alternate translation: “which was right behind”
18:10	g6tq			אַחֲרָֽי⁠ו	1	The pronoun **him** is ambiguous here. It can refer to: (1) “the man” or (2) “Abraham”
18:11	oz4x		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background	וְ⁠אַבְרָהָ֤ם וְ⁠שָׂרָה֙	1	This verse gives background information that is important to what happens next. Some languages use a conjunction such as **Now** here to introduce this kind of information, while other languages omit the conjunction, especially if **Now** is used to begin the last sentence in verse 10. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “Abraham and she” or “Sarah and Abraham”
18:11	rsbl			זְקֵנִ֔ים בָּאִ֖ים בַּ⁠יָּמִ֑ים	1	 Alternate translation: “were already quite old” or “were very elderly”
18:11	pdfh		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism	חָדַל֙ לִ⁠הְי֣וֹת לְ⁠שָׂרָ֔ה אֹ֖רַח כַּ⁠נָּשִֽׁים	1	The Hebrew text has an idiom here that is a polite way of saying that Sarah had reached menopause and so was not able to have children. Other languages may have a similar idiom. Make sure your translation of this clause will not offend or embarrass people when it is read aloud in public. Alternate translation: “so that she was much older than the normal age for bearing children.” or “so that she was far past the time that she could bear children.”
18:12	plyn			וַ⁠תִּצְחַ֥ק שָׂרָ֖ה בְּ⁠קִרְבָּ֣⁠הּ	1	See how you translated **laughed** in Gen 17:17 where Abraham also laughed to himself. Alternate translation: “So Sarah laughed to herself in disbelief”
18:12	u386			לֵ⁠אמֹ֑ר	1	 Alternate translation: “and thought to herself,” or “and asked herself,”
18:12	nggz		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	אַחֲרֵ֤י בְלֹתִ⁠י֙	1	 Alternate translation: “Since my body is now worn out,” or “Now that I am too old to conceive,”
18:12	rjek		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	הָֽיְתָה לִּ֣⁠י עֶדְנָ֔ה	1	Sarah uses a rhetorical question to express her strong emotion and disbelief. Consider whether or not it is best to use a rhetorical question here in your language. Alternate translation: “will I still have this pleasure?”
18:12	he9b		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	וַֽ⁠אדֹנִ֖⁠י זָקֵֽן	1	The phrase **my lord** is a title of respect that Sarah uses to refer to Abraham as her husband. Also, for some languages it may be better to change the order of some of the clauses in this verse and say, “I am too old to conceive and my husband is also very/too old! How can I possibly still have/experience the pleasure of having a child?” or “It doesn’t seem possible that I could have/experience the pleasure of having a child now that I am too old to conceive. Besides that, my husband is also very/too old!” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “Besides that, my master is also too old!”
18:13	xspz		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֥אמֶר יְהוָ֖ה אֶל אַבְרָהָ֑ם	1	The way you translate this quote margin will depend on whether you translate the rest of this verse as a rhetorical question or a statement. Alternate translation: “Then Yahweh asked Abraham,”
18:13	jhpl		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	לָ֣⁠מָּה זֶּה֩ צָחֲקָ֨ה שָׂרָ֜ה לֵ⁠אמֹ֗ר	1	Yahweh uses rhetorical question in verses 13-14 to confront Sarah’s disbelief and to emphasize that nothing is too difficult for God to do. Consider whether or not it is best to use rhetorical questions here in your language. Alternate translation: “Why did Sarah laugh to herself and say” or “Sarah should not have laughed and thought to herself,” or “Sarah should not have laughed, thinking,”
18:13	jigk		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes	הַ⁠אַ֥ף אֻמְנָ֛ם אֵלֵ֖ד וַ⁠אֲנִ֥י זָקַֽנְתִּי	1	Consider whether it is more natural in your language to make this embedded quote a direct or indirect quote. Make sure that your translation of **I** refers here to Sarah, not Yahweh. Alternate translation: “I am too old to bear a child!”
18:14	i07c		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	הֲ⁠יִפָּלֵ֥א מֵ⁠יְהוָ֖ה דָּבָ֑ר	1	 Alternate translation: “Is there anything that is too hard for Yahweh to do?” or “Nothing is too hard for Yahweh to do!”
18:14	qtll			לַ⁠מּוֹעֵ֞ד	1	 Alternate translation: “At the time that I have decided,”
18:14	a096			אָשׁ֥וּב אֵלֶ֛י⁠ךָ	1	Consider how you translated this in verse 10. Alternate translation: “I will come back here to visit you”
18:14	vgyv		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	כָּ⁠עֵ֥ת חַיָּ֖ה	1	See how you translated this idiom in verse 10. Also, for some languages it may be better to put this phrase right after the first time phrase in this verse and say, “At the time that I have decided, which will be this time next year, I will return here to visit you,” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “Yes, I will return at this time next year,” or “—it will be at this time next year—”
18:14	i8zs			וּ⁠לְ⁠שָׂרָ֥ה בֵֽן	1	See how you translated a similar clause in verse 10. Alternate translation: “and Sarah will have a baby son with her.” or “and Sarah will already have a baby boy.”
18:15	za8c			וַ⁠תְּכַחֵ֨שׁ שָׂרָ֧ה	1	The Hebrew verb here includes the meaning of lying or deceiving. Alternate translation: “But Sarah lied to him”
18:15	e03j			לֵ⁠אמֹ֛ר	1	Notice that the verbs **denied** and **saying** refer to the same event, not two separate events. Make sure that is clear in your translation.
18:15	d6be		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations	לֹ֥א צָחַ֖קְתִּי כִּ֣י יָרֵ֑אָה	1	Consider whether it is best in your language to translate this quote as a direct or indirect quote. Also, for some languages it may be clearer or more natural to change the order of the clauses in this sentence and say, “When Sarah heard that, she was afraid, so she lied to him and said, “I did not laugh.” ” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “that she did not laugh. She said that, because she was afraid.”
18:15	sjaq			וַ⁠יֹּ֥אמֶר	1	 Alternate translation: “But he replied to her,”
18:15	rwv6			לֹ֖א כִּ֥י צָחָֽקְתְּ	1	Consider whether Yahweh’s reply to Sarah here should begin with **No** or “Yes” in your language. Alternate translation: “Yes, you did laugh.”
18:16	c73z			וַ⁠יָּקֻ֤מוּ מִ⁠שָּׁם֙ הָֽ⁠אֲנָשִׁ֔ים	1	 Alternate translation: “After they had finished eating, the three men got up to leave”
18:16	gktx			וַ⁠יַּשְׁקִ֖פוּ עַל פְּנֵ֣י סְדֹ֑ם	1	This phrase reflects the fact that the city of Sodom was lower in elevation than the city of Hebron, where Abraham was living. Alternate translation: “and started heading down toward the city of Sodom.”
18:16	hm8x			וְ⁠אַ֨בְרָהָ֔ם הֹלֵ֥ךְ עִמָּ֖⁠ם	1	 Alternate translation: “Abraham walked with them for a while” or “Abraham accompanied them for a while”
18:16	f1fq			לְ⁠שַׁלְּחָֽ⁠ם	1	 Alternate translation: “as they were leaving.”
18:17	jgid		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַֽ⁠יהֹוָ֖ה אָמָ֑ר	1	The context implies that Yahweh said this to himself, without Abraham hearing him. See how you translated a similar phrase in Gen 11:6. Alternate translation: “Then Yahweh said to himself,”
18:17	h1l5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	הַֽ⁠מְכַסֶּ֤ה אֲנִי֙ מֵֽ⁠אַבְרָהָ֔ם	1	 Alternate translation: “I will not conceal from Abraham” or “I will tell Abraham”
18:17	gyoq			אֲשֶׁ֖ר אֲנִ֥י עֹשֶֽׂה	1	Whether you end this sentence with a question mark or a period will depend on how you choose to translate this rhetorical question. Alternate translation: “what I am going to do to the city of Sodom”
18:18	aib0			וְ⁠אַ֨בְרָהָ֔ם הָי֧וֹ יִֽהְיֶ֛ה	1	Some translations begin a new sentence here. Other translations continue the rhetorical question (or statement) in verse 17 to the end of verse 18 and say, “since Abraham/he will …” or “seeing that Abraham/he will …” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “he will surely be the ancestor of” or “After all, Abraham and his descendants will surely multiply and become”
18:18	k83p			לְ⁠ג֥וֹי גָּד֖וֹל וְ⁠עָצ֑וּם	1	See how you translated “great nation” in Gen 12:2. Alternate translation: “a great and powerful ethnic group,”
18:18	ox5n		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	ב֔⁠וֹ	1	This phrase refers to Abraham and his descendants, including ultimately the Messiah. See the note about this at Gen 12:3. Alternate translation: “and through him” or “and because of him” or “and by means of him”
18:18	vsqn		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	וְ⁠נִ֨בְרְכוּ & כֹּ֖ל גּוֹיֵ֥י הָ⁠אָֽרֶץ	1	See how you translated a similar clause in Gen 12:3. Alternate translation: “all the ethnic groups in the world will be blessed by me.” or “I will bless all the ethnic groups in the world.”
18:19	bba7			כִּ֣י	1	 Alternate translation: “Indeed”
18:19	fa4n		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	יְדַעְתִּ֗י⁠ו	1	Consider whether or not your language has an idiom that fits well here. Alternate translation: “I have chosen Abraham”
18:19	ghcz			לְמַעַן֩ אֲשֶׁ֨ר יְצַוֶּ֜ה אֶת בָּנָ֤י⁠ו	1	 Alternate translation: “so that he will guide his children”
18:19	tkzz			וְ⁠אֶת בֵּית⁠וֹ֙ אַחֲרָ֔י⁠ו	1	 Alternate translation: “grandchildren, and other descendants who will live after him,”
18:19	w7fg		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	וְ⁠שָֽׁמְרוּ֙ דֶּ֣רֶךְ יְהוָ֔ה	1	Make sure it is clear in your translation that Yahweh is speaking about himself here.
18:19	l0t4			לַ⁠עֲשׂ֥וֹת צְדָקָ֖ה וּ⁠מִשְׁפָּ֑ט	1	 Alternate translation: “and do what is right and just in my eyes” or “and do what is right including treat people justly”
18:19	sxv0			לְמַ֗עַן	1	For some languages it is more natural to begin a new sentence here. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “So”
18:19	kp8o		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	הָבִ֤יא יְהוָה֙	1	Make sure it is clear in your translation that Yahweh is referring to himself here. Alternate translation: “I will accomplish”
18:19	w9ko		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	עַל אַבְרָהָ֔ם אֵ֥ת אֲשֶׁר דִּבֶּ֖ר עָלָֽי⁠ו	1	The pronoun **he** refers to Yahweh here. Make sure the way you use nouns and pronouns throughout this verse makes it clear in your language who is speaking and who is being referred to. Alternate translation: “for him what I have promised him that I will do.”
18:20	bsh5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר יְהוָ֔ה	1	 Alternate translation: “So Yahweh told Abraham,”
18:20	ejie		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	זַעֲקַ֛ת סְדֹ֥ם וַ⁠עֲמֹרָ֖ה כִּי רָ֑בָּה וְ⁠חַ֨טָּאתָ֔⁠ם כִּ֥י כָבְדָ֖ה מְאֹֽד	1	Make sure it is clear in your translation that the phrase **Sodom and Gomorrah** refers to the people in those cities. Also, in the Hebrew text this sentence continues into verse 21. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “I have heard many terrible accusations against the people of the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah because they are sinning so grievously So” or “I have heard many people crying out against the people in the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah because they are committing very evil things.”
18:21	iqb6			אֵֽרֲדָה נָּ֣א	1	The cities of Sodom and Gomorrah were both lower in elevation than the city of Hebron. See what you did for a similar case in verse 16. Alternate translation: “I am going to those cities now”
18:21	cael		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal	וְ⁠אֶרְאֶ֔ה	1	 Alternate translation: “to investigate” or “in order to find out”
18:21	ehz9			הַ⁠כְּ⁠צַעֲקָתָ֛⁠הּ & עָשׂ֣וּ ׀ כָּלָ֑ה	1	 Alternate translation: “whether or not the people in those cities are guilty of everything” or “if the people there have done all the terrible sins”
18:21	p8yd			הַ⁠בָּ֥אָה אֵלַ֖⁠י	1	 Alternate translation: “that I have heard about them.” or “that I have heard they are guilty of.”
18:21	qczs			וְ⁠אִם לֹ֖א	1	 Alternate translation: “If those things are not true,”
18:22	r9ho			וַ⁠יִּפְנ֤וּ מִ⁠שָּׁם֙ הָֽ⁠אֲנָשִׁ֔ים	1	 Alternate translation: “Then the other two men left from there”
18:22	qizv			סְדֹ֑מָ⁠ה	1	 Alternate translation: “and continued heading toward the city of Sodom,” or “and headed toward the city of Sodom,”
18:22	d7qa			וְ⁠אַ֨בְרָהָ֔ם עוֹדֶ֥⁠נּוּ עֹמֵ֖ד	1	 Alternate translation: “and Abraham stood there”
18:23	qs0n			וַ⁠יִּגַּ֥שׁ אַבְרָהָ֖ם	1	 Alternate translation: “Then Abraham came closer to him”
18:23	a3ux		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּאמַ֑ר	1	 Alternate translation: “and said to him,”
18:23	o9sc		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	הַ⁠אַ֣ף תִּסְפֶּ֔ה	1	Abraham uses a rhetorical question here to express his strong feelings and concern about what Yahweh told him. Consider whether or not it is clear and natural to use a rhetorical question here in your language. Make sure it does not sound like Abraham is angry or being rude. See how you translated a similar idiom (“wipe away”) in Gen 6:7. Alternate translation: “Would you indeed wipe out” or “Surely you would not destroy”
18:23	tazw			צַדִּ֖יק	1	 Alternate translation: “the good people in the city”
18:23	fmh2			עִם	1	 Alternate translation: “together with” or “when you destroy”
18:23	l14u		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	רָשָֽׁע	1	The way you translate this rhetorical question will determine what punctuation mark you end this sentence with. If you use an exclamation point here, make sure it does not sound like Abraham was angry, shouting, or being disrespectful. Alternate translation: “the wicked people there” or “the people there who are evil” or “the wicked people there, would you?”
18:24	pfkn			אוּלַ֥י	1	 Alternate translation: “Suppose that”
18:24	hdx0			יֵ֛שׁ חֲמִשִּׁ֥ים צַדִּיקִ֖ם בְּ⁠ת֣וֹךְ הָ⁠עִ֑יר	1	See how you translated “the righteous” in verse 23. Also consider whether to use **fifty** or “50” here in your translation, which depends on how your translation team has decided to represent numbers. Alternate translation: “there are 50 good people living in the city of Sodom?”
18:24	hrne		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	הַ⁠אַ֤ף תִּסְפֶּה֙	1	See how you translated this phrase in verse 23. Alternate translation: “Will you actually still destroy” or “Certainly you will not still destroy”
18:24	h1ad			וְ⁠לֹא תִשָּׂ֣א לַ⁠מָּק֔וֹם	1	 Alternate translation: “the place and all its inhabitants rather than spare them” or “all the people in the place rather than let them all live”
18:24	zuz1			לְמַ֛עַן	1	 Alternate translation: “in order to save”
18:24	qhq8			חֲמִשִּׁ֥ים הַ⁠צַּדִּיקִ֖ם	1	 Alternate translation: “the 50 good people”
18:24	jhkh		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	אֲשֶׁ֥ר בְּ⁠קִרְבָּֽ⁠הּ	1	The way you translate this rhetorical question will determine what punctuation mark you end this sentence with. Alternate translation: “who live in it” or “who live there, will you?”
18:25	zsq3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	חָלִ֨לָ⁠ה לְּ⁠ךָ֜	1	This idiom expresses emphatically that Abraham does not believe Yahweh would do this. Consider whether or not your language has a similar idiom. Make sure that Abraham sounds respectful in your translation. Alternate translation: “Surely you would never” or “It seems impossible that you would ever” or “I hope that you would never”
18:25	ngke			צַדִּיק֙	1	See how you translated this phrase in verse 23. Alternate translation: “good people”
18:25	nhtp			עִם	1	 Alternate translation: “along with” or “when you destroy”
18:25	xel1			רָשָׁ֔ע	1	See how you translated **the wicked** in verse 23. Alternate translation: “wicked people,”
18:25	scup			וְ⁠הָיָ֥ה כַ⁠צַּדִּ֖יק כָּ⁠רָשָׁ֑ע	1	If exclamation points are used in this chapter, make sure it does not sound like Abraham is angry, shouting, or being disrespectful Alternate translation: “so that good people are punished by you as if they were evil!”
18:25	rs19			חָלִ֣לָ⁠ה לָּ֔⁠ךְ	1	See how you translated a similar phrase at the beginning of this verse. Alternate translation: “Surely you would never do such a thing!” or “It seems impossible that you would ever do such a thing!” or “I hope that you would never do such a thing!”
18:25	zx52		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	הֲ⁠שֹׁפֵט֙ כָּל הָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ לֹ֥א יַעֲשֶׂ֖ה מִשְׁפָּֽט	1	Consider what is the best way in your language to translate this rhetorical question; make sure that Abraham sounds polite. Also see how you translated **justice** in verse 19. Alternate translation: “As the judge of everyone on the earth, surely you will treat people rightly.” or “You are the one who judges all the people on the earth. Surely you will do what is right.”
18:26	yoae		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר יְהוָ֔ה	1	Make sure that the various quote margins in this long conversation (verses 23-32) are clear and natural in your translation. Alternate translation: “Then Yahweh answered him”
18:26	bj6m		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj	בִ⁠סְדֹ֛ם חֲמִשִּׁ֥ים צַדִּיקִ֖ם בְּ⁠ת֣וֹךְ הָ⁠עִ֑יר	1	 Alternate translation: “50 godly people living in the city of Sodom,”
18:26	gvx5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וְ⁠נָשָׂ֥אתִי לְ⁠כָל הַ⁠מָּק֖וֹם	1	Make sure it is clear in your translation that Yahweh is referring here to the city of Sodom as well as the people who live there, not just the city. Alternate translation: “then I will spare the entire city and everyone who lives there” or “then I will not destroy the city or anyone in it”
18:26	fbs2			בַּ⁠עֲבוּרָֽ⁠ם	1	 Alternate translation: “for the sake of those righteous people.” or “in order to save those good people.”
18:27	yvx6			וַ⁠יַּ֥עַן אַבְרָהָ֖ם	1	 Alternate translation: “Then Abraham responded”
18:27	feez		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּאמַ֑ר	1	 Alternate translation: “and said to him,” or “and asked him,”
18:27	nwih		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	הִנֵּה נָ֤א הוֹאַ֨לְתִּי֙ לְ⁠דַבֵּ֣ר אֶל	1	The idiom **taken it upon myself** means that Abraham has decided to do something and is acting boldly. Consider whether or not your language has an idiom that fits well here. Alternate translation: “Listen, please, since I have been bold to speak to you,” or “Please excuse me for speaking to you so boldly,”
18:27	duu3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	אֲדֹנָ֔⁠י	1	Abraham realizes by now that he is talking to Yahweh, so use a respectful term in your translation that is appropriate for him to use when he refers to Yahweh here and in the rest of this chapter. Also, for some languages it is more natural to put this phrase first in this quote and say, “My Lord/Master, please excuse me for speaking to you so boldly,” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “my Master,” or “Master,”
18:27	u0t8			וְ⁠אָנֹכִ֖י	1	 Alternate translation: “in spite of the fact that”
18:27	otno		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	וְ⁠אָנֹכִ֖י עָפָ֥ר וָ⁠אֵֽפֶר	1	It may be clearer to put this comparison earlier in the sentence and say, “My Lord/Master, I am as unimportant/insignificant as dust/dirt and ashes, so please excuse me …” Do what is best in your language. Also, see how you translated **dust** in Gen 2:7 and 3:19. Alternate translation: “I am as unimportant as dust and ashes compared to you.” or “I am nothing compared to you.” or “I have no status compared to you.”
18:28	omjl			א֠וּלַי	1	See how you translated this term in verse 24. Alternate translation: “But suppose that”
18:28	z4ng			יַחְסְר֞וּ⁠ן חֲמִשִּׁ֤ים הַ⁠צַּדִּיקִם֙ חֲמִשָּׁ֔ה	1	 Alternate translation: “there are five fewer than 50 righteous people living in the city?” or “there are only 45 righteous people in the city instead of 50?”
18:28	nmr1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	הֲ⁠תַשְׁחִ֥ית & אֶת כָּל הָ⁠עִ֑יר	1	See how you translated “the whole place” in verse 26. Alternate translation: “Will you still destroy the whole city and everyone in it”
18:28	vm49			בַּ⁠חֲמִשָּׁ֖ה	1	 Alternate translation: “because the number of righteous people is five persons low?”
18:28	fkpg		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר֙	1	Make sure it is clear in your translation that Yahweh is speaking here, not Abraham. Alternate translation: “And Yahweh said to him” or “Yahweh answered him”
18:28	d67i		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	לֹ֣א אַשְׁחִ֔ית אִם אֶמְצָ֣א שָׁ֔ם אַרְבָּעִ֖ים וַ⁠חֲמִשָּֽׁה	1	Make sure it is clear in your translation what “forty-five/45” refers to. Alternate translation: “I will not destroy the city if there are 45 righteous people living there.” or “if I find 45 righteous people living in the city, I will not destroy it.”
18:29	hcxd		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יֹּ֨סֶף ע֜וֹד לְ⁠דַבֵּ֤ר אֵלָי⁠ו֙	1	 Alternate translation: “Then he spoke again to him”
18:29	ttcu		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּאמַ֔ר	1	 Alternate translation: “and asked him,”
18:29	aol6			אוּלַ֛י	1	 Alternate translation: “Suppose that”
18:29	mgon		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	יִמָּצְא֥וּ⁠ן & אַרְבָּעִ֑ים	1	Consider what is the best way to translate this passive clause in your language. Alternate translation: “only 40 righteous people are found by you” or “you find only 40 righteous people” or “there are only 40 righteous people”
18:29	getl			שָׁ֖ם	1	 Alternate translation: “living there?” or “living in the city? Will you destroy it then?”
18:29	ibi6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר֙	1	 Alternate translation: “And Yahweh replied,” or “He answered him”
18:29	b3sh			בַּ⁠עֲב֖וּר	1	 Alternate translation: “because of”
18:29	ymm1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	הָ⁠אַרְבָּעִֽים	1	 Alternate translation: “the 40 righteous people.” or “those 40 people.”
18:30	tijl		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ֠⁠יֹּאמֶר	1	Make sure it is clear in your translation that Abraham is speaking here, not Yahweh. Alternate translation: “Then Abraham asked him” or “Then Abraham pleaded with Yahweh,”
18:30	fekp		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	אַל נָ֞א יִ֤חַר לַֽ⁠אדֹנָ⁠י֙	1	Abraham addresses Yahweh using the third person and the title **Lord** to show him honor and respect. Consider what is the best way to do that in your language. Alternate translation: “My Master, please do not be angry at me,”
18:30	ee6m			וַ⁠אֲדַבֵּ֔רָה	1	 Alternate translation: “but let me say something else:” or “rather let me ask you another question:”
18:30	d5rt			אוּלַ֛י	1	 Alternate translation: “Suppose that”
18:30	w00d		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	יִמָּצְא֥וּ⁠ן & שְׁלֹשִׁ֑ים	1	If you use the numeral “30” here in your translation, make sure that it will not get confused with the verse number. Alternate translation: “only 30 righteous people are found” or “you find only 30 righteous people” or “there are only 30 righteous people”
18:30	iwdq			שָׁ֖ם	1	 Alternate translation: “living in the city?”
18:30	wy2p		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר֙	1	Make sure it is clear in your translation that Yahweh is speaking here, not Abraham. Alternate translation: “Yahweh replied,” or “He answered him,”
18:30	r9fd		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	לֹ֣א אֶֽעֱשֶׂ֔ה אִם אֶמְצָ֥א שָׁ֖ם שְׁלֹשִֽׁים	1	See how you translated a similar sentence at the end of verse 28. Alternate translation: “I will not destroy the city if I find 30 righteous people living there.” or “If I find 30 righteous people living in the city, I will not destroy it.”
18:31	nea1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֗אמֶר	1	Make sure it is clear in your translation that Abraham is speaking here, not Yahweh. Alternate translation: “Then Abraham said to him” or “Then Abraham asked Yahweh,”
18:31	slxe		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	הִנֵּֽה נָ֤א הוֹאַ֨לְתִּי֙ לְ⁠דַבֵּ֣ר אֶל אֲדֹנָ֔⁠י	1	See how you translated this clause in verse 27. Alternate translation: “Listen, please, since I have been bold to speak to you, my Lord” or “My Lord please excuse me for speaking to you so boldly.”
18:31	qrfv			אוּלַ֛י	1	 Alternate translation: “Suppose that”
18:31	phwd		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	יִמָּצְא֥וּ⁠ן & עֶשְׂרִ֑ים	1	 Alternate translation: “only 20 righteous people are found by you” or “you find only 20 righteous people” or “there are only 20 righteous people”
18:31	tm05			שָׁ֖ם	1	 Alternate translation: “living there?”
18:31	cr9s		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר֙	1	 Alternate translation: “He replied,” or “Then he answered him”
18:31	fkt3			בַּ⁠עֲב֖וּר	1	 Alternate translation: “because of”
18:31	mh2x		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	הָֽ⁠עֶשְׂרִֽים	1	 Alternate translation: “the 20 righteous people.” or “those 20 people.”
18:32	gv4j		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ֠⁠יֹּאמֶר	1	 Alternate translation: “Finally he said to him,” or “Then he asked him”
18:32	lk3d			אַל נָ֞א יִ֤חַר לַֽ⁠אדֹנָ⁠י֙	1	See how you translated this sentence in verse 30. Consider again how you translated **my Lord** in verses 27, 30-32. Contrast that to verse 3, where Abraham probably used the term before he realized that he was talking to Yahweh. Alternate translation: “My Master, please do not be angry at me,”
18:32	kpb0			וַ⁠אֲדַבְּרָ֣ה אַךְ הַ⁠פַּ֔עַם	1	 Alternate translation: “rather, let me say one more thing:” or “and let me ask you just one more thing”
18:32	ly53			אוּלַ֛י	1	Consider again how you translated the term **Suppose** in verses 24 and 28 and how you translated the sentence “Suppose only …righteous people are found there?” in verses 29-32. Alternate translation: “Suppose that”
18:32	qkyp		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	יִמָּצְא֥וּ⁠ן & עֲשָׂרָ֑ה	1	Consider again how you translated **found** and “find” in verses 26, 28-32. Alternate translation: “only ten righteous people are found” or “you find only ten righteous people”
18:32	ho73			שָׁ֖ם	1	 Alternate translation: “living there?” or “living in the city? Will you destroy it then?”
18:32	rknm		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר֙	1	Consider again how you referred to Yahweh and Abraham in your translation throughout this dialogue (verses 23-32). It is a good idea to read this conversation aloud at a regular speed and listen to make sure that all quote margins are natural and clear in your language. Alternate translation: “And Yahweh replied,” or “He answered him,”
18:32	igm4			בַּ⁠עֲב֖וּר	1	Consider again how you translated this phrase in verses 24, 26, 29, 31, 32. Alternate translation: “because of”
18:32	dxyk		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	הָ⁠עֲשָׂרָֽה	1	Consider again whether you used words or numerals for the numbers throughout verses 24-32. Also consider again how you translated “righteous people” and “righteous people” in verses 23-32. Alternate translation: “those ten righteous people.”
18:33	yjrf			וַ⁠יֵּ֣לֶךְ יְהוָ֔ה כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֣ר כִּלָּ֔ה לְ⁠דַבֵּ֖ר אֶל אַבְרָהָ֑ם	1	 Alternate translation: “Then Yahweh left Abraham as soon as he finished speaking with him,”
18:33	sski			וְ⁠אַבְרָהָ֖ם שָׁ֥ב לִ⁠מְקֹמֽ⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “and Abraham went home.”
19:1	g0pi		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms	וַ֠⁠יָּבֹאוּ שְׁנֵ֨י הַ⁠מַּלְאָכִ֤ים סְדֹ֨מָ⁠ה֙ בָּ⁠עֶ֔רֶב	1	See how you translated “angel” in Gen 16:7-11.
19:1	guh5			בְּ⁠שַֽׁעַר סְדֹ֑ם	1	Cities like Sodom had stone walls built around them, with entrance gates (that were closed at night) to protect the people in the city from enemies. Alternate translation: “by the gate of the city.” or “at the city gate”
19:1	kpct		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual	וַ⁠יַּרְא לוֹט֙ וַ⁠יָּ֣קָם	1	Some languages have a special dual pronoun that can be used throughout verses 1-19 to refer to the two angels. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “When Lot saw them, he got up”
19:1	jt2e			לִ⁠קְרָאתָ֔⁠ם	1	 Alternate translation: “to greet them”
19:1	oarz		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction	וַ⁠יִּשְׁתַּ֥חוּ אַפַּ֖יִם אָֽרְצָ⁠ה	1	See how you translated a similar phrase in Gen 18:2. Alternate translation: “and then bowed before them with his forehead to the ground to show respect.” or “and then kneeled in front of them and bowed his forehead to the ground to show them respect.”
19:2	qrka		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-politeness	הִנֶּ֣ה נָּא אֲדֹנַ֗⁠י	1	See how you translated **Behold, please** in Gen 18:27. Also see how you translated “my lord” in Gen 18:3. At this point, Lot probably did not know that these were angels, because they looked like men. Alternate translation: “Listen to me please, my lords” or “Sirs please listen to this:”
19:2	uv8k		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-politeness	ס֣וּרוּ נָ֠א אֶל	1	Lot is being urgent here (using **please** twice), probably because he knows how dangerous the city is. Translate this quote in a way that communicates this urgency. Alternate translation: “Please stop in at”
19:2	ya0h		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	בֵּ֨ית עַבְדְּ⁠כֶ֤ם וְ⁠לִ֨ינוּ֙	1	Lot refers to himself as **your servant** here to show respect to the two men and to politely offer to host them as his guests.
19:2	n4bd			וְ⁠לִ֨ינוּ֙ וְ⁠רַחֲצ֣וּ רַגְלֵי⁠כֶ֔ם	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. See how you translated **wash your feet** in Gen 18:4. Alternate translation: “You can wash the dust off your feet and stay for the night there.”
19:2	jib0			וְ⁠הִשְׁכַּמְתֶּ֖ם	1	 Alternate translation: “Then early in the morning you can get up”
19:2	ua14			וַ⁠הֲלַכְתֶּ֣ם לְ⁠דַרְכְּ⁠כֶ֑ם	1	 Alternate translation: “and continue on your way.”
19:2	hmun			וַ⁠יֹּאמְר֣וּ	1	 Alternate translation: “The two angels said to him”
19:2	bnmm		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-politeness	לֹּ֔א כִּ֥י	1	The angels’ reply should sound polite and respectful in your translation, not rude or disrespectful. For example, in some cultures it is not polite to say **No** too directly. Alternate translation: “No, thank you, rather” or “That is kind of you, but”
19:2	nmtj			בָ⁠רְח֖וֹב נָלִֽין	1	This refers to a public, outdoor place inside the city, perhaps the open place inside the city gate where people would meet. Alternate translation: “we will just stay in the city square tonight.” or “we plan to stay the night in the square.”
19:3	ck6p			וַ⁠יִּפְצַר בָּ֣⁠ם מְאֹ֔ד	1	 Alternate translation: “But Lot insisted urgently” or “However he continued to urge them earnestly” or “However he continued to urgently invite them”
19:3	g3lh			וַ⁠יָּסֻ֣רוּ אֵלָ֔י⁠ו	1	 Alternate translation: “until he finally convinced them and they went with him”
19:3	gnxh			וַ⁠יָּבֹ֖אוּ אֶל בֵּית֑⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “to his house and entered it.”
19:3	yh3g			וַ⁠יַּ֤עַשׂ לָ⁠הֶם֙ מִשְׁתֶּ֔ה	1	Lot probably had his wife or servants prepare the meal (as Abraham did in Gen 18:6-7). It is common in the Bible to say that a leader or head of household (as here) did something, when in reality he had it done by someone else who was under his authority. Alternate translation: “Then he made a big meal for them,” or “Then Lot had a big meal prepared for them,”
19:3	pv7b			וּ⁠מַצּ֥וֹת אָפָ֖ה	1	 Alternate translation: “including some bread without yeast in it,”
19:4	rxq5			טֶרֶם֮ יִשְׁכָּבוּ֒	1	 Alternate translation: “But after the meal, before they could lie down to sleep,” or “After that, before they could go to bed for the night,”
19:4	o87x			וְ⁠אַנְשֵׁ֨י הָ⁠עִ֜יר אַנְשֵׁ֤י סְדֹם֙	1	 Alternate translation: “all the men of the city of Sodom”
19:4	j14c		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism	מִ⁠נַּ֖עַר וְ⁠עַד זָקֵ֑ן	1	This phrase refers to all the men of the city of Sodom, including the young and the old and everyone in between. Consider what is the best way to translate this phrase in your language. Alternate translation: “from the youngest to the oldest,”
19:4	pth7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole	כָּל הָ⁠עָ֖ם מִ⁠קָּצֶֽה	1	This phrase is hyperbole or exaggeration, to emphasize that a very large number of people from the city were there. Consider whether or not your language can do the same thing. Also consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “In fact, all the people from every section of the city were there.” or “so that people from the entire city were there.” or “In fact, everyone from all parts of the city had come there.”
19:5	yafr		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns	וַ⁠יִּקְרְא֤וּ	1	Consider what is the best way to refer to these people at this point in the paragraph in your translation. Alternate translation: “Then the mob of people called out to Lot” or “Then the mob of men shouted to Lot”
19:5	mtxz			אֲשֶׁר בָּ֥אוּ אֵלֶ֖י⁠ךָ הַ⁠לָּ֑יְלָה	1	 Alternate translation: “who came to your house tonight?”
19:5	yi37			הוֹצִיאֵ֣⁠ם אֵלֵ֔י⁠נוּ	1	 Alternate translation: “Bring them to us out here” or “We demand that you bring them out here to us”
19:5	o8pw		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism	וְ⁠נֵדְעָ֖ה אֹתָֽ⁠ם	1	In Hebrew the verb **know** is often used as an idiom that means “have sex with” (as in Gen 4:1, 25). Here it refers to homosexual activities and raping the two men. Translate this in a way that is not too offensive to be read aloud in public. Alternate translation: “so that we can have sex with them!”
19:6	t2yg			וַ⁠יֵּצֵ֧א אֲלֵ⁠הֶ֛ם ל֖וֹט הַ⁠פֶּ֑תְחָ⁠ה	1	 Alternate translation: “But Lot went outside near the entrance to talk to them,”
19:6	bpju			וְ⁠הַ⁠דֶּ֖לֶת סָגַ֥ר אַחֲרָֽי⁠ו	1	 Alternate translation: “and he shut the door of the house behind him,”
19:7	sw0r		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּאמַ֑ר	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “Then he said to them,” or “and he pleaded with them,”
19:7	fcre		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-politeness	נָ֥א אַחַ֖⁠י	1	The phrase **my brothers** is used here as a polite address that implies a close relationship. Lot uses this idiom to try to get the men of Sodom to not harm his guests. The men were not his actual brothers. For some languages it is more natural to put **my brothers** (or “my friends”) first in this quote. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “No, please, my friends,” or “I beg you, my brothers” or “No, my brothers please”
19:7	ie42			אַל & תָּרֵֽעוּ	1	 Alternate translation: “do not do this evil!” or “do not do such an wicked thing!”
19:8	r4h6			הִנֵּה נָ֨א	1	See how you translated this phrase in verse 2. Alternate translation: “Listen to me please:” or “Please listen to me”
19:8	kz77		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism	לֹֽא יָדְעוּ֙ אִ֔ישׁ	1	See how you translated the idiom “knew” in verse 5 and Gen 4:1, though it may need to be translated in different ways depending on the context. Alternate translation: “have not had sexual relations with a man.” or “have never slept with a man.” or “are virgins.”
19:8	kt35			אוֹצִֽיאָה נָּ֤א אֶתְ⁠הֶן֙ אֲלֵי⁠כֶ֔ם וַ⁠עֲשׂ֣וּ לָ⁠הֶ֔ן	1	 Alternate translation: “Allow me to bring them out to you instead so that you may do to them” or “If you will let me bring them out here to you, then you may do to them”
19:8	tey8			כַּ⁠טּ֖וֹב בְּ⁠עֵינֵי⁠כֶ֑ם	1	See how you translated a similar clause in Gen 16:6. Alternate translation: “whatever you like.” or “whatever pleases you.”
19:8	hber			רַ֠ק לָֽ⁠אֲנָשִׁ֤ים הָ⁠אֵל֙ אַל־תַּעֲשׂ֣וּ דָבָ֔ר	1	 Alternate translation: “But you must not do anything to harm these men,” or “But do not violate these men,”
19:8	i8uo		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	כִּֽי עַל כֵּ֥ן בָּ֖אוּ בְּ⁠צֵ֥ל קֹרָתִֽ⁠י	1	 Alternate translation: “because they have come under the shelter of my roof” or “because they are my guests and I am responsible for their well-being”
19:9	jiyd		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּאמְר֣וּ	1	 Alternate translation: “But the men of Sodom responded to him” or “But the men of Sodom shouted at Lot,”
19:9	lcke			גֶּשׁ הָ֗לְאָה	1	 Alternate translation: “Stand aside!” or “Get out of the way!”
19:9	k5nk			וַ⁠יֹּֽאמְרוּ֙	1	 Alternate translation: “Then they said to each other,”
19:9	v2qe			הָ⁠אֶחָ֤ד בָּֽא	1	The phrase “this one/guy” shows disdain and disrespect for Lot. If possible, use a similar term in your language here.
19:9	tah3			לָ⁠גוּר֙	1	See how you translated **sojourn** in Gen 12:10. Here it has the negative meaning that Lot does not belong there. Alternate translation: “to live temporarily,” or “as a outsider,”
19:9	pdcc			וַ⁠יִּשְׁפֹּ֣ט שָׁפ֔וֹט עַתָּ֕ה	1	 Alternate translation: “and now he wants to judge us!”
19:9	o113		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	נָרַ֥ע לְ⁠ךָ֖ מֵ⁠הֶ֑ם	1	Here the crowd switches from talking to each other to shouting at Lot. Decide whether or not that needs to be explicit in your translation.
19:9	eo89		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יִּפְצְר֨וּ בָ⁠אִ֤ישׁ בְּ⁠לוֹט֙ מְאֹ֔ד	1	 Alternate translation: “Then they started shoving hard against him”
19:9	b2w4			וַֽ⁠יִּגְּשׁ֖וּ לִ⁠שְׁבֹּ֥ר הַ⁠דָּֽלֶת	1	 Alternate translation: “and moved forward to break down the door of his house.”
19:10	u6wd			וַ⁠יָּבִ֧יאוּ אֶת ל֛וֹט	1	 Alternate translation: “and quickly pulled Lot”
19:10	is7s			וְ⁠אֶת הַ⁠דֶּ֖לֶת סָגָֽרוּ	1	 Alternate translation: “and slammed the door shut.”
19:11	oetn		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וְֽ⁠אֶת־הָ⁠אֲנָשִׁ֞ים אֲשֶׁר פֶּ֣תַח הַ⁠בַּ֗יִת הִכּוּ֙ בַּ⁠סַּנְוֵרִ֔ים	1	 Alternate translation: “Then those two guests who were angels caused the men of Sodom who were outside the door of the house to be blind,”
19:11	p3qa		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism	מִ⁠קָּטֹ֖ן וְ⁠עַד גָּד֑וֹל	1	This phrase refers to all the men who were outside the house, including the young and the old and everyone in between. See how you translated a similar phrase in verse 4. Alternate translation: “from the youngest to the oldest,”
19:11	w33l			וַ⁠יִּלְא֖וּ לִ⁠מְצֹ֥א הַ⁠פָּֽתַח	1	 Alternate translation: “so that they wearied themselves fumbling around trying to find the door.” or “so that they could not see the door and gave up trying to find it.”
19:12	zh3t		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּאמְר֨וּ הָ⁠אֲנָשִׁ֜ים אֶל־ל֗וֹט	1	 Alternate translation: “Then the two men asked Lot,”
19:12	zvxl			עֹ֚ד מִֽי לְ⁠ךָ֣ פֹ֔ה	1	 Alternate translation: “What other family members do you have here,” or “Do you have any other relatives here in this city,”
19:12	gaxp			חָתָן֙ וּ⁠בָנֶ֣י⁠ךָ וּ⁠בְנֹתֶ֔י⁠ךָ	1	Consider whether it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here or later in this verse. Alternate translation: “such as sons-in-law or sons or daughters” or “If you have sons-in-law, sons, daughters,”
19:12	qpwl			וְ⁠כֹ֥ל אֲשֶׁר לְ⁠ךָ֖	1	 Alternate translation: “or any other relatives”
19:12	hx9v			בָּ⁠עִ֑יר	1	The punctuation you use here depends on whether or not you began a new sentence earlier in this quote. Alternate translation: “in this city,”
19:12	l25l			הוֹצֵ֖א	1	Whether or not you begin a new sentence here will depend on whether you began a new sentence earlier in this quote. Alternate translation: “then quickly take them out”
19:12	h0sr			מִן הַ⁠מָּקֽוֹם	1	Make sure that the way you translate this phrase fits well with the ways that you refer to the city of Sodom earlier in this verse and in the next verse. It may help to read the entire verse aloud to make sure everything is clear and sounds natural in your language. Alternate translation: “from here,”
19:13	gxxj		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive	כִּֽי מַשְׁחִתִ֣ים אֲנַ֔חְנוּ	1	The pronoun **we** refers here only to the two angels, not Lot or anyone else. Alternate translation: “because we are going to destroy”
19:13	ijzq			אֶת הַ⁠מָּק֖וֹם הַ⁠זֶּ֑ה	1	The way you translate this phrase will depend on how you translated the end of verse 12.
19:13	q23w		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	כִּֽי גָֽדְלָ֤ה צַעֲקָתָ⁠ם֙ אֶת פְּנֵ֣י יְהוָ֔ה	1	See how you translated **outcry** in Gen 18:20-21. It may be necessary to translate this term in different ways, depending on the context. Also, make sure that your translation of **their outcry** refers to the people of Sodom, not Lot’s relatives who were the last ones referred to (verse 12). Alternate translation: “Yahweh has heard that the people of this city are guilty of terrible sins,” or “Yahweh has heard serious accusations against the people who live here”
19:13	w6zh		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns	וַ⁠יְשַׁלְּחֵ֥⁠נוּ יְהוָ֖ה	1	 Alternate translation: “so he has ordered us”
19:13	ovq1			לְ⁠שַׁחֲתָֽ⁠הּ	1	Make sure the way you translate this phrase fits with how you translated the first part of this sentence. Alternate translation: “to destroy them and their city.”
19:14	baqg			וַ⁠יֵּצֵ֨א ל֜וֹט וַ⁠יְדַבֵּ֣ר אֶל	1	 Alternate translation: “So Lot went and spoke to” or “So Lot went to speak to” or “So went to”
19:14	wrto		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	לֹקְחֵ֣י בְנֹתָ֗י⁠ו	1	The word **take** is used here as an idiom that means to marry. Consider whether or not it is best in your language to translate this as an idiom in your language. Alternate translation: “who were going to marry his daughters”
19:14	i021			וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר֙	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “and he said to them,” or “and he urged them,” or “He told them,”
19:14	xhur			ק֤וּמוּ	1	This phrase communicates urgency here. Alternate translation: “Come on! We must”
19:14	xzmf			צְּאוּ֙ מִן	1	 Alternate translation: “get away from” or “flee from”
19:14	o4rj			כִּֽי מַשְׁחִ֥ית יְהוָ֖ה	1	See how you translated “are destroying” in verse 13. Alternate translation: “because Yahweh is going to destroy”
19:14	nuhr			אֶת הָ⁠עִ֑יר	1	 Alternate translation: “the place!”
19:14	ibgy		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וַ⁠יְהִ֥י כִ⁠מְצַחֵ֖ק בְּ⁠עֵינֵ֥י חֲתָנָֽי⁠ו	1	 Alternate translation: “But his sons-in-law did not listen to him, because they thought he was joking.”
19:15	wugx			וּ⁠כְמוֹ֙ הַ⁠שַּׁ֣חַר עָלָ֔ה	1	Dawn is the time before sunrise when it starts getting light. Alternate translation: “Very early the next morning,”
19:15	hw3n			וַ⁠יָּאִ֥יצוּ הַ⁠מַּלְאָכִ֖ים בְּ⁠ל֣וֹט לֵ⁠אמֹ֑ר	1	See how you translated **angels** in verse 1. Alternate translation: “the two messengers urged Lot,”
19:15	rtvk			קוּם֩	1	 Alternate translation: “You must quickly”
19:15	xo9t			קַ֨ח אֶֽת אִשְׁתְּ⁠ךָ֜ וְ⁠אֶת שְׁתֵּ֤י בְנֹתֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ הַ⁠נִּמְצָאֹ֔ת	1	 Alternate translation: “get your wife and two daughters away from the city” or “leave the city with your wife and two daughters”
19:15	uht3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-passives	פֶּן תִּסָּפֶ֖ה	1	Consider what is the best way to translate this passive clause in your language. Also, see how you translated the idiom “sweep away” in Gen 18:23-24. Alternate translation: “so that you will not be destroyed” or “or else you will be destroyed”
19:15	vgvt			בַּ⁠עֲוֺ֥ן הָ⁠עִֽיר	1	 Alternate translation: “when the people of the city are punished by God.” or “when God punishes the people in the city.”
19:16	mwva		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns	וַֽ⁠יִּתְמַהְמָ֓הּ	1	Consider what is the best way to refer to Lot at this point in the paragraph in your language. Alternate translation: “But Lot did not leave immediately,” or “Lot delayed,”
19:16	yaj9			וַ⁠יַּחֲזִ֨קוּ הָ⁠אֲנָשִׁ֜ים בְּ⁠יָד֣⁠וֹ וּ⁠בְ⁠יַד־אִשְׁתּ֗⁠וֹ וּ⁠בְ⁠יַד֙ שְׁתֵּ֣י בְנֹתָ֔י⁠ו	1	 Alternate translation: “so the two men took hold of his hand and the hands of his wife and two daughters,” or “so they took him and his wife and two daughters by the hand,”
19:16	f2ww		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	בְּ⁠חֶמְלַ֥ת יְהוָ֖ה עָלָ֑י⁠ו	1	For some languages it may be better to put this phrase last in verse 16 so that it does not interrupt the flow of the sentence. Or it may be better to put this phrase earlier in the sentence and say, “Lot hesitated, but Yahweh was being merciful/kind to him, so the two men/angels took hold of Lot’s hand and the hands of his wife and two daughters and took/led them out of the city.” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “because Yahweh was being kind to him”
19:16	spum			וַ⁠יֹּצִאֻ֥⁠הוּ וַ⁠יַּנִּחֻ֖⁠הוּ	1	 Alternate translation: “and led him safely”
19:17	e9wr		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go	וַ⁠יְהִי֩ כְ⁠הוֹצִיאָ֨⁠ם אֹתָ֜⁠ם הַ⁠ח֗וּצָ⁠ה	1	See how you translated **brought** in verse 16. Alternate translation: “As soon as the angels had led them outside the city,”
19:17	e164		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר֙	1	 Alternate translation: “one of them said to them,” or “one of the angels said to Lot”
19:17	hutb			הִמָּלֵ֣ט עַל נַפְשֶׁ֔⁠ךָ	1	 Alternate translation: “Run for your lives!” or “Run to save your lives!”
19:17	e6nx			אַל תַּבִּ֣יט אַחֲרֶ֔י⁠ךָ	1	 Alternate translation: “Do not look behind you at Sodom,” or “Do not look back at the city,”
19:17	yi3d			וְ⁠אַֽל תַּעֲמֹ֖ד בְּ⁠כָל הַ⁠כִּכָּ֑ר	1	This plain or valley was a wide, flat area between mountains. See how you translated “plain/valley” in Gen 13:10-12. Alternate translation: “and do not delay anywhere in the plain” or “and do not stop in the plain for any reason!”
19:17	owz1			הִמָּלֵ֖ט	1	 Alternate translation: “Hurry”
19:17	fqrc			הָ⁠הָ֥רָ⁠ה	1	The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “to the mountains/hills” or “to the hill country” or “to the/that mountain range” or (2) “to the/that mountain”. This phrase is ambiguous because often the Hebrew text uses a singular form to refer to something that is plural.
19:17	wwro		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	פֶּן תִּסָּפֶֽה	1	See how you translated this clause in verse 15. Alternate translation: “so that you will not be destroyed!” or “so that you will not die!”
19:18	y4wg		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast	וַ⁠יֹּ֥אמֶר ל֖וֹט אֲלֵ⁠הֶ֑ם	1	Some languages have a special dual pronoun for **them** that fits well here. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “But Lot pleaded with them,”
19:18	uauu			אַל נָ֖א אֲדֹנָֽ⁠י	1	See how you translated “my lords/masters” in verse 2. Alternate translation: “Please, my masters, do not make us go that far!”
19:19	tax6			הִנֵּה נָ֠א	1	 Alternate translation: “Listen to this please:” or “Please listen to me”
19:19	brtm		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	מָצָ֨א עַבְדְּ⁠ךָ֣ חֵן֮ בְּ⁠עֵינֶי⁠ךָ֒	1	The phrase “your servant” does not mean that Lot is actually a servant for the angels, but rather, it is a humble way for Lot to refer to himself and show respect to them. See how you translated that phrase in verse 2. Also see how you translated the idiom “found favor in … eyes” in Gen 6:8 and 18:3. Alternate translation: “I, your servant, have been treated well by you,” or “You have treated me kindly even though I am unimportant,”
19:19	u1nu		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms	וַ⁠תַּגְדֵּ֣ל חַסְדְּ⁠ךָ֗ אֲשֶׁ֤ר עָשִׂ֨יתָ֙ עִמָּדִ֔⁠י	1	This is the first occurrence in the Bible of the important Hebrew word “khesed,” which is translated as “mercy,” “kindness,” or “lovingkindness” and often implies that it was not deserved. Compare how you translated a different word that has a similar meaning (**mercy** or “compassion”) in verse 16. Alternate translation: “and you have shown me great mercy” or “and you have been very merciful to me”
19:19	qin5			וְ⁠אָנֹכִ֗י לֹ֤א אוּכַל֙ לְ⁠הִמָּלֵ֣ט הָ⁠הָ֔רָ⁠ה	1	See how you translated **the mountains** in verse 17. Alternate translation: “But I am not able to flee all the way to the hills” or “But there is no way that I can make it safely all the way to the hills” or “But the hills are too far away for me to make it there safely”
19:19	swvd		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	פֶּן תִּדְבָּקַ֥⁠נִי הָ⁠רָעָ֖ה וָ⁠מַֽתִּי	1	The word **disaster** is personified here, that is, it is talked about as if it can act in human ways. Consider whether or not it would be clear and natural to do that here in your language. Alternate translation: “before the disaster catches up with me and kills me.” or “before the disaster strikes and kills me.”
19:20	scbl			הִנֵּה נָ֠א	1	Consider again how you translated **Behold, please** in verses 2, 8, 19-20. It may be necessary to translate it in slightly different ways, depending on the context.
19:20	v9tb			הָ⁠עִ֨יר הַ⁠זֹּ֧את & שָׁ֖מָּ⁠ה	1	The Hebrew word for **town** here (and in verses 21-23) can refer to either a city or a town, depending on the context. Many translations have “town,” or even “village,” here because the place was very small (verses 20, 22). Many other translations have “city” here instead, but that does not fit the context. Alternate translation: “That town over there”
19:20	rts1			קְרֹבָ֛ה לָ⁠נ֥וּס	1	 Alternate translation: “is close enough to run to in time,”
19:20	mw43			וְ⁠הִ֣יא מִצְעָ֑ר	1	 Alternate translation: “and it is only a small town.” or “and it is little”
19:20	o64l			אִמָּלְטָ֨ה נָּ֜א שָׁ֗מָּ⁠ה	1	 Alternate translation: “Please let us flee there, and do not destroy it.”
19:20	dubz		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	הֲ⁠לֹ֥א מִצְעָ֛ר הִ֖וא	1	This rhetorical question implies that it will not matter if such a small town like Zoar is not destroyed. Consider whether or not a rhetorical question works well here in your language. Alternate translation: “After all, it is only a small place”
19:20	nhzf		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	וּ⁠תְחִ֥י נַפְשִֽׁ⁠י	1	Lot says “my life,” but he is probably also including his family who is with him. Alternate translation: “Then I can stay alive.” or “If you let us go there, then my family and I will live.” or “If you allow that, our lives will be spared.”
19:21	f6h0		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר	1	This phrase probably refers to the same angel who spoke to Lot in verse 17. Make sure it does not sound like Lot is the one speaking here. Alternate translation: “The angel said”
19:21	zrvn			הִנֵּה֙	1	 Alternate translation: “Listen,” or “Here is what I will do:”
19:21	wf9h		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	נָשָׂ֣אתִי פָנֶ֔י⁠ךָ גַּ֖ם לַ⁠דָּבָ֣ר הַ⁠זֶּ֑ה	1	Consider what is the best way in your language to translate the idiom **lifted up your face** here. Alternate translation: “I will grant your request,” or “I will permit you to do what you have requested,”
19:21	m6y3			לְ⁠בִלְתִּ֛י הָפְכִּ֥⁠י	1	 Alternate translation: “so I will not overturn”
19:21	yu2a		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	אֶת הָ⁠עִ֖יר אֲשֶׁ֥ר דִּבַּֽרְתָּ	1	For some languages it may be clearer or more natural to put this clause earlier in the sentence and say, “I will allow you to go to the small town that you are talking about, and I will not destroy it.” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “the small town that you mentioned.”
19:22	z9fr			מַהֵר֙	1	 Alternate translation: “But go quickly now and”
19:22	dzir			הִמָּלֵ֣ט שָׁ֔מָּ⁠ה	1	Consider again how you translated **escape** in verses 17, 19-20, 22. Alternate translation: “flee there,” or “flee to that town,”
19:22	p51q			כִּ֣י לֹ֤א אוּכַל֙ לַ⁠עֲשׂ֣וֹת	1	This clause implies that Yahweh will not allow the angel to destroy anything until Lot and his family arrive safely in the town of Zoar. Alternate translation: “because I am not allowed to do anything” or “because I must wait to do anything” or “because God will not allow me to do anything”
19:22	iw13			עַד בֹּאֲ⁠ךָ֖ שָׁ֑מָּ⁠ה	1	 Alternate translation: “until you reach there safely.” or “until you are safely there.”
19:22	vgig			עַל כֵּ֛ן	1	This phrase refers back to what Lot said in verse 20, not what the angel just said. Alternate translation: “That is why” or “Since Lot said the town was little”
19:22	nll4			קָרָ֥א שֵׁם הָ⁠עִ֖יר	1	See how you translated **they called the name** in Gen 11:9 and 16:14. Alternate translation: “the town was called” or “they called that town”
19:22	hrvo			צֽוֹעַר	1	If this implied information is included in your translation or in a footnote, be consistent here with how you translated the word “little” or “small” in verse 20.
19:23	nppm			הַ⁠שֶּׁ֖מֶשׁ יָצָ֣א עַל הָ⁠אָ֑רֶץ	1	Make sure that the way verse 23 begins in your translation fits with the way verse 15 begins, which refers to the same day.
19:23	lo6p		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous	וְ⁠ל֖וֹט	1	In that culture the father was often the only one mentioned and the other family members were assumed to be with him. Alternate translation: “when Lot and his family”
19:23	o3z7			בָּ֥א צֹֽעֲרָ⁠ה	1	 Alternate translation: “arrived in the town of Zoar.” or “reachedthe town of Zoar.”
19:24	attr			וַֽ⁠יהוָ֗ה הִמְטִ֧יר עַל סְדֹ֛ם וְ⁠עַל עֲמֹרָ֖ה גָּפְרִ֣ית וָ⁠אֵ֑שׁ	1	The word **brimstone** refers to sulfur, which is a type of rock that is highly flammable. When it burns, it produces smoke, intense heat, and a bad smell like rotten eggs. Alternate translation: “Then Yahweh poured down burning sulfur and fire on the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah” or “Then Yahweh caused fire and burning sulfur to pour down on the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah”
19:24	z1eq		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	מֵ⁠אֵ֥ת יְהוָ֖ה מִן הַ⁠שָּׁמָֽיִם	1	Some translations omit the phrase **from Yahweh** since Yahweh is already mentioned earlier as the one doing this. Also, for some languages it may be better to change the order of phrases in this verse and say, “Then Yahweh caused fire and burning sulfur/rocks to fall/pour like heavy rain from the heavens/sky on the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah.” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “from himself in heaven,” or “from out of the sky,”
19:25	rfr1			וַֽ⁠יַּהֲפֹךְ֙	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. See how you translated a phrase with a similar meaning (“swept away”) in verses 15 and 17. Alternate translation: “and (so) Yahweh completely destroyed” or “In that way, Yahweh completely destroyed ” or “That is how Yahweh completely destroyed”
19:25	euza			וְ⁠אֵ֖ת כָּל הַ⁠כִּכָּ֑ר	1	Make sure it is clear in your translation that the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah were also in the plain/valley, not separate from it. Alternate translation: “and the whole valley,” or “and the rest of the plain”
19:25	ao52			וְ⁠אֵת֙ כָּל יֹשְׁבֵ֣י הֶ⁠עָרִ֔ים	1	This phrase refers to Sodom and Gomorrah and at least two other cities in the valley (Deuteronomy 29:23). Alternate translation: “including all the people who lived in the cities of that valley” or “including everyone who lived in the cities there”
19:25	rrut			וְ⁠צֶ֖מַח	1	 Alternate translation: “and even all the plants”
19:25	g2sq			וְ⁠צֶ֖מַח הָ⁠אֲדָמָֽה	1	 Alternate translation: “that were growing on the land.” or “of the area”
19:26	fbf2			וַ⁠תַּבֵּ֥ט אִשְׁתּ֖⁠וֹ מֵ⁠אַחֲרָ֑י⁠ו	1	 Alternate translation: “… looked back at Sodom,”
19:26	q9a5			וַ⁠תְּהִ֖י	1	 Alternate translation: “and immediately her body turned into” or “and immediately Yahweh turned her into”
19:26	trht			נְצִ֥יב מֶֽלַח	1	 Alternate translation: “a column of solid salt rock and she died.” or “salt rock that was in the shape of a column.”
19:27	t3yb			וַ⁠יַּשְׁכֵּ֥ם אַבְרָהָ֖ם בַּ⁠בֹּ֑קֶר	1	Some translations translate this as the next morning, but it is more likely that this was the same day when Lot arrived in Zoar and Yahweh destroyed the cities in the valley (verse 23). Alternate translation: “Meanwhile, Abraham got up early that same morning”
19:27	qmne			אֶל הַ֨⁠מָּק֔וֹם	1	 Alternate translation: “and returned to the spot”
19:27	i49j			אֲשֶׁר עָ֥מַד & אֶת פְּנֵ֥י יְהוָֽה	1	 Alternate translation: “where he had been with Yahweh the previous day,”
19:28	z2pg		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יַּשְׁקֵ֗ף	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Also, make sure it is clear that Abraham, not Yahweh, is being referred to here. Alternate translation: “Then he looked down”
19:28	jhkn			עַל פְּנֵ֤י	1	 Alternate translation: “in the direction of”
19:28	qkv9			וְ⁠עַֽל כָּל פְּנֵ֖י אֶ֣רֶץ הַ⁠כִּכָּ֑ר	1	 Alternate translation: “and all the rest of the plain”
19:28	ktpu			וַ⁠יַּ֗רְא וְ⁠הִנֵּ֤ה	1	 Alternate translation: “And he was amazed to see that”
19:28	ptm3			עָלָה֙ קִיטֹ֣ר הָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ	1	 Alternate translation: “lots of thick smoke was billowing up from the land” or “a large amount of smoke was …”
19:28	dxlc		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	כְּ⁠קִיטֹ֖ר הַ⁠כִּבְשָֽׁן	1	During that time period, a furnace was heated by fire. Alternate translation: “like smoke that comes from the fire in a large oven.”
19:29	kybu			וַ⁠יְהִ֗י בְּ⁠שַׁחֵ֤ת אֱלֹהִים֙	1	See how you translated **destroyed** in verses 13-14, 17. Alternate translation: “So it was that when God destroyed”
19:29	vtt3			אֶת עָרֵ֣י הַ⁠כִּכָּ֔ר	1	Consider again how you translated “plain/valley” in Gen 13:10-12; 19:17, 25, 28, 29. Alternate translation: “the cities on the plain,” or “the cities in the plain”
19:29	rzta			וַ⁠יִּזְכֹּ֥ר אֱלֹהִ֖ים אֶת אַבְרָהָ֑ם	1	Make sure your translation of this clause does not imply that God forgot Abraham. See how you translated **God remembered** in Gen 8:1. Alternate translation: “he kept Abraham and his request in mind”
19:29	she7			וַ⁠יְשַׁלַּ֤ח אֶת לוֹט֙ מִ⁠תּ֣וֹךְ	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “and brought Lot safely away from” or “So he rescued Lot from”
19:29	odq0			הַ⁠הֲפֵכָ֔ה	1	 Alternate translation: “the disaster”
19:29	t62e			בַּ⁠הֲפֹךְ֙ אֶת הֶ֣⁠עָרִ֔ים	1	 Alternate translation: “when he completely destroyed the cities” or “that he had used to completely destroy the cities”
19:30	ek4n			וַ⁠יַּעַל֩ ל֨וֹט מִ⁠צּ֜וֹעַר וַ⁠יֵּ֣שֶׁב בָּ⁠הָ֗ר וּ⁠שְׁתֵּ֤י בְנֹתָי⁠ו֙ עִמּ֔⁠וֹ	1	Be consistent here with how you translated **the mountains** in verses 17 and 19. Alternate translation: “After that, Lot moved with his two daughters from the town of Zoar up into the hills and settled there,” or “Sometime later, Lot and his two daughters left the town of Zoar and moved to the hills,”
19:30	vxtl		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	כִּ֥י יָרֵ֖א לָ⁠שֶׁ֣בֶת בְּ⁠צ֑וֹעַר	1	For some languages it may be clearer or more natural to put this clause earlier in this sentence and say, “Lot was afraid to settle/stay in the town of Zoar, so he and his two daughters moved from there to the mountains/hills, where they lived in a cave.” Do what is best in your language. Also, be consistent with how you spelled **Zoar** throughout the book of Genesis. See Gen 13:10; 14:2, 8; 19:22-23, 30. Alternate translation: “because he was afraid to stay in the town of Zoar.”
19:30	gjyo			וַ⁠יֵּ֨שֶׁב֙ בַּ⁠מְּעָרָ֔ה ה֖וּא וּ⁠שְׁתֵּ֥י בְנֹתָֽי⁠ו	1	 Alternate translation: “So he and his two daughters lived in a cave in the hills.”
19:31	urpm			וַ⁠תֹּ֧אמֶר הַ⁠בְּכִירָ֛ה אֶל	1	 Alternate translation: “Then one day his oldest daughter said to”
19:31	fa51			הַ⁠צְּעִירָ֖ה	1	 Alternate translation: “his younger one,” or “her younger sister,” or “her sister,”
19:31	j9nj		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-politeness	אָבִ֣י⁠נוּ זָקֵ֑ן	1	In some cultures, it is not polite to call someone **old**. Translate this clause in a way that is accurate and acceptable in your language area. Alternate translation: “Our father is getting along in years,”
19:31	k3uv			וְ⁠אִ֨ישׁ אֵ֤ין	1	 Alternate translation: “and there is no man”
19:31	gqzx		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole	בָּ⁠אָ֨רֶץ֙	1	Lot’s daughter is exaggerating here, to emphasize her point. Alternate translation: “in this land”
19:31	daji		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism	לָ⁠ב֣וֹא עָלֵ֔י⁠נוּ	1	See how you translated the idiom “went to” in Gen 6:4, which is the same meaning as **come to** here. Alternate translation: “to be with us,”
19:31	ewpx		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	כְּ⁠דֶ֖רֶךְ כָּל הָ⁠אָֽרֶץ	1	 Alternate translation: “as is the way of all the people on the earth.” or “which is normal for people all over the earth”
19:32	moil			לְכָ֨⁠ה	1	See how you translated this in Gen 14:7.
19:32	sm90			נַשְׁקֶ֧ה אֶת־אָבִ֛י⁠נוּ יַ֖יִן	1	Consider what is the best way to translate this proposal or suggestion in your language.
19:32	g3i0		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism	וְ⁠נִשְׁכְּבָ֣ה עִמּ֑⁠וֹ	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “and then we should sleep with him” or “Then we can have physical relations with him”
19:32	b82q		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result	וּ⁠נְחַיֶּ֥ה	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “That way we can have descendants” or “so that we can preserve our family line”
19:32	e06w		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	מֵ⁠אָבִ֖י⁠נוּ	1	 Alternate translation: “by our father.” or “through him.”
19:33	tjdu		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠תַּשְׁקֶ֧יןָ אֶת אֲבִי⁠הֶ֛ן יַ֖יִן בַּ⁠לַּ֣יְלָה ה֑וּא	1	Consider what is the best way in your language to refer to Lot’s daughters at this point in the paragraph. Alternate translation: “So they got their father drunk on wine that very night,”
19:33	orhq			וַ⁠תָּבֹ֤א הַ⁠בְּכִירָה֙	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “Then his oldest daughter went to him”
19:33	o341		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism	וַ⁠תִּשְׁכַּ֣ב אֶת אָבִ֔י⁠הָ	1	Make sure that the way you translate the euphemism **lay with** will not be too offensive to be read aloud in public. Alternate translation: “and slept with him,”
19:33	ujz7			וְ⁠לֹֽא יָדַ֥ע	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “But he was so drunk that he did not even know” or “But he was so drunk that he was completely unaware”
19:33	es4a		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism	בְּ⁠שִׁכְבָ֖⁠הּ וּ⁠בְ⁠קׄוּמָֽ⁠הּ	1	 Alternate translation: “that she had been with him.”
19:34	ezgg			וַֽ⁠יְהִי֙ מִֽ⁠מָּחֳרָ֔ת	1	The phrase **Then it happened** introduces and emphasizes important information which the following narrative builds on. It also creates suspense so that readers and listeners wonder what will happen next. Some translations leave this phrase out, but doing that loses some of the suspense. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “The next day, this is what happened:”
19:34	zmn5			הַ⁠צְּעִירָ֔ה	1	See how you translated this phrase in verse 31. Alternate translation: “his younger one,” or “her younger sister,” or “her sister,”
19:34	xct4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	הֵן & אֶ֖מֶשׁ	1	For some languages it may be more natural to put this time phrase (**last night**) last in this sentence. Do what is best in your language.
19:34	upb9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism	שָׁכַ֥בְתִּי & אֶת אָבִ֑⁠י	1	See how you translated **lay with** in verse 33. Alternate translation: “I slept with our father.” or “I had physical relations with our father.”
19:34	kl6h		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	נַשְׁקֶ֨⁠נּוּ יַ֜יִן גַּם הַ⁠לַּ֗יְלָה	1	Consider whether it is better in your language to put the time word **tonight** first or last in this clause. Alternate translation: “Tonight we should get him drunk again.”
19:34	bmio		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism	שִׁכְבִ֣י עִמּ֔⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “sleep with him”
19:34	gdjt			וּ⁠נְחַיֶּ֥ה	1	See how you translated the last clause in verse 32, which is the same as the rest of verse 34. Alternate translation: “so that we can have descendants” or “so that we can preserve our family line”
19:34	st12		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns	מֵ⁠אָבִ֖י⁠נוּ	1	 Alternate translation: “by our father.” or “through him.”
19:35	zl9m			וַ⁠תַּשְׁקֶ֜יןָ גַּ֣ם בַּ⁠לַּ֧יְלָה הַ⁠ה֛וּא אֶת אֲבִי⁠הֶ֖ן יָ֑יִן	1	 Alternate translation: “So they got their father drunk on wine that night, also”
19:35	u2gm		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism	וַ⁠תָּ֤קָם הַ⁠צְּעִירָה֙ וַ⁠תִּשְׁכַּ֣ב עִמּ֔⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “Then his younger daughter went to him and slept with him,” or “Then his younger daughter went to him and had sexual relations with him,”
19:35	d5p3			וְ⁠לֹֽא יָדַ֥ע	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Also, see how you translated the last clause in verse 33, which is similar to the rest of verse 35. Alternate translation: “But once again he was so drunk that he did not even know” or “but … he was not even aware” or “But … he was completely unaware”
19:35	dkew		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism	בְּ⁠שִׁכְבָ֖⁠הּ וּ⁠בְ⁠קֻמָֽ⁠הּ	1	 Alternate translation: “that she had been with him.”
19:36	uid2			וַֽ⁠תַּהֲרֶ֛יןָ שְׁתֵּ֥י בְנֽוֹת־ל֖וֹט	1	 Alternate translation: “As a result …”
19:36	b8pv		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism	מֵ⁠אֲבִי⁠הֶֽן	1	 Alternate translation: “by having relations with their father.”
19:37	hz0k			וַ⁠תֵּ֤לֶד הַ⁠בְּכִירָה֙ בֵּ֔ן	1	Make sure that the way you translate “Later” fits with the fact that several months have gone by. Alternate translation: “Later the oldest daughter gave birth to a son,” or “… had a son,”
19:37	k0dl			וַ⁠תִּקְרָ֥א שְׁמ֖⁠וֹ	1	See how you translated **called his name** in Gen 5:29. Alternate translation: “and she called him” or “whom she named”
19:37	cx7f		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	מוֹאָ֑ב	1	You can include the meaning of this name in your translation text or in a footnote. Some translations put this implied information in parentheses. Do what is best in your language.
19:37	ror5			ה֥וּא אֲבִֽי	1	 Alternate translation: “He was the ancestor of”
19:37	ur16			מוֹאָ֖ב עַד הַ⁠יּֽוֹם	1	The phrase, **to this day** or “today” refers to the time when Moses wrote the book of Genesis, which was hundreds of years after Lot and his daughters lived and died. Alternate translation: “the people group who are called the Moabites today.”
19:38	cwha			יָ֣לְדָה בֵּ֔ן	1	See how you translated the last half of verse 37, which is the same as the rest of verse 38, except for the names. Alternate translation: “had a son,”
19:38	jg6f			וַ⁠תִּקְרָ֥א שְׁמ֖⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “and she called him” or “whom she named”
19:38	f4a0		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	בֶּן עַמִּ֑י	1	You can include the meaning of this name in your translation text or in a footnote. Some translations put this implied information in parentheses. Do what is best in your language.
19:38	oeub			ה֛וּא אֲבִ֥י	1	 Alternate translation: “He was the forefather of”
19:38	eiz3			בְנֵֽי עַמּ֖וֹן עַד הַ⁠יּֽוֹם	1	See how you translated a similar phrase in verse 37. Alternate translation: “the people group who are called the Ammonites today.”
20:1	ye30			וַ⁠יִּסַּ֨ע & אַבְרָהָם֙	1	Consider what is the best way to introduce this new episode in your language, where the focus shifts to Abraham. Alternate translation: “Then Abraham and his family left”
20:1	hy06			מִ⁠שָּׁ֤ם	1	Abraham and Sarah had been living by the trees of Mamre, near the city of Hebron (Gen 13:18; 18:1). Alternate translation: “from the place where he were living” or “from near the city of Hebron”
20:1	kpyu		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	אַ֣רְצָ⁠ה הַ⁠נֶּ֔גֶב	1	See how you translated “the Negev Wilderness/Desert” in Gen 12:9 (note); 13:1, 3. Alternate translation: “and went south to the Negev Desert area”
20:1	e1qn			וַ⁠יֵּ֥שֶׁב בֵּין קָדֵ֖שׁ וּ⁠בֵ֣ין שׁ֑וּר	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Also, be consistent here with how you spelled **Kadesh** in Gen 14:7 and **Shur** in 16:7. Alternate translation: “There he lived between the cities of Kadesh and Shur”
20:1	wu3o			וַ⁠יָּ֖גָר בִּ⁠גְרָֽר	1	See how you translated “sojourn” in Gen 12:10. Also be consistent here with how you translated **Gerar** in Gen 10:19. Alternate translation: “and they stayed there for a while as foreigners, in the city of Gerar.” or “and they stayed in the city of Gerar for a while.”
20:2	k17k		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes	וַ⁠יֹּ֧אמֶר אַבְרָהָ֛ם אֶל־שָׂרָ֥ה אִשְׁתּ֖⁠וֹ אֲחֹ֣תִ⁠י הִ֑וא	1	Sarah was Abraham’s younger sister (Gen 19:19). Some languages use special words for **sister** and “brother” in Gen 12:13, 19; 20:2, 5, 12-13, 16, to distinguish when someone is younger or older than his or her sibling. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “While they were there, he told people that his wife Sarah was his sister.” or “While they were there, he told people that Sarah was his sister, not his wife.”
20:2	r5oe			וַ⁠יִּשְׁלַ֗ח אֲבִימֶ֨לֶךְ֙ מֶ֣לֶךְ גְּרָ֔ר וַ⁠יִּקַּ֖ח אֶת־שָׂרָֽה	1	The city of Gerar was the Philistines’ capital city where King Abimelech ruled from (Gen 21:2, 32; 26:1). Alternate translation: “So one day Abimelech, who was the king over the city of Gerar, had some of his servants bring Sarah to his home to be his wife.” or “So one day King Abimelech, who ruled the Philistines from the city of Gerar, had Sarah brought to him to be his wife.”
20:3	fzoe		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-honorifics	וַ⁠יָּבֹ֧א אֱלֹהִ֛ים אֶל אֲבִימֶ֖לֶךְ בַּ⁠חֲל֣וֹם	1	For some languages it is necessary to use an honorific title for a king each time (or most of the time) that he is referred to by name, in order to show him proper respect. Do what is best in your language throughout this chapter. Alternate translation: “But God appeared to King Abimelech in a dream”
20:3	ompr		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	הַ⁠לָּ֑יְלָה	1	It may be more natural to put this time phrase earlier in this sentence and say, “But that night God came/appeared to King Abimelech in a dream …” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “during the night” or “by night”
20:3	votc			וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר ל֗⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “and told him,”
20:3	tkin			הִנְּ⁠ךָ֥ מֵת֙	1	Make sure that the way you translate this clause does not make it sound like King Abimelech is already dead. God is telling King Abimelech what is about to happen to him. Alternate translation: “Listen to me, you are a dead man” or “Listen to me, you are about to die” or “Behold, I have sentenced you to die”
20:3	couv			עַל הָ⁠אִשָּׁ֣ה אֲשֶׁר לָקַ֔חְתָּ וְ⁠הִ֖וא	1	See how you translated “took” in verse 2.
20:3	pki1			בְּעֻ֥לַת בָּֽעַל	1	 Alternate translation: “is a married woman!”
20:4	iodw		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background	וַ⁠אֲבִימֶ֕לֶךְ	1	Consider what is the best way in your language to introduce this background information. Alternate translation: “Now King Abimelech”
20:4	su1c		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism	לֹ֥א קָרַ֖ב אֵלֶ֑י⁠הָ	1	Translate this clause in a way that will not be offensive or embarrassing in your language when it is read aloud in public. See how you translated a different phrase in Gen 19:31 (“come to us”) that has the same meaning. Alternate translation: “had not yet slept with her” or “had not had marital relations with Sarah,”
20:4	giez		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּאמַ֕ר	1	The way you translate this quote margin will depend on how you translate the rhetorical question that follows it.
20:4	ewc1			אֲדֹנָ֕⁠י	1	See how you translated this title of respect for God in Gen 18:27, 30-32. Alternate translation: “My Master,” or “Master,”
20:4	on63		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	הֲ⁠ג֥וֹי גַּם & תַּהֲרֹֽג	1	King Abimelech uses a rhetorical question here to express his desperate concern. Abimelech is saying in a dramatic way that if God kills him, he will destroy the nation that Abimelech leads as their king. Make sure in your translation that he does not sound angry or rude. Also, see how you translated **nation** in Gen 18:18. Alternate translation: “will you kill me and my people group even if” or “please do not kill me and my people group, since”
20:4	d8vu		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	צַדִּ֖יק	1	Consider again how you translated the word **righteous** in the book of Genesis. See Gen 6:9, 7:1, 18:23-26, 28; 20:4. It may be necessary to translate this term in different ways, depending on the context. Alternate translation: “we are actually righteous”
20:5	v3lu		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	הֲ⁠לֹ֨א ה֤וּא אָֽמַר לִ⁠י֙ אֲחֹ֣תִ⁠י הִ֔וא	1	Abimelech uses another rhetorical question here as he continues to defend his actions. Do what is best in your language. Also, see how you translated **sister** in verse 2. Alternate translation: “He himself told me that she was his sister.”
20:5	crpu		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes	וְ⁠הִֽיא גַם הִ֥וא אָֽמְרָ֖ה אָחִ֣⁠י ה֑וּא	1	Consider whether it is better in your language to translate this embedded quote as a direct or indirect quote. Alternate translation: “And Sarah herself also claimed that he was her brother.”
20:5	dbdd			עָשִׂ֥יתִי זֹֽאת	1	 Alternate translation: “So I did what I did”
20:5	i5qq		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	בְּ⁠תָם לְבָבִ֛⁠י	1	 Alternate translation: “with a clear conscience” or “with pure motives”
20:5	bdcs		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וּ⁠בְ⁠נִקְיֹ֥ן כַּפַּ֖⁠י	1	If you use an exclamation point here in your translation, make sure it does not mean that King Abimelech is angry or being rude; rather, he is desperate. Alternate translation: “and with clean hands!”
20:6	sf6e			וַ⁠יֹּאמֶר֩ אֵלָ֨י⁠ו הָֽ⁠אֱלֹהִ֜ים בַּ⁠חֲלֹ֗ם	1	 Alternate translation: “God answered King Abimelech in the dream,”
20:6	d56e			גַּ֣ם אָנֹכִ֤י יָדַ֨עְתִּי֙ כִּ֤י	1	 Alternate translation: “Yes, I know that it was” or “I am aware that it was”
20:6	uurf		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	בְ⁠תָם לְבָבְ⁠ךָ֙	1	See how you translated a similar phrase in verse 5. Alternate translation: “with a clear conscience” or “with pure motives”
20:6	qte3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	עָשִׂ֣יתָ זֹּ֔את	1	For some languages it may be clearer or more natural to put this phrase before the previous one and say, “Yes, I know/realize that you did this with honorable/pure motives …” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “that you did this,” or “that you took her to be your wife,”
20:6	ucn6			וָ⁠אֶחְשֹׂ֧ךְ גַּם־אָנֹכִ֛י אֽוֹתְ⁠ךָ֖ מֵ⁠חֲטוֹ־לִ֑⁠י	1	In the Hebrew text, **I** is an emphatic pronoun. Try to communicate that emphasis in a natural way in your translation. Also, consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “and in fact, it is I who kept you from doing this sin against me.” or “In fact, I am the one who prevented you from sinning against me.”
20:6	lhkk			לֹא נְתַתִּ֖י⁠ךָ	1	 Alternate translation: “I did not permit you to”
20:6	drw1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	לִ⁠נְגֹּ֥עַ אֵלֶֽי⁠הָ	1	See how you translated the idiom “gone/come near to her” in verse 4, which has a meaning that is similar to the idiom here. Also, for some languages it may be better to change the order of these clauses and say, “I am the one who did not allow/permit you to touch her so that you would not sin against me.” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “have sexual relations with her.” or “do anything to her.”
20:7	zdzu			הָשֵׁ֤ב אֵֽשֶׁת הָ⁠אִישׁ֙	1	 Alternate translation: “return her to her husband Abraham”
20:7	wp12		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms	כִּֽי נָבִ֣יא ה֔וּא	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Also, a prophet is someone who speaks for someone else. In this case, Abraham serves as an intercessor and speaks for God and prays what God wants him to say (verses 7,17). Avoid a translation of this term that focuses on telling the future, which is only one of the things that a prophet might do. Alternate translation: “He is a prophet for me,”
20:7	i31n			וְ⁠יִתְפַּלֵּ֥ל בַּֽעַדְ⁠ךָ֖	1	 Alternate translation: “so he will ask me to be kind to you,”
20:7	ain9			וֶֽ⁠חְיֵ֑ה	1	 Alternate translation: “and I will let you live.”
20:7	wmq4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast	וְ⁠אִם־אֵֽינְ⁠ךָ֣	1	 Alternate translation: “But if you will not”
20:7	ccie		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	מֵשִׁ֗יב	1	 Alternate translation: “give her back to him”
20:7	nal9			דַּ֚ע כִּי	1	 Alternate translation: “you need to know that” or “be aware that”
20:7	l1xw			מ֣וֹת תָּמ֔וּת אַתָּ֖ה וְ⁠כָל אֲשֶׁר לָֽ⁠ךְ	1	The phrase **all who belong to you** refers to King Abimelech’s people, whom he referred to in verse 4. Make sure that is clear in your translation. Alternate translation: “you and all your people will surely die!” or “I will surely kill you and all your people!”
20:8	nr08			וַ⁠יַּשְׁכֵּ֨ם אֲבִימֶ֜לֶךְ בַּ⁠בֹּ֗קֶר	1	 Alternate translation: “So the next morning King Abimelech got up early”
20:8	aspr			וַ⁠יִּקְרָא֙	1	 Alternate translation: “summoned”
20:8	uztr			לְ⁠כָל עֲבָדָ֔י⁠ו	1	 Alternate translation: “all his officials and other servants,”
20:8	r90t		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וַ⁠יְדַבֵּ֛ר אֶת כָּל הַ⁠דְּבָרִ֥ים הָ⁠אֵ֖לֶּה בְּ⁠אָזְנֵי⁠הֶ֑ם	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “Then he told them about everything that God had said to him in the dream,” or “He told told them everything that had happened,”
20:8	vz79		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יִּֽירְא֥וּ הָ⁠אֲנָשִׁ֖ים מְאֹֽד	1	Consider what is the best way in your language to refer to King Abimelech’s servants at each point in this verse. Alternate translation: “and they felt terrified.” or “When they heard that, they were very afraid that God would kill them.” or “As soon as they heard that, the men were very afraid of what might happen next.”
20:9	o1nm			וַ⁠יִּקְרָ֨א אֲבִימֶ֜לֶךְ	1	Consider what is the best way in your language to refer to King Abimelech at this point in the paragraph. Alternate translation: “Then King Abimelech summoned Abraham” or “Then the king called Abraham in to see him” or “Then he had Abraham brought to him”
20:9	d4p9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר ל֜⁠וֹ	1	The way you translate this quote margin will depend on how you translate the rhetorical question that follows it. Alternate translation: “and asked him,”
20:9	n4ca		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	מֶֽה עָשִׂ֤יתָ לָּ֨⁠נוּ֙	1	Abimelech uses two rhetorical questions here to express his anger and to scold Abraham for what he had done. Consider whether or not a rhetorical question is the best way to communicate that in your language. Alternate translation: “Why have you treated us like this?” or “What you have done to us is not right!”
20:9	gqys		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	וּ⁠מֶֽה חָטָ֣אתִי לָ֔⁠ךְ כִּֽי	1	 Alternate translation: “What did I do wrong to you so that” or “I never did anything wrong to you, but yet”
20:9	s6oi		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	הֵבֵ֧אתָ עָלַ֛⁠י וְ⁠עַל מַמְלַכְתִּ֖⁠י חֲטָאָ֣ה גְדֹלָ֑ה	1	Make sure your punctuation here fits with how you translate this rhetorical question. Alternate translation: “you brought on me and my people the guilt of a terrible sin!” or “you have caused me and the kingdom that I rule to be guilty of sinning terribly!”
20:9	y075			מַעֲשִׂים֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר לֹא יֵֽעָשׂ֔וּ עָשִׂ֖יתָ עִמָּדִֽ⁠י	1	 Alternate translation: “No one should ever wrong someone the way you have wronged me!”
20:10	y1ly		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֥אמֶר אֲבִימֶ֖לֶךְ אֶל אַבְרָהָ֑ם	1	For some languages it is more natural here to omit this quote margin, because the same person is still talking to the same person. However, the words emphasize what King Abimelech says next and may indicate that there was a pause between what he said in verse 9 and in verse 10. Do what is best in your language.
20:10	p1a4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	מָ֣ה רָאִ֔יתָ כִּ֥י עָשִׂ֖יתָ	1	 Alternate translation: “What did you expect to benefit from doing” or “What were your reasons for doing”
20:10	a03v			אֶת הַ⁠דָּבָ֥ר הַ⁠זֶּֽה	1	 Alternate translation: “this terrible thing?”
20:11	bn8u			וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר֙ אַבְרָהָ֔ם	1	 Alternate translation: “Abraham replied to him,”
20:11	obnt			כִּ֣י	1	 Alternate translation: “I did it because”
20:11	d1mk		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes	אָמַ֗רְתִּי רַ֚ק אֵין יִרְאַ֣ת אֱלֹהִ֔ים בַּ⁠מָּק֖וֹם הַ⁠זֶּ֑ה וַ⁠הֲרָג֖וּ⁠נִי עַל דְּבַ֥ר אִשְׁתִּֽ⁠י	1	To “fear God” is an important theme in the Bible. It is a complex term that means to recognize how holy and powerful God is and to deeply respect and honor him by obeying and worshiping him. Also, consider whether it is better in your language to translate this embedded quote as a direct or indirect quote. Alternate translation: “I thought that there was certainly no one in this place who obeyed God, so I was afraid that they would kill me in order to take my wife for themselves.”
20:12	aef2			וְ⁠גַם	1	 Alternate translation: “In addition to that,”
20:12	rav8			אָמְנָ֗ה אֲחֹתִ֤⁠י & הִ֔וא	1	 Alternate translation: “it is true that she is my sister” or “she actually is my sister”
20:12	pjfg			בַת אָבִ⁠י֙ & אַ֖ךְ לֹ֣א בַת אִמִּ֑⁠י	1	 Alternate translation: “because she and I have the same father, but not the same mother,”
20:12	etjp			וַ⁠תְּהִי־לִ֖⁠י לְ⁠אִשָּֽׁה	1	 Alternate translation: “and when we were old enough, I married her.”
20:13	xof7			וַ⁠יְהִ֞י	1	 Alternate translation: “It happened that”
20:13	x4px			כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֧ר הִתְע֣וּ אֹתִ֗⁠י אֱלֹהִים֮	1	 Alternate translation: “when God commanded me to leave” or “when God led me to travel away from”
20:13	ctau		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	מִ⁠בֵּ֣ית אָבִ⁠י֒	1	See how you translated “house of … father” in Gen 12:1. Alternate translation: “the place where my father and other relatives were living,”
20:13	nd9r		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וָ⁠אֹמַ֣ר לָ֔⁠הּ	1	 Alternate translation: “I told her”
20:13	xlc3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes	זֶ֣ה חַסְדֵּ֔⁠ךְ אֲשֶׁ֥ר תַּעֲשִׂ֖י עִמָּדִ֑⁠י אֶ֤ל כָּל־הַ⁠מָּקוֹם֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר נָב֣וֹא שָׁ֔מָּ⁠ה אִמְרִי־לִ֖⁠י אָחִ֥⁠י הֽוּא	1	Consider whether it is better in your language to translate these embedded quotes as direct or indirect quotes. Alternate translation: “to please do me a special favor and tell people wherever we go that I am her brother.”
20:14	yc5r			צֹ֣אן וּ⁠בָקָ֗ר	1	See how you translated this phrase in Gen 12:16. Alternate translation: “flocks of sheep and herds of cattle”
20:14	qur6			וַ⁠עֲבָדִים֙ וּ⁠שְׁפָחֹ֔ת	1	See how you translated this phrase in Gen 12:16. Alternate translation: “and men and women slaves to Abraham” or “and male and female slaves to Abraham”
20:14	olap		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יִּתֵּ֖ן לְ⁠אַבְרָהָ֑ם	1	 Alternate translation: “and gave them all to Abraham”
20:14	k33e			וַ⁠יָּ֣שֶׁב ל֔⁠וֹ אֵ֖ת שָׂרָ֥ה אִשְׁתּֽ⁠וֹ	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Also, see how you translated “return” twice in verse 7. Alternate translation: “He also gave back to Abraham his wife Sarah.”
20:15	hman		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר אֲבִימֶ֔לֶךְ	1	 Alternate translation: “Then he said to him”
20:15	pbrq			הִנֵּ֥ה	1	 Alternate translation: “Listen,”
20:15	jg7k		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	אַרְצִ֖⁠י לְ⁠פָנֶ֑י⁠ךָ	1	See how you translated the idiom “before your face” in Gen 13:9. Alternate translation: “my land is in front of you.”
20:15	l61l			שֵֽׁב	1	See how you translated this verb in verse 1. Alternate translation: “You may live” or “I invite you to live”
20:15	l3ey		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	בַּ⁠טּ֥וֹב בְּ⁠עֵינֶ֖י⁠ךָ	1	See how you translated the idiom **good in your eyes** in Gen 19:8. You may need to translate this phrase in different ways, depending on the context. Alternate translation: “wherever you decide is best for you.” or “wherever you want.”
20:16	s5af			וּ⁠לְ⁠שָׂרָ֣ה אָמַ֗ר	1	 Alternate translation: “Then King Abimelech said to Sarah,”
20:16	qzc4			הִנֵּ֨ה	1	 Alternate translation: “Look,” or “Listen to this:”
20:16	urds		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney	נָתַ֜תִּי אֶ֤לֶף כֶּ֨סֶף֙ לְ⁠אָחִ֔י⁠ךְ	1	Coins did not exist at that time. Rather people paid each other with shekels of silver or gold shekels, which was a weight measurement. A thousand shekels of silver was about 25 pounds (11.5 kilos) of silver. Many translation teams like to keep the same numbers that are in the Hebrew text in their translation, and then in a footnote give the equivalent amount in their own currency. Other teams put the equivalent amount in the text and put the literal phrase in a footnote. Alternate translation: “I have given 1,000 pieces of silver to your brother.” or “I have given your brother 1,000 pieces of silver.”
20:16	m9hh			הִנֵּ֤ה הוּא	1	 Alternate translation: “I am doing this” or “The reason I am doing that is”
20:16	lgrs		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	לָ⁠ךְ֙ כְּס֣וּת עֵינַ֔יִם לְ⁠כֹ֖ל אֲשֶׁ֣ר אִתָּ֑⁠ךְ	1	The phrase **a covering of the eyes** is an idiom which means that King Abimelech’s payment to Abraham “covered” (that is, “protected”) Sarah’s good reputation and showed that she was innocent. Alternate translation: “to show everyone that you are innocent of any wrongdoing,” or “to show to everyone that you are an honorable woman,”
20:16	bj38		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	וְ⁠אֵ֥ת כֹּ֖ל וְ⁠נֹכָֽחַת	1	 Alternate translation: “and to make it clear that you are not at fault for anything that happened.”
20:17	kbi6			וַ⁠יִּתְפַּלֵּ֥ל אַבְרָהָ֖ם אֶל הָ⁠אֱלֹהִ֑ים	1	See how you translated “pray” in Gen 20:7. Alternate translation: “Then Abraham prayed to God for King Abimelech,” or “asked God to be kind to the king,”
20:17	jsvz			וַ⁠יִּרְפָּ֨א אֱלֹהִ֜ים אֶת אֲבִימֶ֧לֶךְ	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “So God healed him”
20:17	fcz0		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וְ⁠אֶת אִשְׁתּ֛⁠וֹ וְ⁠אַמְהֹתָ֖י⁠ו	1	Consider what is the best way in your language to refer to King Abimelech at each point in this verse.
20:17	u6cs			וַ⁠יֵּלֵֽדוּ	1	 Alternate translation: “and they were able to conceive and bear children again,”
20:18	ok17			כִּֽי & יְהוָ֔ה	1	For some languages it may be more natural to begin a new sentence here. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “because previously Yahweh”
20:18	l10y		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-honorifics	עָצֹ֤ר עָצַר֙ & בְּעַ֥ד כָּל רֶ֖חֶם לְ⁠בֵ֣ית אֲבִימֶ֑לֶךְ	1	Consider again how often you need to use the honorific title “King” with Abimelech’s name in this chapter in your language.
20:18	n7dw			עַל דְּבַ֥ר	1	 Alternate translation: “on account of” or “to punish him for taking”
20:18	lzt7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-versebridge	שָׂרָ֖ה אֵ֥שֶׁת אַבְרָהָֽם	1	For some languages, it may be more natural to change the order of the clauses in this sentence (which begins in verse 17) and say, “Before this, Yahweh had completely closed up every womb in the household of King Abimelech because he had taken Abraham’s wife Sarah. Then Abraham prayed …” If the order is changed, it will be necessary to combine these two verses and to put the verse numbers “17-18” in front of the sentence. Some translation teams have decided that they will never combine verses like that. Other teams have decided that occasionally it is acceptable to do that if it makes the meaning clearer.
21:1	ia7b		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וַֽ⁠יהוָ֛ה פָּקַ֥ד אֶת שָׂרָ֖ה כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֣ר אָמָ֑ר	1	The word **visited** is used here as an idiom that means God blessed Sarah and was kind to her (by enabling her to have a son). The same idiom is used in 1 Samuel 2:21 and Luke 1:68. Alternate translation: “Then Yahweh blessed Sarah as he had promised that he would,” or “Then Yahweh was gracious to Sarah just as he had promised he would be,”
21:1	kuv7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	וַ⁠יַּ֧עַשׂ יְהוָ֛ה לְ⁠שָׂרָ֖ה	1	The two halves of verse 1 form a parallelism to emphasize what God did for Sarah. In your translation it is best, if possible, to keep both parts of the parallelism, since each part has a different emphasis. Alternate translation: “Yes, Yahweh did for her”
21:1	b6xq			כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֥ר דִּבֵּֽר	1	 Alternate translation: “just as he had said he would do”
21:2	u1fc			וַ⁠תַּהַר֩ & שָׂרָ֧ה	1	Translate this clause in a way that is not offensive or awkward, especially when read aloud in public. Also, consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “So she became pregnant” or “As a result, Sarah conceived”
21:2	tycu			וַ⁠תֵּ֨לֶד & בֵּ֖ן	1	 Alternate translation: “and gave birth to a son” or “and had a son”
21:2	iomd			לַ⁠מּוֹעֵ֕ד	1	See how you translated **appointed time** in Gen 18:14. Alternate translation: “at the set time” or “at the time God had set” or “That happened at the exact time”
21:2	pby0		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	אֲשֶׁר דִּבֶּ֥ר אֹת֖⁠וֹ אֱלֹהִֽים	1	For some languages it may be clearer or more natural to change the order of the clauses in this sentence and say, “So Sarah became pregnant, and at the time God had appointed/set, she gave birth to a son for Abraham when he was old, just as God had told/promised him that she would.” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “when God had told him it would happen.”
21:3	bijj			וַ⁠יִּקְרָ֨א אַבְרָהָ֜ם אֶֽת שֶׁם בְּנ֧⁠וֹ הַ⁠נּֽוֹלַד ל֛⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “Then Abraham called his son,”
21:3	z971		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	אֲשֶׁר יָלְדָה לּ֥⁠וֹ שָׂרָ֖ה יִצְחָֽק	1	Many translations include the meaning of Isaac’s name, either in the text or in a footnote. Do what is best in your language.
21:4	hw25			וַ⁠יָּ֤מָל אַבְרָהָם֙	1	Abraham may have circumcised Isaac (verse 4) on the same day that he named him (verse 3). See how you translated **circumcised** in Gen 17:10-14. Alternate translation: “And he also circumcised”
21:4	kp0g		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	אֶת יִצְחָ֣ק בְּנ֔⁠וֹ	1	Consider what is the best way to refer to Isaac at this point in the paragraph, in your language. Alternate translation: “his son,”
21:4	leer		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	בֶּן שְׁמֹנַ֖ת יָמִ֑ים	1	For some languages it may be more natural to put this phrase first in this verse and say, “Also, when Isaac was eight days old, Abraham circumcised him,” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “who was eight days old,” or “when he was eight days old,”
21:4	w8my			כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֛ר צִוָּ֥ה אֹת֖⁠וֹ אֱלֹהִֽים	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “He did exactly what God had commanded him to do.”
21:5	kgwz		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וְ⁠אַבְרָהָ֖ם בֶּן מְאַ֣ת שָׁנָ֑ה	1	See how you translated this clause in Gen 17:17.
21:5	ke58			בְּ⁠הִוָּ֣לֶד ל֔⁠וֹ אֵ֖ת יִצְחָ֥ק בְּנֽ⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “when Isaac was born.”
21:6	mzp8			וַ⁠תֹּ֣אמֶר שָׂרָ֔ה	1	 Alternate translation: “When Isaac was born, Sarah said”
21:6	ji43			צְחֹ֕ק עָ֥שָׂה לִ֖⁠י אֱלֹהִ֑ים	1	 Alternate translation: “God has enabled me to rejoice and laugh!”
21:6	rt55			כָּל הַ⁠שֹּׁמֵ֖עַ	1	 Alternate translation: “Everyone who finds out what he has done for me”
21:6	hiqw			יִֽצְחַק לִֽ⁠י	1	 Alternate translation: “will rejoice and laugh with me!”
21:7	xc8x		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠תֹּ֗אמֶר	1	 Alternate translation: “Then she added” or “She also said”
21:7	djf4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	מִ֤י מִלֵּל֙ לְ⁠אַבְרָהָ֔ם	1	Sarah uses a rhetorical question here to express great joy and amazement. Some languages must use a statement or exclamation here instead. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “No one would have ever told Abraham” or “No one would have ever thought of telling Abraham”
21:7	nqft			הֵינִ֥יקָה בָנִ֖ים שָׂרָ֑ה	1	 Alternate translation: “that I would bear children.”
21:7	rqy2			כִּֽי	1	 Alternate translation: “But yet” or “In spite of that,”
21:7	opev			יָלַ֥דְתִּי בֵ֖ן	1	See how you translated “bear” in Gen 18:13. Alternate translation: “I have had a son for him”
21:7	uov6			לִ⁠זְקֻנָֽי⁠ו	1	See how you translated this phrase in verse 2. You may need to translate it in a different way here because of the slightly different context. Alternate translation: “even though he is old!”
21:8	wq03			וַ⁠יִּגְדַּ֥ל הַ⁠יֶּ֖לֶד	1	 Alternate translation: “The boy Isaac grew”
21:8	c6j2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism	וַ⁠יִּגָּמַ֑ל	1	Children in that culture were often weaned around the age of three. Translate **weaned** in a way that will not embarrass or offend people. Alternate translation: “and his mother weaned him,” or “and reached the age when his mother stopped breast-feeding him,”
21:8	i21w			וַ⁠יַּ֤עַשׂ אַבְרָהָם֙ מִשְׁתֶּ֣ה גָד֔וֹל בְּ⁠י֖וֹם הִגָּמֵ֥ל אֶת יִצְחָֽק	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “When that happened, Abraham held a elaborate feast to celebrate.” or “On that same day, Abraham had his servants prepare an elaborate feast to celebrate.”
21:9	h2vs			וַ⁠תֵּ֨רֶא שָׂרָ֜ה	1	 Alternate translation: “But at the feast Sarah saw”
21:9	ja34			אֶֽת בֶּן הָגָ֧ר הַ⁠מִּצְרִ֛ית אֲשֶׁר יָלְדָ֥ה לְ⁠אַבְרָהָ֖ם	1	Also see how you translated “have born” in verse 8. Alternate translation: “that the son whom Hagar, her handmaid from the country of Egypt, had given birth to for Abraham”
21:9	kgmh			מְצַחֵֽק	1	 Alternate translation: “was mocking Isaac.” or “was laughing at Isaac.”
21:10	cv15			וַ⁠תֹּ֨אמֶר֙ לְ⁠אַבְרָהָ֔ם	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “So she was upset and told Abraham,”
21:10	q0vm			גָּרֵ֛שׁ	1	 Alternate translation: “Send away”
21:10	diqu			הָ⁠אָמָ֥ה הַ⁠זֹּ֖את	1	See how you translated “slave women” in Gen 20:17. Some languages may have a single word (as Hebrew does) that means this. Alternate translation: “that female slave”
21:10	umxq			וְ⁠אֶת בְּנָ֑⁠הּ	1	 Alternate translation: “along with her son!”
21:10	kfmw			כִּ֣י & בֶּן הָ⁠אָמָ֣ה הַ⁠זֹּ֔את	1	Consider whether or not it is best in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “The son of that slave woman”
21:10	fq2l			לֹ֤א יִירַשׁ֙ & עִם בְּנִ֖⁠י עִם יִצְחָֽק	1	 Alternate translation: “will never inherit any part of what our son Isaac inherits from you!” or “will not get anything from you! Only my son Isaac should inherit your estate!”
21:11	yt0j		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וַ⁠יֵּ֧רַע הַ⁠דָּבָ֛ר מְאֹ֖ד בְּ⁠עֵינֵ֣י אַבְרָהָ֑ם	1	 Alternate translation: “Abraham felt very grieved about that” or “What Sarah said grieved Abraham very much”
21:11	svxs			עַ֖ל אוֹדֹ֥ת בְּנֽ⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “because of his son Ishmael.” or “because he also cared about his son Ishmael.”
21:12	zd49			וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר אֱלֹהִ֜ים אֶל אַבְרָהָ֗ם	1	 Alternate translation: “Then God said to him,” or “Then God told him,”
21:12	pu24		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	אַל יֵרַ֤ע בְּ⁠עֵינֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙	1	See how you translated “distressing” in verse 11. Alternate translation: “Do not be sad” or “Do not let yourself be upset”
21:12	ckc5			עַל הַ⁠נַּ֣עַר וְ⁠עַל אֲמָתֶ֔⁠ךָ	1	Ishmael was about 17 years old at this time, so in verses 12-16 use terms for him in your language that fit with that fact. Alternate translation: “about the boy or your slave woman.”
21:12	bb24		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	כֹּל֩ אֲשֶׁ֨ר תֹּאמַ֥ר אֵלֶ֛י⁠ךָ שָׂרָ֖ה שְׁמַ֣ע בְּ⁠קֹלָ֑⁠הּ	1	The word **listen** means to hear and do what is being asked. Also, the phrase **her voice** refers to Sarah and what she said. Alternate translation: “Rather, listen to whatever Sarah tells you to do, and do it,” or “Do everything that Sarah told you to do,”
21:12	rdik			כִּ֣י בְ⁠יִצְחָ֔ק יִקָּרֵ֥א לְ⁠ךָ֖ זָֽרַע	1	 Alternate translation: “because it is in Isaac that the descendants I promised you will be reckoned” or “because Isaac is the one who will be the ancestor of the descendants that I promised to give you.” or “because the offspring that I promised to you will come from Isaac.”
21:13	x8gk		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast	וְ⁠גַ֥ם אֶת־בֶּן־הָ⁠אָמָ֖ה & אֲשִׂימֶ֑⁠נּוּ	1	 Alternate translation: “But I will also make the son of your servant woman”
21:13	kan6			לְ⁠ג֣וֹי	1	 Alternate translation: “become the ancestor of an important people group,”
21:13	zcf9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	כִּ֥י זַרְעֲ⁠ךָ֖ הֽוּא	1	For some languages, it may be clearer or more natural to put this “because …” clause earlier in this sentence and say, “And/But because/since the son of your slave/servant woman is your offspring/son, I will also make him into a great/important/large people/ethnic group.” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “since he is your descendant.”
21:14	oc4t			וַ⁠יַּשְׁכֵּ֣ם אַבְרָהָ֣ם בַּ⁠בֹּ֡קֶר	1	 Alternate translation: “So Abraham got up early the next morning,”
21:14	mfcz		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	וַ⁠יִּֽקַּֽח לֶחֶם֩	1	This phrase may refer to bread or more generally to food. Alternate translation: “got some food”
21:14	sji3			וְ⁠חֵ֨מַת מַ֜יִם	1	The word **skin** refers here to an animal skin or hide. Alternate translation: “and a leather bag full of water” or “and a full water bag made of animal hide” or “and a water bag full of water”
21:14	k8au			וַ⁠יִּתֵּ֣ן אֶל הָ֠גָר שָׂ֧ם עַל שִׁכְמָ֛⁠הּ	1	 Alternate translation: “to Hagar and put them on her shoulder”
21:14	gwq4			וְ⁠אֶת הַ⁠יֶּ֖לֶד וַֽ⁠יְשַׁלְּחֶ֑⁠הָ	1	 Alternate translation: “Then he sent her and the boy away,” or “Then he sent her off with the youth,”
21:14	z5r6			וַ⁠תֵּ֣לֶךְ וַ⁠תֵּ֔תַע	1	 Alternate translation: “and she left and wandered around” or “and they wandered around”
21:14	rva8			בְּ⁠מִדְבַּ֖ר בְּאֵ֥ר שָֽׁבַע	1	Sometimes in the Bible a place is identified by the well-known name it will be called later. That is the case in this verse, since Beersheba is not given its name until verse 31. Alternate translation: “in the Beersheba Desert.” or “in the desert near the city that was later called Beersheba.”
21:15	tajn			וַ⁠יִּכְל֥וּ הַ⁠מַּ֖יִם מִן הַ⁠חֵ֑מֶת	1	See how you translated **skin** in verse 14. Alternate translation: “When they had drunk all the water that they had in the water container,” or “When there was no more water in the water skin” or “When the water bag was empty,”
21:15	rnel		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וַ⁠תַּשְׁלֵ֣ךְ	1	Make sure your translation of this idiom does not mean that Hagar literally threw Ishmael through the air. Alternate translation: “Hagar hurriedly put”
21:15	umgo			אֶת הַ⁠יֶּ֔לֶד	1	 Alternate translation: “the boy”
21:15	ezqr			תַּ֖חַת אַחַ֥ד הַ⁠שִּׂיחִֽם	1	 Alternate translation: “under the shade of one of the bushes there,” or “under the shade of a nearby bush,”
21:16	v16a			וַ⁠תֵּלֶךְ֩ וַ⁠תֵּ֨שֶׁב לָ֜⁠הּ מִ⁠נֶּ֗גֶד	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “Then she went away from him and sat down by herself,”
21:16	ldji		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance	הַרְחֵק֙ כִּ⁠מְטַחֲוֵ֣י קֶ֔שֶׁת	1	If you do not translate the text literally, the literal text could be put in a footnote. Alternate translation: “about as far away as someone can shoot a bow” or “about a hundred yards away,”
21:16	pq30			כִּ֣י אָֽמְרָ֔ה	1	 Alternate translation: “because she said to herself,” or “She said to herself,”
21:16	v45g		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnoun	אַל אֶרְאֶ֖ה בְּ⁠מ֣וֹת הַ⁠יָּ֑לֶד	1	Consider whether it is better to use a noun (**death**) or a verb (“die”) in your translation here. Also, see how you translated **child** in verses 14 and 15. Alternate translation: “I cannot bear to see my son die!”
21:16	ommg		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	וַ⁠תֵּ֣שֶׁב מִ⁠נֶּ֔גֶד וַ⁠תִּשָּׂ֥א אֶת קֹלָ֖⁠הּ וַ⁠תֵּֽבְךְּ	1	For some languages it may be more natural to change the order of the clauses in this verse (so that the events are in the order that they actually occurred) and say, “She thought to herself, “I cannot bear to watch/see my son die.” So she went away from him and sat down by herself, about as far away as someone can shoot an arrow. Then she started crying loudly.” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “As she sat there, she started sobbing loudly.” or “Then she started sobbing loudly.”
21:17	o970			וַ⁠יִּשְׁמַ֣ע אֱלֹהִים֮ אֶת ק֣וֹל הַ⁠נַּעַר֒	1	 Alternate translation: “God also heard the youth crying,”
21:17	g71i		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms	וַ⁠יִּקְרָא֩ מַלְאַ֨ךְ אֱלֹהִ֤ים אֶל הָגָר֙ מִן הַ⁠שָּׁמַ֔יִם וַ⁠יֹּ֥אמֶר לָ֖⁠הּ	1	See how you translated the key term **angel** in Gen 16:7. Alternate translation: “so one of his messengers called to Hagar from heaven and said” or “so he had one of his messengers call to Hagar from heaven and say”
21:17	kmbk			מַה לָּ֣⁠ךְ הָגָ֑ר	1	For some languages it is necessary to put **Hagar** first in this quote. Do what is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Hagar, why are you upset?”
21:17	p37b		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	אַל תִּ֣ירְאִ֔י כִּֽי שָׁמַ֧ע אֱלֹהִ֛ים אֶל ק֥וֹל הַ⁠נַּ֖עַר בַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֥ר הוּא שָֽׁם	1	The phrase **has listened to** means that God heard the boy and that he will help him. Alternate translation: “Do not be afraid, because God has heard the cries of the boy where he is lying and will take care of him.” or “Do not be afraid. God has heard the youth crying over there and will take care of him.” or “God has heard the youth crying over there, so do not be afraid because he will take care of you both.”
21:18	xxt8			ק֚וּמִי שְׂאִ֣י אֶת הַ⁠נַּ֔עַר	1	 Alternate translation: “So go help the youth to stand up,” or “So now, go to your son, help him get up,”
21:18	cazv			וְ⁠הַחֲזִ֥יקִי אֶת יָדֵ֖⁠ךְ בּ֑⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “and lead him by the hand to help him walk,”
21:18	l3mg			כִּֽי & אֲשִׂימֶֽ⁠נּוּ	1	The pronoun **I** refers to Yahweh here. So either Yahweh had taken on the form of an angel, or the angel was representing Yahweh and speaking for him. See what you did for a similar case in Gen 16:10. Also, see how you translated “make … into a great nation” in verse 13. Also see 18:18, which is similar. Alternate translation: “because Yahweh will make his descendants become”
21:18	yl2m			לְ⁠ג֥וֹי גָּד֖וֹל	1	See how you translated **nation** in verse 13. Alternate translation: “an large ethnic group.”
21:19	jfgl		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וַ⁠יִּפְקַ֤ח אֱלֹהִים֙ אֶת עֵינֶ֔י⁠הָ וַ⁠תֵּ֖רֶא	1	 Alternate translation: “Then God helped her to see”
21:19	hole			בְּאֵ֣ר מָ֑יִם	1	See how you translated **well** in Gen 16:14. Alternate translation: “a well.”
21:19	omv9			וַ⁠תֵּ֜לֶךְ	1	 Alternate translation: “So she walked over to the well,”
21:19	a7ik			וַ⁠תְּמַלֵּ֤א אֶת הַ⁠חֵ֨מֶת֙ מַ֔יִם	1	See how you translated **skin** in verses 14-15. Alternate translation: “filled the water bag with water,”
21:19	k9hm			וַ⁠תַּ֖שְׁקְ אֶת הַ⁠נָּֽעַר	1	 Alternate translation: “and gave Ishmael a drink from it.”
21:20	t51d		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וַ⁠יְהִ֧י אֱלֹהִ֛ים אֶת הַ⁠נַּ֖עַר	1	This clause means that God guided, helped, protected, and blessed Ishmael, that is, he took care of him. Consider whether or not your language has an idiom that fits well here. Also consider again how you translated “boy/youth” in verses 12, 17-20. Alternate translation: “God was with the boy and blessed him,”
21:20	x2tn		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	וַ⁠יִּגְדָּ֑ל וַ⁠יֵּ֨שֶׁב֙	1	For some languages it may be clearer or more natural to change the order of the clauses in this verse and say, “As the boy/youth grew up/older, God was with him and helped/blessed him.” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “as he grew up”
21:20	s0rv			וַ⁠יֵּ֨שֶׁב֙ בַּ⁠מִּדְבָּ֔ר	1	For some languages it is more natural to specify here in verse 20 that the name of the wilderness is Paran, rather than wait until verse 21, so that it is clear that both verses refer to the same wilderness. See how you translated **the wilderness** in verse 14. Alternate translation: “And he lived in the desert of Paran” or “He lived in the Paran Wilderness”
21:20	n9h4			וַ⁠יְהִ֖י רֹבֶ֥ה קַשָּֽׁת	1	 Alternate translation: “and became a skilled bowhunter”
21:21	rlzv			וַ⁠יֵּ֖שֶׁב בְּ⁠מִדְבַּ֣ר פָּארָ֑ן	1	See how you translated **wilderness** in verse 20. Alternate translation: “While he was living in the Paran Wilderness” or “While he was living in that desert,”
21:21	ay6a		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וַ⁠תִּֽקַּֽח ל֥⁠וֹ אִמּ֛⁠וֹ אִשָּׁ֖ה	1	 Alternate translation: “his mother chose a wife for him” or “his mother arranged for him to marry a woman”
21:21	vi5d			מֵ⁠אֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם	1	See how you translated **the land of Egypt** in Gen 13:10. Alternate translation: “who came from the country of Egypt.” or “who was Egyptian.”
21:22	qzrz		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent	וַֽ⁠יְהִי֙ בָּ⁠עֵ֣ת הַ⁠הִ֔וא	1	Consider what is the best way to introduce a new episode here in your language. Alternate translation: “Around that same time,”
21:22	ajvq		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר אֲבִימֶ֗לֶךְ וּ⁠פִיכֹל֙ שַׂר צְבָא֔⁠וֹ אֶל אַבְרָהָ֖ם לֵ⁠אמֹ֑ר	1	For some languages it is necessary in your language to make explicit that King Abimelech and Phicol came (or went) to Abraham before they spoke to him. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “King Abimelech went with his army commander Phicol to Abraham and said to him,” or “King Abimelech and his army commander Phicol went to Abraham and said to him,”
21:22	zrmj		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	אֱלֹהִ֣ים עִמְּ⁠ךָ֔ בְּ⁠כֹ֥ל אֲשֶׁר אַתָּ֖ה עֹשֶֽׂה	1	See how you translated a similar phrase (“God was with …”) in verse 20. Alternate translation: “I have noticed that God is with you and blesses you in everything that you do.”
21:23	dapc			וְ⁠עַתָּ֗ה	1	King Abimelech’s words to Abraham should sound polite and respectful in your translation, not rude or demanding. See how you translated this phrase in Gen 20:7. Alternate translation: “So now, please”
21:23	k01e		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-oathformula	הִשָּׁ֨בְעָ⁠ה לִּ֤⁠י בֵֽ⁠אלֹהִים֙ הֵ֔נָּה	1	To “swear … by God” means that Abraham would be accountable to God, asking him to be his witness and to punish him if he breaks his oath/vow/promise to King Abimelech. It does not mean that Abraham used swear words or other foul language. If this custom is not familiar to many people in your language area, you could put this information in a footnote. See how you translated a similar sentence in Gen 14:22. Alternate translation: “solemnly promise me here with God as your witness”
21:23	iy8k		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	אִם־תִּשְׁקֹ֣ר לִ֔⁠י	1	According to custom, Abimelech is leaving out the part of the oath that tells what Yahweh will do to Abraham if he violates the oath. Because of the power of spoken words, people left that part to be understood silently. You could supply these words if it would be clearer and not offensive in your language. Alternate translation: “that he will punish you severely if you deal falsely with me”
21:23	gd6n			כַּ⁠חֶ֜סֶד אֲשֶׁר עָשִׂ֤יתִי עִמְּ⁠ךָ֙	1	 Alternate translation: “Rather, just as I have treated you kindly,” or “But just as I have been kind to you,”
21:23	ofrf		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	תַּעֲשֶׂ֣ה עִמָּדִ֔⁠י וְ⁠עִם הָ⁠אָ֖רֶץ	1	In this context, the phrase **the land** refers to the people who live in the land. Alternate translation: “vow that you will also be kind to me and the people in this land”
21:23	vmpq			אֲשֶׁר גַּ֥רְתָּה בָּֽ⁠הּ	1	 Alternate translation: “where you are sojourning” or “where you are living as a foreigner”
21:24	vsx6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר֙ אַבְרָהָ֔ם	1	 Alternate translation: “Abraham said to Abimelech,”
21:24	llgs		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	אָנֹכִ֖י אִשָּׁבֵֽעַ	1	See how you translated **swear** in verse 23. Alternate translation: “I swear that I will do those things.” or “I solemnly promise that I will do that.”
21:25	skvd			וְ⁠הוֹכִ֥חַ אַבְרָהָ֖ם	1	 Alternate translation: “But then he confronted” or “Then he also protested to”
21:25	ngd9			אֶת אֲבִימֶ֑לֶךְ	1	For some languages, it is necessary to include the title “King” every time that Abimelech (or any other king) is referred to by name. For other languages, it is more natural to use the title only occasionally (especially when the focus is on him), or perhaps only the first time he is referred to in a section (so that his status is clear). Do what is best in your language throughout this section.
21:25	osf1			עַל אֹדוֹת֙	1	 Alternate translation: “regarding”
21:25	p4mg			בְּאֵ֣ר הַ⁠מַּ֔יִם	1	See how you translated **well of water** in verse 19. Alternate translation: “a well of water” or “the water well” or “a well”
21:26	dm1j			וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר אֲבִימֶ֔לֶךְ	1	 Alternate translation: “But Abimelech responded to him,” or “When King Abimelech heard that, he said”
21:26	msxx			מִ֥י עָשָׂ֖ה אֶת הַ⁠דָּבָ֣ר הַ⁠זֶּ֑ה	1	 Alternate translation: “who took your well from you.” or “who took control of your well.”
21:26	q3de			וְ⁠גַם	1	Here Abimelech is introducing an additional explanation of his innocence in this matter. Consider what it the best way to do that in your language. Alternate translation: “Furthermore,”
21:26	d0y8			אַתָּ֞ה לֹא הִגַּ֣דְתָּ לִּ֗⁠י	1	 Alternate translation: “you did not inform me about that before” or “you never told me about this”
21:26	dpcm			וְ⁠גַ֧ם	1	 Alternate translation: “so as a result”
21:26	qavd			אָנֹכִ֛י לֹ֥א שָׁמַ֖עְתִּי בִּלְתִּ֥י הַ⁠יּֽוֹם	1	 Alternate translation: “I knew nothing about it until today.” or “today is the first time that I have heard about it.”
21:27	ty60			וַ⁠יִּקַּ֤ח אַבְרָהָם֙ צֹ֣אן וּ⁠בָקָ֔ר וַ⁠יִּתֵּ֖ן לַ⁠אֲבִימֶ֑לֶךְ	1	See how you translated **sheep and cattle** in Gen 20:14. Alternate translation: “Then Abraham brought some of his sheep and cattle, and gave them to Abimelech,”
21:27	b406		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וַ⁠יִּכְרְת֥וּ שְׁנֵי⁠הֶ֖ם בְּרִֽית	1	See how you translated this phrase in Gen 15:18. Alternate translation: “and he and Abimelech made a peace agreement with one another.”
21:28	d0o3			וַ⁠יַּצֵּ֣ב אַבְרָהָ֗ם	1	 Alternate translation: “Abraham also isolated”
21:28	jg03			אֶת שֶׁ֛בַע כִּבְשֹׂ֥ת הַ⁠צֹּ֖אן לְ⁠בַדְּ⁠הֶֽן	1	 Alternate translation: “seven female lambs from the rest of the sheep.” or “seven young female sheep from the rest of the sheep.”
21:29	kf9n		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֥אמֶר אֲבִימֶ֖לֶךְ אֶל אַבְרָהָ֑ם	1	 Alternate translation: “So Abimelech asked Abraham”
21:29	qlqx			מָ֣ה הֵ֗נָּה שֶׁ֤בַע כְּבָשֹׂת֙ הָ⁠אֵ֔לֶּה אֲשֶׁ֥ר הִצַּ֖בְתָּ לְ⁠בַדָּֽ⁠נָה	1	See how you translated **set apart** in verse 28. Alternate translation: “What is the reason that you set apart those seven lambs?” or “Why did you put those seven lambs off by themselves?” or “Why did you isolate those seven lambs from the rest of the sheep?”
21:30	ljh3			וַ⁠יֹּ֕אמֶר	1	 Alternate translation: “Abraham answered him,”
21:30	spzl			כִּ֚י אֶת שֶׁ֣בַע כְּבָשֹׂ֔ת תִּקַּ֖ח	1	 Alternate translation: “Those seven lambs are for you to accept” or “Because I want you to take them”
21:30	gno6			בַּ⁠עֲבוּר֙ תִּֽהְיֶה לִּ֣⁠י לְ⁠עֵדָ֔ה	1	 Alternate translation: “to verify to everyone”
21:30	dj5y			כִּ֥י חָפַ֖רְתִּי אֶת הַ⁠בְּאֵ֥ר הַ⁠זֹּֽאת	1	 Alternate translation: “that I dug this well and so it is mine.” or “that I am the one who dug this well and it belongs to me.”
21:31	r5gz			עַל כֵּ֗ן	1	 Alternate translation: “That is why” or “So”
21:31	ace1			קָרָ֛א לַ⁠מָּק֥וֹם הַ⁠ה֖וּא	1	The phrase **he called** often means that people in general gave a city or other place a certain name. Here it could be that Abraham named the place Beersheba, and then later other people called it the same name, and it became well known by that name. See how you translated this phrase in Gen 19:22. Alternate translation: “Abraham called that place” or “they call that place” or “that place was called”
21:31	h7pp			בְּאֵ֣ר שָׁ֑בַע	1	Be consistent here with how you spelled **Beersheba** in verse 14. Also, if you include the meaning of the name in your translation or in a footnote, make sure that the way you translate “vow” or **oath** here matches the way you translate **oath** later in this verse. Alternate translation: “Well of the Oath,”
21:31	py2p			כִּ֛י שָׁ֥ם	1	 Alternate translation: “because it was there that” or “because that is where”
21:31	khcp			שְׁנֵי⁠הֶֽם	1	See how you translated this phrase in verse 27. Alternate translation: “he and Abimelech both”
21:31	hkv1			נִשְׁבְּע֖וּ	1	See how you translated “swear” in verses 23-24. Alternate translation: “made a vow to each other.” or “solemnly promised each other to live in peace.”
21:32	idhd		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וַ⁠יִּכְרְת֥וּ בְרִ֖ית בִּ⁠בְאֵ֣ר שָׁ֑בַע	1	Consider whether it is better in your language to use a pronoun or nouns here to refer to these men. Some languages have a special dual pronoun for **they** that fits well here. Also, see how you translated the idiom “cut … covenant” in verse 27. Alternate translation: “After Abraham and King Abimelech established their peace agreement at Beersheba,”
21:32	usgz		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וַ⁠יָּ֣קָם אֲבִימֶ֗לֶךְ וּ⁠פִיכֹל֙ שַׂר צְבָא֔⁠וֹ	1	See how you translated **got up** in verse 22. Alternate translation: “Abimelech and Phicol, his army commander left from there” or “Abimelech and his army commander Phicol left Abraham”
21:32	qzuk			אֶל אֶ֥רֶץ פְּלִשְׁתִּֽים	1	Abimelech and Phicol probably returned to their homes in the city of Gerar (Gen 20:2), which at that time was the Philistines’ capital city, where Abimelech ruled from. The place in the desert where Abimelech and Abraham made their covenant (Beersheba) was probably located on the border of the Philistines’ territory. Alternate translation: “to the land where the Philistines lived.”
21:33	aoys		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	אֶ֖שֶׁל	1	The tamarisk tree (also known as salt-cedar) is a small-leaved evergreen tree that grows up to 30 feet (9 meters) high and provides shade. It grows well in desert areas that have salty soil. You could put some of that information in a footnote. Alternate translation: “a salt-cedar tree” or “an evergreen tree named salt-cedar”
21:33	nqr4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וַ⁠יִּ֨קְרָא שָׁ֔ם בְּ⁠שֵׁ֥ם יְהוָ֖ה	1	See how you translated this clause in Gen 12:8 and a similar clause in 13:4. Alternate translation: “and he praised Yahweh by name there,” or “and he addressed Yahweh there by his name as he praised him,” or “and there he praised Yahweh,”
21:33	kg6a			אֵ֥ל עוֹלָֽם	1	This phrase means that God has no beginning and no end. In other words, he has always existed and he will continue to exist forever. Alternate translation: “who is the Eternal God.” or “who is the God who has always existed.”
21:34	fwun			וַ⁠יָּ֧גָר אַבְרָהָ֛ם	1	See how you translated “sojourning” in verse 23. Alternate translation: “After that, he stayed there”
21:34	iij4			בְּ⁠אֶ֥רֶץ פְּלִשְׁתִּ֖ים	1	 Alternate translation: “in the territory that was occupied by the Philistines” or “in the territory where the Philistines lived”
21:34	rc8r		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	יָמִ֥ים רַבִּֽים	1	Abraham lived in the Philistines’ territory for around 25 years, so keep that in mind as you translate this phrase. For some languages it is clearer or more natural to put this time phrase earlier in this sentence and say, “… lived there for many years in the land …” Do what is best in your language.
22:1	oi54		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent	וַ⁠יְהִ֗י אַחַר֙ הַ⁠דְּבָרִ֣ים הָ⁠אֵ֔לֶּה	1	This is the beginning of a new episode that takes place around twelve years after Abraham and King Abimelech made their treaty (chapter 21). See how you translated “after those events” in Gen 15:1; it may be necessary to translate this phrase in a slightly different way here because of the different context. Alternate translation: “Sometime after those things happened” or “Several years later”
22:1	y0sj			וְ⁠הָ֣⁠אֱלֹהִ֔ים נִסָּ֖ה אֶת אַבְרָהָ֑ם	1	Make sure your translation of this clause does not sound like the test was over. Rather it introduces what the following episode is about. Alternate translation: “God wanted to test Abraham.”
22:1	ed64		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יֹּ֥אמֶר	1	Make sure it is clear in your translation who is speaking here. Alternate translation: “Abraham replied to him,”
22:1	padv		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	הִנֵּֽנִ⁠י	1	Abraham’s reply is respectful and means that he is listening and ready to do what God wants him to do. Consider what is the best way to say this phrase in your language. Alternate translation: “Yes, Master?” or “What is it, Lord”
22:2	kuxt		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֡אמֶר	1	Translate this quote margin in a way that fits this context well. Alternate translation: “Then God said to him,” or “Then God told him,”
22:2	yhh1			קַח נָ֠א אֶת בִּנְ⁠ךָ֨	1	See how you translated “please” when God is talking to a person in Gen 13:14; 15:5. Your translation of **take** here should not imply the use of force. See how you translated “took” in Gen 11:31 and 12:5.
22:2	b5q0			אֶת יְחִֽידְ⁠ךָ֤ אֲשֶׁר אָהַ֨בְתָּ֙ אֶת יִצְחָ֔ק	1	This phrase repeats part of the previous phrase in order to emphasize it. Do what is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “yes your only son Isaac whom you love,”
22:2	zek7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וְ⁠לֶךְ לְ⁠ךָ֔	1	It is understood that he was to take Isaac with him. If this is not clear in your language, you could make that information explicit. Alternate translation: “and go with him”
22:2	fsxs		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	אֶל אֶ֖רֶץ הַ⁠מֹּרִיָּ֑ה	1	 Alternate translation: “to the region called Moriah,” or “to the Moriah Region,”
22:2	fvbp			וְ⁠הַעֲלֵ֤⁠הוּ שָׁם֙ לְ⁠עֹלָ֔ה	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. See how you translated a similar phrase in Gen 8:20. Alternate translation: “and offer him there to me as a burnt offering” or “There you are to burn him up on an altar as a offering to me,”
22:2	yxpj			עַ֚ל אַחַ֣ד הֶֽ⁠הָרִ֔ים	1	 Alternate translation: “on top of one of the mountains” or “on top of a mountain”
22:2	c0gi			אֲשֶׁ֖ר אֹמַ֥ר אֵלֶֽי⁠ךָ	1	 Alternate translation: “that I will point out to you.”
22:3	rmr5			וַ⁠יַּשְׁכֵּ֨ם אַבְרָהָ֜ם בַּ⁠בֹּ֗קֶר	1	See how you translated **got up early in the morning** in Gen 20:8. Alternate translation: “So the next morning, Abraham got up early” or “Early the next morning Abraham got up”
22:3	r4ae		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	וַֽ⁠יַּחֲבֹשׁ֙ אֶת חֲמֹר֔⁠וֹ	1	A donkey is like a small horse that people used to carry loads (as here). Alternate translation: “and got his donkey ready for the trip.”
22:3	cnmv			וַ⁠יִּקַּ֞ח אֶת שְׁנֵ֤י נְעָרָי⁠ו֙ אִתּ֔⁠וֹ וְ⁠אֵ֖ת יִצְחָ֣ק בְּנ֑⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “He took two of his servants with him and his son Isaac,” or “Then he took his son Isaac and two of his servants,”
22:3	kxn0		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וַ⁠יְבַקַּע֙ עֲצֵ֣י	1	The reason Abraham is the only one mentioned in this clause and in the next sentence is that he is in focus. He did not travel alone and he probably did not chop the wood alone. Decide whether or not you need to make that explicit in your translation. Alternate translation: “and he split some firewood with them” or “and they chopped some firewood together”
22:3	pd14		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	עֹלָ֔ה	1	Some languages must translate this noun phrase using a verb. Do what is natural in your language. See what you did in verse 2. Alternate translation: “to use for the burnt offering and loaded it on the donkey.” or “that they would use to burn the offering and loaded it on the donkey.”
22:3	tot6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וַ⁠יָּ֣קָם וַ⁠יֵּ֔לֶךְ אֶל הַ⁠מָּק֖וֹם	1	In this context, **got up** is used as an idiom that means Abraham started an activity. It does not mean that he was sitting down and literally stood up. Alternate translation: “Then he set out with them for the place” or “Then they started traveling to the mountain”
22:3	uasj			אֲשֶׁר אָֽמַר ל֥⁠וֹ הָ⁠אֱלֹהִֽים	1	 Alternate translation: “that God had told him to go to.”
22:4	u4zi			בַּ⁠יּ֣וֹם הַ⁠שְּׁלִישִׁ֗י	1	 Alternate translation: “After walking for three days,”
22:4	o9zt		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וַ⁠יִּשָּׂ֨א אַבְרָהָ֧ם אֶת עֵינָ֛י⁠ו	1	See how you translated the idiom **lifted his eyes** in Gen 18:2. It may be necessary to translate it differently here, because of the different context. Alternate translation: “he looked up”
22:4	ql9b		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	וַ⁠יַּ֥רְא אֶת הַ⁠מָּק֖וֹם מֵ⁠רָחֹֽק	1	Consider where it is best in your language to put the location phrase **from a distance** or “in the distance”. Alternate translation: “and he could see the place where they were headed in the distance.” or “and in the distance he could see the place where they were going.”
22:5	a4ha			וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר אַבְרָהָ֜ם אֶל נְעָרָ֗י⁠ו	1	Be consistent here with how you translated **young men** in verse 3. Alternate translation: “Then Abraham told his servants,”
22:5	a6c1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual	שְׁבוּ לָ⁠כֶ֥ם פֹּה֙ עִֽם הַ⁠חֲמ֔וֹר	1	Some languages have special dual pronouns (that refer to only two people) that can be used in verse 5 to refer to Abraham’s two servants.
22:5	dec5			וַ⁠אֲנִ֣י וְ⁠הַ⁠נַּ֔עַר נֵלְכָ֖ה	1	See how you translated **the boy** in Gen 21:12, 17-20. We do not know for sure how old Isaac was at this time, but estimates range between 18 and 37 years old. Make sure your translation of **boy** allows for that fact. Alternate translation: “while the young man and I go”
22:5	g7di			עַד כֹּ֑ה	1	 Alternate translation: “over there to that mountain”
22:5	qx9v		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction	וְ⁠נִֽשְׁתַּחֲוֶ֖ה	1	In that culture, people had the custom of bowing down to worship God. Make sure it is clear in your translation why Abraham and Isaac would bow down. Alternate translation: “and bow down to worship God.”
22:5	xg6u			וְ⁠נָשׁ֥וּבָה אֲלֵי⁠כֶֽם	1	 Alternate translation: “Then we will return to you here.” or “After that, we will come back here to you.”
22:6	z998			וַ⁠יִּקַּ֨ח אַבְרָהָ֜ם אֶת עֲצֵ֣י הָ⁠עֹלָ֗ה	1	See how you translated “firewood” and **burnt offering** in verse 3. Alternate translation: “Then he took the firewood for the burnt offering off the donkey,” or “Then he took the firewood that they would use to burn the sacrifice”
22:6	opxt		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וַ⁠יָּ֨שֶׂם֙ עַל יִצְחָ֣ק בְּנ֔⁠וֹ	1	The Hebrew text does not specify exactly where Abraham put the wood on Isaac. Only specify that in a translation if it is necessary in your language. Alternate translation: “and gave it to his son Isaac to carry,”
22:6	jggs			וַ⁠יִּקַּ֣ח בְּ⁠יָד֔⁠וֹ	1	Consider whether or not it is better to begin a new sentence here in your language. Alternate translation: “and he himself carried”
22:6	b8n2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	אֶת הָ⁠אֵ֖שׁ	1	The **fire** can either refer to hot coals (in a pot) or to a flint stone and wood chips that they would use to start the fire on the altar. Make sure that your translation of this phrase does not mean that Abraham was holding fire or hot coals in his bare hands. Alternate translation: “a fire pot with hot embers in it” or “the other things to make a fire”
22:6	h7lb			וְ⁠אֶת הַֽ⁠מַּאֲכֶ֑לֶת	1	 Alternate translation: “and a sacrifice knife.”
22:6	gsz4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-dual	וַ⁠יֵּלְכ֥וּ שְׁנֵי⁠הֶ֖ם יַחְדָּֽו	1	Some languages have a dual pronoun that could be used here. Alternate translation: “Then Abraham and Isaac walked on together,” or “Then they continued walking toward the mountain,”
22:7	pbll		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר יִצְחָ֜ק אֶל־אַבְרָהָ֤ם אָבִי⁠ו֙ וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר	1	Consider what is the best way to translate this quote margin in your language. Alternate translation: “and as they went Isaac said to his father Abraham,”
22:7	yodu		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יֹּ֖אמֶר	1	Consider what is the best way to refer to Abraham at this point in the paragraph in your language. Alternate translation: “Abraham said to him,”
22:7	q4kt		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	הִנֶּ֣נִּֽ⁠י בְנִ֑⁠י	1	See how you translated the idiom **Behold me** in verse 1. Alternate translation: “What is it, my son?”
22:7	ai7j		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֗אמֶר	1	Make sure that the way you translate this quote margin fits well with what Isaac says next.
22:7	s3hm			הִנֵּ֤ה	1	 Alternate translation: “Here is”
22:7	yc7e			הָ⁠אֵשׁ֙ וְ⁠הָ֣⁠עֵצִ֔ים	1	 Alternate translation: “the fire pot and the firewood,” or “what we need to make a fire to burn the sacrifice,”
22:7	jd19			וְ⁠אַיֵּ֥ה הַ⁠שֶּׂ֖ה	1	 Alternate translation: “but where is the sheep” or “but why is there no lamb”
22:7	izci			לְ⁠עֹלָֽה	1	 Alternate translation: “for us to use as the burnt offering?” or “for us to burn as our sacrifice to God?” or “that we will burn as our offering to God?”
22:8	icf0		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר֙ אַבְרָהָ֔ם	1	 Alternate translation: “Then Abraham said to him,”
22:8	kpqx		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	אֱלֹהִ֞ים יִרְאֶה לּ֥⁠וֹ	1	This is an idiom that means God will provide the lamb. Make sure this meaning is clear in your translation. Alternate translation: “God himself will see to it that there is”
22:8	qwmm			הַ⁠שֶּׂ֛ה לְ⁠עֹלָ֖ה	1	See how you translated this phrase in verse 7. Alternate translation: “a lamb for the burnt offering,” or “a lamb for us to burn as a offering to him,”
22:8	ma9g		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	בְּנִ֑⁠י	1	Consider whether it is more natural in your language to put this address first in this quote and say, “My son, God himself will …”
22:8	rj6h		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-dual	וַ⁠יֵּלְכ֥וּ שְׁנֵי⁠הֶ֖ם	1	See how you translated **the two of them** in verse 6. Alternate translation: “So the two of them walked on together.” or “So they continued walking together toward the mountain.”
22:9	r054			וַ⁠יָּבֹ֗אוּ אֶֽל	1	 Alternate translation: “After they got to” or “After they arrived at” or “After they reached”
22:9	ouv8			הַ⁠מָּקוֹם֮ אֲשֶׁ֣ר אָֽמַר ל֣⁠וֹ הָ⁠אֱלֹהִים֒	1	See how you translated this phrase in verse 3. Alternate translation: “the mountain that God had told him to go to”
22:9	esjb			וַ⁠יִּ֨בֶן שָׁ֤ם אַבְרָהָם֙ אֶת הַ⁠מִּזְבֵּ֔חַ	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. See how you translated **altar** in Gen 13:4, 18. Alternate translation: “Abraham made a stone altar there”
22:9	k8uv			וַֽ⁠יַּעֲרֹ֖ךְ אֶת הָ⁠עֵצִ֑ים	1	Abraham arranged the wood on top of the altar so that it would burn well. Make sure your translation of this phrase does not sound like he lit the fire yet; he did not do that until verse 13 when he sacrificed the ram. Alternate translation: “and laid the wood on top of it.”
22:9	wkmq		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	וַ⁠יָּ֤שֶׂם אֹת⁠וֹ֙ עַל הַ⁠מִּזְבֵּ֔חַ מִ⁠מַּ֖עַל לָ⁠עֵצִֽים	1	Consider which order of these phrases is the clearest and most natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and put him on top of the wood that was on the altar.”
22:10	mmrx		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יִּשְׁלַ֤ח אַבְרָהָם֙ אֶת־יָד֔⁠וֹ וַ⁠יִּקַּ֖ח אֶת־הַֽ⁠מַּאֲכֶ֑לֶת	1	Consider whether it is better in your language to use a noun or a pronoun to refer to Abraham here. See how you translated **knife** in verse 6. Alternate translation: “Then he took the knife in his hand”
22:10	ycq6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	לִ⁠שְׁחֹ֖ט אֶת בְּנֽ⁠וֹ	1	In the process of sacrificing, the first step was to kill the sacrifice and then burn up the body on the altar. If necessary, you could make that information explicit in your translation or in a footnote. Alternate translation: “in order to kill his son before sacrificing his body on the altar.”
22:11	m7u5			וַ⁠יִּקְרָ֨א & מַלְאַ֤ךְ יְהוָה֙	1	Make sure in your translation that it does not sound like Abraham killed Isaac. See how you translated this phrase in Gen 21:17. Alternate translation: “But before Abraham could use the knife, an angel from Yahweh called”
22:11	emlx			אֵלָ֜י⁠ו & מִן הַ⁠שָּׁמַ֔יִם וַ⁠יֹּ֖אמֶר אַבְרָהָ֣ם אַבְרָהָ֑ם	1	The angel repeats Abraham’s name to communicate urgency and that he wants him to stop and listen. Make sure your translation does not sound like the angel was angry or criticizing Abraham.
22:11	ea4o		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֖אמֶר	2	 Alternate translation: “Abraham replied to the angel,”
22:11	bges		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	הִנֵּֽנִ⁠י	1	See how you translated **Behold me** in verse 1. Alternate translation: “What is it, Master?” or “Yes, Master?”
22:12	u0h9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יֹּ֗אמֶר	1	Make sure it is clear in your translation that the angel is speaking here, not Abraham. Alternate translation: “Then the angel said,”
22:12	htic		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	אַל תִּשְׁלַ֤ח יָֽדְ⁠ךָ֙ אֶל	1	Consider whether your language has an idiom that has the same meaning as the Hebrew idiom here. Alternate translation: “Do not lay your hands on” or “Do not kill”
22:12	vytx			הַ⁠נַּ֔עַר	1	See how you translated this in verse 5. Alternate translation: “the young man”
22:12	qdxh		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	וְ⁠אַל תַּ֥עַשׂ ל֖⁠וֹ מְא֑וּמָּה	1	The angel repeats the previous command (using different words) in order to emphasize that Abraham should not hurt Isaac. Most languages can do something similar. Do what is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Do not do anything to harm him” or “You must not do anything to harm him” or “You must not harm him in any way”
22:12	dilb			כִּ֣י עַתָּ֣ה יָדַ֗עְתִּי	1	Yahweh is the one talking here, represented by the angel who speaks on his behalf, or perhaps God is appearing to Abraham as an angel. Alternate translation: “Now I see” or “You have shown me”
22:12	fr8l		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms	כִּֽי יְרֵ֤א אֱלֹהִים֙ אַ֔תָּה	1	See how you translated **fear** in Gen 20:11. Alternate translation: “that you fear me” or “that you deeply respect me”
22:12	kcxw			וְ⁠לֹ֥א חָשַׂ֛כְתָּ אֶת בִּנְ⁠ךָ֥ אֶת יְחִידְ⁠ךָ֖ מִמֶּֽ⁠נִּי	1	 Alternate translation: “because you obeyed me and did not hold back your son from me, yes your only son.” or “because you obeyed me and did not refuse to sacrifice your son to me, even though he is your only son.”
22:13	v3dv		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וַ⁠יִּשָּׂ֨א אַבְרָהָ֜ם אֶת עֵינָ֗י⁠ו וַ⁠יַּרְא֙	1	See how you translated **lifted his eyes and looked** in Gen 18:2.
22:13	q7w3			וְ⁠הִנֵּה אַ֔יִל אַחַ֕ר	1	A ram is an adult male sheep or goat. See how you translated this term in Gen 15:9. Alternate translation: “and suddenly he saw a ram behind him”
22:13	t9hq		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	נֶאֱחַ֥ז בַּ⁠סְּבַ֖ךְ בְּ⁠קַרְנָ֑י⁠ו	1	 Alternate translation: “that had caught its horns in the thicket” or “that had its horns caught in a bush.”
22:13	vrf2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וַ⁠יֵּ֤לֶךְ אַבְרָהָם֙ וַ⁠יִּקַּ֣ח אֶת־הָ⁠אַ֔יִל	1	For some languages it may be necessary to explicitly state that Abraham untied Isaac and took him off the altar before he sacrificed the ram. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “So after releasing Isaac, he took the ram from the thicket” or “So he untied Isaac, went over to the ram and untangled it.”
22:13	p6og		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וַ⁠יַּעֲלֵ֥⁠הוּ לְ⁠עֹלָ֖ה	1	Animals that were sacrificed to God as burnt offerings were killed first before they were burned on an altar. Make sure your translation does not sound like the ram was burned alive. If that is not clear, you could make some of the above implied information explicit in your translation. Alternate translation: “Then he killed the ram and burned it on the altar as a offering to God”
22:13	bk1e			תַּ֥חַת בְּנֽ⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “as a substitute for his son.”
22:14	hiz5			וַ⁠יִּקְרָ֧א אַבְרָהָ֛ם שֵֽׁם־הַ⁠מָּק֥וֹם הַ⁠ה֖וּא	1	Make sure it is clear that what Yahweh did in verse 13 is the reason that Abraham gave that place the name **Yahweh-Yireh** in verse 14. Alternate translation: “That is why Abraham called that place” or “Because God provided the ram, Abraham called that place”
22:14	fs0p		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	יְהוָ֣ה יִרְאֶ֑ה	1	If you include the meaning of this name in your translation text or in a footnote, be consistent with how you translate the verb “see/provide” in verse 8 (and later in verse 14), which the name is based on.
22:14	scaj			אֲשֶׁר֙ יֵאָמֵ֣ר הַ⁠יּ֔וֹם	1	This refers to the time period when Moses was writing this book. If that is not clear, you could put that information in a footnote. Alternate translation: “Even now people still say,”
22:14	v6oq		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	יֵרָאֶֽה	1	See how you translated this idiom in verse 8. Alternate translation: “it will be provided by him.” or “he will see to it that we have what we need.” or “he will provide what we need.”
22:15	m2cz			וַ⁠יִּקְרָ֛א מַלְאַ֥ךְ יְהוָ֖ה אֶל־אַבְרָהָ֑ם שֵׁנִ֖ית מִן־הַ⁠שָּׁמָֽיִם	1	See how you translated “called … from heaven” in verse 11, and how you translated **angel** in verses 11-12.
22:16	ouls			וַ⁠יֹּ֕אמֶר	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here.
22:16	j53n			בִּ֥⁠י נִשְׁבַּ֖עְתִּי נְאֻם יְהוָ֑ה	1	See how you translated **swear** in Gen 21:23-24.
22:16	rcpc			כִּ֗י יַ֚עַן אֲשֶׁ֤ר עָשִׂ֨יתָ֙ אֶת הַ⁠דָּבָ֣ר הַ⁠זֶּ֔ה	1	 Alternate translation: “that since you have done what I said” or “that since you obeyed me”
22:16	sgj6			וְ⁠לֹ֥א חָשַׂ֖כְתָּ אֶת בִּנְ⁠ךָ֥	1	See how you translated a similar phrase in verse 12. Alternate translation: “and did not refuse to sacrifice your son to me,” or “were willing to give your son to me”
22:16	pxdg			אֶת יְחִידֶֽ⁠ךָ	1	See how you translated this in verse 12. Alternate translation: “even though he is your only son”
22:17	z6y6			כִּֽי בָרֵ֣ךְ אֲבָרֶכְ⁠ךָ֗	1	 Alternate translation: “I will surely bless you,” or “I will surely cause you to prosper greatly,”
22:17	d019			וְ⁠הַרְבָּ֨ה אַרְבֶּ֤ה אֶֽת זַרְעֲ⁠ךָ֙	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “I will greatly increase the number of your descendants so that they will be” or “In fact, I will give you so many offspring that they will be”
22:17	ufpq		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	כְּ⁠כוֹכְבֵ֣י הַ⁠שָּׁמַ֔יִם	1	Make sure it is clear in your translation that God is comparing the number of stars and grains of sand to the number of descendants Abraham will have. There will be so many that no one can count them all (as in Gen 13:16 and 15:6). Alternate translation: “as many as the stars in the sky”
22:17	bf0s			וְ⁠כַ⁠ח֕וֹל אֲשֶׁ֖ר עַל שְׂפַ֣ת הַ⁠יָּ֑ם	1	 Alternate translation: “and as many as the grains of sand on the seashore,”
22:17	v3sf		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וְ⁠יִרַ֣שׁ זַרְעֲ⁠ךָ֔ אֵ֖ת שַׁ֥עַר אֹיְבָֽי⁠ו	1	Cities often had high stone walls surrounding them to protect the people inside. The gates in the walls were the only way to go in or out of a city. The idiom “possess the gates of … enemies” refers to taking control of the cities and conquering the people living there. Consider what is the best way to translate this idiom in your language. Alternate translation: “and they will conquer the cities of all their enemies.” or “They will conquer all their enemies and rule over them.” or “Your offspring will …”
22:18	ropw			בְ⁠זַרְעֲ⁠ךָ֔	1	See how you translated **offspring** in verse 17. Alternate translation: “In your offspring” or “Because of your offspring” or “By means of your offspring”
22:18	c2lu		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	וְ⁠הִתְבָּרֲכ֣וּ & כֹּ֖ל גּוֹיֵ֣י הָ⁠אָ֑רֶץ	1	See how you translated a similar sentence (“in/through … all the … of/on the earth will be blessed”) in Gen 12:3 and 18:18. Alternate translation: “all the peoples of the earth will be blessed by me,” or “I will bless all the ethnic groups that live on the earth,”
22:18	emd5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	עֵ֕קֶב אֲשֶׁ֥ר שָׁמַ֖עְתָּ בְּ⁠קֹלִֽ⁠י	1	Make sure your translation of **my voice** refers to what God commanded Abraham. Also, consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “because you heeded my command.”
22:19	nybt		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וַ⁠יָּ֤שָׁב אַבְרָהָם֙	1	Make sure your translation does not sound like Abraham returned alone (without Isaac). Alternate translation: “Afterwards Abraham and Isaac went back”
22:19	tr07			אֶל נְעָרָ֔י⁠ו	1	Be consistent here with how you translated **young men** in verses 3 and 5. Alternate translation: “to the two servants”
22:19	tggg		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וַ⁠יָּקֻ֛מוּ וַ⁠יֵּלְכ֥וּ יַחְדָּ֖ו אֶל בְּאֵ֣ר שָׁ֑בַע	1	At that time, Abraham and his family were living in Beersheba (Gen 21:31-34). So in your translation, it should not sound like Beersheba was a new destination; they were returning home. Alternate translation: “Then they returned home together to the city of Beersheba,”
22:19	q7m7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וַ⁠יֵּ֥שֶׁב אַבְרָהָ֖ם בִּ⁠בְאֵ֥ר שָֽׁבַע	1	Make sure your translation does not sound like Abraham was living alone in Beersheba apart from his family. Alternate translation: “and Abraham continued to live there with his family.” or “where Abraham and his family continued to live.”
22:20	i6mk		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent	וַ⁠יְהִ֗י אַחֲרֵי֙ הַ⁠דְּבָרִ֣ים הָ⁠אֵ֔לֶּה	1	This phrase introduces a new topic. Consider what is the best way to do that in your language. Alternate translation: “Sometime after that”
22:20	s6w0		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	וַ⁠יֻּגַּ֥ד לְ⁠אַבְרָהָ֖ם לֵ⁠אמֹ֑ר	1	Consider what is the best way to translate this passive clause in your language.
22:20	q12r			הִ֠נֵּה	1	 Alternate translation: “Listen,” or “I have some news for you:”
22:20	g7pp		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations	יָלְדָ֨ה מִלְכָּ֥ה גַם הִ֛וא בָּנִ֖ים לְ⁠נָח֥וֹר אָחִֽי⁠ךָ	1	For some languages it may be better to use an indirect quote in this verse and say, “Sometime later Abraham found out that his brother Nahor and Nahor’s wife Milcah had some sons,” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “Milcah the wife of your brother Nahor has born some sons for him,” or “your brother Nahor and his wife Milcah also have some sons,”
22:21	wmd4			אֶת ע֥וּץ בְּכֹר֖⁠וֹ וְ⁠אֶת בּ֣וּז אָחִ֑י⁠ו וְ⁠אֶת קְמוּאֵ֖ל	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “including their oldest son Uz, then Buz and Kemuel,” or “The first one is Uz, the second is Buz, and the third is Kemuel,”
22:21	rvcd			אֲבִ֥י אֲרָֽם	1	 Alternate translation: “who fathered Aram.” or “whose son is Aram.”
22:22	szt9			וְ⁠אֶת	1	Make sure it is clear in your translation that the people listed in verse 22 were sons of Nahor and Milcah, not sons of Kemuel (verse 21). Also, consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here.
22:22	zhtn			כֶּ֣שֶׂד וְ⁠אֶת חֲז֔וֹ וְ⁠אֶת פִּלְדָּ֖שׁ וְ⁠אֶת יִדְלָ֑ף וְ⁠אֵ֖ת בְּתוּאֵֽל	1	Consider whether it is best in your language to use a conjunction between each name in this list (like Hebrew does), or only before the last name in the list. See what you did for a similar list of names in Gen 10:26-29.
22:23	hgj2			וּ⁠בְתוּאֵ֖ל יָלַ֣ד אֶת רִבְקָ֑ה	1	Some translations put this sentence in parentheses to show that it is a separate comment by the author and not part of the previous quote. Do what is best in your language. Also, see how you translated **fathered** in Gen 11:27. Alternate translation: “Bethuel was the father of Rebekah.”
22:24	wjgn			וּ⁠פִֽילַגְשׁ֖⁠וֹ וּ⁠שְׁמָ֣⁠הּ רְאוּמָ֑ה וַ⁠תֵּ֤לֶד גַּם הִוא֙	1	 Alternate translation: “In addition to that, Nahor and his concubine Reumah also had some sons, including”
22:24	ze05			אֶת טֶ֣בַח וְ⁠אֶת גַּ֔חַם וְ⁠אֶת תַּ֖חַשׁ וְ⁠אֶֽת מַעֲכָֽה	1	See how you connected the list of names in verse 22.
23:1	y6lm			וַ⁠יִּהְיוּ֙ חַיֵּ֣י שָׂרָ֔ה מֵאָ֥ה שָׁנָ֛ה וְ⁠עֶשְׂרִ֥ים שָׁנָ֖ה וְ⁠שֶׁ֣בַע שָׁנִ֑ים	1	 Alternate translation: “Sarah lived 127 years”
23:1	xsnc		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	שְׁנֵ֖י חַיֵּ֥י שָׂרָֽה	1	Consider whether it is better in your language to combine the last part of verse 1 with the beginning of verse 2 and say, “That is how old she was when she died in Kiriath Arba …” Alternate translation: “Yes, that is how long she lived” or “That is how old she lived to be”
23:2	gq6y			וַ⁠תָּ֣מָת שָׂרָ֗ה	1	Consider whether it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here or to continue the previous sentence. Alternate translation: “Then she died” or “before she died”
23:2	uigf		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	בְּ⁠קִרְיַ֥ת אַרְבַּ֛ע	1	You can spell this name as two words, as in the Hebrew text, or combine them into one word with or without a hyphen. Be consistent with how you spell this name throughout the Bible. Alternate translation: “in the city of Kiriath-arba,”
23:2	zc7g			הִ֥וא חֶבְר֖וֹן	1	The city of Kiriath Arba was later named Hebron (Joshua 14:15). Alternate translation: “which is also named Hebron,” or “also known as Hebron,” or “that is, Hebron,”
23:2	ptzp		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	בְּ⁠אֶ֣רֶץ כְּנָ֑עַן	1	For some languages it is more natural to put a general location before a specific location and say, “in the land of Canaan, in the city of Kiriath Arba, which is Hebron.” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “in the land called Canaan.”
23:2	y3fa			וַ⁠יָּבֹא֙ אַבְרָהָ֔ם	1	 Alternate translation: “Then Abraham came to her” or “Abraham came to her side”
23:2	d6r2			לִ⁠סְפֹּ֥ד לְ⁠שָׂרָ֖ה וְ⁠לִ⁠בְכֹּתָֽ⁠הּ	1	For some languages it is necessary to translate this sentence using a verb form that expresses completion or past tense so that it is clear that Abraham actually did this. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “to mourn and cry for her.”
23:3	ad8l			וַ⁠יָּ֨קָם֙ אַבְרָהָ֔ם מֵ⁠עַ֖ל פְּנֵ֣י	1	 Alternate translation: “Later he got up from mourning beside” or “After a while, Abraham left”
23:3	fwcx			מֵת֑⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “her body,”
23:3	l42n		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וַ⁠יְדַבֵּ֥ר אֶל־בְּנֵי חֵ֖ת לֵ⁠אמֹֽר	1	The phrase **sons of Heth** refers to the descendants of Canaan’s son Heth (Genesis 10:15; 15:20) who are also known as the Hittites. Consider what is the best way to refer to them here in your language. Also, for some languages it is necessary to make it explicit here in verse 3 that Abraham went to the city gates to meet with the Hittites, rather than wait until verse 10 for that information. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “and he went to the elders of the Hittites at the city gates and said to them,”
23:4	s4tz		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	אָנֹכִ֖י	1	The leaders of the city already knew that Abraham was a foreigner, so make sure your translation of this sentence does not sound like he is telling them something that they did not know. Alternate translation: “I am coming to you as” or “Since I am”
23:4	i6f1			גֵּר וְ⁠תוֹשָׁ֥ב	1	See how you translated **foreigner** in Gen 15:13. Alternate translation: “a outsider who has settled” or “a outsider who is living”
23:4	rxen		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	עִמָּ⁠כֶ֑ם	1	It is implied by Abraham and understood by the Hittites that Abraham’s status as a foreigner means he owns no property. Consider whether or not to make this implied information explicit in your translation. Alternate translation: “among you and I have no land of my own.” or “in your land and I do not own any property here.”
23:4	ck58		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-politeness	תְּנ֨וּ לִ֤⁠י	1	Make sure that the way you translate this phrase sounds polite, not rude or demanding. Alternate translation: “Please give me” or “Please let me buy”
23:4	sf40			אֲחֻזַּת קֶ֨בֶר֙ עִמָּ⁠כֶ֔ם	1	 Alternate translation: “some land among you” or “some of your property”
23:4	szs9			וְ⁠אֶקְבְּרָ֥ה מֵתִ֖⁠י מִ⁠לְּ⁠פָנָֽ⁠י	1	Translate this clause in a way that shows respect for the person who has died. Alternate translation: “so I have a place to take my dead wife and bury her.” or “where I can bury the body of my wife who has died.” or “so that I can give my deceased wife a proper burial.”
23:5	vukz		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יַּעֲנ֧וּ בְנֵי־חֵ֛ת אֶת־אַבְרָהָ֖ם לֵ⁠אמֹ֥ר לֽ⁠וֹ	1	See how you translated **the sons of Heth** in verse 3. Alternate translation: “The elders of the Hittites replied to him,” or “When the leaders of the Hittites heard that, they responded,”
23:6	r5h0		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-honorifics	שְׁמָעֵ֣⁠נוּ אֲדֹנִ֗⁠י	1	Abraham was not their actual lord or master. Rather, the Hittites are addressing him in a respectful manner. Also, for some languages it is more natural or respectful to put the form of address “My lord” or “Sir” first in this quote. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “Please listen to our proposal, my lord”
23:6	dlnm			נְשִׂ֨יא אֱלֹהִ֤ים אַתָּה֙	1	The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “You are a powerful/important leader/man” or (2) “You are a leader/man of/from God”. The interpretation that you do not follow in your translation could be put in a footnote.
23:6	i7x9			בְּ⁠תוֹכֵ֔⁠נוּ	1	 Alternate translation: “who lives among our people.”
23:6	i3yv			קְבֹ֖ר	1	Make sure that the reply of the Hittites sounds polite here in your translation. Alternate translation: “So you may put”
23:6	bpqa			אֶת מֵתֶ֑⁠ךָ	1	 Alternate translation: “your dead wife”
23:6	pudg		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	קְבָרֵ֔י⁠נוּ	1	For some languages it may be better to change the order of the phrases in this sentence and say, “So please choose any one of our best burial sites and bury/put your dead/deceased wife there.” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “places to bury people who have died.” or “tombs.”
23:6	j0hg		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes	אִ֣ישׁ מִמֶּ֔⁠נּוּ אֶת קִבְר֛⁠וֹ לֹֽא יִכְלֶ֥ה מִמְּ⁠ךָ֖ מִ⁠קְּבֹ֥ר	1	 Alternate translation: “Each of us is happy to give you some of his land where you can bury” or “All of us are happy for you to use any of our burial sites to bury”
23:6	p2vf			מֵתֶֽ⁠ךָ	1	Consider what is the best way in your language to refer to Sarah’s dead body here since it was just mentioned in the previous sentence. Alternate translation: “your dead wife.”
23:7	x7ub			וַ⁠יָּ֧קָם אַבְרָהָ֛ם	1	The verb **got up** reflects the fact that Abraham and the leaders/elders of the Hittites were all sitting as they talked to each other. Alternate translation: “So Abraham got up”
23:7	erok		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction	וַ⁠יִּשְׁתַּ֥חוּ	1	We do not know how far Abraham bowed down. He may have bowed his upper body from a standing position, or he may have knelt down and touched his forehead to the ground with his arms outstretched. Alternate translation: “and bowed low to the ground in respect” or “and kneeled and touched his forehead to the ground in respect”
23:7	rwqv			לְ⁠עַם הָ⁠אָ֖רֶץ לִ⁠בְנֵי חֵֽת	1	The phrase **people of the land** is a term that refers to the leaders of that region who owned land in the area and were the ones to decide whether a foreigner could acquire land. Alternate translation: “in front of the elders of the Hittites, who owned the land in the area” or “before the elders over the Hittites”
23:8	hd9f		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יְדַבֵּ֥ר אִתָּ֖⁠ם לֵ⁠אמֹ֑ר	1	Consider whether it is more natural in your language to have two verbs or just one verb in this quote margin. Also consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “and said to them,”
23:8	r7qy			לִ⁠קְבֹּ֤ר אֶת מֵתִ⁠י֙ מִ⁠לְּ⁠פָנַ֔⁠י	1	See how you translated this phrase in verse 4. Alternate translation: “for me to bury my dead wife here,” or “to allow me to bury the body of my wife who has died,” or “to let me give my deceased wife a proper burial here,”
23:8	fqbj			שְׁמָע֕וּ⁠נִי וּ⁠פִגְעוּ לִ֖⁠י בְּ⁠עֶפְר֥וֹן בֶּן צֹֽחַר	1	 Alternate translation: “please appeal to Ephron the son of Zohar on my behalf”
23:9	o16i			וְ⁠יִתֶּן לִ֗⁠י	1	 Alternate translation: “to give to me”
23:9	lpzg		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	אֶת מְעָרַ֤ת הַ⁠מַּכְפֵּלָה֙ אֲשֶׁר ל֔⁠וֹ אֲשֶׁ֖ר בִּ⁠קְצֵ֣ה שָׂדֵ֑⁠הוּ	1	Machpelah is the name of the area or neighborhood where Ephron’s cave and field were located (verse 17). Alternate translation: “his cave that is at the end of his field in the Machpelah area.”
23:9	jtgy			בְּ⁠כֶ֨סֶף מָלֵ֜א יִתְּנֶ֥⁠נָּה לִ֛⁠י	1	 Alternate translation: “Ask him to give it to me for its full value” or “Ask him to sell it to me and I will pay him the full amount that it is worth”
23:9	g5xi			בְּ⁠תוֹכְ⁠כֶ֖ם	1	 Alternate translation: “in front of you all” or “with all of you present to witness the sale”
23:9	kb9e			לַ⁠אֲחֻזַּת קָֽבֶר	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “so that I will have land to bury the body of my deceased wife.” or “That way I will have a place here where I can bury the body of my wife who has died.”
23:10	yfyu			וְ⁠עֶפְר֥וֹן יֹשֵׁ֖ב בְּ⁠ת֣וֹךְ בְּנֵי חֵ֑ת	1	 Alternate translation: “Now Ephron the Hittite was sitting there at the meeting among the other Hittite elders,” or “Ephron was one of the Hittite elders who had gathered there at the meeting,”
23:10	rq1v		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יַּעַן֩ עֶפְר֨וֹן הַ⁠חִתִּ֤י אֶת אַבְרָהָם֙	1	 Alternate translation: “and he replied to Abraham”
23:10	igbc		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	בְּ⁠אָזְנֵ֣י בְנֵי חֵ֔ת	1	 Alternate translation: “in the hearing of the elders of the Hittites,” or “as the other elders listened,”
23:10	w1wf			לְ⁠כֹ֛ל בָּאֵ֥י שַֽׁעַר־עִיר֖⁠וֹ	1	The pronoun **his** refers back to **everyone** who had gathered at the city gate, not just one person. Also, in that culture, the leaders of a city would hold their meetings at the city gates, where they would make decisions on important matters such as the one Abraham brought before them. You could include that information in a footnote. Alternate translation: “including everyone who had gathered there at their city gate,”
23:10	r2ii		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	לֵ⁠אמֹֽר	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “This is what he said:”
23:11	kb99		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-politeness	לֹֽא אֲדֹנִ֣⁠י	1	Make sure your translation of this phase sounds polite. In some cultures it is rude to say **No** too directly. Alternate translation: “That is not necessary, sir.” or “Sir, there is no need for that.”
23:11	ektg			שְׁמָעֵ֔⁠נִי	1	 Alternate translation: “Please listen to my proposal:” or “Please accept this proposal:” or “Please listen to what I am proposing:”
23:11	m2tk			הַ⁠שָּׂדֶה֙ נָתַ֣תִּי לָ֔⁠ךְ	1	Ephron is making a formal proposal or offer. Consider what is the best way to communicate that in your language. Alternate translation: “I hereby offer you the entire field,”
23:11	ut9u			וְ⁠הַ⁠מְּעָרָ֥ה אֲשֶׁר בּ֖⁠וֹ לְ⁠ךָ֣ נְתַתִּ֑י⁠הָ	1	 Alternate translation: “as well as the cave that is in it.”
23:11	hebf			לְ⁠עֵינֵ֧י בְנֵי עַמִּ֛⁠י	1	 Alternate translation: “in the sight of the elders of my people.” or “as the elders of my people listen as witnesses.” or “and all the elders of my people here are witnesses of this.”
23:11	z7u7			קְבֹ֥ר מֵתֶֽ⁠ךָ	1	 Alternate translation: “You can bury your dead wife there.” or “Please go ahead and bury your dead wife on that land.”
23:12	c96c		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction	וַ⁠יִּשְׁתַּ֨חוּ֙ אַבְרָהָ֔ם	1	See how you translated **bowed** in verse 7. Alternate translation: “Once again, Abraham bowed”
23:12	w96w			עַ֥ם הָ⁠אָֽרֶץ	1	See how you translated this phrase in verse 7. You could translate this in a slightly different way here since these people have been referred to repeatedly before this. Alternate translation: “in front of the people who owned the land in the area,” or “to the elders of the Hittites,”
23:13	zbz3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יְדַבֵּ֨ר אֶל עֶפְר֜וֹן בְּ⁠אָזְנֵ֤י עַם הָ⁠אָ֨רֶץ֙ לֵ⁠אמֹ֔ר	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. See how you translated **in the ears of** in verse 10. Alternate translation: “and he said to Ephron while the rest of the elders listened,” or “As they all listened, he said to Ephron,”
23:13	btl1			אַ֛ךְ	1	 Alternate translation: “Instead of doing that,”
23:13	ul13			אִם אַתָּ֥ה ל֖וּ	1	In verses 9-15, Abraham and Ephron are bargaining indirectly with each other according to the customs of that culture and time. Keep that in mind as you translate their conversation. Alternate translation: “if you are willing,”
23:13	nu5f			שְׁמָעֵ֑⁠נִי	1	 Alternate translation: “please accept my proposal” or “please listen to what I am offering”
23:13	dy0v			נָתַ֜תִּי כֶּ֤סֶף הַ⁠שָּׂדֶה֙	1	 Alternate translation: “I will give you the full price of what the field is worth.” or “I want to give you the full price of the field.”
23:13	riop		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-politeness	קַ֣ח מִמֶּ֔⁠נִּי	1	 Alternate translation: “Please take my money”
23:13	la7v			וְ⁠אֶקְבְּרָ֥ה אֶת מֵתִ֖⁠י שָֽׁמָּ⁠ה	1	 Alternate translation: “so that I can bury the body of my dead wife there.” or “so that the field will be mine and I can bury my wife there who has died.” or “then I will have a place to bury the body of my deceased wife.”
23:14	p5za		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יַּ֧עַן עֶפְר֛וֹן אֶת אַבְרָהָ֖ם לֵ⁠אמֹ֥ר לֽ⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “Then Ephron said to Abraham,”
23:15	ihwt		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-honorifics	אֲדֹנִ֣⁠י	1	See how you translated this respectful form of address in verses 6 and 11.
23:15	stvm		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-politeness	שְׁמָעֵ֔⁠נִי	1	See how you translated this clause in verse 13. Make sure Ephron sounds polite here in your translation.
23:15	tka1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney	אֶרֶץ֩ אַרְבַּ֨ע מֵאֹ֧ת שֶֽׁקֶל כֶּ֛סֶף	1	Coins did not exist at that time. Rather people paid each other with shekels of silver or gold, which was a weight measurement. Four hundred shekels of silver was about 10 pounds (4.5 kilos) of silver. Many translation teams like to keep the same numbers that are in the Hebrew text in their translation, and then in a footnote give the equivalent amount in their own currency. Other teams put the equivalent amount in the text and put the literal phrase in a footnote. See how you translated **shekels of silver** in Gen 20:16. Alternate translation: “The field is worth 400 shekels of silver.” or “If I were selling that land, it would cost 400 shekels of silver.”
23:15	xoco			בֵּינִ֥⁠י וּ⁠בֵֽינְ⁠ךָ֖	1	 Alternate translation: “However, since you and I are friends,” or “But as far as you and I are concerned,”
23:15	efpw		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	מַה הִ֑וא	1	Decide whether or not a rhetorical question fits here well in your language. Alternate translation: “what significance is that?” or “that is not important.” or “I would not ask you to pay that.”
23:15	uilj			וְ⁠אֶת מֵתְ⁠ךָ֖ קְבֹֽר	1	Consider again how you translated “bury … dead” in verses 4, 6, 8, 11, 13, and 15. Alternate translation: “So go ahead and bury your dead wife there.”
23:16	g94w			וַ⁠יִּשְׁמַ֣ע אַבְרָהָם֮ אֶל עֶפְרוֹן֒	1	Make sure it is clear in your translation that Abraham did not just hear what Ephron said, but also acted on it.
23:16	i5n2			וַ⁠יִּשְׁקֹ֤ל אַבְרָהָם֙ לְ⁠עֶפְרֹ֔ן	1	 Alternate translation: “so he paid him”
23:16	jss8			אֶת הַ⁠כֶּ֕סֶף אֲשֶׁ֥ר דִּבֶּ֖ר	1	 Alternate translation: “the amount of silver that he had stated”
23:16	x9sr		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	בְּ⁠אָזְנֵ֣י בְנֵי חֵ֑ת	1	See how you translated this phrase in verse 10. You might need to translate it differently here because of the different context. Alternate translation: “in the hearing of the other Hittite elders” or “as the rest of the elders of the Hittites watched and listened”
23:16	wisp			אַרְבַּ֤ע מֵאוֹת֙ שֶׁ֣קֶל כֶּ֔סֶף	1	 Alternate translation: “which was 400 shekels of silver,”
23:16	nryz			עֹבֵ֖ר לַ⁠סֹּחֵֽר	1	 Alternate translation: “using the same kind of weights that merchants used to accurately weigh silver” or “using the standard shekel that traders used at that time.”
23:17	vy2y			וַ⁠יָּ֣קָם שְׂדֵ֣ה עֶפְר֗וֹן	1	Verses 17-18 are a summary of the transaction between Ephron and Abraham. Make sure your translation of these verses does not sound like this was a second time that the field was sold. Alternate translation: “That is how the field that belonged to Ephron”
23:17	aztc			אֲשֶׁר֙ בַּ⁠מַּכְפֵּלָ֔ה	1	 Alternate translation: “that was in the Machpelah area”
23:17	x93p			אֲשֶׁ֖ר לִ⁠פְנֵ֣י מַמְרֵ֑א	1	Mamre was another name for the city of Hebron (verse 19). The name probably came from Abraham’s friend and ally who lived there (Gen 13:18; 14:13). Alternate translation: “east of the city of Mamre,”
23:17	r9zm			הַ⁠שָּׂדֶה֙ וְ⁠הַ⁠מְּעָרָ֣ה אֲשֶׁר בּ֔⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “including both the field and the cave that was in it,”
23:17	d17x			בַּ⁠שָּׂדֶ֔ה אֲשֶׁ֥ר בְּ⁠כָל גְּבֻל֖⁠וֹ סָבִֽיב	1	 Alternate translation: “in the field, whatever was inside its borders,” or “anywhere inside the borders of the field,”
23:17	ua4y		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	וַ⁠יָּ֣קָם	1	For some languages it may be better to break up this long sentence, change the order of the phrases in this verse, and say, “So Ephron sold his field to Abraham, including the cave that was in the field, as well as all the trees that were inside its boundaries. The field was in the Machpelah area near the city of Mamre. Ephron sold the/that field …” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “was legally sold by Ephron” or “Ephron sold all of that”
23:18	lkdc			לְ⁠אַבְרָהָ֥ם לְ⁠מִקְנָ֖ה	1	 Alternate translation: “to Abraham as his property” or “to Abraham, and it became his possession”
23:18	y1ss		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	לְ⁠עֵינֵ֣י בְנֵי חֵ֑ת	1	See how you translated the idiom **before the eyes of** in verse 11. Alternate translation: “in the sight of the elders of the Hittites” or “while the leaders of the Hittites watched as witnesses”
23:18	ym12			בְּ⁠כֹ֖ל בָּאֵ֥י שַֽׁעַר־עִירֽ⁠וֹ	1	For some languages it may be more natural to change the order of some of the clauses in this verse and say, “… to Abraham in front of the leaders of the Hittites who had gathered at the city gates, so that they all witnessed that the land was now Abraham’s property.” Do what is best in your language. Also, see how you translated a similar clause in verse 10. Alternate translation: “including everyone who had gathered at their city gate” or “That included everyone who had met together at their city gates.”
23:19	vcro			וְ⁠אַחֲרֵי כֵן֩	1	 Alternate translation: “After he bought the field,”
23:19	dwvg			קָבַ֨ר אַבְרָהָ֜ם אֶת שָׂרָ֣ה אִשְׁתּ֗⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “he placed the body of his wife Sarah”
23:19	hrzz		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	אֶל מְעָרַ֞ת שְׂדֵ֧ה הַ⁠מַּכְפֵּלָ֛ה	1	Be consistent here with how you spelled **Machpelah** in verses 9 and 17. Alternate translation: “in the cave in the field in the Machpelah area,”
23:19	k7kw			עַל פְּנֵ֥י מַמְרֵ֖א	1	See how you translated this phrase in verse 17. Also, be consistent here with how you spelled this name in verse 17 and in Gen 14:13, 24; 18:1. Alternate translation: “near the city of Mamre,”
23:19	wb07			הִ֣וא חֶבְר֑וֹן	1	 Alternate translation: “which is also called Hebron,” or “also known as Hebron,”
23:19	meyv			בְּ⁠אֶ֖רֶץ כְּנָֽעַן	1	See how you translated this phrase in verse 2. Alternate translation: “in the land called Canaan.”
23:20	ujmp			וַ⁠יָּ֨קָם הַ⁠שָּׂדֶ֜ה וְ⁠הַ⁠מְּעָרָ֧ה אֲשֶׁר־בּ֛⁠וֹ לְ⁠אַבְרָהָ֖ם	1	Verse 20 is a concluding summary of chapter 23 and repeats parts of verses 17-18. Make sure that the way you translate this does not sound like Abraham bought another property from the Hittites. Alternate translation: “So that is how that field, including the cave that was in the field, were legally sold to Abraham” or “So in that way, the field of Ephron, including …”
23:20	z30w			לַ⁠אֲחֻזַּת קָ֑בֶר מֵ⁠אֵ֖ת בְּנֵי חֵֽת	1	Consider again how you translated **a burial place** in verses 4, 9, and 20, and how you translated **the sons of Heth** in verses 3, 5, 7, 10, 16, 18, and 20. Alternate translation: “by the Hittites as a burial site.”
24:1	wzyg		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	וְ⁠אַבְרָהָ֣ם זָקֵ֔ן בָּ֖א בַּ⁠יָּמִ֑ים	1	Verse 1 gives the setting for the new episode and begins with a doublet that emphasizes how old Abraham was. Try to preserve this emphasis in a way that is natural in your translation. Alternate translation: “Abraham was very old now. He had lived many years,” or “Now Abraham had become very old,”
24:1	saka			וַֽ⁠יהוָ֛ה בֵּרַ֥ךְ אֶת אַבְרָהָ֖ם	1	See how you translated “bless” in Gen 12:2-3. Alternate translation: “and Yahweh had caused him to prosper”
24:1	mbdb			בַּ⁠כֹּֽל	1	 Alternate translation: “in everything he had done.”
24:2	b4i8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent	וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר אַבְרָהָ֗ם אֶל	1	Consider what is the best way to introduce the first event in this episode in your language. Alternate translation: “One day he told”
24:2	joaf			עַבְדּ⁠וֹ֙ זְקַ֣ן בֵּית֔⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “the oldest servant in his household,” or “his senior household servant,”
24:2	k6ua			הַ⁠מֹּשֵׁ֖ל בְּ⁠כָל	1	 Alternate translation: “who managed everything that he owned,” or “who took care of his entire estate for him,”
24:2	onzf		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction	שִֽׂים נָ֥א יָדְ⁠ךָ֖ תַּ֥חַת יְרֵכִֽ⁠י	1	You can make the meaning of this custom explicit in your translation, or you can put that information in a footnote. What Abraham asks his servant to do here is part of the vow-making process in verse 3. Alternate translation: “Please put your hand under my leg to show that you will do what I ask”
24:3	t966		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative	וְ⁠אַשְׁבִּ֣יעֲ⁠ךָ֔	1	Decide the best way to translate this command in your language. Also, see how you translated **swear** in Gen 21:23, and see the note about that there. Alternate translation: “and vow to me” or “and make an unbreakable promise to me”
24:3	d82y			בַּֽ⁠יהוָה֙ אֱלֹהֵ֣י הַ⁠שָּׁמַ֔יִם וֵֽ⁠אלֹהֵ֖י הָ⁠אָ֑רֶץ	1	See how you translated “the heavens and the earth” in Gen 1:1. Alternate translation: “with Yahweh as your witness, the God who rules the heavens and the earth,”
24:3	j350		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	אֲשֶׁ֨ר לֹֽא תִקַּ֤ח אִשָּׁה֙ לִ⁠בְנִ֔⁠י	1	For some languages it is clearer and more natural to make “Isaac” explicit here in verse 3 rather than wait until the end of verse 4. Do what is best in your language. Also, see how you translated the idiom “took a wife for” in Gen 21:21. Alternate translation: “that you will not get a woman for my son Isaac to marry from among”
24:3	twy1			מִ⁠בְּנוֹת֙ הַֽ⁠כְּנַעֲנִ֔י אֲשֶׁ֥ר אָנֹכִ֖י יוֹשֵׁ֥ב בְּ⁠קִרְבּֽ⁠וֹ	1	Make sure your translation does not sound like Abraham was living by himself among the Canaanites; his family and servants also lived among them with him. Alternate translation: “the Canaanite women whom we live among”
24:4	bs9d		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative	כִּ֧י & תֵּלֵ֑ךְ	1	 Alternate translation: “Instead, you must go” or “Instead, I want you to go”
24:4	ph6k			אֶל אַרְצִ֛⁠י	1	 Alternate translation: “to my home country” or “to the region where I grew up” or “to the country that I came from”
24:4	x63y			וְ⁠אֶל מוֹלַדְתִּ֖⁠י	1	 Alternate translation: “to my kinfolk who live there,”
24:4	e2z3			וְ⁠לָקַחְתָּ֥ אִשָּׁ֖ה לִ⁠בְנִ֥⁠י לְ⁠יִצְחָֽק	1	The way you refer to Isaac here will depend on how you referred to him in verse 3. Alternate translation: “and find a wife from there for my son Isaac to marry.” or “and get a wife from among them for him to marry.” or “and arrange for him to marry one of their daughters.”
24:5	b2aj		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר אֵלָי⁠ו֙ הָ⁠עֶ֔בֶד	1	Consider what is the best way to translate this quote margin in your language so that it fits the context well. Alternate translation: “Then the servant asked Abraham,”
24:5	m0tg		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo	אוּלַי֙	1	See how you translated this phrase in Gen 18:24, 28, 29. Alternate translation: “Suppose that”
24:5	rr5r			הָֽ⁠אִשָּׁ֔ה	1	 Alternate translation: “the young woman I choose” or “when I find that young woman, she”
24:5	jvcj			לֹא תֹאבֶ֣ה	1	 Alternate translation: “does not want”
24:5	jx2t			לָ⁠לֶ֥כֶת אַחֲרַ֖⁠י	1	 Alternate translation: “to go back with me” or “to follow me back”
24:5	j84a			אֶל הָ⁠אָ֣רֶץ הַ⁠זֹּ֑את	1	 Alternate translation: “to live in this land?”
24:5	qysv			הֶֽ⁠הָשֵׁ֤ב אָשִׁיב֙ אֶת בִּנְ⁠ךָ֔	1	 Alternate translation: “In that case, should I take your son” or “Do you want me to then take your son back there”
24:5	xbaf			אֶל הָ⁠אָ֖רֶץ אֲשֶׁר יָצָ֥אתָ מִ⁠שָּֽׁם	1	 Alternate translation: “to live in your home country?”
24:6	t4c7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֥אמֶר אֵלָ֖י⁠ו אַבְרָהָ֑ם	1	Consider what is the best way to translate this quote margin at this point in the conversation. Alternate translation: “Then Abraham replied to his servant,” or “Abraham replied,”
24:6	z1c6			הִשָּׁ֣מֶר לְ⁠ךָ֔ פֶּן תָּשִׁ֥יב אֶת בְּנִ֖⁠י	1	 Alternate translation: “No, make sure that you never take my son back” or “No, you must definitely not take my son back”
24:6	lauy			שָֽׁמָּ⁠ה	1	 Alternate translation: “to my home land to live”
24:7	kqni			יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֵ֣י הַ⁠שָּׁמַ֗יִם	1	Make sure it is clear in your translation that verse 7 gives the reason for verse 6. Also, consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here, and see how you translated **the God of the heavens** in verse 3. Alternate translation: “because Yahweh, the God who created the heavens,”
24:7	krl7			וּ⁠מֵ⁠אֶ֣רֶץ מֽוֹלַדְתִּ⁠י֒	1	 Alternate translation: “and from the land where the rest of my family live,”
24:7	fb50			וַ⁠אֲשֶׁ֨ר דִּבֶּר לִ֜⁠י וַ⁠אֲשֶׁ֤ר נִֽשְׁבַּֽע לִ⁠י֙ לֵ⁠אמֹ֔ר	1	 Alternate translation: “and he made an vow to me and said,” or “and he made an unbreakable promise to me and said,”
24:7	t9zo		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes	לְ⁠זַ֨רְעֲ⁠ךָ֔ אֶתֵּ֖ן אֶת הָ⁠אָ֣רֶץ הַ⁠זֹּ֑את	1	The phrase **this land** refers to the land of Canaan here, not the land where Abraham’s relatives lived. Make sure that is clear in your translation. Also, consider whether it is better in your language to translate this embedded quote with a direct quote or an indirect quote. Alternate translation: “I will give this land to your offspring” or “that he will give this land where we live to my descendants”
24:7	zrxe			ה֗וּא יִשְׁלַ֤ח מַלְאָכ⁠וֹ֙ לְ⁠פָנֶ֔י⁠ךָ	1	If you begin a new sentence here, make sure that the previous sentence is well-formed and complete in your language. Also, see how you translated **angel** in Gen 22:11, 15. Alternate translation: “He will send one of his angels ahead of you to guide you,”
24:7	ksow			וְ⁠לָקַחְתָּ֥	1	 Alternate translation: “so that you will be able to find” or “so that you can get”
24:7	tdz1			אִשָּׁ֛ה לִ⁠בְנִ֖⁠י מִ⁠שָּֽׁם	1	See how you translated “take/find a wife for” in verses 3-4. Alternate translation: “a wife from there for my son to marry” or “a wife from my home land for my son to marry.”
24:8	wcpk			וְ⁠אִם & הָֽ⁠אִשָּׁה֙	1	 Alternate translation: “However, if the woman you find”
24:8	y2r9			לֹ֨א תֹאבֶ֤ה	1	See how you translated this phrase in verse 5. Alternate translation: “does not want”
24:8	rfey			לָ⁠לֶ֣כֶת אַחֲרֶ֔י⁠ךָ	1	See how you translated a similar phrase (“to come with me”) in verse 5. Alternate translation: “to follow you back here,”
24:8	mdi5			מִ⁠שְּׁבֻעָתִ֖⁠י זֹ֑את	1	An oath is a serious, unbreakable promise or vow that is made before God to guarantee that it will be fulfilled. See how you translated the verb form of this word (“swear” or “vow”) in verse 3. Alternate translation: “then you will be released from keeping this oath that I am requesting you to swear now.” or “then you will not have to fulfill this binding promise that you are swearing to me now.”
24:8	eey0			רַ֣ק	1	 Alternate translation: “Just”
24:8	rucb			אֶת בְּנִ֔⁠י לֹ֥א תָשֵׁ֖ב שָֽׁמָּ⁠ה	1	See how you translated a similar clause in verse 6. Alternate translation: “you must not take my son back to my home land!”
24:9	qz2a		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction	וַ⁠יָּ֤שֶׂם הָ⁠עֶ֨בֶד֙ אֶת יָד֔⁠וֹ תַּ֛חַת יֶ֥רֶךְ אַבְרָהָ֖ם אֲדֹנָ֑י⁠ו	1	See how you translated a similar clause in verse 2. Also, in that culture, people owned servants and had complete authority over them. Make sure your translation of **master** and **servant** does not imply that the servant was mistreated. Servants were treated well, could hold important positions and were often considered as members of the master’s family. See how you translated a related term “mistress/owner” in Gen 16:4, 8-9.
24:9	ezs1			וַ⁠יִּשָּׁ֣בַֽע ל֔⁠וֹ	1	See how you translated **swore** in verse 7 and “swear” in verse 3. Alternate translation: “and made an vow to him” or “and made an unbreakable promise to him”
24:9	w2zk		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	עַל הַ⁠דָּבָ֖ר הַ⁠זֶּֽה	1	Some languages need to make explicit what **this matter** refers to. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “that he would do what he had told him to do.” or “that he would go find a wife for Isaac.”
24:10	l8l3			וַ⁠יִּקַּ֣ח הָ֠⁠עֶבֶד עֲשָׂרָ֨ה גְמַלִּ֜ים מִ⁠גְּמַלֵּ֤י אֲדֹנָי⁠ו֙	1	Make sure that your translation of **took** does not imply that the servant stole the camels or valuable things from Abraham. Rather, the **good things** that he loaded on the camels included things that he would give as gifts to Isaac’s relatives (verse 53). Also, see how you translated **camels** in Gen 12:16.
24:10	zzj6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וַ⁠יֵּ֔לֶךְ וְ⁠כָל ט֥וּב אֲדֹנָ֖י⁠ו בְּ⁠יָד֑⁠וֹ וַ⁠יָּ֗קָם	1	For some languages, it is best to make it explicit here in verse 10 that other servants went with Abraham’s chief servant, rather than have them appear suddenly in verse 32. Do what is best in your language.
24:10	cwi1			וַ⁠יֵּ֛לֶךְ אֶל	1	This was about a 800 kilometer (500 mile) trip and would take camels about seventeen days to complete. Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “and made the long journey to” or “Then he traveled to”
24:10	pnrb			אֶל עִ֥יר נָחֽוֹר	1	Nahor lived in the city of Haran (Gen 11:31-32). That information could be put in a footnote. Make sure your translation of this phrase does not sound like Nahor owned the city.
24:11	csy7			אֶל בְּאֵ֣ר הַ⁠מָּ֑יִם	1	Each town or city had a well where people from the city came to get their water. See how you translated **well of water** in Gen 21:19. You might need to translate this in a slightly different way here because of the different context. Alternate translation: “near its well” or “by the public well that was there”
24:11	qle5			לְ⁠עֵ֣ת עֶ֔רֶב	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here.
24:11	ct2m		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	לְ⁠עֵ֖ת צֵ֥את הַ⁠שֹּׁאֲבֹֽת	1	In that time and culture, there was no running water in homes so people had to come out to the city well to get water for their families. Alternate translation: “the time when the young women of the city came out to draw water from the well for their families” or “when the young women of the city were starting to come out to the well to get water for their families”
24:12	jy5x		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּאמַ֓ר	1	Consider what is the best way to begin this paragraph in your language.
24:12	ws5i			יְהוָ֗ה	1	Consider what is the best way to begin this prayer in your language. Alternate translation: “Oh Yahweh,”
24:12	i0vz			אֱלֹהֵי֙ אֲדֹנִ֣⁠י אַבְרָהָ֔ם	1	 Alternate translation: “who is the God whom my master Abraham serves,”
24:12	hwr0		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	הַקְרֵה נָ֥א לְ⁠פָנַ֖⁠י הַ⁠יּ֑וֹם וַ⁠עֲשֵׂה חֶ֕סֶד עִ֖ם אֲדֹנִ֥⁠י אַבְרָהָֽם	1	For some languages it may be clearer and more natural to change the order of the clauses in this sentence and say, “Please be kind/gracious to my master by helping me succeed today.” or “Please show your kindness to my master today by helping me find a wife/woman for his son to marry.” Do what is best in your language.
24:12	cv0l			הַקְרֵה נָ֥א לְ⁠פָנַ֖⁠י הַ⁠יּ֑וֹם	1	 Alternate translation: “please help me do what I have come here to do today”
24:12	ixjs			וַ⁠עֲשֵׂה חֶ֕סֶד עִ֖ם	1	 Alternate translation: “and in that way show kindness to” or “and be kind to”
24:12	cgxc		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	אֲדֹנִ֥⁠י אַבְרָהָֽם	1	 Alternate translation: “him.”
24:13	fd2a		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-politeness	הִנֵּ֛ה אָנֹכִ֥י נִצָּ֖ב עַל	1	Make sure in your translation that what Abraham’s servant says here to Yahweh sounds polite and respectful, not rude, demanding, or complaining. Also, he is not telling God something that God did not already know. Alternate translation: “Look here I am, standing near” or “As you know, I am standing here beside”
24:13	ulm2			עֵ֣ין הַ⁠מָּ֑יִם	1	The phrase **spring of water** (here and in verse 16) refers to the same well that is referred to in verses 11 and 20, which means that this was probably a spring-fed well. Some translation teams use only one term to refer to this spring or well throughout this chapter in order to prevent confusion. Decide what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “this spring-fed well,”
24:13	awnn			וּ⁠בְנוֹת֙ אַנְשֵׁ֣י הָ⁠עִ֔יר	1	 Alternate translation: “and the daughters of the townspeople” or “and the young women of the city”
24:13	jc9y			יֹצְאֹ֖ת לִ⁠שְׁאֹ֥ב מָֽיִם	1	See how you translated “draw/get water” in verse 11. Alternate translation: “are coming out here to get water.”
24:14	fw47		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-politeness	וְ⁠הָיָ֣ה	1	Make sure that your translation of the servant’s request to God sounds polite.
24:14	w6tq			הַֽ⁠נַּעֲרָ֗ אֲשֶׁ֨ר אֹמַ֤ר אֵלֶ֨י⁠הָ֙	1	The phrase **young woman** is actually a single word in Hebrew (like the old English words “damsel” and “maiden”) and refers to a young woman who is old enough to get married, but has never been married before. Some languages have a single word for this; other languages prefer a phrase.
24:14	qkdm			הַטִּי נָ֤א כַדֵּ⁠ךְ֙	1	The water containers that people used were usually made out of clay. Alternate translation: “Please lower your water jug”
24:14	avo0			וְ⁠אֶשְׁתֶּ֔ה	1	 Alternate translation: “so that I can drink some water,” or “so that I can take a drink of water,”
24:14	mgn6			וְ⁠אָמְרָ֣ה	1	 Alternate translation: “if she says to me,”
24:14	ych4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes	שְׁתֵ֔ה וְ⁠גַם גְּמַלֶּ֖י⁠ךָ אַשְׁקֶ֑ה	1	For some languages it is clearer and more natural to make one or both of the two embedded direct quotes in this verse into indirect quotes. For example you could say, “Please make it happen that when I ask one of the young women to lower her jug so that I can have a drink of water, she will offer me a drink and will also offer to draw water for my camels.” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “Have a drink, and I will also get water for your camels”
24:14	tgbs			אֹתָ֤⁠הּ הֹכַ֨חְתָּ֙	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here.
24:14	hmob			לְ⁠עַבְדְּ⁠ךָ֣ לְ⁠יִצְחָ֔ק	1	 Alternate translation: “as a wife for your servant Isaac.”
24:14	ys98			וּ⁠בָ֣⁠הּ אֵדַ֔ע כִּי עָשִׂ֥יתָ חֶ֖סֶד עִם אֲדֹנִֽ⁠י	1	See how you translated “show kindness toward” in verse 12. Alternate translation: “and that you have been kind to my master Abraham.”
24:15	b9n9			וַֽ⁠יְהִי ה֗וּא טֶרֶם֮ כִּלָּ֣ה לְ⁠דַבֵּר֒	1	Many translations omit the phrase **Then it happened**, but this phrase emphasizes the events that follow it and adds suspense, so that the audience wonders what the outcome will be. Do what is natural in your language.
24:15	e70q			וְ⁠הִנֵּ֧ה	1	This phrase spotlights Rebekah and shows that she is the center of attention. Consider what is the best way to communicate that in your language. Alternate translation: “just then he saw” or “suddenly he saw”
24:15	h8p0		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants	רִבְקָ֣ה יֹצֵ֗את	1	Consider what is the best way in your language to introduce Rebekah here for the first time in this episode. Some translations use an exclamation point to help show the excitement.
24:15	mbyu			אֲשֶׁ֤ר יֻלְּדָה֙ לִ⁠בְתוּאֵ֣ל	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “Her father was Bethuel,”
24:15	fygo		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	וְ⁠כַדָּ֖⁠הּ עַל שִׁכְמָֽ⁠הּ	1	For some languages it may be more natural to put this clause earlier in this verse and say, “Rebekah was coming out of the city with/carrying her/a water jar/jug on her shoulder.” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “She was carrying a water jug on her shoulder.” or “She had a water jug on her shoulder.”
24:16	zld1			וְ⁠הַֽ⁠נַּעֲרָ֗ טֹבַ֤ת מַרְאֶה֙ מְאֹ֔ד בְּתוּלָ֕ה	1	See how you translated **young woman** in verses 14 and 15. Alternate translation: “Rebekah was a very beautiful unmarried young woman,”
24:16	ig54		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וְ⁠אִ֖ישׁ לֹ֣א יְדָעָ֑⁠הּ	1	See how you translated the idiom “not known a man” in Gen 19:8. Alternate translation: “whom no man had ever slept with.” or “who had never slept with a man.” or “who had never had sexual relations with a man.”
24:16	q92s			וַ⁠תֵּ֣רֶד	1	Notice that the spring or well was at a place that was lower than the place where Abraham’s servant was standing. Alternate translation: “She went down”
24:16	x0t1			הָ⁠עַ֔יְנָ⁠ה	1	See how you translated **spring** in verse 13. Alternate translation: “to the spring-fed well,”
24:16	vgr9			וַ⁠תְּמַלֵּ֥א כַדָּ֖⁠הּ	1	 Alternate translation: “filled her jar with water,”
24:16	vj4l		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וַ⁠תָּֽעַל	1	If it is not clear, you may need to make it explicit in your translation that Rebekah still had the jar with her when she came up from the well or spring, especially since she lowers it from her shoulder in verse 18. Alternate translation: “and came back up with it on her shoulder.”
24:17	vyeh			וַ⁠יָּ֥רָץ הָ⁠עֶ֖בֶד לִ⁠קְרָאתָ֑⁠הּ	1	 Alternate translation: “Then the servant ran up to her”
24:17	wg62		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֕אמֶר	1	 Alternate translation: “and requested,”
24:17	fsbq			הַגְמִיאִ֥י⁠נִי נָ֛א מְעַט מַ֖יִם מִ⁠כַּדֵּֽ⁠ךְ	1	 Alternate translation: “Please let me have a little water to drink from your jar” or “Please give me a little drink from your jar”
24:18	x3u8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-honorifics	שְׁתֵ֣ה אֲדֹנִ֑⁠י	1	Make sure that Rebekah’s reply is polite and respectful in your language, though the way she addresses Abraham’s servant should not make it sound like she is his slave. Also see how you translated **my lord** in Gen 23:6, 11, 15. Alternate translation: “Certainly, sir, you may have a drink.”
24:18	o34c		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וַ⁠תְּמַהֵ֗ר וַ⁠תֹּ֧רֶד כַּדָּ֛⁠הּ עַל יָדָ֖⁠הּ	1	 Alternate translation: “Then she quickly lowered her jar from her shoulder to her hands”
24:18	emj4			וַ⁠תַּשְׁקֵֽ⁠הוּ	1	 Alternate translation: “and let him have a drink.”
24:19	xr9p			וַ⁠תְּכַ֖ל לְ⁠הַשְׁקֹת֑⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “After he finished drinking,”
24:19	nl7z		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠תֹּ֗אמֶר	1	 Alternate translation: “she offered to him,”
24:19	gdym			גַּ֤ם לִ⁠גְמַלֶּ֨י⁠ךָ֙ אֶשְׁאָ֔ב	1	 Alternate translation: “Let me also get water for all your camels”
24:19	g95q			עַ֥ד אִם כִּלּ֖וּ לִ⁠שְׁתֹּֽת	1	 Alternate translation: “until they are done.”
24:20	llu6			וַ⁠תְּמַהֵ֗ר וַ⁠תְּעַ֤ר כַּדָּ⁠הּ֙	1	See how you translated **Then she hurried and** in verse 18. Alternate translation: “So she quickly poured the rest of the water from her jug”
24:20	xlk7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	אֶל הַ⁠שֹּׁ֔קֶת	1	The drinking trough was a long, open stone container that several animals could drink from at the same time. Alternate translation: “into the animal drinking place that was there” or “into the stone thing that was there for animals to drink out of”
24:20	brw2			וַ⁠תָּ֥רָץ ע֛וֹד אֶֽל הַ⁠בְּאֵ֖ר לִ⁠שְׁאֹ֑ב	1	 Alternate translation: “and ran back and forth to the well to get more water,”
24:20	zyv5			וַ⁠תִּשְׁאַ֖ב לְ⁠כָל גְּמַלָּֽי⁠ו	1	 Alternate translation: “until she had brought enough for all of the camels.”
24:21	qhyv		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants	וְ⁠הָ⁠אִ֥ישׁ מִשְׁתָּאֵ֖ה לָ֑⁠הּ מַחֲרִ֕ישׁ	1	Starting in verse 21 the Hebrew text takes Rebekah and Laban’s perspective and refers to Abraham’s servant as **the man**. This continues until verse 34, when the servant tells everyone that he is Abraham’s servant. For some languages this is confusing (because it sounds like two different people), so for those languages it is necessary to refer to him as “Abraham’s servant” or “the servant” throughout this chapter.
24:21	mzx4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	לָ⁠דַ֗עַת הַֽ⁠הִצְלִ֧יחַ יְהוָ֛ה דַּרְכּ֖⁠וֹ אִם לֹֽא	1	 Alternate translation: “to find out whether or not Yahweh had made him successful on his trip to find a wife for Isaac.” or “to see for sure if Yahweh had given him success on his trip.”
24:22	z0mg		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וַ⁠יְהִ֗י כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֨ר כִּלּ֤וּ הַ⁠גְּמַלִּים֙ לִ⁠שְׁתּ֔וֹת	1	 Alternate translation: “After all the camels had drunk as much water as they wanted and Rebekah had stopped drawing water,”
24:22	sg19		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight	וַ⁠יִּקַּ֤ח הָ⁠אִישׁ֙ נֶ֣זֶם זָהָ֔ב בֶּ֖קַע מִשְׁקָל֑⁠וֹ	1	Many translation teams keep the numbers and the names of weights that are used in the Bible text in their translation, and they may or may not put the modern equivalents in pounds or grams in a footnote. Other teams do the opposite. One beka was about 1/5 of an ounce (5.5 grams), and ten shekels (See below) was about 4 ounces (110 grams). Alternate translation: “the servant brought out a gold nose ring weighing one beka and gave it to her” or “the servant gave her a gold nose ring that weighed one beka”
24:22	szjk			וּ⁠שְׁנֵ֤י צְמִידִים֙ & זָהָ֖ב	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “He also gave her two gold bracelets”
24:22	afe9			עַל יָדֶ֔י⁠הָ	1	The Hebrew term is ambiguous here; it can refer to hands, arms, or wrists. However in this context, the bracelets would have been put on the arms or the wrists.
24:22	pn2g		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight	עֲשָׂרָ֥ה & מִשְׁקָלָֽ⁠ם	1	 Alternate translation: “Each bracelet weighed ten shekels.”
24:23	ivak		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר֙	1	 Alternate translation: “Then he said to her” or “Then he asked Rebekah,”
24:23	m6vp			בַּת מִ֣י אַ֔תְּ הַגִּ֥ידִי נָ֖א לִ֑⁠י	1	The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. The phrase **Please tell me** can go: (1) with the previous question (“Whose daughter are you?”); or (2) with the following question (“Is there a place...to lodge?”). Since Abraham’s servant’s goal was to find a wife for Isaac who was one of Abraham’s relatives, the first interpretation seems most likely.
24:23	t1yc		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	הֲ⁠יֵ֧שׁ בֵּית אָבִ֛י⁠ךְ מָק֥וֹם	1	If you made **your father** explicit in the previous sentence, it may be more natural to refer to him with the pronoun “his” in this sentence. Alternate translation: “Also, is there enough room in his house” or “Also, does your father have any room in his house”
24:23	pzbr		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive	לָ֖⁠נוּ	1	The pronoun **us** includes other servants who came with Abraham’s chief servant (as verse 32 shows). If your language has inclusive and exclusive forms of this pronoun, you should use the exclusive form here.
24:23	zoch			לָ⁠לִֽין	1	 Alternate translation: “to stay there tonight?”
24:24	edbe		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠תֹּ֣אמֶר אֵלָ֔י⁠ו	1	 Alternate translation: “She answered him,” or “She replied,”
24:24	v7bk			בַּת בְּתוּאֵ֖ל אָנֹ֑כִי	1	 Alternate translation: “Bethuel is my father,”
24:24	l5rk			בֶּן מִלְכָּ֕ה אֲשֶׁ֥ר יָלְדָ֖ה לְ⁠נָחֽוֹר	1	Make sure the way you translate this does not sound like Bethuel was the only son of Milcah and Nahor; they had eight sons (Gen 22: 21-22). Also, in some cultures the father’s name is normally given first; in other cultures the mother’s name is normally first. Alternate translation: “who is a son of Milcah and Nahor.” or “and his parents are Nahor and Milcah.”
24:25	pbeh		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠תֹּ֣אמֶר אֵלָ֔י⁠ו	1	Some languages leave this quote margin implied here, because the same person is still talking to the same person. Other languages can keep the quote margin (like the Hebrew text does), to emphasize what Rebekah says next. The quote margin may also indicate that Rebekah paused before she said what she says in verse 25. Alternate translation: “Then she continued,”
24:25	wijh			גַּם תֶּ֥בֶן גַּם מִסְפּ֖וֹא רַ֣ב עִמָּ֑⁠נוּ	1	The term **fodder** refers to dry feed that is prepared for animals to eat; it can include chopped hay and grains such as oats and barley. Alternate translation: “We have plenty of both straw and other feed at our house for your camels to eat,”
24:25	dj14			גַּם מָק֖וֹם	1	 Alternate translation: “and there is also enough room in his house for all of you”
24:25	c715			לָ⁠לֽוּן	1	See how you translated this in verse 23. Alternate translation: “to spend the night there.”
24:26	g67i		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction	וַ⁠יִּקֹּ֣ד הָ⁠אִ֔ישׁ וַ⁠יִּשְׁתַּ֖חוּ לַֽ⁠יהוָֽה	1	See how you translated **bowed** in Gen 18:2; 19:1. The word **prostrated** means he bowed low to the ground and touched his face or forehead to the ground with outstretched arms, in an act of worship. When combined with **bowed down** as in this verse, it is usually translated as “worshiped”.
24:27	kzzy			וַ⁠יֹּ֗אמֶר	1	The servant is worshiping God by bowing down and by what he says in verse 27. Alternate translation: “He said,”
24:27	lmcg			בָּר֤וּךְ יְהוָה֙	1	See how you translated this in Gen 9:26. Alternate translation: “I praise Yahweh,”
24:27	w2ii			אֱלֹהֵי֙ אֲדֹנִ֣⁠י אַבְרָהָ֔ם	1	See how you translated **God of my master Abraham** in verse 12. Alternate translation: “who is the God whom my master Abraham worships”
24:27	r1xi		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes	אֲ֠שֶׁר לֹֽא עָזַ֥ב חַסְדּ֛⁠וֹ וַ⁠אֲמִתּ֖⁠וֹ מֵ⁠עִ֣ם אֲדֹנִ֑⁠י	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. See how you translated **kindness** in verses 12 and 14. The phrase **not abandoned** is a way of emphasizing that Yahweh had always been kind and faithful to Abraham. Alternate translation: “He has always been kind and faithful to my master,”
24:27	inzl			אָנֹכִ֗י בַּ⁠דֶּ֨רֶךְ֙ נָחַ֣⁠נִי יְהוָ֔ה	1	The last part of verse 27 is what Abraham’s servant is praising God for; it is an example of how God has been kind and faithful to Abraham. Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “and he has guided me on the road here” or “Yes, he guided me on my trip here”
24:28	easg			וַ⁠תָּ֨רָץ֙ הַֽ⁠נַּעֲרָ֔	1	See how you translated **young woman** previously in this chapter, and consider what is the best way to refer to Rebekah here. Alternate translation: “Then Rebekah ran home”
24:28	tpgz			וַ⁠תַּגֵּ֖ד	1	 Alternate translation: “and reported to” or “and shared the news with”
24:28	fyzw			כַּ⁠דְּבָרִ֖ים הָ⁠אֵֽלֶּה	1	 Alternate translation: “about what the man had said to her.”
24:29	w36y		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background	וּ⁠לְ⁠רִבְקָ֥ה אָ֖ח	1	Laban was Rebekah’s older brother. Some languages have a specific term for “older brother” that fits well here. Also, consider what is the best way to introduce this background information in your language. Alternate translation: “Now it so happened that Rebekah had a brother”
24:29	fm49			וּ⁠שְׁמ֣⁠וֹ לָבָ֑ן	1	 Alternate translation: “named Laban,”
24:29	natm		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יָּ֨רָץ לָבָ֧ן	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Also consider what is the best way to refer to Laban here in your language. Alternate translation: “and he ran” or “He ran”
24:29	awi9			אֶל הָ⁠אִ֛ישׁ הַ⁠ח֖וּצָ⁠ה אֶל הָ⁠עָֽיִן	1	 Alternate translation: “out to the spring where the man was.” or “to where the man was standing beside the well.”
24:30	isaz		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-versebridge	וַ⁠יְהִ֣י כִּ⁠רְאֹ֣ת	1	Verse 30 is a flashback of what had happened before Laban ran to the well (verse 29). Consider what is the best way to express this in your language. For some languages it may be necessary to combine verses 29-30 and put the sentences in the order that things actually happened. For example, “Now Rebekah had a brother named Laban. When he saw the nose ring and the bracelets she was wearing and heard her tell what the man had said to her, he hurried out to meet the man. He found/saw him standing with his camels beside the well.” If you do this, you would mark these combined verses as 29-30. Alternate translation: “This is how it was When he had seen” or “As soon as he had seen”
24:30	ez7q			אֶת הַ⁠נֶּ֗זֶם וְֽ⁠אֶת הַ⁠צְּמִדִים֮ עַל יְדֵ֣י אֲחֹת⁠וֹ֒	1	Some languages have a specific term for “younger sister” that fits well here. Also see how you translated **nose ring** and **bracelets** in verse 22. Alternate translation: “the nose ring and the bracelets that his sister was wearing”
24:30	xs19		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations	וּ⁠כְ⁠שָׁמְע֗⁠וֹ אֶת דִּבְרֵ֞י רִבְקָ֤ה אֲחֹת⁠וֹ֙ לֵ⁠אמֹ֔ר כֹּֽה דִבֶּ֥ר אֵלַ֖⁠י הָ⁠אִ֑ישׁ	1	Consider whether it is more natural in your language to use a direct quote or indirect quote here. If you want to make it clear who **the man** refers to, you should still translate it generally, for example, “the man I met at the well” because when Rebekah said this, she did not yet know who he was. Alternate translation: “and had heard her tell what the man at the well had said to her,”
24:30	d8fj		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יָּבֹא֙ אֶל הָ⁠אִ֔ישׁ	1	 Alternate translation: “he went out to where the man was,”
24:30	uddd			וְ⁠הִנֵּ֛ה עֹמֵ֥ד	1	The word **behold** emphasizes what follows it. Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “and there he was, standing” or “He saw him standing”
24:30	a99n			עַל הַ⁠גְּמַלִּ֖ים עַל הָ⁠עָֽיִן	1	 Alternate translation: “with his camels at the spring” or “near the well with his camels.”
24:31	wip5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֕אמֶר	1	Make sure it is clear in your translation that Laban is the one talking here. Consider whether or not to include whom he is speaking to in this quote margin. Alternate translation: “Then Laban said to the man”
24:31	y53b			בּ֖וֹא	1	 Alternate translation: “Please come stay with us,”
24:31	ogj3			בְּר֣וּךְ יְהוָ֑ה	1	 Alternate translation: “you who are blessed by Yahweh.”
24:31	q7mg		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	לָ֤⁠מָּה תַעֲמֹד֙ בַּ⁠ח֔וּץ	1	Laban is being polite here, not accusing or critical. For some languages a rhetorical question does not fit here. Do what is best in your language.
24:31	megh		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וְ⁠אָנֹכִי֙ פִּנִּ֣יתִי הַ⁠בַּ֔יִת	1	Consider whether or not it is necessary in your translation to make any implied information explicit in this sentence. Alternate translation: “because the house is ready for you and your men to lodge there”
24:31	kwgr			וּ⁠מָק֖וֹם	1	 Alternate translation: “and we also have room there”
24:31	kki6			לַ⁠גְּמַלִּֽים	1	 Alternate translation: “where your camels can stay.”
24:32	dix2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go	וַ⁠יָּבֹ֤א הָ⁠אִישׁ֙ הַ⁠בַּ֔יְתָ⁠ה	1	The Hebrew verb can be translated **went** or “came”, depending on the perspective that is taken. Do what is most natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Then the man went home with Laban.”
24:32	ib7t			וַ⁠יְפַתַּ֖ח הַ⁠גְּמַלִּ֑ים	1	The Hebrew text (**he**) is ambiguous here, but since Laban was the host it is most likely that he (or some of his servants) took care of the camels for his guests. Alternate translation: “There Laban took the loads off the camels”
24:32	bzwz			וַ⁠יִּתֵּ֨ן תֶּ֤בֶן וּ⁠מִסְפּוֹא֙ לַ⁠גְּמַלִּ֔ים	1	See how you translated **straw and fodder** in verse 25. Alternate translation: “and fed them straw and other fodder”
24:32	a0rt		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וּ⁠מַ֨יִם֙ לִ⁠רְחֹ֣ץ רַגְלָ֔י⁠ו וְ⁠רַגְלֵ֥י הָ⁠אֲנָשִׁ֖ים אֲשֶׁ֥ר אִתּֽ⁠וֹ	1	Make sure your translation does not sound like Abraham’s chief servant washed the feet of the other servants who were with him; each person washed off his own feet. See how you translated “wash the dust off your feet” in Gen 19:2.
24:33	k5bb		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ו⁠יישם לְ⁠פָנָי⁠ו֙ לֶ⁠אֱכֹ֔ל	1	Consider whether it is best in your language to use a passive or active construction here. Alternate translation: “Then they brought the servant and his men some food,”
24:33	nh5b		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר֙	1	 Alternate translation: “but the man said to them,”
24:33	uwhs			לֹ֣א אֹכַ֔ל עַ֥ד אִם דִּבַּ֖רְתִּי דְּבָרָ֑⁠י	1	 Alternate translation: “I will not eat anything until I have told you my message.” or “Before I can eat anything, I need to tell you why I am here.”
24:33	n8t0		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֖אמֶר	1	 Alternate translation: “So Laban replied,”
24:33	l3yy		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-politeness	דַּבֵּֽר	1	Make sure the way you translate this sounds polite. Alternate translation: “Please tell us what you want to say.” or “Go ahead and tell us your message.”
24:34	du15		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּאמַ֑ר	1	Consider again how you referred to “the man” in verses 21, 22, 26, 29-34, and see the note about that at verse 21. Alternate translation: “Then the man told them,”
24:35	qtao			וַ⁠יהוָ֞ה בֵּרַ֧ךְ אֶת אֲדֹנִ֛⁠י מְאֹ֖ד	1	 Alternate translation: “Yahweh has abundantly prospered my master,”
24:35	l2c1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result	וַ⁠יִּגְדָּ֑ל	1	 Alternate translation: “so that he is wealthy.” or “and as a result, he is very wealthy.”
24:35	vm28			וַ⁠יִּתֶּן ל֞⁠וֹ צֹ֤אן וּ⁠בָקָר֙	1	This is the beginning of a list of what Yahweh had given Abraham. Consider the most natural way to list items in your language. Also, see how you translated **flocks and herds** in Gen 13:5.
24:35	itd0			וְ⁠כֶ֣סֶף וְ⁠זָהָ֔ב	1	See how you translated **silver and gold** in Gen 13:2.
24:35	zdh6			וַ⁠עֲבָדִם֙ וּ⁠שְׁפָחֹ֔ת	1	See how you translated this phrase in Gen 20:14. Alternate translation: “many men and women slaves” or “many male and female slaves”
24:35	m8rb		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	וּ⁠גְמַלִּ֖ים וַ⁠חֲמֹרִֽים	1	See how you translated **donkeys** in Gen 22:3.
24:36	hcrs			אַחֲרֵ֖י זִקְנָתָ֑⁠הּ	1	 Alternate translation: “in her old age,” or “when she was very old,”
24:36	mfzs			וַ⁠יִּתֶּן לּ֖⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “and my master has given his son”
24:36	r0lf			אֶת כָּל אֲשֶׁר לֽ⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “all of his property.”
24:37	y61j			וַ⁠יַּשְׁבִּעֵ֥⁠נִי אֲדֹנִ֖⁠י	1	See how you translated **swear** in verse 3, and “swore” in verses 7 and 9. Alternate translation: “Before I came here, my master had me vow to do something for him,” or “Before I came here, my master asked me to make an unbreakable promise to him,”
24:37	p6d3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	לֵ⁠אמֹ֑ר	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “and he said to me,” or “This is what he said to me:”
24:37	iobw			לֹא תִקַּ֤ח אִשָּׁה֙ לִ⁠בְנִ֔⁠י	1	See how you translated a similar phrase in verse 3. Alternate translation: “You must not get a woman for my son to marry”
24:37	ywdr			מִ⁠בְּנוֹת֙ הַֽ⁠כְּנַעֲנִ֔י	1	 Alternate translation: “from among the Canaanite women”
24:37	b049			אָנֹכִ֖י יֹשֵׁ֥ב בְּ⁠אַרְצֽ⁠וֹ	1	As in verse 3, make sure your translation does not sound like Abraham lived by himself among the Canaanites; his family and servants also lived among them with him. Alternate translation: “whom we live among in this land”
24:38	gjyw			אִם לֹ֧א	1	Consider whether or not it is more natural in your language to begin a new sentence here. After you translate a section, it is a good habit to read through it at normal speed as you pay attention to where it is best to begin new sentences so that sentences and paragraphs flow well and it is easy for people to read. Alternate translation: “Instead,”
24:38	kiae			אֶל בֵּית אָבִ֛⁠י תֵּלֵ֖ךְ	1	See how you translated **house of my father** in verse 7.
24:38	tx7r			וְ⁠לָקַחְתָּ֥ אִשָּׁ֖ה לִ⁠בְנִֽ⁠י	1	 Alternate translation: “and find a wife from among them for my son to marry.”
24:39	n7t3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo	אֻלַ֛י	1	See how you translated this phrase in verse 5. Alternate translation: “Suppose that”
24:39	c5j4			הָ⁠אִשָּׁ֖ה	1	 Alternate translation: “the young woman I choose” or “when I find that young woman, she”
24:39	xe6y			לֹא תֵלֵ֥ךְ & אַחֲרָֽ⁠י	1	See how you translated a similar phrase in verse 5. Alternate translation: “does not want to go back with me?”
24:40	pkj1			וַ⁠יֹּ֖אמֶר אֵלָ֑⁠י	1	 Alternate translation: “He told me,” or “He replied to me,”
24:40	t9je		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	יְהוָ֞ה אֲשֶׁר הִתְהַלַּ֣כְתִּי לְ⁠פָנָ֗י⁠ו	1	See how you translated “walk/live before” in Gen 17:1. This idiom implies that Abraham lived according to God’s will. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, whose presence I walk in,” or “Yahweh whom I obey,”
24:40	h5z2			יִשְׁלַ֨ח מַלְאָכ֤⁠וֹ	1	See how you translated this phrase in verse 7.
24:40	yx7b			אִתָּ⁠ךְ֙	1	 Alternate translation: “to go with you” or “to accompany you”
24:40	j6mg			וְ⁠הִצְלִ֣יחַ	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “to make your journey successful,”
24:40	h9kc			וְ⁠לָקַחְתָּ֤ אִשָּׁה֙ לִ⁠בְנִ֔⁠י מִ⁠מִּשְׁפַּחְתִּ֖⁠י	1	See how you translated **clan** in verse 38, and consider again how you translated **take a wife for my son** in verses 3, 4, 7, 37-38. Alternate translation: “so that you can get a wife for my son from among my relatives,” or “so that you can arrange for my son to marry a woman who is one of my relatives,”
24:40	cmgn			וּ⁠מִ⁠בֵּ֥ית אָבִֽ⁠י	1	See how you translated **house of my father** in verse 38.
24:41	o0q5			אָ֤ז	1	The word **Then** is a special Hebrew word that can mean “at that time” and implies here that the servant’s question (in verse 39) is now being addressed specifically. Alternate translation: “At this time” or “But if this happens,” or “There is a situation when”
24:41	po5g			תִּנָּקֶה֙ מֵ⁠אָ֣לָתִ֔⁠י	1	 Alternate translation: “you will be released from keeping your vow you are making to me:” or “you will not have to fulfill the vow to me:”
24:41	r5dm			כִּ֥י תָב֖וֹא אֶל מִשְׁפַּחְתִּ֑⁠י וְ⁠אִם לֹ֤א יִתְּנוּ֙ לָ֔⁠ךְ	1	 Alternate translation: “After you go to my clan and find a woman for Isaac, if they are not willing to let her go with you,” or “If you find a wife for Isaac but my family refuses to let the woman you have chosen leave with you,”
24:41	l25u			וְ⁠הָיִ֥יתָ נָקִ֖י מֵ⁠אָלָתִֽ⁠י	1	See how you translated **clear from** earlier in this verse and in verse 8. Alternate translation: “you will be released from keeping the vow that you are making to me.” or “you will not have to keep the unbreakable promise you are making to me.”
24:42	a11b			וָ⁠אָבֹ֥א הַ⁠יּ֖וֹם אֶל הָ⁠עָ֑יִן	1	Make sure it is clear in your translation that the servant is now talking about himself. He is no longer quoting Abraham (whose words ended in verse 41).
24:42	avgw			וָ⁠אֹמַ֗ר יְהוָה֙	1	See how you began the prayer in verse 12.
24:42	f4wp			אֱלֹהֵי֙ אֲדֹנִ֣⁠י אַבְרָהָ֔ם	1	See how you translated this phrase in verse 12. Alternate translation: “who is the God whom my master Abraham serves”
24:42	e7rf			אִם יֶשְׁ⁠ךָ	1	 Alternate translation: “if you agree,”
24:42	mkmv			נָּא֙ מַצְלִ֣יחַ דַּרְכִּ֔⁠י	1	See how you translated this clause in verses 21 and 40. Alternate translation: “please give me success during this trip” or “please make me successful on this trip”
24:42	m2hh			אֲשֶׁ֥ר אָנֹכִ֖י הֹלֵ֥ךְ עָלֶֽי⁠הָ	1	 Alternate translation: “that I have undertaken.”
24:43	mjv8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-politeness	הִנֵּ֛ה אָנֹכִ֥י נִצָּ֖ב עַל	1	See how you translated this in verse 13. Alternate translation: “Look here I am, standing beside” or “As you know, I am standing here near”
24:43	w9vs			עֵ֣ין הַ⁠מָּ֑יִם	1	See how you translated this phrase in verse 13. Alternate translation: “this spring-fed well.”
24:43	gutw		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-politeness	וְ⁠הָיָ֤ה	1	See how you translated this phrase in verse 14.
24:43	ce1l		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes	וְ⁠אָמַרְתִּ֣י אֵלֶ֔י⁠הָ הַשְׁקִֽי⁠נִי נָ֥א מְעַט מַ֖יִם מִ⁠כַּדֵּֽ⁠ךְ	1	This direct quote is within a direct quote that is within another direct quote. For some languages, it may be clearer or more natural to use an indirect quote here. Decide what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “and I ask her to let me drink some water from her water jar”
24:44	txkx		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes	וְ⁠אָמְרָ֤ה אֵלַ⁠י֙ גַּם אַתָּ֣ה שְׁתֵ֔ה וְ⁠גַ֥ם לִ⁠גְמַלֶּ֖י⁠ךָ אֶשְׁאָ֑ב	1	See how you translated the embedded direct quote in verse 43. Alternate translation: “if she gives me a drink and also offers to draw water for my camels,”
24:44	y8uc		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	הִ֣וא הָֽ⁠אִשָּׁ֔ה אֲשֶׁר הֹכִ֥יחַ יְהוָ֖ה לְ⁠בֶן אֲדֹנִֽ⁠י	1	Make sure it is clear in your translation that Abraham’s servant is still talking directly to Yahweh in this clause. For example, you could make **you** explicit in this clause.
24:45	ez8g			אֲנִי֩ טֶ֨רֶם אֲכַלֶּ֜ה	1	 Alternate translation: “Before I could even finish”
24:45	u69s		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	לְ⁠דַבֵּ֣ר אֶל לִבִּ֗⁠י	1	 Alternate translation: “praying to God in my heart,” or “praying to God quietly,”
24:45	ykrs			וְ⁠הִנֵּ֨ה	1	 Alternate translation: “just then I saw” or “there was”
24:45	j4vo			רִבְקָ֤ה יֹצֵאת֙	1	See how you translated the first half of verse 15, which is very similar to the first half of verse 45.
24:45	xd9t			וְ⁠כַדָּ֣⁠הּ עַל שִׁכְמָ֔⁠הּ	1	 Alternate translation: “with her empty water jar on her shoulder.”
24:45	c9mt			וַ⁠תֵּ֥רֶד הָ⁠עַ֖יְנָ⁠ה וַ⁠תִּשְׁאָ֑ב	1	Consider again how you translated **spring** (verses 13, 16, 29-30, 42-43 and 45) and “well” (verses 11 and 20) in this chapter. Both terms refer to the same source of water. See the note about this at verse 13. Alternate translation: “She walked down to the spring and filled up her jar with water,”
24:45	f15b		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes	וָ⁠אֹמַ֥ר אֵלֶ֖י⁠הָ הַשְׁקִ֥י⁠נִי נָֽא	1	Consider what is the best way to translate this embedded quote in your language. Alternate translation: “so I asked her to please give me a drink.”
24:46	pk0q			וַ⁠תְּמַהֵ֗ר וַ⁠תּ֤וֹרֶד כַּדָּ⁠הּ֙	1	Consider again how you translated **jar** in verses 14-18, 20, 43, 45-46. Alternate translation: “She quickly lowered her jar” or “She quickly brought her jar down”
24:46	zbwm			מֵֽ⁠עָלֶ֔י⁠הָ	1	 Alternate translation: “off her shoulder”
24:46	m6uc		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-politeness	וַ⁠תֹּ֣אמֶר שְׁתֵ֔ה	1	Make sure Rebekah sounds polite here in your translation.
24:46	ivit			וְ⁠גַם גְּמַלֶּ֖י⁠ךָ אַשְׁקֶ֑ה	1	See how you translated this clause in verse 14. Also see verse 18, which is similar. Alternate translation: “and I will also give water to your camels.” or “and I will also get water for your camels.”
24:46	nqly			וָ⁠אֵ֕שְׁתְּ	1	 Alternate translation: “So I drank some water from her jar” or “So I took a drink from her jar”
24:46	qkxu			וְ⁠גַ֥ם הַ⁠גְּמַלִּ֖ים הִשְׁקָֽתָה	1	 Alternate translation: “and she also drew water to my camels.”
24:47	qk0p			בַּת מִ֣י אַתְּ֒	1	See how you translated this question in verse 23.
24:47	ux8b		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠תֹּ֗אמֶר	1	 Alternate translation: “She answered me,” or “She replied,”
24:47	ggw9			בַּת בְּתוּאֵל֙	1	See how you translated this phrase in verse 24. Alternate translation: “I am the daughter of Bethuel,”
24:47	v0s4			בֶּן נָח֔וֹר אֲשֶׁ֥ר יָֽלְדָה לּ֖⁠וֹ מִלְכָּ֑ה	1	 Alternate translation: “who is a son of Nahor and his wife Milcah.” or “and his parents are Nahor and Milcah.”
24:47	yp77			וָ⁠אָשִׂ֤ם הַ⁠נֶּ֨זֶם֙ עַל אַפָּ֔⁠הּ וְ⁠הַ⁠צְּמִידִ֖ים עַל יָדֶֽי⁠הָ	1	See how you translated “nose ring”, **bracelets**, and **arms** in verse 22. Alternate translation: “So I put the nose ring on her nose and the bracelets on her wrists.” or “After that I gave her the nose ring and bracelets to wear.”
24:48	nvge		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction	וָ⁠אֶקֹּ֥ד וָֽ⁠אֶשְׁתַּחֲוֶ֖ה לַ⁠יהוָ֑ה וָ⁠אֲבָרֵ֗ךְ אֶת יְהוָה֙	1	See how you translated “bowed down and prostrated himself” in verse 26, and see the note about that there. Alternate translation: “Next I bowed to the ground and worshiped and praised Yahweh,”
24:48	wizd			אֱלֹהֵי֙ אֲדֹנִ֣⁠י אַבְרָהָ֔ם	1	See how you translated this phrase in verses 12 and 42. Alternate translation: “the God whom my master Abraham serves”
24:48	vtn2			אֲשֶׁ֤ר הִנְחַ֨⁠נִי֙	1	 Alternate translation: “because he led me”
24:48	e19s			בְּ⁠דֶ֣רֶךְ אֱמֶ֔ת	1	 Alternate translation: “the right direction” or “exactly where I should go”
24:48	xs5x			לָ⁠קַ֛חַת	1	 Alternate translation: “to get”
24:48	gyfv			אֶת בַּת אֲחִ֥י אֲדֹנִ֖⁠י	1	The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “the granddaughter of my master’s brother”, which refers to Nahor's granddaughter; or (2) “the daughter of my master’s relative”, which refers to Bethuel's daughter. Abraham’s brother Nahor was the father of Bethuel and the grandfather of Rebekah (Genesis 11:26; 22:20-23).
24:48	jwkn			לִ⁠בְנֽ⁠וֹ	1	Make sure it is clear in your translation that this refers to Abraham’s son, not Nahor’s or Bethuel’s son.
24:49	n6ri			וְ֠⁠עַתָּה אִם יֶשְׁ⁠כֶ֨ם	1	Throughout this verse “you” is plural. Alternate translation: “So now if you are willing”
24:49	oour		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	עֹשִׂ֜ים חֶ֧סֶד וֶֽ⁠אֱמֶ֛ת אֶת אֲדֹנִ֖⁠י	1	See how you translated **kindness** and **faithfulness** in verse 27. If necessary in your translation, you can make it explicit how they would show kindness and faithfulness to Abraham. Alternate translation: “to let her come with me, and in that way show your kindness and faithfulness to my master,” or “to be kind and faithful to my master by sending her with me,”
24:49	etr8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	הַגִּ֣ידוּ לִ֑⁠י וְ⁠אִם לֹ֕א הַגִּ֣ידוּ לִ֔⁠י	1	It may be clearer or more natural to put this information near the beginning of the sentence and say, “So now, please tell me whether or not you are willing to let her come with me, and in that way show your kindness and faithfulness to my master,” or “So now, please tell me whether or not you are willing to be kind and faithful to my master by letting her come with me,” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “please tell me, or if you are not willing, tell me,”
24:49	rxq4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וְ⁠אֶפְנֶ֥ה עַל יָמִ֖ין א֥וֹ עַל שְׂמֹֽאל	1	Consider whether your language has the same idiom that Hebrew has here, or a similar idiom, with the same meaning, or whether you need to say this without an idiom. Alternate translation: “so that I can know which way to turn” or “so that I can know what to do next.”
24:50	aqiu			מֵ⁠יְהוָ֖ה יָצָ֣א הַ⁠דָּבָ֑ר	1	 Alternate translation: “We can clearly see that Yahweh has made all this happen,” or “It is obvious that all this is the will of Yahweh,”
24:50	mnf9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-dual	לֹ֥א נוּכַ֛ל	1	Some languages have a dual pronoun that is used here. Alternate translation: “so it is not our right” or “so we have no right”
24:50	al8q		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	דַּבֵּ֥ר אֵלֶ֖י⁠ךָ רַ֥ע אוֹ טֽוֹב	1	 Alternate translation: “to tell you anything different from what he has done” or “to decide anything against what he has decided.”
24:51	yfio			הִנֵּֽה רִבְקָ֥ה לְ⁠פָנֶ֖י⁠ךָ	1	 Alternate translation: “See Rebekah is in front of you.”
24:51	zx2t		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-politeness	קַ֣ח וָ⁠לֵ֑ךְ	1	 Alternate translation: “You may take her with you and go home”
24:51	qwll			כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֖ר דִּבֶּ֥ר יְהוָֽה	1	 Alternate translation: “just as Yahweh has decided it should be.”
24:52	oase			וַ⁠יְהִ֕י כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֥ר שָׁמַ֛ע עֶ֥בֶד אַבְרָהָ֖ם אֶת דִּבְרֵי⁠הֶ֑ם	1	The phrase **Then it happened** introduces the climax of the chapter, when the servant responds to hearing that Yahweh has fulfilled his prayer to find a wife for Isaac. Do what is natural in your language.
24:52	bfdt		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction	וַ⁠יִּשְׁתַּ֥חוּ אַ֖רְצָ⁠ה לַֽ⁠יהוָֽה	1	See how you translated **bowed down** in verse 48. Notice that here in verse 52, the phrase **to the ground** is explicit and emphasized. Alternate translation: “he bowed low to the ground and praised Yahweh.”
24:53	l9ad			וַ⁠יּוֹצֵ֨א הָ⁠עֶ֜בֶד	1	 Alternate translation: “Then he brought out”
24:53	wbut			כְּלֵי כֶ֨סֶף וּ⁠כְלֵ֤י זָהָב֙ וּ⁠בְגָדִ֔ים וַ⁠יִּתֵּ֖ן לְ⁠רִבְקָ֑ה	1	 Alternate translation: “silver and gold jewelry and other expensive gifts, including beautiful clothing, and gave them to Rebekah.” or “valuable gifts, including silver and gold jewelry, and also beautiful clothing, and gave them to Rebekah.”
24:53	maat			וּ⁠מִ֨גְדָּנֹ֔ת נָתַ֥ן	1	 Alternate translation: “He also gave expensive gifts”
24:53	y6rd			לְ⁠אָחִ֖י⁠הָ וּ⁠לְ⁠אִמָּֽ⁠הּ	1	 Alternate translation: “to her mother and brother.”
24:54	v706			וַ⁠יֹּאכְל֣וּ וַ⁠יִּשְׁתּ֗וּ ה֛וּא וְ⁠הָ⁠אֲנָשִׁ֥ים אֲשֶׁר־עִמּ֖⁠וֹ וַ⁠יָּלִ֑ינוּ	1	See how you translated **lodged** in verses 23, 25, and 31.
24:54	g7oe		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-politeness	שַׁלְּחֻ֥⁠נִי לַֽ⁠אדֹנִֽ⁠י	1	Make sure that what Abraham’s servant says here sounds polite in your translation, not rude or demanding. Alternate translation: “Please let us return home now to my master.”
24:55	yfg9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-politeness	תֵּשֵׁ֨ב הַ⁠נַּעֲרָ֥ אִתָּ֛⁠נוּ	1	 Alternate translation: “Please let the young woman remain here with us” or “Please let Rebekah remain here with us”
24:55	fjfn			יָמִ֖ים א֣וֹ עָשׂ֑וֹר	1	 Alternate translation: “around ten more days.”
24:55	ai2c			אַחַ֖ר תֵּלֵֽךְ	1	 Alternate translation: “Then she can go with you.” or “Then you can leave and take her with you.”
24:56	qz8o		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-dual	וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר אֲלֵ⁠הֶם֙	1	Some languages have a dual pronoun that could be used here. However the servant is probably still addressing the whole family.
24:56	rm4v			אַל תְּאַחֲר֣וּ אֹתִ֔⁠י וַֽ⁠יהוָ֖ה הִצְלִ֣יחַ דַּרְכִּ֑⁠י שַׁלְּח֕וּ⁠נִי	1	There are two different places where you could begin a new sentence here. Consider what is the most clear and natural way to do this in your language. Also, see how you translated “make my journey succeed” in verse 42. Alternate translation: “Please do not detain me. Since Yahweh has made me successful on my journey, send us off” or “Please do not detain me, now that Yahweh has given me success on my journey. Let us leave”
24:56	k32m			וְ⁠אֵלְכָ֖ה לַֽ⁠אדֹנִֽ⁠י	1	 Alternate translation: “so that I can go home to my master.”
24:57	thga		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּאמְר֖וּ	1	 Alternate translation: “They replied to him,”
24:57	oke9			נִקְרָ֣א לַֽ⁠נַּעֲרָ֑	1	Consider again how you translated **young woman** in verses 14-16, 28, 43, 55, and 57, and see the note about this at verse 14. You may need to translate this term in different ways, depending on the context.
24:57	zk0y		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וְ⁠נִשְׁאֲלָ֖ה אֶת פִּֽי⁠הָ	1	 Alternate translation: “and ask her to tell us what she wants to do.” or “and ask her if she is willing to go now.”
24:58	fccu		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יִּקְרְא֤וּ לְ⁠רִבְקָה֙	1	Consider whether it is better to use a name or a pronoun to refer to Rebekah here in your language, especially considering how you referred to her in verses 53, 55, and 57. Alternate translation: “Then they summoned her”
24:58	dxyn			הֲ⁠תֵלְכִ֖י עִם הָ⁠אִ֣ישׁ הַ⁠זֶּ֑ה	1	 Alternate translation: “Are you willing to go now with this man?”
24:58	m4bi			אֵלֵֽךְ	1	 Alternate translation: “Yes, I am willing to go now.”
24:59	l9ot		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וַֽ⁠יְשַׁלְּח֛וּ אֶת רִבְקָ֥ה אֲחֹתָ֖⁠ם	1	Notice that Rebekah does not actually leave until verse 61. If this is not clear in your translation, you could include the implied information that they agreed or decided to send her with Abraham’s servant. Alternate translation: “So they decided to send their sister Rebekah”
24:59	st26			וְ⁠אֶת מֵנִקְתָּ֑⁠הּ	1	The term **nurse** refers here to a servant woman who probably nursed Rebekah as a baby, took care of her as she was growing up, and still served her now.
24:59	qk50			וְ⁠אֶת עֶ֥בֶד אַבְרָהָ֖ם וְ⁠אֶת אֲנָשָֽׁי⁠ו	1	 Alternate translation: “with Abraham's servant and his men”
24:60	itbw			וַ⁠יְבָרֲכ֤וּ אֶת רִבְקָה֙ וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמְרוּ לָ֔⁠הּ	1	Make sure your translation of “blessed … and said” refers to the same event, not two separate events.
24:60	thpj			אֲחֹתֵ֕⁠נוּ	1	This is a term of endearment that family members used to refer to Rebekah even though she was not the actual sister of all of them. This practice is common in many cultures. Do what is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Dear little sister,”
24:60	xde8			אַ֥תְּ הֲיִ֖י	1	 Alternate translation: “may you become the mother of” or “we pray that you will have”
24:60	njdw			לְ⁠אַלְפֵ֣י רְבָבָ֑ה	1	 Alternate translation: “thousands and thousands of descendants,” or “many thousands of descendants,”
24:60	v0h9			וְ⁠יִירַ֣שׁ זַרְעֵ֔⁠ךְ	1	 Alternate translation: “and we pray that your descendants will defeat” or “and we pray that God will help them defeat”
24:60	tvnp		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	אֵ֖ת שַׁ֥עַר שֹׂנְאָֽי⁠ו	1	See how you translated the phrase **possess the gates** in Gen 22:17. Alternate translation: “the cities of all their enemies!”
24:61	oczw			וַ⁠תָּ֨קָם רִבְקָ֜ה וְ⁠נַעֲרֹתֶ֗י⁠הָ	1	 Alternate translation: “Then Rebekah and her maids who were going with her got ready to go, and” or “After Rebekah and her maids who were going with her packed their things,”
24:61	aunz			וַ⁠תֵּלַ֖כְנָה אַחֲרֵ֣י הָ⁠אִ֑ישׁ	1	Consider again how you translated **the man** in verses 21, 22, 26, 29, 30, 32, 61. See the note about this at verse 21.
24:61	susk			וַ⁠יִּקַּ֥ח הָ⁠עֶ֛בֶד אֶת רִבְקָ֖ה	1	 Alternate translation: “So he took her with him”
24:61	jk9n			וַ⁠יֵּלַֽךְ	1	 Alternate translation: “and left to return home.”
24:62	ydke			וְ⁠יִצְחָק֙ בָּ֣א מִ⁠בּ֔וֹא	1	 Alternate translation: “While they were traveling, Isaac returned home from a trip he had made to”
24:62	u4oo		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	בְּאֵ֥ר לַחַ֖י רֹאִ֑י	1	See how you translated the name of this place in Gen 16:14. Alternate translation: “the well called Beer Lahai Roi”
24:62	wadh			וְ⁠ה֥וּא יוֹשֵׁ֖ב	1	 Alternate translation: “so he was back home where he lived”
24:62	bbo8			בְּ⁠אֶ֥רֶץ הַ⁠נֶּֽגֶב	1	See how you translated **the land of the Negev** in Gen 20:1, and **the Negev** in Gen 12:9; 13:1, 3. Alternate translation: “in the Negev Desert region” or “in the Negev Desert.”
24:63	zzgh			וַ⁠יֵּצֵ֥א יִצְחָ֛ק לָ⁠שׂ֥וּחַ בַּ⁠שָּׂדֶ֖ה	1	What Isaac does in verse 63 happened sometime after he returned from Beer Lahai Roi, but the Hebrew text does not say exactly when. So introduce this new event in a general way that is not too specific. Alternate translation: “One day he went out in the field to pray” or “After he had returned home, one day he was meditating out in the fields”
24:63	j9u1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	לִ⁠פְנ֣וֹת עָ֑רֶב	1	For some languages it is more natural to put this time phrase earlier in this sentence and say, “One day as it was becoming evening, Isaac/he went …” or “One evening, Isaac/he went …” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “as it was becoming dusk” or “late in the afternoon”
24:63	ihv0		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וַ⁠יִּשָּׂ֤א עֵינָי⁠ו֙	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here.
24:63	xzpf			וַ⁠יַּ֔רְא וְ⁠הִנֵּ֥ה	1	 Alternate translation: “and saw in the distance that there were”
24:63	cpxq			גְמַלִּ֖ים בָּאִֽים	1	 Alternate translation: “some camels heading toward him.” or “some camels approaching him.”
24:64	gn7g			וַ⁠תִּשָּׂ֤א רִבְקָה֙ אֶת עֵינֶ֔י⁠הָ וַ⁠תֵּ֖רֶא אֶת יִצְחָ֑ק	1	 Alternate translation: “Then Rebekah, as she looked ahead of her, saw Isaac.”
24:64	tffl			וַ⁠תִּפֹּ֖ל	1	 Alternate translation: “Then she quickly jumped down”
24:64	bh18			מֵ⁠עַ֥ל הַ⁠גָּמָֽל	1	Consider again how you translated **camel** throughout chapter 24. Alternate translation: “off the camel that she was riding,”
24:65	oiy6			מִֽי הָ⁠אִ֤ישׁ הַלָּזֶה֙ הַ⁠הֹלֵ֤ךְ בַּ⁠שָּׂדֶה֙ לִ⁠קְרָאתֵ֔⁠נוּ	1	 Alternate translation: “Who is that man walking towards us in the field?”
24:65	w0yx			וַ⁠יֹּ֥אמֶר הָ⁠עֶ֖בֶד ה֣וּא אֲדֹנִ֑⁠י	1	Abraham and Isaac were both the servant’s masters, especially since Abraham had already given Isaac all of his possessions (verse 36), which included his servants. Consider again how you translated “master/owner” throughout chapter 24.
24:65	u0fn		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction	וַ⁠תִּקַּ֥ח הַ⁠צָּעִ֖יף וַ⁠תִּתְכָּֽס	1	In that culture a bride-to-be wore a large veil to cover her entire body, especially her face, to show modesty and submission to her husband. Alternate translation: “So she took her veil and covered her face with it to show modesty.” or “So she covered herself with her veil to show modesty.”
24:66	m7o2			וַ⁠יְסַפֵּ֥ר הָ⁠עֶ֖בֶד לְ⁠יִצְחָ֑ק	1	 Alternate translation: “When they reached Isaac, the servant told him”
24:66	nr4w			אֵ֥ת כָּל הַ⁠דְּבָרִ֖ים אֲשֶׁ֥ר עָשָֽׂה	1	 Alternate translation: “all that he had done during the trip.” or “all that had happened on his journey.”
24:67	i3w0			וַ⁠יְבִאֶ֣⁠הָ יִצְחָ֗ק	1	 Alternate translation: “So Isaac took Rebekah”
24:67	bmk4			הָ⁠אֹ֨הֱלָ⁠ה֙ שָׂרָ֣ה אִמּ֔⁠וֹ	1	Make sure your translation of this phrase does not sound like Sarah still lived there; she had died three years previously (Gen 23:1-2). Alternate translation: “into the tent where his mother Sarah had lived before she died,”
24:67	p5q4			וַ⁠יֶּאֱהָבֶ֑⁠הָ & יִצְחָ֖ק	1	 Alternate translation: “Isaac loved Rebekah,” or “Isaac fell in love with her”
24:67	ed84		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	וַ⁠יִּנָּחֵ֥ם	1	 Alternate translation: “and he was consoled by her” or “and she made him happy again”
24:67	xqch		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	אַחֲרֵ֥י אִמּֽ⁠וֹ	1	Make sure it is clear in your translation here why Isaac needed comforting.
25:1	midz			וַ⁠יֹּ֧סֶף אַבְרָהָ֛ם וַ⁠יִּקַּ֥ח אִשָּׁ֖ה וּ⁠שְׁמָ֥⁠הּ קְטוּרָֽה	1	Abraham probably married Keturah after Sarah died (Gen 23:1-2) and after Isaac married Rebekah (Gen 24:67). Make sure your translation of this verse does not sound like Abraham had two wives named Keturah. Alternate translation: “Then Abraham married another woman, who was named Keturah.”
25:2	qyyg			וַ⁠תֵּ֣לֶד ל֗⁠וֹ	1	See how you translated **bore for him** in Gen 21:3; 24:47. Alternate translation: “Keturah gave birth to sons for him whose names were” or “She bore sons for him whom they named” or “They had sons together whom they named”
25:2	hpt0		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	אֶת זִמְרָן֙ וְ⁠אֶת יָקְשָׁ֔ן וְ⁠אֶת מְדָ֖ן וְ⁠אֶת מִדְיָ֑ן וְ⁠אֶת יִשְׁבָּ֖ק וְ⁠אֶת שֽׁוּחַ	1	See how you used commas and conjunctions in similar lists of names in Gen 22:22, 24.
25:3	iem3			וְ⁠יָקְשָׁ֣ן יָלַ֔ד	1	See how you translated **fathered** in Gen 11:27. Alternate translation: “Jokshan was the father of”
25:3	lxod		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	אֶת שְׁבָ֖א וְ⁠אֶת דְּדָ֑ן	1	 Alternate translation: “sons whom they named Sheba and Dedan.”
25:3	n1zj		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וּ⁠בְנֵ֣י דְדָ֔ן הָי֛וּ אַשּׁוּרִ֥ם וּ⁠לְטוּשִׁ֖ים וּ⁠לְאֻמִּֽים	1	See how you translated the names of people groups in Gen 10:4, 13-14, 16-18, and see the note about that at 10:4.
25:4	fzu6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases	עֵיפָ֤ה וָ⁠עֵ֨פֶר֙ וַ⁠חֲנֹ֔ךְ וַ⁠אֲבִידָ֖ע וְ⁠אֶלְדָּעָ֑ה	1	Consider what is the best way to connect the names in this list in your language.
25:4	zpdj			כָּל אֵ֖לֶּה בְּנֵ֥י קְטוּרָֽה	1	This phrase refers back to all the people listed in verses 2-4, which includes Keturah’s six sons, seven grandsons and three great grandsons. Make sure you spelled **Keturah** consistently in verses 1-4. Alternate translation: “All those were the descendants of Keturah and Abraham.”
25:5	cgzs			וַ⁠יִּתֵּ֧ן אַבְרָהָ֛ם אֶת כָּל אֲשֶׁר ל֖⁠וֹ לְ⁠יִצְחָֽק	1	Some languages have a specific word such as “left” or “willed” that means to give something as an inheritance. In that time and culture, a father would give his children their inheritance before he died. Alternate translation: “Abraham willed everything that he owned to Isaac.” or “And Isaac inherited all that Abraham owned”
25:6	vn52		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	וְ⁠לִ⁠בְנֵ֤י הַ⁠פִּֽילַגְשִׁים֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר לְ⁠אַבְרָהָ֔ם נָתַ֥ן אַבְרָהָ֖ם מַתָּנֹ֑ת	1	See how you translated “concubine” in Gen 22:24. The word **gifts** in this clause is very general and can include domestic animals, servants, gold, silver, and other things. Alternate translation: “Abraham also gave valuable gifts to the sons he had with his concubines,” or “Abraham also gave (valuable gifts) to the sons that his servant wives had for him,”
25:6	bsqq		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	וַֽ⁠יְשַׁלְּחֵ֞⁠ם & בְּ⁠עוֹדֶ֣⁠נּוּ חַ֔י קֵ֖דְמָ⁠ה אֶל־אֶ֥רֶץ קֶֽדֶם	1	The Hebrew word **Kedem** means “east” and refers to the region east of Canaan and the Dead Sea. Consider whether it is best in your language to transliterate (copy) the Hebrew name or to translate the meaning. Alternate translation: “then while he was still alive he sent them eastward to the region in the East” or “but after that he sent them to the east country” or “and after that he made them move away to the east country”
25:6	w2ek		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	מֵ⁠עַ֨ל יִצְחָ֤ק בְּנ⁠וֹ֙	1	 Alternate translation: “to be far away from his son Isaac.” or “so that they would be far away from his son Isaac.”
25:7	g7ic			וְ⁠אֵ֗לֶּה יְמֵ֛י שְׁנֵֽי חַיֵּ֥י אַבְרָהָ֖ם אֲשֶׁר חָ֑י מְאַ֥ת שָׁנָ֛ה וְ⁠שִׁבְעִ֥ים שָׁנָ֖ה וְ⁠חָמֵ֥שׁ שָׁנִֽים	1	 Alternate translation: “Abraham lived a total of 175 years.”
25:8	spt5			וַ⁠יִּגְוַ֨ע & אַבְרָהָ֛ם	1	 Alternate translation: “Then he breathed out for the last time” or “Then he took his final breath”
25:8	otow			וַ⁠יָּ֧מָת & בְּ⁠שֵׂיבָ֥ה טוֹבָ֖ה	1	 Alternate translation: “and died at a ripe old age,” or “and died when he was very old,”
25:8	x9ao		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	זָקֵ֣ן וְ⁠שָׂבֵ֑עַ	1	The idiom **full** refers to a long life that was blessed by God. Consider what is the best way to translate this idiom in your language. Also consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “an old man who had lived a full life, and” or “After he had lived a long and blessed life,”
25:8	uf1c		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism	וַ⁠יֵּאָ֖סֶף אֶל	1	The phrase **gathered to his people** is a euphemism that refers to dying but also implies that God took his spirit to be with his ancestors who had already died. It is best to translate this phrase fairly literally since it teaches about life after death. Alternate translation: “he was taken by God to be with” or “God took his spirit to be with”
25:8	z547		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	עַמָּֽי⁠ו	1	Make sure your translation of this phrase does not sound like these ancestors were still alive. They had already died before Abraham died. Alternate translation: “his relatives who had already died.” or “his ancestors who had gone before him.” or “his deceased relatives.”
25:9	ugpb			וַ⁠יִּקְבְּר֨וּ אֹת֜⁠וֹ יִצְחָ֤ק וְ⁠יִשְׁמָעֵאל֙ בָּנָ֔י⁠ו	1	 Alternate translation: “His sons Isaac and Ishmael buried his body”
25:9	u4fz			אֶל מְעָרַ֖ת הַ⁠מַּכְפֵּלָ֑ה	1	See how you translated this phrase in Gen 23:9, and see the note about that there. Also see how you translated similar phrases in Gen 23:17, 19. Alternate translation: “in the cave of the Machpelah area”
25:9	qu8c			אֶל שְׂדֵ֞ה עֶפְרֹ֤ן בֶּן צֹ֨חַר֙ הַֽ⁠חִתִּ֔י	1	Ephron no longer owned the field (See: verse 10).
25:9	bi8r		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	אֲשֶׁ֖ר עַל פְּנֵ֥י מַמְרֵֽא	1	For some languages it is clearer or more natural to put this phrase earlier in this verse. Do what is best in your language. Also see how you translated **before Mamre** in Gen 23:17, 19. Alternate translation: “near the city of Mamre.”
25:10	ekpo			מֵ⁠אֵ֣ת בְּנֵי חֵ֑ת	1	The Hebrew text has two different ways to refer to the Hittites; compare the phrase here with verse 9 where a single Hebrew word is used to refer to this people group. See how you translated **the sons of Heth** in Gen 23:20.
25:10	l4kk		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	שָׁ֛מָּ⁠ה קֻבַּ֥ר אַבְרָהָ֖ם וְ⁠שָׂרָ֥ה אִשְׁתּֽ⁠וֹ	1	Abraham had already buried Sarah’s body in the cave (Gen 23:19). Make sure your translation of this sentence does not sound like Sarah was buried there a second time. Alternate translation: “Abraham was buried in that cave, where his wife Sarah had also been buried.” or “That is where Sarah had been buried, and they buried Abraham next to her.”
25:11	sza5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-order	וַ⁠יְבָ֥רֶךְ אֱלֹהִ֖ים אֶת יִצְחָ֣ק בְּנ֑⁠וֹ	1	Use the phrase order in your language that is most natural in this context.
25:11	l10e			וַ⁠יֵּ֣שֶׁב יִצְחָ֔ק עִם	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “who settled near” or “Isaac lived in the region near”
25:11	uedu		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	בְּאֵ֥ר לַחַ֖י רֹאִֽי	1	Be consistent here with how you spelled **Beer Lahai Roi** in Gen 24:62. Alternate translation: “the well called Beer Lahai Roi.”
25:12	d20j		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent	וְ⁠אֵ֛לֶּה תֹּלְדֹ֥ת	1	Consider what is the best way in your language to introduce the new topic that begins here. See how you translated this clause in Gen 11:10. Alternate translation: “Here is the genealogy of” or “Here is the list of the descendants of” or “What follows is the record of the descendants of”
25:13	u042			בִּ⁠שְׁמֹתָ֖⁠ם לְ⁠תוֹלְדֹתָ֑⁠ם	1	 Alternate translation: “listed in the order that they were born:”
25:13	ocpk		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	בְּכֹ֤ר יִשְׁמָעֵאל֙ נְבָיֹ֔ת	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “His oldest child was Nebaioth,”
25:13	twvo			וְ⁠קֵדָ֥ר וְ⁠אַדְבְּאֵ֖ל וּ⁠מִבְשָֽׂם	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “After him came Kedar, Adbeel, Mibsam,”
25:15	r03w		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases	חֲדַ֣ד וְ⁠תֵימָ֔א יְט֥וּר נָפִ֖ישׁ וָ⁠קֵֽדְמָה	1	See how you translated a similar list of names in verses 2-4.
25:16	jzrq			וְ⁠אֵ֣לֶּה שְׁמֹתָ֔⁠ם בְּ⁠חַצְרֵי⁠הֶ֖ם וּ⁠בְ⁠טִֽירֹתָ֑⁠ם שְׁנֵים עָשָׂ֥ר נְשִׂיאִ֖ם לְ⁠אֻמֹּתָֽ⁠ם	1	The Hebrew words for **settlements** and **camps** overlap in meaning. Both refer to temporary or permanent places where people settled, surrounded by some sort of wall or fence. Also, many translations have “princes” here instead of “rulers,” but these Ishmaelite rulers were not actually sons of a king. See how you translated **rulers** in Gen 17:20. Alternate translation: “who became the rulers of twelve tribes that were named after them, and each tribe lived in its own settlements and camps” or “Each of them became the ruler of a tribe that was named after him, and each tribe had its own villages and tent settlements.”
25:17	ywtp			וְ⁠אֵ֗לֶּה שְׁנֵי֙ חַיֵּ֣י יִשְׁמָעֵ֔אל מְאַ֥ת שָׁנָ֛ה וּ⁠שְׁלֹשִׁ֥ים שָׁנָ֖ה וְ⁠שֶׁ֣בַע שָׁנִ֑ים	1	See how you translated a similar sentence in verse 7.
25:17	ca85			וַ⁠יִּגְוַ֣ע וַ⁠יָּ֔מָת	1	See how you translated **exhaled** in verse 8. Alternate translation: “Then Ishmael breathed out for the last time and died,” or “Then Ishmael took his final breath and died,”
25:17	msza			וַ⁠יֵּאָ֖סֶף אֶל	1	See how you translated this phrase in verse 8. Alternate translation: “and he was taken by God to be with” or “and God took his spirit to be with the spirits of”
25:17	lgua		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	עַמָּֽי⁠ו	1	 Alternate translation: “his relatives who had already died.” or “his relatives who had gone before him.” or “his deceased relatives.”
25:18	w2v5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	מֵֽ⁠חֲוִילָ֜ה עַד שׁ֗וּר	1	Be consistent here with how you spelled **Havilah** in Gen 2:11; 10:7, 29 and **Shur** in Gen 16:7; 20:1. The name **Shur** means “wall”. The Wilderness of Shur may have been named after a city or fortification named Shur that was located near the eastern border of Egypt (Gen 16:7). Alternate translation: “throughout the area that extended from the region of Havilah to the desert of Shur”
25:18	c8ld			אֲשֶׁר֙ עַל פְּנֵ֣י מִצְרַ֔יִם	1	 Alternate translation: “that is east of the land of Egypt”
25:18	h1df			בֹּאֲ⁠כָ֖ה	1	 Alternate translation: “as you go from there” or “as one goes”
25:18	bm8n			אַשּׁ֑וּרָ⁠ה	1	Assyria and its capital city Asshur were far east of Shur. Consider again how you spelled **Asshur** in Gen 2:14; 10:11, 22, and 25:3, 18. Alternate translation: “to the city of Asshur in Assyria.” or “in the direction of the land of Assyria.”
25:18	wu16		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	עַל פְּנֵ֥י כָל אֶחָ֖י⁠ו נָפָֽל	1	The Hebrew text has an idiom here that is ambiguous in this context. It could mean: (1) “He/They lived in hostility toward/against all his/their brothers/relatives.” or “They lived as enemies against all their brothers/relatives.” See how you translated a different idiom in 16:12 that probably has this meaning. Or it could mean: (2) “They settled/lived in the presence of all their brothers/relatives.” or “They settled/lived among/near all their brothers/relatives.” or (3) “He/Ishmael died in the presence of all his brothers/relatives.” or “He/Ishmael died when/while all his brothers were still alive.”
25:19	ldvn			וְ⁠אֵ֛לֶּה תּוֹלְדֹ֥ת יִצְחָ֖ק בֶּן אַבְרָהָ֑ם	1	We have already heard about much of Isaac’s history in previous chapters; now we are told even more. See how you translated **these are the generations of** in verse 12 and Gen 6:9.
25:19	dw7d			אַבְרָהָ֖ם הוֹלִ֥יד אֶת יִצְחָֽק	1	See how you translated **fathered** in verse 3. Alternate translation: “After Abraham had his son Isaac,”
25:20	cn5u			וַ⁠יְהִ֤י יִצְחָק֙ בֶּן אַרְבָּעִ֣ים שָׁנָ֔ה בְּ⁠קַחְתּ֣⁠וֹ אֶת רִבְקָ֗ה & ל֥⁠וֹ לְ⁠אִשָּֽׁה	1	See how you translated “was a son of … years” in Gen 21:5. Alternate translation: “Isaac grew up and married Rebekah when he was 40 years old.”
25:20	bvzb			בַּת בְּתוּאֵל֙ הָֽ⁠אֲרַמִּ֔י מִ⁠פַּדַּ֖ן אֲרָ֑ם	1	 Alternate translation: “She was a daughter of Bethuel, who was an Aramean from the land of Paddan Aram,”
25:20	fxim			אֲח֛וֹת לָבָ֥ן	1	 Alternate translation: “and she was a sister of Laban”
25:21	kvb4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	וַ⁠יֶּעְתַּ֨ר יִצְחָ֤ק לַֽ⁠יהוָה֙ לְ⁠נֹ֣כַח אִשְׁתּ֔⁠וֹ כִּ֥י עֲקָרָ֖ה הִ֑וא	1	Isaac and Rebekah had been married for almost 20 years and they still had no children. See how you translated **barren** in Gen 11:30. Also, it may be clearer to change the order of the clauses in this sentence to put them in the order in which they happened. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “Isaac prayed earnestly to Yahweh for his wife to have children because she was barren” or “But for many years Rebekah was not able to get pregnant, so Isaac prayed that Yahweh would give her children.”
25:21	jqwl			וַ⁠יֵּעָ֤תֶר ל⁠וֹ֙ יְהוָ֔ה	1	 Alternate translation: “Yahweh did what he prayed for,”
25:21	hevv		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וַ⁠תַּ֖הַר רִבְקָ֥ה אִשְׁתּֽ⁠וֹ	1	For some languages it is clearer to include here the fact that Rebekah was pregnant with two babies, rather than wait until verse 22. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “so that Rebekah became pregnant with twins.”
25:22	df89			וַ⁠יִּתְרֹֽצֲצ֤וּ הַ⁠בָּנִים֙ בְּ⁠קִרְבָּ֔⁠הּ	1	 Alternate translation: “And the two babies inside her kept pushing against each other,” or “After a while the twins wrestled with each other inside her,”
25:22	lde8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠תֹּ֣אמֶר	1	 Alternate translation: “so Rebekah asked,”
25:22	w08h			אִם כֵּ֔ן לָ֥⁠מָּה זֶּ֖ה אָנֹ֑כִי	1	 Alternate translation: “What is happening inside me?”
25:22	fgoh			וַ⁠תֵּ֖לֶךְ לִ⁠דְרֹ֥שׁ אֶת יְהוָֽה	1	 Alternate translation: “Then she went to Yahweh to ask him what was happening.” or “Then she prayed to Yahweh about it.”
25:23	juqa		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר יְהוָ֜ה לָ֗⁠הּ	1	 Alternate translation: “He answered her,”
25:23	do4i			שְׁנֵ֤י גוֹיִם֙ בְּ⁠בִטְנֵ֔⁠ךְ	1	Many translations put Yahweh’s words in poetry format in this verse. If your translation team decides to do this, look at a Bible version that does this to know where to divide the clauses. Alternate translation: “Inside you are the ancestors of two people groups.” or “The two babies inside your womb will become the fathers of two nations.”
25:23	l1ey			וּ⁠שְׁנֵ֣י לְאֻמִּ֔ים	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “Those two people groups” or “Those two ancestors”
25:23	f208			יִפָּרֵ֑דוּ	1	 Alternate translation: “will be hostile against each other” or “will be rivals”
25:23	josq			מִ⁠מֵּעַ֖יִ⁠ךְ	1	 Alternate translation: “starting now even while they are still inside you.”
25:24	n0ji			וַ⁠יִּמְלְא֥וּ יָמֶ֖י⁠הָ לָ⁠לֶ֑דֶת	1	 Alternate translation: “Later when it was time for her to give birth,”
25:24	x2dm			וְ⁠הִנֵּ֥ה תוֹמִ֖ם בְּ⁠בִטְנָֽ⁠הּ	1	 Alternate translation: “sure enough, there were twin sons inside her!”
25:25	xnz0		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	וַ⁠יֵּצֵ֤א הָ⁠רִאשׁוֹן֙ אַדְמוֹנִ֔י כֻּלּ֖⁠וֹ כְּ⁠אַדֶּ֣רֶת שֵׂעָ֑ר	1	 Alternate translation: “When the first baby came out, he was covered with thick red hair so that he was as hairy as a fur robe.” or “The first baby who was born was completely covered with thick red hair.”
25:25	kyoh			וַ⁠יִּקְרְא֥וּ שְׁמ֖⁠וֹ	1	The Hebrew text has **they** here, which probably refers to Esau’s parents and may include people in general after his parents named him. Alternate translation: “So he was named”
25:25	t2t0		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	עֵשָֽׂו	1	Consider whether or not to include the meaning of Esau’s name in the text or in a footnote.
25:26	wm8b			יָצָ֣א אָחִ֗י⁠ו	1	Some languages have a specific term for a younger brother that fits here. See what you did in Gen 4:2.
25:26	hoky			וַ⁠יִּקְרָ֥א שְׁמ֖⁠וֹ	1	See how you translated a similar clause in verse 25 that probably has the same meaning. Alternate translation: “So they called him” or “So he was named”
25:26	lggz		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	יַעֲקֹ֑ב	1	If you decide to include the meaning of Jacob’s name in the text or in a footnote, make sure it matches the way you translate **grabbing** earlier in this sentence.
25:26	uqny		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וְ⁠יִצְחָ֛ק בֶּן שִׁשִּׁ֥ים שָׁנָ֖ה	1	See how you translated the idiom “was a son of … years” in verse 20.
25:26	d3d9			בְּ⁠לֶ֥דֶת אֹתָֽ⁠ם	1	 Alternate translation: “when Rebekah gave birth to them.”
25:27	kmym			וַֽ⁠יִּגְדְּלוּ֙ הַ⁠נְּעָרִ֔ים	1	 Alternate translation: “As the boys grew up”
25:27	q0d8			וַ⁠יְהִ֣י עֵשָׂ֗ו אִ֛ישׁ יֹדֵ֥עַ צַ֖יִד	1	See how you translated a similar phrase (“mighty hunter”) in Gen 10:9. Alternate translation: “Esau became a expert hunter,” or “Esau became good at hunting animals for food,”
25:27	qo31			אִ֣ישׁ שָׂדֶ֑ה	1	 Alternate translation: “and he preferred being in the open country,” or “and he was an outdoorsman,”
25:27	nj2e		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast	וְ⁠יַעֲקֹב֙ אִ֣ישׁ תָּ֔ם	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Also, make sure that it is clear in your translation that Esau and Jacob are being contrasted. Alternate translation: “but Jacob was a quiet man” or “Jacob, on the other hand, had a mild-mannered personality”
25:27	t5f0			יֹשֵׁ֖ב אֹהָלִֽים	1	 Alternate translation: “and worked close to home.” or “and liked to be at home.”
25:28	uzdf			וַ⁠יֶּאֱהַ֥ב יִצְחָ֛ק אֶת עֵשָׂ֖ו	1	Your translation should not sound like Isaac and Rebekah did not love both of their sons. Rather, they each had their favorite son. Alternate translation: “Isaac loved Esau most,”
25:28	dwdz		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	כִּי צַ֣יִד בְּ⁠פִ֑י⁠ו	1	Make sure your translation of **he liked** refers here to Isaac, not Esau. For some languages it is clearer or more natural to put this clause first in this sentence and say, “Isaac liked to eat wild animal/deer meat, so his favorite son was Esau”. Do what is best your language. Alternate translation: “because he liked to eat the meat of wild deer that he hunted,”
25:28	gbyt			וְ⁠רִבְקָ֖ה אֹהֶ֥בֶת אֶֽת יַעֲקֹֽב	1	See how you translated a similar clause earlier in this verse. Alternate translation: “but Rebekah loved Jacob most.”
25:29	uzn3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent	וַ⁠יָּ֥זֶד יַעֲקֹ֖ב נָזִ֑יד	1	According to verse 34, this stew (or thick soup) was made out of lentils, which are a type of bean; it may also have had pieces of meat in it. Consider what is the best way in your language to introduce the first event in this episode (following the background information in verses 27-28). Alternate translation: “Once Jacob was making some stew” or “One day when Jacob was making some stew”
25:29	hj1w			וַ⁠יָּבֹ֥א עֵשָׂ֛ו מִן הַ⁠שָּׂדֶ֖ה	1	See how you translated **field** in verse 27. Alternate translation: “Esau came home from working out in the fields”
25:29	wxqp			וְ⁠ה֥וּא עָיֵֽף	1	The Hebrew word for **exhausted** means Esau was very tired (perhaps even feeling faint) from his hunting or work, as well as hungry and thirsty from lack of food. Some languages have an idiom for this that fits well here. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “and he felt weak from hunger.” or “and he was weak and hungry.” or “very tired and hungry.”
25:30	tyd4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר עֵשָׂ֜ו אֶֽל יַעֲקֹ֗ב	1	Consider what is the best way in your language to translate this quote margin. Alternate translation: “So Esau asked Jacob,”
25:30	f235			הַלְעִיטֵ֤⁠נִי נָא֙	1	 Alternate translation: “Please let me eat”
25:30	whmu			מִן הָ⁠אָדֹ֤ם הָ⁠אָדֹם֙ הַ⁠זֶּ֔ה	1	 Alternate translation: “some of that dark red stew you are making”
25:30	r8j4			כִּ֥י עָיֵ֖ף אָנֹ֑כִי	1	See how you translated **exhausted** in verse 29. Alternate translation: “because I am weak from hunger!” or “because I am hungry and weak!”
25:30	u35r			עַל כֵּ֥ן	1	 Alternate translation: “Because he said that,”
25:30	ems1			קָרָֽא שְׁמ֖⁠וֹ	1	Frequently in the Hebrew text, this phrase has a general meaning and does not refer to someone specific. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “he is also called” or “they called him”
25:30	q10m		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	אֱדֽוֹם	1	You could include the meaning of **Edom** in your translation or in a footnote so that it is clear why Esau was given that name.
25:31	lm42		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֖אמֶר יַעֲקֹ֑ב	1	 Alternate translation: “But Jacob said to him,”
25:31	k63y			כַ⁠יּ֛וֹם	1	 Alternate translation: “Today right now” or “Right now”
25:31	r3pd		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	מִכְרָ֥⁠ה & אֶת בְּכֹֽרָתְ⁠ךָ֖ לִֽ⁠י	1	Make sure it is clear in your translation that Jacob was offering the stew as payment for Esau’s birthright as the firstborn son. In Hebrew culture the firstborn son inherited twice as much as the rest of the children in the family (Deuteronomy 21:15-17). That information could be put in a footnote so that people understand what Esau was selling for a bowl of stew. Alternate translation: “give your birthright to me in exchange for some stew” or “trade your rights as the firstborn son to me for some stew then I will give you some.”
25:32	l21g		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר עֵשָׂ֔ו	1	 Alternate translation: “Esau said to him,”
25:32	zepf		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole	הִנֵּ֛ה אָנֹכִ֥י הוֹלֵ֖ךְ לָ⁠מ֑וּת	1	Esau is using hyperbole or exaggeration here to emphasize how hungry he is. Consider what is the best way to communicate that in your language. Alternate translation: “Listen, I am so hungry that I feel like I am going to die!”
25:32	hxqu		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	וְ⁠לָ⁠מָּה זֶּ֥ה לִ֖⁠י בְּכֹרָֽה	1	Esau uses a rhetorical question to emphasize his point about how hungry he is. Consider whether or not a rhetorical question works well here in your language. Alternate translation: “So how will my birthright benefit me if I die?” or “So my birthright is of no benefit to me right now!”
25:33	gxm8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	הִשָּׁ֤בְעָ⁠ה לִּ⁠י֙ כַּ⁠יּ֔וֹם	1	See how you translated “swear to me by God” in Gen 21:23. Alternate translation: “First make an oath to me today before God that your rights are now mine!” or “You must first promise to me right now that you give your rights to me.”
25:33	d5gk			וַ⁠יִּשָּׁבַ֖ע ל֑⁠וֹ	1	Make sure the way you translate this clause fits well with what Jacob just said. Alternate translation: “So he vowed to him” or “So Esau made an unbreakable vow to him”
25:33	xdmk			וַ⁠יִּמְכֹּ֥ר אֶת בְּכֹרָת֖⁠וֹ לְ⁠יַעֲקֹֽב	1	See how you translated “sell your birthright” in verse 31. Also see how Hebrews 12:16 is translated, which refers to the same event. Alternate translation: “that he had sold his rights as the firstborn son to Jacob for the stew” or “that he was selling his firstborn-son-rights to him in exchange for the stew”
25:34	jfkm		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	וְ⁠יַעֲקֹ֞ב נָתַ֣ן לְ⁠עֵשָׂ֗ו לֶ֚חֶם וּ⁠נְזִ֣יד עֲדָשִׁ֔ים	1	Consider again how you translated “stew/soup” in verses 29 and 34. Lentils are small, round, flat, reddish-brown legume seeds that grow inside a pod (similar to peas or beans). If lentils are not known in your area, you could describe them as “a type of legume/bean called lentils”. Alternate translation: “Then Jacob gave Esau some bread and some of the lentil stew” or “Then Jacob gave Esau some of the lentil stew with some bread,”
25:34	l7h8			וַ⁠יֹּ֣אכַל וַ⁠יֵּ֔שְׁתְּ וַ⁠יָּ֖קָם וַ⁠יֵּלַ֑ךְ	1	Consider what is the most natural way to translate this series of actions that happened quickly one after the other and shows how carelessly Esau treated his birthright. Alternate translation: “and Esau ate, drank, stood up, and left.” or “and Esau hurriedly ate the meal and left.”
25:34	y8f5			וַ⁠יִּ֥בֶז עֵשָׂ֖ו אֶת הַ⁠בְּכֹרָֽה	1	See how you translated **birthright** in verses 31-33. Alternate translation: “So Esau showed that he did not value his rights as the firstborn son.” or “In that way, Esau treated his birthright flippantly as if it had little value.”
26:1	zr1w		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent	וַ⁠יְהִ֤י	1	Consider what is the best way in your language to begin this new episode.
26:1	my54			רָעָב֙	1	See how you translated **famine** in Gen 12:10. Alternate translation: “another famine” or “another extreme lack of food” or “another time of severe food shortage”
26:1	ltfb			מִ⁠לְּ⁠בַד֙ הָ⁠רָעָ֣ב הָ⁠רִאשׁ֔וֹן אֲשֶׁ֥ר הָיָ֖ה	1	 Alternate translation: “in addition to the previous one that occurred” or “This was a different famine from the one that had happened years before,”
26:1	oa44		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וַ⁠יֵּ֧לֶךְ יִצְחָ֛ק	1	In your translation it should not sound like Isaac went alone to the city of Gerar; the rest of his family lived with him.
26:1	io2w			אֶל אֲבִימֶּ֥לֶךְ מֶֽלֶךְ פְּלִשְׁתִּ֖ים גְּרָֽרָ⁠ה	1	Be consistent here with how you translated “the city of Gerar” in Gen 10:19; 20:1-2 and **Philistines** in Gen 10:14; 21:32, 34. Alternate translation: “went for help to the Philistine king Abimelech, who lived in the city of Gerar.”
26:2	gxel		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יֵּרָ֤א אֵלָי⁠ו֙ יְהוָ֔ה	1	See how you translated **appeared** in Gen 12:7. Also consider whether it is more natural in your language to refer to Isaac here with his name or a pronoun. Alternate translation: “Then Yahweh came to Isaac”
26:2	d4sf		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֖אמֶר	1	Consider what is the best way in your language to translate this quote margin. Alternate translation: “and said to him,” or “and told him,”
26:2	m265		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	אַל תֵּרֵ֣ד	1	Egypt was lower in elevation and also south of the land of the Philistines. Many translations leave that information implied. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “Do not go south” or “Do not travel”
26:2	zrjo			מִצְרָ֑יְמָ⁠ה	1	 Alternate translation: “to the land of Egypt,”
26:2	ytdn			שְׁכֹ֣ן בָּ⁠אָ֔רֶץ אֲשֶׁ֖ר אֹמַ֥ר אֵלֶֽי⁠ךָ	1	 Alternate translation: “but rather live in the land wherever I tell you to live.” or “but rather live wherever I tell you to live.”
26:3	esom			גּ֚וּר	1	See how you translated this term in Gen 12:10 and 19:9. You may need to translate it in slightly different ways, depending on the context. Alternate translation: “You must live for a while” or “Stay temporarily as a foreigner”
26:3	a5hr			וְ⁠אֶֽהְיֶ֥ה עִמְּ⁠ךָ֖	1	This clause means that God will guide, help, and protect Isaac and provide for his needs. Alternate translation: “and I will be right beside you”
26:3	rnp1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-keyterms	וַ⁠אֲבָרְכֶ֑⁠ךָּ	1	 Alternate translation: “cause you and your family to prosper.”
26:3	dvmh		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases	כִּֽי לְ⁠ךָ֣ וּֽ⁠לְ⁠זַרְעֲ⁠ךָ֗ אֶתֵּן֙ אֶת כָּל הָֽ⁠אֲרָצֹ֣ת הָ⁠אֵ֔ל	1	Starting here (and continuing through verse 4) Yahweh explains how he will bless Isaac. Begin this sentence in a way that makes that clear in your translation. Alternate translation: “In fact, I will give all the surrounding lands to you and your offspring”
26:3	lqx8			וַ⁠הֲקִֽמֹתִי֙	1	 Alternate translation: “and I will continue to fulfill”
26:3	nxyo			אֶת הַ⁠שְּׁבֻעָ֔ה אֲשֶׁ֥ר נִשְׁבַּ֖עְתִּי לְ⁠אַבְרָהָ֥ם אָבִֽי⁠ךָ	1	Consider again how you translated **oath** in Gen 24:8. It may be necessary to translate this word differently in different contexts. Alternate translation: “the promise that I made to your father Abraham.”
26:4	g56u			וְ⁠הִרְבֵּיתִ֤י	1	Verse 4 gives the details of the oath that is referred to in verse 3. Consider whether it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here or to continue the sentence from verse 3. Alternate translation: “Yes, I will multiply” or “that I will multiply”
26:4	w607		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	אֶֽת זַרְעֲ⁠ךָ֙ כְּ⁠כוֹכְבֵ֣י	1	See how you translated a similar clause in Gen 22:17. Alternate translation: “increase the number of your offspring so that they are as numerous as” or “make your offspring as many as” or “give you so many offspring that they will be as numerous as”
26:4	z0k0			כְּ⁠כוֹכְבֵ֣י הַ⁠שָּׁמַ֔יִם	1	 Alternate translation: “as the number of stars in the sky,”
26:4	yt1e			וְ⁠נָתַתִּ֣י	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here.
26:4	mpz0			לְ⁠זַרְעֲ⁠ךָ֔	1	 Alternate translation: “to your descendants” or “to them”
26:4	fn5g			אֵ֥ת כָּל הָ⁠אֲרָצֹ֖ת הָ⁠אֵ֑ל	1	See how you translated this phrase in verse 3.
26:4	ibhs			בְ⁠זַרְעֲ⁠ךָ֔	1	See how you translated this phrase and the following clause in Gen 22:18. Alternate translation: “In fact, through your offspring” or “And because of your offspring” or “In fact, by means of your offspring”
26:4	gsf7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	וְ⁠הִתְבָּרֲכ֣וּ & כֹּ֖ל גּוֹיֵ֥י הָ⁠אָֽרֶץ	1	Consider what is the best way in your language to translate this passive clause. Alternate translation: “all the people groups on earth will be blessed by me,” or “I will bless all the ethnic groups on the earth,”
26:5	yet9			עֵ֕קֶב אֲשֶׁר	1	Verse 5 gives the reason that Yahweh will do everything that he says in verses 3 and 4. Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “all because”
26:5	wtdv		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	שָׁמַ֥ע אַבְרָהָ֖ם בְּ⁠קֹלִ֑⁠י	1	The phrase **my voice** stands for what Yahweh said to Abraham and also represents Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “Abraham always did what I told him”
26:5	y9qm		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	וַ⁠יִּשְׁמֹר֙ מִשְׁמַרְתִּ֔⁠י מִצְוֺתַ֖⁠י חֻקּוֹתַ֥⁠י וְ⁠תוֹרֹתָֽ⁠י	1	This clause is another way of saying **obeyed my voice** (found in the previous clause), and emphasizes that Abraham always obeyed God in everything. Notice that the terms in this clause have much overlap in meaning. Alternate translation: “Yes, he kept all my requirements, including all my commands, decrees, and laws.”
26:6	mvz1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וַ⁠יֵּ֥שֶׁב יִצְחָ֖ק בִּ⁠גְרָֽר	1	In your translation it should not sound like Isaac lived alone; the rest of his family lived with him. Alternate translation: “So Isaac obeyed what God commanded and stayed with his family in the city of Gerar.”
26:7	iokv			וַֽ⁠יִּשְׁאֲל֞וּ אַנְשֵׁ֤י הַ⁠מָּקוֹם֙ לְ⁠אִשְׁתּ֔⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “After a while the men from that place started asking him about Rebekah,” or “When the men from there started asking him about Rebekah,”
26:7	c8jy		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֖אמֶר	1	 Alternate translation: “he said to them” or “he deceived them by saying”
26:7	on1f		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations	אֲחֹ֣תִ⁠י הִ֑וא	1	Consider whether it is more natural in your language to use a direct quote or an indirect quote here. Alternate translation: “that she was his sister”
26:7	z3c2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations	כִּ֤י יָרֵא֙ לֵ⁠אמֹ֣ר אִשְׁתִּ֔⁠י	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Also see how you handled the previous quote in this sentence. Alternate translation: “He was afraid to say that she was his wife,”
26:7	e48o		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations	פֶּן יַֽהַרְגֻ֜⁠נִי אַנְשֵׁ֤י הַ⁠מָּקוֹם֙	1	See how you translated **the men of the place** earlier in this verse. Also consider whether it is better in your language to use a direct or indirect quote here, and see what you did earlier in this verse. Alternate translation: “He thought that the men of that city might kill him” or “He was afraid that the men in that place would kill him”
26:7	fozc			עַל רִבְקָ֔ה	1	 Alternate translation: “because of Rebekah,” or “so that they could take Rebekah,”
26:7	b01d		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	כִּֽי טוֹבַ֥ת מַרְאֶ֖ה הִֽיא	1	For some languages it may be better to put this clause first in this verse and say, “Now Rebekah was very beautiful, so the men in that city started asking Isaac about her. Isaac was afraid they might kill him in order to take/have her, so he lied and told them she was his sister.” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “because she is very beautiful.”
26:8	zwls			וַ⁠יְהִ֗י כִּ֣י אָֽרְכוּ ל֥⁠וֹ שָׁם֙ הַ⁠יָּמִ֔ים	1	 Alternate translation: “One day when he and his family had been there a long time,”
26:8	ymwh			וַ⁠יַּשְׁקֵ֗ף אֲבִימֶ֨לֶךְ֙ מֶ֣לֶךְ פְּלִשְׁתִּ֔ים	1	 Alternate translation: “Abimelech who was king over the Philistines looked out” or “King Abimelech looked out”
26:8	vhn2			בְּעַ֖ד הַֽ⁠חַלּ֑וֹן	1	 Alternate translation: “from a window of his house”
26:8	koto			וַ⁠יַּ֗רְא וְ⁠הִנֵּ֤ה	1	In this context, **behold** means that King Abimelech was surprised at what he saw. Alternate translation: “and was surprised to see”
26:8	o4an			יִצְחָק֙ מְצַחֵ֔ק אֵ֖ת רִבְקָ֥ה אִשְׁתּֽ⁠וֹ	1	There is a word play here in Hebrew (since **Isaac** and **laughing** come from the same root word). Isaac may have been laughing or flirting with Rebekah or physically touching her in an affectionate or intimate way, as a husband would do with his wife. Alternate translation: “that Isaac was flirting with his wife Rebekah.”
26:9	ziot			וַ⁠יִּקְרָ֨א אֲבִימֶ֜לֶךְ לְ⁠יִצְחָ֗ק	1	King Abimelech probably sent a servant to tell Isaac to come talk to him. Alternate translation: “So King Abimelech summoned Isaac” or “Then King Abimelech sent someone to bring Isaac to him”
26:9	mblv		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר֙	1	Consider what is the best way to translate this quote margin in your language. Alternate translation: “and said to him,” or “and scolded him by saying,”
26:9	vq6l		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-keyterms	אַ֣ךְ הִנֵּ֤ה אִשְׁתְּ⁠ךָ֙ הִ֔וא	1	The word “behold” emphasizes what follows it. Consider what is the best way in your language to translate this term in this context. Alternate translation: “It is clear that she is actually your wife!”
26:9	l4xt		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes	וְ⁠אֵ֥יךְ אָמַ֖רְתָּ אֲחֹ֣תִ⁠י הִ֑וא	1	Consider whether it is better in your language to translate this embedded direct quote (**She is my sister**) as a direct or indirect quote.
26:9	j573		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר אֵלָי⁠ו֙ יִצְחָ֔ק	1	Consider what is the best way in your language to translate this quote margin.
26:9	kge5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes	כִּ֣י אָמַ֔רְתִּי פֶּן אָמ֖וּת עָלֶֽי⁠הָ	1	Consider whether it is better in your language to translate this embedded quote as a direct or indirect quote. Alternate translation: “Because I thought that I might die because of her.” or “I said that because I was afraid that someone might kill me in order to take her as a wife.”
26:10	t8xc		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר אֲבִימֶ֔לֶךְ	1	Consider what is the best way to translate this quote margin in your language to fit this context.
26:10	t0lq		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	מַה זֹּ֖את עָשִׂ֣יתָ לָּ֑⁠נוּ	1	King Abimelech uses a rhetorical question here to show strong emotion and to emphasize that what Isaac did was wrong and should not have been done. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “Why did you treat us this way?” or “You should not have done this to us!”
26:10	a431		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism	כִּ֠⁠מְעַט שָׁכַ֞ב אַחַ֤ד הָ⁠עָם֙ אֶת אִשְׁתֶּ֔⁠ךָ	1	See how you translated the idiom “lay with” in Gen 19:32-35. It may be necessary to translate this in slightly different ways, depending on the context. Alternate translation: “Sooner or later, one of the men whom I rule could have slept with your wife,” or “... had physical relations with your wife,” or “... committed adultery with your wife,”
26:10	q591		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive	וְ⁠הֵבֵאתָ֥ עָלֵ֖י⁠נוּ אָשָֽׁם	1	The pronoun **us** in this verse refers to King Abimelech and the Philistines whom he ruled; it does not include Isaac. Alternate translation: “with the result that you would have brought punishment on us!”
26:11	uhi8			וַ⁠יְצַ֣ו אֲבִימֶ֔לֶךְ אֶת כָּל הָ⁠עָ֖ם לֵ⁠אמֹ֑ר	1	 Alternate translation: “Then King Abimelech told all his people,”
26:11	z2nk		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	הַ⁠נֹּגֵ֜עַ בָּ⁠אִ֥ישׁ הַ⁠זֶּ֛ה וּ⁠בְ⁠אִשְׁתּ֖⁠וֹ מ֥וֹת יוּמָֽת	1	In this context **touches** is used as an idiom that means “harms in any way.” Many languages have a similar idiom that fits well here. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “If anyone harms this man Isaac or his wife in any way, I will surely have that person executed!” or “I will surely execute anyone who harms Isaac or his wife in any way!”
26:12	okdv			וַ⁠יִּזְרַ֤ע יִצְחָק֙ בָּ⁠אָ֣רֶץ הַ⁠הִ֔וא	1	The phrase “sow seeds” means to plant seeds by scattering them by hand on the ground in order to grow crops. If this method of planting is not known in your language area, you could translate this more generally and say, “planted seeds/crops” or “planted large fields with seeds/crops”. Alternate translation: “Isaac planted crops in that land”
26:12	rsw3			וַ⁠יִּמְצָ֛א בַּ⁠שָּׁנָ֥ה הַ⁠הִ֖וא מֵאָ֣ה שְׁעָרִ֑ים	1	 Alternate translation: “and during that year he reaped a huge harvest that was a hundred times more than what he had planted” or “and that year he harvested a very large crop”
26:12	p8ak			וַֽ⁠יְבָרֲכֵ֖⁠הוּ יְהוָֽה	1	Consider whether or not it is more natural in your language to begin a new sentence here that continues into verse 13. Alternate translation: “because Yahweh blessed him.”
26:13	ly00			וַ⁠יִּגְדַּ֖ל הָ⁠אִ֑ישׁ וַ⁠יֵּ֤לֶךְ הָלוֹךְ֙ וְ⁠גָדֵ֔ל	1	 Alternate translation: “In that way Isaac kept getting more and more wealthy” or “so that he grew richer and richer”
26:13	hg95			עַ֥ד כִּֽי גָדַ֖ל מְאֹֽד	1	 Alternate translation: “until eventually he was very rich.”
26:14	avey			וַֽ⁠יְהִי ל֤⁠וֹ מִקְנֵה צֹאן֙ וּ⁠מִקְנֵ֣ה בָקָ֔ר	1	See how you translated **flocks** and **herds** in Gen 24:35. Alternate translation: “He had many flocks of sheep and herds of cattle” or “He had many sheep and cattle”
26:14	uq3c		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms	וַ⁠עֲבֻדָּ֖ה רַבָּ֑ה	1	The same Hebrew word is used for both “servant” or “slave”. Slaves and servants were owned by their masters but often they were treated as respected members of the family. An example of this was Abraham’s head servant who was sent to find a wife for Isaac (Gen 24). Keep this information in mind as you translate **servants** into your language. Alternate translation: “and he also had many slaves.” or “He also had many slaves.”
26:14	qv2e		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result	וַ⁠יְקַנְא֥וּ אֹת֖⁠וֹ פְּלִשְׁתִּֽים	1	 Alternate translation: “Because of that, the Philistines envied him” or “As a result, the Philistines were envious of him”
26:15	b9xb			וְ⁠כָל הַ⁠בְּאֵרֹ֗ת אֲשֶׁ֤ר חָֽפְרוּ֙ עַבְדֵ֣י אָבִ֔י⁠ו בִּ⁠ימֵ֖י אַבְרָהָ֣ם אָבִ֑י⁠ו סִתְּמ֣וּ⁠ם פְּלִשְׁתִּ֔ים וַ⁠יְמַלְא֖וּ⁠ם עָפָֽר	1	See how you translated “well” in Gen 21:30-31.
26:16	z4zj		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֥אמֶר אֲבִימֶ֖לֶךְ אֶל יִצְחָ֑ק	1	Consider what is the best way to translate this quote margin in your language. Alternate translation: “Finally King Abimelech said to him,”
26:16	b5ab		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-politeness	לֵ֚ךְ מֵֽ⁠עִמָּ֔⁠נוּ	1	Although King Abimelech is asking Isaac to leave, he is still trying to be polite. Alternate translation: “We want you to move somewhere else away from us,”
26:16	ectv		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	כִּֽי עָצַֽמְתָּ מִמֶּ֖⁠נּוּ מְאֹֽד	1	For some languages it is more natural to put this clause first in this quote and say, “You are so powerful that we are afraid of you and want you to move away from us.” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “because you are too powerful for us.”
26:17	lmkp		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וַ⁠יֵּ֥לֶךְ מִ⁠שָּׁ֖ם יִצְחָ֑ק	1	In your translation it should not sound like Isaac moved by himself from the city of Gerar; his family moved with him. See what you did for similar cases in verses 1 and 6. Alternate translation: “So Isaac moved away from the city of Gerar with his family”
26:17	ybzy			וַ⁠יִּ֥חַן	1	 Alternate translation: “and set up his tents”
26:17	ndt1			בְּ⁠נַֽחַל גְּרָ֖ר	1	 Alternate translation: “in the valley near Gerar”
26:17	leu6			וַ⁠יֵּ֥שֶׁב שָֽׁם	1	 Alternate translation: “and lived there for a while.”
26:18	jra3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	וַ⁠יָּ֨שָׁב יִצְחָ֜ק וַ⁠יַּחְפֹּ֣ר אֶת בְּאֵרֹ֣ת הַ⁠מַּ֗יִם אֲשֶׁ֤ר חָֽפְרוּ֙ בִּ⁠ימֵי֙ אַבְרָהָ֣ם אָבִ֔י⁠ו	1	Isaac had his servants re-dig the wells; he did not do that work by himself.
26:18	eqvq		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	וַ⁠יְסַתְּמ֣וּ⁠ם פְּלִשְׁתִּ֔ים אַחֲרֵ֖י מ֣וֹת אַבְרָהָ֑ם	1	Be consistent with how you spelled or translated **Philistines** in the book of Genesis. See Gen 10:14; 21:32, 34; 26:1, 8, 14-15, 18. Alternate translation: “that the Philistines had plugged up with dirt after Abraham had died,”
26:18	h4so			וַ⁠יִּקְרָ֤א לָ⁠הֶן֙ שֵׁמ֔וֹת כַּ⁠שֵּׁמֹ֕ת	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “He gave those wells the same names” or “He named the wells with the same names”
26:18	uecx			אֲשֶׁר קָרָ֥א לָ⁠הֶ֖ן אָבִֽי⁠ו	1	 Alternate translation: “that his father had named them.”
26:19	eibf		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וַ⁠יִּ֨מְצְאוּ שָׁ֔ם בְּאֵ֖ר מַ֥יִם חַיִּֽים	1	The phrase **living water** is an idiom that means the well was spring fed and was a source of continually flowing, fresh water to drink. Alternate translation: “and struck a spring of flowing water there.”
26:20	i62f		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations	לָ֣⁠נוּ הַ⁠מָּ֑יִם	1	Consider whether it is best in your language to use a direct quote or an indirect quote here. Alternate translation: “That water is ours!” or “that the well belonged to them.” or “that they owned that water”
26:20	ffg3			וַ⁠יִּקְרָ֤א שֵֽׁם הַ⁠בְּאֵר֙	1	 Alternate translation: “So Isaac named that well”
26:20	opnl		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	עֵ֔שֶׂק	1	If you include the meaning of this well’s name in your translation text or in a footnote, make sure it fits with how you translate **disputed** in the next clause. This word is different from the word for **quarreled** used earlier in verse 20, but it has the same meaning.
26:20	hywb			כִּ֥י הִֽתְעַשְּׂק֖וּ עִמּֽ⁠וֹ	1	The herdsmen from Gerar disputed with Isaac indirectly (verse 20b) when they quarreled with his herdsmen (verse 20a). Make sure in your translation that the two halves of this verse do not contradict each other. Alternate translation: “because they disputed with his herdsmen about it.”
26:21	ryzw			וַ⁠יָּרִ֖יבוּ גַּם עָלֶ֑י⁠הָ	1	Be consistent here with how you translated **quarreled** in the first part of verse 20. Alternate translation: “but once again the herdsmen from Gerar disputed with them about that well too,”
26:21	prjv			וַ⁠יִּקְרָ֥א שְׁמָ֖⁠הּ	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “so he named it” or “So he named the well”
26:22	ndq5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וַ⁠יַּעְתֵּ֣ק מִ⁠שָּׁ֗ם	1	In your translation it should not sound like Isaac moved by himself.
26:22	za5m			וַ⁠יַּחְפֹּר֙	1	See how you translated a similar phrase in verse 18. Alternate translation: “and he had his men dig” or “and his servants dug”
26:22	mtdv			בְּאֵ֣ר אַחֶ֔רֶת	1	 Alternate translation: “a new well,”
26:22	ixst			וְ⁠לֹ֥א רָב֖וּ עָלֶ֑י⁠הָ	1	 Alternate translation: “but this time the herdsmen of Gerar did not quarrel about it,” or “This time Gerar's herdsmen did not quarrel about it,”
26:22	ekhj			וַ⁠יִּקְרָ֤א שְׁמָ⁠הּ֙	1	See how you translated this clause in verses 20 and 21. Alternate translation: “so he named the well” or “so he gave it the name”
26:22	ggt9			רְחֹב֔וֹת	1	Be consistent here with how you spelled **Rehoboth** in Gen 10:11.
26:22	uq71			הִרְחִ֧יב & לָ֖⁠נוּ	1	 Alternate translation: “has provided room for us,” or “given my family enough room to live,”
26:22	z2q3			וּ⁠פָרִ֥ינוּ בָ⁠אָֽרֶץ	1	 Alternate translation: “so that we will flourish here in this land.”
26:23	cbus			וַ⁠יַּ֥עַל מִ⁠שָּׁ֖ם בְּאֵ֥ר שָֽׁבַע	1	The word **up** refers to the fact that Beersheba is higher in elevation from where they were; it is also south in direction. Some translations leave that information implied. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “From there he and his family moved south to the city of Beersheba.” or “One day he and his family moved from there to the city of Beersheba.”
26:24	ro9s			וַ⁠יֵּרָ֨א אֵלָ֤י⁠ו יְהוָה֙ בַּ⁠לַּ֣יְלָה הַ⁠ה֔וּא וַ⁠יֹּ֕אמֶר	1	See how you translated **Yahweh appeared to him** in verse 2. Alternate translation: “That night Yahweh came to him and said to him,”
26:24	kaqe			אָנֹכִ֕י אֱלֹהֵ֖י אַבְרָהָ֣ם אָבִ֑י⁠ךָ	1	 Alternate translation: “I am the God whom your father Abraham worships.” or “I am the God who takes care of your father Abraham.”
26:24	xp88		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	אַל תִּירָא֙ כִּֽי אִתְּ⁠ךָ֣ אָנֹ֔כִי	1	Some languages can do as the Hebrew text does and put the result clause (“do not be afraid”) before the reason (**I am with you**). Other languages prefer to put the reason before the result. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “I will always be with you, so do not be afraid.”
26:24	k105		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms	וּ⁠בֵֽרַכְתִּ֨י⁠ךָ֙	1	See how you translated this phrase in verse 3. Alternate translation: “I will prosper you”
26:24	n65z			וְ⁠הִרְבֵּיתִ֣י אֶֽת זַרְעֲ⁠ךָ֔	1	See how you translated this phrase in verse 4. Alternate translation: “and multiply the number of your offspring” or “and make your offspring numerous” or “and give you many offspring”
26:24	s2lp			בַּ⁠עֲב֖וּר	1	 Alternate translation: “because of my promise to” or “in order to keep my promise to”
26:24	hirv			אַבְרָהָ֥ם עַבְדִּֽ⁠י	1	 Alternate translation: “my servant Abraham.”
26:25	qm2j			וַ⁠יִּ֧בֶן שָׁ֣ם מִזְבֵּ֗חַ	1	See how you translated **altar** in Gen 22:9. Alternate translation: “Then Isaac built an altar there at Beersheba”
26:25	junf			וַ⁠יִּקְרָא֙ בְּ⁠שֵׁ֣ם יְהוָ֔ה	1	Consider again how you translated the idiom **called on the name of Yahweh** in the book of Genesis. See Gen 4:26, 12:8, 13:4, 21:33, 26:25, and see the note about this at 4:26. Alternate translation: “and offered sacrifices on it to Yahweh as he worshiped him by name.”
26:25	kvmx			וַ⁠יֶּט שָׁ֖ם אָהֳל֑⁠וֹ	1	See how you translated a similar phrase in verse 17. Alternate translation: “He also set up his camp there,”
26:25	lfr5			וַ⁠יִּכְרוּ שָׁ֥ם עַבְדֵי יִצְחָ֖ק בְּאֵֽר	1	Notice that they did not finish digging this well until verse 32. Keep that in mind as you translate this clause.
26:26	nte9			וַ⁠אֲבִימֶ֕לֶךְ הָלַ֥ךְ אֵלָ֖י⁠ו מִ⁠גְּרָ֑ר	1	 Alternate translation: “Then King Abimelech came to him from the city of Gerar”
26:26	evv1			וַ⁠אֲחֻזַּת֙ מֵֽרֵעֵ֔⁠הוּ	1	King Abimelech’s friend Ahuzzath was probably his adviser.
26:26	kkn7			וּ⁠פִיכֹ֖ל שַׂר צְבָאֽ⁠וֹ	1	See how you translated this phrase in Gen 21:22, 32. Alternate translation: “and his army captain Phicol.”
26:27	bwup		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	מַדּ֖וּעַ בָּאתֶ֣ם אֵלָ֑⁠י	1	Isaac probably wants to know why King Abimelech and his men are there, but this may also be a rhetorical question that shows his strong emotion. Alternate translation: “Why did you come here,”
26:27	mx4e			וְ⁠אַתֶּם֙ שְׂנֵאתֶ֣ם אֹתִ֔⁠י	1	 Alternate translation: “especially since you have treated me hatefully” or “especially since you have been hateful toward me”
26:27	fv74			וַ⁠תְּשַׁלְּח֖וּ⁠נִי מֵ⁠אִתְּ⁠כֶֽם	1	 Alternate translation: “and forced me to go away from you!”
26:28	bu45		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּאמְר֗וּ	1	 Alternate translation: “They replied,”
26:28	m7us		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive	רָא֣וֹ רָאִינוּ֮	1	Make sure your translation of the pronoun **we** does not include Isaac here. Alternate translation: “It is very clear to us”
26:28	e5ty			כִּֽי הָיָ֣ה יְהוָ֣ה עִמָּ⁠ךְ֒	1	See how you translated a similar phrase in verses 3 and 24. Alternate translation: “that Yahweh is with you and prospering you,”
26:28	rfk0			וַ⁠נֹּ֗אמֶר	1	 Alternate translation: “so we said to each other” or “so we decided”
26:28	f7p3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive	תְּהִ֨י נָ֥א אָלָ֛ה בֵּינוֹתֵ֖י⁠נוּ בֵּינֵ֣י⁠נוּ וּ⁠בֵינֶ֑⁠ךָ	1	In the Hebrew text, the first **us** in this sentence includes Isaac, but the second **us** excludes him. Notice that in the first two alternate translations, the pronouns **us** and **we** exclude him, but in the third alternate, the pronoun **we** includes him. Alternate translation: “that there should be an vow between us and you.” or “that we should make a vow to each other.”
26:28	o3r6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive	וְ⁠נִכְרְתָ֥ה בְרִ֖ית	1	See how you translated **cut a covenant** in Gen 21:27, 32. Notice that the pronoun **us** in this phrase either excludes Isaac or includes him, depending on whether you use **with you** or “with each other” for the following phrase. Alternate translation: “So please let us make a peace agreement”
26:28	fcp0			עִמָּֽ⁠ךְ	1	 Alternate translation: “with each other,”
26:29	x6xs			אִם תַּעֲשֵׂ֨ה עִמָּ֜⁠נוּ רָעָ֗ה	1	Verse 29 specifies the details of the covenant or treaty that they want Isaac to vow or promise.
26:29	xrwr		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁר֙ לֹ֣א נְגַֽעֲנ֔וּ⁠ךָ	1	See how you translated **touch** or “harm” in verse 11. Alternate translation: “just as we never harmed you in any way,”
26:29	uaog			וְ⁠כַ⁠אֲשֶׁ֨ר עָשִׂ֤ינוּ עִמְּ⁠ךָ֙ רַק ט֔וֹב	1	 Alternate translation: “but only treated you kindly”
26:29	b6m3			וַ⁠נְּשַׁלֵּֽחֲ⁠ךָ֖ בְּ⁠שָׁל֑וֹם	1	 Alternate translation: “and sent you away peacefully.” or “and in a peaceful manner asked you to leave.”
26:29	noji			אַתָּ֥ה עַתָּ֖ה בְּר֥וּךְ יְהוָֽה	1	 Alternate translation: “Now because of that, Yahweh has greatly prospered you.” or “As a result, Yahweh has now greatly prospered you.”
26:30	ncvw			וַ⁠יֹּאכְל֖וּ וַ⁠יִּשְׁתּֽוּ	1	In your translation it should not sound like the feast was only for King Abimelech and his men; Isaac ate with them.
26:31	ovmw			וַ⁠יַּשְׁכִּ֣ימוּ בַ⁠בֹּ֔קֶר	1	See how you translated **got up early in the morning** in Gen 20:8; 21:14, 22:3.
26:31	e434			וַ⁠יִּשָּׁבְע֖וּ אִ֣ישׁ לְ⁠אָחִ֑י⁠ו	1	See how you translated **swore** in Gen 25:33. Also, if you make the implied information explicit, it should match the way you translate “covenant” or “treaty” in verse 28. Alternate translation: “and made unbreakable oaths to each other to keep their covenant” or “and made oaths to one another that they would keep their treaty”
26:31	dqn2			וַ⁠יְשַׁלְּחֵ֣⁠ם יִצְחָ֔ק	1	 Alternate translation: “Then Isaac told them goodbye,”
26:31	fbfb			וַ⁠יֵּלְכ֥וּ מֵ⁠אִתּ֖⁠וֹ בְּ⁠שָׁלֽוֹם	1	 Alternate translation: “and they left him on peaceful terms and returned home.”
26:32	c721			וַ⁠יְהִ֣י בַּ⁠יּ֣וֹם הַ⁠ה֗וּא	1	 Alternate translation: “On that same day” or “Later that same day”
26:32	n9yf			עַל אֹד֥וֹת הַ⁠בְּאֵ֖ר אֲשֶׁ֣ר חָפָ֑רוּ	1	This is the same well that Isaac’s servants started digging in verse 25.
26:32	yrmy		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֥אמְרוּ ל֖⁠וֹ	1	Consider what is the best way to translate this quote margin in your language.
26:32	e8ez			מָצָ֥אנוּ מָֽיִם	1	See how you translated **found** in verse 19. Alternate translation: “We have reached water!”
26:33	ksjm		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	וַ⁠יִּקְרָ֥א אֹתָ֖⁠הּ שִׁבְעָ֑ה	1	The name of this well can be spelled **Shibah** or “Shebah.”
26:33	rlw9			שֵׁם הָ⁠עִיר֙ בְּאֵ֣ר שֶׁ֔בַע עַ֖ד הַ⁠יּ֥וֹם הַ⁠זֶּֽה	1	See how you translated **Beersheba** and its meaning in Gen 21:31.
26:34	xghn			וַ⁠יְהִ֤י עֵשָׂו֙ בֶּן אַרְבָּעִ֣ים שָׁנָ֔ה	1	Consider again how you translated “a son of … years” in the book of Genesis. See 5:32; 11:10; 12:4; 16:16; 17:1, 17, 24-25; 25:20-21 and 26:34. Alternate translation: “Now Esau was 40 years old, and” or “When Esau was 40 years old,”
26:34	wv0p			וַ⁠יִּקַּ֤ח אִשָּׁה֙ אֶת יְהוּדִ֔ית בַּת בְּאֵרִ֖י הַֽ⁠חִתִּ֑י וְ⁠אֶת בָּ֣שְׂמַ֔ת בַּת אֵילֹ֖ן הַֽ⁠חִתִּֽי	1	Make sure it is clear in your translation that Basemath was Esau’s second wife, not Beeri’s wife. Alternate translation: “he married a woman named Judith, who was the daughter of a Hittite man named Beeri, and he also married a woman named Basemath, who was the daughter of a Hittite man named Elon.”
26:35	hack		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וַ⁠תִּהְיֶ֖יןָ מֹ֣רַת ר֑וּחַ לְ⁠יִצְחָ֖ק וּ⁠לְ⁠רִבְקָֽה	1	 Alternate translation: “Those foreign women caused Isaac and Rebekah to be very distressed” or “Isaac and Rebekah were very upset that their son had married foreign women rather than a woman from their own religion and people group.”
27:1	omqk		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent	וַ⁠יְהִי֙ כִּֽי	1	The events in chapter 27 happened about 23 years after the end of chapter 26. Make sure your translation begins this verse in a way that fits with that fact. Alternate translation: “Now when”
27:1	nlqr			זָקֵ֣ן יִצְחָ֔ק	1	 Alternate translation: “Isaac was very old”
27:1	za37			וַ⁠תִּכְהֶ֥יןָ עֵינָ֖י⁠ו מֵ⁠רְאֹ֑ת	1	Isaac was either totally blind or so blind that he could not recognize people anymore (See: verses 18-27, 32-33). Alternate translation: “and his eyes were so weak that he could not see,” or “and he was almost blind,”
27:1	rinb			וַ⁠יִּקְרָ֞א	1	Isaac probably told a servant to go and tell Esau to come to him. Alternate translation: “he called for” or “he summoned”
27:1	rtzv		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֥אמֶר אֵלָ֖י⁠ו	1	Consider what is the best way in your language to translate this quote margin. Alternate translation: “Esau replied,”
27:1	gs77			הִנֵּֽנִ⁠י	1	See how you translated this phrase in Gen 22:1,7,11. Alternate translation: “Here I am.” or “Yes, sir what is it?”
27:2	ag4z		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֕אמֶר	1	Consider what is the best way in your language to translate this quote margin.
27:2	kpyl			הִנֵּה נָ֖א	1	 Alternate translation: “Listen carefully, please:” or “Please listen carefully:”
27:2	fkcw			זָקַ֑נְתִּי	1	See how you translated **old** or “an old man” in verse 1. Alternate translation: “I am very old”
27:2	a42u			לֹ֥א יָדַ֖עְתִּי י֥וֹם מוֹתִֽ⁠י	1	 Alternate translation: “and I might die soon.” or “and I might not live much longer.”
27:3	lnze			שָׂא נָ֣א כֵלֶ֔י⁠ךָ תֶּלְיְ⁠ךָ֖ וְ⁠קַשְׁתֶּ֑⁠ךָ	1	Consider what is the most natural way to refer to a bow and arrows in your language. Alternate translation: “take your hunting gear, your quiver of arrows, and your bow,” or “take your bow and arrows”
27:3	x56a			וְ⁠צֵא֙	1	 Alternate translation: “then go out”
27:3	i275			הַ⁠שָּׂדֶ֔ה	1	See how you translated **the field** in Gen 25:27. Alternate translation: “to the fields” or “to the open country”
27:3	lcqx			וְ⁠צ֥וּדָ⁠ה לִּ֖⁠י צידה	1	See how you translated **game** in Gen 25:28. Alternate translation: “and hunt some wild animal meat for me.” or “and go hunting for me.”
27:4	lb4h		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וַ⁠עֲשֵׂה	1	For some languages it may be necessary to make explicit more of the steps that Esau needs to take to prepare the meal, so that it does not sound like the animal would be eaten alive or uncooked. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “Then use the meat to cook” or “Next butcher the deer and cook”
27:4	fnk4			לִ֨⁠י מַטְעַמִּ֜ים	1	 Alternate translation: “some tasty food for me” or “a tasty meal for me”
27:4	jc0b			כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֥ר אָהַ֛בְתִּי	1	 Alternate translation: “the kind I like best,” or “just the way that I like it,”
27:4	m687		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	תְּבָרֶכְ⁠ךָ֥ נַפְשִׁ֖⁠י בְּ⁠טֶ֥רֶם אָמֽוּת	1	Isaac uses the phrase **my soul** to refer to himself. Alternate translation: “before I die I can ask God to prosper you.”
27:5	iw6n		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	וְ⁠רִבְקָ֣ה שֹׁמַ֔עַת בְּ⁠דַבֵּ֣ר יִצְחָ֔ק אֶל עֵשָׂ֖ו בְּנ֑⁠וֹ	1	The phrase **his son** probably recalls the fact that Esau was Isaac’s favorite son (Gen 25:28). However make sure that your translation of this phrase does not sound like Esau was not also Rebekah’s son. Alternate translation: “Rebekah overheard what Isaac said to their son Esau.” or “Now while Isaac was speaking to his son Esau, Rebekah was listening”
27:5	bdl8			וַ⁠יֵּ֤לֶךְ עֵשָׂו֙ הַ⁠שָּׂדֶ֔ה לָ⁠צ֥וּד צַ֖יִד לְ⁠הָבִֽיא	1	Consider whether it is more natural in your language to begin a new sentence here that continues into verse 6. Also see how you translated **the field** and **hunt game** in verse 3. Alternate translation: “So after Esau went out to the country to get wild animal meat,” or “So after Esau had left to go hunting in the open country,”
27:6	bx0k			וְ⁠רִבְקָה֙ אָֽמְרָ֔ה אֶל יַעֲקֹ֥ב בְּנָ֖⁠הּ לֵ⁠אמֹ֑ר	1	The phrase **her son** probably recalls the fact that Jacob was Rebekah’s favorite son (Gen 25:28). See how you translated “his son” in verse 5. Alternate translation: “Rebekah said to their son Jacob,”
27:6	tcc3			הִנֵּ֤ה	1	 Alternate translation: “Listen to this:”
27:6	dksq			שָׁמַ֨עְתִּי֙ אֶת אָבִ֔י⁠ךָ	1	 Alternate translation: “I just heard your father”
27:6	cvsc		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship	מְדַבֵּ֛ר אֶל עֵשָׂ֥ו אָחִ֖י⁠ךָ לֵ⁠אמֹֽר	1	Some languages have a special term for “older brother” that is used here. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “say to your brother Esau,”
27:7	d0l5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes	הָבִ֨יאָ⁠ה לִּ֥⁠י צַ֛יִד	1	Consider whether it is best in your language to translate Rebekah’s quote of Isaac in verse 7 as a direct quote or an indirect quote. Alternate translation: “to bring him some wild deer meat”
27:7	juty			וַ⁠עֲשֵׂה לִ֥⁠י מַטְעַמִּ֖ים וְ⁠אֹכֵ֑לָה	1	See how you translated this clause in verse 4. Alternate translation: “and use it to cook a tasty meal for him to eat.”
27:7	bqb7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations	וַ⁠אֲבָרֶכְ⁠כָ֛ה לִ⁠פְנֵ֥י יְהוָ֖ה לִ⁠פְנֵ֥י מוֹתִֽ⁠י	1	Be consistent in translating the parts of verse 7 as either a direct quote (using first person pronouns) or an indirect quote (using third person pronouns). Alternate translation: “Then before he dies, he will ask Yahweh to bless Esau.”
27:8	w8zu			וְ⁠עַתָּ֥ה בְנִ֖⁠י	1	See how you translated **So now** in verse 3. Also, make sure it is clear that Rebekah is no longer quoting Isaac’s words (whether directly or indirectly). If necessary, you could begin this verse with: “Rebekah continued,” or “Then Rebekah said to Jacob,” Alternate translation: “Now son,”
27:8	b2vw		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	שְׁמַ֣ע בְּ⁠קֹלִ֑⁠י	1	See how you translated **my voice** in Gen 26:5.
27:8	lusi			לַ⁠אֲשֶׁ֥ר אֲנִ֖י מְצַוָּ֥ה אֹתָֽ⁠ךְ	1	 Alternate translation: “and obey me.”
27:9	lppq			לֶךְ נָא֙ אֶל הַ⁠צֹּ֔אן	1	 Alternate translation: “Go to our flock of goats”
27:9	n98a			וְ⁠קַֽח לִ֣⁠י מִ⁠שָּׁ֗ם	1	 Alternate translation: “and bring me”
27:9	p6eq			שְׁנֵ֛י גְּדָיֵ֥י עִזִּ֖ים טֹבִ֑ים	1	 Alternate translation: “two fine kid goats” or “two of our best kid goats”
27:9	rkva			וְ⁠אֶֽעֱשֶׂ֨ה אֹתָ֧⁠ם	1	Consider whether or not it is more natural in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “so that I can use the meat from them to cook” or “I will use their meat to cook”
27:9	x89y			מַטְעַמִּ֛ים לְ⁠אָבִ֖י⁠ךָ	1	See how you translated “prepare some tasty food for” in verses 4 and 7. Alternate translation: “some savory food for your father” or “a tasty meal for your father”
27:9	yxaa			כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֥ר אָהֵֽב	1	See how you translated this phrase in verse 4. Alternate translation: “the kind he likes best”
27:10	ymlt			וְ⁠הֵבֵאתָ֥ לְ⁠אָבִ֖י⁠ךָ	1	 Alternate translation: “Then you can take the food to your father”
27:10	u9by			וְ⁠אָכָ֑ל בַּ⁠עֲבֻ֛ר אֲשֶׁ֥ר יְבָרֶכְ⁠ךָ֖ לִ⁠פְנֵ֥י מוֹתֽ⁠וֹ	1	See how you translated **will bless** in verses 4 and 7. Alternate translation: “so that he will eat it, and then before he dies, he will ask Yahweh to prosper you.”
27:11	cgim		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר יַעֲקֹ֔ב	1	 Alternate translation: “Then Jacob replied”
27:11	msb6			אֶל רִבְקָ֖ה אִמּ֑⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “to her,”
27:11	r28w			הֵ֣ן	1	 Alternate translation: “Look” or “Remember that”
27:11	d7jp			עֵשָׂ֤ו אָחִ⁠י֙	1	See how you translated **brother** in verse 11.
27:11	i1x2			אִ֣ישׁ שָׂעִ֔ר	1	See how you talked about Esau’s hairy body in Gen 25:25. Alternate translation: “has a lot of hair on his body”
27:11	fy4c			וְ⁠אָנֹכִ֖י אִ֥ישׁ חָלָֽק	1	 Alternate translation: “but I have non-hairy skin.” or “but I am not hairy.”
27:12	hr6z			אוּלַ֤י	1	 Alternate translation: “What would happen if” or “I am afraid of what will happen if”
27:12	kr4s			יְמֻשֵּׁ֨⁠נִי֙ אָבִ֔⁠י	1	If this sentence is translated as a statement, you could end it with a period or an exclamation point to show that Jacob is worried. Alternate translation: “my father feels my arms”
27:12	yk4h		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo	וְ⁠הָיִ֥יתִי בְ⁠עֵינָ֖י⁠ו כִּ⁠מְתַעְתֵּ֑עַ	1	Make sure that your translation of verse 12 describes a hypothetical situation, not something that had happened yet. Some languages have a special verb form (such as “would”) to communicate this. Alternate translation: “Certainly he would recognize me and know that I am trying to trick him.”
27:12	wq82			וְ⁠הֵבֵאתִ֥י עָלַ֛⁠י קְלָלָ֖ה וְ⁠לֹ֥א בְרָכָֽה	1	 Alternate translation: “Then I would cause myself to be cursed instead of blessed.”
27:13	g9dr		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠תֹּ֤אמֶר ל⁠וֹ֙ אִמּ֔⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “But his mother responded,”
27:13	sw3k			עָלַ֥⁠י קִלְלָתְ⁠ךָ֖ בְּנִ֑⁠י	1	Make sure that your translation of **your curse** refers to the curse Jacob fears his father might say against him and does not sound like Jacob cursed someone. Also, for some languages it is more natural to put an address like **my son** first in this quote. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “My son, if your father curses you, may that curse fall on me and not on you.”
27:13	oogm		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	אַ֛ךְ שְׁמַ֥ע בְּ⁠קֹלִ֖⁠י	1	 Alternate translation: “Please just do what I say,”
27:13	dbke			וְ⁠לֵ֥ךְ קַֽח לִֽ⁠י	1	 Alternate translation: “and go and bring two goats to me.”
27:14	sjy7			וַ⁠יֵּ֨לֶךְ֙	1	 Alternate translation: “So Jacob went to their flock”
27:14	nj8o			וַ⁠יִּקַּ֔ח	1	 Alternate translation: “and got the goats” or “chose two goats”
27:14	rsoj			וַ⁠יָּבֵ֖א לְ⁠אִמּ֑⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “and brought them to her.”
27:14	xp8r		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וַ⁠תַּ֤עַשׂ אִמּ⁠וֹ֙	1	In some languages it is necessary to specify that the animal was killed and cut up before being cooked. Do what is best in your language. See what you did for a similar case in verse 4. Alternate translation: “Then she had them butchered and she made” or “Then she used the butchered meat from the goats to cook”
27:14	eza3			מַטְעַמִּ֔ים	1	See how you translated this phrase in verses 4, 7 and 9. Alternate translation: “some savory food” or “a tasty meal”
27:14	qzmr			כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֖ר אָהֵ֥ב אָבִֽי⁠ו	1	See how you translated a similar phrase in verses 4 and 9. Alternate translation: “just the way that his father liked it.”
27:15	ss0o			וַ⁠תִּקַּ֣ח רִ֠בְקָה	1	 Alternate translation: “She also took out”
27:15	iixo			וַ⁠תַּלְבֵּ֥שׁ אֶֽת יַעֲקֹ֖ב בְּנָ֥⁠הּ הַ⁠קָּטָֽן	1	Your translation should not sound like Rebekah dressed Jacob herself as if he were a little child. She probably gave him the clothes and asked him to put them on himself. Alternate translation: “and gave them to her younger son Jacob to put on.”
27:16	bv6u			וְ⁠אֵ֗ת עֹרֹת֙ גְּדָיֵ֣י הָֽ⁠עִזִּ֔ים הִלְבִּ֖ישָׁה עַל יָדָ֑י⁠ו וְ⁠עַ֖ל	1	See how you translated **skins** in Gen 3:21. The skins still had the goat hair or fur on them.
27:16	gced			חֶלְקַ֥ת צַוָּארָֽי⁠ו	1	See how you translated **smooth** in verse 11. Alternate translation: “the non-hairy part of his neck.”
27:17	xf7r			וַ⁠תִּתֵּ֧ן אֶת הַ⁠מַּטְעַמִּ֛ים וְ⁠אֶת הַ⁠לֶּ֖חֶם אֲשֶׁ֣ר עָשָׂ֑תָה בְּ⁠יַ֖ד יַעֲקֹ֥ב בְּנָֽ⁠הּ	1	 Alternate translation: “Then Rebekah gave to him the savory goat meat dish and some bread she had made.” or “Then she gave the tasty food to him, including some bread that she had made.”
27:18	jlx7			וַ⁠יָּבֹ֥א אֶל אָבִ֖י⁠ו	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “Jacob took the meal to his father”
27:18	qjbe		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר אָבִ֑⁠י וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר	1	His father answered/replied, “
27:18	g6ty			הִנֶּ֔נִּ⁠י מִ֥י אַתָּ֖ה בְּנִֽ⁠י	1	See how you translated **Behold me** in verse 1. It may be necessary to translate this in a different way here because the context is different. Alternate translation: “Here I am, my son. Who are you?” or “Yes? Which one of my sons are you?”
27:19	l516		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר יַעֲקֹ֜ב אֶל אָבִ֗י⁠ו	1	 Alternate translation: “Jacob lied to his father,”
27:19	clmd		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms	אָנֹכִי֙ עֵשָׂ֣ו בְּכֹרֶ֔⁠ךָ	1	The term **firstborn** is a key term in the Bible because the firstborn son had special rights, including the fact that he inherited his father’s authority and the largest portion of his father’s estate. Jacob is claiming those rights by using this term. See how you translated this term in Gen 25:13. Alternate translation: “I am Esau, your firstborn son.”
27:19	vnm1			עָשִׂ֕יתִי כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֥ר דִּבַּ֖רְתָּ אֵלָ֑⁠י	1	 Alternate translation: “I have done what you told me to do.”
27:19	ckg4			קֽוּם נָ֣א שְׁבָ֗⁠ה וְ⁠אָכְלָ⁠ה֙ מִ⁠צֵּידִ֔⁠י	1	See how you translated “game meat” in verses 3, 5 and 7. Alternate translation: “So now, please sit up and eat some of the game meat that I have prepared for you,”
27:19	q51t		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	בַּ⁠עֲב֖וּר תְּבָרֲכַ֥⁠נִּי נַפְשֶֽׁ⁠ךָ	1	See how you translated a similar clause in verse 4.
27:20	jc6p			מַה זֶּ֛ה מִהַ֥רְתָּ לִ⁠מְצֹ֖א בְּנִ֑⁠י	1	Consider whether it is more natural in your language to put the address **my son** first in this quote. Alternate translation: “How were you able to get the animal so quickly, my son?”
27:20	f38e			וַ⁠יֹּ֕אמֶר	1	 Alternate translation: “Jacob answered him,”
27:20	i5gl			כִּ֥י & יְהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֶ֖י⁠ךָ	1	 Alternate translation: “I was successful because Yahweh, the God you worship”
27:20	onx0			הִקְרָ֛ה & לְ⁠פָנָֽ⁠י	1	See how you translated this clause in Gen 24:12. Alternate translation: “helped me to hunt it.” or “brought it to me.”
27:21	l1al			וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר יִצְחָק֙ אֶֽל יַעֲקֹ֔ב	1	 Alternate translation: “But Isaac said to him,”
27:21	w851			גְּשָׁ⁠ה נָּ֥א וַ⁠אֲמֻֽשְׁ⁠ךָ֖ בְּנִ֑⁠י	1	Consider whether it is more natural in your language to put the address **my son** first or earlier in this quote. Also see what you did in verses 13 and 20. Alternate translation: “Please come close to me, my son, so that I can touch you” or “My son, please come here so that I can touch you”
27:21	gb5v			הַֽ⁠אַתָּ֥ה זֶ֛ה בְּנִ֥⁠י עֵשָׂ֖ו אִם לֹֽא	1	Consider whether it is more natural in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “and be sure that you are really my son Esau.” or “I want to know for sure whether or not you really are my son Esau.”
27:22	tblg			וַ⁠יִּגַּ֧שׁ יַעֲקֹ֛ב אֶל יִצְחָ֥ק אָבִ֖י⁠ו	1	 Alternate translation: “Then Jacob came close to his father Isaac,”
27:22	g1m1			וַ⁠יְמֻשֵּׁ֑⁠הוּ	1	See how you translated “touch” or “feel” in verses 12 and 21. Alternate translation: “and his father touched him” or “and his father felt his arms”
27:22	psb0			וַ⁠יֹּ֗אמֶר	1	 Alternate translation: “and said to himself,”
27:22	k9zq		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	הַ⁠קֹּל֙ ק֣וֹל יַעֲקֹ֔ב	1	 Alternate translation: “Hmm, he talks like Jacob,”
27:22	egzs			וְ⁠הַ⁠יָּדַ֖יִם יְדֵ֥י עֵשָֽׂו	1	In Hebrew, the word for “hand” is the same word as for “arm”. Isaac probably felt Esau’s hands and arms. Alternate translation: “but he feels like Esau.”
27:23	rksk		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	וְ⁠לֹ֣א הִכִּיר֔⁠וֹ כִּֽי הָי֣וּ יָדָ֗י⁠ו כִּ⁠ידֵ֛י עֵשָׂ֥ו אָחִ֖י⁠ו שְׂעִרֹ֑ת	1	Be consistent here with how you translated **hands** or “arms” in verses 16 and 22. Also consider whether it is more natural in your language to change the original order of clauses in this sentence, as in the second alternate translation above.
27:23	p730			וַֽ⁠יְבָרְכֵֽ⁠הוּ	1	Consider whether it is more natural in your language to begin a new sentence here that continues into verse 24. Alternate translation: “Then Isaac was prepared to bless him” or “Isaac was getting ready to bless him”
27:24	hfhw			וַ⁠יֹּ֕אמֶר	1	 Alternate translation: “But he still was not certain, so he asked him,” or “but first he wanted to be completely certain, so he asked him,”
27:24	bd4l			אַתָּ֥ה זֶ֖ה בְּנִ֣⁠י עֵשָׂ֑ו	1	 Alternate translation: “Are you truly my son Esau?”
27:24	tbxk		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֖אמֶר	1	 Alternate translation: “Jacob answered him,”
27:24	zqlr			אָֽנִי	1	 Alternate translation: “Yes, I am Esau.” or “Yes, Father I am.”
27:25	w7ds		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֗אמֶר	1	 Alternate translation: “So his father said to him,”
27:25	g2u7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-politeness	הַגִּ֤שָׁ⁠ה לִּ⁠י֙	1	Your translation of Isaac’s request should sound polite, not rude or demanding. It should also not sound like he was begging or pleading. Alternate translation: “Please bring me the food”
27:25	p1h5			וְ⁠אֹֽכְלָה֙ מִ⁠צֵּ֣יד בְּנִ֔⁠י לְמַ֥עַן תְּבָֽרֶכְ⁠ךָ֖ נַפְשִׁ֑⁠י	1	See how you translated a similar clause in verse 19. Alternate translation: “so that I can eat some of your wild animal meat and bless you.”
27:25	mns3			וַ⁠יַּגֶּשׁ ל⁠וֹ֙ וַ⁠יֹּאכַ֔ל	1	 Alternate translation: “So Jacob brought the meal to his father, and he ate it.”
27:25	qy9x			וַ⁠יָּ֧בֵא ל֦⁠וֹ יַ֖יִן וַ⁠יֵּֽשְׁתְּ	1	Consider whether or not it is better to begin a new sentence here in your language. Also, see how you translated **wine** in Gen 19:32-35. Alternate translation: “Jacob also brought him wine, and he drank it.”
27:26	r2g9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֥אמֶר אֵלָ֖י⁠ו יִצְחָ֣ק אָבִ֑י⁠ו	1	 Alternate translation: “Then Isaac said to him”
27:26	hjsx			גְּשָׁ⁠ה נָּ֥א	1	See how you translated this phrase in verse 21. Alternate translation: “Come near to me”
27:26	vy5c			וּ⁠שְׁקָ⁠ה לִּ֖⁠י בְּנִֽ⁠י	1	It was a Hebrew custom for relatives and close friends to greet each other with a kiss on each cheek. Also consider whether it is more natural in your language to put the address **my son** first in this quote.
27:27	bkqc			וַ⁠יִּגַּשׁ֙	1	See how you translated **went close** in verse 22. Alternate translation: “Then Jacob came close to his father”
27:27	xtu4			וַ⁠יִּשַּׁק ל֔⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “and kissed him on his cheek”
27:27	alts			וַֽ⁠יְבָרֲכֵ֑⁠הוּ	1	 Alternate translation: “Then he blessed him”
27:27	xnqs			וַ⁠יֹּ֗אמֶר	1	 Alternate translation: “by saying to him,” or “He said to him,”
27:27	lggs			רְאֵה֙ רֵ֣יחַ בְּנִ֔⁠י	1	Some translations put the words of Isaac’s blessing in poetry format (beginning here and through verse 29). Be consistent here with how your translation team decides to format passages like this. Alternate translation: “Ahh, my son smells”
27:27	jo64			כְּ⁠רֵ֣יחַ שָׂדֶ֔ה	1	 Alternate translation: “wonderful like the fragrance of a green field” or “wonderful the way a green field smells”
27:27	ejck			אֲשֶׁ֥ר בֵּרֲכ֖⁠וֹ יְהוָֽה	1	 Alternate translation: “that Yahweh has caused to be very productive!”
27:28	dgyi		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	וְ⁠יִֽתֶּן לְ⁠ךָ֙ הָ⁠אֱלֹהִ֔ים	1	In the Hebrew text, **you** is singular in verses 28-29 and refers to both Jacob and his descendants. If necessary, you could make that explicit in your translation. Alternate translation: “May God give you and your descendants” or “I pray that God will give you and your descendants”
27:28	ca2c			מִ⁠טַּל֙ הַ⁠שָּׁמַ֔יִם וּ⁠מִ⁠שְׁמַנֵּ֖י הָ⁠אָ֑רֶץ	1	 Alternate translation: “plenty of dew from the heavens for your crops and animals and riches from the soil” or “plenty of rain and rich soil,”
27:28	va8w		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	וְ⁠רֹ֥ב דָּגָ֖ן וְ⁠תִירֹֽשׁ	1	 Alternate translation: “including an abundance of food and drink.” or “so that you have abundant food and much wine.”
27:29	mwtq		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	יַֽעַבְד֣וּ⁠ךָ עַמִּ֗ים וְיִֽשְׁתַּחֲו֤וּ לְ⁠ךָ֙ לְאֻמִּ֔ים	1	If possible in your language, it is best to keep both halves of this parallelism, which is used to emphasize what Isaac is saying to Jacob. Alternate translation: “May people groups serve you and your descendants, and may they bow down to you in respect”
27:29	l535			הֱוֵ֤ה גְבִיר֙	1	 Alternate translation: “May you rule” or “You will even rule”
27:29	acg4			לְ⁠אַחֶ֔י⁠ךָ	1	Jacob only had one brother, so this phrase refers here to Esau and his descendants. Alternate translation: “over your brother and his descendants,”
27:29	o811		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	וְ⁠יִשְׁתַּחֲוּ֥וּ לְ⁠ךָ֖ בְּנֵ֣י אִמֶּ֑⁠ךָ	1	This clause is another way of referring to Jacob's authority over Esau and his descendants. Consider again how you translated the singular **you** in verses 28-29. You could use a plural **you** here or you could say “you and your descendants”. Alternate translation: “and they will bow down to you in submission.” or “Yes, they too will submit to you and bow down to you.”
27:29	nx79			אֹרְרֶ֣י⁠ךָ אָר֔וּר וּֽ⁠מְבָרֲכֶ֖י⁠ךָ בָּרֽוּךְ	1	See how you translated **curse** in Gen 12:3. Alternate translation: “Whoever curses you will be cursed by God, but whoever blesses you will be blessed by him.” or “I ask God to curse those who curse you, and I ask him to bless those who bless you.”
27:30	mtk3			וַ⁠יְהִ֗י כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֨ר כִּלָּ֣ה יִצְחָק֮ לְ⁠בָרֵ֣ךְ אֶֽת יַעֲקֹב֒	1	 Alternate translation: “Just as Isaac finished blessing Jacob,”
27:30	jeia			בָּ֖א מִ⁠צֵּידֽ⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “came back from hunting.”
27:31	paor			וַ⁠יַּ֤עַשׂ גַּם הוּא֙ מַטְעַמִּ֔ים	1	Consider again how you translated **prepared tasty food** in verses 4, 7, 9, 14, 31 and **tasty** in verse 17. Alternate translation: “Then Esau also cooked a tasty meal with the meat he had hunted,”
27:31	q82g			וַ⁠יָּבֵ֖א לְ⁠אָבִ֑י⁠ו	1	 Alternate translation: “and he carried it to his father Isaac”
27:31	crso		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר לְ⁠אָבִ֗י⁠ו	1	 Alternate translation: “and requested,”
27:31	bl51		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-politeness	יָקֻ֤ם אָבִ⁠י֙	1	Esau’s request to his father should sound polite in your translation, not rude or demanding.
27:31	i1dj		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	וְ⁠יֹאכַל֙ מִ⁠צֵּ֣יד בְּנ֔⁠וֹ	1	Make sure it is clear in your translation that Esau is referring to himself in this phrase. Alternate translation: “and eat some of my wild animal meat”
27:31	u4oa			בַּ⁠עֲב֖וּר תְּבָרֲכַ֥⁠נִּי נַפְשֶֽׁ⁠ךָ	1	See how you translated a similar phrase in verses 4, 19, 25 and 31. Alternate translation: “and then you can bless me.”
27:32	gv4p			וַ⁠יֹּ֥אמֶר ל֛⁠וֹ יִצְחָ֥ק אָבִ֖י⁠ו	1	For some languages it is more natural to make **Isaac** explicit in verse 31 and leave it implied here in verse 32. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “Then his father asked him,” or “But his father exclaimed,”
27:32	ag39			מִי אָ֑תָּה	1	Isaac knew from what Esau just said in verse 31 that one of his sons was talking to him. Also, Isaac is very upset, so some translations add an exclamation point after the question mark to help communicate that. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “Which of my sons are you?!”
27:32	si9e		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֕אמֶר	1	 Alternate translation: “Esau answered him,” or “Esau replied,”
27:32	uum9			אֲנִ֛י בִּנְ⁠ךָ֥ בְכֹֽרְ⁠ךָ֖ עֵשָֽׂו	1	See how you translated **firstborn** in verse 19. Alternate translation: “I am your firstborn son Esau.” or “I am Esau, your oldest son.”
27:33	j7x3			וַ⁠יֶּחֱרַ֨ד יִצְחָ֣ק חֲרָדָה֮ גְּדֹלָ֣ה עַד מְאֹד֒	1	 Alternate translation: “Then Isaac became so upset that he shook very violently” or “Then Isaac was very upset, so that he began to shake all over,”
27:33	avi1			מִֽי אֵפ֡וֹא ה֣וּא	1	 Alternate translation: “Then where is the one”
27:33	cs0r			הַ⁠צָּֽד צַיִד֩ וַ⁠יָּ֨בֵא לִ֜⁠י	1	Consider again how you translated **game** in Gen 27:3, 5, 7, 19, 25, 31 and 33. It may be necessary to translate it in slightly different ways, depending on the context. Alternate translation: “who hunted game meat and brought a meal to me?” or “who brought to me a meal made from wild animal meat?”
27:33	edrl			וָ⁠אֹכַ֥ל מִ⁠כֹּ֛ל בְּ⁠טֶ֥רֶם תָּב֖וֹא	1	 Alternate translation: “Just before you came to me, I finished eating the meal” or “I finished eating it just before you came here”
27:33	vjq6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	וָ⁠אֲבָרֲכֵ֑⁠הוּ גַּם בָּר֖וּךְ יִהְיֶֽה	1	Consider where it is most natural in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “and then I blessed him. And God will surely bless him.” or “Then I asked God to bless him, so God will definitely bless him.”
27:34	t3y5			כִּ⁠שְׁמֹ֤עַ עֵשָׂו֙ אֶת דִּבְרֵ֣י אָבִ֔י⁠ו	1	 Alternate translation: “When Esau heard what his father said to him,”
27:34	hlpe			וַ⁠יִּצְעַ֣ק צְעָקָ֔ה גְּדֹלָ֥ה וּ⁠מָרָ֖ה עַד מְאֹ֑ד	1	 Alternate translation: “he burst out with an extremely loud and bitter cry” or “he was so upset that he yelled out loudly”
27:34	yfg8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר לְ⁠אָבִ֔י⁠ו	1	 Alternate translation: “and begged him,”
27:34	aahx			בָּרֲכֵ֥⁠נִי גַם אָ֖נִי אָבִֽ⁠י	1	For some languages it is more natural to put the address “My father” or “Father” first in this sentence. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “Father, please bless me too!”
27:35	a6oj		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֕אמֶר	1	 Alternate translation: “But his father replied to him,”
27:35	m9v6			בָּ֥א אָחִ֖י⁠ךָ בְּ⁠מִרְמָ֑ה וַ⁠יִּקַּ֖ח בִּרְכָתֶֽ⁠ךָ	1	 Alternate translation: “Your brother came to me and deceived me and stole the blessing that I was planning to give you.” or “Your brother deceived me so that I blessed him instead of you!”
27:36	r0d2			וַ⁠יֹּ֡אמֶר	1	 Alternate translation: “Then Esau exclaimed angrily,” or “When Esau heard that, he said angrily,”
27:36	ychp		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	הֲ⁠כִי֩ קָרָ֨א שְׁמ֜⁠וֹ יַעֲקֹ֗ב וַֽ⁠יַּעְקְבֵ֨⁠נִי֙ זֶ֣ה פַעֲמַ֔יִם	1	Esau uses a rhetorical question here to show his strong emotion. Do what is most natural in your language. Also, in order to help readers understand why Esau said this about Jacob, some translations include a footnote like the following: The name **Jacob** means “heel-grabber” and can imply deception. He was given that name because when he was born, he was grabbing hold of Esau’s heel (Genesis 25:26). Alternate translation: “It is no wonder that he is called Jacob, since he has cheated me two times!”
27:36	us4x			אֶת בְּכֹרָתִ֣⁠י לָקָ֔ח וְ⁠הִנֵּ֥ה עַתָּ֖ה	1	 Alternate translation: “First he stole my rights as the oldest son, and now see what he has done:” or “Not only did he take my birthright, but now see what he has done:”
27:36	uoga			לָקַ֣ח בִּרְכָתִ֑⁠י	1	 Alternate translation: “he has also stolen my blessing!” or “he has tricked you into blessing him instead of me!”
27:36	mtzq			וַ⁠יֹּאמַ֕ר	1	 Alternate translation: “Then he begged his father,” or “Then he pleaded with his father,”
27:36	lg00			הֲ⁠לֹא אָצַ֥לְתָּ לִּ֖⁠י בְּרָכָֽה	1	 Alternate translation: “Is there still some way you can ask God to bless me?”
27:37	qhtp			וַ⁠יַּ֨עַן יִצְחָ֜ק וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר לְ⁠עֵשָׂ֗ו	1	 Alternate translation: “Isaac replied to Esau” or “Isaac answered him,”
27:37	vpg2			הֵ֣ן גְּבִ֞יר שַׂמְתִּ֥י⁠ו לָ⁠ךְ֙	1	See how you translated **master** in verse 29. Alternate translation: “Look I have already appointed Jacob to be your master,”
27:37	aezg			וְ⁠אֶת כָּל אֶחָ֗י⁠ו נָתַ֤תִּי ל⁠וֹ֙ לַ⁠עֲבָדִ֔ים	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Also, see how you translated **brothers** in verse 29. Alternate translation: “In fact, I said that you and all your descendants will serve him.” or “In fact, I have asked God to make it so that you and your descendants will serve him and his descendants.”
27:37	zpao		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	וְ⁠דָגָ֥ן וְ⁠תִירֹ֖שׁ סְמַכְתִּ֑י⁠ו	1	See how you translated **grain and wine** in verse 28. Alternate translation: “Besides that, I have also supplied him with abundant food and wine” or “I have also asked God to supply him with plenty of food and wine”
27:37	h7yn		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	וּ⁠לְ⁠כָ֣ה אֵפ֔וֹא מָ֥ה אֶֽעֱשֶׂ֖ה בְּנִֽ⁠י	1	Isaac uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that there is no blessing left for Esau. Alternate translation: “So my son, there is no blessing left for you!”
27:38	pyp3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר עֵשָׂ֜ו אֶל אָבִ֗י⁠ו	1	 Alternate translation: “But Esau continued to beg his father and said,” or “But again Esau begged”
27:38	k87o			הַֽ⁠בְרָכָ֨ה אַחַ֤ת הִֽוא לְ⁠ךָ֙ אָבִ֔⁠י	1	It may be more natural to put **my father** or “Father” first in this quote. See what you did in verse 34.
27:38	ezef			בָּרֲכֵ֥⁠נִי גַם אָ֖נִי אָבִ֑⁠י	1	See how you translated this sentence in verse 34. Alternate translation: “Father, please bless me too!”
27:38	wtbr		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וַ⁠יִּשָּׂ֥א עֵשָׂ֛ו קֹל֖⁠וֹ וַ⁠יֵּֽבְךְּ	1	See how you translated “lifted … voice and sobbed” in Gen 21:16. Alternate translation: “Then Esau started sobbing loudly.”
27:39	teeo		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יַּ֛עַן יִצְחָ֥ק אָבִ֖י⁠ו וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר אֵלָ֑י⁠ו	1	 Alternate translation: “So his father Isaac said to him,” or “His father replied,”
27:39	fckf		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	הִנֵּ֞ה & יִהְיֶ֣ה מֽוֹשָׁבֶ֔⁠ךָ	1	What Isaac says in verses 39-40 applies to Esau and his descendants. See what you did for a similar case in verses 28-29.
27:39	ch9s			מִ⁠שְׁמַנֵּ֤י הָ⁠אָ֨רֶץ֙ & וּ⁠מִ⁠טַּ֥ל הַ⁠שָּׁמַ֖יִם מֵ⁠עָֽל	1	The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “away from the fatness of the earth and away from the dew of the heavens from above.” or “in a place/region where the earth/land/ground is not rich/fertile and where there is very little dew/rain.” or “in a place/region where the land/soil is not good for farming and where there is not much rain.” or (2) “of the fatness of the earth and of the dew of the heavens from above.” or “in a place where the land is good/fertile for farming and where there is plenty of dew/rain.” See how you translated **fatness of the earth** and **dew of the heavens** in verse 28.
27:40	ky90		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וְ⁠עַל חַרְבְּ⁠ךָ֣ תִֽחְיֶ֔ה	1	The phrase **live by your sword** is an idiom that means Esau and his descendants will have violent conflict with others, often in order to survive. Alternate translation: “You and your descendants will survive by using your swords to protect yourselves,” or “You and your descendants will continually be fighting battles with other peoples”
27:40	j54i			וְ⁠אֶת אָחִ֖י⁠ךָ תַּעֲבֹ֑ד	1	 Alternate translation: “and you and your descendants will serve your brother and his descendants.” or “and you and your descendants will be servants for your brother and his descendants.”
27:40	u6t7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	וְ⁠הָיָה֙ כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֣ר תָּרִ֔יד	1	Consider again how you translated the singular **you** in verses 39-40. You could use a plural **you** here or you could say “you and your descendants”. See what you did for a similar case in verses 28-29. Alternate translation: “But when you revolt against him”
27:40	uf7x		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	וּ⁠פָרַקְתָּ֥ עֻלּ֖⁠וֹ מֵ⁠עַ֥ל צַוָּארֶֽ⁠ךָ	1	The metaphor **break his yoke off of your neck** means Esau and his descendants will be free from the control of Jacob and his descendants. A yoke is a wooden collar that is placed around the necks of work animals to control them as they pull a plow or cart. Alternate translation: “you will get free from his rule over you.” or “you will no longer be under his rule.”
27:41	mp9g			וַ⁠יִּשְׂטֹ֤ם עֵשָׂו֙ אֶֽת יַעֲקֹ֔ב	1	 Alternate translation: “After that, Esau held a grudge against Jacob” or “Esau continued to be very angry at Jacob”
27:41	phou		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms	עַל הַ֨⁠בְּרָכָ֔ה אֲשֶׁ֥ר בֵּרֲכ֖⁠וֹ אָבִ֑י⁠ו	1	Consider again how you translated the terms “bless” and **blessing** in chapter 27. See verses 4, 7, 10, 19, 23, 25, 27, 29-31, 33-36, 38 and 41. Alternate translation: “because his father had given his blessing to Jacob.” or “because their father had blessed Jacob instead of him.”
27:41	f51e		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר עֵשָׂ֜ו בְּ⁠לִבּ֗⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “So Esau said to himself,”
27:41	p7cg			יִקְרְבוּ֙ יְמֵי֙ אֵ֣בֶל אָבִ֔⁠י	1	In that culture, they had the custom of mourning the death of a loved one for a certain period of time, anywhere from a week to a month or more. See how you translated “mourn” in Gen 23:2. Alternate translation: “Soon my father will die, and we will have a time of mourning for him, then”
27:41	qxmf			וְ⁠אַֽהַרְגָ֖ה	1	 Alternate translation: “I am going to kill” or “I plan to kill”
27:42	i4en		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	וַ⁠יֻּגַּ֣ד לְ⁠רִבְקָ֔ה אֶת דִּבְרֵ֥י עֵשָׂ֖ו בְּנָ֣⁠הּ הַ⁠גָּדֹ֑ל	1	It was probably a servant who told Rebekah about Esau’s plan to kill Jacob. Alternate translation: “Then someone told Rebekah what Esau was saying so” or “Then Rebekah heard about what her older son Esau was planning, so” or “When Rebekah heard what Esau was planning to do,”
27:42	tgzk			וַ⁠תִּשְׁלַ֞ח וַ⁠תִּקְרָ֤א לְ⁠יַעֲקֹב֙ בְּנָ֣⁠הּ הַ⁠קָּטָ֔ן	1	 Alternate translation: “she sent for her younger son Jacob to come to her” or “she sent a messenger to tell Jacob to come to her” or “she summoned her son Jacob”
27:42	v1f8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠תֹּ֣אמֶר אֵלָ֔י⁠ו	1	 Alternate translation: “and warned him,”
27:42	vedn			הִנֵּה֙ עֵשָׂ֣ו אָחִ֔י⁠ךָ מִתְנַחֵ֥ם לְ⁠ךָ֖ לְ⁠הָרְגֶֽ⁠ךָ	1	 Alternate translation: “Look your brother Esau is making himself feel better by planning to kill you.”
27:43	qa89			וְ⁠עַתָּ֥ה בְנִ֖⁠י	1	See how you translated **So now** in verses 3 and 8. Alternate translation: “Now son,”
27:43	m7pp		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	שְׁמַ֣ע בְּ⁠קֹלִ֑⁠י	1	See how you translated this phrase in verses 8 and 13. It may be necessary to translate it differently here because of the context. Alternate translation: “do what I tell you:”
27:43	s1bb			וְ⁠ק֧וּם בְּרַח לְ⁠ךָ֛	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “get ready immediately and flee” or “Hurry and flee” or “Flee immediately”
27:43	al70			אֶל לָבָ֥ן אָחִ֖⁠י חָרָֽנָ⁠ה	1	For some languages, it is more natural to put the location (Haran) before the person who lives there (Laban). Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “to my brother Laban who lives in the city of Haran!” or “to the city of Haran, to the house of my brother Laban!”
27:44	ohym			וְ⁠יָשַׁבְתָּ֥ עִמּ֖⁠וֹ יָמִ֣ים אֲחָדִ֑ים	1	 Alternate translation: “Stay with him for a short time”
27:44	jxy6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	עַ֥ד אֲשֶׁר תָּשׁ֖וּב חֲמַ֥ת אָחִֽי⁠ךָ	1	Consider whether it is more natural in your language to end this sentence here or to continue the sentence into verse 45. Also, the phrase **turns away** is used here as an idiom that means “becomes less” or “goes away”. Alternate translation: “until your brother is no longer furious with you”
27:45	s9be		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	עַד שׁ֨וּב אַף אָחִ֜י⁠ךָ מִמְּ⁠ךָ֗	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Also, notice that the Hebrew word for **anger** here is different from the stronger word (“fury”) in verse 44. Alternate translation: “until his anger against you is gone” or “After a while, when your brother is no longer angry with you”
27:45	r7r3			וְ⁠שָׁכַח֙ אֵ֣ת אֲשֶׁר עָשִׂ֣יתָ לּ֔⁠וֹ	1	Rebekah is not saying that Esau would totally forget what Jacob did, but that at some point he would not hold it against him anymore. Alternate translation: “and he no longer thinks about what you did”
27:45	fq9m			וְ⁠שָׁלַחְתִּ֖י וּ⁠לְקַחְתִּ֣י⁠ךָ מִ⁠שָּׁ֑ם	1	 Alternate translation: “I will send someone to tell you when it is safe to come back home.”
27:45	lv4a		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	לָ⁠מָ֥ה אֶשְׁכַּ֛ל גַּם שְׁנֵי⁠כֶ֖ם י֥וֹם אֶחָֽד	1	Rebekah knew that if Esau were to kill Jacob, he himself would have been killed for that crime. Consider whether it is best in your language to use a rhetorical question or an exclamation to emphasize Rebekah’s concern. Alternate translation: “I do not want both my sons to be killed!”
27:46	gusr		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠תֹּ֤אמֶר רִבְקָה֙ אֶל יִצְחָ֔ק	1	 Alternate translation: “Soon after that, Rebekah said to Isaac,”
27:46	wp91		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole	קַ֣צְתִּי בְ⁠חַיַּ֔⁠י	1	Rebekah is exaggerating how she feels to influence Isaac to do what she wants. Alternate translation: “I do not enjoy living” or “I am very upset”
27:46	oa6h			מִ⁠פְּנֵ֖י בְּנ֣וֹת חֵ֑ת	1	To show that Rebekah is speaking with strong emotion, you could use an exclamation point at the end of this sentence and the following one. Alternate translation: “because of the Hittite women whom Esau married!”
27:46	ahi7			אִם לֹקֵ֣חַ יַ֠עֲקֹב אִשָּׁ֨ה מִ⁠בְּנֽוֹת חֵ֤ת כָּ⁠אֵ֨לֶּה֙ מִ⁠בְּנ֣וֹת הָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ	1	 Alternate translation: “If Jacob also marries a Hittite woman from around here,”
27:46	avta		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	לָ֥⁠מָּה לִּ֖⁠י חַיִּֽים	1	Rebekah uses a rhetorical question and hyperbole to emphasize how upset she would be if Jacob married a Hittite woman. Alternate translation: “my life will not be worth living!”
28:1	md9d			וַ⁠יִּקְרָ֥א יִצְחָ֛ק אֶֽל יַעֲקֹ֖ב	1	 Alternate translation: “So Isaac sent for Jacob to come to him” or “Because of what Rebekah said, Isaac summoned Jacob”
28:1	u0pi		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וַ⁠יְבָ֣רֶךְ אֹת֑⁠וֹ	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Also, for some languages it may be necessary to make it explicit that Jacob arrived. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “Then he blessed him” or “After he came, Isaac blessed him”
28:1	vnsl		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יְצַוֵּ֨⁠הוּ֙ וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר ל֔⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “and instructed him,”
28:1	nbgz			לֹֽא־תִקַּ֥ח אִשָּׁ֖ה מִ⁠בְּנ֥וֹת כְּנָֽעַן	1	If the word “woman” is used here in your translation, make sure it refers to a virgin woman who has never been married, or is general enough to include that. Alternate translation: “Do not marry a woman who is a descendant of Canaan.” or “You must not take a wife from among the Canaanite women.” or “Do not marry a Canaanite woman.”
28:2	c1no		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast	ק֥וּם לֵךְ֙	1	See how you translated “get up” in Gen 27:43. Alternate translation: “Rather get up and go”
28:2	c2p2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	פַּדֶּ֣נָֽ⁠ה אֲרָ֔ם	1	Be consistent here with how you translated **Paddan Aram** in Gen 25:20. Alternate translation: “to the land of Paddan Aram,”
28:2	tvtv			וְ⁠קַח לְ⁠ךָ֤ מִ⁠שָּׁם֙ אִשָּׁ֔ה	1	 Alternate translation: “and find a woman from there to marry”
28:2	w2tm		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship	מִ⁠בְּנ֥וֹת לָבָ֖ן אֲחִ֥י אִמֶּֽ⁠ךָ	1	Laban was Rebekah’s older brother. Some languages have a special term for this that is used here.
28:3	qw5u			וְ⁠אֵ֤ל שַׁדַּי֙ יְבָרֵ֣ךְ אֹֽתְ⁠ךָ֔	1	Most translation teams translate the meaning of God’s title here (**God Almighty**). A few teams transliterate the title as “El Shaddai” as if it were a personal name (which it is not). See how you handled **God Almighty** in Gen 17:1. Alternate translation: “I pray that Almighty God will bless you” or “I ask God, who is all-powerful, to bless you” or “I pray that God, who is all-powerful, will prosper you”
28:3	fji8			וְ⁠יַפְרְ⁠ךָ֖	1	 Alternate translation: “and enable you to have many children”
28:3	cjdb			וְ⁠יַרְבֶּ֑⁠ךָ	1	See how you translated **fruitful and multiply** in Gen 17:20. It may need to be translated in different ways, depending on the context. Alternate translation: “so that you have many descendants and”
28:3	klxv			וְ⁠הָיִ֖יתָ לִ⁠קְהַ֥ל עַמִּֽים	1	 Alternate translation: “so that you become the ancestor of many ethnic groups.” or “so that many people groups will descend from you.” or “so that they become many ethnic groups.”
28:4	ei4t			וְ⁠יִֽתֶּן לְ⁠ךָ֙ אֶת בִּרְכַּ֣ת אַבְרָהָ֔ם לְ⁠ךָ֖ וּ⁠לְ⁠זַרְעֲ⁠ךָ֣ אִתָּ֑⁠ךְ	1	 Alternate translation: “I also ask God to bless you and your descendants the same way that he blessed Abraham,”
28:4	pfi2			לְ⁠רִשְׁתְּ⁠ךָ֙ אֶת אֶ֣רֶץ	1	 Alternate translation: “so that you will own the land” or “so that you will take possession of the land”
28:4	vo59			מְגֻרֶ֔י⁠ךָ	1	See how you translated **land of your sojournings** in Gen 17:8; it may be necessary to translate this differently here because of the different context. Alternate translation: “where you have been residing as a outsider,” or “where you and your ancestors have been living as outsiders,”
28:4	vgdh			אֲשֶׁר נָתַ֥ן אֱלֹהִ֖ים לְ⁠אַבְרָהָֽם	1	 Alternate translation: “the same land which God promised to him.”
28:5	mnq0			וַ⁠יִּשְׁלַ֤ח יִצְחָק֙ אֶֽת יַעֲקֹ֔ב	1	 Alternate translation: “Then Isaac said good-bye to Jacob,”
28:5	rx0u			וַ⁠יֵּ֖לֶךְ	1	Make sure your translation of this phrase does not sound like Jacob had already arrived at Paddan Aram. Alternate translation: “and he left to go” or “and Jacob started traveling”
28:5	awgp		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	פַּדֶּ֣נָֽ⁠ה אֲרָ֑ם אֶל לָבָ֤ן	1	Consider whether is more natural in your language to refer to Paddan Aram first or to Laban first in this sentence. Also see how you translated **to Paddan Aram** in verses 2 and 5. Alternate translation: “to the land of Paddan Aram, to Laban”
28:5	ftm9			בֶּן בְּתוּאֵל֙ הָֽ⁠אֲרַמִּ֔י	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Also, be consistent with how you spelled the name **Bethuel** in the book of Genesis. See Gen 22:22-23; 24:15, 24, 47, 50; 25:20; 28:2, 5. Alternate translation: “who was the son of Bethuel the Aramean”
28:6	vuyi			וַ⁠יַּ֣רְא עֵשָׂ֗ו כִּֽי בֵרַ֣ךְ יִצְחָק֮ אֶֽת יַעֲקֹב֒ וְ⁠שִׁלַּ֤ח אֹת⁠וֹ֙ פַּדֶּ֣נָֽ⁠ה אֲרָ֔ם	1	 Alternate translation: “Now Esau had observed Isaac bless Jacob and send him to the land of Paddan Aram”
28:6	s3jt			לָ⁠קַֽחַת ל֥⁠וֹ מִ⁠שָּׁ֖ם אִשָּׁ֑ה	1	 Alternate translation: “to marry a wife from among his relatives there”
28:6	j2pe			בְּ⁠בָרֲכ֣⁠וֹ אֹת֔⁠וֹ וַ⁠יְצַ֤ו עָלָי⁠ו֙ לֵ⁠אמֹ֔ר	1	Consider whether or not it is more natural in your language to begin a new sentence here. Also, see how you translated **commanded** in verse 1. Alternate translation: “and that as Isaac was blessing Jacob, he told him” or “As Isaac was blessing Jacob, Esau heard him tell him”
28:6	y1vo		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations	לֹֽא־תִקַּ֥ח אִשָּׁ֖ה מִ⁠בְּנ֥וֹת כְּנָֽעַן	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to translate this direct quote as an indirect quote. Alternate translation: “You must not take a woman who is a descendant of Canaan,” or “that he must not choose a wife from among the Canaanite women,”
28:7	y4m1			וַ⁠יִּשְׁמַ֣ע יַעֲקֹ֔ב אֶל־אָבִ֖י⁠ו וְ⁠אֶל־אִמּ֑⁠וֹ	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “and he also observed that Jacob obeyed his father and mother” or “Esau also noticed that Jacob obeyed his parents”
28:7	ddh3			וַ⁠יֵּ֖לֶךְ פַּדֶּ֥נָֽ⁠ה אֲרָֽם	1	 Alternate translation: “and immediately left to go to Paddan Aram.”
28:8	c389			וַ⁠יַּ֣רְא עֵשָׂ֔ו כִּ֥י	1	 Alternate translation: “That is how Esau understood that”
28:8	krg7			רָע֖וֹת בְּנ֣וֹת כְּנָ֑עַן בְּ⁠עֵינֵ֖י יִצְחָ֥ק אָבִֽי⁠ו	1	 Alternate translation: “his father Isaac did not want his sons to marry Canaanite women.”
28:9	nd2l			וַ⁠יֵּ֥לֶךְ עֵשָׂ֖ו אֶל יִשְׁמָעֵ֑אל	1	Most likely Ishmael was already dead by this time, so that Esau went to the region where Ishmael’s children and other descendants were living. Alternate translation: “Then Esau traveled to the clan of Ishmael”
28:9	vycn		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship	אֲח֧וֹת נְבָי֛וֹת	1	Be consistent here with how you spelled **Nebaioth** in Gen 25:13. Since Nebaioth was Ishmael’s oldest child, Mahalath was his younger sister, probably from the same mother. Use a kinship term here in your language for **sister** or “brother” that fits with those facts. Alternate translation: “and who was the younger sister of Nebaioth,” or “and whose older brother was Nebaioth,”
28:9	g3ii		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	עַל נָשָׁ֖י⁠ו ל֥⁠וֹ	1	For some languages it may be better to change the order of some of the clauses in this sentence and say, “So, in addition to the two wives he already had, Esau went to the family of Abraham’s son Ishmael and married Ishmael’s daughter Mahalath, whose brother was Nebaioth.” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “besides the two wives he already had.”
28:10	n0gq		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וַ⁠יֵּצֵ֥א יַעֲקֹ֖ב מִ⁠בְּאֵ֣ר שָׁ֑בַע וַ⁠יֵּ֖לֶךְ	1	Verse 10 refers back to verse 5, where Jacob had left his parents’ home in Beersheba to go to Paddan Aram. Make sure your translation does not sound like he left a second time here in verse 10. Alternate translation: “Meanwhile Jacob had left the city of Beersheba and was traveling”
28:10	ctw0		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	חָרָֽנָ⁠ה	1	Make sure it is clear in your translation that Jacob was heading toward the same place that his father had told him to go to in verse 2. The author assumed here that his audience knew that Haran was a city located in the Paddan Aram region. It may be helpful to include a map in your translation that shows the locations of the city of Haran and the region of Paddan Aram. Alternate translation: “toward the city of Haran in the region of Paddan Aram.”
28:11	bo89			וַ⁠יִּפְגַּ֨ע בַּ⁠מָּק֜וֹם וַ⁠יָּ֤לֶן שָׁם֙	1	 Alternate translation: “That evening he reached a good place to camp so he stayed the night there” or “Late that evening he came to a place where he stayed for the night”
28:11	opfz		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	כִּי בָ֣א הַ⁠שֶּׁ֔מֶשׁ	1	For some languages it is more natural to put the information in this clause first in this sentence and say, “After the sun went down, he reached a good place to camp/sleep, so he stopped/stayed there for the night.” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “because the sun had gone down.”
28:11	lmbe			וַ⁠יִּקַּח֙ מֵ⁠אַבְנֵ֣י הַ⁠מָּק֔וֹם	1	The way you translate “stone” should refer to something that would be large enough to support Jacob’s head, but not so large that it would be too heavy for him to lift. For example in English, a pebble is too small and a boulder is too big. Alternate translation: “He picked out a large flat stone that he found there”
28:11	nd10			וַ⁠יָּ֖שֶׂם מְרַֽאֲשֹׁתָ֑י⁠ו	1	 Alternate translation: “and rested his head on it as a pillow,” or “and used it as a headrest” or “to use as a pillow,”
28:11	l8b0			וַ⁠יִּשְׁכַּ֖ב בַּ⁠מָּק֥וֹם הַ⁠הֽוּא	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “then he lay down there and went to sleep.” or “Then he lay down there on the ground and went to sleep.” or “then he went to sleep there.”
28:12	ph5p			וַֽ⁠יַּחֲלֹ֗ם	1	 Alternate translation: “And as he dreamed,” or “As he slept, he had a dream and”
28:12	yc2p		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknowns	וְ⁠הִנֵּ֤ה סֻלָּם֙ מֻצָּ֣ב אַ֔רְצָ⁠ה	1	This stairway was wide enough for there to be angels moving up and down on it at the same time. Alternate translation: “he saw a staircase whose base was resting on the ground” or “he saw a staircase. The base of the stairway was on the ground”
28:12	lw00			וְ⁠רֹאשׁ֖⁠וֹ מַגִּ֣יעַ הַ⁠שָּׁמָ֑יְמָ⁠ה	1	 Alternate translation: “and the top of it went all the way up into the sky,”
28:12	d554		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms	וְ⁠הִנֵּה֙ מַלְאֲכֵ֣י אֱלֹהִ֔ים עֹלִ֥ים וְ⁠יֹרְדִ֖ים בּֽ⁠וֹ	1	See how you translated “angel” in Gen 24:7, 40. Alternate translation: “and there were angels of God who were going up and down on the stairway.”
28:13	imw1			וְ⁠הִנֵּ֨ה יְהוָ֜ה נִצָּ֣ב עָלָי⁠ו֮	1	The phrase for **above it** in the Hebrew text is ambiguous. It could mean: (1) **above it** or “at the top of the stairway” or (2) “above/beside him/Jacob”. The interpretation that is not followed in your translation could be put in a footnote. Alternate translation: “Then suddenly Yahweh was standing at the top of the stairway,” or “And Yahweh was also there, standing at the top of the stairway”
28:13	bvp0			אֱלֹהֵי֙ אַבְרָהָ֣ם אָבִ֔י⁠ךָ וֵ⁠אלֹהֵ֖י יִצְחָ֑ק	1	Abraham was Jacob’s grandfather and ancestor. Alternate translation: “the God whom your forefathers Abraham and Isaac serve” or “the God who takes care of your forefathers Abraham and Isaac.”
28:13	xkui		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	הָ⁠אָ֗רֶץ אֲשֶׁ֤ר אַתָּה֙ שֹׁכֵ֣ב עָלֶ֔י⁠הָ לְ⁠ךָ֥ אֶתְּנֶ֖⁠נָּה וּ⁠לְ⁠זַרְעֶֽ⁠ךָ	1	In the Hebrew text, “the land that you are lying on” comes first in this sentence in order to emphasize it and show its importance. Do what is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The land where you are lying I am giving to you and your descendants.” or “I will give you and your descendants this land that you are sleeping on.”
28:14	qvmn			וְ⁠הָיָ֤ה זַרְעֲ⁠ךָ֙	1	 Alternate translation: “And your descendants will be” or “You will have so many descendants that they will be”
28:14	vi8o		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	כַּ⁠עֲפַ֣ר הָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ	1	See how you translated **dust** in Gen 13:16. Alternate translation: “as many as the dust specks on the ground,”
28:14	fyzl		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	וּ⁠פָרַצְתָּ֛	1	In this clause **you** refers to Jacob’s descendants. Make sure that is clear in your translation. Alternate translation: “and your people will spread out” or “so that they expand their territory”
28:14	y8nb			יָ֥מָּ⁠ה וָ⁠קֵ֖דְמָ⁠ה וְ⁠צָפֹ֣נָ⁠ה וָ⁠נֶ֑גְבָּ⁠ה	1	See how you translated the names of the directions “west,” “east,” “north,” and **south** in Gen 13:14. Notice that they are in a different order there. Alternate translation: “to the west, east, north, and south.” or “to the north, south, east, and west.”
28:14	b4q4			בְ⁠ךָ֛ & וּ⁠בְ⁠זַרְעֶֽ⁠ךָ	1	Be consistent here with how you translated **your offspring** in Gen 22:18 and 26:4. Alternate translation: “In you and your offspring” or “Because of you and your offspring” or “By means of you and your offspring”
28:14	wjvf		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	וְ⁠נִבְרֲכ֥וּ & כָּל מִשְׁפְּחֹ֥ת הָ⁠אֲדָמָ֖ה	1	For some languages it may be better to change the order of phrases in this sentence and say, “And I will bless all the families in the world through you and your offspring/descendants.” or “I will use you and your offspring/descendants to bless all the families on earth.” See how you translated similar Messianic blessings in Gen 12:3, 18:18, 22:18, and 26:4. Alternate translation: “all the families on the earth will be blessed by me.” or “I will bless all the clans in the world.”
28:15	spzs			וְ⁠הִנֵּ֨ה	1	 Alternate translation: “Listen to this:”
28:15	dpan			אָנֹכִ֜י עִמָּ֗⁠ךְ	1	See how you translated **I am with you** in Gen 26:24 and “I will be with you” in Gen 26:3. Alternate translation: “I will always stay with you.” or “I promise to always be with you and help you.”
28:15	d0fg			וּ⁠שְׁמַרְתִּ֨י⁠ךָ֙	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “I will guard you” or “I will take care of you”
28:15	wycj			בְּ⁠כֹ֣ל אֲשֶׁר תֵּלֵ֔ךְ	1	 Alternate translation: “everywhere that you go” or “wherever you live,”
28:15	k61k			וַ⁠הֲשִׁ֣בֹתִ֔י⁠ךָ אֶל הָ⁠אֲדָמָ֖ה הַ⁠זֹּ֑את	1	 Alternate translation: “and I will guide you back to this land.”
28:15	dsmr			כִּ֚י לֹ֣א אֶֽעֱזָבְ⁠ךָ֔	1	 Alternate translation: “In fact, I will never abandon you”
28:15	wg74			עַ֚ד אֲשֶׁ֣ר אִם־עָשִׂ֔יתִי אֵ֥ת אֲשֶׁר דִּבַּ֖רְתִּי לָֽ⁠ךְ	1	Make sure your translation of **until** does not sound like God will only be with Jacob up to the time that he fulfills his promises. Rather the focus is on the period of time between now when God is speaking to Jacob and the time later on when Jacob would see the fulfillment of God’s promises to him.
28:16	nta3			וַ⁠יִּיקַ֣ץ יַעֲקֹב֮ מִ⁠שְּׁנָת⁠וֹ֒ וַ⁠יֹּ֕אמֶר	1	 Alternate translation: “Suddenly Jacob woke up from his dream and said to himself,” or “When Jacob woke up from his dream, he said to himself,”
28:16	mg0b			אָכֵן֙ יֵ֣שׁ יְהוָ֔ה בַּ⁠מָּק֖וֹם הַ⁠זֶּ֑ה	1	 Alternate translation: “Certainly Yahweh is here in this place,” or “Yahweh definitely lives here,”
28:16	hkxb			וְ⁠אָנֹכִ֖י לֹ֥א יָדָֽעְתִּי	1	 Alternate translation: “but I did not realize it before now!” or “but I was not aware of that before!”
28:17	wkb2			וַ⁠יִּירָא֙ וַ⁠יֹּאמַ֔ר	1	 Alternate translation: “He was afraid, so he also said”
28:17	gktr			מַה נּוֹרָ֖א הַ⁠מָּק֣וֹם הַ⁠זֶּ֑ה	1	The word **awesome** refers here to the terror that Jacob was feeling from being in the holy presence of Almighty God. Alternate translation: “This is an awesome place!” or “This place is terrifying!”
28:17	bjri			אֵ֣ין זֶ֗ה כִּ֚י אִם בֵּ֣ית אֱלֹהִ֔ים	1	 Alternate translation: “It must be the house where God himself lives!”
28:17	rsyk			וְ⁠זֶ֖ה שַׁ֥עַר הַ⁠שָּׁמָֽיִם	1	Consider whether or not it is best in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “It can only be the gateway to heaven!” or “It must be the gateway to heaven!”
28:18	q3yf			וַ⁠יַּשְׁכֵּ֨ם יַעֲקֹ֜ב בַּ⁠בֹּ֗קֶר	1	 Alternate translation: “Jacob got up early the next morning,”
28:18	xzkg			וַ⁠יִּקַּ֤ח אֶת הָ⁠אֶ֨בֶן֙ אֲשֶׁר שָׂ֣ם מְרַֽאֲשֹׁתָ֔י⁠ו	1	See how you translated **stone** and **under his head** in verse 11. Alternate translation: “took the stone that he had used as a headrest”
28:18	q0n2			וַ⁠יָּ֥שֶׂם אֹתָ֖⁠הּ	1	 Alternate translation: “and stood it up on its end”
28:18	m9zc			מַצֵּבָ֑ה	1	The word **pillar** refers here to a stone that is used to commemorate something. In this case, Jacob used a stone to mark and help him remember the place where God had appeared to him. Alternate translation: “as a marker,” or “as a memorial stone,” or “to mark that place where God had appeared to him.”
28:18	rd51		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction	וַ⁠יִּצֹ֥ק שֶׁ֖מֶן עַל רֹאשָֽׁ⁠הּ	1	In Bible times people poured olive oil on a person’s head or on objects (as here) to dedicate that person or object to God. Make sure that the way you translate **oil** does not refer to motor oil. Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “Then he poured some olive oil on top of the pillar to dedicate the place to God.”
28:19	p2h7			וַ⁠יִּקְרָ֛א אֶת שֵֽׁם הַ⁠מָּק֥וֹם הַ⁠ה֖וּא בֵּֽית אֵ֑ל	1	Be consistent here with how you spelled **Bethel** in Gen 12:8 and 13:3.
28:19	a944			וְ⁠אוּלָ֛ם ל֥וּז שֵׁם הָ⁠עִ֖יר לָ⁠רִאשֹׁנָֽה	1	Consider whether or not it is more natural in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “even though originally that town was called Luz.” or “Originally the name of that town had been Luz.”
28:20	rcyf			וַ⁠יִּדַּ֥ר יַעֲקֹ֖ב נֶ֣דֶר לֵ⁠אמֹ֑ר	1	See how you translated a clause that has a similar meaning (“swear to …”) in Gen 21:23, 31. Alternate translation: “Then he made a pledge to God and said,”
28:20	rony		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	אִם יִהְיֶ֨ה אֱלֹהִ֜ים עִמָּדִ֗⁠י	1	Since Jacob is making this vow to God, for some languages it is more natural to address God directly (as “you”) throughout verses 20-22, rather than only in the last half of verse 22 (as the Hebrew text does). Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “God, if you will be with me”
28:20	lyjc			וּ⁠שְׁמָרַ֨⁠נִי֙	1	See how you translated **watch over** in verse 15. Alternate translation: “and guard me” or “and take care of me”
28:20	dopf			בַּ⁠דֶּ֤רֶךְ הַ⁠זֶּה֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר אָנֹכִ֣י הוֹלֵ֔ךְ	1	The way you translate this phrase should reflect that fact that Jacob’s journey from his home to the city of Haran was about 725 kilometers (450 miles) long. Alternate translation: “on this long journey I am taking” or “as I travel on this long journey”
28:20	gftj		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	וְ⁠נָֽתַן לִ֥⁠י לֶ֛חֶם לֶ⁠אֱכֹ֖ל וּ⁠בֶ֥גֶד לִ⁠לְבֹּֽשׁ	1	In this context **bread** refers to food in general, not just bread. Alternate translation: “and if you give me food to eat and clothes to wear,” or “and if you provide me with food and clothes,”
28:21	riwh			וְ⁠שַׁבְתִּ֥י בְ⁠שָׁל֖וֹם	1	 Alternate translation: “and if I come back safely”
28:21	jfhz		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	אֶל בֵּ֣ית אָבִ֑⁠י	1	This phrase especially refers to Jacob's father's family members, not just the physical home. Alternate translation: “to my family,”
28:21	yyp2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	וְ⁠הָיָ֧ה יְהוָ֛ה לִ֖⁠י לֵ⁠אלֹהִֽים	1	 Alternate translation: “then Yahweh, you will be the God whom I worship,” or “then I will serve you Yahweh as my God,”
28:22	qeez			וְ⁠הָ⁠אֶ֣בֶן הַ⁠זֹּ֗את אֲשֶׁר שַׂ֨מְתִּי֙ מַצֵּבָ֔ה יִהְיֶ֖ה בֵּ֣ית אֱלֹהִ֑ים	1	See how you translated **as a pillar** in verse 18. Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “This stone that I have set up will be your house and will mark this place where you appeared to me,” or “and this memorial stone that I set up will remind people that you live here,”
28:22	qmie		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	וְ⁠כֹל֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר תִּתֶּן לִ֔⁠י עַשֵּׂ֖ר אֲעַשְּׂרֶ֥⁠נּוּ לָֽ⁠ךְ	1	Consider again how you translated the way Jacob refers to Yahweh in verses 20-22; see the note about this at verse 20. Also see how you translated **tithe** in Gen 14:20. Alternate translation: “and everything that you give to me, I will give a tenth of it back to you.” or “and I will give back to you ten percent of everything that you give to me.”
29:1	v7y6			וַ⁠יִּשָּׂ֥א יַעֲקֹ֖ב רַגְלָ֑י⁠ו וַ⁠יֵּ֖לֶךְ	1	 Alternate translation: “Then Jacob continued traveling until he came”
29:1	wri0			אַ֥רְצָ⁠ה בְנֵי קֶֽדֶם	1	This land was located east of the land of Canaan and included the region of Paddan Aram where Jacob’s uncle Laban lived in the city of Haran (Gen 27:43; 28:5). See how you translated **east** in Gen 28:14. Alternate translation: “to the land in the east where various ethnic groups lived.” or “to the region that was east of the land of Canaan where the eastern ethnic groups lived.”
29:2	ox8m		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וַ⁠יַּ֞רְא	1	Jacob was now near the city of Haran (verse 4), which was in the land east of Canaan (verse 1). Alternate translation: “Then he looked around,” or “When he got there, he looked around,” or “When he arrived at a place near the city of Haran, he looked around,”
29:2	xzs6			וְ⁠הִנֵּ֧ה בְאֵ֣ר בַּ⁠שָּׂדֶ֗ה	1	The word **field** refers to an open area of land, not a fenced-in area. See how you translated this term in Gen 25:27, 29. Alternate translation: “and he saw a well in an open area” or “and there in an open field was a well”
29:2	f5dt			וְ⁠הִנֵּה שָׁ֞ם שְׁלֹשָׁ֤ה עֶדְרֵי צֹאן֙ רֹבְצִ֣ים	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “He saw three flocks of sheep that were lying down” or “There were three flocks of sheep lying down”
29:2	rel5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	עָלֶ֔י⁠הָ	1	 Alternate translation: “beside it,” or “beside the well waiting for water,”
29:2	gzk1			כִּ֚י מִן הַ⁠בְּאֵ֣ר הַ⁠הִ֔וא יַשְׁק֖וּ הָ⁠עֲדָרִ֑ים	1	Consider whether or not it is more natural in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “because that was the well where the shepherds got water for the flocks,” or “That was the well that sheep drank water from,”
29:2	nge7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	וְ⁠הָ⁠אֶ֥בֶן גְּדֹלָ֖ה עַל פִּ֥י הַ⁠בְּאֵֽר	1	This stone would have been very large and heavy and probably had been cut into a circular shape to cover the round opening of the well. You could include here in your translation a picture of a well with a round, flat stone covering it. Alternate translation: “but the stone covering the top of the well was large and heavy.” or “but there was a heavy large stone over the opening of the well.”
29:3	zip2			וְ⁠נֶאֶסְפוּ שָׁ֣מָּ⁠ה כָל הָ⁠עֲדָרִ֗ים וְ⁠גָלֲל֤וּ אֶת־הָ⁠אֶ֨בֶן֙	1	Verse 3 tells what happened regularly every day. Consider what is the best way to communicate this in your language. Also, be consistent here with how you translated **stone** in verse 2. Alternate translation: “Every day shepherds would bring all their flocks of sheep there. They would work together to roll the stone” or “After all the shepherds brought their flocks there, together they would remove the stone”
29:3	ehgo			מֵ⁠עַל֙ פִּ֣י הַ⁠בְּאֵ֔ר	1	 Alternate translation: “off the top of the well”
29:3	nplo			וְ⁠הִשְׁק֖וּ אֶת הַ⁠צֹּ֑אן	1	See how you translated “watered” in verse 2, and how you translated a different word that has a similar meaning (“draw water”) in Gen 24:19-20. Alternate translation: “and get water from it for the sheep to drink.”
29:3	kxfp			וְ⁠הֵשִׁ֧יבוּ אֶת הָ⁠אֶ֛בֶן & לִ⁠מְקֹמָֽ⁠הּ	1	 Alternate translation: “Then they would roll the stone back”
29:3	atj5			עַל־פִּ֥י הַ⁠בְּאֵ֖ר	1	 Alternate translation: “over the opening of the well.”
29:4	clfe		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר לָ⁠הֶם֙ יַעֲקֹ֔ב	1	 Alternate translation: “Jacob greeted the shepherds,”
29:4	ipz9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	אַחַ֖⁠י	1	This is a polite, friendly idiom used as a greeting; it does not mean that the shepherds were actually Jacob’s relatives. Many languages have a similar greeting. Alternate translation: “Friends,”
29:4	rgvw		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמְר֔וּ	1	 Alternate translation: “They replied to him,” or “They answered him,”
29:4	ooyz			מֵ⁠חָרָ֖ן אֲנָֽחְנוּ	1	Your translation should not sound like the city of Haran was far away from there; it was nearby. Alternate translation: “We live in the city of Haran.”
29:5	mz8d		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר לָ⁠הֶ֔ם	1	Consider what is the most natural way in your language to translate quote margins in a conversation that goes back and forth quickly like the one in verses 4-8. After the conversation gets started, it often sounds more life-like and natural to shorten the quote margins and leave implied some of the references to the people who are being talked to (as long as it is still clear who is talking to whom).
29:5	jju9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	הַ⁠יְדַעְתֶּ֖ם אֶת לָבָ֣ן בֶּן נָח֑וֹר	1	Consider what is the best way to order this question in your language.
29:5	qynl		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּאמְר֖וּ	1	 Alternate translation: “They replied,”
29:5	o8s7			יָדָֽעְנוּ	1	Hebrew does not have a single word for “Yes”, but rather repeats words from what was asked. Do what is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yes, we know him.”
29:6	oat9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֥אמֶר לָ⁠הֶ֖ם	1	 Alternate translation: “Then Jacob asked,”
29:6	wjxw			הֲ⁠שָׁל֣וֹם ל֑⁠וֹ	1	Jacob is asking about Laban’s general well-being, not just his health. Alternate translation: “Are things going well for him?”
29:6	cq6m			שָׁל֔וֹם	1	 Alternate translation: “Yes, things are good for him.”
29:7	s198		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֗אמֶר	1	 Alternate translation: “Then Jacob said to them,”
29:7	qywf		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	הֵ֥ן עוֹד֙ הַ⁠יּ֣וֹם גָּד֔וֹל	1	This is an idiom that means there are still many more hours of daytime left. Consider whether your language has an idiom for this. Alternate translation: “Look, it is still the middle of the day” or “Look, the sun is still high in the sky” or “There is still a lot of daylight left”
29:7	hpgk			לֹא עֵ֖ת הֵאָסֵ֣ף הַ⁠מִּקְנֶ֑ה	1	 Alternate translation: “so it is too soon to gather the flocks for the night.”
29:7	xi00		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-politeness	הַשְׁק֥וּ הַ⁠צֹּ֖אן	1	For some languages it sounds too rude for Jacob to make a direct command here, so it is better to make this a suggestion or even a rhetorical question. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “You ought to get water for them” or “It seems like you should water your sheep” or “So why not water your sheep”
29:7	agiz			וּ⁠לְכ֥וּ רְעֽוּ	1	 Alternate translation: “then take them back out to the fields to graze some more.” or “then you can take them out to eat more grass.”
29:8	fc6m		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּאמְרוּ֮	1	 Alternate translation: “But they said to him,”
29:8	ftk5			לֹ֣א נוּכַל֒	1	 Alternate translation: “We have to wait”
29:8	ujw5			עַ֣ד אֲשֶׁ֤ר יֵאָֽסְפוּ֙ כָּל הָ֣⁠עֲדָרִ֔ים	1	 Alternate translation: “until all the shepherds have brought their flocks here”
29:8	nl6y		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	וְ⁠גָֽלֲלוּ֙ אֶת־הָ⁠אֶ֔בֶן	1	Make sure it is clear in your translation that the ones who are talking here are also shepherds. See how you translated this phrase in verse 3. Also, consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “and we all remove the stone”
29:8	rng7			מֵ⁠עַ֖ל פִּ֣י הַ⁠בְּאֵ֑ר	1	See how you translated this phrase in verses 2 and 3. Alternate translation: “off the top of the well”
29:8	zdbb			וְ⁠הִשְׁקִ֖ינוּ הַ⁠צֹּֽאן	1	 Alternate translation: “and draw water for the flocks.”
29:9	aojv			עוֹדֶ֖⁠נּוּ מְדַבֵּ֣ר עִמָּ֑⁠ם	1	 Alternate translation: “While Jacob was still talking to the shepherds,”
29:9	vyhm			כִּ֥י רֹעָ֖ה הִֽוא	1	 Alternate translation: “because she was the one who tended them.”
29:10	vpc8			וַ⁠יְהִ֡י כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁר֩	1	 Alternate translation: “When”
29:10	uktf			וַ⁠יִּגַּ֣שׁ יַעֲקֹ֗ב	1	 Alternate translation: “he went over to the well”
29:10	d0m7			וַ⁠יָּ֤גֶל אֶת הָ⁠אֶ֨בֶן֙ מֵ⁠עַל֙ פִּ֣י הַ⁠בְּאֵ֔ר	1	 Alternate translation: “and took the stone off the top of the well,” or “removed the stone that was covering it,”
29:10	i0po			וַ⁠יַּ֕שְׁקְ	1	See how you translated **watered** in verses 2-3, 7-8, and in 24:14, 20. Alternate translation: “and got water for”
29:11	uwgl			וַ⁠יִּשַּׁ֥ק יַעֲקֹ֖ב לְ⁠רָחֵ֑ל	1	In that culture it was common to greet a relative with a kiss on the cheek (or both cheeks). However, if it would be offensive in your culture for Jacob to kiss Rachel here, you could translate this more generally (See: the second alternate translation above). Also see how you translated “kiss” in Gen 27:26-27. Alternate translation: “Then he kissed Rachel on the cheek” or “Then he greeted Rachel enthusiastically as one of his relatives”
29:11	lylh			וַ⁠יִּשָּׂ֥א אֶת קֹל֖⁠וֹ וַ⁠יֵּֽבְךְּ	1	See how you translated the idiom **lifted his voice** in Gen 27:38. However, here Jacob is crying because he is happy, not upset. Make sure that is clear in your translation. Alternate translation: “and he started crying loudly because he was so happy.”
29:12	ctrv		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יַּגֵּ֨ד יַעֲקֹ֜ב לְ⁠רָחֵ֗ל	1	Consider what is the most natural way in your language to refer to Jacob and Rachel in this context.
29:12	b1ec		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations	כִּ֣י אֲחִ֤י אָבִ֨י⁠הָ֙ ה֔וּא וְ⁠כִ֥י בֶן רִבְקָ֖ה ה֑וּא	1	Consider whether it is best in your language to use an indirect quote here or a direct quote. Alternate translation: “that her father Laban was his uncle and that her aunt Rebekah was his mother.”
29:12	i8gv			וַ⁠תָּ֖רָץ וַ⁠תַּגֵּ֥ד לְ⁠אָבִֽי⁠הָ	1	 Alternate translation: “Then she ran home and told her father the news.” or “So she ran home to her father and informed him about Jacob.”
29:13	w9df			וַ⁠יְהִי֩ כִ⁠שְׁמֹ֨עַ לָבָ֜ן	1	 Alternate translation: “When Laban found out” or “As soon as Laban heard”
29:13	t5i0			אֶת שֵׁ֣מַע יַעֲקֹ֣ב בֶּן אֲחֹת֗⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “that his nephew Jacob was there,”
29:13	qbmk			וַ⁠יָּ֤רָץ לִ⁠קְרָאת⁠וֹ֙	1	 Alternate translation: “he ran out to meet him.”
29:13	va3u			וַ⁠יְחַבֶּק ל⁠וֹ֙	1	 Alternate translation: “Then he hugged Jacob” or “He gave him a hug”
29:13	qvlt			וַ⁠יְנַשֶּׁק ל֔⁠וֹ	1	See how you translated **kissed** in verse 11. Alternate translation: “and kissed him on his cheeks” or “and greeted him warmly as one of his relatives”
29:13	yeoh			וַ⁠יְבִיאֵ֖⁠הוּ אֶל בֵּית֑⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “and took him back to his house.” or “and took him home.”
29:13	ik43		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וַ⁠יְסַפֵּ֣ר לְ⁠לָבָ֔ן אֵ֥ת כָּל הַ⁠דְּבָרִ֖ים הָ⁠אֵֽלֶּה	1	Laban’s response in verse 14 implies that Jacob told him about himself here in verse 13. Alternate translation: “Then he told Laban about himself and everything that had happened,”
29:14	oa88		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר ל⁠וֹ֙ לָבָ֔ן	1	 Alternate translation: “and Laban responded”
29:14	awri		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	אַ֛ךְ עַצְמִ֥⁠י וּ⁠בְשָׂרִ֖⁠י אָ֑תָּה	1	This is an idiom that means Jacob is a close, biological relative of Laban. Consider whether your language has a similar idiom. Alternate translation: “You are definitely my own flesh and blood!” or “You are definitely my close relative!”
29:14	zl07			וַ⁠יֵּ֥שֶׁב עִמּ֖⁠וֹ	1	Your choice here in verse 14 will determine whether or not this sentence continues into verse 15. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “Then Jacob stayed and served for Laban”
29:14	fe42			חֹ֥דֶשׁ יָמִֽים	1	 Alternate translation: “for thirty days”
29:15	ja3r		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר לָבָן֙ לְ⁠יַעֲקֹ֔ב	1	 Alternate translation: “Laban asked him,”
29:15	drle		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	הֲ⁠כִי אָחִ֣⁠י אַ֔תָּה וַ⁠עֲבַדְתַּ֖⁠נִי חִנָּ֑ם	1	See how you translated **relative** in verse 12. This rhetorical question expects the implied answer “No, of course not!” Consider whether it is more natural in your language to use a statement here instead. Alternate translation: “Just because you are my nephew, does that mean that you should work for me without pay?” or “Even though you are my relative that does not mean that you should have to work for me for free!” or “You should not have to work for me for nothing just because you are my nephew!”
29:15	dy56			הַגִּ֥ידָ⁠ה לִּ֖⁠י מַה מַּשְׂכֻּרְתֶּֽ⁠ךָ	1	 Alternate translation: “So tell me what your wages should be.” or “So tell me what you want me to pay you for your work.”
29:16	vbiz		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background	וּ⁠לְ⁠לָבָ֖ן שְׁתֵּ֣י בָנ֑וֹת	1	Verses 16-17 introduce background information for what happens in the verses that follow that. Translate this in a way that is natural and clear in your language. Alternate translation: “Now it so happened that Laban had two daughters:”
29:16	xkig			שֵׁ֤ם הַ⁠גְּדֹלָה֙ לֵאָ֔ה וְ⁠שֵׁ֥ם הַ⁠קְּטַנָּ֖ה רָחֵֽל	1	 Alternate translation: “The name of the older daughter was Leah, and the younger daughter was Rachel.” or “The older one was named Leah and the younger daughter was named Rachel.”
29:17	chl6			וְ⁠עֵינֵ֥י לֵאָ֖ה רַכּ֑וֹת	1	The Hebrew word for **delicate** is ambiguous in this context. It can have: (1) a positive meaning of “pretty” or **lovely** or (2) a negative meaning of “weak”, which implies that Leah’s eyes were plain, dull, or unattractive.
29:17	xcjb			וְ⁠רָחֵל֙ הָֽיְתָ֔ה יְפַת תֹּ֖אַר וִ⁠יפַ֥ת מַרְאֶֽה	1	 Alternate translation: “whereas Rachel was extremely beautiful in every way.”
29:18	ml4f			וַ⁠יֶּאֱהַ֥ב יַעֲקֹ֖ב אֶת רָחֵ֑ל	1	 Alternate translation: “Jacob had fallen in love with Rachel,”
29:18	rnsu		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֗אמֶר	1	 Alternate translation: “so he responded to Laban,”
29:18	l9xb			אֶֽעֱבָדְ⁠ךָ֙ שֶׁ֣בַע שָׁנִ֔ים	1	Jacob is offering seven years of work as the dowry or bride-price for Rachel. Translate this sentence in a way that reflects that.
29:18	cq1a			בְּ⁠רָחֵ֥ל בִּתְּ⁠ךָ֖ הַ⁠קְּטַנָּֽה	1	 Alternate translation: “in exchange for your younger daughter Rachel as my wife.” or “if you will give me your younger daughter Rachel to be my wife.”
29:19	n9dn			ט֚וֹב תִּתִּ֣⁠י אֹתָ֣⁠הּ לָ֔⁠ךְ מִ⁠תִּתִּ֥⁠י אֹתָ֖⁠הּ לְ⁠אִ֣ישׁ	1	 Alternate translation: “I agree to your terms. I would much rather give her to you to marry than give her to some other man.”
29:19	wbfu			שְׁבָ֖⁠ה עִמָּדִֽ⁠י	1	 Alternate translation: “So stay and work with me.”
29:20	edqa			וַ⁠יַּעֲבֹ֧ד יַעֲקֹ֛ב בְּ⁠רָחֵ֖ל שֶׁ֣בַע שָׁנִ֑ים	1	 Alternate translation: “Then Jacob worked seven years for Laban so that he could have Rachel,”
29:20	kubz		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	וַ⁠יִּהְי֤וּ בְ⁠עֵינָי⁠ו֙ כְּ⁠יָמִ֣ים אֲחָדִ֔ים בְּ⁠אַהֲבָת֖⁠וֹ אֹתָֽ⁠הּ	1	For some languages it is more natural to switch the order of the clauses in this sentence so that the cause is mentioned before the effect (See: the second alternate translation above). Do what is most clear and natural in your language. Alternate translation: “but to him it seemed like only a few days had passed because he loved her so much.” or “but he loved her so much that to him the years seemed to pass quickly like only a few days.”
29:21	n2l9			וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר יַעֲקֹ֤ב אֶל לָבָן֙	1	 Alternate translation: “After that, Jacob requested of Laban,”
29:21	py3l		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	הָבָ֣⁠ה אֶת אִשְׁתִּ֔⁠י כִּ֥י מָלְא֖וּ יָמָ֑⁠י וְ⁠אָב֖וֹאָה אֵלֶֽי⁠הָ	1	Consider what is the best order for the clauses in this sentence in your language. Also make sure that Jacob’s request here sounds polite in your translation, not rude or demanding. It should also not sound like he was begging or pleading. Alternate translation: “Please let me marry your daughter Rachel now so that I can live with her as my wife, because I have finished my seven years of service for you.” or “I have fulfilled the seven years of service that we agreed on, so please let me have your daughter Rachel so that I can marry her and live with her.”
29:22	dfx2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	וַ⁠יֶּאֱסֹ֥ף לָבָ֛ן אֶת כָּל אַנְשֵׁ֥י הַ⁠מָּק֖וֹם וַ⁠יַּ֥עַשׂ מִשְׁתֶּֽה	1	Consider what is the best way to order these events in your language. Alternate translation: “Then Laban gathered all the local people and held a wedding feast.” or “Then Laban prepared a marriage feast and invited everyone who lived in town to attend.”
29:23	r0w3			וַ⁠יְהִ֣י בָ⁠עֶ֔רֶב	1	 Alternate translation: “However this is what happened that evening:”
29:23	vaw0			וַ⁠יִּקַּח֙ אֶת לֵאָ֣ה בִתּ֔⁠וֹ וַ⁠יָּבֵ֥א אֹתָ֖⁠הּ אֵלָ֑י⁠ו	1	 Alternate translation: “Laban took Leah to Jacob instead of Rachel,”
29:23	n4dv		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יָּבֹ֖א	1	Make sure it is clear in your translation that **he** refers here to Jacob, not Laban. Alternate translation: “so he” or “so that Jacob”
29:23	h5xc		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism	וַ⁠יָּבֹ֖א אֵלֶֽי⁠הָ	1	Make sure that your translation of **he** refers here to Jacob, not Laban. See how you translated the euphemism **went to** in Gen 16:4 (and “go to” in Gen 16:2 and 29:21). Translate this in a way that is natural, clear, and acceptable for reading in public. Alternate translation: “so that he had sexual relations with Leah.” or “so he slept with Leah.” or “spent the night with her”
29:24	zehs			וַ⁠יִּתֵּ֤ן לָבָן֙	1	It is not clear in the Hebrew text when Laban gave Zilpah to Leah, so it is probably best to keep it that way in your translation. Some translations say that Laban “had already given” Zilpah to Leah before the wedding night. However according to Jewish history (outside the Bible), it was on the wedding night that Laban did this as part of his plan to deceive Jacob: Zilpah was younger than Bilhah, so everyone would expect her to be given to Rachel as the younger sister; seeing Zilpah (instead of Bilhah) would help Jacob think that his veiled bride was Rachel. Since we do not know for sure which interpretation is right, it is probably best to be like the Hebrew text and not specify when Laban gave Zilpah to Leah. Some translations put this verse in parentheses because it seems to interrupt the telling of the main events. Alternate translation: “In addition, Laban gave”
29:24	wz5d			לָ֔⁠הּ אֶת זִלְפָּ֖ה שִׁפְחָת֑⁠וֹ לְ⁠לֵאָ֥ה בִתּ֖⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “to Leah a female servant named Zilpah”
29:24	gvpk			שִׁפְחָֽה	1	 Alternate translation: “to be her personal attendant.” or “to serve her.” or “to attend to her.”
29:25	flu2			וַ⁠יְהִ֣י בַ⁠בֹּ֔קֶר	1	 Alternate translation: “The next morning”
29:25	wt9e		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וְ⁠הִנֵּה הִ֖וא לֵאָ֑ה	1	Translate **behold** in a way that shows Jacob’s surprise at finding out that he had married Leah instead of Rachel. Also, make sure that your translation of **she** refers here to Leah, not Zilpah (who was mentioned in verse 24). Alternate translation: “Jacob saw that his new wife was Leah!” or “Jacob was shocked to discover that it was Leah he had married!”
29:25	qd1f		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-honorifics	וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר אֶל לָבָ֗ן	1	Some languages use an honorific title such as “his father-in-law” here now that Jacob is married. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “So he complained to his father-in-law Laban,” or “So he rebuked Laban and said,”
29:25	n8tv		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	מַה זֹּאת֙ עָשִׂ֣יתָ לִּ֔⁠י	1	In this verse, Jacob uses rhetorical questions to communicate how angry and upset he is. Consider what is the best way to do that in your language. Also see how you translated this question in Gen 12:18, 20:9, 26:10. Alternate translation: “Why have you treated me like this?”
29:25	sxpf		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	הֲ⁠לֹ֤א בְ⁠רָחֵל֙ עָבַ֣דְתִּי עִמָּ֔⁠ךְ	1	 Alternate translation: “You know very well that I worked for you in order to marry Rachel!”
29:25	giws			וְ⁠לָ֖⁠מָּה רִמִּיתָֽ⁠נִי	1	See how you translated a different word (“deceit”) that has a similar meaning in Gen 27:35. Alternate translation: “So why did you deceive me?” or “Tell me why you tricked me!”
29:26	ogbn		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר לָבָ֔ן	1	 Alternate translation: “But Laban said to him,” or “Laban responded,”
29:26	y7mz		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	לֹא יֵעָשֶׂ֥ה כֵ֖ן בִּ⁠מְקוֹמֵ֑⁠נוּ	1	For some languages it is necessary to say what the custom is, rather than what it is not. For example, you could say, “Our custom/practice here is to wait until the firstborn/oldest daughter is married before we let the younger daughters/ones get married.” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “It is not customary In our land” or “It is not the custom here”
29:26	v8le			לָ⁠תֵ֥ת הַ⁠צְּעִירָ֖ה	1	 Alternate translation: “to give the younger daughter in marriage” or “to marry off the younger daughter”
29:26	jmo3			לִ⁠פְנֵ֥י הַ⁠בְּכִירָֽה	1	 Alternate translation: “before the oldest one marries.”
29:27	b70a		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	מַלֵּ֖א שְׁבֻ֣עַ זֹ֑את	1	For some languages it may be necessary to make explicit the fact that it is assumed that Leah would still remain his wife. Only make this information explicit if it is necessary to avoid wrong meaning. Alternate translation: “So then, complete this week of celebrating your wedding to my daughter Leah,”
29:27	w292			וְ⁠נִתְּנָ֨ה לְ⁠ךָ֜ גַּם אֶת זֹ֗את	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “Then our family will also give you my other daughter to marry” or “Then you may also marry my other daughter”
29:27	ag84			בַּ⁠עֲבֹדָה֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר תַּעֲבֹ֣ד עִמָּדִ֔⁠י	1	See how you translated **serve** in verses 15, 18, 20, 21 and 25. Alternate translation: “in exchange for working for me”
29:27	dpm8			ע֖וֹד שֶֽׁבַע שָׁנִ֥ים אֲחֵרֽוֹת	1	 Alternate translation: “for seven more years.”
29:28	q8t0			וַ⁠יַּ֤עַשׂ יַעֲקֹב֙ כֵּ֔ן	1	 Alternate translation: “So that is what Jacob did:”
29:28	h55y			וַ⁠יְמַלֵּ֖א שְׁבֻ֣עַ זֹ֑את	1	See how you translated “fulfill” in verse 27. Alternate translation: “he completed his wedding week with Leah.”
29:28	n1p0			וַ⁠יִּתֶּן ל֛⁠וֹ אֶת רָחֵ֥ל בִּתּ֖⁠וֹ ל֥⁠וֹ לְ⁠אִשָּֽׁה	1	 Alternate translation: “Then Laban gave Jacob his daughter Rachel to marry.” or “Then Laban gave his daughter Rachel to Jacob to be his wife.”
29:29	z1cm			וַ⁠יִּתֵּ֤ן לָבָן֙	1	See how you translated verse 24, which is similar to verse 29. Alternate translation: “he also gave” or “In addition, Laban gave”
29:29	it33			לְ⁠רָחֵ֣ל בִּתּ֔⁠וֹ אֶת בִּלְהָ֖ה שִׁפְחָת֑⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “his female servant Bilhah to his daughter Rachel” or “Rachel a female servant named Bilhah”
29:29	qtvb			לָ֖⁠הּ לְ⁠שִׁפְחָֽה	1	 Alternate translation: “to be her personal servant.” or “to serve her.”
29:30	cieh		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism	וַ⁠יָּבֹא֙ גַּ֣ם אֶל רָחֵ֔ל	1	See how you translated **went to** in verse 23. Alternate translation: “Then Jacob slept with Rachel,”
29:30	zq9a			וַ⁠יַּעֲבֹ֣ד עִמּ֔⁠וֹ	1	At this point Jacob begins another seven years of work, but he does not finish the work until Gen 30:25-26. Alternate translation: “Then he worked for Laban”
29:30	jqak			ע֖וֹד שֶֽׁבַע שָׁנִ֥ים אֲחֵרֽוֹת	1	See how you translated this phrase in verse 27.
29:31	dvs9			וַ⁠יַּ֤רְא יְהוָה֙	1	 Alternate translation: “Meanwhile Yahweh knew” or “During that time, Yahweh saw”
29:31	f2r1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole	כִּֽי שְׂנוּאָ֣ה לֵאָ֔ה	1	Jacob did not actually hate Leah. Rather, this is hyperbole that emphasizes how much he loved Rachel compared to Leah (verse 30). Alternate translation: “that Leah was loved less than Rachel,” or “that Jacob did not love Leah very much,”
29:31	kk6e		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וַ⁠יִּפְתַּ֖ח אֶת רַחְמָ֑⁠הּ	1	 Alternate translation: “so he made it so that she could conceive,”
29:31	c12i			וְ⁠רָחֵ֖ל עֲקָרָֽה	1	See how you translated **barren** in Gen 11:30 and 25:21. Alternate translation: “but he did not enable Rachel to have children.”
29:32	kaw1			וַ⁠תֵּ֣לֶד בֵּ֔ן	1	 Alternate translation: “and had a son”
29:32	grlg		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	וַ⁠תִּקְרָ֥א שְׁמ֖⁠וֹ רְאוּבֵ֑ן	1	You could include the meaning of Reuben’s name in your translation (or in a footnote), so that people understand why Leah gave him that name. If you do that, make sure the meaning of Reuben’s name matches the way you translate “looked/seen” later in this verse.
29:32	zgx6			כִּ֣י אָֽמְרָ֗ה	1	 Alternate translation: “because when he was born she had said”
29:32	s4ig		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	כִּֽי רָאָ֤ה יְהוָה֙ בְּ⁠עָנְיִ֔⁠י כִּ֥י עַתָּ֖ה יֶאֱהָבַ֥⁠נִי אִישִֽׁ⁠י	1	Consider what is the best way to order these clauses in your language. Also see how you translated **misery** in Gen 16:11. Alternate translation: “Now that Yahweh has seen that I am suffering and has helped me, surely my husband will love me!” or “Surely my husband will love me now, since Yahweh has seen that I am suffering and has helped me.”
29:33	s35i			וַ⁠תֵּ֣לֶד בֵּן֒	1	 Alternate translation: “and had another son”
29:33	tzjw			וַ⁠תֹּ֗אמֶר	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “so she exclaimed,”
29:33	i6wk		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	כִּֽי שָׁמַ֤ע יְהוָה֙ כִּֽי שְׂנוּאָ֣ה אָנֹ֔כִי	1	See how you translated **hated** in verse 31. Also consider whether it is better in your language to use an active or passive verb here. Alternate translation: “Yahweh heard that I am not loved, so”
29:33	mfd3			וַ⁠יִּתֶּן לִ֖⁠י גַּם אֶת זֶ֑ה	1	 Alternate translation: “he has given me this son too!” or “he has given me another son”
29:33	jxch			וַ⁠תִּקְרָ֥א שְׁמ֖⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “So she named that son” or “So she gave him the name”
29:33	dwxa		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	שִׁמְעֽוֹן	1	If you include the meaning of Simeon’s name in your translation (or in a footnote), make sure it matches the way you translated **heard** earlier in this verse.
29:34	ie6l			וַ⁠תַּ֣הַר עוֹד֮	1	 Alternate translation: “Once again Leah became pregnant”
29:34	igl9			וַ⁠תֵּ֣לֶד בֵּן֒	1	 Alternate translation: “and had another son,”
29:34	zyi4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠תֹּ֗אמֶר	1	 Alternate translation: “She exclaimed,”
29:34	aosq		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	יִלָּוֶ֤ה & אֵלַ֔⁠י	1	Many languages have an idiom that is similar to the Hebrew idiom and fits well here. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “will become attached to me”
29:34	iwal		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	כִּֽי יָלַ֥דְתִּי ל֖⁠וֹ שְׁלֹשָׁ֣ה בָנִ֑ים	1	For some languages it is more natural to put this clause first in this quote and say, “I have born/had three sons for my husband, so now finally he will become attached to me.” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “because I have had three sons for him.”
29:34	xkw4			עַל כֵּ֥ן	1	 Alternate translation: “Because she had said that,”
29:34	mgew			קָרָֽא שְׁמ֖⁠וֹ	1	Although this phrase could mean that Jacob named Levi, most translations translate this in a general or indefinite way that does not specify who named him. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “he was named”
29:34	imm1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	לֵוִֽי	1	If you include the meaning of Levi’s name in your translation (or in a footnote), make sure it matches the way you translated **be joined** earlier in this verse.
29:35	c2ga			וַ⁠תַּ֨הַר ע֜וֹד	1	 Alternate translation: “Then Leah became pregnant again”
29:35	v0xo			וַ⁠תֵּ֣לֶד בֵּ֗ן	1	See how you translated this phrase in verse 34. Alternate translation: “and had a son,”
29:35	t71u			וַ⁠תֹּ֨אמֶר֙	1	 Alternate translation: “She said”
29:35	jh48			הַ⁠פַּ֨עַם֙ אוֹדֶ֣ה אֶת יְהוָ֔ה	1	 Alternate translation: “Now I will praise Yahweh for giving me this son!”
29:35	t2yu			עַל כֵּ֛ן	1	See how you translated this phrase in verse 34. You may need to translate it in different ways, depending on the context. Alternate translation: “Because she praised Yahweh,”
29:35	qanv			קָרְאָ֥ה שְׁמ֖⁠וֹ	1	See how you translated this phrase in verse 33. Alternate translation: “she named that son” or “she gave him the name”
29:35	w7et		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	יְהוּדָ֑ה	1	See how you translated **praise** earlier in this verse.
29:35	zk7u		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וַֽ⁠תַּעֲמֹ֖ד מִ⁠לֶּֽדֶת	1	Leah had more children at a later time. So it was only temporarily that she stopped having children. Alternate translation: “Then Leah stopped bearing babies for a while.” or “After that, Leah did not give birth to any more babies for a while.”
30:1	bp4d			וַ⁠תֵּ֣רֶא רָחֵ֗ל כִּ֣י לֹ֤א יָֽלְדָה֙ לְ⁠יַעֲקֹ֔ב	1	 Alternate translation: “Now when Rachel saw that she was not able to have any children for Jacob,”
30:1	tqm2			וַ⁠תְּקַנֵּ֥א רָחֵ֖ל בַּ⁠אֲחֹתָ֑⁠הּ	1	 Alternate translation: “she was envious of her sister Leah,”
30:1	f4yg		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠תֹּ֤אמֶר אֶֽל יַעֲקֹב֙	1	Use a quote margin here in your language that fits the context well. Alternate translation: “and she pleaded with Jacob,”
30:1	sgby			הָֽבָ⁠ה לִּ֣⁠י בָנִ֔ים וְ⁠אִם אַ֖יִן	1	 Alternate translation: “Help me get pregnant! Otherwise”
30:1	dvs5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole	מֵתָ֥ה אָנֹֽכִי	1	Rachel is using hyperbole (exaggeration) to show how desperate and deeply ashamed she feels about not having children. You could include a footnote here in your translation that explains how in that culture it was considered very shameful for a woman to be barren (See: Gen 30:23). Alternate translation: “I have no reason to live!”
30:2	ca4i		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וַ⁠יִּֽחַר אַ֥ף יַעֲקֹ֖ב בְּ⁠רָחֵ֑ל וַ⁠יֹּ֗אמֶר	1	Some languages have an idiom that is similar to the Hebrew idiom here. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “Jacob became very angry with Rachel and said”
30:2	cfsy		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	הֲ⁠תַ֤חַת אֱלֹהִים֙ אָנֹ֔כִי אֲשֶׁר מָנַ֥ע מִמֵּ֖⁠ךְ פְּרִי בָֽטֶן	1	Jacob uses a rhetorical question here to show that he is upset with Rachel and to strongly emphasize his point. Do what is best in your language to communicate this. Alternate translation: “I am not in the place of God, who has kept you from having children!” or “I am not God! He is the one who has kept you from having children!”
30:3	r7eo		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠תֹּ֕אמֶר	1	 Alternate translation: “Rachel replied to him,”
30:3	zc3i			הִנֵּ֛ה אֲמָתִ֥⁠י בִלְהָ֖ה	1	 Alternate translation: “Here is my servant woman Bilhah.” or “You can take my servant woman Bilhah as a wife.”
30:3	vrfr		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism	בֹּ֣א אֵלֶ֑י⁠הָ	1	See how you translated this euphemism in Gen 16:2. Alternate translation: “Sleep with her”
30:3	bcga			וְ⁠תֵלֵד֙	1	 Alternate translation: “so that she can give birth to children” or “so that she can have children”
30:3	x0yo		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	עַל בִּרְכַּ֔⁠י	1	The idiom **bear children on my knees** means that Bilhah’s children would be considered Rachel’s children. It may come from the custom of immediately putting a newborn child on the lap of the father and mother to symbolize that the child belonged to them. Alternate translation: “for me who will sit on my lap,” or “as my surrogate”
30:3	ezdx			וְ⁠אִבָּנֶ֥ה גַם אָנֹכִ֖י מִמֶּֽ⁠נָּה	1	See how you translated **built up from her** in Gen 16:2. Alternate translation: “so that from her children I too can build a family.” or “so that I too can build a family.”
30:4	og2j			וַ⁠תִּתֶּן ל֛⁠וֹ אֶת בִּלְהָ֥ה שִׁפְחָתָ֖⁠הּ	1	See how you translated **maidservant** in Gen 29:24, 29. Also see how you translated a different word (“servant woman”) in verse 3 that has the same meaning. Some translations use the same term in both verses to prevent confusion. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “So Rachel gave Jacob her maid Bilhah”
30:4	vgw7			לְ⁠אִשָּׁ֑ה	1	Make sure your translation does not sound like Bilhah replaced Rachel as Jacob’s wife; Bilhah was an additional wife. Alternate translation: “as his wife,” or “to be a wife for him,”
30:4	pfg3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism	וַ⁠יָּבֹ֥א אֵלֶ֖י⁠הָ יַעֲקֹֽב	1	See how you translated “go to” in verse 3 and **went to** in Gen 16:3. Alternate translation: “and Jacob slept with her.”
30:5	mz2c			וַ⁠תֵּ֥לֶד לְ⁠יַעֲקֹ֖ב בֵּֽן	1	 Alternate translation: “and gave birth to a son for Jacob”
30:6	pbso		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠תֹּ֤אמֶר רָחֵל֙	1	Consider whether it is more natural here in your language to begin a new sentence here or to continue the sentence from verse 5. Alternate translation: “Then Rachel said”
30:6	uc2m			דָּנַ֣⁠נִּי אֱלֹהִ֔ים	1	Some translations have “judged me” here. However, make sure your translation of this phrase has a positive meaning (making a decision in Rachel’s favor) and not a negative meaning (condemning her).
30:6	c8tv			וְ⁠גַם֙ שָׁמַ֣ע בְּ⁠קֹלִ֔⁠י וַ⁠יִּתֶּן לִ֖⁠י בֵּ֑ן	1	 Alternate translation: “Yes indeed, he has heard my request and given me a son!”
30:6	fc14			עַל כֵּ֛ן	1	 Alternate translation: “Because of that”
30:6	kpso			קָרְאָ֥ה שְׁמ֖⁠וֹ	1	Make sure it is clear here in your translation that Bilhah’s son is the one being named, not God (who was the subject of the previous sentence). See how you translated **called his name** in Gen 29:32. Alternate translation: “she called him” or “she gave him the name” or “she named her baby”
30:6	cf1v		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	דָּֽן	1	If you include the meaning of Dan’s name in your translation (or in a footnote), make sure it matches the way you translated “he has vindicated” earlier in this verse.
30:7	r1qq			וַ⁠תַּ֣הַר ע֔וֹד & בִּלְהָ֖ה שִׁפְחַ֣ת רָחֵ֑ל	1	See how you translated verse 5 which is very similar to verse 7.
30:7	vrmg			וַ⁠תֵּ֕לֶד & בֵּ֥ן שֵׁנִ֖י לְ⁠יַעֲקֹֽב	1	 Alternate translation: “and gave birth to a second son for Jacob.”
30:8	qb38			וַ⁠תֹּ֣אמֶר רָחֵ֗ל	1	 Alternate translation: “So Rachel exclaimed,”
30:8	fope			נַפְתּוּלֵ֨י אֱלֹהִ֧ים נִפְתַּ֛לְתִּי עִם אֲחֹתִ֖⁠י	1	The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “I have had a mighty/difficult struggle/contest with my sister” or “I have struggled intensely/hard with/against my sister”. That would be the meaning if the Hebrew word “elohim” in this phrase is used as an adjective that means “mighty/powerful.” (2) “I have wrestled/struggled with God because of my sister”, which could refer to a struggle against her sister praying to God for children. That would be the meaning if the word “elohim” in this phrase means “God.”
30:8	i44p			גַּם יָכֹ֑לְתִּי	1	 Alternate translation: “and I have won!” or “but now I have defeated her!” or “but now I am winning!”
30:8	jb07			וַ⁠תִּקְרָ֥א שְׁמ֖⁠וֹ	1	See how you translated **called his name** in verse 6. Alternate translation: “So she called him” or “So she called that son” or “So she gave him the name”
30:8	l04h		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	נַפְתָּלִֽי	1	As always, if you include the meaning of a name in your translation or in a footnote, make sure that it matches the text that the name is based on.
30:9	am38			וַ⁠תֵּ֣רֶא לֵאָ֔ה כִּ֥י עָמְדָ֖ה מִ⁠לֶּ֑דֶת	1	See how you translated a similar clause in verse 1. Alternate translation: “When Leah saw that she had stopped bearing children,”
30:9	nb9g			וַ⁠תִּקַּח֙ אֶת זִלְפָּ֣ה שִׁפְחָתָ֔⁠הּ	1	 Alternate translation: “she took her servant Zilpah to Jacob”
30:9	gepy			וַ⁠תִּתֵּ֥ן אֹתָ֛⁠הּ לְ⁠יַעֲקֹ֖ב לְ⁠אִשָּֽׁה	1	See how you translated “gave … as a wife” in verse 4. Alternate translation: “and gave her to him as his wife.” or “and gave her to Jacob to be another wife for him.”
30:10	izmk			וַ⁠תֵּ֗לֶד זִלְפָּ֛ה שִׁפְחַ֥ת לֵאָ֖ה לְ⁠יַעֲקֹ֥ב בֵּֽן	1	See how you translated verses 5-8, which are very similar in structure to verses 10-13.
30:11	jeoa			ב⁠גד	1	 Alternate translation: “What good luck!” or “I am very lucky!”
30:11	nyan			וַ⁠תִּקְרָ֥א אֶת שְׁמ֖⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “So she called him” or “So she called him” or “So she gave him the name”
30:11	mlup		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	גָּֽד	1	If you include the meaning of Gad’s name in your translation or in a footnote, make sure it matches the way you translated **good fortune** earlier in this verse.
30:13	jwvp			בְּ⁠אָשְׁרִ֕⁠י	1	Although many translations have “happy” in this verse instead of “blessed,” the Hebrew noun (and the verb it is based on) is more general and has to do with a person’s blessed state (which results in joy and happiness). The same Hebrew word is used in Psalm 1:1, and the equivalent Greek word is used in Luke 1:48 and Matthew 5:3-11. Alternate translation: “I am truly blessed!” or “God has greatly blessed me!”
30:13	d2t9			כִּ֥י אִשְּׁר֖וּ⁠נִי בָּנ֑וֹת	1	 Alternate translation: “Now other women will say that I am blessed by God.” or “Now other women will say that God has blessed me.”
30:13	lfbr			וַ⁠תִּקְרָ֥א אֶת שְׁמ֖⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “So she named him” or “So she gave him the name”
30:13	cadj		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	אָשֵֽׁר	1	If you include the meaning of Asher’s name in your translation or in a footnote, make sure it matches the way you translated **blessed** earlier in this verse.
30:14	c2j2			וַ⁠יֵּ֨לֶךְ רְאוּבֵ֜ן בִּ⁠ימֵ֣י קְצִיר־חִטִּ֗ים	1	Wheat is a type of grain that is ground into flour to make bread, which was one of the people’s main foods. The harvest time for wheat in that part of the world is in March and April. Alternate translation: “One day during …”
30:14	jiwp		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	וַ⁠יִּמְצָ֤א דֽוּדָאִים֙ בַּ⁠שָּׂדֶ֔ה	1	The roots of mandrake plants were used to help people be more fertile. If mandrakes are not known in your language area, you could describe them as a kind of fertility plant. You could also put information about mandrakes in a footnote or glossary. Alternate translation: “and found some love plants called mandrakes in a field,” or “in a field and found some love plants there,”
30:14	b7ad			וַ⁠יָּבֵ֣א אֹתָ֔⁠ם אֶל לֵאָ֖ה אִמּ֑⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “and he took them to his mother.” or “and he took the plants to his mother.”
30:14	qnic			וַ⁠תֹּ֤אמֶר רָחֵל֙ אֶל לֵאָ֔ה	1	 Alternate translation: “When Rachel found out about the plants, she asked Leah,”
30:14	h8o4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	תְּנִי נָ֣א לִ֔⁠י מִ⁠דּוּדָאֵ֖י בְּנֵֽ⁠ךְ	1	See how you translated **mandrakes** earlier in this verse. Alternate translation: “Please give me some of the love plants that your son found.”
30:15	il2x		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	הַ⁠מְעַט֙ קַחְתֵּ֣⁠ךְ אֶת אִישִׁ֔⁠י	1	Leah uses two rhetorical questions in verse 15 to scold Rachel and show how upset she is with her. Consider whether or not rhetorical questions are the best way to communicate that in your language. Alternate translation: “No! It was bad enough that you took my husband from me!” or “You already took my husband from me!”
30:15	dvad		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠תֹּ֣אמֶר רָחֵ֗ל	1	 Alternate translation: “Rachel said to her”
30:15	glxw			לָ⁠כֵן֙	1	Rachel’s response shows that she realizes that even though Leah was scolding her, she was also bargaining with her. Alternate translation: “Very well,”
30:15	xaq3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism	יִשְׁכַּ֤ב עִמָּ⁠ךְ֙ הַ⁠לַּ֔יְלָה	1	 Alternate translation: “I will let him stay with you tonight” or “Jacob can stay with you tonight” or “Jacob can spend tonight with you”
30:15	hm5f			תַּ֖חַת דּוּדָאֵ֥י בְנֵֽ⁠ךְ	1	See how you translated “in exchange for” in Gen 29:18.
30:16	uwud		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	וַ⁠יָּבֹ֨א יַעֲקֹ֣ב מִן הַ⁠שָּׂדֶה֮ בָּ⁠עֶרֶב֒	1	Consider where it is best in your language to put the time phrase in this clause. Also see how you translated **field** in verse 14. Alternate translation: “So as Jacob came back that evening from working in the fields,” or “That evening as Jacob was coming home from working in the fields,”
30:16	e94f			וַ⁠תֵּצֵ֨א לֵאָ֜ה לִ⁠קְרָאת֗⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “Leah came out to greet him”
30:16	l7hd		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠תֹּ֨אמֶר֙	1	 Alternate translation: “and she said to him,”
30:16	bcs6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism	אֵלַ֣⁠י תָּב֔וֹא	1	 Alternate translation: “You must lie with me tonight,” or “You must spend tonight with me,”
30:16	ro5s			כִּ֚י שָׂכֹ֣ר שְׂכַרְתִּ֔י⁠ךָ בְּ⁠דוּדָאֵ֖י בְּנִ֑⁠י	1	See how you translated **mandrakes** in verses 14 and 15.
30:16	hp22		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism	וַ⁠יִּשְׁכַּ֥ב עִמָּ֖⁠הּ בַּ⁠לַּ֥יְלָה הֽוּא	1	 Alternate translation: “So that night Jacob slept with her” or “So Jacob spent that night with her”
30:17	bmy1			וַ⁠יִּשְׁמַ֥ע אֱלֹהִ֖ים אֶל לֵאָ֑ה	1	See how you translated **listened to** in verse 6. Alternate translation: “God heard Leah and answered her prayers,” or “God did what Leah had been asking him to do,”
30:17	xdn0			וַ⁠תֵּ֥לֶד לְ⁠יַעֲקֹ֖ב בֵּ֥ן חֲמִישִֽׁי	1	 Alternate translation: “and gave birth to a fifth son for Jacob.”
30:18	fb5b		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠תֹּ֣אמֶר לֵאָ֗ה	1	 Alternate translation: “Then she exclaimed,”
30:18	z46w		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	נָתַ֤ן אֱלֹהִים֙ שְׂכָרִ֔⁠י	1	Some languages must translate the noun **reward** as a verb. Do what is best in your language.
30:18	ab76			אֲשֶׁר נָתַ֥תִּי שִׁפְחָתִ֖⁠י לְ⁠אִישִׁ֑⁠י	1	 Alternate translation: “for giving my servant to my husband as another wife.”
30:18	ss6r			וַ⁠תִּקְרָ֥א שְׁמ֖⁠וֹ	1	Make sure the way you translate **his name** refers here to Leah’s baby son, not to her husband or God (who were both mentioned earlier in this verse). Alternate translation: “So she called him” or “So she gave him the name”
30:18	oroa		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	יִשָּׂשכָֽר	1	See how you translated **reward** earlier in this verse.
30:19	ryhn			וַ⁠תֵּ֥לֶד בֵּן שִׁשִּׁ֖י לְּ⁠יַעֲקֹֽב	1	 Alternate translation: “and gave birth to a sixth son for Jacob.”
30:20	klb3			וַ⁠תֹּ֣אמֶר לֵאָ֗ה	1	 Alternate translation: “Then she exclaimed,”
30:20	biow			זְבָדַ֨⁠נִי אֱלֹהִ֥ים אֹתִ⁠י֮ זֵ֣בֶד טוֹב֒	1	 Alternate translation: “God has given me a precious gift”
30:20	zk5n			הַ⁠פַּ֨עַם֙ יִזְבְּלֵ֣⁠נִי אִישִׁ֔⁠י	1	 Alternate translation: “so now my husband will honor me”
30:20	q7rh			כִּֽי יָלַ֥דְתִּי ל֖⁠וֹ שִׁשָּׁ֣ה בָנִ֑ים	1	 Alternate translation: “because I have given him six sons.”
30:20	mxru			וַ⁠תִּקְרָ֥א אֶת שְׁמ֖⁠וֹ	1	Make sure the way you translate **his name** refers here to Leah’s baby son, not to her husband (who was mentioned in the previous sentence). Alternate translation: “So she called him” or “So she named that son” or “So she gave him the name”
30:20	aj41		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	זְבֻלֽוּן	1	See how you translated **honor** earlier in this verse.
30:21	rvvm			וְ⁠אַחַ֖ר	1	 Alternate translation: “Sometime later”
30:21	hfmr			יָ֣לְדָה בַּ֑ת	1	 Alternate translation: “Leah gave birth to a daughter” or “she had a daughter”
30:21	xin3			וַ⁠תִּקְרָ֥א אֶת שְׁמָ֖⁠הּ דִּינָֽה	1	 Alternate translation: “and called her Dinah.” or “whom she named Dinah.”
30:22	zgp4			וַ⁠יִּזְכֹּ֥ר אֱלֹהִ֖ים אֶת רָחֵ֑ל	1	Make sure that your translation of this phrase does not imply that God forgot about Rachel. See how you translated a similar phrase in Gen 8:1. Alternate translation: “God had kept Rachel in mind,”
30:22	aigs			וַ⁠יִּשְׁמַ֤ע אֵלֶ֨י⁠הָ֙ אֱלֹהִ֔ים	1	See how you translated **listened to** in verses 6 and 17. Alternate translation: “so he heard her requests” or “so he did what she had been asking him to do”
30:22	gu2l		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וַ⁠יִּפְתַּ֖ח אֶת רַחְמָֽ⁠הּ	1	See how you translated this idiom in Gen 29:31. Alternate translation: “and made it so that she could conceive.”
30:23	wisk			וַ⁠תַּ֖הַר	1	Consider whether it is more natural in your language to begin a new sentence here or to continue the sentence from verse 22. Alternate translation: “so that finally she conceived” or “So Rachel became pregnant”
30:23	e0bt			וַ⁠תֵּ֣לֶד בֵּ֑ן	1	 Alternate translation: “and gave birth to a son,”
30:23	h8n8			וַ⁠תֹּ֕אמֶר	1	Consider whether or not it is more natural in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “Then she said”
30:23	nxcu			אָסַ֥ף אֱלֹהִ֖ים אֶת חֶרְפָּתִֽ⁠י	1	 Alternate translation: “God has removed my shame” or “God has made it so that I am no longer barren and humiliated!”
30:24	m2mb			וַ⁠תִּקְרָ֧א אֶת שְׁמ֛⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “She called her son” or “She gave him the name”
30:24	hdzd		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	יוֹסֵ֖ף	1	If you include the meaning of Joseph’s name here in your translation or in a footnote, make sure it matches the way you translate what Rachel says next.
30:24	ogv3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	לֵ⁠אמֹ֑ר	1	For some languages it is more natural to put the last half of verse 24 first in the verse and say, “She also said, “May Yahweh add/give another son to me.” So she named that/her son Joseph, which means “may he add/give another.”” Do what is best in your language.
30:24	vyef			יֹסֵ֧ף יְהוָ֛ה לִ֖⁠י בֵּ֥ן אַחֵֽר	1	 Alternate translation: “I ask that Yahweh will give me another son.” or “I ask Yahweh to give me another son.”
30:25	oxkt			וַ⁠יְהִ֕י כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֛ר יָלְדָ֥ה רָחֵ֖ל אֶת יוֹסֵ֑ף	1	 Alternate translation: “Soon after Rachel gave birth to Joseph,”
30:25	nh79			וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר יַעֲקֹב֙ אֶל לָבָ֔ן	1	 Alternate translation: “Jacob went to Laban and said to him,”
30:25	r0t7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-politeness	שַׁלְּחֵ֨⁠נִי֙	1	Make sure that your translation of Jacob’s request here sounds polite, not rude or disrespectful. It should also not sound like he is begging or pleading. See how you translated the same request in Gen 24:54. Alternate translation: “Please send me on my way,”
30:25	q6wg			וְ⁠אֵ֣לְכָ֔ה אֶל מְקוֹמִ֖⁠י וּ⁠לְ⁠אַרְצִֽ⁠י	1	 Alternate translation: “so that I may return to my own home in my own country.” or “so that I can go to my homeland.”
30:26	yb97			תְּנָ֞⁠ה אֶת נָשַׁ֣⁠י וְ⁠אֶת יְלָדַ֗⁠י	1	 Alternate translation: “Let me have my wives and my children”
30:26	ocvf			אֲשֶׁ֨ר עָבַ֧דְתִּי אֹֽתְ⁠ךָ֛ בָּ⁠הֵ֖ן	1	 Alternate translation: “whom I have finished serving you for,”
30:26	m9jz			וְ⁠אֵלֵ֑כָה	1	 Alternate translation: “so that I may leave with them.” or “and let me go with them.” or “so that I can take them with me.”
30:26	ztkv			כִּ֚י אַתָּ֣ה יָדַ֔עְתָּ	1	Consider whether it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here or to continue the previous sentence. Alternate translation: “because you yourself know”
30:26	o0s7			אֶת עֲבֹדָתִ֖⁠י אֲשֶׁ֥ר עֲבַדְתִּֽי⁠ךָ	1	 Alternate translation: “that I have served you well” or “how well I have served you.” or “how faithfully I have worked for you.”
30:27	vals		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר אֵלָי⁠ו֙ לָבָ֔ן	1	 Alternate translation: “But Laban responded to Jacob,”
30:27	s3ax		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	אִם נָ֛א מָצָ֥אתִי חֵ֖ן בְּ⁠עֵינֶ֑י⁠ךָ	1	 Alternate translation: “If you are pleased with me, please stay,” or “Please be gracious to me and stay,” or “Please do me a favor and do not go,”
30:27	hsr3			נִחַ֕שְׁתִּי	1	The word **divination** refers to trying to find out information by looking at signs (omens) and interpreting them either by God’s power (Gen 44:5, 15) or by witchcraft and false gods (Ezekiel 21:21). Laban may have consulted his household gods (mentioned in Gen 31:19, 30). It could also be that Laban meant that he had figured this out simply by observing how God had blessed him through Jacob’s expert tending of his flocks. Alternate translation: “because I have learned from experience”
30:27	csrq			וַ⁠יְבָרֲכֵ֥⁠נִי יְהוָ֖ה	1	 Alternate translation: “that Yahweh has caused me to prosper”
30:27	gbcy			בִּ⁠גְלָלֶֽ⁠ךָ	1	 Alternate translation: “because you have been working for me.”
30:28	b7cr		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּאמַ֑ר	1	Some translations delete this quote margin, since the same person is still speaking to the same person as in the previous verse. However it could be that there was a pause in the conversation, or the author may want to show that there is a change in topic or emphasize what is said next. So if possible, it is best to keep the quote margin here in your translation. Alternate translation: “Then he said to him,” or “Then Laban added,”
30:28	ci7k			נָקְבָ֧⁠ה שְׂכָרְ⁠ךָ֛ עָלַ֖⁠י וְ⁠אֶתֵּֽנָה	1	See how you translated **wages** in Gen 29:15. Alternate translation: “Tell me what you want your wages to be, and that is what I will give you.” or “Tell me what you want me to pay you, and I will give that to you.” or “Set your wages, and that is what they will be.”
30:29	efcn		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר אֵלָ֔י⁠ו	1	 Alternate translation: “Jacob said to him”
30:29	vh3k			אַתָּ֣ה יָדַ֔עְתָּ אֵ֖ת אֲשֶׁ֣ר עֲבַדְתִּ֑י⁠ךָ	1	See how you translated “you yourself know” in verse 26. Alternate translation: “You yourself know how well I have worked for you”
30:29	gb7m			וְ⁠אֵ֛ת אֲשֶׁר הָיָ֥ה מִקְנְ⁠ךָ֖	1	 Alternate translation: “and how well your flocks have fared”
30:29	ra7s			אִתִּֽ⁠י	1	 Alternate translation: “ever since I have been taking care of them.” or “while I have been tending them.”
30:30	sjrl			כִּ֡י מְעַט֩ אֲשֶׁר הָיָ֨ה לְ⁠ךָ֤ לְ⁠פָנַ⁠י֙ וַ⁠יִּפְרֹ֣ץ לָ⁠רֹ֔ב	1	 Alternate translation: “Before I came, you had very little wealth, but now you are prospering abundantly” or “The few animals that you owned before I came have increased greatly.” or “Before I worked for you, you owned very few animals, but now you have a huge number of animals.”
30:30	rig7			וַ⁠יְבָ֧רֶךְ יְהוָ֛ה אֹתְ⁠ךָ֖	1	See how you translated **blessed** in verse 27. Alternate translation: “That is how Yahweh has prospered you” or “Yes, Yahweh has prospered you”
30:30	izhx		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	לְ⁠רַגְלִ֑⁠י	1	 Alternate translation: “because I am here.” or “because I have been working for you.”
30:30	kjib		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	וְ⁠עַתָּ֗ה מָתַ֛י אֶֽעֱשֶׂ֥ה גַם אָנֹכִ֖י לְ⁠בֵיתִֽ⁠י	1	Jacob uses a rhetorical question here to express his strong feelings. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “But now I need to also provide for my own household”
30:31	m4eg		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֖אמֶר	1	 Alternate translation: “So Laban asked Jacob,” or “Laban responded,”
30:31	vxeh			מָ֣ה אֶתֶּן לָ֑⁠ךְ	1	 Alternate translation: “What do you want me to give you so that you will stay and work for me?” or “What can I give you to persuade you to stay here?”
30:31	wuxp		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר יַעֲקֹב֙	1	 Alternate translation: “Jacob replied,”
30:31	jax2			לֹא תִתֶּן לִ֣⁠י מְא֔וּמָה	1	 Alternate translation: “Do not give me anything.” or “You do not need to give me anything.”
30:31	l8g9			אִם תַּֽעֲשֶׂה לִּ⁠י֙ הַ⁠דָּבָ֣ר הַ⁠זֶּ֔ה	1	 Alternate translation: “But if you will do this one thing for me,”
30:31	vxy0			אָשׁ֛וּבָה אֶרְעֶ֥ה צֹֽאנְ⁠ךָ֖ אֶשְׁמֹֽר	1	See how you translated “watches over” in Gen 28:20. Alternate translation: “I will continue to tend and watch over your flocks:” or “I will keep taking care of your flocks:”
30:32	atgi			אֶֽעֱבֹ֨ר בְּ⁠כָל צֹֽאנְ⁠ךָ֜ הַ⁠יּ֗וֹם	1	 Alternate translation: “Let me go through all your flocks today” or “Today I will go through all your sheep and goats”
30:32	c1ev			הָסֵ֨ר מִ⁠שָּׁ֜ם	1	 Alternate translation: “and take away from them”
30:32	sir5			כָּל שֶׂ֣ה נָקֹ֣ד וְ⁠טָל֗וּא וְ⁠כָל שֶׂה חוּם֙ בַּ⁠כְּשָׂבִ֔ים	1	The Hebrew word for **speckled** refers to small spots, whereas **spotted** refers to medium-sized and bigger spots. In that part of the world, most sheep were white and most goats were solid brown or black. So Jacob was asking for the irregular animals for himself, including white sheep with dark marks, dark-colored goats with light marks and dark-colored lambs. You could put some of this information in a footnote. Alternate translation: “all the lambs that have speckles or spots, or that are dark-colored,”
30:32	zmbe			וְ⁠טָל֥וּא וְ⁠נָקֹ֖ד בָּ⁠עִזִּ֑ים	1	 Alternate translation: “and all the kid goats that are spotted or speckled.”
30:32	u4ob			וְ⁠הָיָ֖ה שְׂכָרִֽ⁠י	1	 Alternate translation: “They will be my wages” or “Those animals will be my wages”
30:33	b07z		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	וְ⁠עָֽנְתָה בִּ֤⁠י צִדְקָתִ⁠י֙ בְּ⁠י֣וֹם מָחָ֔ר	1	The phrase **my righteousness** is referred to here as if it can testify like a person can. Some languages cannot personify righteousness like that. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “Also, in the future you will know whether or not I am being honest” or “That way too, in the future it will be easy for everyone to know whether or not I am being honest”
30:33	ppfp		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	כִּֽי תָב֥וֹא עַל שְׂכָרִ֖⁠י לְ⁠פָנֶ֑י⁠ךָ	1	For some languages it is more natural to move this clause earlier in this sentence and say, “Also, in the future, whenever you check the animals you have paid/given me, you will know whether or not I am being honest.” Do what is best in your own language. Alternate translation: “whenever you check the animals you have given me.”
30:33	sw5u			כֹּ֣ל אֲשֶׁר אֵינֶ⁠נּוּ֩ נָקֹ֨ד וְ⁠טָל֜וּא בָּֽ⁠עִזִּ֗ים וְ⁠חוּם֙ בַּ⁠כְּשָׂבִ֔ים	1	 Alternate translation: “If you see that I have any sheep or goats that are not speckled or spotted or any sheep that are not dark-colored,” or “If you see any sheep or goats among my flocks that do not have speckles or spots or any sheep that are not dark-colored,”
30:33	pa6c			גָּנ֥וּב ה֖וּא אִתִּֽ⁠י	1	 Alternate translation: “it will be obvious that I stole them from you.”
30:34	bdlq		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֥אמֶר לָבָ֖ן	1	 Alternate translation: “Laban said to him,”
30:34	mv46			הֵ֑ן	1	 Alternate translation: “Yes,” or “I agree with that;”
30:34	ujkw			ל֖וּ יְהִ֥י כִ⁠דְבָרֶֽ⁠ךָ	1	 Alternate translation: “we will do exactly what you have said”
30:35	r5ln		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast	וַ⁠יָּ֣סַר בַּ⁠יּוֹם֩ הַ⁠ה֨וּא	1	Make sure your translation of **he** in this clause refers to Laban, not Jacob (as verse 36 confirms). Also, what Laban does in verse 35 does not follow the agreement he just made with Jacob in verses 32-34. Alternate translation: “But that very day, he removed from his flocks”
30:35	c75v			אֶת הַ⁠תְּיָשִׁ֜ים הָֽ⁠עֲקֻדִּ֣ים וְ⁠הַ⁠טְּלֻאִ֗ים וְ⁠אֵ֤ת כָּל הָֽ⁠עִזִּים֙ הַ⁠נְּקֻדּ֣וֹת וְ⁠הַ⁠טְּלֻאֹ֔ת	1	 Alternate translation: “all the he-goats that had streaks or spots, and all the she-goats that had speckles or spots,”
30:35	fnxm			כֹּ֤ל אֲשֶׁר לָבָן֙ בּ֔⁠וֹ	1	The goats were normally dark brown or black, so if they had streaks or spots on them those marks would be white. In the Hebrew text, there is a pun (play-on-words) in verses 35 and 37: the name “Laban” means **white**, so verse 35 literally says that any goats with “Laban” (**white**) on them became Jacob’s. You could include that information in a footnote. Alternate translation: “any that had any white marks on them,”
30:35	atss			וְ⁠כָל ח֖וּם בַּ⁠כְּשָׂבִ֑ים	1	 Alternate translation: “as well as all the lambs that were dark-colored.”
30:35	cm2l		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וַ⁠יִּתֵּ֖ן בְּ⁠יַד בָּנָֽי⁠ו	1	 Alternate translation: “Then he had his sons tend them,” or “Then he put his sons in charge of them,”
30:36	r9y9			וַ⁠יָּ֗שֶׂם דֶּ֚רֶךְ שְׁלֹ֣שֶׁת יָמִ֔ים בֵּינ֖⁠וֹ וּ⁠בֵ֣ין יַעֲקֹ֑ב	1	 Alternate translation: “and he and his sons took those animals a three-day walking distance away from Jacob.”
30:36	ueil			וְ⁠יַעֲקֹ֗ב רֹעֶ֛ה אֶת צֹ֥אן לָבָ֖ן הַ⁠נּוֹתָרֹֽת	1	See how you translated **tending** in verse 31 and Gen 13:7.
30:37	h28b		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknowns	לִבְנֶ֛ה & וְ⁠ל֣וּז וְ⁠עֶרְמ֑וֹן	1	If the three kinds of trees are not known in your language area, you could transliterate the names of the trees or be more general and leave out the names (if they are too distracting). Alternate translation: “from poplar trees, hazel trees, and plane trees,” or “from three different kinds of trees,”
30:37	b4o7			וַ⁠יְפַצֵּ֤ל בָּ⁠הֵן֙ פְּצָל֣וֹת לְבָנ֔וֹת	1	 Alternate translation: “and peeled off long pieces of bark,” or “and made white stripes on them by stripping off long pieces of bark,”
30:37	l8bu			מַחְשֹׂף֙ הַ⁠לָּבָ֔ן אֲשֶׁ֖ר עַל הַ⁠מַּקְלֽוֹת	1	 Alternate translation: “which showed the white wood under the bark.” or “so that the white wood that was inside the branches was exposed”
30:38	nguj			וַ⁠יַּצֵּ֗ג אֶת הַ⁠מַּקְלוֹת֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר פִּצֵּ֔ל בָּ⁠רֳהָטִ֖ים בְּ⁠שִֽׁקֲת֣וֹת הַ⁠מָּ֑יִם	1	See how you translated “trough” in Gen 24:20. Alternate translation: “Then he set those striped branches in all the stone drinking tubs”
30:38	eo6s			אֲשֶׁר֩ תָּבֹ֨אןָ הַ⁠צֹּ֤אן לִ⁠שְׁתּוֹת֙	1	The way you translate this should allow for the fact that the animals came to the watering troughs repeatedly or regularly throughout the day, not just one time.
30:38	v4og			לְ⁠נֹ֣כַח הַ⁠צֹּ֔אן	1	 Alternate translation: “in front of them.” or “so that the flocks would see the branches there.”
30:38	owls			וַ⁠יֵּחַ֖מְנָה בְּ⁠בֹאָ֥⁠ן לִ⁠שְׁתּֽוֹת	1	The way you translate this clause will determine whether you begin the next verse with a conjunction (“and” or “so”) or without a conjunction. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “The flocks often mated when they came to the tubs to drink,” or “That way, whenever the animals that were ready to breed came to the tubs to drink,”
30:39	u4ep			וַ⁠יֶּחֱמ֥וּ הַ⁠צֹּ֖אן אֶל הַ⁠מַּקְל֑וֹת	1	Make sure your translation of the verbs in this verse refers to a repeated or habitual activity, not a one-time event. Alternate translation: “so they would mate in front of the branches,” or “they would mate where they could see the branches,” or “they would see the branches as they were breeding,”
30:39	dcdv		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠תֵּלַ֣דְןָ הַ⁠צֹּ֔אן עֲקֻדִּ֥ים נְקֻדִּ֖ים וּ⁠טְלֻאִֽים	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. See how you translated **speckled** and **spotted** in verses 32-33 and 35. Also consider what is the most natural way in your language to refer to the flocks in verses 38 and 39. Alternate translation: “As a result, they would bear offspring that were streaked or speckled or spotted.”
30:40	gkje		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וַ֠⁠יִּתֵּן פְּנֵ֨י הַ⁠צֹּ֧אן אֶל	1	The Hebrew text uses an idiom here that means Jacob put the marked and unmarked animals together (so that they would mate).
30:40	m70y			עָקֹ֛ד וְ⁠כָל ח֖וּם	1	See how you translated **streaked** in verses 35 and 39, and how you translated **dark-colored** in verses 32-33 and 35. Alternate translation: “all the striped animals and dark-colored animals”
30:40	ch5g		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	בְּ⁠צֹ֣אן לָבָ֑ן	1	You may need to make it explicit in your translation why Jacob put the unmarked sheep and goats with Laban’s streaked and spotted animals, so that people understand what Jacob was doing.
30:40	hpgv			וַ⁠יָּֽשֶׁת ל֤⁠וֹ עֲדָרִים֙ לְ⁠בַדּ֔⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “In that way, over time he made separate flocks of sheep and goats for himself”
30:41	q7lz			וְ⁠הָיָ֗ה בְּ⁠כָל	1	This verse includes more details about what Jacob was doing on a regular basis. Alternate translation: “So whenever”
30:41	dqo7			הַ⁠צֹּ֣אן הַ⁠מְקֻשָּׁרוֹת֒	1	 Alternate translation: “the best female animals” or “the hardy female sheep and goats”
30:41	feod			יַחֵם֮	1	See how you translated this phrase in verse 38. Alternate translation: “were ready to breed,”
30:41	ez3q			וְ⁠שָׂ֨ם יַעֲקֹ֧ב אֶת הַ⁠מַּקְל֛וֹת & בָּ⁠רֳהָטִ֑ים	1	See how you translated a similar clause in verse 38. Alternate translation: “Jacob set the striped branches in the watering tubs”
30:41	wc1b		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-purpose	לְ⁠עֵינֵ֥י הַ⁠צֹּ֖אן & לְ⁠יַחְמֵ֖⁠נָּה בַּ⁠מַּקְלֽוֹת	1	See how you translated **mate** and **the branches** in verse 39. Alternate translation: “in front of those animals so that they would see the branches as they were breeding.” or “so that as they were mating, they would see the branches.”
30:42	cjoa		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast	וּ⁠בְ⁠הַעֲטִ֥יף הַ⁠צֹּ֖אן	1	 Alternate translation: “But whenever the feeble female animals were ready to mate”
30:42	fave		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	לֹ֣א יָשִׂ֑ים	1	 Alternate translation: “Jacob did not set the branches in the tubs.”
30:42	cfdt		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	הָ⁠עֲטֻפִים֙	1	 Alternate translation: “the young from the feeble animals”
30:42	e9iw		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וְ⁠הַ⁠קְּשֻׁרִ֖ים	1	See how you translated **strong** in verse 41. Alternate translation: “and the young from the hardy animals”
30:42	t112			לְ⁠יַעֲקֹֽב	1	 Alternate translation: “went to Jacob,”
30:43	pyxq			וַ⁠יִּפְרֹ֥ץ הָ⁠אִ֖ישׁ	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Also, see how you translated **prospered** in verse 30. Alternate translation: “So Jacob became very wealthy” or “As a result, Jacob became very rich”
30:43	jzz1			וַֽ⁠יְהִי ל⁠וֹ֙ צֹ֣אן רַבּ֔וֹת	1	For some languages it is more natural to begin a new sentence here. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “and owned large flocks of sheep and goats,” or “He owned many sheep and goats,”
30:43	osfb			וּ⁠שְׁפָחוֹת֙ וַ⁠עֲבָדִ֔ים וּ⁠גְמַלִּ֖ים וַ⁠חֲמֹרִֽים	1	See how you translated “maidservants,” “menservants,” “camels,” and **donkeys** in Gen 12:16 and 24:35.
31:1	y7ho			וַ⁠יִּשְׁמַ֗ע	1	 Alternate translation: “Then one day someone told Jacob”
31:1	wgio			לָקַ֣ח יַעֲקֹ֔ב אֵ֖ת כָּל אֲשֶׁ֣ר לְ⁠אָבִ֑י⁠נוּ	1	 Alternate translation: “Jacob has taken for himself all that our father owned,”
31:1	v4h5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	וּ⁠מֵ⁠אֲשֶׁ֣ר לְ⁠אָבִ֔י⁠נוּ עָשָׂ֕ה אֵ֥ת כָּל הַ⁠כָּבֹ֖ד הַ⁠זֶּֽה	1	This clause forms a parallelism with the previous clause and emphasizes Laban’s sons’ complaint against Jacob. The phrase **all this wealth** especially refers to all the livestock that Jacob had gained during the years he worked for Laban.
31:2	kjjj			וַ⁠יַּ֥רְא יַעֲקֹ֖ב	1	 Alternate translation: “Jacob also saw”
31:2	iwy4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	אֶת פְּנֵ֣י לָבָ֑ן וְ⁠הִנֵּ֥ה אֵינֶ֛⁠נּוּ עִמּ֖⁠וֹ כִּ⁠תְמ֥וֹל שִׁלְשֽׁוֹם	1	The clause **he was not with him** is used here as an idiom that means Laban was no longer happy with Jacob or that he no longer liked him. Consider whether your language has a similar idiom that fits well here. Alternate translation: “that Laban no longer looked at him in a friendly way like he did previously” or “that Laban was no longer happy with him like he was previously” or “that Laban no longer acted kind toward him the way he did in the past.”
31:3	f1ff		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר יְהוָה֙ אֶֽל יַעֲקֹ֔ב	1	 Alternate translation: “Then Yahweh commanded Jacob,”
31:3	txcg			שׁ֛וּב אֶל אֶ֥רֶץ אֲבוֹתֶ֖י⁠ךָ וּ⁠לְ⁠מוֹלַדְתֶּ֑⁠ךָ	1	 Alternate translation: “Return to the land where your ancestors lived and where your other relatives also live,”
31:3	nssb			וְ⁠אֶֽהְיֶ֖ה עִמָּֽ⁠ךְ	1	See how you translated this clause in Gen 26:3 and how you translated similar clauses in Gen 26:8, 24; 28:15. Alternate translation: “and I will stay with you and bless you.”
31:4	uryr			וַ⁠יִּשְׁלַ֣ח יַעֲקֹ֔ב וַ⁠יִּקְרָ֖א לְ⁠רָחֵ֣ל וּ⁠לְ⁠לֵאָ֑ה הַ⁠שָּׂדֶ֖ה	1	See how you translated **sent and called for** in Gen 27:42. Alternate translation: “So Jacob sent for Rachel and Leah to come to the pasture” or “Then Jacob sent a message to Rachel and Leah that they should meet him in the pasture”
31:4	xk35			אֶל צֹאנֽ⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “where he was tending his flocks of sheep and goats.”
31:5	zcua		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר לָ⁠הֶ֗ן	1	Consider whether in your language it is necessary to make explicit that Rachel and Leah had come to Jacob before he spoke to them. Alternate translation: “There he told them,”
31:5	gsb5			אֶת פְּנֵ֣י אֲבִי⁠כֶ֔ן כִּֽי אֵינֶ֥⁠נּוּ אֵלַ֖⁠י כִּ⁠תְמֹ֣ל שִׁלְשֹׁ֑ם	1	See how you translated a similar clause in verse 2. Alternate translation: “that your father no longer looks at me in a kind way like he did in the past,” or “that your father is no longer happy with me as he was previously” or “that your father no longer acts friendly toward me the way he did before,”
31:5	hvoc			וֵֽ⁠אלֹהֵ֣י אָבִ֔⁠י	1	See how you translated “the God of …” in Gen 28:13. Alternate translation: “but the God whom my father worships” or “but the God who takes care of my father”
31:5	ocbl		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	הָיָ֖ה עִמָּדִֽ⁠י	1	See how you translated the idiom “be with you” in verse 3. Alternate translation: “has stayed with me and has blessed me.”
31:6	qxli		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual	וְ⁠אַתֵּ֖נָה יְדַעְתֶּ֑ן	1	In the Hebrew text, **you** is an emphatic pronoun. Also, some languages have a special dual pronoun that fits here well. Do what is best in your language.
31:6	pvt6			כִּ֚י בְּ⁠כָל כֹּחִ֔⁠י עָבַ֖דְתִּי אֶת אֲבִי⁠כֶֽן	1	 Alternate translation: “that I have served your father with all my might” or “that I have tried as hard as I could to serve your father well,” or “how I have worked for your father as faithfully as I could,”
31:7	w4hj			וַ⁠אֲבִי⁠כֶן֙ הֵ֣תֶל בִּ֔⁠י	1	 Alternate translation: “but in spite of that, he has deceived me” or “but yet he has treated me unfairly”
31:7	umvt			וְ⁠הֶחֱלִ֥ף אֶת מַשְׂכֻּרְתִּ֖⁠י עֲשֶׂ֣רֶת מֹנִ֑ים	1	 Alternate translation: “and ten times he has changed what he said that he would pay me.”
31:7	k1rd			וְ⁠לֹֽא נְתָנ֣⁠וֹ אֱלֹהִ֔ים לְ⁠הָרַ֖ע עִמָּדִֽ⁠י	1	In this context, **harm** especially refers to financial harm, but it can also include physical harm. Alternate translation: “However, God has not permitted him to harm me.” or “But God has kept him from hurting me.” or “But God has protected me so that he could not hurt me.”
31:8	q29t			אִם כֹּ֣ה יֹאמַ֗ר	1	The examples Jacob is describing in verse 8 took place repeatedly (as verse 7 indicates). Alternate translation: “For example, if he told me”
31:8	wbtt		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations	נְקֻדִּים֙ יִהְיֶ֣ה שְׂכָרֶ֔⁠ךָ	1	Consider whether it is best in your language to translate this embedded quote as a direct or indirect quote. Also, see how you translated **speckled** in Gen 30:32, 33, 35, 39. Alternate translation: “that only the speckled animals would be my pay,” or “that he would pay me by giving me only the animals with speckles on them,”
31:8	m5nt		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וְ⁠יָלְד֥וּ כָל הַ⁠צֹּ֖אן	1	 Alternate translation: “then all the female animals in the flocks gave birth to” or “then all the female sheep and goats gave birth to”
31:8	minm			נְקֻדִּ֑ים	1	 Alternate translation: “speckled babies.” or “young that were speckled.”
31:8	qdhx			וְ⁠אִם כֹּ֣ה יֹאמַ֗ר	1	 Alternate translation: “But if he said to me” or “Then if he changed his mind and told me”
31:8	av4b		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations	עֲקֻדִּים֙ יִהְיֶ֣ה שְׂכָרֶ֔⁠ךָ	1	See how you translated **streaked** in Gen 30:35, 39, 40. Alternate translation: “that only the striped animals would be my pay,” or “that he would pay me by giving me only the animals with stripes on them,”
31:8	bhhl			וְ⁠יָלְד֥וּ כָל־הַ⁠צֹּ֖אן	2	 Alternate translation: “then all the females in the flocks gave birth to” or “then all the female sheep and goats had”
31:8	lrxh			עֲקֻדִּֽים	1	 Alternate translation: “striped young” or “young that had stripes on them.”
31:9	igfi			אֶת מִקְנֵ֥ה אֲבִי⁠כֶ֖ם	1	The term **livestock** usually includes all kinds of domestic animals, but in this context it refers to the sheep and goats that Jacob was taking care of for Laban. Alternate translation: “many of the animals that belonged to your father”
31:9	s89z			וַ⁠יִּתֶּן לִֽ⁠י	1	 Alternate translation: “and gave them to me instead.”
31:10	lj7l			וַ⁠יְהִ֗י	1	 Alternate translation: “One night”
31:10	oqna			בְּ⁠עֵת֙	1	 Alternate translation: “during the time” or “during the time of year”
31:10	nw40			יַחֵ֣ם הַ⁠צֹּ֔אן	1	 Alternate translation: “that the female sheep and goats were in heat,” or “that the flocks of sheep and goats were mating”
31:10	dbn3			וָ⁠אֶשָּׂ֥א עֵינַ֛⁠י וָ⁠אֵ֖רֶא בַּ⁠חֲל֑וֹם וְ⁠הִנֵּ֤ה	1	The word **behold** emphasizes what Jacob saw and might also express that he was surprised at what he saw. Alternate translation: “I had a dream and in the dream I looked around and saw that”
31:10	un5t			הָֽ⁠עַתֻּדִים֙ הָ⁠עֹלִ֣ים עַל הַ⁠צֹּ֔אן	1	Some languages have special terms for male and female goats or sheep. For example, billy goats and nanny goats (for male and female goats) and rams and ewes (for male and female sheep). Choose terms in your language that are natural and well-known.
31:10	gcp9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	עֲקֻדִּ֥ים נְקֻדִּ֖ים וּ⁠בְרֻדִּֽים	1	It may be more natural to put this phrase earlier and say, “… saw that the male goats and sheep that were streaked, speckled, and spotted were the only ones that were mating with the female goats and sheep.” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “were streaked speckled, or spotted” or “had a striped, speckled, or blotched pattern in their fur”
31:11	ttd5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms	וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר אֵלַ֜⁠י מַלְאַ֧ךְ הָ⁠אֱלֹהִ֛ים בַּ⁠חֲל֖וֹם יַֽעֲקֹ֑ב	1	In some languages it is more natural to put **in the dream** earlier in this clause. Do what is best in your language. Also see how you translated **an angel of God** in Gen 21:17.
31:11	l29s		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וָ⁠אֹמַ֖ר	1	 Alternate translation: “and I responded,”
31:11	my6h			הִנֵּֽנִ⁠י	1	See how you translated this phrase in Gen 22:1 and 27:11. Alternate translation: “Here I am!” or “Yes, sir?” or “Yes, I am listening.”
31:12	vn7z		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֗אמֶר	1	 Alternate translation: “The angel said”
31:12	cck2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	שָׂא נָ֨א עֵינֶ֤י⁠ךָ	1	See how you translated this idiom in Gen 22:13. Also see how you translated Gen 22:2, another passage where Yahweh uses **Please**. Alternate translation: “Look around you” or “Look carefully”
31:12	vsue			וּ⁠רְאֵה֙	1	 Alternate translation: “and observe that”
31:12	jhzz			כָּל הָֽ⁠עַתֻּדִים֙ הָ⁠עֹלִ֣ים עַל הַ⁠צֹּ֔אן	1	See how you translated a similar phrase in verse 10.
31:12	c8mt			עֲקֻדִּ֥ים נְקֻדִּ֖ים וּ⁠בְרֻדִּ֑ים	1	See how you translated this phrase in verses 8 and 10. Alternate translation: “are streaked speckled, or spotted” or “have a streaked speckled, or spotted pattern in their fur”
31:12	rsid		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	כִּ֣י רָאִ֔יתִי	1	Sometimes an angel says **I** as God’s representative, but in this context, it seems to be Yahweh himself (in the form of an angel) who is speaking to Jacob (See verse 13). That information could be put in a footnote, and you could make “Yahweh” explicit in the text to make that clear. Alternate translation: “I, Yahweh, have caused that to happen, because I have observed”
31:12	iy7e			אֵ֛ת כָּל אֲשֶׁ֥ר לָבָ֖ן עֹ֥שֶׂה לָּֽ⁠ךְ	1	 Alternate translation: “all the wrong things that Laban has done to you.” or “all the ways that Laban has been treating you badly”
31:13	bfbx		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction	אֲשֶׁ֨ר מָשַׁ֤חְתָּ שָּׁם֙ מַצֵּבָ֔ה	1	See how you translated “poured oil on top of” in Gen 28:38 and **pillar** in Gen 28:18, 22. Alternate translation: “where you poured olive oil on top of a memorial pillar to dedicate the place to me,”
31:13	mbfn		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-term	אֲשֶׁ֨ר נָדַ֥רְתָּ לִּ֛⁠י שָׁ֖ם נֶ֑דֶר	1	See how you translated **vowed a vow** in Gen 28:20. Alternate translation: “and where you made a vow to me.”
31:13	tfiv			עַתָּ֗ה ק֥וּם צֵא֙ מִן הָ⁠אָ֣רֶץ הַ⁠זֹּ֔את	1	The phrase **get up** means that Jacob should immediately get ready to go and then leave; see how you translated this phrase in Gen 27:43. Alternate translation: “So now get up and leave this region immediately,” or “Now go at once from this land”
31:13	pbq6			וְ⁠שׁ֖וּב אֶל	1	 Alternate translation: “and travel back to”
31:13	l0op			אֶ֥רֶץ מוֹלַדְתֶּֽ⁠ךָ	1	The Hebrew word for **birth** in this phrase can also be translated as “relatives” here (as in verse 3). See how you translated this phrase in Gen 24:7. Alternate translation: “the land where you were born.” or “the land where your relatives live.” or “your native land.”
31:14	rws1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠תַּ֤עַן רָחֵל֙ וְ⁠לֵאָ֔ה וַ⁠תֹּאמַ֖רְנָה ל֑⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “Then Rachel and Leah responded to him” or “Rachel and Leah replied to him”
31:14	vutc		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	הַ⁠ע֥וֹד לָ֛⁠נוּ חֵ֥לֶק וְ⁠נַחֲלָ֖ה	1	This rhetorical question expects the answer “no.” It also expresses Rachel's and Leah’s strong emotion and emphasizes that there is nothing for them to inherit from their father. Consider whether or not a rhetorical question fits well here in your language. Alternate translation: “We no longer have any part in the inheritance” or “We will never inherit anything”
31:15	pz13		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	הֲ⁠ל֧וֹא & נֶחְשַׁ֥בְנוּ ל֖⁠וֹ	1	This rhetorical question expects the answer “yes” and expresses Rachel's and Leah’s anger at how their father treats them. Consider whether or not it is natural in your language to use a rhetorical question here. Alternate translation: “It is obvious that he regards us” or “He obviously is treating us”
31:15	zdnp			נָכְרִיּ֛וֹת	1	Make sure that the punctuation you use here fits with how you translate this rhetorical question. Alternate translation: “like outsiders and not family” or “as if we were foreigners instead of family”
31:15	xc1g			כִּ֣י מְכָרָ֑⁠נוּ	1	This sentence is an example of how Laban treated his daughters like foreigners. Alternate translation: “After all, he sold us to you,”
31:15	eovg		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וַ⁠יֹּ֥אכַל גַּם אָכ֖וֹל	1	The phrase **eaten up** is used here as an idiom that means Laban had spent or kept for himself all the wealth he had gained from Jacob’s 14 years of working for him. Many languages have a similar idiom that could be used here. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “and then he used up all”
31:15	td0t		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	אֶת כַּסְפֵּֽ⁠נוּ	1	In that culture at that time, silver was a currency used to buy and sell things. Alternate translation: “the wealth that should have been ours.” or “the money that belonged to us.”
31:16	cytc			כִּ֣י כָל הָ⁠עֹ֗שֶׁר אֲשֶׁ֨ר הִצִּ֤יל אֱלֹהִים֙ מֵֽ⁠אָבִ֔י⁠נוּ	1	 Alternate translation: “In fact, all the abundance of flocks that God has taken from our father” or “In reality, all the flocks that made our father wealthy and that God has taken from him”
31:16	kbdk			לָ֥⁠נוּ ה֖וּא וּ⁠לְ⁠בָנֵ֑י⁠נוּ	1	 Alternate translation: “actually belongs to us and our children.” or “should have been given to us and our children anyway.”
31:16	t00q			וְ⁠עַתָּ֗ה & עֲשֵֽׂה	1	The words **So now** introduce Rachel and Leah’s conclusion that is based on what they just said. Do what is best in your language to communicate that. Alternate translation: “So go ahead and do” or “So we totally agree that you should do”
31:16	ixfc			כֹּל֩ אֲשֶׁ֨ר אָמַ֧ר אֱלֹהִ֛ים אֵלֶ֖י⁠ךָ	1	 Alternate translation: “everything God has commanded you to do.” or “exactly what God told you to do.”
31:17	jyen			וַ⁠יָּ֖קָם יַעֲקֹ֑ב	1	See how you translated “get up” in verse 13. Alternate translation: “Then Jacob immediately got packed for the journey”
31:17	zvsn		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	וַ⁠יִּשָּׂ֛א אֶת בָּנָ֥י⁠ו וְ⁠אֶת נָשָׁ֖י⁠ו עַל הַ⁠גְּמַלִּֽים	1	Jacob took all his children with him, not just his sons. Alternate translation: “and helped his wives and his sons mount up onto the camels.”
31:18	wyn3			וַ⁠יִּנְהַ֣ג	1	 Alternate translation: “Then he led” or “Then he started driving”
31:18	u8ps			אֶת כָּל מִקְנֵ֗⁠הוּ וְ⁠אֶת כָּל רְכֻשׁ⁠וֹ֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר רָכָ֔שׁ מִקְנֵה֙ קִנְיָנ֔⁠וֹ אֲשֶׁ֥ר רָכַ֖שׁ	1	The word **livestock** is general here and includes all of Jacob’s animals. Alternate translation: “the camels and all his other livestock and along with them, he also took all the other possessions that he had acquired”
31:18	ci2u			בְּ⁠פַדַּ֣ן אֲרָ֑ם	1	Be consistent here with how you translated “the land/region of Paddan Aram” in Gen 25:20. Alternate translation: “while living in the land of Paddan Aram,”
31:18	wde1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	לָ⁠ב֛וֹא אֶל יִצְחָ֥ק אָבִ֖י⁠ו אַ֥רְצָ⁠ה כְּנָֽעַן	1	For some languages it is more natural to put this clause earlier in this verse and say, “Then he started driving/herding the camels and all his other animals to/toward the land/region of Canaan where his father Isaac lived. He took with him all his possessions that he had accumulated, including all the livestock that he had acquired/accumulated while living in the land/region of Paddan Aram.” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “to go to Canaan, to the home of his father Isaac.” or “to the land of Canaan, where his father Isaac lived.”
31:19	ilof		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background	וְ⁠לָבָ֣ן	1	Make sure it is clear in your translation that the events in verse 19 happened before Jacob and his family had left. Also, for some languages it is more natural to first make “the Aramean” explicit here in verse 19 rather than wait until verse 20. Do what is best in your language.
31:19	akjd			הָלַ֔ךְ לִ⁠גְזֹ֖ז אֶת צֹאנ֑⁠וֹ	1	In that culture, sheep wool was very important since it was used to make clothing and blankets. The process of shearing many sheep would have taken several days. You could include some of this information in a footnote. Alternate translation: “had gone away for several days to cut the wool off his sheep”
31:19	zdy1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וַ⁠תִּגְנֹ֣ב רָחֵ֔ל	1	Consider whether it is more natural in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “While he was gone, Rachel entered his tent and took”
31:19	vfcm		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	אֶת הַ⁠תְּרָפִ֖ים אֲשֶׁ֥ר לְ⁠אָבִֽי⁠הָ	1	These idols were statues made of wood or precious metals. They were small enough to be used in a private home. In this chapter these statues are referred to as **idols** (in verses 19, 34, 35 when the author refers to them) and “gods” (in quotes in verses 30 and 32 when Laban or Jacob talk about them). If it is confusing in your language to switch back and forth between these two terms, you could use “gods” throughout this chapter, since Laban would not have called them idols, and Jacob would not have used that term in his presence. However, if possible, it is best to translate the two terms the way the Hebrew text has them. Alternate translation: “his family gods,” or “the gods that he had”
31:20	p6en		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וַ⁠יִּגְנֹ֣ב יַעֲקֹ֔ב אֶת לֵ֥ב	1	Consider whether it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “and Jacob tricked” or “At the same time, Jacob tricked”
31:20	rlvs			לָבָ֖ן הָ⁠אֲרַמִּ֑י	1	If you used **Aramean** earlier (verse 19), it may not be natural here. Do what is best in your language. Also, see how you translated this phrase in Gen 25:20.
31:20	z6av		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	עַל בְּלִי֙ הִגִּ֣יד ל֔⁠וֹ כִּ֥י בֹרֵ֖חַ הֽוּא	1	 Alternate translation: “by not telling him that he was fleeing” or “by leaving secretly without informing him that he was leaving.”
31:21	k7p0			וַ⁠יִּבְרַ֥ח הוּא֙	1	This statement summarizes an event that already happened (See verses 18 and 20). Make sure your translation of this verse does not sound like Jacob left a second time. To make this clear you could say, “After Jacob and his family ran away with everything that they owned, they quickly crossed the Euphrates River and headed toward the hill country of Gilead.” Alternate translation: “So Jacob and his family ran away”
31:21	zuha			וְ⁠כָל	1	 Alternate translation: “with all” or “and took all”
31:21	els4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	אֲשֶׁר ל֔⁠וֹ	1	Make sure that your choice of pronouns throughout this verse fits with how you translate the beginning of this sentence. Alternate translation: “that belonged to them.” or “that he had”
31:21	bsy0		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וַ⁠יָּ֖קָם וַ⁠יַּעֲבֹ֣ר אֶת הַ⁠נָּהָ֑ר	1	The Euphrates River was also called **the River** because it was large and well-known. It was about 50 miles (80 kilometers) from Haran, where Laban lived. This information could be put in a footnote. Alternate translation: “He quickly crossed the Euphrates River”
31:21	bgnu		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וַ⁠יָּ֥שֶׂם אֶת פָּנָ֖י⁠ו	1	 Alternate translation: “and went in the direction of”
31:21	ancy			הַ֥ר הַ⁠גִּלְעָֽד	1	The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could refer to: (1) mountains or hill country; or (2) a specific mountain (“Mount Gilead”). Alternate translation: “the mountain region called Gilead.” or “the hill country called Gilead.”
31:22	luj7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	וַ⁠יֻּגַּ֥ד לְ⁠לָבָ֖ן בַּ⁠יּ֣וֹם הַ⁠שְּׁלִישִׁ֑י	1	 Alternate translation: “Three days after they had left, someone informed Laban” or “Three days later Laban found out”
31:22	pkx2			כִּ֥י בָרַ֖ח יַעֲקֹֽב	1	See how you translated “fleeing” and **fled** in verses 20-21. Alternate translation: “that Jacob and his family had run away.”
31:23	xoz7			וַ⁠יִּקַּ֤ח אֶת אֶחָי⁠ו֙ עִמּ֔⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “So Laban gathered some of his relatives”
31:23	ffai			וַ⁠יִּרְדֹּ֣ף אַחֲרָ֔י⁠ו דֶּ֖רֶךְ שִׁבְעַ֣ת יָמִ֑ים	1	 Alternate translation: “and followed after Jacob and his household for seven days”
31:23	pvgt			וַ⁠יַּדְבֵּ֥ק אֹת֖⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “until they overtook them” or “until they caught up with him”
31:23	sqte			בְּ⁠הַ֥ר הַ⁠גִּלְעָֽד	1	See how you translated this phrase in verse 21. Alternate translation: “in the mountain region called Gilead.” or “in the hill country called Gilead.”
31:24	t5xn			וַ⁠יָּבֹ֧א אֱלֹהִ֛ים אֶל לָבָ֥ן הָ⁠אֲרַמִּ֖י בַּ⁠חֲלֹ֣ם הַ⁠לָּ֑יְלָה	1	See how you translated a similar clause in Gen 20:3. Also see how you translated **Laban the Aramean** in verse 20. Alternate translation: “Then that same night God appeared to Laban in a dream” or “That night Laban had a dream and in it God appeared to him”
31:24	gmya		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism	הִשָּׁ֧מֶר לְ⁠ךָ֛ פֶּן תְּדַבֵּ֥ר עִֽם יַעֲקֹ֖ב מִ⁠טּ֥וֹב עַד רָֽע	1	God is warning Laban not to say or do anything that would harm Jacob (See verse 29). Alternate translation: “Be careful that you do not say or do anything to Jacob to try to stop him from leaving.” or “Be sure that you do not harm Jacob in any way.”
31:25	vjma		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background	וַ⁠יַּשֵּׂ֥ג לָבָ֖ן אֶֽת יַעֲקֹ֑ב	1	Make sure that the way you translate this clause does not sound like Laban overtook Jacob a second time. This is referring to what already happened in verse 23. See how you translated **overtook** there. Alternate translation: “So when Laban overtook Jacob,”
31:25	zquw		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background	וְ⁠יַעֲקֹ֗ב תָּקַ֤ע אֶֽת אָהֳל⁠וֹ֙	1	Make sure it is clear in your translation that Jacob had already pitched his tents before Laban arrived. Also see how you translated “pitched his tent” in Gen 12:8 and 26:25. Alternate translation: “Jacob and his family had already put up his tents” or “Jacob and his family had already set up camp”
31:25	inxf		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	בָּ⁠הָ֔ר	1	For some languages it is clearer and more natural to make **Gilead** explicit here (rather than later in this verse). Do what is best in your language. Also see how you translated **mountains of Gilead** in verses 21 and 23. Alternate translation: “in the mountain region of Gilead,”
31:25	w9ff			וְ⁠לָבָ֛ן & אֶת אֶחָ֖י⁠ו	1	 Alternate translation: “so Laban and all his relatives that were with him”
31:25	mj7h			תָּקַ֥ע	1	 Alternate translation: “also put up their tents” or “also camped”
31:25	rxr5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	בְּ⁠הַ֥ר הַ⁠גִּלְעָֽד	1	If you made **Gilead** explicit earlier in this verse in your translation, it may not be necessary to repeat it here. Do what is best in your language.
31:26	bzmi		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר לָבָן֙ לְ⁠יַעֲקֹ֔ב	1	See how you translated a similar quote margin in 29:25, when the roles were reversed and Jacob confronted Laban. Alternate translation: “Then the next day Laban came to Jacob and complained to Jacob” or “The next day Laban met with Jacob and rebuked Jacob and said to him,”
31:26	wmee		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	מֶ֣ה עָשִׂ֔יתָ	1	Laban uses a rhetorical question here to express his anger at Jacob. Do what is best in your language to communicate that. Alternate translation: “Why have you done this?” or “What you have done is wrong!”
31:26	v8bo		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וַ⁠תִּגְנֹ֖ב אֶת לְבָבִ֑⁠י	1	See how you translated the idiom “stole the heart of” in verse 20. Alternate translation: “You have tricked me” or “You have acted deceitfully toward me”
31:26	vx4d		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole	וַ⁠תְּנַהֵג֙ אֶת בְּנֹתַ֔⁠י	1	Laban uses exaggeration to show he is angry and to try to make Jacob feel guilty for what he did. Alternate translation: “and dragged away my daughters with you” or “and forced my daughters to leave with you”
31:26	jaxz		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	כִּ⁠שְׁבֻי֖וֹת חָֽרֶב	1	 Alternate translation: “as if you had captured them in battle!”
31:27	j32g			לָ֤⁠מָּה נַחְבֵּ֨אתָ֙ לִ⁠בְרֹ֔חַ וַ⁠תִּגְנֹ֖ב אֹתִ֑⁠י	1	 Alternate translation: “Why did you trick me and secretly run away” or “Why did you deceive me by secretly running away”
31:27	xjrc		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	וְ⁠לֹא הִגַּ֣דְתָּ לִּ֔⁠י	1	Verse 27 is one long rhetorical question in the Hebrew text that expresses Laban’s anger at Jacob. For some languages it is better to break it up into two or more sentences. Do what is best in your language, and make sure that the punctuation fits well. Alternate translation: “without telling me you were leaving!”
31:27	fe1q		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo	וָֽ⁠אֲשַׁלֵּחֲ⁠ךָ֛ בְּ⁠שִׂמְחָ֥ה וּ⁠בְ⁠שִׁרִ֖ים	1	Make sure it is clear in your translation that the events in this clause are contrary-to-fact (hypothetical). Alternate translation: “If I had known, I would have held a feast and sent you on your way, singing joyful songs together,” or “If I had known, I could have sent you on your way by having a feast and singing joyful songs together,”
31:27	b246		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	בְּ⁠תֹ֥ף וּ⁠בְ⁠כִנּֽוֹר	1	For some languages it may be better to change the order of the phrases in this sentence and say, “If I had known, we could have held a feast and sung joyful songs and danced together, with tambourines and lyres playing, before sending you on your way.” Do what is best in your language. Also, see how you translated “lyres/harps” in Gen 4:21. Alternate translation: “with tambourines and harps playing!” or “with the music of musical instruments!”
31:28	evu1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	וְ⁠לֹ֣א נְטַשְׁתַּ֔⁠נִי לְ⁠נַשֵּׁ֥ק לְ⁠בָנַ֖⁠י וְ⁠לִ⁠בְנֹתָ֑⁠י	1	For some languages, it may be more natural to mention the daughters before the children. Do what is best in your language. Also see how you translated **kiss** in Gen 27:26-27. Alternate translation: “You did not even let me kiss my daughters and my grandchildren goodbye before they left!”
31:28	xr6d			עַתָּ֖ה הִסְכַּ֥לְתָּֽ עֲשֽׂוֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “What you have done is very stupid!” or “You acted foolishly when you left secretly like that!”
31:29	qgvn		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular	יֶשׁ לְ⁠אֵ֣ל יָדִ֔⁠י לַ⁠עֲשׂ֥וֹת עִמָּ⁠כֶ֖ם רָ֑ע	1	The pronoun **you** is plural here, so it probably refers to Jacob and everyone in his household. Alternate translation: “I and my men have the ability to harm all of you,”
31:29	u6cl		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	וֵֽ⁠אלֹהֵ֨י אֲבִי⁠כֶ֜ם אֶ֣מֶשׁ	1	For some languages it may be more natural to put this time phrase later and say “ … said to me in a dream last night”. Do what is best in your language. See how you translated a similar phrase (“the God of my father”) in verse 5.
31:29	x6h6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes	אָמַ֧ר אֵלַ֣⁠י לֵ⁠אמֹ֗ר הִשָּׁ֧מֶר לְ⁠ךָ֛ מִ⁠דַּבֵּ֥ר עִֽם יַעֲקֹ֖ב מִ⁠טּ֥וֹב עַד רָֽע	1	For some languages it is necessary to make this embedded quote an indirect quote. Do what is best in your language. Also see how you translated a similar quote in verse 24. Alternate translation: “warned me to not harm you in any way.”
31:30	wnvu		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases	וְ⁠עַתָּה֙ הָלֹ֣ךְ הָלַ֔כְתָּ	1	Begin this verse in a way which shows that Laban is introducing a new topic. Also notice that **you** shifts to singular here in verse 30. Alternate translation: “Now then, I know that you left” or “Now, I know that you ran away”
31:30	f603			כִּֽי נִכְסֹ֥ף נִכְסַ֖פְתָּה	1	 Alternate translation: “because you longed so much” or “because you were very homesick”
31:30	gol4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	לְ⁠בֵ֣ית אָבִ֑י⁠ךָ	1	This phrase refers to the people in Jacob’s father’s household and other relatives living nearby. Alternate translation: “to return home to your father and other relatives,”
31:30	bjd9			לָ֥⁠מָּה גָנַ֖בְתָּ אֶת אֱלֹהָֽ⁠י	1	 Alternate translation: “but what is the reason that you stole my gods?”
31:31	zthk		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יַּ֥עַן יַעֲקֹ֖ב וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר לְ⁠לָבָ֑ן	1	 Alternate translation: “Jacob answered him,” or “Then Jacob told Laban”
31:31	ch72		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	כִּ֣י יָרֵ֔אתִי	1	Make sure it is clear here in your translation that Jacob is answering Laban’s question in verse 27, not his question in verse 30.
31:31	ozrq			כִּ֣י אָמַ֔רְתִּי	1	Consider whether it is more natural in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “I told myself that if you knew,”
31:31	w1wz		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo	פֶּן תִּגְזֹ֥ל אֶת בְּנוֹתֶ֖י⁠ךָ מֵ⁠עִמִּֽ⁠י	1	Make sure you translate this sentence in a way that shows it is hypothetical. Also see how you translated “seized” in Gen 21:25.
31:32	mwqa			עִ֠ם אֲשֶׁ֨ר תִּמְצָ֣א אֶת אֱלֹהֶי⁠ךָ֮	1	See how you translated **gods** in verse 30. Alternate translation: “However we did not steal your gods. In fact, if you find your gods with anyone here,”
31:32	ouiu			לֹ֣א יִֽחְיֶה֒	1	 Alternate translation: “that person will be put to death as punishment for stealing them!”
31:32	m3er		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive	נֶ֣גֶד אַחֵ֧י⁠נוּ	1	Make sure your translation of this phrase refers to both Jacob’s and Laban’s relatives. Alternate translation: “So with our relatives as witnesses,”
31:32	eyve			הַֽכֶּר לְ⁠ךָ֛ מָ֥ה עִמָּדִ֖⁠י	1	 Alternate translation: “search for yourself what I have with me here”
31:32	oajl			וְ⁠קַֽח לָ֑⁠ךְ	1	Consider whether it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “and take whatever you find that is yours.”
31:32	ni0a		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background	וְ⁠לֹֽא יָדַ֣ע יַעֲקֹ֔ב כִּ֥י רָחֵ֖ל גְּנָבָֽתַ⁠ם	1	Translate this background information in a way that is clear and natural in your language. Also see how you translated “stole” in verses 19 and 30.
31:33	s81h			וַ⁠יָּבֹ֨א לָבָ֜ן בְּ⁠אֹ֥הֶל יַעֲקֹ֣ב	1	See how you translated **tent** in verse 25.
31:33	i6vt			וּ⁠בְ⁠אֹ֣הֶל לֵאָ֗ה	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here.
31:33	hcfu			וּ⁠בְ⁠אֹ֛הֶל שְׁתֵּ֥י הָ⁠אֲמָהֹ֖ת	1	Consider again how you translated “slave/servant woman” in the book of Genesis. See Gen 20:17; 21:10, 12-13; 30:3; 31:33. Alternate translation: “and in the tent where the two maidservants lived,”
31:33	z7id			וְ⁠לֹ֣א מָצָ֑א	1	 Alternate translation: “but he did not find his gods.”
31:34	pn32		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background	וְ⁠רָחֵ֞ל לָקְחָ֣ה אֶת הַ⁠תְּרָפִ֗ים וַ⁠תְּשִׂמֵ֛⁠ם בְּ⁠כַ֥ר הַ⁠גָּמָ֖ל	1	This kind of saddle was used as a seat and also had compartments or bags for carrying things. Make sure it is clear in your translation that Rachel had hidden the idols before Laban entered her tent. Also see how you translated **idols** in verse 19. Alternate translation: “But Rachel had put the idols inside her camel saddlebag to hide them,” or “But Rachel had hidden the idols inside her camel saddlebag”
31:34	o2ev			וַ⁠תֵּ֣שֶׁב עֲלֵי⁠הֶ֑ם	1	 Alternate translation: “and she was sitting on the gods”
31:34	rzfz			וַ⁠יְמַשֵּׁ֥שׁ לָבָ֛ן אֶת כָּל הָ⁠אֹ֖הֶל	1	 Alternate translation: “Laban rummaged through everything else in the tent, but” or “So when Laban searched everywhere else in her tent,”
31:34	av6e			וְ⁠לֹ֥א מָצָֽא	1	For some languages, it may be better to change the order of the clauses in this sentence and say, “So Laban was not able to find them, even though he searched her tent thoroughly.” Alternate translation: “he could not find anything.” or “he did not find his idols”
31:35	ev0l		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠תֹּ֣אמֶר אֶל אָבִ֗י⁠הָ	1	 Alternate translation: “Rather Rachel had said to him,”
31:35	z6uu		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-honorifics	אַל יִ֨חַר֙ בְּ⁠עֵינֵ֣י אֲדֹנִ֔⁠י	1	Make sure you translate **my lord** in a way that is appropriate for a daughter to show respect to her father; it should not sound like she was Laban’s slave or servant. The word **burn** is used here as an idiom that means to be angry. Consider whether your language has a similar idiom that would work well here. Also see how you translated this idiom in Gen 30:2. Alternate translation: “Please do not be angry at me, sir” or “Sir please do not be angry at me”
31:35	qqhs			כִּ֣י ל֤וֹא אוּכַל֙ לָ⁠ק֣וּם מִ⁠פָּנֶ֔י⁠ךָ	1	 Alternate translation: “that I am not able to stand up to greet you,”
31:35	jr45		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism	כִּי דֶ֥רֶךְ נָשִׁ֖ים לִ֑⁠י	1	Translate this in a way that will not offend or embarrass people when this is read aloud in public. Alternate translation: “because it is that time of the month when I feel weak.” or “because I am having my monthly cycle.”
31:36	ruop		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וַ⁠יִּ֥חַר לְ⁠יַעֲקֹ֖ב	1	See how you translated the idiom “burn” in verse 35.
31:36	ocyd		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יָּ֣רֶב בְּ⁠לָבָ֑ן וַ⁠יַּ֤עַן יַעֲקֹב֙ וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר לְ⁠לָבָ֔ן	1	 Alternate translation: “and contended with him and said,” or “and rebuked him by saying to him,”
31:36	tk5y		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	מַה פִּשְׁעִ⁠י֙	1	Jacob’s rhetorical questions in this verse show that he was angry at Laban. Do what is best in your language to communicate his anger. Alternate translation: “Tell me what crime I have done”
31:36	cs49		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	מַ֣ה חַטָּאתִ֔⁠י כִּ֥י דָלַ֖קְתָּ אַחֲרָֽ⁠י	1	 Alternate translation: “How have I sinned against you so that you have a reason to pursue me so intensely” or “Tell me what sin I have committed against you that gives you the right to pursue after me!”
31:37	ywk5			כִּֽי מִשַּׁ֣שְׁתָּ אֶת כָּל כֵּלַ֗⁠י	1	See how you translated **felt through** in verse 34. Alternate translation: “Now that you have felt through all my things”
31:37	x9qo		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	מַה מָּצָ֨אתָ֙ מִ⁠כֹּ֣ל כְּלֵי בֵיתֶ֔⁠ךָ שִׂ֣ים כֹּ֔ה	1	 Alternate translation: “did you find anything that anyone took from your household? If so, bring it here” or “show us what you have found that belongs to you! If you found anything, put it here”
31:37	kayz			נֶ֥גֶד אַחַ֖⁠י וְ⁠אַחֶ֑י⁠ךָ	1	 Alternate translation: “where all our relatives can see it,”
31:37	kjcm			וְ⁠יוֹכִ֖יחוּ	1	 Alternate translation: “so that they can judge whether you or I am right!” or “and they will judge which one of us is right!”
31:38	qvip			זֶה֩ עֶשְׂרִ֨ים שָׁנָ֤ה אָנֹכִי֙ עִמָּ֔⁠ךְ	1	 Alternate translation: “For the past twenty years I have worked for you!”
31:38	k4xv			רְחֵלֶ֥י⁠ךָ וְ⁠עִזֶּ֖י⁠ךָ	1	 Alternate translation: “During those years your female sheep and goats”
31:38	ds9d			לֹ֣א שִׁכֵּ֑לוּ	1	 Alternate translation: “bore their young without any problems,”
31:38	fjxk		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וְ⁠אֵילֵ֥י צֹאנְ⁠ךָ֖ לֹ֥א אָכָֽלְתִּי	1	Make sure your translation does not sound here like Jacob is talking about eating animals while they are still alive; the animals would be killed and cooked first. Alternate translation: “and I have never killed and eaten any rams from your flocks.” or “and I never took any animals from your flocks to eat.”
31:39	izu2			טְרֵפָה֙ לֹא הֵבֵ֣אתִי אֵלֶ֔י⁠ךָ	1	 Alternate translation: “And whenever wild animals killed any of your animals, I never brought the dead animal to you to show I was innocent.”
31:39	ccqy			אָנֹכִ֣י אֲחַטֶּ֔⁠נָּה	1	Normally it was the owner of the flocks (not the shepherds) who took care of the expense when an animal was killed or stolen. You could put that information in a footnote. Alternate translation: “Rather I paid for that loss myself.” or “Rather I replaced them at my own expense.”
31:39	r3p8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	מִ⁠יָּדִ֖⁠י תְּבַקְשֶׁ֑⁠נָּה	1	Consider what is the best way to translate this idiom in your language. Alternate translation: “You also made me pay for”
31:39	m07f		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	גְּנֻֽבְתִ֣י י֔וֹם וּ⁠גְנֻֽבְתִ֖י לָֽיְלָה	1	Consider what is the best way to translate this passive clause in your language. Alternate translation: “any animals that got stolen by thieves, whether it happened in the day or at night.”
31:40	beew			הָיִ֧יתִי	1	 Alternate translation: “That is how it was for me!” or “That was my life”
31:40	kw5k		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	בַ⁠יּ֛וֹם אֲכָלַ֥⁠נִי חֹ֖רֶב	1	Consider whether or not you can talk about heat and frost in your language as if they could harm Jacob the way a person could harm him. Alternate translation: “During the day the heat of the sun pounded me,”
31:40	w4mt			וְ⁠קֶ֣רַח בַּ⁠לָּ֑יְלָה וַ⁠תִּדַּ֥ד	1	 Alternate translation: “and at night I suffered from the cold, so that I could hardly sleep.” or “and during the nights it was so cold that I could hardly sleep.”
31:41	y13m			זֶה לִּ֞⁠י	1	 Alternate translation: “That is what it was like for me”
31:41	xgae			עֶשְׂרִ֣ים שָׁנָה֮ בְּ⁠בֵיתֶ⁠ךָ֒	1	 Alternate translation: “for the twenty years that I worked for you.”
31:41	qcea			עֲבַדְתִּ֜י⁠ךָ אַרְבַּֽע עֶשְׂרֵ֤ה שָׁנָה֙ בִּ⁠שְׁתֵּ֣י בְנֹתֶ֔י⁠ךָ	1	 Alternate translation: “For fourteen years I worked for you in exchange for marrying your two daughters,”
31:41	rufm			וְ⁠שֵׁ֥שׁ שָׁנִ֖ים בְּ⁠צֹאנֶ֑⁠ךָ	1	 Alternate translation: “and for six more years I worked for you to earn flocks of sheep and goats from you,”
31:41	ujyn			וַ⁠תַּחֲלֵ֥ף אֶת מַשְׂכֻּרְתִּ֖⁠י עֲשֶׂ֥רֶת מֹנִֽים	1	See how you translated a similar phrase in verse 7. Alternate translation: “even though you changed my wages ten times.” or “even though ten times you changed what you said you would pay me.”
31:42	canx			לוּלֵ֡י אֱלֹהֵ֣י אָבִ⁠י֩ אֱלֹהֵ֨י אַבְרָהָ֜ם וּ⁠פַ֤חַד יִצְחָק֙	1	The phrase **the Fear of Isaac** is a title for God that is ambiguous in Hebrew (and English). It could mean: (1) “the One/God whom Isaac fears/reveres” or (2) “Isaac’s God whom people/others are afraid/terrified of”. The interpretation that is not used in your translation could be put in a footnote. Make sure it is clear in your translation that Jacob is only talking about one God in this verse, not two or three. Also notice that **my father** and **Isaac** both refer to Jacob’s father Isaac, not two different people. Alternate translation: “If God, the Awesome One, whom my father Isaac and grandfather Abraham serve” or “If God, whom my ancestors Abraham and Isaac serve and fear”
31:42	o6jb		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo	לוּלֵ֡י & הָ֣יָה לִ֔⁠י	1	Make sure it is clear in your translation that the events in this sentence are contrary-to-fact (hypothetical) and imply that God actually had been with Jacob, so that Laban did not send him away empty-handed. Alternate translation: “had not been with me protecting me and guiding me,”
31:42	x6l8			כִּ֥י עַתָּ֖ה & שִׁלַּחְתָּ֑⁠נִי	1	 Alternate translation: “you would certainly be sending me away now” or “there is no question that I would now be leaving here”
31:42	qxqc			רֵיקָ֣ם	1	 Alternate translation: “without anything at all.”
31:42	gt2h			אֶת עָנְיִ֞⁠י & רָאָ֥ה אֱלֹהִ֖ים	1	 Alternate translation: “But God knows how much I have suffered under you” or “But God knows how much you have oppressed me”
31:42	kibv		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	וְ⁠אֶת יְגִ֧יעַ כַּפַּ֛⁠י	1	 Alternate translation: “and the hard work I did with my hands for you,”
31:42	wm13			וַ⁠יּ֥וֹכַח אָֽמֶשׁ	1	See how you translated “judge” in verse 37. It may be necessary to translate this word in different ways, depending on the context. Alternate translation: “so last night he judged against you in my favor.”
31:43	j6mw		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יַּ֨עַן לָבָ֜ן וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר אֶֽל יַעֲקֹ֗ב	1	 Alternate translation: “Laban replied to Jacob,”
31:43	anon			הַ⁠בָּנ֨וֹת בְּנֹתַ֜⁠י וְ⁠הַ⁠בָּנִ֤ים בָּנַ⁠י֙	1	 Alternate translation: “These are my daughters and my grandchildren,”
31:43	c90y			וְ⁠הַ⁠צֹּ֣אן צֹאנִ֔⁠י	1	 Alternate translation: “and these flocks also belong to me.”
31:43	l7ol		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole	וְ⁠כֹ֛ל אֲשֶׁר אַתָּ֥ה רֹאֶ֖ה לִ⁠י	1	Laban is lying or exaggerating here to make it sound like he was wronged, when actually he is the one who was dishonest in his dealings with Jacob. Alternate translation: “In fact, everything that you see here is mine!” or “Yes, everything that is here with you is actually mine!”
31:43	p48f		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	וְ⁠לִ⁠בְנֹתַ֞⁠י מָֽה־אֶֽעֱשֶׂ֤ה לָ⁠אֵ֨לֶּה֙ הַ⁠יּ֔וֹם א֥וֹ לִ⁠בְנֵי⁠הֶ֖ן אֲשֶׁ֥ר יָלָֽדוּ	1	Laban uses this rhetorical question to express his emotions and emphasize that there is nothing that he can do. Consider whether or not a rhetorical question fits well here in your language. Alternate translation: “But there is nothing I can do now to keep my daughters and grandchildren from leaving!”
31:44	qc32		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	וְ⁠עַתָּ֗ה לְכָ֛⁠ה נִכְרְתָ֥ה בְרִ֖ית אֲנִ֣י וָ⁠אָ֑תָּה	1	For some languages it may be more natural to put **I** and **you** earlier in the sentence. Do what is best in your language. Also see how you translated **So now** in verse 16 and **cut a covenant** in Gen 26:28. Alternate translation: “So then, you and I should make a peace covenant with each other,” or “So I invite you to make a covenant with me,”
31:44	e2ml			וְ⁠הָיָ֥ה	1	The subject of the Hebrew verb in this phrase is masculine singular, so it cannot refer to “covenant,” which is feminine singular. It is probably best to translate this phrase in a general way. Alternate translation: “and let there be”
31:44	hw1b		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive	לְ⁠עֵ֖ד בֵּינִ֥⁠י וּ⁠בֵינֶֽ⁠ךָ	1	If your language has a dual pronoun for **us**, you could use it in this verse. Also, if your language distinguishes exclusive and inclusive pronouns, you could use the inclusive form of **us** here. Alternate translation: “a memorial to remind us of our covenant” or “something to remind us to keep that covenant”
31:45	o8yl			וַ⁠יִּקַּ֥ח יַעֲקֹ֖ב אָ֑בֶן	1	See how you translated **stone** in Gen 28:18.
31:45	szb8			וַ⁠יְרִימֶ֖⁠הָ מַצֵּבָֽה	1	See how you translated **pillar** in verse 13 and **set it up as a pillar** in Gen 28:18, 22. Alternate translation: “and stood it up on its end as a monument to mark the place where they made their covenant” or “and set it up as a reminder stone to mark the place as special.”
31:46	d3ho			וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר יַעֲקֹ֤ב לְ⁠אֶחָי⁠ו֙	1	These relatives would have included Jacob’s sons, as well as Laban and his men who had come with him. See how you translated **relatives** in verses 23, 25, 32, 37. Alternate translation: “Then Jacob told his relatives,”
31:46	mwu1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-politeness	לִקְט֣וּ אֲבָנִ֔ים	1	Make sure that your translation of Jacob’s request sounds polite here, not rude or demanding, but also not begging. Alternate translation: “Please gather some stones.”
31:46	a540			וַ⁠יִּקְח֥וּ אֲבָנִ֖ים וַ⁠יַּֽעֲשׂוּ גָ֑ל	1	 Alternate translation: “So they all brought stones and put them in a large pile”
31:46	wknz			וַ⁠יֹּ֥אכְלוּ שָׁ֖ם	1	Make sure your translation does not sound like Jacob ate without Laban and his men. Alternate translation: “Then they ate a meal together there”
31:46	jxvp			עַל הַ⁠גָּֽל	1	 Alternate translation: “near the heap of stones.” or “next to the mound of stones.”
31:47	udxa			וַ⁠יִּקְרָא ל֣⁠וֹ לָבָ֔ן	1	 Alternate translation: “Laban gave the heap the Aramaic name”
31:47	by6e		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	יְגַ֖ר שָׂהֲדוּתָ֑א	1	If the meaning of **Jegar Sahadutha** and **Galeed** is included in your translation or in a footnote, be sure that it fits with how you translate “heap/pile/mound” in verses 46 and 48, and “witness” in verse 48.
31:47	tl0x			וְ⁠יַֽעֲקֹ֔ב קָ֥רָא ל֖⁠וֹ גַּלְעֵֽד	1	 Alternate translation: “whereas Jacob gave it the Hebrew name Galeed, which has the same meaning.”
31:48	frxp		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר לָבָ֔ן	1	 Alternate translation: “Then Laban said to Jacob” or “Laban said to Jacob,”
31:48	flop			הַ⁠גַּ֨ל הַ⁠זֶּ֥ה עֵ֛ד בֵּינִ֥⁠י וּ⁠בֵינְ⁠ךָ֖ הַ⁠יּ֑וֹם	1	 Alternate translation: “This pile of stones is to remind us to keep our peace covenant” or “Starting today, when we see this mound of stones, we will remember our peace covenant”
31:48	is6t			עַל כֵּ֥ן	1	 Alternate translation: “That is the reason”
31:48	ii9r			קָרָֽא שְׁמ֖⁠וֹ גַּלְעֵֽד	1	The phrase **he called its name** is used here in a general way that means “they/people call it”; the pronoun **he** does not refer here to Laban. Make sure that is clear in your language. Alternate translation: “they call it Galeed.” or “that place is called Galeed.”
31:49	f54v			וְ⁠הַ⁠מִּצְפָּה֙	1	 Alternate translation: “It was also named Mizpah,” or “People also call the place, Mizpah,”
31:49	nyx4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	אֲשֶׁ֣ר אָמַ֔ר	1	Make sure that your translation of **he** refers here to Laban.
31:49	c2yk			יִ֥צֶף יְהוָ֖ה בֵּינִ֣⁠י וּ⁠בֵינֶ֑⁠ךָ	1	 Alternate translation: “May Yahweh watch each of us” or “May Yahweh keep watch on us”
31:49	a4ls		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-dualpronoun	כִּ֥י נִסָּתֵ֖ר אִ֥ישׁ מֵ⁠רֵעֵֽ⁠הוּ	1	The pronoun **we** is inclusive here and includes both Laban and Jacob. Some languages have a dual pronoun that fits here well. Do what is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “to make sure we keep our covenant while we are away from each other.”
31:50	v7k5			אִם תְּעַנֶּ֣ה אֶת בְּנֹתַ֗⁠י	1	See how you translated **afflict** in Gen 15:13 and 16:6, and how you translated a related word (“affliction”) in verse 42. Alternate translation: “If you oppress my daughters,”
31:50	khim			וְ⁠אִם תִּקַּ֤ח נָשִׁים֙ עַל בְּנֹתַ֔⁠י	1	 Alternate translation: “or if you marry other women besides them,”
31:50	lk38		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-dual	אֵ֥ין אִ֖ישׁ עִמָּ֑⁠נוּ רְאֵ֕ה	1	See how you translated the pronoun “we” in verse 49.
31:50	yyv9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	אֱלֹהִ֥ים עֵ֖ד בֵּינִ֥⁠י וּ⁠בֵינֶֽ⁠ךָ	1	In his role as witness, God would also punish anyone who broke the covenant. You could make this information explicit in your translation or put it in a footnote. Alternate translation: “God always sees us and will punish us if we break our covenant”
31:51	kv6e			הִנֵּ֣ה	1	 Alternate translation: “See” or “Look at”
31:51	ur69			הַ⁠גַּ֣ל הַ⁠זֶּ֗ה	1	See how you translated **heap** in verses 46 and 48. Alternate translation: “this mound of stones,”
31:51	ybdz			וְ⁠הִנֵּה֙	1	 Alternate translation: “and see” or “and look at”
31:51	nyh6			הַ⁠מַצֵּבָ֔ה	1	See how you translated **pillar** in verse 45. Alternate translation: “this memorial stone”
31:51	xaq8			אֲשֶׁ֥ר יָרִ֖יתִי בֵּינִ֥⁠י וּ⁠בֵינֶֽ⁠ךָ	1	Jacob set up the stone as a pillar, but Laban and Jacob, along with their relatives, worked together to make the pile of stones. Alternate translation: “which I helped set up between us to remind us to keep our peace treaty.” or “which we set up between us to remind us about our peace covenant”
31:52	wobp			עֵ֚ד הַ⁠גַּ֣ל הַ⁠זֶּ֔ה וְ⁠עֵדָ֖ה הַ⁠מַּצֵּבָ֑ה	1	See how you translated **witness** in verses 44 and 48. Alternate translation: “This heap of stones is a reminder and this pillar is also a witness” or “This mound of stones and this memorial both remind us”
31:52	vhku			אִם אָ֗נִי לֹֽא אֶֽעֱבֹ֤ר אֵלֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ אֶת הַ⁠גַּ֣ל הַ⁠זֶּ֔ה	1	Laban and Jacob could go to each other’s homes in peace but not to harm each other. Alternate translation: “that I will never go past this heap to harm you,”
31:52	v9lx			וְ⁠אִם אַ֠תָּה לֹא תַעֲבֹ֨ר אֵלַ֜⁠י אֶת הַ⁠גַּ֥ל הַ⁠זֶּ֛ה וְ⁠אֶת הַ⁠מַּצֵּבָ֥ה הַ⁠זֹּ֖את לְ⁠רָעָֽה	1	 Alternate translation: “and that you will never go past this pile and this memorial to harm me.”
31:53	cmza			אֱלֹהֵ֨י אַבְרָהָ֜ם	1	See how you translated a similar phrase in Gen 28:13. Alternate translation: “May the God whom your grandfather Abraham served”
31:53	kg7k			וֵֽ⁠אלֹהֵ֤י נָחוֹר֙ & אֱלֹהֵ֖י אֲבִי⁠הֶ֑ם	1	Abraham trusted in Yahweh, the one and only true God (Gen 15:6). Terah worshiped other gods (Joshua 24:2), and so did Laban (verses 19, 30), which suggests that Nahor served the same gods that his father Terah served, and then taught his son Laban to do the same thing. In spite of that, many translations still capitalize **God** all three times here in verse 53. Be consistent with how you spelled **Nahor** in the book of Genesis. See Gen 11:22-25, 29; 12:26-27; 22:20, 24, 28; 24:9, 15, 24, 47; 29:5; 31:53. Alternate translation: “and the gods that my grandfather Nahor and his father Terah worshiped”
31:53	tqoy			יִשְׁפְּט֣וּ בֵינֵ֔י⁠נוּ	1	 Alternate translation: “judge between us and punish us if we break our covenant”
31:53	d5h9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-term	וַ⁠יִּשָּׁבַ֣ע יַעֲקֹ֔ב	1	Jacob refused to swear by the gods of Nahor and Terah. See how you translated **swore** in Gen 26:31, and compare that to how you translated a related phrase (“vowed a vow”) in 31:13. Alternate translation: “But Jacob swore” or “But Jacob vowed a vow”
31:53	jtf2			בְּ⁠פַ֖חַד אָבִ֥י⁠ו יִצְחָֽק	1	See how you translated “the Fear of Isaac” in verse 42. Alternate translation: “by the God whom his father Isaac feared that he would keep their treaty,” or “with the Fear of his father Isaac as his witness”
31:54	j4i6			וַ⁠יִּזְבַּ֨ח יַעֲקֹ֥ב זֶ֨בַח֙ בָּ⁠הָ֔ר	1	Make sure your translation does not sound like Jacob burned the animal while it was still alive. Also see how you translated **sacrificed** in Gen 22:13. Alternate translation: “and he offered an animal sacrifice to God on an altar on a hill.” or “and Jacob burned the body of an animal on an altar as a sacrifice to God on a hill.”
31:54	xzn7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	וַ⁠יִּקְרָ֥א לְ⁠אֶחָ֖י⁠ו לֶ⁠אֱכָל לָ֑חֶם	1	In the Bible, **bread** is often used as an idiom that refers to food in general. In this context, it was a meal that they shared together. Make sure that is clear in your translation.
31:54	lc58		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction	וַ⁠יֹּ֣אכְלוּ לֶ֔חֶם וַ⁠יָּלִ֖ינוּ בָּ⁠הָֽר	1	As in Genesis 26:30, eating together was an important part of the covenant or treaty process, since it shows unity and close relationship, as if they were part of the same family. Some of that information could be included in a footnote. Alternate translation: “Then after they had eaten the meal, they spent the night there on the hill.”
31:55	m83j			וַ⁠יַּשְׁכֵּ֨ם לָבָ֜ן בַּ⁠בֹּ֗קֶר	1	See how you translated a similar clause in Gen 28:18. Alternate translation: “The next morning Laban got up early”
31:55	t8nb		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וַ⁠יְנַשֵּׁ֧ק לְ⁠בָנָ֛י⁠ו וְ⁠לִ⁠בְנוֹתָ֖י⁠ו	1	It was a Hebrew custom for relatives and close friends to greet each other with a kiss on each cheek. Only make this information explicit here if it is necessary to prevent wrong meaning. Alternate translation: “said goodbye to his daughters and grandchildren and kissed them on the cheeks”
31:55	v5ei			וַ⁠יֵּ֛לֶךְ וַ⁠יָּ֥שָׁב לָבָ֖ן לִ⁠מְקֹמֽ⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “Then Laban and his men left from there and returned home.” or “Then he left from there with his men and went back home.”
32:1	zb5z		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וְ⁠יַעֲקֹ֖ב הָלַ֣ךְ לְ⁠דַרְכּ֑⁠וֹ	1	You can make implied information explicit in your translation if it is necessary to make the meaning accurate and clear. Alternate translation: “Meanwhile Jacob also left from there and continued on his journey home with his family,”
32:1	jfda			וַ⁠יִּפְגְּעוּ ב֖⁠וֹ מַלְאֲכֵ֥י אֱלֹהִֽים	1	Translate **met** in a way that allows for the fact that no conversation is recorded between the angels and Jacob and that the angels were probably not hostile; for example, they may have been sent by God to escort and protect him. Alternate translation: “and some angels from God encountered him.”
32:2	a5gq		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר יַעֲקֹב֙ כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֣ר רָאָ֔⁠ם	1	Make sure that you refer to Jacob and the angels here in a way that is accurate and natural in your language. Alternate translation: “When Jacob saw the angels, he said in surprise,”
32:2	gvw1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	וַ⁠יִּקְרָ֛א שֵֽׁם הַ⁠מָּק֥וֹם הַ⁠ה֖וּא מַֽחֲנָֽיִם	1	If you include the meaning of the name **Mahanaim** in your translation or in a footnote, be sure it matches the way you translated **God’s camp** earlier in the verse so that it is clear why Jacob gave the place that name. Also see how you translated **he called the name of that place** in Gen 28:19.
32:3	egca			וַ⁠יִּשְׁלַ֨ח יַעֲקֹ֤ב מַלְאָכִים֙ לְ⁠פָנָ֔י⁠ו	1	 Alternate translation: “Then Jacob sent some of his servants ahead of him to deliver a message to his brother Esau”
32:3	t1b9			אַ֥רְצָ⁠ה שֵׂעִ֖יר	1	 Alternate translation: “who was living in the land of Seir,”
32:3	bw1y			שְׂדֵ֥ה אֱדֽוֹם	1	 Alternate translation: “that is, the land of Edom.” or “which was also called the land of Edom.”
32:4	lz0b		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יְצַ֤ו אֹתָ⁠ם֙ לֵ⁠אמֹ֔ר	1	 Alternate translation: “As they left, he instructed them,”
32:4	i7t8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-honorifics	כֹּ֣ה תֹאמְר֔וּ⁠ן לַֽ⁠אדֹנִ֖⁠י לְ⁠עֵשָׂ֑ו	1	Jacob uses **my lord** and **your servant** in verse 4 and 5 to show his brother Esau great respect. Do this in a way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I want you to tell Esau whom I highly respect:”
32:4	iepc		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes	כֹּ֤ה אָמַר֙ עַבְדְּ⁠ךָ֣ יַעֲקֹ֔ב	1	Verses 4 and 5 have two levels of embedded quotes. Some languages need to use indirect quotes for one or both of those levels; for example, “Your servant Jacob wants you to know that he has been sojourning/staying with your uncle Laban all this time.” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “This is a message from Jacob who wants to serve you:”
32:4	qibe			עִם לָבָ֣ן גַּ֔רְתִּי וָ⁠אֵחַ֖ר עַד עָֽתָּה	1	 Alternate translation: “Since we last saw each other, I have been living with Uncle Laban.”
32:5	noe8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes	וַֽ⁠יְהִי לִ⁠י֙	1	Consider whether it is more natural to use a direct or indirect quote here in your language. Alternate translation: “I now have” or “Also tell him that I own”
32:5	n5iq			שׁ֣וֹר וַ⁠חֲמ֔וֹר צֹ֖אן	1	See how you translated **donkeys** and **flocks** in Gen 12:16. Alternate translation: “many cattle, donkeys, and flocks of sheep and goats,”
32:5	axuo			וְ⁠עֶ֣בֶד וְ⁠שִׁפְחָ֑ה	1	See how you translated a similar phrase in Gen 12:16. Alternate translation: “as well as many men and women slaves”
32:5	ilz0		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-honorifics	וָֽ⁠אֶשְׁלְחָ⁠ה֙ לְ⁠הַגִּ֣יד לַֽ⁠אדֹנִ֔⁠י	1	If you use indirect quotes in this section, make sure each part fits with the other parts, especially in your choice of pronouns. It is helpful if you read your translation aloud to check for accuracy and naturalness. Alternate translation: “Sir, I sent these messengers to you,”
32:5	fagg		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	לִ⁠מְצֹא חֵ֖ן בְּ⁠עֵינֶֽי⁠ךָ	1	See how you translated the idiom “found favor in your eyes” in Gen 30:27. Alternate translation: “hoping that you will be gracious to me when I arrive.” or “so that when we see each other you will be pleased with me and welcome me.”
32:6	dzpa		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	לֵ⁠אמֹ֑ר	1	 Alternate translation: “and said to him,” or “and informed him,”
32:6	d9jd			בָּ֤אנוּ אֶל אָחִ֨י⁠ךָ֙ אֶל עֵשָׂ֔ו	1	 Alternate translation: “We went to your brother Esau and told him your message.” or “We delivered the message to your brother Esau.”
32:6	makp			וְ⁠גַם֙ הֹלֵ֣ךְ לִ⁠קְרָֽאתְ⁠ךָ֔	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Also, notice that the word **meet** is neutral in this context and does not imply whether or not Esau had hostile intent against Jacob. Alternate translation: “and he is already headed here to meet you,”
32:6	o1mv			וְ⁠אַרְבַּע מֵא֥וֹת אִ֖ישׁ עִמּֽ⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “and there are also 400 men coming with him!” or “and he has 400 men with him!”
32:7	dzyd			וַ⁠יִּירָ֧א יַעֲקֹ֛ב מְאֹ֖ד	1	 Alternate translation: “When Jacob heard the report, he was terrified”
32:7	y3ez			וַ⁠יֵּ֣צֶר ל֑⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “and very worried.”
32:7	qaj0		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	וַ⁠יַּ֜חַץ אֶת הָ⁠עָ֣ם אֲשֶׁר אִתּ֗⁠וֹ וְ⁠אֶת הַ⁠צֹּ֧אן וְ⁠אֶת הַ⁠בָּקָ֛ר וְ⁠הַ⁠גְּמַלִּ֖ים לִ⁠שְׁנֵ֥י מַחֲנֽוֹת	1	Consider what phrase order for this sentence is best in your language. Alternate translation: “So he divided all the people and animals that were with him into two large camps including his family, his servants and all his flocks of sheep and goats, herds of cattle and camels.”
32:8	uh0t			וַ⁠יֹּ֕אמֶר	1	 Alternate translation: “He was thinking,”
32:8	f2z6			אִם יָב֥וֹא עֵשָׂ֛ו אֶל הַ⁠מַּחֲנֶ֥ה הָ⁠אַחַ֖ת וְ⁠הִכָּ֑⁠הוּ	1	 Alternate translation: “If Esau and his men come and attack the people in one camp”
32:8	sr41		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo	וְ⁠הָיָ֛ה הַ⁠מַּחֲנֶ֥ה הַ⁠נִּשְׁאָ֖ר לִ⁠פְלֵיטָֽה	1	 Alternate translation: “then the people in the other camp can escape.” or “then the other camp might be able to escape.”
32:9	rrh8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּאמֶר֮ יַעֲקֹב֒	1	 Alternate translation: “Then Jacob prayed,”
32:9	nncu			אֱלֹהֵי֙ אָבִ֣⁠י אַבְרָהָ֔ם וֵ⁠אלֹהֵ֖י אָבִ֣⁠י יִצְחָ֑ק יְהוָ֞ה	1	Make sure that your translation of this address refers to only one God, not two or three different Gods. Also make sure it is clear that Jacob is talking directly to Yahweh, not talking about him. Alternate translation: “Dear Yahweh, the God whom my grandfather Abraham and my father Isaac worshiped,”
32:9	nl3n		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes	הָ⁠אֹמֵ֣ר אֵלַ֗⁠י שׁ֧וּב לְ⁠אַרְצְ⁠ךָ֛ וּ⁠לְ⁠מוֹלַדְתְּ⁠ךָ֖	1	Consider whether it is more natural in your language to use a direct or indirect quote here. Also see how you translated **land** and **relatives** in Gen 31:3. Alternate translation: “you told me to go back to my homeland where my relatives live,”
32:9	lbag		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes	וְ⁠אֵיטִ֥יבָה עִמָּֽ⁠ךְ	1	Make sure your choice of **I** or **you** (for God) and **you** or **me** (for Jacob) in this clause fits with the way you translated the previous part of this quote. Alternate translation: “and that you would make things go well for me.”
32:10	n5k4			קָטֹ֜נְתִּי	1	 Alternate translation: “I do not deserve”
32:10	rboa			מִ⁠כֹּ֤ל הַ⁠חֲסָדִים֙ וּ⁠מִ⁠כָּל הָ֣⁠אֱמֶ֔ת אֲשֶׁ֥ר עָשִׂ֖יתָ אֶת עַבְדֶּ֑⁠ךָ	1	 Alternate translation: “the way you have always treated me so kindly and faithfully as your servant.” or “how kind and loyal you have always been to me as I have served you.”
32:10	kmdh			כִּ֣י בְ⁠מַקְלִ֗⁠י עָבַ֨רְתִּי֙ אֶת הַ⁠יַּרְדֵּ֣ן הַ⁠זֶּ֔ה	1	 Alternate translation: “I crossed the Jordan River with only my staff,” or “When I first left home and crossed the Jordan River, all that I had was my walking stick,”
32:10	u2f9			וְ⁠עַתָּ֥ה הָיִ֖יתִי לִ⁠שְׁנֵ֥י מַחֲנֽוֹת	1	 Alternate translation: “but now I have so many people in my household and so many possessions that there are two large camps” or “but now my family and belongings are enough to make two large groups.”
32:11	xjcf		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	מִ⁠יַּ֥ד אָחִ֖⁠י מִ⁠יַּ֣ד עֵשָׂ֑ו	1	 Alternate translation: “from the power of my brother Esau,”
32:11	g3el			כִּֽי יָרֵ֤א אָנֹכִי֙ אֹת֔⁠וֹ פֶּן	1	 Alternate translation: “I am very worried that”
32:11	le3k			יָב֣וֹא וְ⁠הִכַּ֔⁠נִי אֵ֖ם עַל־בָּנִֽים	1	 Alternate translation: “he and his men will come and attack me as well as these mothers with their children!” or “he and his men will attack and kill us all, including these mothers with their children!”
32:12	w08q			וְ⁠אַתָּ֣ה אָמַ֔רְתָּ	1	 Alternate translation: “For you told me,” or “But remember that you promised me,”
32:12	ubq7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes	הֵיטֵ֥ב אֵיטִ֖יב עִמָּ֑⁠ךְ וְ⁠שַׂמְתִּ֤י אֶֽת זַרְעֲ⁠ךָ֙ כְּ⁠ח֣וֹל הַ⁠יָּ֔ם	1	For some languages it is more natural to use an indirect quote here, especially since Jacob is quoting the one he is talking to. Do what is best in your language. Also see how you translated “I will cause things to prosper with you” in verse 9 and how you translated **as the sand** in Gen 22:17. Alternate translation: “that you would surely prosper me, and that you would make my descendants as numerous as the grains of sand on the seashore,”
32:12	jpv3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	אֲשֶׁ֥ר לֹא יִסָּפֵ֖ר מֵ⁠רֹֽב	1	 Alternate translation: “which cannot be counted because there are so many.” or “which are so many that no one can count them all.”
32:13	mu24			וַ⁠יִּקַּ֞ח מִן הַ⁠בָּ֧א בְ⁠יָד֛⁠וֹ מִנְחָ֖ה	1	 Alternate translation: “and during that time he selected many of his animals as gifts” or “and while he was there he picked out many of the animals he had with him”
32:14	iss7			עִזִּ֣ים מָאתַ֔יִם וּ⁠תְיָשִׁ֖ים עֶשְׂרִ֑ים רְחֵלִ֥ים מָאתַ֖יִם וְ⁠אֵילִ֥ים עֶשְׂרִֽים	1	Consider what is the most natural way in your language to list these animals, here and in verse 15. See how you translated **she-goats**, **he-goats**, **ewes** and **rams** in Gen 31:10. Alternate translation: “including 200 nanny goats and twenty billy goats, 200 female sheep and twenty male sheep,” or “including 200 nanny goats, twenty billy goats, 200 female sheep, twenty male sheep,”
32:15	u35q			גְּמַלִּ֧ים מֵינִיק֛וֹת וּ⁠בְנֵי⁠הֶ֖ם שְׁלֹשִׁ֑ים	1	 Alternate translation: “thirty mother camels with their young”
32:15	z6ix			פָּר֤וֹת אַרְבָּעִים֙ וּ⁠פָרִ֣ים עֲשָׂרָ֔ה אֲתֹנֹ֣ת עֶשְׂרִ֔ים וַ⁠עְיָרִ֖ם עֲשָׂרָֽה	1	See how you translated **female donkeys** and **male donkeys** in Gen 12:16. Alternate translation: “forty cows, ten bulls, twenty female donkeys and ten male donkeys.”
32:16	gw9u		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וַ⁠יִּתֵּן֙ בְּ⁠יַד עֲבָדָ֔י⁠ו	1	 Alternate translation: “He put his servants in charge of the animals,”
32:16	t090			עֵ֥דֶר עֵ֖דֶר לְ⁠בַדּ֑⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “with each kind of animal in a separate herd” or “and had them put the different kinds of animals in different groups.”
32:16	qnrm			וַ֤⁠יֹּאמֶר אֶל עֲבָדָי⁠ו֙	1	 Alternate translation: “Then he told his servants,”
32:16	buc6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations	עִבְר֣וּ לְ⁠פָנַ֔⁠י וְ⁠רֶ֣וַח תָּשִׂ֔ימוּ בֵּ֥ין עֵ֖דֶר וּ⁠בֵ֥ין עֵֽדֶר	1	Consider whether it is better in your language to use a direct or indirect quote here. Alternate translation: “Go ahead of me, one herd at a time, and keep some space between each herd of animals.” or “to go ahead of him, one herd at time, keeping some distance between each herd”
32:17	n87y			וַ⁠יְצַ֥ו אֶת הָ⁠רִאשׁ֖וֹן לֵ⁠אמֹ֑ר	1	 Alternate translation: “He also instructed the servant in charge of the first herd of animals,”
32:17	glbd		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes	לְ⁠מִי אַ֨תָּה֙ וְ⁠אָ֣נָה תֵלֵ֔ךְ	1	Consider whether it is more natural in your language to use a direct or indirect quote in verses 17-20a. Alternate translation: “who your master is and where you are going”
32:17	m07z		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes	וּ⁠לְ⁠מִ֖י אֵ֥לֶּה לְ⁠פָנֶֽי⁠ךָ	1	 Alternate translation: “and asks who owns the animals that you are herding,”
32:18	oh8m			וְ⁠אָֽמַרְתָּ֙	1	 Alternate translation: “then you must tell him,” or “then you are to answer him,”
32:18	i1mc		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-honorifics	לְ⁠עַבְדְּ⁠ךָ֣ לְ⁠יַעֲקֹ֔ב מִנְחָ֥ה הִוא֙ שְׁלוּחָ֔ה לַֽ⁠אדֹנִ֖⁠י לְ⁠עֵשָׂ֑ו	1	Also see how you translated **your servant** and **my lord** in verse 4.
32:18	j8h3			וְ⁠הִנֵּ֥ה גַם ה֖וּא אַחֲרֵֽי⁠נוּ	1	Notice that the pronoun **us** is exclusive here.
32:19	t364			וַ⁠יְצַ֞ו גַּ֣ם	1	See how you translated **commanded** in verse 17. Alternate translation: “In the same way, Jacob instructed” or “Jacob gave the same orders to”
32:19	o5nc			אֶת הַ⁠שֵּׁנִ֗י גַּ֚ם אֶת הַ⁠שְּׁלִישִׁ֔י	1	 Alternate translation: “the servant in charge of the second herd and the servant in charge of the third group,” or “the servants who were in charge of the second and third herds of animals,”
32:19	ig25			גַּ֚ם אֶת כָּל הַ⁠הֹ֣לְכִ֔ים אַחֲרֵ֥י הָ⁠עֲדָרִ֖ים לֵ⁠אמֹ֑ר	1	 Alternate translation: “as well as all the other servants who were in charge of the other herds”
32:19	b352			כַּ⁠דָּבָ֤ר הַ⁠זֶּה֙ תְּדַבְּר֣וּ⁠ן אֶל עֵשָׂ֔ו בְּ⁠מֹצַאֲ⁠כֶ֖ם אֹתֽ⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “When you meet Esau, you are to tell him the same thing that I told the first servant.”
32:20	ryl0		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes	וַ⁠אֲמַרְתֶּ֕ם גַּ֗ם הִנֵּ֛ה עַבְדְּ⁠ךָ֥ יַעֲקֹ֖ב אַחֲרֵ֑י⁠נוּ	1	See how you translated **is behind us** in verse 18.
32:20	gglq			כִּֽי אָמַ֞ר	1	 Alternate translation: “Jacob did all that, because he said”
32:20	s0ro		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	אֲכַפְּרָ֣ה פָנָ֗י⁠ו בַּ⁠מִּנְחָה֙	1	The idiom **cover his face** means to try to calm someone’s anger by doing something to please him. Consider whether your language has a similar idiom you could use here. Alternate translation: “I can pacify Esau by sending” or “Perhaps Esau will stop being angry at me if I send”
32:20	ne75		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	בַּ⁠מִּנְחָה֙ הַ⁠הֹלֶ֣כֶת לְ⁠פָנָ֔⁠י	1	For some languages it is more natural to use an indirect quote here and say, “because he thought that if he sent the gifts of animals ahead of himself to Esau, then Esau would stop being angry at him.” Notice that this alternate translation also changes the clause order. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “him this gift of animals ahead of me” or “this gift of animals to him ahead of me”
32:20	vaa1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations	וְ⁠אַחֲרֵי כֵן֙ אֶרְאֶ֣ה פָנָ֔י⁠ו אוּלַ֖י יִשָּׂ֥א פָנָֽ⁠י	1	Make sure that the way you translate this clause fits with how you translated the previous clauses as either a direct or indirect quote. Alternate translation: “After that, perhaps he will forgive me and welcome me when we see each other face to face.”
32:21	r0gm			וַ⁠תַּעֲבֹ֥ר הַ⁠מִּנְחָ֖ה עַל פָּנָ֑י⁠ו	1	See how you translated **gift** in verses 13, 18, 20. Alternate translation: “So the animal gifts for Esau were taken ahead of Jacob by his servants,”
32:21	bq6f			וְ⁠ה֛וּא לָ֥ן בַּ⁠לַּֽיְלָה הַ⁠ה֖וּא בַּֽ⁠מַּחֲנֶֽה	1	 Alternate translation: “but Jacob and his family stayed behind at the camp that night.” or “but Jacob himself slept for part of the night in the camp.”
32:22	kfyv			וַ⁠יָּ֣קָם בַּ⁠לַּ֣יְלָה ה֗וּא	1	Make sure it is clear in your translation that this is the same night that was referred to in verse 21. Also, the phrase **got up** often refers to initiating an action, but here it may also imply that Jacob got up out of bed after sleeping for a while. Alternate translation: “Later that same night Jacob woke up and took” or “Sometime during that night”
32:22	fc8d			אֶת שְׁתֵּ֤י נָשָׁי⁠ו֙ וְ⁠אֶת שְׁתֵּ֣י שִׁפְחֹתָ֔י⁠ו וְ⁠אֶת אַחַ֥ד עָשָׂ֖ר יְלָדָ֑י⁠ו	1	Consider what is the best way in your language to list these people. See what you did for a similar list of people in Gen 7:13. Alternate translation: “his two wives, two concubines and eleven sons”
32:22	b3kt			וַֽ⁠יַּעֲבֹ֔ר	1	 Alternate translation: “and walked across”
32:22	e2wn			אֵ֖ת מַעֲבַ֥ר יַבֹּֽק	1	A ford is a very shallow place in a stream that is fairly easy and safe for people and animals to walk across. The Jabbok Stream was a small river that flowed from east to west into the Jordan River about halfway between the Dead Sea and the Sea of Galilee. Jacob took his wives and children from the north side of the stream to the south side; his brother was coming towards them from further south. It might be helpful to include a map here in your translation that includes the places named in this chapter and shows where Jacob and Esau were coming from. Alternate translation: “a shallow place on the Jabbok River.” or “a place in the Jabbok Stream that was shallow.”
32:23	xi98			וַ⁠יִּקָּחֵ֔⁠ם וַ⁠יַּֽעֲבִרֵ֖⁠ם אֶת הַ⁠נָּ֑חַל	1	Verse 23 refers back to what already happened in verse 22. Make sure your translation does not sound like Jacob’s wives and children crossed the Jabbok Stream twice in verses 22-23. Alternate translation: “After he had taken them across the river,” or “After he did that,”
32:23	p97f		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וַֽ⁠יַּעֲבֵ֖ר אֶת אֲשֶׁר ל⁠וֹ	1	At some point, Jacob went back to the north side of the Jabbok Stream, while his family waited for him on the south side. His belongings included the animals that he had not sent ahead to Esau as well as all his other possessions. Alternate translation: “he went back and had his servants take everything that he owned across the river too.” or “he went back and had his servants take all his livestock and other possessions across the river too.”
32:24	vh2l			וַ⁠יִּוָּתֵ֥ר יַעֲקֹ֖ב לְ⁠בַדּ֑⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “After that, Jacob was alone there for a while,”
32:24	fwnb		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-honorifics	וַ⁠יֵּאָבֵ֥ק אִישׁ֙ עִמּ֔⁠וֹ	1	At some point, Jacob realized that this man was Yahweh in the form of a man (verse 30), so translation teams that capitalize references to God will capitalize all the pronouns that refer to him in verses 24-29 and may or may not capitalize “Man” in these verses. See what you did for a similar case when Yahweh appeared as a man to Abraham in Gen 18. Alternate translation: “and then a man came and wrestled with him”
32:24	hyuk			עַ֖ד עֲל֥וֹת הַ⁠שָּֽׁחַר	1	The word **dawn** refers to the time before sunrise when the sky begins to get light. Alternate translation: “until dawn” or “until daylight started to appear.”
32:25	ddzn		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יַּ֗רְא כִּ֣י לֹ֤א יָכֹל֙ ל֔⁠וֹ	1	Make sure it is clear in your translation who is being referred to in verses 25-29. Alternate translation: “Then the man realized that he could not defeat him so” or “When the man saw that he was not able to defeat him”
32:25	dhow		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יִּגַּ֖ע בְּ⁠כַף יְרֵכ֑⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “he hit him on his hip,”
32:25	ddyo		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠תֵּ֨קַע֙ כַּף־יֶ֣רֶךְ יַעֲקֹ֔ב	1	Consider whether it is better in your language to use an active or passive clause here. Also consider whether it is more natural in your language to use a noun phrase or a pronoun here to refer to Jacob’s hip joint. Alternate translation: “so that it was put out of place” or “and his hip joint went out of place”
32:25	mc3x			בְּ⁠הֵֽאָבְק֖⁠וֹ עִמּֽ⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “as he fought with the man.” or “as they fought against each other.”
32:26	ymh4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר	1	 Alternate translation: “Then the man said to Jacob,” or “Then the man demanded,”
32:26	c5o9			שַׁלְּחֵ֔⁠נִי	1	 Alternate translation: “You must let me go now,”
32:26	y2gk			כִּ֥י עָלָ֖ה הַ⁠שָּׁ֑חַר	1	See how you translated “the dawn came up” in verse 24. Alternate translation: “because it is dawn” or “because daylight is beginning to come!”
32:26	suau		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר֙	1	 Alternate translation: “But Jacob said to him,”
32:26	p1he		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-exceptions	לֹ֣א אֲשַֽׁלֵּחֲ⁠ךָ֔ כִּ֖י אִם בֵּרַכְתָּֽ⁠נִי	1	 Alternate translation: “No! First you must bless me, and then I will let you go!” or “I will let you go only if you bless me!”
32:27	as79		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֥אמֶר אֵלָ֖י⁠ו	1	 Alternate translation: “Then the man asked him”
32:27	etk9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations	מַה שְּׁמֶ֑⁠ךָ	1	Consider whether it is better to use a direct or indirect quote here in your language. Alternate translation: “Tell me your name.” or “what his name was.”
32:27	xvcd		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֖אמֶר יַעֲקֹֽב	1	Make sure in your translation that Jacob’s reply sounds respectful. Also consider whether it is better to use a direct or indirect quote here in your language.
32:28	twx4			וַ⁠יֹּ֗אמֶר	1	 Alternate translation: “Then the man said to Jacob,”
32:28	uf7y			לֹ֤א יַעֲקֹב֙ יֵאָמֵ֥ר עוֹד֙ שִׁמְ⁠ךָ֔	1	The wording here is similar to what God said when he changed Abram’s name to Abraham (Gen 17:5) and Sarai’s name to Sarah (17:15). After that, Abraham and Sarah were no longer called by their previous names. In the case of Jacob, he continues to be referred to by both of his names in this chapter (**Jacob** in verses 29-30, 32; **Israel** in verse 32) and throughout the rest of the Bible, including by God (Gen 46:2). It could be that although God was changing Jacob’s primary name to “Israel,” he was still known by his previous name too. You could put some of that information in a footnote. Alternate translation: “You will no longer be named Jacob,”
32:28	qbvn		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	כִּ֖י אִם יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל	1	If you include the meaning of the name **Israel** in your translation or in a footnote, make sure it fits with how you translate **struggled** in the following clause.
32:28	udk7			כִּֽי שָׂרִ֧יתָ עִם אֱלֹהִ֛ים וְ⁠עִם אֲנָשִׁ֖ים	1	The Hebrew word for **struggled** here is more general than the word for “wrestled” in verses 24 and 25. Alternate translation: “because you have struggled against both God and men”
32:28	yhdd			וַ⁠תּוּכָֽל	1	See how you translated **prevailed** in verse 25 and Gen 30:8. It may be necessary to translate this term in slightly different ways, depending on the context. Alternate translation: “and you have overcome.”
32:29	bkfv		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-honorifics	וַ⁠יִּשְׁאַ֣ל יַעֲקֹ֗ב וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר֙	1	Consider again whether or not you have capitalized references to the man in verses 24-29. See the note about this at verse 24. Alternate translation: “Then Jacob asked him”
32:29	cidm		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations	הַגִּֽידָ⁠ה נָּ֣א שְׁמֶ֔⁠ךָ	1	Consider whether it is better to use a direct or indirect quote here in your language. Alternate translation: “What is your name?” or “what his name was.”
32:29	ct8s		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֕אמֶר	1	 Alternate translation: “But the man replied,”
32:29	otq0		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	לָ֥⁠מָּה זֶּ֖ה תִּשְׁאַ֣ל	1	This rhetorical question probably means that there was no need for Jacob to ask the man what his name was; he should have known without asking. Consider whether or not it is best to use a rhetorical question here in your language. Alternate translation: “You do not need to ask me”
32:29	gbbo			לִ⁠שְׁמִ֑⁠י	1	 Alternate translation: “to tell you my name!”
32:30	fpdv		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	רָאִ֤יתִי אֱלֹהִים֙ פָּנִ֣ים אֶל פָּנִ֔ים	1	 Alternate translation: “I saw God in person here,”
32:30	qdf5			וַ⁠תִּנָּצֵ֖ל נַפְשִֽׁ⁠י	1	Jacob was amazed that he was still alive because, although there were exceptions (Exodus 33:11; Judges 13:22), normally people could not see God face to face and live (Exodus 33:20). You could put that information in a footnote so that readers understand why Jacob was surprised. Alternate translation: “but yet my life was spared by him!” or “but yet he has allowed me to live!”
32:31	s3cw			וַ⁠יִּֽזְרַֽח ל֣⁠וֹ הַ⁠שֶּׁ֔מֶשׁ	1	 Alternate translation: “The sun shined on Jacob” or “The sun was rising”
32:31	qtbh		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֥ר עָבַ֖ר אֶת פְּנוּאֵ֑ל	1	Penuel is another name for the place that is called Peniel in verse 30. That information could be put in a footnote. Or you could use the same spelling in both verses to avoid confusion; **Penuel** is the spelling in the rest of the Old Testament. Alternate translation: “as he left Penuel and returned to his family.”
32:31	kp04			וְ⁠ה֥וּא צֹלֵ֖עַ	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “As he walked, he was limping”
32:31	uumw			עַל יְרֵכֽ⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “because his hip joint was injured”
32:32	adyk			עַ֖ד הַ⁠יּ֣וֹם הַ⁠זֶּ֑ה	1	 Alternate translation: “even now” or “even in the present”
32:32	bw6k			בְנֵֽי יִשְׂרָאֵ֜ל	1	 Alternate translation: “the descendants of Israel” or “the Israelites”
32:32	asw5			לֹֽא יֹאכְל֨וּ & אֶת גִּ֣יד הַ⁠נָּשֶׁ֗ה	1	 Alternate translation: “do not eat the tendon”
32:32	hbfm		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	אֲשֶׁר֙ עַל־כַּ֣ף הַ⁠יָּרֵ֔ךְ	1	Make sure it is clear in your translation that this is talking about eating meat from an animal, not about cannibalism.
32:32	isj7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	כִּ֤י נָגַע֙ בְּ⁠כַף יֶ֣רֶךְ יַעֲקֹ֔ב בְּ⁠גִ֖יד הַ⁠נָּשֶֽׁה	1	See how you translated the idiom **touched** in verse 25.
33:1	kz1u		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וַ⁠יִּשָּׂ֨א יַעֲקֹ֜ב עֵינָ֗י⁠ו וַ⁠יַּרְא֙	1	Make sure your translation of this idiom does not mean that Jacob looked straight up. Rather, he probably looked carefully to the south (the direction that his brother was coming from). Alternate translation: “Then Jacob looked up and saw” or “Then Jacob looked ahead of him and saw”
33:1	ilei			וְ⁠הִנֵּ֣ה עֵשָׂ֣ו בָּ֔א	1	Esau was still a fair distance away, which gave Jacob time to do everything that he does in verses 1-3. Alternate translation: “that Esau was in the distance coming his way,”
33:1	ozjn			וְ⁠עִמּ֕⁠וֹ אַרְבַּ֥ע מֵא֖וֹת אִ֑ישׁ	1	 Alternate translation: “with 400 men!” or “and that he had 400 men with him!”
33:1	eqom			וַ⁠יַּ֣חַץ אֶת הַ⁠יְלָדִ֗ים עַל לֵאָה֙ וְ⁠עַל רָחֵ֔ל וְ⁠עַ֖ל שְׁתֵּ֥י הַ⁠שְּׁפָחֽוֹת	1	Each of the women had her own children with her (verse 2). See how you translated **divided** in Gen 32:7 and “his two maidservants” in Gen 32:22. Alternate translation: “So he quickly put his children into groups with their own mothers, Leah, Rachel and his two servant wives.” or “So he had his children quickly gather with their own mothers, so that Leah, Rachel and his two concubines were each with her own children.”
33:2	iser			וַ⁠יָּ֧שֶׂם אֶת הַ⁠שְּׁפָח֛וֹת וְ⁠אֶת יַלְדֵי⁠הֶ֖ן	1	See how you translated “his two maidservants” in Gen 32:22. Alternate translation: “He put his two servant wives with their children” or “He put the group that had his two servant wives and their children”
33:2	v7cd		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	רִֽאשֹׁנָ֑ה	1	For some languages it is more natural to put phrases like **first** and **after them** at the beginning of their clauses and say, “First in line he put his two servant wives and/with their children. Behind them he put Leah and/with her children, and last of all he put Rachel and/with her son Joseph.” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “in front of all the others,”
33:2	uagu			וְ⁠אֶת לֵאָ֤ה וִֽ⁠ילָדֶ֨י⁠הָ֙	1	 Alternate translation: “then he put Leah and her children”
33:2	gp2r			אַחֲרֹנִ֔ים	1	 Alternate translation: “next,”
33:2	lcks			וְ⁠אֶת רָחֵ֥ל וְ⁠אֶת יוֹסֵ֖ף	1	 Alternate translation: “and he put Rachel and her son Joseph”
33:2	i5sj			אַחֲרֹנִ֔ים	1	 Alternate translation: “behind them all.” or “in the rear.”
33:3	ges4			וְ⁠ה֖וּא עָבַ֣ר לִ⁠פְנֵי⁠הֶ֑ם	1	 Alternate translation: “Then Jacob himself walked ahead of them all toward his brother,” or “Then he started going toward his brother ahead of them all,”
33:3	d6w5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction	וַ⁠יִּשְׁתַּ֤חוּ אַ֨רְצָ⁠ה֙ שֶׁ֣בַע פְּעָמִ֔ים עַד גִּשְׁתּ֖⁠וֹ עַד אָחִֽי⁠ו	1	See how you translated “bow down” in Gen 27:29. Alternate translation: “and he bowed with his face to the ground seven times to show respect as he went closer to him” or “As he approached Esau, he prostrated himself with his face to the ground seven times to show respect.”
33:4	unbx		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast	וַ⁠יָּ֨רָץ עֵשָׂ֤ו לִ⁠קְרָאת⁠וֹ֙ וַֽ⁠יְחַבְּקֵ֔⁠הוּ	1	This sentence shows a contrast between what Jacob was expecting and what actually happened.
33:4	tp65		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וַ⁠יִּפֹּ֥ל עַל צַוָּארָ֖⁠ו וַׄ⁠יִּׄשָּׁׄקֵ֑ׄ⁠הׄוּׄ	1	See how you translated “hugged him … and kissed him on the cheek/cheeks” in Gen 29:13. Make sure that the way you translate **fell on his neck** does not imply that Esau accidentally fell. Rather, this is an idiom that means he embraced Jacob warmly, with much emotion. Alternate translation: “and he threw his arms around his shoulders and kissed him,” or “He held Jacob tightly and kissed him on the cheek”
33:4	nnax		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual	וַ⁠יִּבְכּֽוּ	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Also, some languages have a dual pronoun for **they** that could be used here. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “and they both cried for joy.” or “Both of them cried because they were so happy to see each other again.”
33:5	xxbt		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וַ⁠יִּשָּׂ֣א אֶת עֵינָ֗י⁠ו	1	See how you translated the idiom “lifted … eyes” in verse 1 and Gen 31:10. It may be necessary to translate this idiom in different ways, depending on the context. Alternate translation: “Then Esau looked up”
33:5	bmzl			וַ⁠יַּ֤רְא אֶת הַ⁠נָּשִׁים֙ וְ⁠אֶת הַ⁠יְלָדִ֔ים	1	 Alternate translation: “and saw the women and children who were there with Jacob,”
33:5	oav9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֖אמֶר	1	 Alternate translation: “so he asked him”
33:5	isdl			מִי אֵ֣לֶּה לָּ֑⁠ךְ	1	Esau wants to know if these people are Jacob’s family members or his servants or someone else; he is not asking what their names are. Alternate translation: “How are these people related to you?”
33:5	y4y7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יֹּאמַ֕ר	1	Make sure it is clear in your translation who is speaking to whom here. Alternate translation: “He answered him”
33:5	xgtu			הַ⁠יְלָדִ֕ים	1	 Alternate translation: “They are the children and the wives” or “They are my wives and my children”
33:5	mix3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	אֲשֶׁר חָנַ֥ן אֱלֹהִ֖ים אֶת עַבְדֶּֽ⁠ךָ	1	Jacob uses the phrase **your servant** to be polite and show respect to Esau; he was not actually Esau’s servant. For some languages it is more natural to put the honorific title first in this sentence and say, “Sir, they are the wives and children whom God has graciously given to me.” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “whom God has kindly given to me, your servant.” or “whom God has graciously given to me, sir.”
33:6	c9es			וַ⁠תִּגַּ֧שְׁןָ הַ⁠שְּׁפָח֛וֹת הֵ֥נָּה וְ⁠יַלְדֵי⁠הֶ֖ן	1	See how you translated **maidservants** in verses 1-2. Alternate translation: “Then the two maidservants came closer to Esau along with their children,”
33:6	lyhm		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction	וַ⁠תִּֽשְׁתַּחֲוֶֽיןָ	1	See how you translated **bowed down** in verse 3. Alternate translation: “and they all bowed to the ground in front of him to show respect.”
33:7	m927			וַ⁠תִּגַּ֧שׁ גַּם לֵאָ֛ה וִ⁠ילָדֶ֖י⁠הָ	1	 Alternate translation: “Then Leah also came closer to Esau along with her children” or “Next Leah and her children also came closer”
33:7	ptnv			וְ⁠אַחַ֗ר נִגַּ֥שׁ יוֹסֵ֛ף וְ⁠רָחֵ֖ל	1	 Alternate translation: “Then last of all, Joseph and his mother Rachel came closer”
33:7	dbwa		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-theydual	וַ⁠יִּֽשְׁתַּחֲוֽוּ	1	Some languages have a dual pronoun for **they** that fits here well. See what you did in verse 4.
33:8	yk8g		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֕אמֶר	1	 Alternate translation: “Then Esau said to Jacob,”
33:8	udu5			מִ֥י לְ⁠ךָ֛	1	 Alternate translation: “What do you mean by” or “What is the purpose of”
33:8	cte9			כָּל הַ⁠מַּחֲנֶ֥ה הַ⁠זֶּ֖ה	1	 Alternate translation: “all those groups of livestock”
33:8	td8k			אֲשֶׁ֣ר פָּגָ֑שְׁתִּי	1	 Alternate translation: “that I saw on my way here?” or “that came to me on my way here?”
33:8	gyh6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֕אמֶר	2	 Alternate translation: “Jacob said to him,”
33:8	ag25		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	לִ⁠מְצֹא חֵ֖ן בְּ⁠עֵינֵ֥י אֲדֹנִֽ⁠י	1	See how you translated **my lord** and the idiom “find favor in … eyes” in Gen 32:5. Alternate translation: “I sent them so that you would be gracious to me, sir.” or “They are gifts for you so that you would be pleased with me, sir.”
33:9	b7wn		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֥אמֶר עֵשָׂ֖ו	1	What Esau says is in contrast to what Jacob said, but it may not be necessary to use a conjunction here at all. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “Esau said to him,”
33:9	mkk0		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	יֶשׁ לִ֣⁠י רָ֑ב אָחִ֕⁠י	1	For some languages it is more natural to put the address **my brother** first in this quote. Some languages also have a special term for “younger brother” that fits well here. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “My brother, I already own enough livestock”
33:9	hmaj			יְהִ֥י לְ⁠ךָ֖ אֲשֶׁר לָֽ⁠ךְ	1	 Alternate translation: “Keep what you own for yourself.” or “so keep your livestock for yourself.”
33:10	vlw8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר יַעֲקֹ֗ב	1	 Alternate translation: “But Jacob responded to him,”
33:10	tfke			אַל נָא֙	1	In verses 10 and 11, Jacob speaks urgently to Esau, because in that culture if Esau accepts Jacob’s gift, he is committing himself to treat Jacob as a friend. Alternate translation: “No, I beg you.”
33:10	z182			אִם נָ֨א מָצָ֤אתִי חֵן֙ בְּ⁠עֵינֶ֔י⁠ךָ	1	See how you translated the idiom “find/gain favor in your eyes” in verse 8. Alternate translation: “Rather, if you are pleased with me,” or “Rather, if you want to be gracious to me, then”
33:10	stzb		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	וְ⁠לָקַחְתָּ֥ מִנְחָתִ֖⁠י מִ⁠יָּדִ֑⁠י	1	 Alternate translation: “please accept from me what I have given you.”
33:10	dnvd			כִּ֣י עַל כֵּ֞ן	1	 Alternate translation: “The fact is,”
33:10	ogvb		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	רָאִ֣יתִי פָנֶ֗י⁠ךָ כִּ⁠רְאֹ֛ת פְּנֵ֥י אֱלֹהִ֖ים וַ⁠תִּרְצֵֽ⁠נִי	1	In Old Testament times it was terrifying for someone to see God in person, because normally people could not see God’s face and live (Exodus 33:20). However, God had been gracious to Jacob and allowed him to live (Genesis 32:30). In the same way, it was a terrifying thing for Jacob to see Esau who had 400 men with him, but Esau was gracious to him (33:4). See how you translated a different Hebrew word that means “receive” or “welcome” in Gen 32:20. Alternate translation: “I thought you were still angry at me, so I was afraid of seeing you again in person, just as I would be afraid of meeting God in person, but you forgave me and welcomed me!”
33:11	zfgz		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	קַח נָ֤א אֶת בִּרְכָתִ⁠י֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר הֻבָ֣את לָ֔⁠ךְ	1	 Alternate translation: “So please accept my gift of livestock that my servants brought to you,” or “So please accept the livestock from me that I sent to you,”
33:11	zhos			כִּֽי חַנַּ֥⁠נִי אֱלֹהִ֖ים	1	 Alternate translation: “because God has been generous to me,” or “because God has blessed me,”
33:11	toi0			וְ⁠כִ֣י יֶשׁ לִ⁠י כֹ֑ל	1	 Alternate translation: “and he has given me everything that I need.” or “so that I own all that I need”
33:11	dx0h		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יִּפְצַר בּ֖⁠וֹ	1	Make sure it is clear in your translation who and what is being referred to at every point in this sentence. Alternate translation: “He kept urging him to accept his gift” or “He kept insisting that he accept the livestock from him”
33:11	fs6g			וַ⁠יִּקָּֽח	1	 Alternate translation: “until finally Esau accepted it”
33:12	j0up			וַ⁠יֹּ֖אמֶר	1	 Alternate translation: “Then Esau said to Jacob,”
33:12	zjf4			וְ⁠אֵלְכָ֖ה לְ⁠נֶגְדֶּֽ⁠ךָ	1	Esau is suggesting that he would accompany or escort Jacob and his family, not that he would go far ahead of them. Alternate translation: “and I will lead you.”
33:13	hxkz		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר אֵלָ֗י⁠ו	1	 Alternate translation: “But he replied to him,”
33:13	ci2o			אֲדֹנִ֤⁠י יֹדֵ֨עַ֙ כִּֽי	1	See how you translated “my lord” in verse 8. Alternate translation: “Sir, you know that”
33:13	r0zl			הַ⁠יְלָדִ֣ים רַכִּ֔ים	1	 Alternate translation: “my children are weak,”
33:13	xg08			וְ⁠הַ⁠צֹּ֥אן וְ⁠הַ⁠בָּקָ֖ר עָל֣וֹת עָלָ֑⁠י	1	See how you translated “flocks and herds” in Gen 12:16. Alternate translation: “and some of my sheep and cattle are nursing their young.”
33:13	gbse			וּ⁠דְפָקוּ⁠ם֙ י֣וֹם אֶחָ֔ד	1	 Alternate translation: “If my men drive the livestock too hard in one day,” or “If I force the livestock to go too fast for even one day,”
33:13	c17q		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole	וָ⁠מֵ֖תוּ כָּל הַ⁠צֹּֽאן	1	This phrase especially refers to the sheep and cattle that were nursing, but Jacob is probably using hyperbole here (**all**) to emphasize that he does not want to travel too fast. Alternate translation: “then all the flocks and herds will die.” or “then all of them will die.”
33:14	g9ie		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-honorifics	יַעֲבָר נָ֥א אֲדֹנִ֖⁠י לִ⁠פְנֵ֣י עַבְדּ֑⁠וֹ	1	See how you translated Jacob’s use of **my lord** (in verse 8) and **servant** (in verse 5) to show respect and deference to Esau. Here he uses both terms for emphasis.
33:14	qgdi			וַ⁠אֲנִ֞י אֶֽתְנָהֲלָ֣ה לְ⁠אִטִּ֗⁠י לְ⁠רֶ֨גֶל הַ⁠מְּלָאכָ֤ה אֲשֶׁר לְ⁠פָנַ⁠י֙ וּ⁠לְ⁠רֶ֣גֶל הַ⁠יְלָדִ֔ים	1	 Alternate translation: “Then I will travel along slowly at a speed that is good for the livestock and children that are with me,”
33:14	lafk			עַ֛ד אֲשֶׁר אָבֹ֥א אֶל אֲדֹנִ֖⁠י	1	 Alternate translation: “until we reach you, sir,” or “We will catch up to you later, sir,”
33:14	tb57			שֵׂעִֽירָ⁠ה	1	See how you translated “the land of Seir” in Gen 32:3. The land of Seir was a mountainous region southeast of the land of Canaan (and the Dead Sea) and was where Esau had settled. It was also called “Edom” (Gen 32:3), which was Esau’s nickname (Gen 25:30). You could put some of that information in a footnote. Alternate translation: “in the land of Seir.”
33:15	twql			וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר עֵשָׂ֔ו	1	 Alternate translation: “Then Esau said to Jacob”
33:15	ku53			אַצִּֽיגָה נָּ֣א עִמְּ⁠ךָ֔ מִן הָ⁠עָ֖ם אֲשֶׁ֣ר אִתִּ֑⁠י	1	 Alternate translation: “Okay, then please let me leave you some of my men to escort you.” or “Okay, then may I leave some of my men with you to escort you?”
33:15	phvo		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר֙	1	Make sure the way you translate this quote margin fits with how you translate the previous and following sentences. Alternate translation: “Jacob said to him,” or “Jacob answered him,”
33:15	a29j		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	לָ֣⁠מָּה זֶּ֔ה	1	Jacob uses a rhetorical question here to emphasize that there is no need for Esau to leave any of his men with him. For some languages it is clearer and more natural to use a statement here instead. Do what is best in your language.
33:15	evmh		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-honorifics	אֶמְצָא חֵ֖ן בְּ⁠עֵינֵ֥י אֲדֹנִֽ⁠י	1	Consider again how you translated **my lord** in verses 8,13-15. For some languages it is more natural to put this address earlier in this quote. Do what is best in your language. Also see how you translated the idiom **find favor in the eyes of** in verse 8. Alternate translation: “Just please continue to be gracious to me, sir.” or “Sir, please just continue to treat me kindly.”
33:16	r6yz			וַ⁠יָּשָׁב֩ בַּ⁠יּ֨וֹם הַ⁠ה֥וּא עֵשָׂ֛ו לְ⁠דַרְכּ֖⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “So that very day Esau and his men started on their way back” or “So that very day Esau and his men left and headed back”
33:16	c592			שֵׂעִֽירָ⁠ה	1	See how you translated **Seir** in verse 14. Alternate translation: “home to the region of Seir.”
33:17	moff		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast	וְ⁠יַעֲקֹב֙ נָסַ֣ע סֻכֹּ֔תָ⁠ה	1	Jacob went northwest to Succoth, instead of going south to the region of Seir as he had said he would do (verse 14). Also see how you translated “travel” in verse 12. Alternate translation: “But Jacob went to the town of Succoth instead,” or “Meanwhile, instead of going to Seir, Jacob and his family went to the town of Succoth,”
33:17	moyc			וַ⁠יִּ֥בֶן ל֖⁠וֹ בָּ֑יִת	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “There he and his servants built a house for himself and his family” or “where he and his men built a house for his family”
33:17	kw1x			וּ⁠לְ⁠מִקְנֵ֨⁠הוּ֙ עָשָׂ֣ה סֻכֹּ֔ת	1	The term **livestock** is general here and includes all of Jacob’s animals. Alternate translation: “and they also built some shelters for his livestock” or “and shelters for his animals.”
33:17	oyhe			עַל כֵּ֛ן	1	See how you translated this phrase in Gen 32:32. Alternate translation: “Because of that,”
33:17	tv48		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	קָרָ֥א שֵׁם הַ⁠מָּק֖וֹם סֻכּֽוֹת	1	The phrase “he/they called” could refer to Jacob, or it could refer to people in general (as it often does in Genesis). If you include the meaning of the name Succoth in your translation or in a footnote, make sure it matches the way you translate **shelters** earlier in this verse.
33:18	uqlg			וַ⁠יָּבֹא֩ יַעֲקֹ֨ב שָׁלֵ֜ם עִ֣יר שְׁכֶ֗ם אֲשֶׁר֙ בְּ⁠אֶ֣רֶץ כְּנַ֔עַן בְּ⁠בֹא֖⁠וֹ מִ⁠פַּדַּ֣ן אֲרָ֑ם	1	Jacob and his family had left Paddan Aram and had been traveling back to the land of his ancestors in Canaan (Gen 31:3, 13, 18). See how you translated **in peace** in Gen 28:21. Alternate translation: “Later Jacob and his family arrived safely at the city of Shechem in the land of Canaan, as he continued traveling home from the region of Paddan Aram,” or “After that, Jacob and his family continued their journey home from the region of Paddan Aram, until eventually they arrived safely at the city of Shechem in the land of Canaan,”
33:18	q3jx			וַ⁠יִּ֖חַן	1	Consider whether or not it is best in your language to begin a new sentence here. See how you translated **camped** in Gen 26:17. Alternate translation: “and he set up camp in a field” or “Then he set up his tents in a field”
33:18	a1lz			אֶת פְּנֵ֥י הָ⁠עִֽיר	1	 Alternate translation: “near the city.” or “on the edge of the city.”
33:19	dg43			וַ⁠יִּ֜קֶן אֶת חֶלְקַ֣ת הַ⁠שָּׂדֶ֗ה	1	 Alternate translation: “Then he bought the plot of land”
33:19	gedk			אֲשֶׁ֤ר נָֽטָה־שָׁם֙ אָהֳל֔⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “where they had set up their camp” or “where he were camping”
33:19	esul		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	מִ⁠יַּ֥ד בְּנֵֽי חֲמ֖וֹר אֲבִ֣י שְׁכֶ֑ם בְּ⁠מֵאָ֖ה קְשִׂיטָֽה	1	The weight and value of a hundred kesitahs of silver is not known. Some ancient translations (including the LXX and Latin Vulgate) have “a hundred lambs” here, but most modern translations have “a hundred pieces of silver/money”. Alternate translation: “for one hundred pieces of money from the sons of Hamor who was the father of Shechem.”
33:20	lob7			וַ⁠יַּצֶּב שָׁ֖ם מִזְבֵּ֑חַ	1	See how you translated **altar** in Gen 26:25. Alternate translation: “On that land Jacob also built a stone altar,” or “Jacob also made an altar out of stones on that land,”
33:20	e6k2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	וַ⁠יִּ֨קְרָא ל֔⁠וֹ אֵ֖ל אֱלֹהֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל	1	The name **El Elohe Israel** could also mean “Powerful/Mighty is the God of Israel,” because the Hebrew word “el” can mean “God” or “powerful.” You could put that information in a footnote.
34:1	xwzi		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent	וַ⁠תֵּצֵ֤א דִינָה֙ בַּת־לֵאָ֔ה אֲשֶׁ֥ר יָלְדָ֖ה לְ⁠יַעֲקֹ֑ב	1	These events took place at an unspecified time after Jacob and his family set up their camp beside the city of Shechem (Gen 33:18). Consider what is the best way to introduce a new event in your language. Also be consistent here with how you spelled **Dinah** in Gen 30:21. Alternate translation: “Now one day Dinah, who was the daughter whom Leah had for Jacob, went out” or “One day, Dinah, who was the daughter of Jacob and Leah, went to the city”
34:1	da5z		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	לִ⁠רְא֖וֹת	1	The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. The verb **to see** could mean: (1) “to visit with”; many languages have a similar idiom. (2) “to see/observe” the local women, for example, how they dressed and what jewelry they wore.
34:1	xo8b			בִּ⁠בְנ֥וֹת הָ⁠אָֽרֶץ	1	See how you translated **daughters of the land** in Gen 27:46, and how you translated a similar phrase (“people of the land”) in Gen 23:7, 12. Alternate translation: “some of the women who were native to that area” or “some of the native women.”
34:2	kd4e		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	וַ⁠יַּ֨רְא & שְׁכֶ֧ם בֶּן חֲמ֛וֹר הַֽ⁠חִוִּ֖י נְשִׂ֣יא הָ⁠אָ֑רֶץ	1	Consider which order of phrases is best here in your language. Also see how you translated “Hivites” in Gen 10:17 and **ruler** in Gen 25:16. Alternate translation: “Then Shechem, who was the son of the Hivite named Hamor who ruled that region, saw” or “Now the ruler of that region was a Hivite named Hamor. His son Shechem saw”
34:2	ht9l			אֹתָ֜⁠הּ & וַ⁠יִּקַּ֥ח אֹתָ֛⁠הּ	1	 Alternate translation: “Dinah, and he grabbed hold of her” or “how beautiful Dinah was, so he took hold of her”
34:2	ptfl		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism	וַ⁠יִּשְׁכַּ֥ב אֹתָ֖⁠הּ וַ⁠יְעַנֶּֽ⁠הָ	1	This is a euphemistic way of saying that Shechem forced Dinah to have sex with him. Translate this in a way that will not offend or embarrass people, especially when hearing your translation read aloud. Alternate translation: “and forced her to go to bed with him.”
34:3	l9qg			וַ⁠תִּדְבַּ֣ק נַפְשׁ֔⁠וֹ בְּ⁠דִינָ֖ה בַּֽת יַעֲקֹ֑ב וַ⁠יֶּֽאֱהַב֙	1	 Alternate translation: “He admired her so much that he fell in love with her”
34:3	nd16			וַ⁠יְדַבֵּ֖ר עַל לֵ֥ב הַֽ⁠נַּעֲרָֽ	1	See how you translated **young woman** in Gen 24:14, and see the note about that there. Alternate translation: “and spoke tenderly to her to try to persuade her.” or “and tried to win her heart by speaking kindly to her.”
34:4	q2v0			וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר שְׁכֶ֔ם אֶל חֲמ֥וֹר אָבִ֖י⁠ו לֵ⁠אמֹ֑ר	1	 Alternate translation: “Then Shechem went to his father Hamor and requested”
34:4	u0r8			קַֽח לִ֛⁠י אֶת הַ⁠יַּלְדָּ֥ה הַ⁠זֹּ֖את לְ⁠אִשָּֽׁה	1	At that time it was normal for parents to negotiate with another family to get a spouse for their child. The negotiations would include a bride-price and other details. You could put some of that information in a footnote. The term **girl** that Shechem uses here is less respectful than the term “young woman” that is used in verses 3 and 12.
34:5	ern7			וְ⁠יַעֲקֹ֣ב שָׁמַ֗ע כִּ֤י	1	 Alternate translation: “When Jacob was told by someone that”
34:5	iqjy			טִמֵּא֙ אֶת דִּינָ֣ה בִתּ֔⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “Shechem had disgraced his daughter Dinah,” or “his daughter Dinah had been disgraced by Shechem,”
34:5	ikpl			וּ⁠בָנָ֛י⁠ו הָי֥וּ אֶת מִקְנֵ֖⁠הוּ בַּ⁠שָּׂדֶ֑ה	1	 Alternate translation: “his sons were still tending his livestock out in the fields,” or “his sons were still out in the fields taking care of his livestock”
34:5	b462			וְ⁠הֶחֱרִ֥שׁ יַעֲקֹ֖ב	1	Make sure your translation of this phrase does not mean that Jacob was totally silent. Rather, it means he did not speak about what Shechem had done to Dinah.
34:5	vahs			עַד בֹּאָֽ⁠ם	1	 Alternate translation: “until they came back home.”
34:6	huzm		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וַ⁠יֵּצֵ֛א חֲמ֥וֹר אֲבִֽי שְׁכֶ֖ם	1	For some languages it is more natural to introduce Shechem here, rather than wait and have him appear too suddenly in verse 11. Do what is best in your language.
34:6	fxey			אֶֽל יַעֲקֹ֑ב לְ⁠דַבֵּ֖ר אִתּֽ⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “to talk with Jacob.”
34:7	ydmu			כְּ⁠שָׁמְעָ֔⁠ם	1	Many translations put “when they heard” with the previous sentence. However, unless someone else told Jacob’s sons the news of what happened, that interpretation contradicts verse 5, which says that Jacob kept quiet about it until his sons got home. Alternate translation: “When they heard that Shechem had raped their sister,”
34:7	cnrm			וַ⁠יִּֽתְעַצְּבוּ֙ הָֽ⁠אֲנָשִׁ֔ים	1	See how you translated **grieved** in Gen 6:6. It may be necessary to translate this term in different ways, depending on the context. Alternate translation: “they were very shocked”
34:7	m7g2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וַ⁠יִּ֥חַר לָ⁠הֶ֖ם מְאֹ֑ד	1	See how you translated the idiom “it/anger burned within …” in Gen 32:36. Alternate translation: “and filled with anger,”
34:7	csph			כִּֽי נְבָלָ֞ה עָשָׂ֣ה בְ⁠יִשְׂרָאֵ֗ל	1	Notice in this verse that the Hebrew text has both of Jacob’s names, **Jacob** and “Israel,” to emphasize that Shechem had sinned against Jacob and all of his descendants (the people of Israel). You could put that information in a footnote. Make sure that your translation of **Israel** does not refer here to a place, since Israel was not yet a country or a territory. Alternate translation: “that Shechem had disgraced the family of Israel”
34:7	wf5f			וְ⁠כֵ֖ן לֹ֥א יֵעָשֶֽׂה	1	 Alternate translation: “Such a wicked thing should never be done by anyone!” or “No one should ever do such a wicked crime!”
34:8	omfw			וַ⁠יְדַבֵּ֥ר חֲמ֖וֹר אִתָּ֣⁠ם לֵ⁠אמֹ֑ר	1	 Alternate translation: “But Hamor pleaded with Jacob and his sons and said,” or “But Hamor begged Jacob and his sons,”
34:8	ma3r		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular	בְּ⁠בִתְּ⁠כֶ֔ם	1	The pronoun **your** is plural here, which shows that Hamor is addressing not only Jacob but also his sons. Alternate translation: “My son Shechem has fallen completely in love with your daughter and sister.”
34:8	sx6u			תְּנ֨וּ נָ֥א אֹתָ֛⁠הּ ל֖⁠וֹ לְ⁠אִשָּֽׁה	1	The way **give** and “take” are used in verses 8, 9, 12, 16 and 21 reflects the culture at that time, when parents or families arranged marriages for their daughters. Also see the note about this at verse 4. Alternate translation: “So please permit him to marry her.”
34:9	fum0			בְּנֹֽתֵי⁠כֶם֙ תִּתְּנוּ לָ֔⁠נוּ וְ⁠אֶת בְּנֹתֵ֖י⁠נוּ תִּקְח֥וּ לָ⁠כֶֽם	1	 Alternate translation: “so that your daughters will marry our young men and your young men will marry our daughters.” or “so that you allow our young men to marry your daughters and we allow your young men to marry our daughters.”
34:10	rrpa			וְ⁠אִתָּ֖⁠נוּ תֵּשֵׁ֑בוּ	1	 Alternate translation: “You can also live among us.” or “We also invite you to live among us.”
34:10	x3fi			וְ⁠הָ⁠אָ֨רֶץ֙ תִּהְיֶ֣ה לִ⁠פְנֵי⁠כֶ֔ם שְׁבוּ֙ וּ⁠סְחָר֔וּ⁠הָ	1	Normally foreigners were not allowed to own land or to move around in the land to trade freely. So that is why Hamor is offering this in exchange for Jacob allowing his family to intermarry with the Hivites. Alternate translation: “The land is available for you to choose what you want; settle in it wherever you want. You can also trade freely here,” or “You can settle wherever you want in the land. You can also do business buying and selling things wherever you want,”
34:10	b00z			וְ⁠הֵֽאָחֲז֖וּ בָּֽ⁠הּ	1	 Alternate translation: “and you can buy your own property”
34:11	i9w3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	אֶמְצָא חֵ֖ן בְּ⁠עֵינֵי⁠כֶ֑ם	1	See how you translated the idiom “Let me find favor in the eyes of …” in Gen 33:15. Alternate translation: “Please be gracious to me and let me marry Dinah,”
34:11	mqgb			וַ⁠אֲשֶׁ֥ר תֹּאמְר֛וּ אֵלַ֖⁠י אֶתֵּֽן	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “Then I will give you whatever you ask from me for her.”
34:12	l9mr		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	הַרְבּ֨וּ עָלַ֤⁠י מְאֹד֙ מֹ֣הַר וּ⁠מַתָּ֔ן	1	The **dowry** was the payment that a groom (and his family) had to give to the bride’s family. It could include things like money, land, and livestock. The term **gift** probably refers to additional gifts given to the bride and her family members (as in Gen 24:53). If the custom of paying a dowry is not known in your culture, you could include an explanation in a footnote. Alternate translation: “Set the dowry and wedding gifts that I must pay to marry her as high as you want,”
34:12	zoy5			וְ⁠אֶ֨תְּנָ֔ה כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֥ר תֹּאמְר֖וּ אֵלָ֑⁠י	1	See how you translated a similar clause in verse 11. Alternate translation: “and I will give you whatever you ask from me.”
34:12	hr5l			וּ⁠תְנוּ לִ֥⁠י אֶת הַֽ⁠נַּעֲרָ֖ לְ⁠אִשָּֽׁה	1	See how you translated **young woman** in verse 3. Alternate translation: “Only please let me marry the young woman.”
34:13	vyae		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	אֲשֶׁ֣ר טִמֵּ֔א אֵ֖ת דִּינָ֥ה אֲחֹתָֽ⁠ם	1	For some languages it is more natural to put this clause first in this verse and say, “But because/since Shechem had defiled/dishonored their sister Dinah, the sons of Jacob deceived/tricked Shechem and his father Hamor 14 by saying to them,” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “because he had disgraced their sister Dinah.” or “because he had done a shameful thing to their sister Dinah.”
34:14	qc19			וַ⁠יֹּאמְר֣וּ אֲלֵי⁠הֶ֗ם	1	Consider whether it is best in your language to begin a new sentence here or to continue the sentence that started in verse 13. Alternate translation: “and said to them,”
34:14	fyu7			לֹ֤א נוּכַל֙ לַ⁠עֲשׂוֹת֙ הַ⁠דָּבָ֣ר הַ⁠זֶּ֔ה	1	 Alternate translation: “We are not able to do such a thing as” or “It would be not be right for us”
34:14	va2y		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism	לָ⁠תֵת֙ אֶת אֲחֹתֵ֔⁠נוּ לְ⁠אִ֖ישׁ אֲשֶׁר ל֣⁠וֹ עָרְלָ֑ה	1	Translate **who has a foreskin** in a way that will not offend or embarrass people, especially when hearing your translation read aloud. Alternate translation: “to let our sister marry a man like you who has not had his foreskin removed,” or “to allow a man like you who is not circumcised to marry our sister,”
34:14	guat			כִּֽי חֶרְפָּ֥ה הִ֖וא לָֽ⁠נוּ	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “because that would humiliate our family!” or “That would cause great shame to our family!”
34:15	xfgc			אַךְ בְּ⁠זֹ֖את נֵא֣וֹת לָ⁠כֶ֑ם	1	 Alternate translation: “The only way that we will agree with your proposal is” or “We will do what you ask only if you do this one thing:”
34:15	u2iz			אִ֚ם תִּהְי֣וּ כָמֹ֔⁠נוּ	1	 Alternate translation: “You and your people must first become like us”
34:15	w4wh		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms	לְ⁠הִמֹּ֥ל לָ⁠כֶ֖ם כָּל זָכָֽר	1	See how you translated **circumcised** in Gen 17:10. Alternate translation: “by circumcising all your males.”
34:16	i0ty		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive	וְ⁠נָתַ֤נּוּ אֶת בְּנֹתֵ֨י⁠נוּ֙ לָ⁠כֶ֔ם וְ⁠אֶת בְּנֹתֵי⁠כֶ֖ם נִֽקַּֽח לָ֑⁠נוּ	1	The pronouns “we,” “our,” and **us** are exclusive in verses 14-17 except for the last **we** in verse 16. Also see how you translated “give … daughters … take … daughters …” in verse 9. Alternate translation: “Then we will let our daughters marry your young men, and our young men will marry your daughters.” or “After you do that, then we will allow your young men to marry our daughters, and we will allow your daughters to marry our young men.”
34:16	v17p			וְ⁠יָשַׁ֣בְנוּ אִתְּ⁠כֶ֔ם	1	See how you translated **settle with** in verse 10. Alternate translation: “We will also settle among you in this land,”
34:16	ijuu		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive	וְ⁠הָיִ֖ינוּ לְ⁠עַ֥ם אֶחָֽד	1	Here the **we** is inclusive because Jacob’s sons are including Shechem and Hamor’s people. If you have an inclusive form of this pronoun in your language, you could use it here. Alternate translation: “and as a result we will all be one ethnic group.”
34:17	p6xy			וְ⁠אִם לֹ֧א תִשְׁמְע֛וּ אֵלֵ֖י⁠נוּ לְ⁠הִמּ֑וֹל	1	 Alternate translation: “But if you refuse to agree with our requirement that you circumcise your males,” or “But if you do not circumcise your males as we say,”
34:17	o476			וְ⁠לָקַ֥חְנוּ אֶת בִּתֵּ֖⁠נוּ וְ⁠הָלָֽכְנוּ	1	The phrase **our daughter** reflects the fact that Jacob’s sons are using their father’s perspective and authority here. If that is confusing, you could say “our sister” instead. See how you translated “our family’s daughter” in verse 8. Alternate translation: “then we will leave and take our sister with us.”
34:18	jvuw		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וַ⁠יִּֽיטְב֥וּ דִבְרֵי⁠הֶ֖ם בְּ⁠עֵינֵ֣י חֲמ֑וֹר וּ⁠בְ⁠עֵינֵ֖י שְׁכֶ֥ם בֶּן חֲמֽוֹר	1	See how you translated the idiom “good in … eyes” in Gen 19:8. It may need to be translated in different ways, depending on the context.
34:19	hx5y			וְ⁠לֹֽא אֵחַ֤ר הַ⁠נַּ֨עַר֙	1	 Alternate translation: “So Shechem immediately started” or “So right away Shechem took action”
34:19	xq4h			לַ⁠עֲשׂ֣וֹת הַ⁠דָּבָ֔ר	1	 Alternate translation: “to do what they proposed,” or “to do their requirement,”
34:19	p3wu		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	וְ⁠ה֣וּא נִכְבָּ֔ד מִ⁠כֹּ֖ל בֵּ֥ית אָבִֽי⁠ו	1	For some languages it is more natural to put this clause earlier in this sentence and say, “So right away Shechem, who was the most respected member in his father’s household/family, started to do what they required, because he was thrilled with Jacob’s daughter.” Do what is best in your language.
34:20	cgfe			וַֽ⁠יְדַבְּר֛וּ אֶל אַנְשֵׁ֥י עִירָ֖⁠ם לֵ⁠אמֹֽר	1	In that culture the leaders of a city held their meetings at the main city gates (as in Gen 23:3). Cities were surrounded by walls (that had gates) for protection. You could put some of that information in a footnote so that people understand what was happening. Alternate translation: “and they spoke to the city elders who had gathered there. They said,” or “and they told the leaders of their city about Jacob and his sons,”
34:21	mxq8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive	הָ⁠אֲנָשִׁ֨ים הָ⁠אֵ֜לֶּה שְֽׁלֵמִ֧ים הֵ֣ם אִתָּ֗⁠נוּ	1	Here **us** includes Hamor, Shechem and the men they are talking to. Alternate translation: “Jacob and his family are at peace with us,”
34:21	abis			וְ⁠יֵשְׁב֤וּ בָ⁠אָ֨רֶץ֙	1	See how you translated **settle** in verse 10. Alternate translation: “so we should let them live in our land”
34:21	r5i3			וְ⁠יִסְחֲר֣וּ אֹתָ֔⁠הּ	1	See how you translated **trade in it** in verse 10. Alternate translation: “and let them buy and sell things wherever they want.”
34:21	eq9e		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וְ⁠הָ⁠אָ֛רֶץ הִנֵּ֥ה רַֽחֲבַת יָדַ֖יִם לִ⁠פְנֵי⁠הֶ֑ם	1	 Alternate translation: “Look, there is enough land to support them and us.” or “After all, there is more than enough room in this land for them too.”
34:21	p1ah			אֶת בְּנֹתָ⁠ם֙ נִקַּֽח לָ֣⁠נוּ לְ⁠נָשִׁ֔ים וְ⁠אֶת בְּנֹתֵ֖י⁠נוּ נִתֵּ֥ן לָ⁠הֶֽם	1	See how you translated similar clauses in verses 9 and 16. It may be necessary to translate these in different ways, depending on the context. Alternate translation: “That way too, we can choose their daughters to be our wives, and we can let their young men marry our daughters.”
34:22	hf95			אַךְ בְּ֠⁠זֹאת יֵאֹ֨תוּ לָ֤⁠נוּ הָ⁠אֲנָשִׁים֙ לָ⁠שֶׁ֣בֶת אִתָּ֔⁠נוּ	1	See how you began verse 15, which is very similar to verse 22. Alternate translation: “There is just one requirement: They will only agree to settle among us” or “But they will only consent to live among us”
34:22	r3ez			לִ⁠הְי֖וֹת לְ⁠עַ֣ם אֶחָ֑ד	1	See how you translated this phrase in verse 16.
34:22	yesq			בְּ⁠הִמּ֥וֹל לָ֨⁠נוּ֙ כָּל זָכָ֔ר	1	See how you translated “every male among … circumcised” in verse 15. Alternate translation: “if all our males are circumcised”
34:22	kv8j			כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֖ר הֵ֥ם נִמֹּלִֽים	1	 Alternate translation: “as their males are.”
34:23	w2up			מִקְנֵ⁠הֶ֤ם וְ⁠קִנְיָנָ⁠ם֙ וְ⁠כָל בְּהֶמְתָּ֔⁠ם	1	 Alternate translation: “Then all their livestock and animals, and all their other property” or “But if we do that, all their possessions, including their livestock and all their other animals”
34:23	bstj		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	הֲ⁠ל֥וֹא לָ֖⁠נוּ הֵ֑ם	1	This rhetorical question emphasizes that all of Jacob’s livestock and property will belong to the people of Shechem. If a rhetorical question does not fit here in your language, you could make this a statement. Alternate translation: “will be ours!”
34:23	cpgv			אַ֚ךְ נֵא֣וֹתָה לָ⁠הֶ֔ם	1	 Alternate translation: “So we should just do what they propose”
34:23	bcto			וְ⁠יֵשְׁב֖וּ אִתָּֽ⁠נוּ	1	See how you translated **settle with us** in verses 10 and 22. Alternate translation: “so that they will settle among us!”
34:24	kgkn		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וַ⁠יִּשְׁמְע֤וּ & כָּל יֹצְאֵ֖י שַׁ֣עַר עִיר֑⁠וֹ	1	Make sure that your translation of this idiom refers here to the same men who had gathered at the city gates in verse 20. Alternate translation: “All the men who were elders of the city” or “All the men who were there at the city gate”
34:24	qqoa			וַ⁠יִּשְׁמְע֤וּ אֶל חֲמוֹר֙ וְ⁠אֶל שְׁכֶ֣ם בְּנ֔⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “agreed to do what Hamor and his son Shechem said,”
34:24	l5xq			וַ⁠יִּמֹּ֨לוּ֙ כָּל זָכָ֔ר כָּל יֹצְאֵ֖י שַׁ֥עַר עִירֽ⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “so all of them and all the other males in the city were circumcised.”
34:25	xbss			וַ⁠יְהִי֩ בַ⁠יּ֨וֹם הַ⁠שְּׁלִישִׁ֜י	1	 Alternate translation: “On the third day after that,”
34:25	x8wa			בִּֽ⁠הְיוֹתָ֣⁠ם כֹּֽאֲבִ֗ים	1	 Alternate translation: “when it was still painful for the men of the city to move”
34:25	abi8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship	וַ⁠יִּקְח֣וּ שְׁנֵֽי בְנֵי יַ֠עֲקֹב שִׁמְע֨וֹן וְ⁠לֵוִ֜י אֲחֵ֤י דִינָה֙ אִ֣ישׁ	1	These brothers had the same father and mother as Dinah. Some languages have a special term for this. Do what is best in your language.
34:25	nk02			חַרְבּ֔⁠וֹ וַ⁠יָּבֹ֥אוּ עַל הָ⁠עִ֖יר בֶּ֑טַח	1	See how you translated **sword** in Gen 27:40. Alternate translation: “their swords and attacked the city, with no one resisting them.”
34:25	g5z3			וַ⁠יַּֽהַרְג֖וּ כָּל זָכָֽר	1	The children who were males were probably not killed, since later (verse 29) it says that all the children were captured. Also, consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here that continues into verse 26. Alternate translation: “They killed all the males there”
34:26	hiyf		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual	וְ⁠אֶת חֲמוֹר֙ וְ⁠אֶת שְׁכֶ֣ם בְּנ֔⁠וֹ הָרְג֖וּ לְ⁠פִי חָ֑רֶב	1	Some languages have dual pronouns for **they** and “you” that can be used in verses 25-26 and 30-31 to refer to Simeon and Levi. Do what is best in your language.
34:26	wgh0			וַ⁠יֵּצֵֽאוּ	1	 Alternate translation: “and returned home.”
34:27	cym6			בְּנֵ֣י יַעֲקֹ֗ב בָּ֚אוּ עַל הַ֣⁠חֲלָלִ֔ים וַ⁠יָּבֹ֖זּוּ הָ⁠עִ֑יר	1	All of Jacob’s sons probably joined Simeon and Levi in plundering the city, after those two had killed all the men there (verse 25).
34:27	iggu			אֲשֶׁ֥ר טִמְּא֖וּ אֲחוֹתָֽ⁠ם	1	See how you translated **defiled** in verses 5 and 13. Even though Shechem was the one who actually defiled Dinah (verses 2, 5, 7, 13), Jacob’s sons held everyone in the city responsible for the crime that their ruler’s son had committed (verses 25-29). If that is not clear, you could put that information in a footnote. Make sure that your translation of **they** does not refer to Jacob’s sons. Alternate translation: “They did that because that was where Shechem had disgraced their sister.” or “to get revenge for the shameful thing that had been done to their sister there.”
34:28	u9bb		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	אֶת צֹאנָ֥⁠ם וְ⁠אֶת בְּקָרָ֖⁠ם וְ⁠אֶת חֲמֹרֵי⁠הֶּ֑ם וְ⁠אֵ֧ת אֲשֶׁר בָּ⁠עִ֛יר וְ⁠אֶת אֲשֶׁ֥ר בַּ⁠שָּׂדֶ֖ה לָקָֽחוּ	1	See how you translated **donkeys** in Gen 32:15.
34:29	ulo0			וְ⁠אֶת כָּל חֵילָ֤⁠ם וְ⁠אֶת כָּל טַפָּ⁠ם֙ וְ⁠אֶת נְשֵׁי⁠הֶ֔ם שָׁב֖וּ וַ⁠יָּבֹ֑זּוּ וְ⁠אֵ֖ת כָּל אֲשֶׁ֥ר בַּ⁠בָּֽיִת	1	See how you translated **plundered** in verse 27. Alternate translation: “They carried away all the valuable things the people of Shechem had owned, including everything that was in their houses. They also captured all their women and children.” or “They took away everything that was valuable and also captured all the children and women. They seized and took away everything that was in the houses.”
34:30	orqa			וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר יַעֲקֹ֜ב אֶל־שִׁמְע֣וֹן וְ⁠אֶל־לֵוִי֮	1	 Alternate translation: “Later when they came home, Jacob scolded Simeon and Levi by saying,”
34:30	cqxl			עֲכַרְתֶּ֣ם אֹתִ⁠י֒	1	 Alternate translation: “You have caused me serious problems” or “You have put me in great danger”
34:30	wstm		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	לְ⁠הַבְאִישֵׁ֨⁠נִי֙ בְּ⁠יֹשֵׁ֣ב הָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ בַּֽ⁠כְּנַעֲנִ֖י וּ⁠בַ⁠פְּרִזִּ֑י	1	The idiom **making me stink** means Jacob’s sons had caused him to have a very bad reputation, so that people would hate him and his family. Some languages have a similar idiom that fits well here. Do what is best in your language. Also see how you translated **the Canaanites** and **the Perizzites** in Gen 13:7; 15:20-21. There were other people groups also living in the land, but these two groups are the ones being emphasized here. Alternate translation: “by causing the people who live in this land to despise us, including the Canaanites and Perizzites!” or “by causing the Canaanites and Perizzites who live in this land to hate me”
34:30	sth0		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	וַ⁠אֲנִי֙ מְתֵ֣י מִסְפָּ֔ר	1	The words “I,” “me,” and **my** refer in this verse to all of Jacob’s family; he uses these pronouns because he is the leader of his family. Alternate translation: “We only have a few men to defend us,”
34:30	wg65			וְ⁠נֶאֶסְפ֤וּ עָלַ⁠י֙ וְ⁠הִכּ֔וּ⁠נִי	1	Make sure your use of the pronouns **me** or “us” fits with the way you translate the rest of this sentence. Alternate translation: “so if they all join forces against me and attack me”
34:30	qov1			וְ⁠נִשְׁמַדְתִּ֖י אֲנִ֥י וּ⁠בֵיתִֽ⁠י	1	 Alternate translation: “then I and my family will be killed!” or “they will kill us and the rest of my household!”
34:31	unw5			וַ⁠יֹּאמְר֑וּ	1	 Alternate translation: “But Simeon and Levi replied angrily,”
34:31	rcxi		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	הַ⁠כְ⁠זוֹנָ֕ה יַעֲשֶׂ֖ה אֶת אֲחוֹתֵֽ⁠נוּ	1	This rhetorical question shows Simeon and Levi’s anger and emphasizes that Shechem was wrong to do what he did and implies that he (and his city) deserved justice. Some languages have an idiom for this. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “He should not have treated our sister as a prostitute”
35:1	b2k5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר אֱלֹהִים֙ אֶֽל יַעֲקֹ֔ב	1	Translate this quote margin in a way that is natural in your language and that fits with what God says. Alternate translation: “Then God told Jacob,”
35:1	divn			ק֛וּם	1	 Alternate translation: “Get packed”
35:1	j11q			עֲלֵ֥ה בֵֽית אֵ֖ל וְ⁠שֶׁב שָׁ֑ם	1	The verb **go up** reflects the fact that the town of Bethel is higher in elevation than the city of Shechem; it does not refer to the direction they were going, which was south. Many translations leave **up** implied (to prevent confusion). Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “and travel to the town of Bethel and live there.”
35:1	a8t3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וַ⁠עֲשֵׂה שָׁ֣ם מִזְבֵּ֔חַ	1	See how you translated **altar** in Gen 33:20.
35:1	auxm		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	לָ⁠אֵל֙	1	Make sure it is clear in your translation that God is referring to himself as he speaks here to Jacob. Alternate translation: “to me as the God” or “to me, the God”
35:1	b1zx			הַ⁠נִּרְאֶ֣ה אֵלֶ֔י⁠ךָ	1	See how you translated **appeared** in Gen 26:2, 24. Alternate translation: “who came to you there” or “who introduced myself to you there”
35:1	valf			בְּ⁠בָרְחֲ⁠ךָ֔	1	See how you translated “flee” in Gen 31:20-21, 27.
35:1	w50x			מִ⁠פְּנֵ֖י עֵשָׂ֥ו אָחִֽי⁠ךָ	1	 Alternate translation: “from the anger of your brother Esau.”
35:2	k4x7			וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר יַעֲקֹב֙ אֶל בֵּית֔⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “So Jacob told the members of his family”
35:2	uugi			וְ⁠אֶ֖ל כָּל אֲשֶׁ֣ר עִמּ֑⁠וֹ	1	This included Jacob’s servants and the people (women and children) whom his sons had just captured from the city of Shechem (Gen 34:29). You could put some of that information in a footnote.
35:2	ftw0		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms	הָסִ֜רוּ אֶת אֱלֹהֵ֤י הַ⁠נֵּכָר֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר בְּ⁠תֹכְ⁠כֶ֔ם	1	See how you translated “idols” and **gods** in Gen 31:19, 30, 32. Alternate translation: “Get rid of the idols you have that pagan ethnic groups worship.” or “Give up the idols that you have from foreigners”
35:2	ajs7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms	וְ⁠הִֽטַּהֲר֔וּ	1	They were to make themselves physically clean as a sign that they were preparing themselves mentally and spiritually to worship God (as their only God) at Bethel, which was a holy place where God had met with Jacob before. Some languages may have a special word for **purify** that communicates this. Do what is best in your language. Also consider whether or not it is best in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “and cleanse yourselves”
35:2	fg8j			וְ⁠הַחֲלִ֖יפוּ שִׂמְלֹתֵי⁠כֶֽם	1	 Alternate translation: “and get on clean clothes.”
35:3	nuyn			וְ⁠נָק֥וּמָה	1	See how you translated **get up** in verse 1. Alternate translation: “Then we must pack up our things” or “Then we must leave here”
35:3	yauk			וְ⁠נַעֲלֶ֖ה בֵּֽית אֵ֑ל	1	See how you translated **go up** in verse 1. Alternate translation: “and go to the town of Bethel,”
35:3	jdob			וְ⁠אֶֽעֱשֶׂה שָּׁ֣ם מִזְבֵּ֗חַ לָ⁠אֵ֞ל	1	The Hebrew text has **I** here, but probably also implies that others in Jacob’s household would help him build the altar. Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Also see how you translated **make an altar** in verse 1. Alternate translation: “where I will build an altar to worship God,” or “There I will build an altar and worship God,”
35:3	kf5y			הָ⁠עֹנֶ֤ה אֹתִ⁠י֙	1	 Alternate translation: “because he answered me” or “who granted my prayers for help”
35:3	qw4q		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	בְּ⁠י֣וֹם צָֽרָתִ֔⁠י	1	The phrase “In the day of” is used here as an idiom that could refer to the time when Jacob was fleeing from Esau, or it could be more general and also include other times when Jacob was suffering, such as the years he worked for Laban. Alternate translation: “during the days when I was in trouble.”
35:3	mk28		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וַ⁠יְהִי֙ עִמָּדִ֔⁠י	1	See how you translated the idiom **with me** in Gen 31:5, where it also means that God is not only present with him but also helps him and takes care of him. Alternate translation: “He has always stayed with me and taken care of me”
35:3	gaoi			בַּ⁠דֶּ֖רֶךְ אֲשֶׁ֥ר הָלָֽכְתִּי	1	 Alternate translation: “everywhere that I have gone”
35:4	a2y2			וַ⁠יִּתְּנ֣וּ אֶֽל יַעֲקֹ֗ב	1	 Alternate translation: “Then they gave Jacob” or “Then they turned over to Jacob”
35:4	trzi			אֵ֣ת כָּל אֱלֹהֵ֤י הַ⁠נֵּכָר֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר בְּ⁠יָדָ֔⁠ם	1	See how you translated **foreign gods** in verse 2. You could translate this differently here since this is the second time they are mentioned in this paragraph. Alternate translation: “all the pagan gods that they had with them”
35:4	emli			וְ⁠אֶת הַ⁠נְּזָמִ֖ים אֲשֶׁ֣ר בְּ⁠אָזְנֵי⁠הֶ֑ם	1	These earrings seem to have been part of their idol worship and may have had images of their idols on them. You could include that information in a footnote. Alternate translation: “and the earrings they wore on their ears.”
35:4	mkvs			וַ⁠יִּטְמֹ֤ן אֹתָ⁠ם֙ יַעֲקֹ֔ב	1	 Alternate translation: “Then Jacob hid everything in the ground” or “Then Jacob hid all those things in the ground”
35:4	ppcd			תַּ֥חַת	1	Make sure it is clear in your translation that Jacob buried these things in the ground beside the tree, not directly under the trunk of the tree. Alternate translation: “beside” or “at the foot of”
35:4	qkq2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	הָ⁠אֵלָ֖ה	1	Although this phrase refers to a terebinth tree, many translations have “oak tree” instead, or some other type of large, strong tree that is well known. See how you translated a different Hebrew word that is also translated **terebinth tree** or “oak tree” in Gen 12:6; 13:18; 14:13; 18:1. Another Hebrew word in Gen 35:8 is also translated as “oak.” Alternate translation: “a oak tree”
35:5	w4f2			וַ⁠יִּסָּ֑עוּ	1	 Alternate translation: “Then they all left there and started traveling,”
35:5	bc7c			וַ⁠יְהִ֣י חִתַּ֣ת אֱלֹהִ֗ים עַל הֶֽ⁠עָרִים֙ אֲשֶׁר֙ סְבִיבֹ֣תֵי⁠הֶ֔ם וְ⁠לֹ֣א	1	The Hebrew word “Elohim” probably means **God** in this phrase (as it usually does in the Bible); most English versions translate it that way here. Or it could be an adjective that modifies “dread/terror” and means “great/deep dread/terror” (similar to Gen 23:6, 30:8). See how you translated **dread** in Gen 9:2. Alternate translation: “and God caused the people in the nearby cities to be afraid, so that” or “and God made the people in the nearby cities so afraid that”
35:5	xxat			וְ⁠לֹ֣א רָֽדְפ֔וּ אַחֲרֵ֖י	1	Make sure your translation of **they** refers here to the people in the surrounding towns, not Jacob’s sons. Alternate translation: “no one attacked” or “none of them came after”
35:5	g7og		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	בְּנֵ֥י יַעֲקֹֽב	1	Jacob’s sons are mentioned here since they are in focus as the ones who just plundered the city of Shechem; Jacob and the rest of his family were there with his sons and were also in danger. Alternate translation: “them.” or “Jacob and his family.”
35:6	r8n3			וַ⁠יָּבֹ֨א יַעֲקֹ֜ב ל֗וּזָ⁠ה	1	Be consistent in this verse with how you spelled **Luz** and **Bethel** in Gen 28:19. Alternate translation: “Soon Jacob arrived at the town of Luz,”
35:6	zpbn			הִ֖וא בֵּֽית אֵ֑ל	1	See how you translated **which is** in Gen 23:2, 19. Alternate translation: “which is also called Bethel,” or “that is, Bethel,” or “which now has the name Bethel,”
35:6	e1f7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	אֲשֶׁר֙ בְּ⁠אֶ֣רֶץ כְּנַ֔עַן	1	Since Shechem (verse 4) and Bethel were both in the land or region of Canaan, for some languages it is clearer or more natural to put this location phrase earlier in the verse and say, “Jacob/He and his family continued traveling in the land/region of Canaan and arrived at the town of Luz, which also/now has the name Bethel,” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “which is also in Canaan,”
35:6	rsay		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	ה֖וּא וְ⁠כָל הָ⁠עָ֥ם אֲשֶׁר עִמּֽ⁠וֹ	1	For some languages it is clearer or more natural to put this phrase near the beginning of this verse. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “he and his whole family.”
35:7	iybt		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms	וַ⁠יִּ֤בֶן שָׁם֙ מִזְבֵּ֔חַ	1	Consider again how you translated **altar** throughout the book of Genesis. See Gen 8:20; 12:7-8; 13:4, 18; 22:9; 26:25; 33:20; 35:1, 3, 7. Alternate translation: “There he built an altar,” or “Then he built an altar there,”
35:7	n4aj			וַ⁠יִּקְרָא֙ לַ⁠מָּק֔וֹם	1	 Alternate translation: “and he named that place” or “and he named it”
35:7	acaa			כִּ֣י שָׁ֗ם	1	 Alternate translation: “because it was at Bethel that”
35:7	njqv			נִגְל֤וּ אֵלָי⁠ו֙ הָֽ⁠אֱלֹהִ֔ים	1	Compare how you translated a different Hebrew word that has a similar meaning (“appeared”) in verses 1 and 9. Alternate translation: “God had first introduced himself to him” or “God had first appeared to Jacob”
35:7	l3rr			בְּ⁠בָרְח֖⁠וֹ	1	See how you translated **fleeing** in verse 1. Alternate translation: “while he was running away”
35:7	ww7q			מִ⁠פְּנֵ֥י אָחִֽי⁠ו	1	See how you translated **from the presence of** in verse 1. Alternate translation: “from the anger of his brother.”
35:8	psgk			וַ⁠תָּ֤מָת דְּבֹרָה֙ מֵינֶ֣קֶת רִבְקָ֔ה	1	See how you translated **nurse** in Gen 24:59.
35:8	cnph			וַ⁠תִּקָּבֵ֛ר	1	 Alternate translation: “and her body was buried by Jacob in the ground” or “They buried her body in the ground”
35:8	gwdm			מִ⁠תַּ֥חַת לְ⁠בֵֽית אֵ֖ל	1	The town of Bethel was built on a hill, so the phrase **below Bethel** means that Deborah was buried near Bethel, in a valley or place that was lower in elevation than the town, and possibly to the south of it. Alternate translation: “in the valley below the town of Bethel,” or “at a place south of the town of Bethel,”
35:8	h6bn		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	תַּ֣חַת הָֽ⁠אַלּ֑וֹן	1	See how you translated a similar phrase (“under the terebinth/oak tree”) in verse 4. Many translations translate this phrase the same way in both places (“under an oak tree”), even though different Hebrew words are used for the type of tree. Also, for some languages it is more natural to put this phrase before the previous phrase and say, “at the base of an oak tree, below/near the town of Bethel.” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “beside an oak tree” or “at the foot of an oak tree.”
35:8	eqj9			וַ⁠יִּקְרָ֥א שְׁמ֖⁠וֹ	1	The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) that people in general called the tree or place Allon Bacuth; or (2) that Jacob was the one who named the place. See how you translated a similar clause in Gen 31:38. Alternate translation: “So he named the tree” or “That is why the place is known as”
35:8	iar1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	אַלּ֥וֹן בָּכֽוּת	1	If you include the meaning of this name in your translation text or in a footnote, make sure it fits with how you translated **oak tree** in the previous sentence.
35:9	tchm		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	וַ⁠יֵּרָ֨א אֱלֹהִ֤ים אֶֽל יַעֲקֹב֙ ע֔וֹד בְּ⁠בֹא֖⁠וֹ מִ⁠פַּדַּ֣ן אֲרָ֑ם	1	 Alternate translation: “Now that Jacob had come from the land of Paddan Aram, God appeared to him at Bethel again” or “Now that Jacob had returned to Bethel from the land of Paddan Aram, God appeared to him there again”
35:9	w0t6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms	וַ⁠יְבָ֖רֶךְ אֹתֽ⁠וֹ	1	Consider whether or not it is best in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “and blessed him” or “and showed his goodness toward him”
35:10	q9rk		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּֽאמֶר ל֥⁠וֹ אֱלֹהִ֖ים	1	What God says to Jacob in verses 10-12 is the blessing. So make sure your translation of “blessed” (verse 9) and **said** (verse 10) refers to the same event, not two separate events. See how you translated “blessed … and said” in Gen 1:28. Alternate translation: “by saying to him,”
35:10	bpj9			שִׁמְ⁠ךָ֣ יַעֲקֹ֑ב	1	Make sure your translation of this clause does not sound like God was telling Jacob something he did not know.
35:10	qyzi			לֹֽא יִקָּרֵא֩ שִׁמְ⁠ךָ֨ ע֜וֹד יַעֲקֹ֗ב	1	Notice that Jacob is referred to by both of his names in this chapter (**Jacob** in verses 11-20, 22-29; **Israel** in verses 10 and 21). You could put that information in a footnote. Also see how you translated this clause in Gen 32:28, and see the note about Jacob’s names there. Alternate translation: “that will no longer be your only name,” or “it will no longer be that,”
35:10	nvm1			כִּ֤י אִם יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ יִהְיֶ֣ה שְׁמֶ֔⁠ךָ	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “Rather, your name will also be Israel!” or “Rather, you will also have the name Israel!”
35:10	kx9b		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וַ⁠יִּקְרָ֥א אֶת שְׁמ֖⁠וֹ יִשְׂרָאֵֽל	1	This was not the first time God had given Jacob the name Israel (See: Gen 32:28). To make that clear, you could make “once again” explicit here.
35:11	ni4y		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּאמֶר֩ ל֨⁠וֹ אֱלֹהִ֜ים	1	In verse 11, God continues the blessing that he started in verse 10, perhaps after a pause. Alternate translation: “Then God also said to him” or “Then God also blessed him by saying,” or “God continued blessing him by saying to him,”
35:11	k8l5			אֲנִ֨י אֵ֤ל שַׁדַּי֙	1	See how you translated the title **God Almighty** in Gen 17:1 and 28:3. Alternate translation: “I am God who is all-powerful.”
35:11	mdi4			פְּרֵ֣ה	1	Consider again how you translated **Be fruitful and multiply** in the book of Genesis. See Gen 1:22, 28; 8:17; 9:1, 7; 35:11. It may be necessary to translate this phrase in different ways, depending on the context.
35:11	ko42			וּ⁠רְבֵ֔ה	1	 Alternate translation: “and increase in number.” or “so that you and your descendants become very many.”
35:11	uzb9			גּ֛וֹי וּ⁠קְהַ֥ל גּוֹיִ֖ם יִהְיֶ֣ה מִמֶּ֑⁠ךָּ	1	Compare how you translated a similar phrase (“a multitude of nations”) in Gen 17:4-5 and another similar phrase (“a community of peoples”) in Gen 28:3. Alternate translation: “Your descendants will become a large people group. In fact, many ethnic groups will descend from you,” or “Your descendants will become many ethnic groups,”
35:11	ztcs		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism	וּ⁠מְלָכִ֖ים מֵ⁠חֲלָצֶ֥י⁠ךָ יֵצֵֽאוּ	1	The phrase **come from your loins** is an idiom that refers to having children, grandchildren and other descendants. Consider whether you have a similar idiom in your language. Alternate translation: “and kings will descend from you.”
35:12	wfzz			וְ⁠אֶת הָ⁠אָ֗רֶץ אֲשֶׁ֥ר נָתַ֛תִּי לְ⁠אַבְרָהָ֥ם וּ⁠לְ⁠יִצְחָ֖ק לְ⁠ךָ֣ אֶתְּנֶ֑⁠נָּה וּֽ⁠לְ⁠זַרְעֲ⁠ךָ֥ אַחֲרֶ֖י⁠ךָ אֶתֵּ֥ן אֶת הָ⁠אָֽרֶץ	1	 Alternate translation: “Also, I am giving to you the land that I gave to Abraham and Isaac, and I will also give it to your descendants who live after you.”
35:13	jeht		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	וַ⁠יַּ֥עַל מֵ⁠עָלָ֖י⁠ו אֱלֹהִ֑ים בַּ⁠מָּק֖וֹם אֲשֶׁר דִּבֶּ֥ר אִתּֽ⁠וֹ	1	See how you translated **went up from** in Gen 17:22. Alternate translation: “Then God left Jacob there where he had been speaking to him.”
35:14	apyn			וַ⁠יַּצֵּ֨ב יַעֲקֹ֜ב מַצֵּבָ֗ה	1	See how you translated a similar passage in Gen 28:18 about Jacob setting up a memorial stone pillar. Alternate translation: “Then Jacob set a large stone up on its end” or “Then Jacob chose a large stone that was there and set it up on its end”
35:14	vufy			בַּ⁠מָּק֛וֹם אֲשֶׁר דִּבֶּ֥ר אִתּ֖⁠וֹ מַצֶּ֣בֶת אָ֑בֶן	1	 Alternate translation: “at the place where God had spoken to him, to mark the place as special.” or “as a memorial stone to remember the place where God had talked to him.”
35:14	bs34		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction	וַ⁠יַּסֵּ֤ךְ עָלֶ֨י⁠הָ֙ נֶ֔סֶךְ וַ⁠יִּצֹ֥ק עָלֶ֖י⁠הָ שָֽׁמֶן	1	A drink offering was probably wine that Jacob poured on the stone as a sacrifice to God, to worship and thank him. See how you translated “poured oil on …” in Gen 28:18. Alternate translation: “Then he poured some wine and some olive oil on the stone pillar to thank God and dedicate the place to him.”
35:15	r8mu			וַ⁠יִּקְרָ֨א יַעֲקֹ֜ב אֶת שֵׁ֣ם הַ⁠מָּק֗וֹם אֲשֶׁר֩ דִּבֶּ֨ר אִתּ֥⁠וֹ שָׁ֛ם אֱלֹהִ֖ים בֵּֽית אֵֽל	1	See how you translated “called the name of that place Bethel” in Gen 28:19.
35:16	zgdt			וַ⁠יִּסְעוּ֙ מִ⁠בֵּ֣ית אֵ֔ל	1	Be consistent here with how you spelled **Bethel** throughout the book of Genesis and whether you refer to it as a town or a city. See Gen 12:8; 13:3; 28:19; 31:13; 35:1, 3, 7, 15, 16. Alternate translation: “Then they left the town of Bethel” or “Later Jacob and his family moved on from the town of Bethel”
35:16	pluk			וַֽ⁠יְהִי ע֥וֹד כִּבְרַת הָ⁠אָ֖רֶץ לָ⁠ב֣וֹא אֶפְרָ֑תָה	1	The phrase **a distance of land** is very general, but your translation should not make it sound like the distance was too far, because Rachel’s grave is about two kilometers (one mile) from Ephrath (Bethlehem). Alternate translation: “and started heading toward the town of Ephrath. But while they were still a distance away from there,”
35:16	hid6			וַ⁠תְּקַ֥שׁ בְּ⁠לִדְתָּֽ⁠הּ	1	 Alternate translation: “but she was having a very difficult time delivering the baby.”
35:17	lkqs			וַ⁠יְהִ֥י בְ⁠הַקְשֹׁתָ֖⁠הּ בְּ⁠לִדְתָּ֑⁠הּ	1	The phrase **hard labor** refers to when childbirth contractions are close together and very painful, often right before a baby is born. Alternate translation: “Then when she was at the most difficult time in her labor,” or “Then when her childbirth pains were the most severe,”
35:17	ojel			וַ⁠תֹּ֨אמֶר לָ֤⁠הּ הַ⁠מְיַלֶּ֨דֶת֙	1	 Alternate translation: “the midwife told her,” or “the baby was born and the midwife who was helping her deliver exclaimed to her,”
35:17	infx			אַל תִּ֣ירְאִ֔י	1	 Alternate translation: “Do not worry”
35:17	uww0			כִּֽי גַם זֶ֥ה לָ֖⁠ךְ בֵּֽן	1	 Alternate translation: “You now have another boy!” or “You just gave birth to another son”
35:18	ob0k			וַ⁠יְהִ֞י בְּ⁠צֵ֤את נַפְשָׁ⁠הּ֙ כִּ֣י מֵ֔תָה	1	Some translations use an idiom here, for example, “as she was taking her last breath” or “as her life was slipping/fading away”, but it is best to translate this in a way that preserves the biblical teaching that at death the soul or spirit leaves the body. Alternate translation: “But Rachel was dying, and as her soul was leaving her body,” or “But in fact Rachel was about to die, and just before her soul left her,”
35:18	lpc6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	וַ⁠תִּקְרָ֥א שְׁמ֖⁠וֹ בֶּן אוֹנִ֑י	1	The meaning of this name could imply that the child caused Rachel’s death. In the Hebrew text this name is two words connected with a dash (**Ben-oni**). Many translations write it that way or as one word (“Benoni”), and a few translations write it as “Ben Oni.” Any of these spellings is fine.
35:18	yl7o		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וְ⁠אָבִ֖י⁠ו	1	Make sure it is clear in your translation that this phrase refers to Jacob. Also, consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here.
35:18	qoiz		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	קָֽרָא ל֥⁠וֹ בִנְיָמִֽין	1	The phrase “son of my right hand” is an idiom that means “favored son” or “son of strength.” Alternate translation: “named him Benjamin instead.”
35:19	z9dg		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	וַ⁠תָּ֖מָת רָחֵ֑ל וַ⁠תִּקָּבֵר֙	1	See how you translated **was buried** in verse 8. Alternate translation: “After Rachel died, her body was buried by Jacob” or “After Rachel died, Jacob buried her body”
35:19	u8c3			בְּ⁠דֶ֣רֶךְ אֶפְרָ֔תָה	1	 Alternate translation: “beside the road that goes to the town of Ephrath,”
35:19	v561			הִ֖וא בֵּ֥ית לָֽחֶם	1	See how you translated a similar phrase (“which is Bethel”) in verse 6. Alternate translation: “which is also called Bethlehem.” or “that is, Bethlehem.”
35:20	zolc			וַ⁠יַּצֵּ֧ב יַעֲקֹ֛ב מַצֵּבָ֖ה	1	See how you translated this clause in verse 14. Also consider again how you translated **set up** and **pillar** in the book of Genesis. See Gen 28:18, 22; 31:13, 45, 51, 52; 35:14, 20. Alternate translation: “Jacob set a large stone up on its end”
35:20	tkgx			עַל קְבֻרָתָ֑⁠הּ	1	 Alternate translation: “over her burial place to show where it was.” or “to show where her tomb was.” or “to mark the place where he had buried her body.”
35:20	r7ta			עַד הַ⁠יּֽוֹם	1	The phrase **to this day** refers to the time when the author (Moses) was living. Even in modern times, Rachel’s grave is still marked beside the road about eight kilometers (five miles) south of Jerusalem and two kilometers (one mile) north of Bethlehem. Alternate translation: “in the present day.” or “now.”
35:21	e4g9			וַ⁠יִּסַּ֖ע יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל	1	Make sure it is clear in your translation or in a footnote that **Israel** (verses 21-22) and “Jacob” (verses 20, 22) refer to the same person, not two different people. Alternate translation: “Then Israel that is, Jacob, and his family moved on from there” or “Then Israel and his family started traveling again”
35:21	sykf			וַ⁠יֵּ֣ט אָֽהֳלֹ֔⁠ה	1	 Alternate translation: “and put up his tents”
35:21	fueh			מֵ⁠הָ֖לְאָה	1	This phrase reflects the perspective of Jacob, who was traveling south. Alternate translation: “on the other side of”
35:21	txka		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	לְ⁠מִגְדַּל עֵֽדֶר	1	Many translations transliterate **Migdal Eder** (like most other names). Many others translate the meaning of **Migdal** as “the tower” and transliterate “Eder.” A few translate the meaning of the entire name as “the Tower of the Flock.” This was apparently a place near Bethlehem where sheep were raised (Micah 4:8); shepherds may have watched over their flocks from the tower. Alternate translation: “Eder Tower.”
35:22	ls6b			וַ⁠יְהִ֗י בִּ⁠שְׁכֹּ֤ן יִשְׂרָאֵל֙	1	 Alternate translation: “While Israel and his family were still living” or “During the time that they were living”
35:22	ym5y			בָּ⁠אָ֣רֶץ הַ⁠הִ֔וא	1	 Alternate translation: “in that region,” or “there,”
35:22	oswk		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism	וַ⁠יֵּ֣לֶךְ רְאוּבֵ֔ן וַ⁠יִּשְׁכַּב֙ אֶת	1	Translate this idiom in a way that will not offend or embarrass people, especially when read aloud in public. See how you translated “lain with” in Gen 26:10.
35:22	vn3i			וַ⁠יִּשְׁמַ֖ע יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל	1	See how you translated **heard** in Gen 34:5, 7. Alternate translation: “but Israel found out about it.” or “and Israel was told by someone about it.”
35:22	d6jc			וַ⁠יִּֽהְי֥וּ בְנֵֽי יַעֲקֹ֖ב שְׁנֵ֥ים עָשָֽׂר	1	 Alternate translation: “After the birth of Benjamin, Jacob now had a total of twelve sons.”
35:23	fjpl			בְּנֵ֣י לֵאָ֔ה	1	Throughout verses 23-26, many translations have a colon (:) instead of **were**. Do what is best in your language. See what you did in chapter 10. Alternate translation: “The sons he had with his wife Leah were” or “These are the names of the sons he had with his wife Leah:”
35:24	poyp			בְּנֵ֣י רָחֵ֔ל יוֹסֵ֖ף וּ⁠בִנְיָמִֽן	1	 Alternate translation: “The sons Jacob had with Rachel were Joseph and Benjamin.” or “These are the names of the sons that Jacob had with his wife Rachel: Joseph and Benjamin.”
35:26	uv07		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms	וּ⁠בְנֵ֥י זִלְפָּ֛ה שִׁפְחַ֥ת לֵאָ֖ה גָּ֣ד וְ⁠אָשֵׁ֑ר	1	Consider again how you translated **maidservant** throughout the book of Genesis. See Gen 12:16, 16:1-3, 5-6, 8; 20:14; 24:35; 25:12; 29:24, 29; 30:4, 7, 9-10, 12, 18, 43; 32:5, 22; 33:1-2, 6; 35:25-26. It may be necessary to translate this word in slightly different ways, depending on the context. Compare that to how you translated a different Hebrew word that has a similar meaning (“slave/servant woman”); see Gen 31:33 for a list of where this word occurs in Genesis.
35:26	f1fu			אֵ֚לֶּה בְּנֵ֣י יַעֲקֹ֔ב אֲשֶׁ֥ר יֻלַּד ל֖⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “All those were the sons Jacob had”
35:26	cmuu			בְּ⁠פַדַּ֥ן אֲרָֽם	1	Jacob started having children during the time he was living with Laban in Paddan Aram, but his last son Benjamin was not born until after they had left there (verse 18). Translate this in a way that allows for that.
35:27	qidz			וַ⁠יָּבֹ֤א יַעֲקֹב֙ אֶל יִצְחָ֣ק אָבִ֔י⁠ו	1	 Alternate translation: “Then Jacob came home to his father Isaac who was living” or “Then Jacob continued traveling and came to where his father Isaac was living”
35:27	dzkr		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	מַמְרֵ֖א	1	Be consistent here with how you spelled **Mamre** in Gen 23:17, 19.
35:27	b5zj			קִרְיַ֣ת הָֽאַרְבַּ֑ע הִ֣וא חֶבְר֔וֹן	1	See how you translated Gen 23:2, which says that Kiriath Arba (where Sarah died) was also known as Hebron. Alternate translation: “which is now called Kiriath Arba, that is, Hebron,” or “which is also known as Kiriath Arba or Hebron,”
35:27	j8e6			אֲשֶׁר גָּֽר־שָׁ֥ם אַבְרָהָ֖ם וְ⁠יִצְחָֽק	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “where Abraham and Isaac and their families had stayed for a while as outsiders.” or “That is where Isaac and his family had been staying for a while as foreigners and where his father Abraham had also stayed for a while.”
35:28	z6ol			וַ⁠יִּֽהְי֖וּ יְמֵ֣י יִצְחָ֑ק מְאַ֥ת שָׁנָ֖ה וּ⁠שְׁמֹנִ֥ים שָׁנָֽה	1	See how you translated **the days of** in Gen 5:4-31 and 11:32.
35:29	ei54		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism	וַ⁠יִּגְוַ֨ע יִצְחָ֤ק וַ⁠יָּ֨מָת֙	1	See how you translated **exhaled** in Gen 25:8 and 17. Alternate translation: “Then he breathed out for the last time and died,” or “Then he took his final breath and died,”
35:29	e7q5			וַ⁠יֵּאָ֣סֶף אֶל	1	See how you translated this phrase in Gen 25:8 and 17. Alternate translation: “and he was taken by God to be with” or “and God took his spirit to be with”
35:29	hm56			עַמָּ֔י⁠ו	1	 Alternate translation: “his relatives who had already died.” or “his relatives who had gone before him.” or “his deceased relatives.”
35:29	csuc		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	זָקֵ֖ן וּ⁠שְׂבַ֣ע יָמִ֑ים	1	For some languages it is more natural to put this phrase earlier in this sentence and say, “Then, after living a long, full life, he breathed/took his last breath, died and joined his ancestors/relatives who had died before him.” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “He was very old and had lived a long, full life.”
35:29	wmi4			וַ⁠יִּקְבְּר֣וּ אֹת֔⁠וֹ עֵשָׂ֥ו וְ⁠יַעֲקֹ֖ב בָּנָֽי⁠ו	1	See how you translated “his sons … buried him” in Gen 25:9.
36:1	mor4			וְ⁠אֵ֛לֶּה תֹּלְד֥וֹת עֵשָׂ֖ו	1	See how you translated **the generations of** in 25:12, 19. Alternate translation: “Now this is the family-line of Esau,” or “These are the descendants of Esau,” or “Here is the history about the family of Esau,”
36:1	r16h		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	ה֥וּא אֱדֽוֹם	1	The name Edom means “red” and is the nickname that Esau got for trading his birthright to Jacob for some reddish-colored stew (Genesis 25:29-34). The region of Edom and the Edomites were named after Esau, which is probably why this chapter repeatedly mentions that Esau is Edom. Alternate translation: “who was also called Edom.” or “that is, Edom.”
36:2	guw8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	עֵשָׂ֛ו לָקַ֥ח אֶת נָשָׁ֖י⁠ו מִ⁠בְּנ֣וֹת כְּנָ֑עַן	1	Only the first two wives mentioned in this chapter were Canaanites; see the comment about Basemath at verse 3. The Canaanites were the descendants of Noah’s grandson Canaan (Ham’s son) and included the Hittites and Hivites (verse 2; Genesis 10:15-18) and several other people groups. You could put some of that information in a footnote. Alternate translation: “Esau had chosen two of his wives from among the Canaanite women:” or “Esau had married two women who were descendants of Canaan”
36:2	ox2j			אֶת עָדָ֗ה	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “whose names were Adah,”
36:2	fkwx		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	בַּת אֵילוֹן֙ הַֽ⁠חִתִּ֔י	1	Make sure your translation does not sound like Elon was the only Hittite. See how you translated “Hittites” in Gen 27:46. Alternate translation: “whose father was Elon, who was a descendant of Heth,” or “the daughter of a man named Elon, who was a member of the Heth people group,”
36:2	y896			וְ⁠אֶת אָהֳלִֽיבָמָה֙	1	Notice that the names of Esau’s two Canaanite wives here are different from the names of his wives mentioned in Gen 26:34. It could be that they each had two names, or these may be different wives that he married later. Alternate translation: “and also Oholibamah,” or “as well as Oholibamah,”
36:2	eq37		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	בַּת עֲנָ֔ה בַּת	1	Notice that Elon, Anah, and Zibeon are the names of men here, not women.
36:2	evi6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	צִבְע֖וֹן הַֽ⁠חִוִּֽי	1	Make sure that your translation of this phrase does not sound like Zibeon was the only Hivite. Consider again how you translated “Hivites” in the book of Genesis. See Gen 10:17; 34:2; 36:2. Alternate translation: “Zibeon who was a descendant of Hivi.” or “Zibeon who was a member of the Hivi people group.”
36:3	x22q			וְ⁠אֶת בָּשְׂמַ֥ת	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Since this Basemath was a daughter of Ishmael (who was a descendant of Noah’s son Shem), she was not a Canaanite, in contrast to Esau’s first two wives (verse 2). She was also known as Mahalath (Gen 28:9); you could include some of that information in a footnote. Be consistent here with how you spelled Basemath (a different woman with the same name) in Gen 26:34.
36:3	sd2v		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship	בַּת יִשְׁמָעֵ֖אל אֲח֥וֹת נְבָיֽוֹת	1	Since Nebaioth was Ishmael’s oldest child (Gen 25:13), Basemath (Mahalath) was his younger sister, probably from the same mother. Use a kinship term here in your language that fits with those facts. See how you translated **the sister of Nebaioth** in Gen 28:9. Alternate translation: “whose father was Ishmael and whose older brother was Nebaioth.”
36:4	iwl0			וַ⁠תֵּ֧לֶד עָדָ֛ה לְ⁠עֵשָׂ֖ו אֶת אֱלִיפָ֑ז	1	 Alternate translation: “Adah had a son for Esau whom they named Eliphaz,”
36:4	jp5s			וּ⁠בָ֣שְׂמַ֔ת יָלְדָ֖ה אֶת רְעוּאֵֽל	1	Consider whether or not it is best in your language to break this long sentence into two or more shorter sentences. Alternate translation: “while his wife Basemath bore a son named Reuel,”
36:5	j4b4			אֶת יעיש וְ⁠אֶת יַעְלָ֖ם וְ⁠אֶת קֹ֑רַח	1	 Alternate translation: “sons whom they named Jeush, Jalam, and Korah.”
36:6	a0so			וַ⁠יִּקַּ֣ח עֵשָׂ֡ו אֶת נָ֠שָׁי⁠ו וְ⁠אֶת בָּנָ֣י⁠ו וְ⁠אֶת בְּנֹתָי⁠ו֮	1	 Alternate translation: “Later Esau took his wives, his sons, his daughters,”
36:6	dk3y			וְ⁠אֶת כָּל נַפְשׁ֣וֹת בֵּית⁠וֹ֒	1	This phrase refers to other relatives (besides Esau’s wife and children), as well as servants or slaves who lived with him.
36:6	r7h5			וְ⁠אֶת מִקְנֵ֣⁠הוּ וְ⁠אֶת כָּל בְּהֶמְתּ֗⁠וֹ וְ⁠אֵת֙ כָּל קִנְיָנ֔⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “as well as his livestock and all the rest of his animals and all the other possessions”
36:6	agv2			אֲשֶׁ֥ר רָכַ֖שׁ בְּ⁠אֶ֣רֶץ כְּנָ֑עַן	1	See how you translated **acquired** and **land of Canaan** in Gen 12:5 and 31:18. Alternate translation: “that he had gotten while they lived in the land of Canaan,”
36:6	efkm		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	וַ⁠יֵּ֣לֶךְ אֶל אֶ֔רֶץ מִ⁠פְּנֵ֖י יַעֲקֹ֥ב אָחִֽי⁠ו	1	For some languages it is more natural to put this clause at the beginning of this verse and say, “Then/Later Esau moved to a land that was away from his brother Jacob. He took with him his wives …” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “and he moved to an area that was away from his brother Jacob.” or “and he traveled to a different region and settled there, away from where his brother Jacob was living.”
36:7	pq8b			כִּֽי	1	 Alternate translation: “He did that because” or “The reason Esau moved away is that”
36:7	keey		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	הָיָ֧ה רְכוּשָׁ֛⁠ם רָ֖ב מִ⁠שֶּׁ֣בֶת יַחְדָּ֑ו	1	The phrase **their possessions** is general, but here it refers primarily to livestock. Make sure your translation of this phrase refers to both Esau and Jacob’s livestock, not just Esau’s. Alternate translation: “he and Jacob both owned so many livestock that they could no longer live near each other.” or “they both owned so many livestock that they could not live together in the same area”
36:7	zea4			אֶ֤רֶץ מְגֽוּרֵי⁠הֶם֙	1	See how you translated Gen 13:6, which is similar in content to this verse. Alternate translation: “The land where they were living”
36:7	ul7p		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-versebridge	וְ⁠לֹ֨א יָֽכְלָ֜ה & לָ⁠שֵׂ֣את אֹתָ֔⁠ם מִ⁠פְּנֵ֖י מִקְנֵי⁠הֶֽם	1	For some languages it is necessary to switch the order of verses 6 and 7, and say, “After a while, Esau and Jacob had so many animals and other possessions that the land was not able to support both their families. So Esau took his wives …” If you do this in your translation, you should label these verses as “6-7”. Alternate translation: “was just not big enough to feed them all because they owned so many animals.” or “did not have enough grazing areas or water to support all the livestock that both families owned”
36:8	lcin			וַ⁠יֵּ֤שֶׁב עֵשָׂו֙	1	 Alternate translation: “That is why Esau and his family” or “That is the reason Esau took his family and”
36:8	hjo1			בְּ⁠הַ֣ר שֵׂעִ֔יר	1	Esau had already been living in the region of Seir (Genesis 32:3, 33:16). Here he moves to the part of that region that had mountains. To make that clear, you could put that information in a footnote. Alternate translation: “moved to the hill-country in the land of Seir.” or “went to live in the Seir Mountains.”
36:8	z9jc			עֵשָׂ֖ו	1	 Alternate translation: “That is the history about Esau,”
36:8	mu0g		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	ה֥וּא אֱדֽוֹם	1	Some translations put this phrase earlier in this verse and say, “So Esau, that is, Edom, moved with his family to the mountains of Seir and settled there.” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “who was also known as Edom.” or “who was also called Edom.”
36:9	fw7b			וְ⁠אֵ֛לֶּה תֹּלְד֥וֹת עֵשָׂ֖ו	1	Consider again how you translated **generations** in the book of Genesis when it is followed by a genealogy (list of names). See Gen 5:1, 10:1, 11:10, 25:12, 36:9. It may be necessary to translate this term in different ways, depending on the context. Alternate translation: “What follows is more of the history of Esau,” or “This is a more detailed genealogy about the descendants of Esau,”
36:9	j31a			אֲבִ֣י אֱד֑וֹם	1	 Alternate translation: “who was the ancestor of the Edom people group”
36:9	lojs		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms	בְּ⁠הַ֖ר שֵׂעִֽיר	1	Consider again how you translated **mountains** or “hill country” throughout the book of Genesis. See Gen 10:30; 12:8; 14:6, 10; 19:17, 19, 30; 22:2, 14; 31:21, 23, 25, 54; 36:8-9, and see the note about this at 10:30. It may be necessary to translate this term in different ways, depending on the context. Alternate translation: “who live in the Seir Hills.” or “who live in the hill-country of Seir.”
36:10	g0nv			אֵ֖לֶּה שְׁמ֣וֹת בְּנֵֽי עֵשָׂ֑ו	1	Only two of Esau’s many sons are listed in verse 10.
36:10	ayjo			אֱלִיפַ֗ז בֶּן עָדָה֙ אֵ֣שֶׁת עֵשָׂ֔ו	1	Be consistent here with how you spelled **Eliphaz** and **Adah** in verse 4. Alternate translation: “Eliphaz, who was the son of his wife Adah,” or “Eliphaz, whom Esau had with his wife Adah,”
36:10	ki4y			רְעוּאֵ֕ל בֶּן בָּשְׂמַ֖ת אֵ֥שֶׁת עֵשָֽׂו	1	See how you spelled **Basemath** and **Reuel** in verse 4. Alternate translation: “and Reuel, who was the son of his wife Basemath.” or “and Reuel, whom Esau had with his wife Basemath.”
36:11	hfga			וַ⁠יִּהְי֖וּ בְּנֵ֣י אֱלִיפָ֑ז	1	 Alternate translation: “The sons of Eliphaz and his wife were”
36:12	h320			וְ⁠תִמְנַ֣ע הָיְתָ֣ה פִילֶ֗גֶשׁ לֶֽ⁠אֱלִיפַז֙ בֶּן עֵשָׂ֔ו וַ⁠תֵּ֥לֶד לֶ⁠אֱלִיפַ֖ז אֶת עֲמָלֵ֑ק	1	See how you translated **concubine** in Gen 22:24, 25:6; 35:22. Alternate translation: “Eliphaz also had a servant-wife named Timna, and she had a son with him named Amalek.” or “Eliphaz and his concubine Timna had a son they named Amalek.”
36:12	e8n9			אֵ֕לֶּה בְּנֵ֥י	1	 Alternate translation: “All those sons of Eliphaz were grandsons of”
36:12	i5ld		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	עָדָ֖ה אֵ֥שֶׁת עֵשָֽׂו	1	Make sure it is clear in your translation that Adah’s grandsons were also Esau’s grandsons.
36:13	kpue			וְ⁠אֵ֨לֶּה֙ בְּנֵ֣י רְעוּאֵ֔ל	1	 Alternate translation: “The sons of Reuel were named” or “Reuel and his wife had these sons:”
36:13	v77t			אֵ֣לֶּ֣ה הָי֔וּ בְּנֵ֥י	1	 Alternate translation: “Those sons of Reuel were grandsons of”
36:13	u8u8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	בָשְׂמַ֖ת אֵ֥שֶׁת עֵשָֽׂו	1	Make sure it is clear in your translation that Basemath’s grandsons were also Esau’s grandsons. See how you translated a similar phrase in verse 12.
36:14	bjd3			וְ⁠אֵ֣לֶּה הָי֗וּ בְּנֵ֨י אָהֳלִיבָמָ֧ה & אֵ֣שֶׁת עֵשָׂ֑ו	1	 Alternate translation: “Here are the sons that Esau had with his wife Oholibamah,”
36:14	v1bu			בַת עֲנָ֛ה בַּת צִבְע֖וֹן	1	See how you translated these phrases in verse 2. Alternate translation: “whose father was Anah and whose grandfather was Zibeon:”
36:14	wqql		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	וַ⁠תֵּ֣לֶד לְ⁠עֵשָׂ֔ו אֶת יעיש וְ⁠אֶת יַעְלָ֖ם וְ⁠אֶת קֹֽרַח	1	For some languages it is clearer or more natural to change the order of clauses in this sentence and say, “Esau and his wife Oholibamah had sons whom they named Jeush, Jalam, and Korah. Oholibamah was the daughter of Anah and the granddaughter of Zibeon.” or “The sons that Oholibamah had with Esau were Jesush, Jalam, and Korah. She was the daughter of …” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “She had sons whom they named Jeush, Jalam, and Korah.”
36:15	lses			אֵ֖לֶּה	1	 Alternate translation: “Here is a list of” or “The following are”
36:15	vgf5			אַלּ֤וּף תֵּימָן֙ אַלּ֣וּף אוֹמָ֔ר אַלּ֥וּף צְפ֖וֹ אַלּ֥וּף קְנַֽז	1	 Alternate translation: “who became chiefs were Teman, Omar, Zepho, Kenaz,” or “who became tribal leaders were Teman, Omar, Zepho, Kenaz,”
36:16	jfsv			אַלּֽוּף קֹ֛רַח אַלּ֥וּף גַּעְתָּ֖ם אַלּ֣וּף עֲמָלֵ֑ק	1	Make sure you are consistent in whether or not you use the title **Chief** in verses 15-16.
36:16	u5tu			אֵ֣לֶּה אַלּוּפֵ֤י אֱלִיפַז֙ בְּ⁠אֶ֣רֶץ אֱד֔וֹם	1	Be consistent with how you spelled **Eliphaz** throughout this chapter; see verses 4, 10-12, 15-16. Alternate translation: “Those are the chiefs who descended from Eliphaz and lived in the region called Edom.” or “All those sons of Eliphaz were tribal leaders who lived in the region of Edom.”
36:16	ohhn			אֵ֖לֶּה בְּנֵ֥י	1	 Alternate translation: “They were the grandsons of”
36:16	h41g			עָדָֽה	1	Make sure it is clear in your translation that Adah’s grandsons were also Esau’s grandsons. Also, be consistent with how you spelled **Adah** in the book of Genesis. See Gen 4:19-20, 23; 36:2, 4, 10, 12, 16.
36:17	w9uu			אֵ֣לֶּה אַלּוּפֵ֤י רְעוּאֵל֙ בְּ⁠אֶ֣רֶץ אֱד֔וֹם	1	See how you translated a similar clause in verse 16. Also be consistent with how you spelled **Reuel** throughout this chapter; see verses 4, 10, 13, 17. Alternate translation: “They were the chiefs who descended from Reuel and lived in the region called Edom.” or “All those sons of Reuel were clan leaders who lived in the region of Edom.”
36:17	yke6			אֵ֕לֶּה בְּנֵ֥י	1	See how you translated this phrase in verses 12, 13 and 16. Alternate translation: “All those sons of Reuel were grandsons of”
36:17	rbdd			בָשְׂמַ֖ת אֵ֥שֶׁת עֵשָֽׂו	1	See how translated this phrase in verse 13 and a similar phrase in verse 12. Also be consistent with how you spelled **Basemath** in the book of Genesis. See Gen 26:34-35; 36:3-4, 10, 13, 17.
36:18	dt9z			אֵ֣לֶּה אַלּוּפֵ֞י אָֽהֳלִיבָמָ֛ה & אֵ֥שֶׁת עֵשָֽׂו	1	 Alternate translation: “They were the chiefs who descended from Esau and his wife Oholibamah,” or “They were the tribal leaders …”
36:19	ahn8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	ה֥וּא אֱדֽוֹם	1	Some translations put this phrase earlier in this verse and say, “All those chiefs were the descendants of Esau, that is, Edom, and each one led his own family group.” Do what is best in your language. See how you translated a similar phrase in verse 8. Alternate translation: “Esau was also known as Edom.” or “Esau was also called Edom.” or “That is the record about Edom.”
36:20	zesq			אֵ֤לֶּה בְנֵֽי שֵׂעִיר֙ הַ⁠חֹרִ֔י יֹשְׁבֵ֖י הָ⁠אָ֑רֶץ	1	The name “Horites” is an alternate name for the Hivites (verse 2). Also, this genealogy is mentioned here because Seir was the ancestor of Esau’s Canaanite wife Oholibamah (verse 25) and the Seir mountains where Esau was living (verse 8) were probably named after Seir. You could put some of that information in a footnote. See how you translated “Horites” in Gen 14:6. Alternate translation: “Here is a list of the descendants of Seir the Horite who were also living in that land:” or “The sons of Seir the Horite who were also living in that land were”
36:21	jmpu			אֵ֣לֶּה אַלּוּפֵ֧י הַ⁠חֹרִ֛י בְּנֵ֥י שֵׂעִ֖יר	1	See how you translated the names of people groups in verses 2. Alternate translation: “Those descendants of Seir became the chiefs of the Horites” or “They were the descendants of Seir who became tribal leaders for the Horites”
36:21	oacg			בְּ⁠אֶ֥רֶץ אֱדֽוֹם	1	 Alternate translation: “who were living in the region of Edom.”
36:22	mt6k			וַ⁠יִּהְי֥וּ בְנֵי לוֹטָ֖ן חֹרִ֣י וְ⁠הֵימָ֑ם	1	Some translations spell the name **Hemam** as “Heman” or “Homam.” You could use any of these spellings in your translation.
36:22	exa7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship	וַ⁠אֲח֥וֹת לוֹטָ֖ן תִּמְנָֽע	1	Timna became a concubine of Esau’s son Eliphaz (verse 12). This genealogy (verses 20-22) also shows that she was the daughter of Chief Seir (since her brother Lotan was the son of Chief Seir). You could put some of that information in a footnote. Also, according to Jewish history outside the Bible, Timna was Lotan’s younger sister. If your language has a special term for “younger sister” or “older brother,” you could use one of those here. Alternate translation: “and the name of his sister was Timna.”
36:23	dq1q			עַלְוָ֥ן וּ⁠מָנַ֖חַת וְ⁠עֵיבָ֑ל שְׁפ֖וֹ וְ⁠אוֹנָֽם	1	 Alternate translation: “Alvan, Manahath, Ebal, Shepho, and Onam.”
36:24	n2x1			ה֣וּא עֲנָ֗ה אֲשֶׁ֨ר מָצָ֤א	1	 Alternate translation: “He is the same Anah who found” or “Anah is the one who found”
36:24	zp5r			אֶת הַ⁠יֵּמִם֙	1	The term used here in the Hebrew text occurs only once in the Bible and its meaning is not certain. Most translations have either **hot springs** or “water.” Alternate translation: “water”
36:24	my7v		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	בַּ⁠מִּדְבָּ֔ר בִּ⁠רְעֹת֥⁠וֹ אֶת הַ⁠חֲמֹרִ֖ים לְ⁠צִבְע֥וֹן אָבִֽי⁠ו	1	See how you translated “pasture” in Gen 29:7.
36:26	bdm5			חֶמְדָּ֥ן וְ⁠אֶשְׁבָּ֖ן וְ⁠יִתְרָ֥ן וּ⁠כְרָֽן	1	The Hebrew name **Keran** can also be spelled “Cheran.” Each of these spellings is found in many translations. Be consistent here with how you spelled **Dishon** in verse 21.
36:27	im1i			אֵ֖לֶּה בְּנֵי אֵ֑צֶר בִּלְהָ֥ן וְ⁠זַעֲוָ֖ן וַ⁠עֲקָֽן	1	Be consistent here with how you spelled **Ezer** in verses 20-21.
36:29	afna			אֵ֖לֶּה אַלּוּפֵ֣י הַ⁠חֹרִ֑י	1	 Alternate translation: “The leaders over the Horite clans were” or “The Horites who became chiefs were”
36:29	rn9n			אַלּ֤וּף לוֹטָן֙ אַלּ֣וּף שׁוֹבָ֔ל אַלּ֥וּף צִבְע֖וֹן אַלּ֥וּף עֲנָֽה	1	Be consistent here with how you spelled **Lotan** and **Shobal** in verse 20, how you spelled **Zibeon** in verses 2, 14, 20, 24, 29, and how you spelled **Anah** in verses 2, 14, 18, 20, 24-25, 29.
36:30	vkr8			אַלּ֥וּף דִּשֹׁ֛ן אַלּ֥וּף אֵ֖צֶר אַלּ֣וּף דִּישָׁ֑ן	1	Be consistent here with how you spelled **Dishon** in verses 21, 25-26, how you spelled **Ezer** in verses 21, 27, 30, and how you spelled **Dishan** in verses 21, 28, 30.
36:30	n6gm			אֵ֣לֶּה אַלּוּפֵ֧י הַ⁠חֹרִ֛י לְ⁠אַלֻּפֵי⁠הֶ֖ם	1	Be consistent with how you translated **Horites** in the book of Genesis. See Gen 14:6; 36:20-21, 29-30. Alternate translation: “Those were the Horite chiefs. They had their own family groups” or “Those were the tribal leaders for the Horites. They had their own tribes”
36:30	pd9g			בְּ⁠אֶ֥רֶץ שֵׂעִֽיר	1	Be consistent with how you spelled **Seir** in the book of Genesis. See Gen 14:6; 32:3; 33:14, 16; 36:8-9, 20-21, 30. Alternate translation: “and lived in the region of Seir.” or “who were living in the region of Seir.”
36:31	nihl			וְ⁠אֵ֨לֶּה֙ הַ⁠מְּלָכִ֔ים	1	See how you translated **kings** in Gen 17:6 and 35:11. Be sure to distinguish **kings** (verses 31-39) from “chiefs” (verses 15-19, 21, 28, 40-43) in your translation of this chapter. Alternate translation: “These are the names of the kings” or “This is a history about the kings”
36:31	k12n			אֲשֶׁ֥ר מָלְכ֖וּ בְּ⁠אֶ֣רֶץ אֱד֑וֹם	1	 Alternate translation: “who ruled over the people of the region of Edom”
36:31	htsi			לִ⁠פְנֵ֥י מְלָךְ מֶ֖לֶךְ לִ⁠בְנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל	1	See how you translated **the sons of Israel** in Gen 32:3. Alternate translation: “before there were any kings ruling over the descendants of Israel.” or “during the time period when the Israelites did not yet have their own king.”
36:32	h5uy		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	וַ⁠יִּמְלֹ֣ךְ בֶּ⁠אֱד֔וֹם בֶּ֖לַע בֶּן בְּע֑וֹר	1	 Alternate translation: “Bela, who was the son of Beor, was the first king to rule over the people of the region of Edom.” or “The first king to reign over the people of the region of Edom was Bela, the son of Beor.”
36:32	q7cf			וְ⁠שֵׁ֥ם עִיר֖⁠וֹ דִּנְהָֽבָה	1	Dinhabah was probably King Bela’s hometown and his capital city that he ruled the land of Edom from. Alternate translation: “His capital city that he ruled from was Dinhabah.”
36:33	yfl1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	וַ⁠יִּמְלֹ֣ךְ תַּחְתָּ֔י⁠ו יוֹבָ֥ב בֶּן זֶ֖רַח מִ⁠בָּצְרָֽה	1	The phrase **from Bozrah** probably means this was Jobab’s hometown, which he ruled from, much like the meaning of “his city” in verses 32, 35, and 39. Alternate translation: “Jobab, who was the son of Zerah, succeeded Bela as king and ruled from his hometown of Bozrah.”
36:34	e0l8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	וַ⁠יִּמְלֹ֣ךְ תַּחְתָּ֔י⁠ו חֻשָׁ֖ם מֵ⁠אֶ֥רֶץ הַ⁠תֵּימָנִֽי	1	King Husham may have been a descendant of Esau’s grandson Teman (verse 11). You could put that information in a footnote. Also compare how you translated verse 33. Alternate translation: “Husham succeeded Jobab as king and reigned from his hometown, which was in the region where the Temanites lived.”
36:35	obr8			וַ⁠יִּמְלֹ֨ךְ תַּחְתָּ֜י⁠ו	1	 Alternate translation: “succeeded him as king.”
36:35	l08f		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	הַ⁠מַּכֶּ֤ה אֶת מִדְיָן֙	1	See how you translated the idiom **struck** in Gen 14:5, 7. Alternate translation: “King Hadad is the one who defeated the Midianites in war”
36:35	bdtf			בִּ⁠שְׂדֵ֣ה מוֹאָ֔ב	1	Moab was a large region located to the east of the Dead Sea. This battle probably took place in the countryside or an unpopulated area (a **field**) within this region. Alternate translation: “in a field in the region of Moab.” or “in the country of Moab.”
36:35	cp8l			וְ⁠שֵׁ֥ם עִיר֖⁠וֹ עֲוִֽית	1	See how you translated a similar sentence in verse 32. Alternate translation: “His capital city that he ruled from was Avith.”
36:36	a8in		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	וַ⁠יִּמְלֹ֣ךְ תַּחְתָּ֔י⁠ו שַׂמְלָ֖ה מִ⁠מַּשְׂרֵקָֽה	1	 Alternate translation: “Samlah succeeded Hadad as king and ruled from his hometown of Masrekah.”
36:37	cre0		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	וַ⁠יִּמְלֹ֣ךְ תַּחְתָּ֔י⁠ו שָׁא֖וּל מֵ⁠רְחֹב֥וֹת הַ⁠נָּהָֽר	1	See how you translated similar sentences in verses 33, 34 and 36. Alternate translation: “Shaul succeeded him as king and ruled from his hometown of Rehoboth, which was beside the Euphrates River.”
36:38	f6jn			וַ⁠יָּ֖מָת שָׁא֑וּל וַ⁠יִּמְלֹ֣ךְ תַּחְתָּ֔י⁠ו בַּ֥עַל חָנָ֖ן בֶּן־עַכְבּֽוֹר	1	 Alternate translation: “When King Shaul died, Baal-Hanan, who was the son of Acbor, took his place as king.” or “… succeeded him as king.”
36:39	crdu		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	וַ⁠יָּמָת֮ בַּ֣עַל חָנָ֣ן בֶּן עַכְבּוֹר֒ וַ⁠יִּמְלֹ֤ךְ & הֲדַ֔ר	1	Most translations follow the Hebrew text and have **Hadar** here. Some translations (and ancient versions such as SP, LXX, Syriac, and Vulgate) have “Hadad” here instead, in order to spell this name the same way it is spelled in 1 Chronicles 1:50-51. However, that could cause confusion, because “Hadad” is also the name of a different king in verses 35-36 above.
36:39	aq30			וַ⁠יִּמְלֹ֤ךְ תַּחְתָּי⁠ו֙	1	Consider again how you translated this phrase in verses 33-39. Alternate translation: “took his place as king” or “succeeded him as king”
36:39	c1u5			וְ⁠שֵׁ֥ם עִיר֖⁠וֹ פָּ֑עוּ	1	Consider whether it is best in your language to begin a new sentence here. Also see how you translated a similar clause in verses 32 and 35. Alternate translation: “His capital city that he ruled from was Pau.”
36:39	rpz8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	בַּת מַטְרֵ֔ד בַּ֖ת מֵ֥י זָהָֽב	1	Notice that **Matred** and **Me-Zahab** are the names of men. See how you translated similar phrases in verses 2 and 14. Alternate translation: “whose father was Matred and whose grandfather was Me-Zahab.”
36:40	h2o5			וְ֠⁠אֵלֶּה שְׁמ֞וֹת	1	 Alternate translation: “The following list of names includes”
36:40	w1jt		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	אַלּוּפֵ֤י עֵשָׂו֙ לְ⁠מִשְׁפְּחֹתָ֔⁠ם לִ⁠מְקֹמֹתָ֖⁠ם בִּ⁠שְׁמֹתָ֑⁠ם	1	Notice that the chiefs listed below are different from those listed in the verses above, except for Kenaz and Teman (verse 15). Also, consider whether or not it is better in your language to break up this long sentence into two shorter sentences. Alternate translation: “more of the chiefs who descended from Esau. These chiefs led their own family groups in their own territories, which were named after them:” or “more of the descendants of Esau who were tribal leaders; the tribes and the regions where they lived were named after them:”
36:40	ynzj			אַלּ֥וּף תִּמְנָ֛ע אַלּ֥וּף עַֽלְוָ֖ה אַלּ֥וּף יְתֵֽת	1	The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. (1) Most translations treat all the names in verses 40-43 as the names of chiefs (as in the ULT and UST of these verses). (2) However, some scholars think that all the names in verses 40-43 are the names of regions or clans and say, “These are/were the names of the clans/tribes that descended from Esau. Each clan/tribe lived in the land of Edom in its own region that was named after that clan/tribe. The names of the clans/tribes were TImna, Alvan … Iram. Those were the names of the clans/tribes of the Edomites. Each of the clans/tribes lived in their own part of the land of Edom that they owned …”
36:41	mpl5			אַלּ֧וּף אָהֳלִיבָמָ֛ה אַלּ֥וּף אֵלָ֖ה אַלּ֥וּף פִּינֹֽן	1	Make sure that the way you translate verses 41-43 fits with the interpretation you followed in verse 40.
36:43	on4r			אַלּ֥וּף מַגְדִּיאֵ֖ל אַלּ֣וּף עִירָ֑ם	1	Make sure you are consistent in whether or not you use the title **Chief** in verses 40-43.
36:43	f7rs			אֵ֣לֶּה אַלּוּפֵ֣י	1	Consider again how you translated “chief” throughout this chapter; see verses 15-19, 21, 29-30, 40-43. Alternate translation: “Those were the names of more of the chiefs over” or “All of those were chiefs over” or “Those were more of the clan leaders of”
36:43	d0oc			אֱד֗וֹם	1	 Alternate translation: “the Edom people group;”
36:43	blbb			לְ⁠מֹֽשְׁבֹתָ⁠ם֙	1	 Alternate translation: “each of them led their own tribes in the places where they lived”
36:43	u7eq			בְּ⁠אֶ֣רֶץ אֲחֻזָּתָ֔⁠ם	1	 Alternate translation: “in the land that they owned”
36:43	aa5c			ה֥וּא עֵשָׂ֖ו	1	 Alternate translation: “That was the record about Esau,” or “This concludes the history about Esau,”
36:43	vois			אֲבִ֥י אֱדֽוֹם	1	See how you translated this phrase in verse 9. Also compare how you translated the names of other people groups in this chapter, including “Hittite” and “Hivite” in verse 2; **Edomites** in verse 9; “Horite/Horites” in verses 20, 21, 29, 30; “Temanites” in verse 34; and “Midianites” in verse 35. Alternate translation: “who was the ancestor of the Edom people group.”
37:1	r483			וַ⁠יֵּ֣שֶׁב יַעֲקֹ֔ב	1	Chapter 37 continues the history about Jacob that left off at the end of chapter 35. Begin this chapter in a way that is natural in your language. Make sure the way you translate **lived** allows for the fact that Jacob was already living in Canaan and had settled near the city of Hebron, where his father and grandfather had lived previously (Gen 35:27). Alternate translation: “Now Jacob was still living”
37:1	u237			בְּ⁠אֶ֖רֶץ מְגוּרֵ֣י אָבִ֑י⁠ו בְּ⁠אֶ֖רֶץ כְּנָֽעַן	1	See how you translated “sojourned” in Gen 35:27 and **the land of Canaan** in Gen 35:6. Alternate translation: “in the land of Canaan where his father Isaac had lived for a while as a outsider.”
37:2	iyds			אֵ֣לֶּה תֹּלְד֣וֹת יַעֲקֹ֗ב	1	Consider again how you translated **These are the generations of** in the book of Genesis. See Gen 2:4; 6:9; 11:27; 25:19; 36:1; 37:2, where what follows is a narrative or history of events. Compare that to Gen 5:1; 10:1; 11:10; 25:12; 36:9, where what follows is more of a genealogy (list of names). It may be necessary to translate this phrase in different ways, depending on the context. Alternate translation: “This is more of the history about Jacob and his family:” or “What follows tells more about Jacob and his family:”
37:2	hh9m			יוֹסֵ֞ף בֶּן שְׁבַֽע עֶשְׂרֵ֤ה שָׁנָה֙	1	This verse may be referring to a single incident or it may be referring to what happened regularly.
37:2	wtc2			הָיָ֨ה רֹעֶ֤ה & בַּ⁠צֹּ֔אן	1	See how you translated **flocks** in Gen 4:2.
37:2	xjuz			אֶת אֶחָי⁠ו֙ & וְ⁠ה֣וּא נַ֗עַר אֶת	1	As the youngest of these brothers, Joseph was their helper as they took care of their father’s flocks. Alternate translation: “as an helper for his brothers who were”
37:2	ilb3			בְּנֵ֥י בִלְהָ֛ה וְ⁠אֶת בְּנֵ֥י זִלְפָּ֖ה נְשֵׁ֣י אָבִ֑י⁠ו	1	Be consistent here with how you spelled **Bilhah** in Gen 29:29 and **Zilpah** in 29:24.
37:2	i0ck		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יָּבֵ֥א יוֹסֵ֛ף אֶת דִּבָּתָ֥⁠ם רָעָ֖ה אֶל אֲבִי⁠הֶֽם	1	The Hebrew text does not specify what Joseph’s brothers had done wrong, so neither should your translation. Also, make sure your translation of **their father** does not sound like the sons of Bilhah and Zilpah had a different father than Joseph had. Alternate translation: “and he told his father about the bad things they were doing.” or “and he gave bad reports to his father about them.”
37:3	tws4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וְ⁠יִשְׂרָאֵ֗ל	1	This verse introduces background information for the events that happen next. Consider what is the best way to begin this sentence in your language. Make sure it is clear in your translation or in a footnote that Jacob (verse 1) and Israel (verse 3) refer to the same person, not two separate people. For a note about this, see Gen 35:10. Alternate translation: “Now Jacob, whose other name was Israel,”
37:3	e4ha		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	כִּֽי בֶן זְקֻנִ֥ים ה֖וּא ל֑⁠וֹ	1	For some languages it is more natural to put this clause first in this verse and say, “Now Joseph was born to Israel when he was old, so he/Israel loved him more than all the rest of his sons.” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “because Joseph was born to him when he was old.”
37:3	ruov		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	וְ⁠עָ֥שָׂה ל֖⁠וֹ כְּתֹ֥נֶת פַּסִּֽים	1	The meaning of the Hebrew text is not certain here. Many translations (including the Greek Septuagint and Latin Vulgate) say that the tunic or robe was **multicolored** or “colorful.” This **tunic** was probably full-length to the ankles and had long sleeves that reached to the hands. Alternate translation: “So he made a beautiful tunic for him that had many colors.” or “So he made a special colorful robe for him”
37:4	gxph		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַֽ⁠יִּשְׂנְא֖וּ אֹת֑⁠וֹ וְ⁠לֹ֥א יָכְל֖וּ דַּבְּר֥⁠וֹ לְ⁠שָׁלֹֽם	1	Make sure it is clear here in your translation that the brothers hated Joseph, not their father. Alternate translation: “they despised Joseph so much that they could not speak to him kindly” or “… they refused to speak to him in a kind way.” or “… they always spoke unkindly to him.”
37:5	nqa3			וַ⁠יַּחֲלֹ֤ם יוֹסֵף֙ חֲל֔וֹם	1	 Alternate translation: “Then one night Joseph had a dream”
37:5	fwbb			וַ⁠יַּגֵּ֖ד לְ⁠אֶחָ֑י⁠ו	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “The next day he told his brothers what he dreamed”
37:5	np9k			וַ⁠יּוֹסִ֥פוּ ע֖וֹד שְׂנֹ֥א אֹתֽ⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “and they became even more hateful toward him.” or “That made them despise him even more than before.”
37:6	o9bp			וַ⁠יֹּ֖אמֶר אֲלֵי⁠הֶ֑ם	1	 Alternate translation: “He told them,”
37:6	tjgv			שִׁמְעוּ נָ֕א הַ⁠חֲל֥וֹם הַ⁠זֶּ֖ה אֲשֶׁ֥ר חָלָֽמְתִּי	1	 Alternate translation: “Please listen to me tell about this dream that I had:” or “I had a dream that I want to tell you about. Please listen to me tell it.”
37:7	ighe			וְ֠⁠הִנֵּה	1	 Alternate translation: “In my dream I saw”
37:7	kj3d			אֲנַ֜חְנוּ מְאַלְּמִ֤ים אֲלֻמִּים֙ בְּ⁠ת֣וֹךְ הַ⁠שָּׂדֶ֔ה	1	A sheaf of grain is a bunch of grain stalks that have been cut and tied together in a bundle, with the heads of grain at the top. Wheat and barley were the grains that were common in this region at that time, not corn or oats. Alternate translation: “that we all were out in the middle of a field cutting stalks of grain and tying the stalks into sheaves” or “us working together out in a field cutting and tying sheaves of wheat stalks.”
37:7	hdur			וְ⁠הִנֵּ֛ה	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here.
37:7	i9yf			אֲלֻמָּתִ֖⁠י	1	 Alternate translation: “my sheaf of grain” or “the sheaf that I had made”
37:7	t8q7			קָ֥מָה & וְ⁠גַם נִצָּ֑בָה	1	 Alternate translation: “stood up on its end”
37:7	zuav			וְ⁠הִנֵּ֤ה	1	 Alternate translation: “Then behold”
37:7	vhvx			אֲלֻמֹּ֣תֵי⁠כֶ֔ם	1	 Alternate translation: “your sheaves of grain” or “the bundles that you had made”
37:7	ugk0			תְסֻבֶּ֨ינָה֙	1	 Alternate translation: “stood around my sheaf” or “stood in a circle around my bundle”
37:7	kbp0		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction	וַ⁠תִּֽשְׁתַּחֲוֶ֖יןָ לַ⁠אֲלֻמָּתִֽ⁠י	1	 Alternate translation: “and bowed down to the ground to my sheaf to show submission.” or “and bowed respectfully to my sheaf” or “and bowed down in front of it in respect.”
37:8	erk9			וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמְרוּ ל⁠וֹ֙ אֶחָ֔י⁠ו	1	 Alternate translation: “His brothers retorted angrily,”
37:8	l93b		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	הֲ⁠מָלֹ֤ךְ	1	The brothers use two rhetorical questions in this verse to express their disagreement with Joseph and to emphasize that they are not happy with him. Do what is best in your language.
37:8	r10j		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive	תִּמְלֹךְ֙ עָלֵ֔י⁠נוּ	1	For languages that mark inclusive and exclusive pronouns, **us** excludes Joseph in this sentence. Alternate translation: “reign over us!”
37:8	xn5l			וַ⁠יּוֹסִ֤פוּ עוֹד֙ שְׂנֹ֣א אֹת֔⁠וֹ	1	Consider again how you translated **hate** in the book of Genesis. See Gen 24:60; 26:27; 29:31, 33; 37:4-5, 8. It may be necessary to translate this term in different ways, depending on the context. Alternate translation: “So they despised him even more strongly than they did before”
37:8	hwgw		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	עַל חֲלֹמֹתָ֖י⁠ו וְ⁠עַל דְּבָרָֽי⁠ו	1	For some languages, it is more natural to switch the order of clauses in this sentence and say, “So because of what he/Joseph had told them about his dreams, his brothers hated him even more strongly/intensely than they did before.” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “for his dreams and for what he told them about the dreams.”
37:9	rdj8			וַ⁠יַּחֲלֹ֥ם עוֹד֙ חֲל֣וֹם אַחֵ֔ר וַ⁠יְסַפֵּ֥ר אֹת֖⁠וֹ לְ⁠אֶחָ֑י⁠ו	1	 Alternate translation: “Sometime after that, Joseph told his brothers about another dream that he had.”
37:9	cm0q			וַ⁠יֹּ֗אמֶר	1	 Alternate translation: “Here is what he said:”
37:9	tpor			וְ⁠הִנֵּ֧ה	1	 Alternate translation: “and amazingly in this dream”
37:9	utc0			מִֽשְׁתַּחֲוִ֖ים	1	See how you translated “bowed down” in verse 7. Alternate translation: “were bowing down to the ground”
37:9	qq77		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction	לִֽ⁠י	1	Bowing down to someone was a way of showing respect and honor to that person. If that is not clear in your culture, you could make that information explicit in your translation or in a footnote. If it is understood, you can leave it implied (as the Hebrew text does). Alternate translation: “to me to show respect.” or “in front of me to honor me.”
37:10	sa4l			וַ⁠יְסַפֵּ֣ר אֶל אָבִי⁠ו֮ וְ⁠אֶל אֶחָי⁠ו֒	1	The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. Verse 10 could refer to: (1) a second time that Joseph told his dream; for example, “Then/Later Joseph told the same dream to both his father and his brothers, but his father …” or (2) the same time that he told this dream to his brothers in verse 9; for example, “When Joseph related/told the dream to his father and his brothers, his father …”
37:10	l2eq		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יִּגְעַר בּ֣⁠וֹ אָבִ֔י⁠ו וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר ל֔⁠וֹ	1	Your translation of this quote margin should not sound like two separate events; the verbs **rebuked** and **said** refer to the same event. Alternate translation: “but his father rebuked him by saying,”
37:10	epfz		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	מָ֛ה הַ⁠חֲל֥וֹם הַ⁠זֶּ֖ה אֲשֶׁ֣ר חָלָ֑מְתָּ	1	Jacob uses a rhetorical question here to show that he is not happy about Joseph’s dream. Decide the best way to translate this in your language. Alternate translation: “Your dream is ridiculous”
37:10	mxwh		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	הֲ⁠ב֣וֹא & אֲנִי֙ וְ⁠אִמְּ⁠ךָ֣ וְ⁠אַחֶ֔י⁠ךָ	1	See how you translated a similar rhetorical question in verse 8. Alternate translation: “Your mother and I and your brothers will never”
37:10	octg			נָב֗וֹא & לְ⁠הִשְׁתַּחֲוֺ֥ת & אָֽרְצָ⁠ה	1	See how you translated **bow down** in verse 7. Alternate translation: “come to you and bow down to the ground”
37:10	yp2m			לְ⁠ךָ֖	1	 Alternate translation: “in front of you”
37:11	qwst			וַ⁠יְקַנְאוּ ב֖⁠וֹ אֶחָ֑י⁠ו	1	See how you translated **envied** in Gen 26:14; 30:1.
37:11	b3wy			וְ⁠אָבִ֖י⁠ו שָׁמַ֥ר אֶת הַ⁠דָּבָֽר	1	 Alternate translation: “but his father continued to wonder about what it all could mean.” or “but his father kept thinking about the dreams and wondered what they meant.”
37:12	vlrw			בִּ⁠שְׁכֶֽם	1	Be consistent here with how you spelled **Shechem** in Gen 35:4.
37:13	vl3c			וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר יִשְׂרָאֵ֜ל אֶל יוֹסֵ֗ף	1	 Alternate translation: “So one day Israel said to Joseph,”
37:13	upf3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	הֲ⁠ל֤וֹא אַחֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ רֹעִ֣ים	1	Israel uses a rhetorical question to remind Joseph of something he already knows and to introduce what he wants Joseph to do. Decide the best way to communicate this in your language. Alternate translation: “As you know, your brothers are pasturing our flocks”
37:13	vka6			בִּ⁠שְׁכֶ֔ם	1	See how you translated this phrase in verse 12.
37:13	o27h			וַ⁠יֹּ֥אמֶר ל֖⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “He responded,” or “He answered him,”
37:13	nrit			הִנֵּֽ⁠נִי	1	 Alternate translation: “Yes, sir.”
37:14	qlxr			וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר ל֗⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “Then Israel told Joseph,”
37:14	wbsm			לֶךְ נָ֨א רְאֵ֜ה	1	 Alternate translation: “Please go find out”
37:14	kwpr			אֶת שְׁל֤וֹם אַחֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ וְ⁠אֶת שְׁל֣וֹם הַ⁠צֹּ֔אן	1	 Alternate translation: “whether or not things are going well for your brothers and the flocks,”
37:14	dz4q			וַ⁠הֲשִׁבֵ֖⁠נִי דָּבָ֑ר	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “Then come tell me how they are doing.”
37:14	b5jc			וַ⁠יִּשְׁלָחֵ֨⁠הוּ֙	1	 Alternate translation: “So Israel sent Joseph on his way”
37:14	opy9			מֵ⁠עֵ֣מֶק חֶבְר֔וֹן	1	Be consistent in how you spell **Hebron** throughout the book of Genesis. See Gen 13:18; 23:2, 19; 35:27; 37:14.
37:14	jkus			וַ⁠יָּבֹ֖א שְׁכֶֽמָ⁠ה	1	The trip from the city of Hebron to the city of Shechem was about 100 kilometers (60 miles). Alternate translation: “and he went to the city of Shechem.”
37:15	oywm		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	וַ⁠יִּמְצָאֵ֣⁠הוּ אִ֔ישׁ וְ⁠הִנֵּ֥ה	1	In this context **found** means the man happened to meet Joseph as Joseph was walking around looking for his brothers; the man was not intentionally looking for him. Also, for some languages it is clearer or more natural to change the order of the clauses in this sentence and say, “He started wandering around searching in the fields near there, where/and he met a man who asked …” or “As he was wandering around searching in the fields near there, he met a man who asked …” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “There he met a man who had seen him”
37:15	syph			תֹעֶ֖ה בַּ⁠שָּׂדֶ֑ה וַ⁠יִּשְׁאָלֵ֧⁠הוּ הָ⁠אִ֛ישׁ לֵ⁠אמֹ֖ר	1	The word **fields** refers here to large, open places with no fences and few trees, where sheep and goats could easily graze. Alternate translation: “searching around in the nearby countryside and asked him”
37:15	fnn5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations	מַה תְּבַקֵּֽשׁ	1	Consider whether it is better to use a direct or an indirect quote here in your language. Alternate translation: “Who are you looking for?” or “what he was looking for.”
37:16	rdbq			הַגִּֽידָ⁠ה נָּ֣א לִ֔⁠י	1	 Alternate translation: “Do you know”
37:16	tg3s		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	אֵיפֹ֖ה הֵ֥ם רֹעִֽים	1	For some languages it is more natural to put this clause earlier in the verse and say, “I am looking for my brothers who were somewhere around here shepherding/pasturing/tending their flocks. Do you know where they are now?” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “where they are pasturing their flocks?”
37:17	elkg		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר הָ⁠אִישׁ֙	1	 Alternate translation: “The man answered him,” or “The man replied,”
37:17	tgoq			נָסְע֣וּ מִ⁠זֶּ֔ה	1	 Alternate translation: “I saw them, but then they left from here”
37:17	lggu			כִּ֤י שָׁמַ֨עְתִּי֙ אֹֽמְרִ֔ים	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “In fact, I heard them say to each other” or “but I overheard them say to each other”
37:17	va7d		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations	נֵלְכָ֖ה דֹּתָ֑יְנָ⁠ה	1	Consider whether it is better to use a direct or indirect quote here in your translation.
37:17	jp2k			וַ⁠יֵּ֤לֶךְ יוֹסֵף֙ אַחַ֣ר אֶחָ֔י⁠ו וַ⁠יִּמְצָאֵ֖⁠ם בְּ⁠דֹתָֽן	1	 Alternate translation: “So Joseph went to the town of Dothan and found his brothers near there.”
37:18	bcke			וַ⁠יִּרְא֥וּ אֹת֖⁠וֹ מֵ⁠רָחֹ֑ק	1	 Alternate translation: “While he was still some distance away from them, they saw him,”
37:18	mv7y			וּ⁠בְ⁠טֶ֨רֶם֙ יִקְרַ֣ב אֲלֵי⁠הֶ֔ם	1	 Alternate translation: “and before he got close to where they were,”
37:18	c9yp			וַ⁠יִּֽתְנַכְּל֥וּ אֹת֖⁠וֹ לַ⁠הֲמִיתֽ⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “they plotted to kill him.”
37:19	xisw			הִנֵּ֗ה בַּ֛עַל הַ⁠חֲלֹמ֥וֹת הַלָּזֶ֖ה בָּֽא	1	Make sure it is clear in your translation that Joseph’s brothers are being sarcastic and disrespectful here as they make fun of Joseph. Alternate translation: “Look here comes that master dreamer!”
37:20	q28u		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	בְּ⁠אַחַ֣ד הַ⁠בֹּר֔וֹת	1	A cistern was a large hole or pit that had been dug in the ground to catch rain water and store it there. It was wide at the bottom and had a small opening at the top. The sides of the hole were covered with plaster so that it would hold water. Alternate translation: “into one of the empty pits here.”
37:20	takb			וְ⁠אָמַ֕רְנוּ חַיָּ֥ה רָעָ֖ה	1	 Alternate translation: “Then we will tell people that a ferocious wild animal”
37:20	pkdz			אֲכָלָ֑תְ⁠הוּ	1	 Alternate translation: “has eaten him,” or “ate him down,”
37:20	d69r			וְ⁠נִרְאֶ֕ה	1	 Alternate translation: “and everyone will see”
37:20	jm0y			מַה יִּהְי֖וּ חֲלֹמֹתָֽי⁠ו	1	Joseph’s brothers are speaking here in a disdainful way, continuing to mock him. Alternate translation: “what will become of his dreams!” or “what happens to his great dreams!” or “if his great dreams come true!”
37:21	vz3w			וַ⁠יִּשְׁמַ֣ע רְאוּבֵ֔ן	1	 Alternate translation: “When Reuben heard what they were planning,”
37:21	sgyv		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	וַ⁠יַּצִּלֵ֖⁠הוּ מִ⁠יָּדָ֑⁠ם	1	The phrase **their hands** refers to Joseph’s brothers and their power to harm him. Consider whether you have a similar figure of speech in your language. Alternate translation: “he tried to save Joseph from them”
37:21	pj3n		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֕אמֶר	1	 Alternate translation: “and said to them,”
37:21	arpw		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	לֹ֥א נַכֶּ֖⁠נּוּ נָֽפֶשׁ	1	Consider again how you translated the idiom **strike** in Gen 4:15; 34:30; 37:21. Alternate translation: “We must not take his life.” or “We must not kill him.”
37:22	qril		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר אֲלֵ⁠הֶ֣ם רְאוּבֵן֮	1	Some translations do not include this phrase, possibly because Reuben is still speaking to the same people. However, he may have paused between verses 21 and 22 to see the effect of what he said in verse 21. Also, the repeated quote margin helps emphasize what he says in verse 22. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “Then he added,”
37:22	t1mz		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	אַל תִּשְׁפְּכוּ דָם֒	1	See how you translated the idiom **shed blood** in Gen 9:6. Alternate translation: “Do not kill him.”
37:22	r99s			הַשְׁלִ֣יכוּ אֹת֗⁠וֹ אֶל הַ⁠בּ֤וֹר הַ⁠זֶּה֙	1	See how you translated **cistern** in verse 20. Alternate translation: “Instead put him into this dry well”
37:22	bqz5			אֲשֶׁ֣ר בַּ⁠מִּדְבָּ֔ר	1	Consider again how you translated **wilderness** or “desert” in the book of Genesis. See Gen 14:6 (and note); 16:7; 21:14, 20-21; 36:24; 37:22. Also see when it occurs as implied information in Gen 12:9-10; 13:1, 3; 20:1; 24:62. Alternate translation: “here in the wilderness”
37:22	lhby			וְ⁠יָ֖ד אַל תִּשְׁלְחוּ ב֑⁠וֹ	1	The phrase **lay a hand on** is an idiom that emphasizes that they are not to harm him at all, not even in the smallest way. Alternate translation: “but you must not harm him in any way.”
37:22	bqvz		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	לְמַ֗עַן הַצִּ֤יל אֹת⁠וֹ֙ מִ⁠יָּדָ֔⁠ם	1	See how you translated “rescued him from their hands” in verse 21. Alternate translation: “Reuben was planning to save him from them” or “He said that in order to save him from being killed by them”
37:22	lqa5			לַ⁠הֲשִׁיב֖⁠וֹ אֶל אָבִֽי⁠ו	1	Make sure your translation of **his father** does not sound like Joseph had a different father than his brothers had. Alternate translation: “so that he could return him safely to his father.” or “and take him back home to his father.”
37:23	k46f			וַֽ⁠יְהִ֕י כַּֽ⁠אֲשֶׁר בָּ֥א יוֹסֵ֖ף אֶל אֶחָ֑י⁠ו	1	As usual, the phrase **Then it happened** introduces and emphasizes an important set of events. Many translations leave it implied. Do what is natural in your language.
37:23	nae9			וַ⁠יַּפְשִׁ֤יטוּ אֶת יוֹסֵף֙ אֶת כֻּתָּנְתּ֔⁠וֹ אֶת כְּתֹ֥נֶת הַ⁠פַּסִּ֖ים	1	See how you translated **multicolored tunic** in verse 3. Alternate translation: “they grabbed hold of him and tore off his colorful robe”
37:23	ye3c			אֲשֶׁ֥ר עָלָֽי⁠ו	1	 Alternate translation: “he had on.”
37:24	h7mu			וַ⁠יִּ֨קָּחֻ֔⁠הוּ	1	If the phrase “grabbed/took hold of him” is made explicit in your translation in verse 23, it can be left implied here in verse 24.
37:24	nbwf			וַ⁠יַּשְׁלִ֥כוּ אֹת֖⁠וֹ הַ⁠בֹּ֑רָ⁠ה	1	See how you translated “throw him” and **cistern** in verse 20. Alternate translation: “and put him into the well.”
37:24	za8r			וְ⁠הַ⁠בּ֣וֹר רֵ֔ק אֵ֥ין בּ֖⁠וֹ מָֽיִם	1	 Alternate translation: “Now the well was empty; it had no water in it.” or “The well was empty and completely dry inside.”
37:25	h666		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וַ⁠יֵּשְׁבוּ֮ לֶֽ⁠אֱכָל לֶחֶם֒	1	It is clear from verse 29 that Reuben was not there when his brothers made the plan to sell Joseph to the traders.
37:25	gl5v		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וַ⁠יִּשְׂא֤וּ עֵֽינֵי⁠הֶם֙ וַ⁠יִּרְא֔וּ	1	See how you translated the idiom “lifted … eyes” in Gen 22:13. Alternate translation: “and while they were eating, they looked around”
37:25	de55			וְ⁠הִנֵּה֙	1	 Alternate translation: “and saw that” or “and they saw that”
37:25	yfo8			אֹרְחַ֣ת	1	A **caravan** is a large group of people who are traveling together. Alternate translation: “a large company of”
37:25	ztmn			יִשְׁמְעֵאלִ֔ים	1	See how you translated the names of other people groups in Gen 15:19-21. Alternate translation: “Ishmaelite merchants” or “traders from the Ishmael people group” or “traders who were descendants of Ishmael”
37:25	klhu		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	בָּאָ֖ה מִ⁠גִּלְעָ֑ד	1	For some languages it may be clearer to change the order of some of the implied information in this sentence and say, “… and saw/noticed that headed their way/direction was a large group of Ishmaelite traders/merchants that was coming/traveling from the region of Gilead.” Do what is best in your language. Also, be consistent here with how you spelled **Gilead** in Gen 31:21, 23, 25. Alternate translation: “was coming toward them from the region of Gilead.” or “was traveling from the region of Gilead and was headed their way.”
37:25	mpjz			וּ⁠גְמַלֵּי⁠הֶ֣ם נֹֽשְׂאִ֗ים	1	Consider again how you translated “camel” in the book of Genesis. See Gen 12:16 (and note); 24:10-11, 14, 19-20, 22, 25, 30-32, 35, 44, 46, 61, 63-64; 30:43; 31:17, 18, 34; 32:7, 15; 37:25.
37:25	duc4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknowns	נְכֹאת֙ וּ⁠צְרִ֣י וָ⁠לֹ֔ט	1	Gilead was a mountainous region east of the Jordan River that was famous as a source of balm (or balsam), which was a rare tree resin that was used for perfume and for medicine. Myrrh was another type of tree resin that was used as incense and as medicine. You could put some of that information in a footnote. Alternate translation: “expensive spices, healing resin and incense”
37:25	ogiz			הוֹלְכִ֖ים לְ⁠הוֹרִ֥יד מִצְרָֽיְמָ⁠ה	1	 Alternate translation: “that they were transporting down to the country of Egypt to sell there.” or “that they were taking to sell in the country of Egypt.”
37:26	kjnl			וַ⁠יֹּ֥אמֶר יְהוּדָ֖ה אֶל אֶחָ֑י⁠ו	1	 Alternate translation: “Then Judah asked his brothers,”
37:26	ubh1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	מַה בֶּ֗צַע	1	Judah uses a rhetorical question here to emphasize his point. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “What will we gain”
37:26	byyb		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	כִּ֤י נַהֲרֹג֙ אֶת אָחִ֔י⁠נוּ וְ⁠כִסִּ֖ינוּ אֶת דָּמֽ⁠וֹ	1	The phrase **cover up** is an idiom that means to prevent people from knowing about something evil that was done. Also, the phrase **his blood** is an idiom that refers to Joseph’s death. Alternate translation: “if we kill our brother and try to keep people from finding out about it”
37:27	trsv			לְכ֞וּ וְ⁠נִמְכְּרֶ֣⁠נּוּ	1	See how you translated “come and” in verse 20. Alternate translation: “Instead, we should sell him”
37:27	d1rs			לַ⁠יִּשְׁמְעֵאלִ֗ים	1	See how you translated **Ishmaelites** in verse 25. Alternate translation: “to those Ishmaelites over there” or “to those Ishmaelite merchants over there”
37:27	ink7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וְ⁠יָדֵ֨⁠נוּ֙ אַל תְּהִי ב֔⁠וֹ	1	Translate this idiom in a way that is natural and clear in your language. Alternate translation: “so that we do not harm him.”
37:27	llb2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	כִּֽי אָחִ֥י⁠נוּ בְשָׂרֵ֖⁠נוּ ה֑וּא	1	The phrase **our flesh** refers to the fact that they are closely related biologically. See how you translated a similar idiom (“my bone and my flesh”) in Gen 29:14. Alternate translation: “After all, as our brother, he is member of our family.”
37:27	pxd0			וַֽ⁠יִּשְׁמְע֖וּ אֶחָֽי⁠ו	1	See how you translated **listened** in Gen 34:24.
37:28	z0bz			וַ⁠יַּֽעַבְרוּ֩ אֲנָשִׁ֨ים מִדְיָנִ֜ים סֹֽחֲרִ֗ים	1	The Ishmaelites (verses 25, 27-28; 39:1) and Midianites (verses 28 and 36) were the descendants of Abraham’s sons Ishmael and Midian (16:15; 25:1-2). However, sometimes (as here) the names of those people groups are used interchangeably for the same people (also see Judges 8:22, 24, 26). Perhaps that was because the two people groups had intermarried. Or there may have been merchants from the two people groups in this caravan who bought and sold Joseph together. You could put some of that information in a footnote. Alternate translation: “So as the Midianite (that is, Ishmaelite) merchants came by them,” or “So when the Ishmaelite traders who were also called Midianites were going by them,”
37:28	v0x8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וַֽ⁠יִּמְשְׁכוּ֙ וַ⁠יַּֽעֲל֤וּ אֶת יוֹסֵף֙ מִן הַ⁠בּ֔וֹר	1	Not all of Joseph’s brothers were there, because we know from the next verse that at least Reuben was somewhere else when they sold Joseph.
37:28	ayg7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney	וַ⁠יִּמְכְּר֧וּ אֶת יוֹסֵ֛ף לַ⁠יִּשְׁמְעֵאלִ֖ים בְּ⁠עֶשְׂרִ֣ים כָּ֑סֶף	1	See the note about shekels at Gen 20:16. Twenty shekels of silver was equal to about one-fourth of a kilo (half a pound) and was the average price for a slave. You could put some of that information in a footnote. Alternate translation: “and sold him to the Ishmaelite traders for twenty pieces of silver.”
37:29	zb09			וַ⁠יָּ֤שָׁב רְאוּבֵן֙ אֶל הַ⁠בּ֔וֹר	1	Consider again how you translated **cistern** in verses 20, 22, 24, 28-29. Alternate translation: “Later Reuben who had been gone for a while returned to the well,” or “Then Reuben went back to the well to get Joseph,”
37:29	jkit			וְ⁠הִנֵּ֥ה אֵין יוֹסֵ֖ף בַּ⁠בּ֑וֹר	1	 Alternate translation: “but to his surprise Joseph was gone!”
37:29	l17h		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction	וַ⁠יִּקְרַ֖ע אֶת בְּגָדָֽי⁠ו	1	 Alternate translation: “So he tore his clothes to show grief.” or “Then he was so grieved that he tore his clothes.”
37:30	cbe8			וַ⁠יָּ֥שָׁב אֶל אֶחָ֖י⁠ו	1	 Alternate translation: “Then he went back to where his brothers were”
37:30	hwt6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּאמַ֑ר	1	 Alternate translation: “and said to them,”
37:30	hksj			הַ⁠יֶּ֣לֶד	1	Joseph was seventeen years old (verse 2), so this phrase should be translated in a way that is appropriate for his older brother to refer to him here. See how you translated a different word that has a similar meaning in Gen 21:12. Alternate translation: “The lad” or “Our younger brother”
37:30	hm3x			אֵינֶ֔⁠נּוּ	1	 Alternate translation: “is missing!”
37:30	de6v		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	וַ⁠אֲנִ֖י אָ֥נָה אֲנִי בָֽא	1	Reuben uses a rhetorical question here to express how distressed he is and to emphasize that he does not know what to do. Consider what is the best way to communicate that in your language. Alternate translation: “Now what can I do?”
37:31	vk4u			וַ⁠יִּקְח֖וּ	1	 Alternate translation: “So they”
37:31	cjzw			וַ⁠יִּקְח֖וּ אֶת כְּתֹ֣נֶת יוֹסֵ֑ף	1	 Alternate translation: “took his robe,” or “picked up his tunic”
37:31	hybm			וַֽ⁠יִּשְׁחֲטוּ֙ שְׂעִ֣יר עִזִּ֔ים	1	 Alternate translation: “killed a male goat”
37:31	h4kn		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	וַ⁠יִּטְבְּל֥וּ אֶת הַ⁠כֻּתֹּ֖נֶת בַּ⁠דָּֽם	1	For some languages it is more natural to switch the order of clauses in this verse and say, “Then/So Joseph’s brothers killed a young goat, took Joseph’s/his tunic/robe, and dipped it in the goat’s blood.” or “Then/So Joseph’s brothers killed a young goat and dipped Joseph’s/his tunic/robe in the goat’s blood.” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “and dipped the robe in its blood.”
37:32	igsh			וַֽ⁠יְשַׁלְּח֞וּ אֶת כְּתֹ֣נֶת הַ⁠פַּסִּ֗ים וַ⁠יָּבִ֨יאוּ֙ אֶל אֲבִי⁠הֶ֔ם וַ⁠יֹּאמְר֖וּ	1	Consider again how you translated “multicolored/colorful tunic/robe” in verses 3, 23, 32. Alternate translation: “Then they had someone bring the colorful tunic back to their father and say to him for them,”
37:32	cghp			זֹ֣את מָצָ֑אנוּ הַכֶּר נָ֗א	1	See how you translated **examine** in Gen 31:32. Alternate translation: “We found this tunic Please look at it to see”
37:33	nule			וַ⁠יַּכִּירָ֤⁠הּ וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר֙	1	 Alternate translation: “Jacob examined the robe and exclaimed,”
37:33	ifzw			כְּתֹ֣נֶת בְּנִ֔⁠י	1	 Alternate translation: “This robe belongs to my son Joseph!”
37:33	mjef			חַיָּ֥ה רָעָ֖ה אֲכָלָ֑תְ⁠הוּ טָרֹ֥ף טֹרַ֖ף יוֹסֵֽף	1	See how you translated “an evil animal devoured him” in verse 20. Alternate translation: “Surely a fierce wild animal has torn Joseph to pieces and eaten him up!”
37:34	ix46		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction	וַ⁠יִּקְרַ֤ע יַעֲקֹב֙ שִׂמְלֹתָ֔י⁠ו	1	See how you translated **tore his clothes** in verse 29. Alternate translation: “Then Jacob tore his clothes in sorrow,” or “Jacob was so grieved that he tore his clothes,”
37:34	d98k		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	וַ⁠יָּ֥שֶׂם שַׂ֖ק בְּ⁠מָתְנָ֑י⁠ו	1	It was a Hebrew custom to wear sackcloth, which was a rough/coarse garment made/woven from black goats’ hair, to show that the person was mourning for someone’s death. If this custom is not familiar in your culture, you could put that information in a footnote. Alternate translation: “put on sackcloth,”
37:34	a63b			וַ⁠יִּתְאַבֵּ֥ל עַל בְּנ֖⁠וֹ יָמִ֥ים רַבִּֽים	1	See how you translated “mourn” in Gen 27:41. Alternate translation: “and for many days he grieved that his son had died.” or “and for a very long time he grieved because his son was gone.”
37:35	yjk7			וַ⁠יְמָאֵן֙ לְ⁠הִתְנַחֵ֔ם	1	 Alternate translation: “but he did not want to be consoled” or “but he did not let them console him”
37:35	re6d			וַ⁠יֹּ֕אמֶר	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here.
37:35	wdyn		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	כִּֽי אֵרֵ֧ד אֶל בְּנִ֛⁠י אָבֵ֖ל שְׁאֹ֑לָ⁠ה	1	Sheol is the Hebrew name for the world of the dead, that is, the place where the spirits of dead people lived. You could put that information in a footnote. Your translation of **Sheol** should not refer to hell or a place of punishment. Some translations have “the grave” here, but that leaves out the idea of an afterlife that this sentence implies. Alternate translation: “No, I will continue to mourn until I die and join my son down in Sheol.”
37:36	j9zi			וְ⁠הַ֨⁠מְּדָנִ֔ים מָכְר֥וּ אֹת֖⁠וֹ אֶל מִצְרָ֑יִם	1	The event in verse 36 occurred during the time that the events in verses 29-35 happened. Alternate translation: “Meanwhile, when the Midianite traders got to the country of Egypt, they sold Joseph”
37:36	ng42			לְ⁠פֽוֹטִיפַר֙ סְרִ֣יס פַּרְעֹ֔ה	1	See how you translated **Pharaoh** in Gen 12:15-20. Alternate translation: “to Potiphar, who was an official under Pharaoh the king over Egypt;”
37:36	hd6f			שַׂ֖ר הַ⁠טַּבָּחִֽים	1	 Alternate translation: “he was the captain over the royal guards.” or “he was the leader of the soldiers who guarded the king.”
38:1	vktj		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent	וַֽ⁠יְהִי֙ בָּ⁠עֵ֣ת הַ⁠הִ֔וא	1	The phrase **And it happened** introduces a new episode here. Some translations leave it implied. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “Meanwhile,” or “At this time,”
38:1	qqqe			וַ⁠יֵּ֥רֶד יְהוּדָ֖ה מֵ⁠אֵ֣ת אֶחָ֑י⁠ו	1	 Alternate translation: “Judah left his brothers and traveled down”
38:1	ptef			וַ⁠יֵּ֛ט עַד אִ֥ישׁ עֲדֻלָּמִ֖י	1	The word **Adullamite** refers to the fact that Hirah was from the town of Adullam; it is not the name of a people group. The town of Adullam was about 19 kilometers (12 miles) northwest of the city of Hebron (37:14), and was lower in elevation, which is why the text says that Judah **went down** to get there. Alternate translation: “and lived in the town of Adullam near the home of a man from there” or “to the town of Adullam and lived near the home of a man from there”
38:2	f34u			וַ⁠יַּרְא־שָׁ֧ם יְהוּדָ֛ה בַּת אִ֥ישׁ כְּנַעֲנִ֖י וּ⁠שְׁמ֣⁠וֹ שׁ֑וּעַ	1	 Alternate translation: “While he was living there, Judah met the daughter of a Canaanite man named Shua,” or “While he was living there, Judah met a Canaanite woman whose father was Shua,”
38:2	n4av		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וַ⁠יִּקָּחֶ֖⁠הָ	1	See how you translated a similar idiom (“took a wife”) in Gen 25:1. Alternate translation: “and he took her as his wife.”
38:2	c9qf		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism	וַ⁠יָּבֹ֥א אֵלֶֽי⁠הָ	1	See how you translated the idiom **went to** in Gen 6:4. Alternate translation: “Then he lay with her,” or “Then he had sexual relations with her,”
38:3	i5xh			וַ⁠תֵּ֣לֶד בֵּ֑ן	1	Consider whether or not it is better to begin a new sentence here in your language. Alternate translation: “and gave birth to a son,”
38:3	tjg5			וַ⁠יִּקְרָ֥א אֶת שְׁמ֖⁠וֹ עֵֽר	1	Throughout Genesis, sometimes the father, sometimes the mother, and sometimes both are said to give their child his name. Alternate translation: “whom he named Er.”
38:4	a0s1			וַ⁠תַּ֥הַר ע֖וֹד	1	See how you translated verse 3, which is similar to verse 4.
38:5	rsf9			וַ⁠תֹּ֤סֶף עוֹד֙	1	 Alternate translation: “Then she conceived again”
38:5	l4tz			וְ⁠הָיָ֥ה בִ⁠כְזִ֖יב בְּ⁠לִדְתָּ֥⁠הּ אֹתֽ⁠וֹ	1	The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “He/Judah was in/at the town of Kezib when she gave birth to Shelah.” or “When she gave birth to Shelah, Judah was in the town of Kezib.” or (2) “It was in the town of Kezib that she gave birth to him/Shelah.” or “She was in Kezib when she gave birth to him/Shelah.”
38:6	pv6j			וַ⁠יִּקַּ֧ח יְהוּדָ֛ה אִשָּׁ֖ה לְ⁠עֵ֣ר בְּכוֹר֑⁠וֹ וּ⁠שְׁמָ֖⁠הּ תָּמָֽר	1	See how you translated the phrase **took a wife for** in Gen 21:21. Alternate translation: “Years later, Judah chose a wife named Tamar for his firstborn son Er.”
38:7	roio			וַ⁠יְהִ֗י עֵ֚ר בְּכ֣וֹר יְהוּדָ֔ה	1	Some languages leave **the firstborn of Judah** implied here since Er was already called the firstborn in verse 6. The Hebrew text repeats that information here to emphasize Er’s relationship to Judah in the following events. Do what is best in your language.
38:7	unv4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וַ⁠יְהִ֗י & רַ֖ע בְּ⁠עֵינֵ֣י יְהוָ֑ה	1	The Hebrew text does not specify what Er had done wrong, so neither should your translation. See how you translated the idiom **in the eyes of Yahweh** in Gen 6:8. Alternate translation: “did something that Yahweh judged to be evil”
38:7	gnk5			וַ⁠יְמִתֵ֖⁠הוּ יְהוָֽה	1	 Alternate translation: “so Yahweh took his life.”
38:8	id8g			בֹּ֛א אֶל אֵ֥שֶׁת אָחִ֖י⁠ךָ	1	The Israelites practiced the custom of Levirate marriage, which meant that if a man died without any children, it was his oldest brother’s duty to marry his widow so that together they could have a son who would carry on the deceased man’s family line and inherit his estate (See: [Deuteronomy 25:5-6](../deu/25/05.md)). You could put some of that information in a footnote.
38:8	oq0f			וְ⁠יַבֵּ֣ם אֹתָ֑⁠הּ	1	 Alternate translation: “so that you fulfill your duty to her as her brother-in-law”
38:8	xpyj			וְ⁠הָקֵ֥ם זֶ֖רַע	1	 Alternate translation: “and produce children with her”
38:8	xkri			לְ⁠אָחִֽי⁠ךָ	1	 Alternate translation: “to carry on the name of your brother Er.”
38:9	ks40			וַ⁠יֵּ֣דַע אוֹנָ֔ן כִּ֛י לֹּ֥א ל֖⁠וֹ יִהְיֶ֣ה הַ⁠זָּ֑רַע	1	 Alternate translation: “But Onan knew that the children they would have together would not belong to him.”
38:9	h91i			וְ⁠הָיָ֞ה אִם	1	 Alternate translation: “So every time”
38:9	jx50		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism	בָּ֨א אֶל	1	 Alternate translation: “he lay with” or “he had physical relations with”
38:9	s7mu			וְ⁠שִׁחֵ֣ת אַ֔רְצָ⁠ה	1	Translate this clause in a way that is polite and will not shame or embarrass people when this verse is read aloud in public. Make sure it is clear that Onan did something to keep Tamar from getting pregnant. Alternate translation: “he let his semen to go on the ground”
38:9	totl			לְ⁠בִלְתִּ֥י נְתָן זֶ֖רַע לְ⁠אָחִֽי⁠ו	1	 Alternate translation: “so that he would not have offspring for his brother.” or “to keep her from getting pregnant and having any offspring for his brother.”
38:10	nhk4			וַ⁠יֵּ֛רַע בְּ⁠עֵינֵ֥י יְהוָ֖ה אֲשֶׁ֣ר עָשָׂ֑ה	1	See how you translated **evil in the eyes of Yahweh** in verse 7. Alternate translation: “Yahweh judged what he did to be evil”
38:10	umq7			וַ⁠יָּ֖מֶת גַּם אֹתֽ⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “so he took his life too” or “so Yahweh caused him to die too.”
38:12	uu5v			וַ⁠יִּרְבּוּ֙ הַ⁠יָּמִ֔ים	1	 Alternate translation: “Many years later,” or “Years went by and then”
38:12	fy0d			וַ⁠תָּ֖מָת בַּת שׁ֣וּעַ אֵֽשֶׁת יְהוּדָ֑ה	1	Notice that Shua was the father of Judah’s wife. Be consistent here with how you spelled his name in verse 2.
38:12	na0r			וַ⁠יִּנָּ֣חֶם יְהוּדָ֗ה	1	See how you translated **comforted** in Gen 37:35. Alternate translation: “After Judah finished grieving for her, one day” or “After Judah had completed the customary time of mourning for her,”
38:12	sdjz			וַ⁠יַּ֜עַל & תִּמְנָֽתָ⁠ה	1	Make sure your translation of this clause does not sound like Judah had already arrived at Timnah, because he does not actually reach there until verse 19. His trip from the town of Adullam (verse 1) to the town of Timnah was about 13 kilometers (8 miles).
38:12	fh0g			עַל גֹּֽזֲזֵ֤י צֹאנ⁠וֹ֙	1	See how you translated “shear his sheep” in Gen 31:19 and see the note about that there. Alternate translation: “where his men were shearing his sheep for him.”
38:12	en0e		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	ה֗וּא וְ⁠חִירָ֛ה רֵעֵ֥⁠הוּ הָ⁠עֲדֻלָּמִ֖י	1	For some languages it may be clearer or more natural to put this clause earlier in this verse and say, “… and he and his friend Hirah the Adullamite went up to the town of Timnah where men were shearing Judah’s sheep for him.” Do what is best in your language. Also, be consistent here with how you spelled **Hirah** and how you translated **Adullamite** in verse 1. Alternate translation: “His friend Hirah the Adullamite went with him.”
38:13	cja8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	וַ⁠יֻּגַּ֥ד לְ⁠תָמָ֖ר לֵ⁠אמֹ֑ר	1	 Alternate translation: “Then someone told Tamar,”
38:13	o1kb			עֹלֶ֥ה תִמְנָ֖תָ⁠ה לָ⁠גֹ֥ז צֹאנֽ⁠וֹ	1	See how you translated “shearing his sheep” in verse 12. Alternate translation: “is on his way to shear his sheep in the town of Timnah.”
38:14	bmnn		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וַ⁠תָּסַר֩ בִּגְדֵ֨י אַלְמְנוּתָ֜⁠הּ מֵֽ⁠עָלֶ֗י⁠הָ	1	Make sure it is clear in your translation that Tamar did not just take off her widow’s clothes, but that she also put different clothes on. Alternate translation: “So she changed into different clothes from the kind of clothes that widows wear”
38:14	vpxr			וַ⁠תְּכַ֤ס בַּ⁠צָּעִיף֙	1	A veil was a large piece of thin cloth that was used to cover the face and/or the body. See how you translated **veil** in Gen 24:65. Alternate translation: “and covered herself with a large veil” or “and covered her face with a thin veil”
38:14	d0cf			וַ⁠תִּתְעַלָּ֔ף	1	 Alternate translation: “and disguised herself as a prostitute.” or “to disguise herself.”
38:14	fx7e		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וַ⁠תֵּ֨שֶׁב֙ בְּ⁠פֶ֣תַח עֵינַ֔יִם אֲשֶׁ֖ר עַל דֶּ֣רֶךְ תִּמְנָ֑תָ⁠ה	1	Some languages need to specify that Tamar traveled to Enaim before she sat down there. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “Then she sat by the gateway to the town of Enaim, which was on the way to the town of Timnah,” or “Then she went toward the town of Timnah and sat down at the entrance of the town of Enaim, which was along the way.”
38:14	f4by			כִּ֤י רָאֲתָה֙ כִּֽי גָדַ֣ל שֵׁלָ֔ה	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here.
38:14	pc3c		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	וְ⁠הִ֕וא לֹֽא נִתְּנָ֥ה ל֖⁠וֹ לְ⁠אִשָּֽׁה	1	For some languages it is more natural to change the order of clauses in this sentence and say, “Tamar had seen/noticed that Shelah was now grown up, but Judah had not given her to him to marry as he was supposed/required to do. So she changed from her widow’s clothes …” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “but Judah had not given her to Shelah to marry as he was required to do.”
38:15	bpro		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וַֽ⁠יַּחְשְׁבֶ֖⁠הָ לְ⁠זוֹנָ֑ה כִּ֥י כִסְּתָ֖ה פָּנֶֽי⁠הָ	1	See how you translated **prostitute** in Gen 34:31 and **covered her face** in verse 14. Alternate translation: “but since she had covered her face with a veil he could not see who she was and he thought that she was a prostitute.”
38:16	rkdo		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וַ⁠יֵּ֨ט אֵלֶ֜י⁠הָ אֶל הַ⁠דֶּ֗רֶךְ	1	 Alternate translation: “So he went over to where she was sitting by the road”
38:16	p4cl			וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר֙	1	 Alternate translation: “and propositioned her by saying,” or “and requested,”
38:16	m30g		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism	הָֽבָ⁠ה נָּא֙ אָב֣וֹא אֵלַ֔יִ⁠ךְ	1	 Alternate translation: “Let me lie with you.” or “Let me have relations with you.”
38:16	p7ts			כִּ֚י לֹ֣א יָדַ֔ע כִּ֥י כַלָּת֖⁠וֹ הִ֑וא	1	For some languages it is more natural to put this clause first in this sentence and say, “He did not realize that she was his daughter-in-law Tamar, so he went over to her beside the road and said …” Alternate translation: “He said that because he did not realize that she was his daughter-in-law Tamar.”
38:16	q0h1			מַה תִּתֶּן לִּ֔⁠י	1	 Alternate translation: “What will you give me in exchange”
38:16	e4ov			כִּ֥י תָב֖וֹא	1	 Alternate translation: “if I allow you to”
38:16	hg0t		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	תָב֖וֹא אֵלָֽ⁠י	1	See how you translated the idiom **come to** earlier in this verse. Alternate translation: “lie with me?” or “have relations with me?” or “do that?”
38:17	ex73			אָנֹכִ֛י אֲשַׁלַּ֥ח גְּדִֽי עִזִּ֖ים מִן הַ⁠צֹּ֑אן	1	See how you translated **kid goat** in Gen 27:9, 16.
38:17	g37n			אִם תִּתֵּ֥ן עֵרָב֖וֹן	1	The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “Ok, if you will give me a pledge/deposit …” or “I will agree, if you give me something valuable of yours to keep …” or (2) “Will you give me a pledge/deposit …?”
38:17	o8kc			עַ֥ד שָׁלְחֶֽ⁠ךָ	1	 Alternate translation: “until you send the goat to me.”
38:18	zusm		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֗אמֶר	1	 Alternate translation: “So Judah asked her,”
38:18	op2q			מָ֣ה הָֽ⁠עֵרָבוֹן֮ אֲשֶׁ֣ר אֶתֶּן לָּ⁠ךְ֒	1	 Alternate translation: “What should I give to you as a pledge”
38:18	rr3x		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	חֹתָֽמְ⁠ךָ֙ וּ⁠פְתִילֶ֔⁠ךָ	1	A **signet** or “identification seal” was a ring or small cylinder-shaped object that had the owner’s name engraved on it and was worn around his neck on a cord. It was used to prove his identity and to sign documents that were written on clay tablets, by rolling the cylinder over the soft clay. If people in your culture are not familiar with these things, you could put some of this information in a footnote. Alternate translation: “Give me your signature thing with its string that you wear around your neck,”
38:18	n7cn			וּ⁠מַטְּ⁠ךָ֖	1	 Alternate translation: “and your cane”
38:18	z9bt		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism	וַ⁠יָּבֹ֥א אֵלֶ֖י⁠הָ	1	Consider again how you translated the idiom **went to** in the book of Genesis. See Gen 6:4 (See: note); 16:2, 4; 19:31; 30:3-4; 38:2, 8-9, 16, 18. It may be necessary to translate this phrase in different ways, depending on the context; for example, the relationship in Gen 38:16, 18 was outside of marriage. Alternate translation: “Then he lay with her,”
38:18	gw3h			וַ⁠תַּ֥הַר לֽ⁠וֹ	1	Consider again how you translated “conceive” in the book of Genesis. See Gen 4:1, 17; 16:4-5; 19:36; 21:2; 25:21; 29:32-35; 30:5, 7, 17, 19, 23; 38:3-4, 18. Alternate translation: “and she became pregnant by him.” or “and he caused her to become pregnant.”
38:19	liio			וַ⁠תָּ֣קָם וַ⁠תֵּ֔לֶךְ	1	 Alternate translation: “After that, Tamar left Judah and went home” or “After Tamar left Judah, she went home”
38:19	pbgh			וַ⁠תָּ֥סַר צְעִיפָ֖⁠הּ מֵ⁠עָלֶ֑י⁠הָ	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. See how you translated **veil** in verse 14. Alternate translation: “took off her shawl” or “Then she took her veil off”
38:19	a54x			וַ⁠תִּלְבַּ֖שׁ בִּגְדֵ֥י אַלְמְנוּתָֽ⁠הּ	1	See how you translated **widow’s clothes** in verse 14. Alternate translation: “and put back on her clothes that showed she was a widow.” or “and put back on the kind of clothes that widows wear.”
38:20	sd35			וַ⁠יִּשְׁלַ֨ח יְהוּדָ֜ה אֶת־גְּדִ֣י הָֽ⁠עִזִּ֗ים בְּ⁠יַד֙ רֵעֵ֣⁠הוּ הָֽ⁠עֲדֻלָּמִ֔י	1	See how you translated “his friend … the Adullamite” in verse 12 and **kid goat** in verse 17. Alternate translation: “After that, Judah sent his friend Hirah the Adullamite with a young goat”
38:20	o4m5			לָ⁠קַ֥חַת הָ⁠עֵרָב֖וֹן מִ⁠יַּ֣ד הָ⁠אִשָּׁ֑ה	1	 Alternate translation: “to retrieve his things from the woman whom he had given them to.” or “to exchange it for the things he had left with the woman” or “to get back from the woman the things he had left with her.”
38:20	i3ar			וְ⁠לֹ֖א מְצָאָֽ⁠הּ	1	 Alternate translation: “but Hirah could not find her.”
38:21	jp7z			וַ⁠יִּשְׁאַ֞ל אֶת אַנְשֵׁ֤י מְקֹמָ⁠הּ֙ לֵ⁠אמֹ֔ר	1	 Alternate translation: “So Hirah asked some men who lived near the place where she had been,”
38:21	vr5k			אַיֵּ֧ה הַ⁠קְּדֵשָׁ֛ה הִ֥וא בָ⁠עֵינַ֖יִם עַל הַ⁠דָּ֑רֶךְ	1	Pagan religions had fertility rites at their temples or shrines that included professional prostitutes. Make sure your translation of **temple prostitute** does not refer to any temple built by the Israelites. Also be consistent here with how you translated **Enaim** in verse 14. Alternate translation: “Where is the shrine prostitute who was sitting beside the road near the town of Enaim?”
38:21	hfg6			לֹא הָיְתָ֥ה & קְדֵשָֽׁה	1	 Alternate translation: “There has never been a shrine prostitute” or “No shrine prostitute has ever been”
38:21	dzj8			בָ⁠זֶ֖ה	1	 Alternate translation: “in this town.”
38:22	x8tr			וַ⁠יָּ֨שָׁב֙ אֶל יְהוּדָ֔ה	1	 Alternate translation: “So Hirah came back to Judah”
38:22	cfc0		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֖אמֶר	1	 Alternate translation: “and said to him,” or “and informed him,”
38:22	q9on			לֹ֣א מְצָאתִ֑י⁠הָ	1	 Alternate translation: “I was not able to find the woman”
38:22	jxz6			וְ⁠גַ֨ם	1	 Alternate translation: “And besides that,”
38:22	pr0d			אַנְשֵׁ֤י הַ⁠מָּקוֹם֙	1	 Alternate translation: “the men who live around there” or “the men who live in that town”
38:22	ehox		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations	אָֽמְר֔וּ לֹא הָיְתָ֥ה בָ⁠זֶ֖ה קְדֵשָֽׁה	1	See how you translated this same quote in verse 21. Consider whether or not it is better in your language to translate this as an indirect quote here in verse 22. Alternate translation: “say that there has never been a shrine prostitute near there.”
38:23	zc7f		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר יְהוּדָה֙	1	 Alternate translation: “Then Judah said to him,” or “Judah replied,”
38:23	m5kc		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive	פֶּ֖ן נִהְיֶ֣ה לָ⁠ב֑וּז	1	The pronouns **we** and “us” are inclusive here because Judah is including Hirah; some languages might use a dual pronoun. Use the pronouns that are best in your language in this context. Alternate translation: “so that people do not laugh at us.” or “so that we are not publicly shamed.”
38:23	jh42			הִנֵּ֤ה	1	 Alternate translation: “After all,”
38:23	zuhk			שָׁלַ֨חְתִּי֙ הַ⁠גְּדִ֣י הַ⁠זֶּ֔ה	1	 Alternate translation: “I did try to deliver this goat to her,” or “I sent you to deliver this goat to her,”
38:23	t312			וְ⁠אַתָּ֖ה לֹ֥א מְצָאתָֽ⁠הּ	1	 Alternate translation: “but you could not find her.”
38:24	u2di			וַ⁠יְהִ֣י כְּ⁠מִ⁠שְׁלֹ֣שׁ חֳדָשִׁ֗ים	1	The phrase **Then it happened** introduces an important part of the story and helps create suspense or anticipation, so that it leaves the audience wondering what will happen next. Some translations leave it implied. Do what is best in your language.
38:24	s76q		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֻּגַּ֨ד לִֽ⁠יהוּדָ֤ה לֵֽ⁠אמֹר֙	1	 Alternate translation: “someone said to Judah,” or “someone informed Judah,”
38:24	m7xn			תָּמָ֣ר כַּלָּתֶ֔⁠ךָ	1	Consider again how you translated **daughter-in-law** in the book of Genesis. See Gen 11:31; 38:11, 16, 24.
38:24	bbh3			זָֽנְתָה֙	1	Some languages have an idiom for this phrase. Do what is best in your language. See how you translated “prostitute” in Gen 34:31, 38:15 and “temple prostitute” in verses 21-22. Alternate translation: “has acted as a prostitute.”
38:24	o1fu			וְ⁠גַ֛ם הִנֵּ֥ה הָרָ֖ה לִ⁠זְנוּנִ֑ים	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “In fact, as a result of her immoral behavior she has become pregnant!” or “and even worse, she is now pregnant because of that!”
38:24	ysut		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר יְהוּדָ֔ה	1	 Alternate translation: “Judah said angrily,”
38:24	nens		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	הוֹצִיא֖וּ⁠הָ	1	Executions were normally done outside of the city walls.
38:24	yehf			וְ⁠תִשָּׂרֵֽף	1	 Alternate translation: “and punish her by burning her to death!”
38:25	ep9v			הִ֣וא מוּצֵ֗את	1	 Alternate translation: “So they went to get Tamar, but as they were taking her out of the town,”
38:25	zsbg			וְ⁠הִ֨יא שָׁלְחָ֤ה אֶל חָמִ֨י⁠הָ֙ לֵ⁠אמֹ֔ר	1	See how you translated **father-in-law** in verse 13.
38:25	mpys		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠תֹּ֨אמֶר֙ הַכֶּר נָ֔א לְ⁠מִ֞י הַ⁠חֹתֶ֧מֶת וְ⁠הַ⁠פְּתִילִ֛ים וְ⁠הַ⁠מַּטֶּ֖ה הָ⁠אֵֽלֶּה	1	For some languages it is more natural to omit the quote margin here, since what follows is a continuation of the message Tamar is sending to Judah. Do what is best in your language. See how you translated **signet** and “cord” and **staff** in verse 18. Alternate translation: “Please identify the man who owns this name thing with its string and this walking stick.” or “Please look at this name seal with its cord and this walking stick. Do you know who they belong to?”
38:26	l5y7			וַ⁠יַּכֵּ֣ר יְהוּדָ֗ה	1	 Alternate translation: “Judah saw that the things she had were his”
38:26	q7tg			וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר֙	1	 Alternate translation: “and admitted,”
38:26	vv8s			צָֽדְקָ֣ה מִמֶּ֔⁠נִּי	1	 Alternate translation: “She is right, and I am wrong,”
38:26	zlor			כִּֽי־עַל־כֵּ֥ן לֹא־נְתַתִּ֖י⁠הָ לְ⁠שֵׁלָ֣ה בְנִ֑⁠י	1	Be consistent here with how you spelled **Shelah** in verses 5, 11, 14. Alternate translation: “because I refused to have my son Shelah marry her as I was required to!” or “because I did not let her marry my son Shelah as I was required to!”
38:26	w29m		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism	וְ⁠לֹֽא יָסַ֥ף ע֖וֹד לְ⁠דַעְתָּֽ⁠ה	1	Consider again how you translated the idiom “knew” in the book of Genesis. See Gen 4:1 (and note), 17, 25; 19:8; 24:16; 38:26. It may be necessary to translate 38:26 differently, since the relationship in this verse was outside of marriage. Compare how you translated a related idiom (“went to”) in verse 18. Alternate translation: “So they released her and after that he never again slept with her” or “… never had sexual relations with Tamar again.”
38:27	taw4			וַ⁠יְהִ֖י בְּ⁠עֵ֣ת לִדְתָּ֑⁠הּ	1	See how you translated **Then it happened** in verse 24. The same phrase occurs three times in verses 27-29 to draw attention to the peak of this chapter, the birth of Perez, who was the ancestor of King David and the Messiah.
38:27	krwk			וְ⁠הִנֵּ֥ה תְאוֹמִ֖ים בְּ⁠בִטְנָֽ⁠הּ	1	 Alternate translation: “amazingly there were twins inside her!” or “they saw that there were twins inside her!” or “it turned out that she was going to have twins!”
38:28	qivh			וַ⁠יְהִ֥י בְ⁠לִדְתָּ֖⁠הּ	1	See how you translated **giving birth** in Gen 35:16. This may need to be translated differently here because of the different context. Alternate translation: “As she was starting to deliver her babies,”
38:28	olds			וַ⁠יִּתֶּן יָ֑ד	1	 Alternate translation: “one of the twins put out his hand”
38:28	lm3k			וַ⁠תִּקַּ֣ח הַ⁠מְיַלֶּ֗דֶת וַ⁠תִּקְשֹׁ֨ר עַל־יָד֤⁠וֹ שָׁנִי֙ לֵ⁠אמֹ֔ר	1	The midwife did this because it was her responsibility to identify which baby was the firstborn. See how you translated **midwife** in Gen 35:17. Alternate translation: “Then the midwife who was there tied a bright red thread on his wrist and said,” or “So the midwife who was helping her …”
38:28	hg4j			זֶ֖ה יָצָ֥א רִאשֹׁנָֽה	1	 Alternate translation: “This one was born first.”
38:29	t36m			וַ⁠יְהִ֣י כְּ⁠מֵשִׁ֣יב יָד֗⁠וֹ וְ⁠הִנֵּה֙	1	 Alternate translation: “But then that baby pulled his hand back inside, and suddenly”
38:29	h16n		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	יָצָ֣א אָחִ֔י⁠ו	1	 Alternate translation: “his brother came out first instead.”
38:29	q6iz		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠תֹּ֕אמֶר	1	 Alternate translation: “So the midwife said to the baby,”
38:29	bk1c		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	מַה פָּרַ֖צְתָּ עָלֶ֣י⁠ךָ פָּ֑רֶץ	1	The midwife uses a rhetorical question here to emphasize how surprised she is that Perez was born first. Decide the best way to communicate this in your language. Alternate translation: “How did you burst yourself out like that?” or “What a powerful way for you to burst out!” or “Just look at how you have forced your way out!”
38:29	fwgm			וַ⁠יִּקְרָ֥א שְׁמ֖⁠וֹ	1	Although this phrase could mean that Judah (Perez’s father) named Perez, most translations translate this in a general or indefinite way that does not specify who named him. See how you translated a similar phrase in Gen 29:34. Alternate translation: “So they named him”
38:29	k9rb		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	פָּֽרֶץ	1	If you include the meaning of Perez’ name in your translation or in a footnote, make sure it fits with how you translated the previous sentence.
38:30	bcqr			וְ⁠אַחַר֙ & אָחִ֔י⁠ו	1	 Alternate translation: “After that, his twin brother”
38:30	r266			יָצָ֣א	1	 Alternate translation: “was born”
38:30	vde7			אֲשֶׁ֥ר עַל יָד֖⁠וֹ הַ⁠שָּׁנִ֑י	1	See how you translated **scarlet thread** in verse 28. Alternate translation: “who had the bright red thread on his wrist.” or “with the bright red string on his wrist.”
38:30	f1uo			וַ⁠יִּקְרָ֥א שְׁמ֖⁠וֹ	1	See how you translated **he called his name** in verse 29. Alternate translation: “So they named him”
39:1	nu80		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background	וְ⁠יוֹסֵ֖ף הוּרַ֣ד מִצְרָ֑יְמָ⁠ה	1	Chapter 39 picks up where 37:36 left off and repeats some events (that happened in chapter 37) to remind readers of what happened before chapter 38 interrupted the narrative. Make sure your translation does not sound like Joseph was taken to Egypt twice or sold to Potiphar twice. Alternate translation: “Now as you know, Ishmaelite merchants had brought Joseph down to the country of Egypt,” or “Returning now to Joseph: Remember that he had been taken down to the country of Egypt by Ishmaelite traders”
39:1	p905			פּוֹטִיפַר֩ סְרִ֨יס פַּרְעֹ֜ה שַׂ֤ר הַ⁠טַּבָּחִים֙ אִ֣ישׁ מִצְרִ֔י	1	See how you translated **an official of Pharaoh, the chief of the guards** in Gen 37:36.
39:1	zeo9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	וַ⁠יִּקְנֵ֡⁠הוּ & מִ⁠יַּד֙ הַ⁠יִּשְׁמְעֵאלִ֔ים אֲשֶׁ֥ר הוֹרִדֻ֖⁠הוּ שָֽׁמָּ⁠ה	1	For some languages it is clearer and more natural to change the order of clauses in this verse and say, “Now as you know, some Ishmaelite traders had taken/brought Joseph down to the country of Egypt, and an Egyptian named Potiphar had bought him as a slave/servant from them. Potiphar was one of Pharaoh’s officials/officers, the captain over the king’s personal guards.” Do what is best in your language. See how you translated **Ishmaelites** in Gen 37:25, 27-28. Alternate translation: “had bought him as a slave from the Ishmaelites who had brought him there.”
39:2	qfkq			וַ⁠יְהִ֤י יְהוָה֙ אֶת יוֹסֵ֔ף	1	See how you translated **was with** in Gen 21:20; 26:28. Alternate translation: “But Yahweh was with Joseph and helped him,”
39:2	yfoq			וַ⁠יְהִ֖י אִ֣ישׁ מַצְלִ֑יחַ	1	 Alternate translation: “so that he succeeded in what he did” or “so that he did everything very well”
39:2	au6r		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	וַ⁠יְהִ֕י בְּ⁠בֵ֥ית אֲדֹנָ֖י⁠ו הַ⁠מִּצְרִֽי	1	For some languages it is more natural to put this clause first in this verse and say, “As Joseph worked in his Egyptian master/owner’s house, Yahweh was with him/Joseph and helped/blessed him, so that he succeeded in everything he did.” Do what is best in your language.
39:3	eyfg			וַ⁠יַּ֣רְא אֲדֹנָ֔י⁠ו כִּ֥י יְהוָ֖ה אִתּ֑⁠וֹ	1	In verses 2 through 20, Potiphar is referred to as Joseph’s master (verses 2-3, 7-8, 16, 19-20) and “the Egyptian” (verse 5); he is no longer mentioned by his name in the Hebrew text. Some translations continue to use Potiphar’s name occasionally in verses 2 through 20 to prevent confusion and make it clear that all of these references refer to the same person, not two or three different people. Do what is best in your language. See how you translated **master** or “owner” in Gen 24:9-10.
39:3	o1le			וְ⁠כֹל֙ אֲשֶׁר ה֣וּא עֹשֶׂ֔ה יְהוָ֖ה מַצְלִ֥יחַ בְּ⁠יָדֽ⁠וֹ	1	See how you translated **successful** in verse 2. Alternate translation: “and was helping Joseph to prosper in everything that he did.” or “and was helping Joseph to do everything very well.”
39:4	t5me		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וַ⁠יִּמְצָ֨א יוֹסֵ֥ף חֵ֛ן בְּ⁠עֵינָ֖י⁠ו וַ⁠יְשָׁ֣רֶת אֹת֑⁠וֹ	1	Make sure that your translation of **in his eyes** refers here to Joseph’s master, not Yahweh. Also, see how you translated the idiom “found favor in … eyes” in Gen 6:8. Alternate translation: “So he was pleased with him and made him his personal servant”
39:4	jhry		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יַּפְקִדֵ֨⁠הוּ֙ עַל בֵּית֔⁠וֹ וְ⁠כָל־יֶשׁ־ל֖⁠וֹ נָתַ֥ן בְּ⁠יָדֽ⁠וֹ	1	Make sure your translation of the pronouns (“he,” “him,” and **his**) in verses 2 through 6 refers to the correct person at each point in the text. Also see how you translated the idiom “gave … into the hand of” in Gen 32:16. Alternate translation: “He also put Joseph in charge of managing his household and taking care of everything else that he owned.” or “He also appointed him as the overseer of his entire household and entrusted into his care everything that belonged to him.”
39:5	vi9e			וַ⁠יְהִ֡י מֵ⁠אָז֩	1	 Alternate translation: “Beginning from the time that”
39:5	slwg			הִפְקִ֨יד אֹת֜⁠וֹ בְּ⁠בֵית֗⁠וֹ וְ⁠עַל֙ כָּל אֲשֶׁ֣ר יֶשׁ ל֔⁠וֹ	1	See how you translated “put him in charge … his house and … everything that was his” in verse 4. It is repeated in verse 5 in the Hebrew text to emphasize the authority that Joseph was given. Do what is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “he put him in charge of managing everything that belonged to him,”
39:5	p5qi			וַ⁠יְבָ֧רֶךְ יְהוָ֛ה אֶת בֵּ֥ית הַ⁠מִּצְרִ֖י	1	Make sure it is clear in your translation of this chapter that “Egyptian,” “master,” and “Potiphar” all refer to the same person, not two or three different people.
39:5	djhx			בִּ⁠גְלַ֣ל יוֹסֵ֑ף	1	 Alternate translation: “because Joseph was working for him.”
39:5	nobj			וַ⁠יְהִ֞י בִּרְכַּ֤ת יְהוָה֙ בְּ⁠כָל אֲשֶׁ֣ר יֶשׁ ל֔⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “Yahweh blessed everything that belonged to him,” or “He caused everything that he owned to prosper,”
39:5	iqqn		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	בַּ⁠בַּ֖יִת וּ⁠בַ⁠שָּׂדֶֽה	1	In this context, **house** especially refers to the people in the house and **fields** refers to what is in the fields. Alternate translation: “including everything in his household and in his fields.” or “including his family and servants in his household, as well as the crops and livestock in his fields.”
39:6	l7xx		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וַ⁠יַּעֲזֹ֣ב כָּל אֲשֶׁר ל⁠וֹ֮ בְּ⁠יַד יוֹסֵף֒	1	See how you translated a similar idiom (“gave into his hand”) in verse 4. Alternate translation: “In fact, he gave Joseph the responsibility of managing everything that he had, so that”
39:6	ywhg		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-exceptions	וְ⁠לֹא יָדַ֤ע אִתּ⁠וֹ֙ מְא֔וּמָה כִּ֥י אִם הַ⁠לֶּ֖חֶם אֲשֶׁר ה֣וּא אוֹכֵ֑ל	1	For some languages, it is more natural to put the exception clause first in the sentence. Do what is best in your language. Also, Potiphar did more than decide what to eat; that was just one example of personal decisions which were all he had to concern himself with. Alternate translation: “he did not need to concern himself with anything in his household except for personal things like deciding what kind of food he wanted to eat.” or “the only thing he needed to decide about in his household was personal things like what food he wanted to eat.”
39:6	zuu5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background	וַ⁠יְהִ֣י יוֹסֵ֔ף יְפֵה תֹ֖אַר וִ⁠יפֵ֥ה מַרְאֶֽה	1	Some languages have a conjunction such as **Now** that introduces background information and a change of topic. For other languages a paragraph break is enough (without a conjunction). Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “Joseph was muscular and good-looking.” or “Now Joseph was a very handsome young man.”
39:7	ysar			וַ⁠יְהִ֗י אַחַר֙ הַ⁠דְּבָרִ֣ים הָ⁠אֵ֔לֶּה	1	The phrase **And it happened** introduces and emphasizes an important event. Many English translations do not include this phrase. Do what is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “After he had been there for a while,”
39:7	nv2x		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וַ⁠תִּשָּׂ֧א אֵֽשֶׁת־אֲדֹנָ֛י⁠ו אֶת־עֵינֶ֖י⁠הָ אֶל־יוֹסֵ֑ף	1	Many languages have a similar idiom that fits well here. Do what is best in your language.
39:7	x36f		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠תֹּ֖אמֶר	1	Translate this quote introduction in a way that fits well with what Potiphar’s wife says to Joseph. Alternate translation: “and said to him,” or “and demanded him,”
39:7	g6dw		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism	שִׁכְבָ֥⁠ה עִמִּֽ⁠י	1	See how you translated the idiom “lie with” in Gen 19:32. Alternate translation: “Sleep with me!”
39:8	ep8r			וַ⁠יְמָאֵ֓ן	1	 Alternate translation: “But he rejected her demand”
39:8	g2v4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר֙ אֶל אֵ֣שֶׁת אֲדֹנָ֔י⁠ו	1	 Alternate translation: “and told her,”
39:8	owob			הֵ֣ן	1	 Alternate translation: “Look” or “Notice that”
39:8	evap			אִתִּ֖⁠י	1	 Alternate translation: “with me in charge,” or “since I am working here,”
39:8	rjl4			אֲדֹנִ֔⁠י לֹא יָדַ֥ע	1	 Alternate translation: “my owner does not need to worry about” or “my owner does not need to concern himself with”
39:8	bede			מַה בַּ⁠בָּ֑יִת	1	 Alternate translation: “managing anything in his household,”
39:8	y97a		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וְ⁠כֹ֥ל אֲשֶׁר יֶשׁ ל֖⁠וֹ נָתַ֥ן בְּ⁠יָדִֽ⁠י	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. See how you translated the idiom “gave into … hand” in verse 4. Alternate translation: “In fact, everything that he owns he has entrusted to my care” or “In fact, he has put me in charge of everything that he has”
39:9	zepl			אֵינֶ֨⁠נּוּ גָד֜וֹל בַּ⁠בַּ֣יִת הַ⁠זֶּה֮ מִמֶּ⁠נִּי֒	1	As Joseph’s master, Potiphar still had more authority than Joseph. But he had given Joseph authority to act in his place over everything in his household. Try to make that clear in your translation. Also, consider whether it is more natural in your language to begin verse 9 with a new sentence or to continue the sentence from verse 8. Alternate translation: “As a result, even he does not exercise more authority in his household than I do”
39:9	vvmi		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes	וְ⁠לֹֽא חָשַׂ֤ךְ מִמֶּ֨⁠נִּי֙ מְא֔וּמָה כִּ֥י אִם אוֹתָ֖⁠ךְ בַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֣ר אַתְּ אִשְׁתּ֑⁠וֹ	1	The phrase **has not withheld** is a litotes that emphasizes the freedom that Potiphar had given Joseph. Some languages must translate this in a way that does not use a negative word such as **not**. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “and he has given me freedom with everything in his household, except you, of course, because you are his wife.” or “He allows me to do anything in his household, except with you, his wife.”
39:9	py3p		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	וְ⁠אֵ֨יךְ אֶֽעֱשֶׂ֜ה הָ⁠רָעָ֤ה הַ⁠גְּדֹלָה֙ הַ⁠זֹּ֔את וְ⁠חָטָ֖אתִי לֵֽ⁠אלֹהִֽים	1	Joseph uses this rhetorical question to emphasize why he will not do what Potiphar’s wife wants. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “So I refuse to do such an evil thing, which would be a terrible sin against God!”
39:10	zye2			וַ⁠יְהִ֕י כְּ⁠דַבְּרָ֥⁠הּ אֶל יוֹסֵ֖ף י֣וֹם י֑וֹם	1	The phrase “Then/And it happened” is used several times in this chapter (verses 5, 7, 10, 11, 13, 15, 18, 19) to introduce and emphasize important events and to increase suspense so that the audience wonders what the outcome will be. Many English translations have omitted this phrase, possibly for reasons of naturalness. Consider whether you have an expression like this that is natural in your language.
39:10	lu95			וְ⁠לֹא שָׁמַ֥ע אֵלֶ֛י⁠הָ לִ⁠שְׁכַּ֥ב אֶצְלָ֖⁠הּ	1	 Alternate translation: “he did not do what she wanted, but refused to lie with her,” or “he refused her demands”
39:10	nept			לִ⁠הְי֥וֹת עִמָּֽ⁠הּ	1	 Alternate translation: “and he stayed away from her.” or “and would not even go near her.”
39:11	mdad			וַ⁠יְהִי֙ כְּ⁠הַ⁠יּ֣וֹם הַ⁠זֶּ֔ה	1	 Alternate translation: “But then on a day like that,” or “But one such day” or “But one day”
39:11	vnms			וְ⁠אֵ֨ין אִ֜ישׁ מֵ⁠אַנְשֵׁ֥י הַ⁠בַּ֛יִת שָׁ֖ם בַּ⁠בָּֽיִת	1	 Alternate translation: “none of the other household menservants were there.”
39:12	jkr9			וַ⁠תִּתְפְּשֵׂ֧⁠הוּ בְּ⁠בִגְד֛⁠וֹ	1	The word **garment** is very general and probably refers to an outer article of clothing, such as a robe or tunic.
39:12	it2z		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	לֵ⁠אמֹ֖ר	1	See how you translated this quote introduction in verse 7. Alternate translation: “and said to him,” or “and said”
39:12	zgtp		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism	שִׁכְבָ֣⁠ה עִמִּ֑⁠י	1	See how you translated this quote in verse 7. Alternate translation: “Sleep with me!”
39:12	bhip			וַ⁠יַּעֲזֹ֤ב בִּגְד⁠וֹ֙ בְּ⁠יָדָ֔⁠הּ וַ⁠יָּ֖נָס וַ⁠יֵּצֵ֥א הַ⁠חֽוּצָ⁠ה	1	Make sure your translation does not sound here like Joseph put his garment in her hands. Rather, it came off in her hands as he was fleeing. Alternate translation: “But immediately he fled and left his tunic behind in her hands as he ran outside” or “But he immediately got away from her and fled outdoors, leaving his tunic behind in her hands.”
39:13	nwnq			וַ⁠יְהִי֙ כִּ⁠רְאוֹתָ֔⁠הּ	1	 Alternate translation: “After she saw”
39:13	bsy8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	כִּֽי עָזַ֥ב בִּגְד֖⁠וֹ בְּ⁠יָדָ֑⁠הּ וַ⁠יָּ֖נָס הַ⁠חֽוּצָ⁠ה	1	See how you translated a similar clause in verse 12. Alternate translation: “that Joseph had left his tunic behind in her hands as he ran outside,” or “that Joseph had fled outside and left his tunic behind in her hands,”
39:14	tq92		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וַ⁠תִּקְרָ֞א לְ⁠אַנְשֵׁ֣י בֵיתָ֗⁠הּ	1	See how you translated “men of the house” in verse 11. Alternate translation: “she called out for the other household menservants to come to her” or “she summoned the other menservants of her household to come”
39:14	tibm		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠תֹּ֤אמֶר לָ⁠הֶם֙ לֵ⁠אמֹ֔ר	1	 Alternate translation: “Then when they came, she exclaimed to them,”
39:14	jd8u		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	רְא֗וּ	1	As Potiphar’s wife speaks, she is probably showing the servants Joseph’s garment in her hands. Alternate translation: “Look at this!” or “See what happened!”
39:14	bl9l		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	הֵ֥בִיא לָ֛⁠נוּ אִ֥ישׁ עִבְרִ֖י	1	Make sure that your translation of **He brought** refers here to Potiphar (as verse 17 confirms), not Joseph. Alternate translation: “My husband brought this Hebrew slave here to us”
39:14	r8rm		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive	לְ⁠צַ֣חֶק בָּ֑⁠נוּ	1	In this context, **us** is general and includes Potiphar’s wife and the people she is talking to. Alternate translation: “to mock us!”
39:14	wqqd			בָּ֤א אֵלַ⁠י֙	1	Make sure your translation of **He came** refers here to Joseph, not Potiphar (who was the subject of the previous sentence in the Hebrew text). Alternate translation: “That man came here to me”
39:14	tyjv		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	לִ⁠שְׁכַּ֣ב עִמִּ֔⁠י	1	Consider again how you translated the idiom **lie with** in the book of Genesis. See Gen 19:32-35; 26:10; 30:15-16; 34:2, 7; 35:22; 39:7, 10, 12, 14. It may be necessary to translate this in different ways, depending on the context. Alternate translation: “to force me to lie with him,”
39:14	xzcf			וָ⁠אֶקְרָ֖א בְּ⁠ק֥וֹל גָּדֽוֹל	1	 Alternate translation: “but I cried out for help!” or “but I shouted loudly for help!”
39:15	p2ka			וַ⁠יְהִ֣י כְ⁠שָׁמְע֔⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “Then when”
39:15	h3hc			וַ⁠יְהִ֣י כְ⁠שָׁמְע֔⁠וֹ כִּֽי הֲרִימֹ֥תִי קוֹלִ֖⁠י וָ⁠אֶקְרָ֑א	1	 Alternate translation: “Then when he heard me cry out loudly,” or “Then as soon as he heard me shout like that,”
39:15	nxmk			וַ⁠יַּעֲזֹ֤ב בִּגְד⁠וֹ֙ אֶצְלִ֔⁠י וַ⁠יָּ֖נָס וַ⁠יֵּצֵ֥א הַ⁠חֽוּצָ⁠ה	1	See how you translated a similar clause in verses 12 and 13. Alternate translation: “he left his tunic with me and fled outside” or “he immediately fled outdoors and he left his tunic behind!”
39:16	xlz9			וַ⁠תַּנַּ֥ח	1	 Alternate translation: “So she kept”
39:16	cz5n		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	עַד & אֲדֹנָ֖י⁠ו	1	Make sure that your translation of this phrase does not sound like her husband and Joseph’s master were two different people. Do what is best in your language.
39:16	uclh			בּ֥וֹא & אֶל בֵּיתֽ⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “came back to his home.” or “came home.”
39:17	b9yo			וַ⁠תְּדַבֵּ֣ר אֵלָ֔י⁠ו	1	 Alternate translation: “Then when he arrived, she told him”
39:17	g1fk			כַּ⁠דְּבָרִ֥ים הָ⁠אֵ֖לֶּה	1	 Alternate translation: “the same thing she had told the others.”
39:17	pbw6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	לֵ⁠אמֹ֑ר	1	 Alternate translation: “This is what she said:”
39:17	njvs			הָ⁠עֶ֧בֶד הָֽ⁠עִבְרִ֛י אֲשֶׁר הֵבֵ֥אתָ	1	 Alternate translation: “That Hebrew slave whom you brought”
39:17	cubv		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive	לָּ֖⁠נוּ	1	Here the pronoun **us** includes Potiphar, his wife and their household. Alternate translation: “to work for us”
39:17	jhz0			בָּֽא אֵלַ֞⁠י & לְ⁠צַ֥חֶק בִּֽ⁠י	1	See how you translated **laugh at** in verse 14. Alternate translation: “just now came to me to mock me!”
39:18	z8jd			וַ⁠יְהִ֕י כַּ⁠הֲרִימִ֥⁠י קוֹלִ֖⁠י וָ⁠אֶקְרָ֑א	1	See how you translated verse 15, which is similar to verse 18. Alternate translation: “But as soon as I shouted loudly,” or “But when I shouted for help,”
39:18	ev5k			וַ⁠יַּעֲזֹ֥ב בִּגְד֛⁠וֹ אֶצְלִ֖⁠י וַ⁠יָּ֥נָס הַ⁠חֽוּצָ⁠ה	1	Consider again how you translated **garment** in verses 12-13, 15-16, 18. Alternate translation: “he left his tunic beside me and ran outside”
39:19	nkgh		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations	אֶת דִּבְרֵ֣י אִשְׁתּ֗⁠וֹ אֲשֶׁ֨ר דִּבְּרָ֤ה אֵלָי⁠ו֙ לֵ⁠אמֹ֔ר כַּ⁠דְּבָרִ֣ים הָ⁠אֵ֔לֶּה עָ֥שָׂהּ לִ֖⁠י עַבְדֶּ֑⁠ךָ	1	Make sure that your translation of **his** refers to Joseph’s master here, not Joseph. Also, consider whether it is better in your language to use a direct or indirect quote here.
39:19	rnlk		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וַ⁠יִּ֖חַר אַפּֽ⁠וֹ	1	Consider whether or not your language has a similar idiom that would fit well here. Alternate translation: “he burned with anger.”
39:20	x4x6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יִּקַּח֩ אֲדֹנֵ֨י יוֹסֵ֜ף אֹת֗⁠וֹ וַֽ⁠יִּתְּנֵ֨⁠הוּ֙ אֶל בֵּ֣ית הַ⁠סֹּ֔הַר	1	Potiphar probably had soldiers arrest Joseph for him, since he had the authority to do that as the captain of the guards. Consider again how you referred to Joseph and Joseph’s master, Potiphar, in verses 1-20. As usual, after you finish translating a section like this, it is a good practice to read the section aloud at a normal pace and listen carefully to make sure you refer to everyone accurately and naturally at each point in the text. Alternate translation: “Then he had Joseph arrested and put in the jail” or “And he had soldiers arrest Joseph and put him in the jail”
39:20	y8ve			מְק֕וֹם אֲשֶׁר אסורי הַ⁠מֶּ֖לֶךְ אֲסוּרִ֑ים	1	 Alternate translation: “where they imprisoned people who had committed crimes against the king.”
39:20	z4kd			וַֽ⁠יְהִי שָׁ֖ם בְּ⁠בֵ֥ית הַ⁠סֹּֽהַר	1	 Alternate translation: “So Joseph was there in the prison,”
39:21	yb0v			וַ⁠יֵּ֥ט אֵלָ֖י⁠ו חָ֑סֶד	1	See how you translated “show kindness” in Gen 24:12. Alternate translation: “and was gracious to him”
39:21	wgy9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וַ⁠יִּתֵּ֣ן חִנּ֔⁠וֹ בְּ⁠עֵינֵ֖י שַׂ֥ר בֵּית הַ⁠סֹּֽהַר	1	See how you translated a similar phrase (“favor in … eyes”) in verse 4. Alternate translation: “and caused the prison warden to be pleased with him, so that he treated him favorably”
39:22	kpq1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וַ⁠יִּתֵּ֞ן שַׂ֤ר בֵּית־הַ⁠סֹּ֨הַר֙ בְּ⁠יַד־יוֹסֵ֔ף	1	 Alternate translation: “Soon the warden of the prison gave Joseph the responsibility for taking care of”
39:22	a9xb			אֵ֚ת כָּל הָ֣⁠אֲסִירִ֔ם אֲשֶׁ֖ר בְּ⁠בֵ֣ית הַ⁠סֹּ֑הַר	1	 Alternate translation: “all the other prisoners who were in the prison,”
39:22	uh31			וְ⁠אֵ֨ת כָּל אֲשֶׁ֤ר עֹשִׂים֙ שָׁ֔ם ה֖וּא הָיָ֥ה עֹשֶֽׂה	1	 Alternate translation: “so that he was in charge of everything that was done there.”
39:23	zhrl		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result	שַׂ֣ר בֵּית הַ⁠סֹּ֗הַר	1	Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “So the warden” or “As a result the jail warden”
39:23	tz9t			אֵ֣ין & רֹאֶ֤ה אֶֽת־כָּל־מְא֨וּמָה֙	1	 Alternate translation: “did not need to supervise anything”
39:23	z5fc			בְּ⁠יָד֔⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “that Joseph was managing,”
39:23	lwk7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	בַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֥ר יְהוָ֖ה אִתּ֑⁠וֹ	1	For some languages, it is more natural to put this clause first in this verse and say, “Because/Since Yahweh was with Joseph and helped him to succeed in whatever he did, the warden did not need to supervise/oversee anything that Joseph was in charge of.” Do what is best in your language.
39:23	pxbg			וַֽ⁠אֲשֶׁר ה֥וּא עֹשֶׂ֖ה יְהוָ֥ה מַצְלִֽיחַ	1	See how you translated a similar clause (“Yahweh made all that he was doing successful”) in verse 3. Alternate translation: “and gave him success in whatever he did.” or “and helped him to succeed at everything he did.”
40:1	z1xg			וַ⁠יְהִ֗י אַחַר֙ הַ⁠דְּבָרִ֣ים הָ⁠אֵ֔לֶּה	1	 Alternate translation: “After some time, one day”
40:1	q3qj		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	מַשְׁקֵ֥ה מֶֽלֶךְ מִצְרַ֖יִם וְ⁠הָ⁠אֹפֶ֑ה	1	The chief cupbearer was one of Pharaoh’s most trusted servants. He was in charge of serving Pharaoh anything that he wanted to drink, especially wine. It was his job to test the drink before Pharaoh had some, to make sure it was high quality and not poisoned. Some of that information could be put in a footnote. Also, it may be more natural to include here in verse 1 the fact that these were the head officials in these jobs, rather than wait until verse 2 to introduce that. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “the chief wine-server and the chief baker for the king over Egypt” or “the man who was in charge of those who served wine to the king over Egypt and the man who was in charge of those who baked bread for the king”
40:1	d5ug		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms	חָֽטְא֛וּ	1	The text does not say what the officials did wrong that angered Pharaoh. They may have done their jobs poorly in some way. Translate this phrase in a way that fits this context well in your language. Alternate translation: “displeased” or “offended”
40:1	qmtw			לַ⁠אֲדֹנֵי⁠הֶ֖ם לְ⁠מֶ֥לֶךְ מִצְרָֽיִם	1	For some languages it is more natural to include here in verse 1 the fact that the king of Egypt was Pharaoh, rather than wait until verse 2 to introduce that. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “their master, who was Pharaoh the king over Egypt.”
40:2	yt3s		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	וַ⁠יִּקְצֹ֣ף פַּרְעֹ֔ה	1	Make sure it is clear in your translation that Pharaoh (verse 2) is the same person as the king of Egypt (verse 1). See how you translated **Pharaoh** in Gen 12:15, and see the important note about this there. Alternate translation: “So he” or “So the king”
40:2	npau		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וַ⁠יִּקְצֹ֣ף פַּרְעֹ֔ה עַ֖ל	1	Consider whether or not your language has an idiom similar to **broke out in anger** that fits well here. Alternate translation: “was very angry at”
40:2	scrt		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-versebridge	שְׁנֵ֣י סָרִיסָ֑י⁠ו עַ֚ל שַׂ֣ר הַ⁠מַּשְׁקִ֔ים וְ⁠עַ֖ל שַׂ֥ר הָ⁠אוֹפִֽים	1	It may be more natural to combine verses 1 and 2 and say, “Sometime after that, Pharaoh, the king of Egypt, became very angry at two of his officials, his chief wine-server and chief baker, because they had displeased him.” In this case, you would also combine the verse numbers (1-2) to show it is a verse bridge combining two verses. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “the official in charge of serving wine to him and the official in charge of baking bread for him” or “his head wine-server and head baker” or “those two officials”
40:3	sdsb		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וַ⁠יִּתֵּ֨ן אֹתָ֜⁠ם	1	Often in the Bible (as here), when it says that a king (or someone else with authority) did something, it is implied that he had people who were under his authority actually do it. See how you translated a similar clause in Gen 39:20. Alternate translation: “So he had them arrested and put”
40:3	dfne			בְּ⁠מִשְׁמַ֗ר	1	 Alternate translation: “under guard”
40:3	e6e3			בֵּ֛ית שַׂ֥ר הַ⁠טַבָּחִ֖ים	1	Apparently the round-house prison was part of the house where the chief of the guards lived and worked, perhaps a lower part (See: Joseph’s use of the word “pit” in verse 15 to refer to this prison). See how you translated “chief/captain of the guards” in Gen 37:36 and 39:1. Alternate translation: “in the house of the captain of the guards,”
40:3	yw2r			אֶל בֵּ֣ית הַ⁠סֹּ֑הַר מְק֕וֹם אֲשֶׁ֥ר יוֹסֵ֖ף אָס֥וּר	1	See how you translated **bound** in Gen 39:20. Alternate translation: “that is, in the round-house jail, the same prison where Joseph was imprisoned”
40:4	a7gm			וַ֠⁠יִּפְקֹד שַׂ֣ר הַ⁠טַּבָּחִ֧ים אֶת יוֹסֵ֛ף אִתָּ֖⁠ם	1	 Alternate translation: “There the captain of the guards assigned Joseph to take care of them,”
40:4	g6hd			וַ⁠יְשָׁ֣רֶת אֹתָ֑⁠ם	1	 Alternate translation: “and so he waited on them,”
40:4	gdaa		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	וַ⁠יִּהְי֥וּ & בְּ⁠מִשְׁמָֽר	1	Some translations begin a new paragraph and sentence here that continues into verse 5 and say, “After they had been in prison for a while, 5 one night the king’s head wine-server and head baker dreamed …” Alternate translation: “and they were kept in custody” or “and they remained in custody”
40:4	zjgp			יָמִ֖ים	1	The phrase **for days** is a general expression that refers to an unspecified length of time. Alternate translation: “for some days” or “for a while,”
40:5	uu76		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	וַ⁠יַּֽחַלְמוּ֩ חֲל֨וֹם שְׁנֵי⁠הֶ֜ם אִ֤ישׁ חֲלֹמ⁠וֹ֙ בְּ⁠לַ֣יְלָה אֶחָ֔ד	1	 Alternate translation: “Then one night the two of them each had a dream,” or “One night they both had a dream,”
40:5	g1sc			אִ֖ישׁ כְּ⁠פִתְר֣וֹן חֲלֹמ֑⁠וֹ	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “and each of the dreams had its own meaning.” or “each with its own meaning.”
40:5	enle		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	הַ⁠מַּשְׁקֶ֣ה וְ⁠הָ⁠אֹפֶ֗ה אֲשֶׁר֙ לְ⁠מֶ֣לֶךְ מִצְרַ֔יִם אֲשֶׁ֥ר אֲסוּרִ֖ים בְּ⁠בֵ֥ית הַ⁠סֹּֽהַר	1	Many translations leave this sentence implied because it repeats information from the previous verses and may sound too repetitive. Or you could put this sentence earlier in this verse and say, “One night, the king of Egypt’s wine server and baker each had a dream while they were in prison, and each man’s/one’s dream had its own interpretation/meaning.” Make sure it is clear in your translation that the cupbearer and baker in verse 5 are the same officials as those in verses 2-4. Alternate translation: “This is talking about the wine-server and the baker, who had served the king of Egypt but were in prison.”
40:6	iztc		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	וַ⁠יָּבֹ֧א אֲלֵי⁠הֶ֛ם יוֹסֵ֖ף בַּ⁠בֹּ֑קֶר וַ⁠יַּ֣רְא אֹתָ֔⁠ם וְ⁠הִנָּ֖⁠ם	1	Consider whether or not it is more natural in your language to have the time phrase **in the morning** first this verse. Alternate translation: “In the morning, Joseph came to serve them and was surprised to see that” or “The next morning, when Joseph came to serve them, he saw that”
40:6	nu31			זֹעֲפִֽים	1	 Alternate translation: “they were troubled.” or “they looked distressed”
40:7	qzjb		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יִּשְׁאַ֞ל אֶת סְרִיסֵ֣י פַרְעֹ֗ה אֲשֶׁ֨ר אִתּ֧⁠וֹ בְ⁠מִשְׁמַ֛ר בֵּ֥ית אֲדֹנָ֖י⁠ו לֵ⁠אמֹ֑ר	1	 Alternate translation: “And he asked them,”
40:7	cnrb			מַדּ֛וּעַ פְּנֵי⁠כֶ֥ם רָעִ֖ים הַ⁠יּֽוֹם	1	Some languages have an idiom that fits well here. Do what is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Why do your faces look so downcast today?” or “Why do you look so sad today?”
40:8	jhim		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּאמְר֣וּ אֵלָ֔י⁠ו	1	 Alternate translation: “They replied,”
40:8	zi62			חֲל֣וֹם חָלַ֔מְנוּ	1	 Alternate translation: “Last night we each had a dream,”
40:8	whpq			וּ⁠פֹתֵ֖ר אֵ֣ין אֹת֑⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “but we do not have anyone here to explain them for us.”
40:8	k75i		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר אֲלֵ⁠הֶ֜ם יוֹסֵ֗ף	1	 Alternate translation: “So Joseph replied,”
40:8	lmb2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	הֲ⁠ל֤וֹא לֵֽ⁠אלֹהִים֙ פִּתְרֹנִ֔ים	1	Joseph uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that God is the only one who interprets dreams. Consider what is the best way to communicate that in your language. Alternate translation: “God is the only one who can explain the meaning of dreams.” or “God is the only one who gives people the ability to interpret the meaning of dreams.”
40:8	sy5s		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	סַפְּרוּ נָ֖א לִֽ⁠י	1	Make sure that your translation of the last two sentences in this verse does not sound like Joseph is claiming to be God. Rather, he is saying that if the two officials tell their dreams to him, God will enable him to interpret the dreams. Alternate translation: “Please tell your dreams to me and God will reveal to me what they mean.”
40:9	qax1			וַ⁠יְסַפֵּ֧ר שַֽׂר הַ⁠מַּשְׁקִ֛ים אֶת־חֲלֹמ֖⁠וֹ לְ⁠יוֹסֵ֑ף	1	See how you translated **chief of the cupbearers** in verse 2. Alternate translation: “So the head wine-server told Joseph what was in his dream” or “So the officer who was in charge over the wine-servers described to Joseph what he had seen in his dream”
40:9	rkoh			וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר ל֔⁠וֹ	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “by saying,” or “This is what he said:”
40:9	clc3			בַּ⁠חֲלוֹמִ֕⁠י וְ⁠הִנֵּה גֶ֖פֶן	1	If grapevines and grapes are not known in your area, you could be more general in verses 9-11 and say “vine” and “fruit”. See how you translated “vineyard” in Gen 9:20. Alternate translation: “In my dream there was a vine” or “While I was dreaming, I saw a grapevine”
40:10	o07v			וּ⁠בַ⁠גֶּ֖פֶן שְׁלֹשָׁ֣ה שָׂרִיגִ֑ם	1	Consider whether or not it is more natural to begin a new sentence here in your language. Alternate translation: “The vine had three branches.”
40:10	yoiw			וְ⁠הִ֤יא כְ⁠פֹרַ֨חַת֙	1	 Alternate translation: “As soon as it started budding,” or “Soon buds started forming on the vine Then”
40:10	vyyj			עָלְתָ֣ה נִצָּ֔⁠הּ	1	 Alternate translation: “suddenly there were flowers,” or “the buds became blossoms”
40:10	ckld			הִבְשִׁ֥ילוּ אַשְׁכְּלֹתֶ֖י⁠הָ עֲנָבִֽים	1	 Alternate translation: “and its clusters of flowers became clusters of ripe fruit.” or “and the flowers became clusters of ripe fruit.”
40:11	lo6m			וָ⁠אֶקַּ֣ח אֶת הָֽ⁠עֲנָבִ֗ים	1	 Alternate translation: “so I picked some fruit from the vine”
40:11	vjbq			וָֽ⁠אֶשְׂחַ֤ט אֹתָ⁠ם֙	1	 Alternate translation: “and squeezed them so that the juice went”
40:11	xxtf		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וָ⁠אֶתֵּ֥ן אֶת הַ⁠כּ֖וֹס עַל כַּ֥ף פַּרְעֹֽה	1	 Alternate translation: “Then I gave the cup to Pharaoh and he drank from it.”
40:12	qt8h			וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר ל⁠וֹ֙ יוֹסֵ֔ף	1	 Alternate translation: “Then Joseph told him,”
40:12	kkp9			זֶ֖ה פִּתְרֹנ֑⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “This is the meaning of your dream:” or “Here is what your dream means:”
40:12	pbdv			שְׁלֹ֨שֶׁת֙ הַ⁠שָּׂ֣רִגִ֔ים שְׁלֹ֥שֶׁת יָמִ֖ים	1	 Alternate translation: “The three branches symbolize three days.”
40:13	z5ed			בְּ⁠ע֣וֹד שְׁלֹ֣שֶׁת יָמִ֗ים	1	 Alternate translation: “In three more days” or “Three days from now”
40:13	sjgu		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-honorifics	פַרְעֹה֙	1	Consider what is the best way to refer to Pharaoh here in your language. Some languages need to include an honorific title with his name more often than other languages. Alternate translation: “the king”
40:13	lyie		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	יִשָּׂ֤א & אֶת רֹאשֶׁ֔⁠ךָ	1	The idiom **lift up your head** means that the wine-server will be summoned or brought out from the lowly or shameful place where he had been staying. Alternate translation: “will have you brought up out of prison”
40:13	m440			וַ⁠הֲשִֽׁיבְ⁠ךָ֖ עַל כַּנֶּ֑⁠ךָ	1	 Alternate translation: “and reappoint you to your previous work,” or “and give you back your status,”
40:13	ucsm			וְ⁠נָתַתָּ֤ כוֹס פַּרְעֹה֙ בְּ⁠יָד֔⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “so that you will again serve wine to Pharaoh” or “so that you will again have the duty of serving him his cup of wine,”
40:13	ty9j			כַּ⁠מִּשְׁפָּט֙ הָֽ⁠רִאשׁ֔וֹן אֲשֶׁ֥ר הָיִ֖יתָ מַשְׁקֵֽ⁠הוּ	1	 Alternate translation: “as you used to do when you were his cupbearer” or “the way you did before as his cupbearer”
40:14	ykbt			כִּ֧י אִם זְכַרְתַּ֣⁠נִי אִתְּ⁠ךָ֗ כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁר֙ יִ֣יטַב לָ֔⁠ךְ	1	 Alternate translation: “When you are out of prison and everything is going well for you, remember that I was here with you,” or “Also, when you get out of prison and your life is good, remember how well I served you,”
40:14	o7we			וְ⁠עָשִֽׂיתָ נָּ֥א עִמָּדִ֖⁠י חָ֑סֶד	1	See how you translated “showed kindness to” in Gen 39:21. It may be necessary to translate this phrase in different ways, depending on the context. Alternate translation: “and please be gracious to me,” or “and please do me a favor,”
40:14	dy24		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-honorifics	וְ⁠הִזְכַּרְתַּ֨⁠נִי֙ אֶל פַּרְעֹ֔ה	1	Make sure that the way Joseph refers to King Pharaoh sounds respectful in your translation. Alternate translation: “and tell King Pharaoh about me and how I was falsely accused,”
40:14	pu81			וְ⁠הוֹצֵאתַ֖⁠נִי מִן הַ⁠בַּ֥יִת הַ⁠זֶּֽה	1	 Alternate translation: “so that I can get out of this prison.” or “so that he frees me from this prison.”
40:15	gdgr		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	כִּֽי גֻנֹּ֣ב גֻּנַּ֔בְתִּי	1	Consider what is the best way to translate this passive clause in your language to emphasize Joseph. Alternate translation: “Surely I was taken by force”
40:15	ks7h			מֵ⁠אֶ֖רֶץ הָ⁠עִבְרִ֑ים	1	The Hebrew people were the descendants of Abraham (See: note at Gen 14:13), and Joseph’s people were known as **Hebrews** in Egypt (Gen 39:14, 17). Their land, which God gave them, was the land of Canaan (Gen 13:12, 14-15; 17:8, 23:19; 37:1). Some of that information could be put in a footnote. Alternate translation: “from the land where the Hebrew people live.”
40:15	w9ex		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וְ⁠גַם פֹּה֙	1	 Alternate translation: “And while I have been here in Egypt,”
40:15	jg01			לֹא עָשִׂ֣יתִֽי מְא֔וּמָה	1	 Alternate translation: “I have not done anything wrong”
40:15	qsdn			כִּֽי שָׂמ֥וּ אֹתִ֖⁠י בַּ⁠בּֽוֹר	1	 Alternate translation: “to be put into this prison.” or “to deserve being in a prison.”
40:16	k4k0			וַ⁠יַּ֥רְא שַׂר הָ⁠אֹפִ֖ים כִּ֣י ט֣וֹב פָּתָ֑ר	1	See how you translated a related word (“interpreter”) in verse 8. Alternate translation: “When the head baker heard Joseph explain that dream in a positive way,” or “When the head baker heard the positive interpretation that Joseph gave for the first dream,”
40:16	kcvz		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר֙ אֶל יוֹסֵ֔ף	1	 Alternate translation: “he said to him,”
40:16	oaqk			אַף אֲנִי֙ בַּ⁠חֲלוֹמִ֔⁠י וְ⁠הִנֵּ֗ה	1	 Alternate translation: “I also had a dream, and in it there were”
40:16	a1qs			שְׁלֹשָׁ֛ה סַלֵּ֥י חֹרִ֖י	1	The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “three baskets full of white/fine bread/cakes” or “three bread baskets” or (2) “three white/wicker baskets”. These baskets were open on top and were probably woven out of flexible strips of cane or willow branches.
40:16	olwu			עַל רֹאשִֽׁ⁠י	1	These baskets would have been carried on the head, each one above the other. Alternate translation: “stacked on top of each other on my head.”
40:17	lf58			וּ⁠בַ⁠סַּ֣ל הָֽ⁠עֶלְי֔וֹן מִ⁠כֹּ֛ל	1	 Alternate translation: “The top basket was full of”
40:17	v0e7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-honorifics	מִ⁠כֹּ֛ל מַאֲכַ֥ל פַּרְעֹ֖ה מַעֲשֵׂ֣ה אֹפֶ֑ה	1	Make sure that the way the chief baker refers to King Pharaoh sounds respectful in your translation. Alternate translation: “all kinds of baked goods for King Pharaoh to eat,” or “many kinds of special bread and cakes that had been made for King Pharaoh to eat,”
40:17	ijtu			וְ⁠הָ⁠ע֗וֹף אֹכֵ֥ל אֹתָ֛⁠ם מִן הַ⁠סַּ֖ל מֵ⁠עַ֥ל רֹאשִֽׁ⁠י	1	 Alternate translation: “but some birds were eating everything up from the basket.” or “but instead, some birds came and devoured all the food in the basket on my head.”
40:18	d2ov		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יַּ֤עַן יוֹסֵף֙ וַ⁠יֹּ֔אמֶר	1	 Alternate translation: “Joseph told the baker,”
40:18	otya			זֶ֖ה פִּתְרֹנ֑⁠וֹ	1	See how you translated this in verse 12. Alternate translation: “This is the meaning of your dream:” or “Here is what your dream means:”
40:18	otf3			שְׁלֹ֨שֶׁת֙ הַ⁠סַּלִּ֔ים שְׁלֹ֥שֶׁת יָמִ֖ים	1	See how you translated a similar sentence in verse 12. Alternate translation: “The three baskets symbolize three days.”
40:19	c527			בְּ⁠ע֣וֹד שְׁלֹ֣שֶׁת יָמִ֗ים	1	See how you translated this phrase in verse 13. Alternate translation: “Three days from now”
40:19	si3y			פַרְעֹ֤ה	1	 Alternate translation: “the king”
40:19	yvta			יִשָּׂ֨א & אֶת רֹֽאשְׁ⁠ךָ֙ מֵֽ⁠עָלֶ֔י⁠ךָ	1	This phrase seems to have a literal meaning here (of having the baker beheaded) in contrast to the meaning of **lift up your head** in verse 13 (where it means to summon from a lowly or shameful place). Make sure your translation of this phrase is accurate and clear in both contexts. Alternate translation: “will have his soldiers cut off your head” or “will have you beheaded”
40:19	sm0z			וְ⁠תָלָ֥ה אוֹתְ⁠ךָ֖ עַל עֵ֑ץ	1	 Alternate translation: “and hang your body on a stake,”
40:19	qtz2			וְ⁠אָכַ֥ל הָ⁠ע֛וֹף אֶת־בְּשָׂרְ⁠ךָ֖ מֵ⁠עָלֶֽי⁠ךָ	1	These were birds such as vultures, buzzards, or condors, which eat carrion (dead animals); these were not birds that eat seeds or hunt live prey. You could use the name of a type of bird that is well-known in your language area. See how you translated “eating” in verse 17. Alternate translation: “and birds will eat all your flesh off your bones.”
40:20	e75l			וַ⁠יְהִ֣י בַּ⁠יּ֣וֹם הַ⁠שְּׁלִישִׁ֗י י֚וֹם הֻלֶּ֣דֶת אֶת פַּרְעֹ֔ה	1	The phrase **Then it happened** introduces and emphasizes a set of important events. Do what is natural in your language.
40:20	xdmx			וַ⁠יַּ֥עַשׂ מִשְׁתֶּ֖ה לְ⁠כָל עֲבָדָ֑י⁠ו	1	See how you translated **feast** or “banquet” in Gen 21:8. Alternate translation: “he held a banquet for all of his officials to attend.” or “he invited all his officials to attend a birthday feast”
40:20	n9n0			וַ⁠יִּשָּׂ֞א אֶת רֹ֣אשׁ שַׂ֣ר הַ⁠מַּשְׁקִ֗ים וְ⁠אֶת רֹ֛אשׁ שַׂ֥ר הָ⁠אֹפִ֖ים	1	See how you translated similar clauses in verses 3 (See: note), 13, and 19, where Pharaoh had his soldiers do something. Also see how you translated “lifted up your head” in verse 13, where it has a similar meaning. Alternate translation: “During the feast he had soldiers bring his chief wine-server and chief baker out of prison to the banquet”
40:20	qchm			בְּ⁠ת֥וֹךְ עֲבָדָֽי⁠ו	1	 Alternate translation: “in front of all his other officials” or “where all his other officers were.”
40:21	ehc4			וַ⁠יָּ֛שֶׁב	1	See how you translated “restore … to … position” in verse 13. Alternate translation: “Then he reappointed”
40:21	iuza			אֶת שַׂ֥ר הַ⁠מַּשְׁקִ֖ים עַל מַשְׁקֵ֑⁠הוּ	1	 Alternate translation: “the chief wine-server to his previous work,”
40:21	lrle			וַ⁠יִּתֵּ֥ן הַ⁠כּ֖וֹס עַל כַּ֥ף פַּרְעֹֽה	1	See how you translated a similar clause in verse 13. Alternate translation: “so that once again he served wine to him.” or “so that once again he had the duty of serving him his cup of wine.”
40:22	n0d9			וְ⁠אֵ֛ת שַׂ֥ר הָ⁠אֹפִ֖ים תָּלָ֑ה	1	It is implied here that the baker was beheaded before his body was impaled on a stake (verse 19). Also, notice that **the chief of the bakers** is at the beginning of this clause in the Hebrew text to emphasize him and contrast him with what happened to the chief cupbearer. Do what is natural in your language. See how you translated “hang … on a tree” in verse 19. Alternate translation: “But as for the chief baker, Pharaoh had him executed and hanged on a tree” or “But Pharaoh had his soldiers behead the head baker and impale his body on a pole”
40:22	s6xh			כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֥ר פָּתַ֛ר לָ⁠הֶ֖ם יוֹסֵֽף	1	 Alternate translation: “Everything happened exactly the way Joseph had interpreted their dreams to them.” or “which was exactly what Joseph had said would happen.”
40:23	z4vm			וְ⁠לֹֽא־זָכַ֧ר שַֽׂר הַ⁠מַּשְׁקִ֛ים אֶת־יוֹסֵ֖ף וַ⁠יִּשְׁכָּחֵֽ⁠הוּ	1	 Alternate translation: “But the chief cupbearer did not remember to tell Pharaoh about Joseph, but instead, he forgot about him.” or “… completely forgot about Joseph and did not remember to tell Pharaoh about him.”
41:1	r8s5			וַ⁠יְהִ֕י מִ⁠קֵּ֖ץ שְׁנָתַ֣יִם יָמִ֑ים	1	 Alternate translation: “After two full years had passed,” or “Two complete years later,”
41:1	ydjn		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	וּ⁠פַרְעֹ֣ה חֹלֵ֔ם וְ⁠הִנֵּ֖ה עֹמֵ֥ד	1	See how you translated **Pharaoh** in Gen 40:2. Alternate translation: “King Pharaoh dreamed that he was standing”
41:1	a5ep		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	עַל הַ⁠יְאֹֽר	1	This phrase usually refers to the Nile River, which was the most important river in Egypt and was so well known by everyone there that it was referred to as **the river**. See how you translated a different Hebrew word for **river** in Gen 36:37.
41:2	oe0t			וְ⁠הִנֵּ֣ה	1	 Alternate translation: “Then suddenly,” or “Then he saw that”
41:2	f6tt			מִן הַ⁠יְאֹ֗ר עֹלֹת֙ שֶׁ֣בַע פָּר֔וֹת יְפ֥וֹת מַרְאֶ֖ה וּ⁠בְרִיאֹ֣ת בָּשָׂ֑ר	1	Make sure your translation does not sound like the cows rose up out of the water into the air. Also see how you translated **cows** in Gen 32:15. Alternate translation: “seven cows that were healthy-looking and well-fed came up out of the river onto the bank” or “seven healthy-looking, well-fed cows came up out of the river onto the bank”
41:2	s1lh			וַ⁠תִּרְעֶ֖ינָה בָּ⁠אָֽחוּ	1	 Alternate translation: “and started grazing on the grass that was there.” or “and started eating the marsh grass beside the river.”
41:3	ud6q			וְ⁠הִנֵּ֞ה	1	 Alternate translation: “Then suddenly,” or “Then he saw that”
41:3	vh9f		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	שֶׁ֧בַע פָּר֣וֹת אֲחֵר֗וֹת עֹל֤וֹת אַחֲרֵי⁠הֶן֙ מִן הַ⁠יְאֹ֔ר רָע֥וֹת מַרְאֶ֖ה וְ⁠דַקּ֣וֹת בָּשָׂ֑ר	1	 Alternate translation: “seven cows that were sickly-looking and skinny walked up out of the river” or “seven sickly-looking, skinny cows came up out of the river”
41:3	ndip			וַֽ⁠תַּעֲמֹ֛דְנָה אֵ֥צֶל הַ⁠פָּר֖וֹת	1	 Alternate translation: “and stood next to the healthy cows”
41:3	gq8x			עַל שְׂפַ֥ת הַ⁠יְאֹֽר	1	Consider again how you refer to **the river** in verses 1-3. If you refer to it as “the Nile River” in verse 1, it may be more natural to refer to it as **the river** after that. Do what is best in your language.
41:4	vd7n			וַ⁠תֹּאכַ֣לְנָה הַ⁠פָּר֗וֹת רָע֤וֹת הַ⁠מַּרְאֶה֙ וְ⁠דַקֹּ֣ת הַ⁠בָּשָׂ֔ר	1	See how you translated this phrase in verse 3. Alternate translation: “Then the sickly-looking, skinny cows devoured” or “Then the cows that were sickly-looking and scrawny ate down”
41:4	efl8			אֵ֚ת שֶׁ֣בַע הַ⁠פָּר֔וֹת יְפֹ֥ת הַ⁠מַּרְאֶ֖ה וְ⁠הַ⁠בְּרִיאֹ֑ת	1	See how you translated this phrase in verse 2. Alternate translation: “the seven healthy-looking, well-fed cows.” or “the seven cows that were healthy-looking and fat”
41:4	gisj			וַ⁠יִּיקַ֖ץ פַּרְעֹֽה	1	Consider what is the best way in your language to refer to Pharaoh at each point/occurrence in this chapter. Alternate translation: “Just then King Pharaoh woke up.” or “After that, the king woke up.”
41:5	saus			וַ⁠יִּישָׁ֕ן	1	 Alternate translation: “Then Pharaoh” or “Then the king”
41:5	e3h1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וַ⁠יִּישָׁ֕ן	1	 Alternate translation: “Then Pharaoh went to sleep again” or “The the king went back to sleep”
41:5	jet9			וַֽ⁠יַּחֲלֹ֖ם שֵׁנִ֑ית	1	 Alternate translation: “and started dreaming again.”
41:5	fi6m			וְ⁠הִנֵּ֣ה	1	 Alternate translation: “In this dream there were”
41:5	a6fl			שֶׁ֣בַע שִׁבֳּלִ֗ים עֹל֛וֹת בְּ⁠קָנֶ֥ה אֶחָ֖ד בְּרִיא֥וֹת וְ⁠טֹבֽוֹת	1	The phrase **heads of grain** is one word in the Hebrew text. Consider whether it is better in your language to use a word or phrase to translate this. Alternate translation: “seven big beautiful heads of grain growing on the same stem”
41:6	bjff			וְ⁠הִנֵּה֙	1	 Alternate translation: “Then suddenly,” or “Next he saw that”
41:6	tev5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	שֶׁ֣בַע שִׁבֳּלִ֔ים דַּקּ֖וֹת וּ⁠שְׁדוּפֹ֣ת קָדִ֑ים	1	This wind was from the desert in the east, so it was hot and dry. Alternate translation: “seven shriveled heads of grain that were dried out by the hot east wind” or “seven shriveled heads of grain that the hot east wind had dried out”
41:6	ehdi			צֹמְח֖וֹת	1	 Alternate translation: “grew up” or “were growing”
41:6	gzvd		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	אַחֲרֵי⁠הֶֽן	1	Consider whether it is better in your language to refer to the first heads here with a pronoun (**them**) or a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “next to them on the same stalk” or “on the same stalk beside the well-formed heads.”
41:7	cjek			וַ⁠תִּבְלַ֨עְנָה֙ הַ⁠שִּׁבֳּלִ֣ים הַ⁠דַּקּ֔וֹת	1	See how you translated **thin** in verse 6 and **heads of grain** in verses 5-6. Alternate translation: “Next, the shriveled heads of grain devoured” or “... ate up”
41:7	xx65			אֵ֚ת שֶׁ֣בַע הַֽ⁠שִּׁבֳּלִ֔ים הַ⁠בְּרִיא֖וֹת וְ⁠הַ⁠מְּלֵא֑וֹת	1	The word **full** here describes heads of grain that have many seeds in them. See how you translated **fat** in verse 5. Alternate translation: “the seven plump, well-formed heads.”
41:7	tpgd			וַ⁠יִּיקַ֥ץ פַּרְעֹ֖ה	1	See how you translated this clause in verse 4. Alternate translation: “Just then Pharaoh woke up” or “After that, Pharaoh woke up”
41:7	i9vq			וְ⁠הִנֵּ֥ה חֲלֽוֹם	1	 Alternate translation: “and suddenly knew that he had been dreaming.”
41:8	a4cy			וַ⁠יְהִ֤י בַ⁠בֹּ֨קֶר֙	1	The phrase **Then it happened** introduces and emphasizes an important event. It also increases suspense so that the audience wonders what the outcome will be. Many English translations do not include this phrase, possibly for reasons of naturalness. Do what is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “In the morning”
41:8	w9at			וַ⁠תִּפָּ֣עֶם רוּח֔⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “Pharaoh felt upset about the dreams,”
41:8	f6a8			וַ⁠יִּשְׁלַ֗ח וַ⁠יִּקְרָ֛א	1	 Alternate translation: “so he sent servants to summon” or “so he had messengers summon”
41:8	h004			אֶת כָּל חַרְטֻמֵּ֥י מִצְרַ֖יִם וְ⁠אֶת כָּל חֲכָמֶ֑י⁠הָ	1	Magicians were some of the wise men whom Pharaoh regularly consulted for advice. They had power from demons to do miracles (Exodus 7:11, 22; 8:7) and to communicate with the spirits of people who had died. They may have also been astrologers or Egyptian priests who were skilled in sacred writings. Some of that information could be put in a footnote. Alternate translation: “all the magicians and other wise men in the country of Egypt to come to him.”
41:8	c1g0			וַ⁠יְסַפֵּ֨ר פַּרְעֹ֤ה לָ⁠הֶם֙ אֶת חֲלֹמ֔⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “When they arrived, Pharaoh told them what he had dreamed,” or “Then he related to them what he had seen in his dreams,”
41:8	bzb7			וְ⁠אֵין	1	 Alternate translation: “but none of those men”
41:8	cdwb			פּוֹתֵ֥ר אוֹתָ֖⁠ם לְ⁠פַרְעֹֽה	1	 Alternate translation: “could tell him what the dreams meant.”
41:9	sjxn			שַׂ֣ר הַ⁠מַּשְׁקִ֔ים	1	Consider again how you translated **chief of the cupbearers** and “cupbearer” in the book of Genesis. See Gen 40:1-2, 5, 9, 13, 20-21, 23; 41:9. Alternate translation: “But the head wine-server”
41:9	gu4f		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יְדַבֵּר֙ שַׂ֣ר הַ⁠מַּשְׁקִ֔ים אֶת־פַּרְעֹ֖ה לֵ⁠אמֹ֑ר	1	Consider again how you translated **chief of the cupbearers** and “cupbearer” in the book of Genesis. See Gen 40:1-2, 5, 9, 13, 20-21, 23; 41:9. Alternate translation: “But the head wine-server spoke up and said to Pharaoh,” or “But the head wine-server said to Pharaoh,”
41:9	qree		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-honorifics	אֲנִ֖י מַזְכִּ֥יר הַ⁠יּֽוֹם	1	For many languages, it is necessary to use a respectful title to address a person of high status like Pharaoh. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “Your Majesty I now remember”
41:9	lq2t			אֶת חֲטָאַ֕⁠י	1	The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “the time when I offended/displeased/wronged you.” or (2) “something important I failed/forgot to do.” The second interpretation refers to the cupbearer forgetting to tell Pharaoh about Joseph. Alternate translation: “my sins”
41:10	lbfc		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	פַּרְעֹ֖ה קָצַ֣ף עַל	1	The events in verses 10-13 had happened two years earlier (verse 1); chapter 40 gives the details about those events. See how you translated the idiom **broke out in anger against** in Gen 40:2. Alternate translation: “Some time ago, King Pharaoh, you were very angry at”
41:10	ttw7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	עֲבָדָ֑י⁠ו	1	In verses 10 and 13, the cupbearer uses third person (“Pharaoh … his … he…”) to show respect for Pharaoh. For some languages, it is confusing to do that, so second person (“you … your …you …”) must be used instead. Some languages have an honorific such as “your Majesty/Honor” that could be used occasionally in these verses instead of third person. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “his officers,”
41:10	hhkv			וַ⁠יִּתֵּ֨ן אֹתִ֜⁠י בְּ⁠מִשְׁמַ֗ר בֵּ֚ית שַׂ֣ר הַ⁠טַּבָּחִ֔ים אֹתִ֕⁠י וְ⁠אֵ֖ת שַׂ֥ר הָ⁠אֹפִֽים	1	See how you translated “put … in custody in the house of the chief of the guards” in Gen 40:3. Also consider again how you translated **chief of the bakers** and “baker” in the book of Genesis. See Gen 40:1-2, 4-5, 16-17, 20, 22; 41:10, 13. Alternate translation: “and he put the head baker and me in the prison that is in the house of the captain of the guards.”
41:11	ntkz		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive	וַ⁠נַּֽחַלְמָ֥⁠ה חֲל֛וֹם בְּ⁠לַ֥יְלָה אֶחָ֖ד אֲנִ֣י וָ⁠ה֑וּא	1	See how you translated a similar sentence in Gen 40:5. In verses 11-13, the pronouns **we** and **us** exclude Pharaoh. Alternate translation: “One time while we were there, we each dreamed a dream during the same night,”
41:11	vxuz			אִ֛ישׁ כְּ⁠פִתְר֥וֹן חֲלֹמ֖⁠וֹ חָלָֽמְנוּ	1	Consider again how you translated **interpretation** in Gen 40:5, 8, 12, 18; 41:11 and the related verb “interpret” in Gen 40:16, 22. Alternate translation: “and each of our dreams had its own meaning.”
41:12	sn9g			וְ⁠שָׁ֨ם אִתָּ֜⁠נוּ נַ֣עַר עִבְרִ֗י	1	Translate “young … man” in a way that fits with the fact that Joseph was 30 years old (verse 46) and was not yet married.
41:12	lpw0			עֶ֚בֶד לְ⁠שַׂ֣ר הַ⁠טַּבָּחִ֔ים	1	Consider again how you translated **chief of the guards** in the book of Genesis. See Gen 37:36; 39:1; 40:3-4; 41:10, 12. Alternate translation: “who was a servant for the captain of the guards.”
41:12	ujnq			וַ⁠נְּ֨סַפֶּר ל֔⁠וֹ	1	Consider again how you translated **told** in the book of Genesis. See Gen 24:66; 29:13; 37:9-10; 40:8-9; 41:8, 12. Alternate translation: “After we described our dreams to him,”
41:12	s75n			וַ⁠יִּפְתָּר לָ֖⁠נוּ אֶת חֲלֹמֹתֵ֑י⁠נוּ	1	 Alternate translation: “he told us what they meant.”
41:12	aybf			אִ֥ישׁ כַּ⁠חֲלֹמ֖⁠וֹ פָּתָֽר	1	 Alternate translation: “He told each of us the meaning of our dreams.”
41:13	r08j			וַ⁠יְהִ֛י כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֥ר פָּֽתַר לָ֖⁠נוּ כֵּ֣ן הָיָ֑ה	1	 Alternate translation: “And sure enough, everything happened exactly the way he had interpreted the dreams to us:”
41:13	y07m			אֹתִ֛⁠י הֵשִׁ֥יב עַל כַּנִּ֖⁠י	1	See how you translated “restored to … position” in Gen 40:21. Alternate translation: “you reinstated me to my previous work as your cupbearer”
41:13	nv90		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	וְ⁠אֹת֥⁠וֹ תָלָֽה	1	Consider again whether you referred to Pharaoh in third person (**he**) or second person (“you”) in verses 10 and 13. Also see how you translated “hanged/impaled on a tree/pole” in Gen 40:22. Alternate translation: “but you had your soldiers execute the baker and hang his body on a pole” or “but you had your soldiers execute the baker.”
41:14	qrw6			וַ⁠יִּשְׁלַ֤ח פַּרְעֹה֙ וַ⁠יִּקְרָ֣א אֶת־יוֹסֵ֔ף	1	See how you translated **sent and called for** in verse 8. Alternate translation: “Immediately Pharaoh sent servants to summon Joseph.” or “When Pharaoh heard that, immediately he had messengers summon Joseph.”
41:14	g8o0			וַ⁠יְרִיצֻ֖⁠הוּ מִן־הַ⁠בּ֑וֹר	1	See how you translated **pit** in Gen 40:15. Alternate translation: “So they hurriedly got Joseph out of the dungeon” or “So they went right away and got …”
41:14	t4lb		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וַ⁠יְגַלַּח֙ וַ⁠יְחַלֵּ֣ף שִׂמְלֹתָ֔י⁠ו	1	Since Joseph lived in Egypt and Egyptian men kept their heads and faces clean-shaven, Joseph probably also shaved his head and his face. Consider whether or not it is best in your language to make this implied information explicit in your translation. Alternate translation: “Then he shaved his head and face, changed into suitable clothes and” or “Then after he shaved his head and face and changed into clean clothing, he”
41:14	x9jg		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go	וַ⁠יָּבֹ֖א אֶל פַּרְעֹֽה	1	Your choice of **came** versus “went” in this context depends on whose perspective you take: **came** reflects things from Pharaoh’s point of view, and “went” reflects things from Joseph’s point of view. Do what is most natural in your language. Alternate translation: “came before Pharaoh.”
41:15	b79o		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר פַּרְעֹה֙ אֶל יוֹסֵ֔ף	1	 Alternate translation: “Then Pharaoh told him,”
41:15	kxy4			וּ⁠פֹתֵ֖ר אֵ֣ין אֹת֑⁠וֹ	1	See how you translated a similar clause in Gen 40:8.
41:15	ancl			וַ⁠אֲנִ֗י שָׁמַ֤עְתִּי עָלֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ לֵ⁠אמֹ֔ר	1	 Alternate translation: “But I was told”
41:15	nm1a			תִּשְׁמַ֥ע חֲל֖וֹם לִ⁠פְתֹּ֥ר אֹתֽ⁠וֹ	1	Consider again how you translated **interpret** and “interpreter” throughout the book of Genesis. See Gen 40:8, 16, 22; 41:8, 12, 13, 15, 16. Alternate translation: “that when you hear a dream, you are able to interpret what it means.” or “that when someone tells you a dream, you are able to interpret its meaning.”
41:16	umpk		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יַּ֨עַן יוֹסֵ֧ף אֶת פַּרְעֹ֛ה לֵ⁠אמֹ֖ר	1	 Alternate translation: “Joseph replied to Pharaoh”
41:16	k2co		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-honorifics	בִּלְעָדָ֑⁠י	1	Make sure your translation of Joseph’s response sounds polite. See what you did in verse 9. Alternate translation: “Your Majesty, I cannot do that by myself,”
41:16	z0tv			אֱלֹהִ֕ים יַעֲנֶ֖ה	1	 Alternate translation: “but God will interpret your dream”
41:16	d4bb		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	אֶת שְׁל֥וֹם פַּרְעֹֽה	1	Consider whether or not it is more natural in your language to use Pharaoh’s name at the beginning of this quote (instead of here) and say, “King Pharaoh, I do not have that ability…” Alternate translation: “for your well-being King Pharaoh.” or “so that you, King Pharaoh, will have peace in your spirit.”
41:17	c1wb		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יְדַבֵּ֥ר פַּרְעֹ֖ה אֶל יוֹסֵ֑ף	1	 Alternate translation: “So Pharaoh told him,”
41:17	ud49			בַּ⁠חֲלֹמִ֕⁠י הִנְ⁠נִ֥י עֹמֵ֖ד	1	 Alternate translation: “I dreamed that I was standing”
41:17	g4ui		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	עַל שְׂפַ֥ת הַ⁠יְאֹֽר	1	See how you translated “the Nile River” in verse 1. Since this is the first time that Pharaoh mentions **the river** to Joseph, consider whether this is a good place in your translation to make it explicit again that this is the Nile River. Alternate translation: “on the bank of the Nile River.”
41:18	teht			וְ⁠הִנֵּ֣ה	1	Compare how you translated verse 2, which is similar but not identical to verse 18. Alternate translation: “Then I saw that”
41:18	kz9v		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	מִן הַ⁠יְאֹ֗ר עֹלֹת֙ שֶׁ֣בַע פָּר֔וֹת בְּרִיא֥וֹת בָּשָׂ֖ר וִ⁠יפֹ֣ת תֹּ֑אַר	1	 Alternate translation: “seven cows that were fat and healthy-looking came up out of the river onto the bank” or “seven well-fed, healthy-looking cows came up out of the river onto the bank”
41:18	savx			וַ⁠תִּרְעֶ֖ינָה בָּ⁠אָֽחוּ	1	 Alternate translation: “and started grazing on”
41:18	tnu9			בָּ⁠אָֽחוּ	1	 Alternate translation: “the plants that were there.” or “the tall grass beside the river.”
41:19	fhut			וְ⁠הִנֵּ֞ה	1	See how you translated verse 3, which is similar to the first half of verse 19. Alternate translation: “Then suddenly,” or “Next I saw that”
41:19	i42l			שֶֽׁבַע פָּר֤וֹת אֲחֵרוֹת֙ עֹל֣וֹת אַחֲרֵי⁠הֶ֔ן	1	 Alternate translation: “seven other cows came up out of the river behind the first cows;”
41:19	rdqs		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	דַּלּ֨וֹת וְ⁠רָע֥וֹת תֹּ֛אַר מְאֹ֖ד וְ⁠רַקּ֣וֹת בָּשָׂ֑ר	1	For some languages it is more natural to put this information earlier in this sentence and say, “Then behold, seven poor/weak, very sickly-looking, scrawny cows came up out of the river behind the first cows/ones.” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “they were in horrible condition, very sickly-looking and scrawny”
41:19	aheq			לֹֽא רָאִ֧יתִי	1	 Alternate translation: “In fact, I have not seen”
41:19	r1l2			כָ⁠הֵ֛נָּה & לָ⁠רֹֽעַ	1	 Alternate translation: “cows in such bad condition”
41:19	uiug			בְּ⁠כָל אֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרַ֖יִם	1	 Alternate translation: “in the whole country of Egypt!” or “anywhere in the country of Egypt!”
41:20	lyd5			וַ⁠תֹּאכַ֨לְנָה֙ הַ⁠פָּר֔וֹת הָ⁠רַקּ֖וֹת וְ⁠הָ⁠רָע֑וֹת	1	See how you translated **ate** in verse 4. Alternate translation: “Then the skinny, unhealthy cows devoured” or “Then the cows that were scrawny and sickly swallowed up”
41:20	jldm			אֵ֣ת שֶׁ֧בַע הַ⁠פָּר֛וֹת הָ⁠רִאשֹׁנ֖וֹת הַ⁠בְּרִיאֹֽת	1	See how you translated **fat** or “fat-fleshed” in verses 2, 4, 18 and 20. Alternate translation: “the seven well-fed cows.”
41:21	c485			וַ⁠תָּבֹ֣אנָה אֶל קִרְבֶּ֗⁠נָה וְ⁠לֹ֤א נוֹדַע֙	1	 Alternate translation: “But even after they had eaten them, no one would ever know” or “But although the scrawny cows had swallowed the fat ones, it could not be seen”
41:21	dvnf			כִּי בָ֣אוּ אֶל קִרְבֶּ֔⁠נָה	1	 Alternate translation: “that they had eaten them,”
41:21	ybtr			וּ⁠מַרְאֵי⁠הֶ֣ן רַ֔ע כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֖ר בַּ⁠תְּחִלָּ֑ה	1	 Alternate translation: “because they still looked just as scrawny as they had before.”
41:21	slc5			וָ⁠אִיקָֽץ	1	 Alternate translation: “At that point, I woke up.”
41:22	g8dw			וָ⁠אֵ֖רֶא בַּ⁠חֲלֹמִ֑⁠י וְ⁠הִנֵּ֣ה	1	 Alternate translation: “Then I fell asleep again and continued dreaming. This time I saw that there were” or “Then I went back to sleep and had another dream. In this dream there were”
41:22	atel		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	שֶׁ֣בַע שִׁבֳּלִ֗ים עֹלֹ֛ת בְּ⁠קָנֶ֥ה אֶחָ֖ד מְלֵאֹ֥ת וְ⁠טֹבֽוֹת	1	See how you translated verse 5, which is similar to verse 22. Alternate translation: “seven heads of grain growing on a single plant. They were full of ripe grain kernels.” or “seven full beautiful heads of grain growing on the same stalk”
41:23	govd			וְ⁠הִנֵּה֙	1	See how you translated verse 6, which is similar to verse 23. Alternate translation: “Next I saw that”
41:23	i1u0			שֶׁ֣בַע שִׁבֳּלִ֔ים צְנֻמ֥וֹת דַּקּ֖וֹת שְׁדֻפ֣וֹת קָדִ֑ים	1	 Alternate translation: “seven heads of grain that were small and withered because they were dried out by the hot east wind” or “seven small, withered heads of grain that the hot east wind had dried out”
41:23	ksuc			צֹמְח֖וֹת	1	 Alternate translation: “grew up” or “were growing”
41:23	nr7f		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	אַחֲרֵי⁠הֶֽם	1	For some languages it is more natural to change the order of phrases in this verse and say, “Then seven small heads of grain sprouted on the same plant next to the first heads/ones. These had withered/wilted because the hot east/desert wind had dried them out.” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “next to them on the same stalk” or “on the same stalk beside the first heads”
41:24	vdiv			וַ⁠תִּבְלַ֨עְןָ֙ הָ⁠שִׁבֳּלִ֣ים הַ⁠דַּקֹּ֔ת	1	See how you translated the first half of verse 7, which is similar to the first half of verse 24. Alternate translation: “Then the small heads of grain ate up” or “… swallowed down” or “… devoured”
41:24	ae4y			אֵ֛ת שֶׁ֥בַע הַֽ⁠שִׁבֳּלִ֖ים הַ⁠טֹּב֑וֹת	1	See how you translated **good** in verses 5 and 22. Alternate translation: “the seven beautiful heads”
41:24	f5d7			וָֽ⁠אֹמַר֙ אֶל הַֽ⁠חַרְטֻמִּ֔ים	1	See how you translated **magicians** in verse 8. Alternate translation: “I told my dreams to my magicians”
41:24	jbyt			וְ⁠אֵ֥ין מַגִּ֖יד לִֽ⁠י	1	See how you translated a different Hebrew word that means **explain** or “interpret” in verse 8. Alternate translation: “but they could not explain them for me.”
41:25	l70m		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר יוֹסֵף֙ אֶל פַּרְעֹ֔ה	1	 Alternate translation: “Then Joseph responded to Pharaoh,”
41:25	g0g2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	חֲל֥וֹם פַּרְעֹ֖ה אֶחָ֣ד	1	In verses 25, 28, 32-35, Joseph uses third person (“Pharaoh … his … he…”) to show respect for Pharaoh. For some languages, it is confusing to do that, so second person (“you … your… you …”) must be used instead. Some languages have an honorific such as “your Majesty/Honor” that could be used occasionally in these verses instead of third person. Do what is best in your language. Also see what you did in verses 10 and 13. Alternate translation: “Your Honor, both of your dreams mean the same thing.”
41:25	lvoo		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	ה֑וּא אֵ֣ת אֲשֶׁ֧ר הָ⁠אֱלֹהִ֛ים עֹשֶׂ֖ה הִגִּ֥יד לְ⁠פַרְעֹֽה	1	The Hebrew text emphasizes “what God is doing” by putting that phrase first in the sentence. Consider what is the most natural phrase order for this sentence in your language. Alternate translation: “Through them, God is showing to you what he will do.” or “God has revealed to you, King Pharaoh, what he is planning to do.”
41:26	e65z			שֶׁ֧בַע פָּרֹ֣ת הַ⁠טֹּבֹ֗ת שֶׁ֤בַע שָׁנִים֙	1	 Alternate translation: “The seven healthy cows in your dream symbolize seven years,”
41:26	ypp7			וְ⁠שֶׁ֤בַע הַֽ⁠שִּׁבֳּלִים֙ הַ⁠טֹּבֹ֔ת שֶׁ֥בַע שָׁנִ֖ים	1	 Alternate translation: “and the seven beautiful heads of grain symbolize the same seven years.”
41:26	igdu			חֲל֖וֹם אֶחָ֥ד	1	See how you translated **dreams are one** in verse 25. Alternate translation: “Both dreams have the same meaning.”
41:27	hlx6			וְ⁠שֶׁ֣בַע הַ֠⁠פָּרוֹת הָֽ⁠רַקּ֨וֹת וְ⁠הָ⁠רָעֹ֜ת	1	See how you translated **thin and ugly cows** in verse 20, and how you translated **thin** in verse 19. Alternate translation: “The seven skinny and sickly cows”
41:27	htpa			הָ⁠עֹלֹ֣ת אַחֲרֵי⁠הֶ֗ן	1	 Alternate translation: “that came up out of the river behind the first cows”
41:27	r05h			שֶׁ֤בַע שָׁנִים֙ הֵ֔נָּה וְ⁠שֶׁ֤בַע הַֽ⁠שִׁבֳּלִים֙ הָ⁠רֵק֔וֹת	1	See how you translated **thin** in verses 6 and 23, and consider again how you translated **heads of grain** in verses 5-7, 22-24, 26-27. Alternate translation: “symbolize a different seven years, and so do the seven small heads of grain”
41:27	m5pk			שְׁדֻפ֖וֹת הַ⁠קָּדִ֑ים	1	See how you translated this phrase in verses 6 and 23. Also consider again how you translated **east** in the book of Genesis; see Gen 2:8; 3:24; 10:30; 11:2; 12:8; 13:11; 14; 25:6; 28:14; 29:1, 41:6, 23, 27. It may be necessary to translate this term in different ways, depending on the context. Alternate translation: “that the hot east wind had dried up.” or “that the desert wind from the east had dried up.”
41:27	r6nf			יִהְי֕וּ שֶׁ֖בַע שְׁנֵ֥י רָעָֽב	1	A **famine** is a prolonged period of time when people are starving because crops are failing, often due to a lack of rain or other severe weather conditions. See how you translated this term in Gen 12:10 and 26:1. Alternate translation: “Both dreams mean that there will be seven years when food will be very scarce.”
41:28	bg5w		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	ה֣וּא הַ⁠דָּבָ֔ר אֲשֶׁ֥ר דִּבַּ֖רְתִּי אֶל פַּרְעֹ֑ה	1	Consider what is the best way to refer to Pharaoh here in your language. See what you did in verse 25. Alternate translation: “Your Honor, as I told you before,”
41:28	blxs		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	אֲשֶׁ֧ר הָ⁠אֱלֹהִ֛ים עֹשֶׂ֖ה הֶרְאָ֥ה אֶת פַּרְעֹֽה	1	See how you translated this clause in verse 25. Alternate translation: “God is showing to you what he will do.” or “God has shown to you what he is about to do.”
41:29	vb43			שָׂבָ֥ע גָּד֖וֹל	1	 Alternate translation: “when crops are abundant” or “when everyone will have plenty of food to eat”
41:29	pa2o			בְּ⁠כָל אֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם	1	 Alternate translation: “throughout the whole land of Egypt.”
41:30	ehv4			וְ֠⁠קָמוּ שֶׁ֜בַע שְׁנֵ֤י רָעָב֙ אַחֲרֵי⁠הֶ֔ן	1	See how you translated **famine** in verse 27. Alternate translation: “But after them there will be a famine that lasts seven years,” or “But after those prosperous years, there will be seven years when food is very scarce,”
41:30	wx5u			וְ⁠נִשְׁכַּ֥ח כָּל הַ⁠שָּׂבָ֖ע בְּ⁠אֶ֣רֶץ מִצְרָ֑יִם	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “So people in the country of Egypt will forget how good it was during the time when they had plenty of food,”
41:30	lvdu		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	וְ⁠כִלָּ֥ה הָ⁠רָעָ֖ב אֶת־הָ⁠אָֽרֶץ	1	The phrase **the land** here probably also includes the people who lived in that country. Alternate translation: “because the famine will destroy the land and the people.” or “because the severe food shortage will ravage the land so that many people will starve.”
41:31	xglq		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases	וְ⁠לֹֽא־יִוָּדַ֤ע הַ⁠שָּׂבָע֙ בָּ⁠אָ֔רֶץ	1	Verse 31 restates much of the content of verse 30, so keep that it mind as you translate the beginning of this verse. Alternate translation: “Indeed, there will be no evidence left that there were years when there was more than enough food,”
41:31	sqe9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	מִ⁠פְּנֵ֛י הָ⁠רָעָ֥ב הַ⁠ה֖וּא אַחֲרֵי כֵ֑ן כִּֽי כָבֵ֥ד ה֖וּא מְאֹֽד	1	For some languages, it clearer and more natural to put this clause near the beginning of this verse and say, “Yes, the famine that is coming will be so severe/terrible that people will completely forget about the time/years when food was abundant/plentiful in the land.” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “because the famine that happens after that will be very oppressive.” or “because the following years when food is scarce will be so terrible.”
41:32	ohs3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	וְ⁠עַ֨ל הִשָּׁנ֧וֹת הַ⁠חֲל֛וֹם אֶל פַּרְעֹ֖ה פַּעֲמָ֑יִם כִּֽי	1	 Alternate translation: “The reason you had the same dream in two different ways is that”
41:32	btn0			נָכ֤וֹן הַ⁠דָּבָר֙ מֵ⁠עִ֣ם הָ⁠אֱלֹהִ֔ים	1	 Alternate translation: “God has firmly decided what he is going to do,” or “God wants you to know that this will definitely happen,”
41:32	p6nh			וּ⁠מְמַהֵ֥ר הָ⁠אֱלֹהִ֖ים לַ⁠עֲשֹׂתֽ⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “and he will cause it to happen very soon.”
41:33	ava1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	וְ⁠עַתָּה֙ יֵרֶ֣א פַרְעֹ֔ה אִ֖ישׁ	1	 Alternate translation: “So King Pharaoh, you should now look for a man” or “So now, your Highness, I recommend that you choose a man”
41:33	j1ph			נָב֣וֹן וְ⁠חָכָ֑ם	1	 Alternate translation: “who is insightful and knows what to do,” or “who is wise and can make good decisions,”
41:33	wtra			וִ⁠ישִׁיתֵ֖⁠הוּ עַל	1	 Alternate translation: “and put him in charge of” or “and give him authority over”
41:33	dg3a		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	אֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם	1	See how you translated **the land** in verse 30. Alternate translation: “the country of Egypt and its people.”
41:34	zhau		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	יַעֲשֶׂ֣ה פַרְעֹ֔ה וְ⁠יַפְקֵ֥ד פְּקִדִ֖ים	1	 Alternate translation: “King Pharaoh, I also recommend that you appoint regional administrators” or “Sir, you should also appoint …”
41:34	pdqm			עַל הָ⁠אָ֑רֶץ	1	 Alternate translation: “to be in charge of different regions of the country,” or “to manage different regions of the country,”
41:34	p2kn			וְ⁠חִמֵּשׁ֙	1	Consider whether or not it is more natural to begin a new sentence here in your language. Alternate translation: “and have them gather from the people one-fifth” or “Then command them to collect …”
41:34	lx6v		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	אֶת־אֶ֣רֶץ מִצְרַ֔יִם	1	In this context, “the land/country” refers to the crops that were growing in Egypt. Make sure that is clear in your translation. Alternate translation: “of all the grain that they harvest in the country of Egypt” or “of everything the land of Egypt produces”
41:34	xfxu			בְּ⁠שֶׁ֖בַע שְׁנֵ֥י הַ⁠שָּׂבָֽע	1	See how you translated **abundance** in verses 29-31. Alternate translation: “during the seven years when crops are abundant” or “during the seven years when there will be more than enough crops”
41:35	wuzc			וְ⁠יִקְבְּצ֗וּ	1	 Alternate translation: “Have them gather”
41:35	i7oy			אֶת־כָּל־אֹ֨כֶל֙ הַ⁠שָּׁנִ֣ים הַ⁠טֹּבֹ֔ת הַ⁠בָּאֹ֖ת הָ⁠אֵ֑לֶּה	1	 Alternate translation: “all that extra grain from the prosperous years that will come.” or “all that extra food during the good years ahead when there will be plenty of food.”
41:35	pghx			וְ⁠יִצְבְּרוּ בָ֞ר	1	 Alternate translation: “Have them stockpile that grain” or “Command them to store up that grain”
41:35	v7cn		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	תַּ֧חַת יַד פַּרְעֹ֛ה	1	Consider again how you translated the use of the third person to address Pharaoh respectfully in verses 10, 13, 25, 32-35. Also, for some languages it may be better to put this phrase earlier and say, “Using your authority, King Pharaoh, have them stockpile that grain in storehouses...” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “with your authority, King Pharaoh,”
41:35	olfb			אֹ֥כֶל בֶּ⁠עָרִ֖ים וְ⁠שָׁמָֽרוּ	1	 Alternate translation: “in the cities for food and have soldiers keep it safe.”
41:36	a822			וְ⁠הָיָ֨ה הָ⁠אֹ֤כֶל לְ⁠פִקָּדוֹן֙	1	 Alternate translation: “That extra food should be kept in storage” or “That grain should stay in storage” or “They must continue to store that surplus grain”
41:36	sfjy		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	לָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ	1	The phrase **the land** refers here to the people who live in the land of Egypt. Make sure that is clear in your translation. Alternate translation: “for the people of the land to eat” or “so that the people of the land have it to eat”
41:36	cxiu			לְ⁠שֶׁ֨בַע֙ שְׁנֵ֣י הָ⁠רָעָ֔ב אֲשֶׁ֥ר תִּהְיֶ֖יןָ	1	 Alternate translation: “during the seven years when food is very scarce”
41:36	i6wb			בְּ⁠אֶ֣רֶץ מִצְרָ֑יִם	1	Consider whether or not it is natural in your language to repeat “the land/country” in this sentence. Alternate translation: “in Egypt,”
41:36	yzst		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וְ⁠לֹֽא־תִכָּרֵ֥ת הָ⁠אָ֖רֶץ	1	Make sure the way you translated “the people of/in the land/country” at the beginning of this verse fits with how you translate it here. It is helpful to read your translation aloud to make sure it is clear and natural. Alternate translation: “so that the people in the land” or “so that the people”
41:36	javn		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וְ⁠לֹֽא־תִכָּרֵ֥ת הָ⁠אָ֖רֶץ	1	See how you translated the idiom **cut off** in Gen 9:11. It may be necessary to translate it differently here because of the different context. Alternate translation: “will not be destroyed by”
41:36	tiu5			בָּ⁠רָעָֽב	1	 Alternate translation: “the severe food scarcity”
41:37	yzkw		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וַ⁠יִּיטַ֥ב הַ⁠דָּבָ֖ר בְּ⁠עֵינֵ֣י פַרְעֹ֑ה וּ⁠בְ⁠עֵינֵ֖י כָּל עֲבָדָֽי⁠ו	1	See how you translated the idiom **in the eyes of** in Gen 34:18. Alternate translation: “What Joseph said seemed like a good plan to King Pharaoh and all his servants” or “King Pharaoh and all his servants agreed that what Joseph had proposed was good.”
41:38	ewpf			וַ⁠יֹּ֥אמֶר פַּרְעֹ֖ה אֶל עֲבָדָ֑י⁠ו	1	 Alternate translation: “So Pharaoh said to his officials,”
41:38	ov2b		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	הֲ⁠נִמְצָ֣א כָ⁠זֶ֔ה אִ֕ישׁ	1	Pharaoh uses a rhetorical question here to emphasize that no one is more qualified than Joseph. Consider whether it is better in your language to translate this quote using a question or a statement. Alternate translation: “It is obvious that we will never find a man as qualified as Joseph,”
41:38	n386			אֲשֶׁ֛ר ר֥וּחַ אֱלֹהִ֖ים בּֽ⁠וֹ	1	The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “who has God’s Spirit in him” or “whom God’s Spirit guides” or (2) “who has a divine spirit in him” or “who has a spirit of the gods in him”. Most translations follow the first interpretation, since Joseph had just talked to Pharaoh about God (verses 16, 28, 32) and Pharaoh acknowledges God in verse 39.
41:39	brta			וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר פַּרְעֹה֙ אֶל יוֹסֵ֔ף	1	 Alternate translation: “Then he turned to Joseph and said,”
41:39	xxco			אַחֲרֵ֨י הוֹדִ֧יעַ אֱלֹהִ֛ים אוֹתְ⁠ךָ֖ אֶת כָּל זֹ֑את	1	 Alternate translation: “God has revealed to you what he is going to do, so”
41:39	ktfd			אֵין נָב֥וֹן וְ⁠חָכָ֖ם כָּמֽוֹ⁠ךָ	1	See how you translated **discerning and wise** in verse 33. Alternate translation: “no one else is as insightful as you are and knows what to do in this situation.” or “… or knows how to manage this situation wisely.”
41:40	fq25		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	אַתָּה֙ תִּהְיֶ֣ה עַל בֵּיתִ֔⁠י	1	The phrase **my house** refers here to Pharaoh’s household and all the other people he rules as king. Alternate translation: “So I am putting you in charge of my household and my country,” or “So I am giving you authority over the people in my palace and the rest of my country,”
41:40	sv7b		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וְ⁠עַל פִּ֖י⁠ךָ יִשַּׁ֣ק כָּל־עַמִּ֑⁠י	1	Consider whether you have a similar idiom in your language or if you need to say this without an idiom. Alternate translation: “so that all the people in my kingdom must do whatever you say” or “so that all the people I reign over will respect and obey whatever you tell them to do.”
41:40	qqnv		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	רַ֥ק הַ⁠כִּסֵּ֖א אֶגְדַּ֥ל מִמֶּֽ⁠ךָּ	1	In this context, **the throne** refers to Pharaoh’s position as the king. Make sure that is clear in your translation. Alternate translation: “Only I who sit on the throne as king will have more authority than you.” or “Only I who am king will …”
41:41	fcjq		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֥אמֶר פַּרְעֹ֖ה אֶל יוֹסֵ֑ף	1	Some languages leave **Joseph** or even this entire quote margin implied here, since Pharaoh is still talking to the same person. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “Pharaoh added,”
41:41	b20a			רְאֵה֙ נָתַ֣תִּי אֹֽתְ⁠ךָ֔ עַ֖ל	1	The word **See** emphasizes what Pharaoh says next. Alternate translation: “Look I now put you in charge of” or “I am now appointing you to be the supervisor over”
41:41	fuhl			כָּל אֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם	1	 Alternate translation: “the whole land of Egypt.”
41:42	wuz8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	וַ⁠יָּ֨סַר פַּרְעֹ֤ה אֶת טַבַּעְתּ⁠וֹ֙ מֵ⁠עַ֣ל יָד֔⁠וֹ	1	The signet ring was the identification ring that the king used to seal official documents. See how you translated **signet** in Gen 38:18. Alternate translation: “Then Pharaoh took off his royal identification ring” or “Then Pharaoh took from his finger the ring that he used to mark letters”
41:42	bnj5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction	וַ⁠יִּתֵּ֥ן אֹתָ֖⁠הּ עַל יַ֣ד יוֹסֵ֑ף	1	The signet ring showed that Joseph represented Pharaoh and had his complete authority.
41:42	m7et		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	וַ⁠יַּלְבֵּ֤שׁ אֹת⁠וֹ֙ בִּגְדֵי שֵׁ֔שׁ	1	The Hebrew word for **fine linen** refers to a special kind of white cloth that was woven out of flax and had a fine texture. Clothes made from linen were expensive and were worn by the king and high officials. If linen is not known in your language area, you could be more general and refer to expensive, high-quality clothes. Alternate translation: “He also had Joseph put on fine linen robes” or “He also gave Joseph high-quality robes to wear”
41:42	tb6j			וַ⁠יָּ֛שֶׂם רְבִ֥ד הַ⁠זָּהָ֖ב עַל צַוָּארֽ⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “and put a collar made of gold around his neck.” or “and put around his neck a necklace made of gold.”
41:43	htid		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction	בְּ⁠מִרְכֶּ֤בֶת הַ⁠מִּשְׁנֶה֙ אֲשֶׁר ל֔⁠וֹ	1	A chariot is a cart with two or four wheels that was pulled by one or more horses. It was used as transportation and was especially used in battles. Translate this in a way that fits with this description. It may be helpful to include a picture of a chariot in your translation. Alternate translation: “in a royal horse-drawn cart as his second-in-command” or “in the horse-drawn cart that showed he was the second highest ruler in the country.”
41:43	g33q			וַ⁠יִּקְרְא֥וּ לְ⁠פָנָ֖י⁠ו	1	Make sure the way you translate **shouted** does not sound angry. Rather they were calling out loudly enough for people to hear them. Alternate translation: “As he rode, heralds walked in the streets ahead of him calling out to everyone,”
41:43	m84b		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction	אַבְרֵ֑ךְ	1	The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could be: (1) a transliteration of an Egyptian word that means “Bow down in reverence/respect!” or “Make way for the king’s appointed one!” or “Welcome/Honor your new leader!” which is what people would be told to do to honor an important person; or (2) a combination of Hebrew words that means “This is the father of the king!”, which is similar to what Joseph says in Gen 45:8.
41:43	ry99			וְ⁠נָת֣וֹן אֹת֔⁠וֹ עַ֖ל	1	See how you translated a similar sentence in verse 41. Alternate translation: “So Pharaoh put Joseph in charge of” or “In that way, Pharaoh officially installed Joseph to be the manager over”
41:43	a2y8			כָּל אֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם	1	 Alternate translation: “the whole land of Egypt.”
41:44	ybcw			אֲנִ֣י פַרְעֹ֑ה	1	 Alternate translation: “I, Pharaoh, hereby decree that”
41:44	h6j0		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole	וּ⁠בִלְעָדֶ֗י⁠ךָ לֹֽא יָרִ֨ים אִ֧ישׁ אֶת יָד֛⁠וֹ וְ⁠אֶת רַגְל֖⁠וֹ בְּ⁠כָל אֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם	1	The phrase “will not lift his hand or foot” is hyperbole (exaggeration) that is used to emphasize Joseph’s authority. Consider whether or not it is clear and natural to do that here in your language. Alternate translation: “no one throughout the entire country of Egypt may do anything unless you tell them to do it!” or “throughout the entire country of Egypt, everyone must only do what you tell them to do!”
41:45	nudt			וַ⁠יִּקְרָ֨א פַרְעֹ֣ה שֵׁם יוֹסֵף֮	1	 Alternate translation: “Then Pharaoh called Joseph by the Egyptian name”
41:45	c09b			וַ⁠יִּתֶּן ל֣⁠וֹ אֶת אָֽסְנַ֗ת בַּת פּ֥וֹטִי פֶ֛רַע כֹּהֵ֥ן אֹ֖ן לְ⁠אִשָּׁ֑ה	1	Potiphera was a pagan priest, and he led people in worshiping the Egyptians’ gods, not Yahweh. See how you translated **priest** in Gen 14:18. Alternate translation: “and he gave him a woman named Asenath to be his wife. She was the daughter of Potiphera, who was a priest at the temple at the city of On.”
41:45	qrou			וַ⁠יֵּצֵ֥א יוֹסֵ֖ף עַל אֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם	1	 Alternate translation: “Then Joseph started going around all over the land of Egypt.” or “Then Joseph started his work and traveled throughout the land of Egypt.”
41:46	l8de			וְ⁠יוֹסֵף֙ בֶּן שְׁלֹשִׁ֣ים שָׁנָ֔ה	1	Consider what is the best way to begin this new paragraph in your language.
41:46	tinh			בְּ⁠עָמְד֕⁠וֹ לִ⁠פְנֵ֖י	1	This phrase refers to when Joseph stood before Pharaoh and was commissioned to serve as the second-highest ruler in Egypt. Alternate translation: “when he had that audience with”
41:46	izc5			וַֽ⁠יַּעְבֹ֖ר בְּ⁠כָל־אֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם	1	 Alternate translation: “and traveled throughout the entire country of Egypt doing his work.” or “and began traveling from place to place throughout …”
41:47	k025			בְּ⁠שֶׁ֖בַע שְׁנֵ֣י הַ⁠שָּׂבָ֑ע	1	Compare how you translated **seven years of abundance** in verse 34. Alternate translation: “During the seven years when food was abundant” or “For seven years the harvests were plentiful and”
41:47	nel4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וַ⁠תַּ֣עַשׂ הָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ & לִ⁠קְמָצִֽים	1	The idiom **by the handfuls** refers here to large amounts of grain. Consider whether your language has a similar idiom you could use here. Alternate translation: “the land produced large amounts of grain.” or “the people harvested large amounts of grain from the land.”
41:48	iib5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וַ⁠יִּקְבֹּ֞ץ	1	When the Bible says that a leader such as Joseph did something, it often means that he had it done by people under his authority. Decide whether you want to include this information in your translation or in a footnote. Alternate translation: “So Joseph told the supervisors under him to collect” or “So Joseph had his helpers gather”
41:48	ekmx			אֶת כָּל אֹ֣כֶל שֶׁ֣בַע שָׁנִ֗ים אֲשֶׁ֤ר הָיוּ֙ בְּ⁠אֶ֣רֶץ מִצְרַ֔יִם	1	See how you translated **all the food** in verse 35. Alternate translation: “all the extra food that was produced in the land of Egypt during those seven years,” or “all the extra grain that people produced during those seven years in the land of Egypt,”
41:48	rw03			וַ⁠יִּתֶּן אֹ֖כֶל בֶּ⁠עָרִ֑ים	1	 Alternate translation: “and he had them store that grain in the cities.”
41:48	llbq		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	אֹ֧כֶל שְׂדֵה הָ⁠עִ֛יר אֲשֶׁ֥ר סְבִיבֹתֶ֖י⁠הָ נָתַ֥ן בְּ⁠תוֹכָֽ⁠הּ	1	Consider what phrase order is best for this sentence in your language. Alternate translation: “The food that people had harvested from the fields, he had his supervisors stockpile in the nearby cities.” or “In each city he had them store the food that people had harvested from the nearby fields.”
41:49	e4mq			וַ⁠יִּצְבֹּ֨ר יוֹסֵ֥ף	1	See how you translated “store/stockpile” in verse 35. Alternate translation: “Joseph had his helpers store up”
41:49	gdv0			בָּ֛ר כְּ⁠ח֥וֹל הַ⁠יָּ֖ם	1	See how you translated “as the sand of the sea” in Gen 32:12 and a similar phrase in Gen 22:17. Alternate translation: “so much grain that it looked as plentiful as grains of sand beside the sea” or “… as plentiful as the grains of sand on the beach.”
41:49	jotk			הַרְבֵּ֣ה מְאֹ֑ד עַ֛ד כִּי	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “In fact, there was so much that” or “In fact, it was so plentiful that after a while”
41:49	rt8w			חָדַ֥ל לִ⁠סְפֹּ֖ר	1	It was probably Joseph’s helpers who measured the grain and kept records of it. See how you handled this at the beginning of this verse. Alternate translation: “he had them stop keeping track of it” or “they had to stop writing down how much there was,”
41:49	t7vr			כִּי אֵ֥ין מִסְפָּֽר	1	 Alternate translation: “because there was so much that they could no longer record it.”
41:50	ulea		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent	בְּ⁠טֶ֥רֶם תָּב֖וֹא שְׁנַ֣ת הָ⁠רָעָ֑ב	1	Consider what is the best way to change topics and begin this new paragraph in your language. Alternate translation: “Now it so happened that before the seven years of famine came”
41:50	w7ad			וּ⁠לְ⁠יוֹסֵ֤ף יֻלַּד֙ שְׁנֵ֣י בָנִ֔ים & אֲשֶׁ֤ר יָֽלְדָה לּ⁠וֹ֙ אָֽסְנַ֔ת בַּת פּ֥וֹטִי פֶ֖רַע כֹּהֵ֥ן אֽוֹן	1	See how you translated **Asenath, the daughter of Potiphera, the priest of On** in verse 45. Alternate translation: “Joseph had two sons with his wife Asenath, a daughter of Potiphera, who was a priest in the city of On.” or “Joseph and his wife Asenath had two sons. Remember that Asenath was a daughter of Potiphera, a priest in the city of On.”
41:51	wsos			וַ⁠יִּקְרָ֥א יוֹסֵ֛ף אֶת שֵׁ֥ם	1	See how you translated the idiom **called the name of** in Gen 21:3.
41:51	rcrs			הַ⁠בְּכ֖וֹר	1	 Alternate translation: “his first son”
41:51	emzc		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	מְנַשֶּׁ֑ה	1	If you include the meaning of the name **Manasseh** in your translation or in a footnote, it should fit with the way you translate **forget** in the following clause.
41:51	lcpw			כִּֽי־נַשַּׁ֤⁠נִי אֱלֹהִים֙	1	Your translation should not sound like Joseph had lost his memory of these things, rather God had blessed him so much that it helped him stop thinking about those things. Alternate translation: “… to stop thinking about”
41:51	j0ue			אֶת כָּל עֲמָלִ֔⁠י וְ⁠אֵ֖ת	1	 Alternate translation: “all my hardships and about”
41:51	nllc			כָּל בֵּ֥ית אָבִֽ⁠י	1	 Alternate translation: “how much I have missed all of my family back home.”
41:52	axyh			וְ⁠אֵ֛ת שֵׁ֥ם הַ⁠שֵּׁנִ֖י קָרָ֣א	1	 Alternate translation: “And Joseph named his second son”
41:52	w4ny		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	אֶפְרָ֑יִם	1	If you include the meaning of Ephraim’s name in your translation or in a footnote, it should fit with the way you translate **fruitful** in the following clause.
41:52	loq5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	כִּֽי הִפְרַ֥⁠נִי אֱלֹהִ֖ים	1	Consider again how you translated the idiom **fruitful** in the book of Genesis. See Gen 17:6; 26:22; 41:52.
41:53	b2gj			וַ⁠תִּכְלֶ֕ינָה שֶׁ֖בַע שְׁנֵ֣י הַ⁠שָּׂבָ֑ע אֲשֶׁ֥ר הָיָ֖ה	1	See how you translated **the seven years of abundance** in verses 34 and 47, and a similar phrase in verse 29. Alternate translation: “Finally the seven years when food was abundant”
41:53	ulfq		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	וַ⁠תִּכְלֶ֕ינָה	1	For some languages it is better to put this phrase earlier in the sentence and say, “Finally the seven years were over when food was plentiful in the country of Egypt. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “came to an end,”
41:54	kc3p			וַ⁠תְּחִלֶּ֜ינָה שֶׁ֣בַע שְׁנֵ֤י הָ⁠רָעָב֙ לָ⁠ב֔וֹא	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “Then the seven years of famine began,”
41:54	wnph			כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֖ר אָמַ֣ר יוֹסֵ֑ף	1	 Alternate translation: “just as Joseph had predicted would happen.” or “which is exactly what Joseph had said would happen.”
41:54	gct9			וַ⁠יְהִ֤י רָעָב֙ בְּ⁠כָל הָ֣⁠אֲרָצ֔וֹת	1	 Alternate translation: “The severe food shortage began to affect all countries,”
41:54	b0ci			וּ⁠בְ⁠כָל אֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרַ֖יִם	1	 Alternate translation: “but everywhere in the land of Egypt” or “but throughout the entire land of Egypt”
41:54	xlgt		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	הָ֥יָה לָֽחֶם	1	In this context, **bread** refers to all food in general. Alternate translation: “there was still plenty of food stored up.”
41:55	z65i		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	וַ⁠תִּרְעַב֙ כָּל אֶ֣רֶץ מִצְרַ֔יִם	1	The phrase **all the land** refers here to the people living in Egypt. Consider whether or not you need to make that explicit in your language. Alternate translation: “Then all the people in the land of Egypt began to suffer from the famine, so”
41:55	u12u			וַ⁠יִּצְעַ֥ק הָ⁠עָ֛ם אֶל פַּרְעֹ֖ה לַ⁠לָּ֑חֶם	1	 Alternate translation: “they begged Pharaoh for food.” or “they pleaded with Pharaoh to give them food.”
41:55	bgdc			וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר פַּרְעֹ֤ה לְ⁠כָל־מִצְרַ֨יִם֙	1	 Alternate translation: “So King Pharaoh told them,” or “So he told them,”
41:55	o6ix			לְכ֣וּ אֶל יוֹסֵ֔ף	1	 Alternate translation: “Go ask Joseph for food,” or “You must go to Joseph and ask him for help,”
41:55	vkgw			אֲשֶׁר יֹאמַ֥ר לָ⁠כֶ֖ם תַּעֲשֽׂוּ	1	Consider whether or not it is best to begin a new sentence here in your language. Alternate translation: “and do whatever he tells you to do.”
41:56	o5ta			וְ⁠הָ⁠רָעָ֣ב הָיָ֔ה עַ֖ל כָּל פְּנֵ֣י הָ⁠אָ֑רֶץ וַ⁠יִּפְתַּ֨ח	1	 Alternate translation: “Since the famine had spread throughout the whole country,” or “Since the severe food shortage was affecting the entire country,”
41:56	yaxe		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וַ⁠יִּפְתַּ֨ח יוֹסֵ֜ף	1	See how you translated verses 48 and 49, where Joseph is said to do something that he had his helpers do. Alternate translation: “Joseph ordered the supervisors under him to open up”
41:56	gp9f			אֶֽת כָּל אֲשֶׁ֤ר בָּ⁠הֶם֙	1	 Alternate translation: “all the storage barns where grain was being stored,”
41:56	ps0i			וַ⁠יִּשְׁבֹּ֣ר לְ⁠מִצְרַ֔יִם	1	 Alternate translation: “and they started selling the grain to the people of Egypt.”
41:56	yjo3			וַ⁠יֶּחֱזַ֥ק הָֽ⁠רָעָ֖ב	1	 Alternate translation: “Then the famine kept getting more and more severe”
41:56	gbf2			בְּ⁠אֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם	1	 Alternate translation: “throughout the land of Egypt.” or “throughout their country.”
41:57	hocx		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	וְ⁠כָל הָ⁠אָ֨רֶץ֙	1	This phrase refers to the people living on the earth. Consider whether or not you need to make that explicit in your language. See how you translated a similar metonymy (“all the land”) in verse 55. Alternate translation: “In fact, people from all over the earth”
41:57	s755			בָּ֣אוּ מִצְרַ֔יְמָ⁠ה לִ⁠שְׁבֹּ֖ר אֶל יוֹסֵ֑ף	1	 Alternate translation: “started traveling to Egypt to buy food from Joseph,”
41:57	rlm3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	כִּֽי חָזַ֥ק הָ⁠רָעָ֖ב בְּ⁠כָל הָ⁠אָֽרֶץ	1	For some languages it is clearer or more natural to put this clause near the beginning of verse 57 and say, “In fact, the famine was/became so severe/terrible in/throughout the entire/whole world that people started coming/traveling to Egypt from all over the world to buy grain from Joseph.” Do what is best in your language. See how you translated “severe/terrible” in verse 56. Alternate translation: “because the food shortage was so severe throughout the entire world.”
42:1	rkqc		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent	וַ⁠יַּ֣רְא יַעֲקֹ֔ב כִּ֥י יֶשׁ־שֶׁ֖בֶר בְּ⁠מִצְרָ֑יִם	1	This verse begins a new episode which overlaps in time with some of what was happening in chapter 41. Consider what is the best way to begin this episode in your language. Alternate translation: “Meanwhile in the land of Canaan, when Jacob learned that there was grain for sale in the country of Egypt,” or “… when Jacob found out that he could buy grain in Egypt,”
42:1	jj1t			וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר יַעֲקֹב֙ לְ⁠בָנָ֔י⁠ו	1	 Alternate translation: “he asked his sons,”
42:1	ok2e		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	לָ֖⁠מָּה תִּתְרָאֽוּ	1	Jacob uses this rhetorical question to get his sons to take action and do what he says next. Consider what is the best way to communicate that in your language. Alternate translation: “What are you waiting for?” or “Do not just sit here staring at each other!” or “Do not just stand there doing nothing!”
42:2	etgs		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֕אמֶר	1	For some languages it is more natural to omit the quote margin here, because the same person (Jacob) is still talking to the same people (his sons). Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “Then he added,”
42:2	f9cs			הִנֵּ֣ה	1	 Alternate translation: “Look,”
42:2	xjv4			שָׁמַ֔עְתִּי	1	 Alternate translation: “I learned” or “Someone told me”
42:2	revh			כִּ֥י יֶשׁ שֶׁ֖בֶר בְּ⁠מִצְרָ֑יִם	1	 Alternate translation: “that there is much grain for sale in the country of Egypt.” or “that the country of Egypt has a lot of grain that people can buy.”
42:2	ukyl		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-politeness	רְדוּ שָׁ֨מָּ⁠ה֙	1	Make sure that the way you translate Jacob’s command to his sons does not sound rude or harsh. Alternate translation: “So I want you to go there” or “So please go down there”
42:2	qouh			וְ⁠שִׁבְרוּ לָ֣⁠נוּ מִ⁠שָּׁ֔ם	1	 Alternate translation: “and buy some grain for us all”
42:2	mb2y			וְ⁠נִחְיֶ֖ה	1	 Alternate translation: “so that we will survive” or “so that we will stay alive”
42:2	br4i			וְ⁠לֹ֥א נָמֽוּת	1	 Alternate translation: “and not die from hunger.”
42:3	hmv4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship	וַ⁠יֵּרְד֥וּ אֲחֵֽי יוֹסֵ֖ף עֲשָׂרָ֑ה	1	These ten brothers were older than Joseph and had different mothers than he did. Also, the verb **went down** refers to the fact that Egypt was lower in elevation than the land of Canaan. It is also located southwest of Canaan. See how you translated “go down” in verse 2 and **went down** in Gen 12:10.
42:4	azl2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship	וְ⁠אֶת בִּנְיָמִין֙ אֲחִ֣י יוֹסֵ֔ף לֹא שָׁלַ֥ח יַעֲקֹ֖ב	1	Benjamin was younger than Joseph and had the same mother (Rachel) and father.
42:4	u64p			אֶת אֶחָ֑י⁠ו	1	 Alternate translation: “with his other brothers,”
42:4	x6pq		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations	כִּ֣י אָמַ֔ר פֶּן יִקְרָאֶ֖⁠נּוּ אָסֽוֹן	1	For some languages it is more natural to put this clause first in this verse and say, “But Jacob was concerned that harm might come to Joseph’s younger brother Benjamin, so he did not send him with the rest of his brothers to Egypt.” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “because Jacob thought that he might be harmed.” or “because he was concerned that something terrible might happen to him.”
42:5	mphn		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וַ⁠יָּבֹ֨אוּ֙ בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל	1	If it is not clear that **Israel** (verse 5) and “Jacob” (verse 4) refer to the same person, you could include the name Jacob here in your translation or in a footnote. Alternate translation: “The sons of Israel that is, Jacob” or “So the sons of Jacob, who was also called Israel,”
42:5	hpxf		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go	וַ⁠יָּבֹ֨אוּ֙	1	 Alternate translation: “came to Egypt”
42:5	ccyh			בְּ⁠ת֣וֹךְ הַ⁠בָּאִ֑ים	1	 Alternate translation: “along with many other people who were going there” or “along with many other travelers”
42:5	tdv7			כִּֽי & הָ⁠רָעָ֖ב	1	See how you translated **because the famine** in Gen 41:57. Alternate translation: “because the extreme food shortage” or “because the extreme lack of food”
42:5	krd7			הָיָ֥ה & בְּ⁠אֶ֥רֶץ כְּנָֽעַן	1	 Alternate translation: “was also affecting everyone in the land of Canaan.” or “was also affecting the entire land of Canaan.”
42:6	fpi7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background	וְ⁠יוֹסֵ֗ף ה֚וּא הַ⁠שַּׁלִּ֣יט עַל הָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ	1	 Alternate translation: “Since Joseph was the administrator over the land of Egypt,”
42:6	sus5			הָ⁠אָ֑רֶץ	1	The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “the country of Egypt”, which is what it means earlier in verse 6; or (2) “the earth/world.”
42:6	mgwx			וַ⁠יָּבֹ֨אוּ֙ אֲחֵ֣י יוֹסֵ֔ף	1	So/Then Joseph’s brothers also came/went
42:6	mdhu		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction	וַ⁠יִּשְׁתַּֽחֲווּ ל֥⁠וֹ אַפַּ֖יִם אָֽרְצָ⁠ה	1	See how you translated “bow down” in Gen 37:7, 9-10. Alternate translation: “before him like everyone else and bowed down with their foreheads toward the ground to show him respect.” or “to him and prostrated themselves before him to show respect.”
42:7	bbex			וַ⁠יַּ֥רְא יוֹסֵ֛ף אֶת אֶחָ֖י⁠ו וַ⁠יַּכִּרֵ֑⁠ם	1	 Alternate translation: “Joseph immediately recognized his brothers”
42:7	poyo			וַ⁠יִּתְנַכֵּ֨ר אֲלֵי⁠הֶ֜ם	1	For some languages it is better to divide the first sentence in this verse into shorter sentences. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “but he treated them like strangers” or “But he pretended that he did not know them”
42:7	mzd9			וַ⁠יְדַבֵּ֧ר אִתָּ֣⁠ם קָשׁ֗וֹת	1	Consider whether or not it is more natural to begin a new sentence here in your language. Alternate translation: “and spoke to them in a harsh way” or “In fact, he spoke to them roughly”
42:7	rze3			וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר אֲלֵ⁠הֶם֙	1	 Alternate translation: “and questioned them,” or “and demanded,”
42:7	zwjj			מֵ⁠אַ֣יִן בָּאתֶ֔ם	1	 Alternate translation: “Where are you from?”
42:7	jyke		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-honorifics	מֵ⁠אֶ֥רֶץ כְּנַ֖עַן לִ⁠שְׁבָּר אֹֽכֶל	1	For some languages it is necessary to begin with a respectful title or form of address when someone talks to a person of high status like Joseph. See how Joseph’s brothers address him in verse 10. Alternate translation: “Sir, we came from the land of Canaan to buy some grain.” or “Sir, we are from the land of Canaan and we came to buy some grain.”
42:8	gapq			וַ⁠יַּכֵּ֥ר יוֹסֵ֖ף אֶת אֶחָ֑י⁠ו וְ⁠הֵ֖ם לֹ֥א הִכִּרֻֽ⁠הוּ	1	 Alternate translation: “Although Joseph recognized his brothers, they did not know who he was.”
42:9	byaf			לָ⁠הֶ֑ם	1	 Alternate translation: “about them long ago,”
42:9	o1nl			וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר אֲלֵ⁠הֶם֙	1	 Alternate translation: “so he told them,”
42:9	fk1q			מְרַגְּלִ֣ים אַתֶּ֔ם	1	 Alternate translation: “You are spying on our country!”
42:9	kxig			בָּאתֶֽם	1	 Alternate translation: “The reason you came here is”
42:9	i6tg		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	לִ⁠רְא֛וֹת אֶת עֶרְוַ֥ת הָ⁠אָ֖רֶץ	1	 Alternate translation: “to find out where our country is vulnerable!”
42:10	ue8q		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-politeness	לֹ֣א אֲדֹנִ֑⁠י	1	Make sure your translation of this phrase sounds polite. In some cultures it is rude to say **No** too directly. See how you translated a similar phrase in Gen 23:11. Alternate translation: “No, sir,”
42:10	xa6t		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	וַ⁠עֲבָדֶ֥י⁠ךָ בָּ֖אוּ	1	The brothers referred to themselves as **your servants** to show respect to Joseph and to acknowledge his high position. Translate this phrase in a polite way that shows respect toward Joseph. Alternate translation: “but rather we come before you humbly” or “Rather, we are just humble men who have come here”
42:10	xv5f			לִ⁠שְׁבָּר אֹֽכֶל	1	 Alternate translation: “only to buy some food”
42:11	gxjv			בְּנֵ֥י אִישׁ אֶחָ֖ד	1	 Alternate translation: “the sons of the same man”
42:11	t2o1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	נָ֑חְנוּ כֵּנִ֣ים אֲנַ֔חְנוּ לֹא־הָי֥וּ עֲבָדֶ֖י⁠ךָ מְרַגְּלִֽים	1	 Alternate translation: “We are trustworthy people who highly respect you. We are not spies.” or “We are humble, honest people, not spies.”
42:12	ewus		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֖אמֶר אֲלֵ⁠הֶ֑ם	1	 Alternate translation: “Then Joseph replied,” or “But he accused them,”
42:12	p2xr			לֹ֕א כִּֽי & בָּאתֶ֥ם	1	Different languages use “yes” and “no” in different ways, depending on the context. Do what is accurate and natural in this context in your language. Also see how you translated **No** in Gen 18:15.
42:12	qzyw		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	עֶרְוַ֥ת הָ⁠אָ֖רֶץ & לִ⁠רְאֽוֹת	1	See how you translated this phrase in verse 9. Alternate translation: “to find out where our country is vulnerable!”
42:13	sd4k		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּאמְר֗וּ	1	 Alternate translation: “Then they responded,”
42:13	fuv1			שְׁנֵ֣ים עָשָׂר֩ עֲבָדֶ֨י⁠ךָ אַחִ֧ים	1	 Alternate translation: “Sir, there are twelve of us brothers.”
42:13	zu8a			אֲנַ֛חְנוּ בְּנֵ֥י אִישׁ אֶחָ֖ד	1	 Alternate translation: “We are all sons of the same man” or “We all have the same father”
42:13	g91t			בְּ⁠אֶ֣רֶץ כְּנָ֑עַן	1	 Alternate translation: “who lives in the land of Canaan.” or “and we live in the land of Canaan.”
42:13	c4qf			וְ⁠הִנֵּ֨ה הַ⁠קָּטֹ֤ן	1	The word **behold** calls attention to what the brothers say next. Some translations leave it implied. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “In fact, our youngest brother”
42:13	sekb			אֶת אָבִ֨י⁠נוּ֙ הַ⁠יּ֔וֹם	1	 Alternate translation: “is presently back at home with our father,” or “is there with our father right now,”
42:13	efwm			וְ⁠הָ⁠אֶחָ֖ד	1	 Alternate translation: “but the other one”
42:13	tyki		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism	אֵינֶֽ⁠נּוּ	1	In this context, **is not** is an idiom that means “has died.” Consider whether or not your language has a similar idiom that would fit well here. Alternate translation: “is no more.” or “is no longer with us.”
42:14	kcn9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֥אמֶר אֲלֵ⁠הֶ֖ם יוֹסֵ֑ף	1	 Alternate translation: “Then Joseph accused them,” or “Then Joseph responded,”
42:14	iyrk		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes	ה֗וּא אֲשֶׁ֨ר דִּבַּ֧רְתִּי אֲלֵ⁠כֶ֛ם לֵ⁠אמֹ֖ר מְרַגְּלִ֥ים אַתֶּֽם	1	Consider whether it is more natural in your language to translate the embedded quote **You are spies** as a direct or indirect quote. Alternate translation: “What I told you is right You are spying on our country!” or “I was right when I said that you are secretly gathering information about our country!”
42:15	zsxd			בְּ⁠זֹ֖את	1	 Alternate translation: “In this way”
42:15	njgh			תִּבָּחֵ֑נוּ	1	 Alternate translation: “I will test whether or not you told me the truth:” or “I am going to test you to find out if your claims are true:”
42:15	xvi8			חֵ֤י פַרְעֹה֙	1	Joseph uses King Pharaoh’s name here to make an oath that emphasizes the certainty of what he says next. Make sure that the way he refers to Pharaoh sounds respectful in your translation. See how you translated other vows in Gen 14:22 and 21:23-24. Alternate translation: “As certain as King Pharaoh lives, I vow that”
42:15	wd40			אִם תֵּצְא֣וּ	1	 Alternate translation: “you will definitely not leave” or “I will not let you leave”
42:15	ubqh			מִ⁠זֶּ֔ה	1	 Alternate translation: “from here”
42:15	vxks		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-exceptions	כִּ֧י אִם בְּ⁠ב֛וֹא אֲחִי⁠כֶ֥ם הַ⁠קָּטֹ֖ן הֵֽנָּה	1	For some languages it may be better to change the wording of this sentence and say, “By the life of Pharaoh, the only way you will ever leave Egypt is if your youngest brother comes here.” or “By the life of Pharaoh, your youngest brother must come here, or else you will definitely not/never leave Egypt!” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “until your youngest brother comes here.” or “until I see that your youngest brother is here.”
42:16	jpi1			שִׁלְח֨וּ מִ⁠כֶּ֣ם אֶחָד֮	1	 Alternate translation: “Choose one of you to go home”
42:16	c4sx			וְ⁠יִקַּ֣ח אֶת אֲחִי⁠כֶם֒	1	 Alternate translation: “to get your youngest brother and bring him here.”
42:16	fp5d		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular	וְ⁠אַתֶּם֙	1	In this verse, the pronouns **you** and **your** are plural. Alternate translation: “You who are left”
42:16	zy6p			הֵאָ֣סְר֔וּ	1	See how you translated **bound** in Gen 39:20; 40:3, 5. It may be necessary to translate this term in different ways, depending on the context. Alternate translation: “will be put in prison.”
42:16	ea8u			וְ⁠יִבָּֽחֲנוּ֙ דִּבְרֵי⁠כֶ֔ם הַֽ⁠אֱמֶ֖ת אִתְּ⁠כֶ֑ם	1	 Alternate translation: “That way I can verify whether or not you told me the truth.” or “If you do that, I will know that what you told me is true.”
42:16	zf4g			וְ⁠אִם לֹ֕א	1	 Alternate translation: “But if you are not telling the truth,”
42:16	auvz			חֵ֣י פַרְעֹ֔ה	1	See how you translated this phrase in verse 15.
42:16	wsgs			כִּ֥י מְרַגְּלִ֖ים אַתֶּֽם	1	 Alternate translation: “that means you are definitely spies!”
42:17	kbit			וַ⁠יֶּאֱסֹ֥ף אֹתָ֛⁠ם אֶל מִשְׁמָ֖ר שְׁלֹ֥שֶׁת יָמִֽים	1	See how you translated **in custody** in Gen 40:3-4, 7. Alternate translation: “Then Joseph had his soldiers put them in custody for three days.”
42:18	in6m			וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר אֲלֵ⁠הֶ֤ם יוֹסֵף֙ בַּ⁠יּ֣וֹם הַ⁠שְּׁלִישִׁ֔י	1	See how you translated **on the third day** in Gen 22:4, 31:22, 40:20. It may be necessary to translate this phrase in different ways, depending on the context. Alternate translation: “After three days, Joseph said to them,”
42:18	hq4p			זֹ֥את עֲשׂ֖וּ	1	 Alternate translation: “Do what I say and” or “If you do this,” or “If you do what I say,”
42:18	g6gn			וִֽ⁠חְי֑וּ	1	 Alternate translation: “you will live,” or “I will spare your lives,”
42:18	scf7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	אֶת הָ⁠אֱלֹהִ֖ים אֲנִ֥י יָרֵֽא	1	For some languages it is more natural to put this clause first in this verse and say, “I am a man who reveres/respects God. So if you do what I say, I will let you live.” Do what is best in your language. See how you translated **fear God** in Gen 22:12. Alternate translation: “since I respect and obey God:”
42:19	kfk1			אִם כֵּנִ֣ים אַתֶּ֔ם	1	See how you translated **honest** in verse 11. Alternate translation: “If you truly are honest men as you say” or “Since you claim to be honest men,”
42:19	tdlb			אֲחִי⁠כֶ֣ם אֶחָ֔ד יֵאָסֵ֖ר בְּ⁠בֵ֣ית מִשְׁמַרְ⁠כֶ֑ם	1	See how you translated **be bound** in verse 16. Alternate translation: “I will make just one of you brothers remain where you have been, in prison,” or “just one of you brothers must remain confined where you have been,”
42:19	dydl			וְ⁠אַתֶּם֙ לְכ֣וּ הָבִ֔יאוּ שֶׁ֖בֶר	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “while the rest of you go back home now with grain” or “The rest of you may go and take grain back home”
42:19	zbmz			רַעֲב֥וֹן בָּתֵּי⁠כֶֽם	1	 Alternate translation: “for your hungry families to eat.” or “to feed your hungry households”
42:20	wrfx			וְ⁠אֶת אֲחִי⁠כֶ֤ם הַ⁠קָּטֹן֙ תָּבִ֣יאוּ אֵלַ֔⁠י	1	 Alternate translation: “After that, you must come back here to me with your youngest brother”
42:20	sgd0			וְ⁠יֵאָמְנ֥וּ דִבְרֵי⁠כֶ֖ם	1	See how you translated a similar clause in verse 16. Alternate translation: “so that what you have told me will be proven to be true,”
42:20	dqp6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes	וְ⁠לֹ֣א תָמ֑וּתוּ	1	In this context, the word **die** refers to execution, not death by natural causes. Alternate translation: “and I will spare your lives and not execute you for being spies.”
42:20	y20f			וַ⁠יַּעֲשׂוּ כֵֽן	1	 Alternate translation: “… agreed to do what he said” or “… accepted his proposal.”
42:21	l20t			אֲבָל֮ אֲשֵׁמִ֣ים אֲנַחְנוּ֮ עַל אָחִי⁠נוּ֒	1	 Alternate translation: “This is happening because we sinned badly against our brother Joseph long ago.”
42:21	wifa		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	אֲשֶׁ֨ר רָאִ֜ינוּ צָרַ֥ת נַפְשׁ֛⁠וֹ	1	The phrase **his soul** refers here to Joseph. Alternate translation: “We saw how distressed he was” or “We saw how terribly he was suffering”
42:21	r4jp			בְּ⁠הִתְחַֽנְנ֥⁠וֹ אֵלֵ֖י⁠נוּ	1	 Alternate translation: “when he urgently asked us to free him,”
42:21	lv8u			וְ⁠לֹ֣א שָׁמָ֑עְנוּ	1	 Alternate translation: “but we refused to let him go.”
42:21	reos			עַל כֵּן֙	1	 Alternate translation: “That is the reason that”
42:21	hjww			בָּ֣אָה אֵלֵ֔י⁠נוּ הַ⁠צָּרָ֖ה הַ⁠זֹּֽאת	1	 Alternate translation: “we are now experiencing so much trouble.” or “we are suffering like this now.”
42:22	u5wp			וַ⁠יַּעַן֩ רְאוּבֵ֨ן אֹתָ֜⁠ם לֵ⁠אמֹ֗ר	1	 Alternate translation: “Reuben reproached them by saying,”
42:22	meeb		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	הֲ⁠לוֹא֩ אָמַ֨רְתִּי אֲלֵי⁠כֶ֧ם לֵ⁠אמֹ֛ר	1	Reuben uses this rhetorical question to scold his brothers. Consider what is the best way to communicate that in your language. Alternate translation: “Remember that I told you”
42:22	oi3a		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes	אַל תֶּחֶטְא֥וּ בַ⁠יֶּ֖לֶד	1	Consider whether it is more natural in your language to translate this embedded quote as a direct or indirect quote. Also, see how you translated **lad** in Gen 37:30, and keep in mind that Joseph was seventeen years old when his brothers sold him. Alternate translation: “that you must not harm the boy!”
42:22	d8u5			וְ⁠לֹ֣א שְׁמַעְתֶּ֑ם	1	 Alternate translation: “But you did not obey me,”
42:22	stcs			וְ⁠גַם & הִנֵּ֥ה	1	 Alternate translation: “so now, see what is happening:” or “so now look,”
42:22	jv5k		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	דָּמ֖⁠וֹ & נִדְרָֽשׁ	1	The phrase **his blood** refers to Joseph’s death; if you do not translate that phrase literally, you could put the literal text in a footnote since **blood** is such an important term throughout the Bible. Alternate translation: “we are being held responsible by God for his death!” or “We are getting what we deserve for causing his death!”
42:23	fhq7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	כִּ֥י שֹׁמֵ֖עַ יוֹסֵ֑ף	1	 Alternate translation: “that Joseph could understand what they were saying to each other,” or “that he was listening to what they were saying,”
42:23	ys6c		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	כִּ֥י הַ⁠מֵּלִ֖יץ בֵּינֹתָֽ⁠ם	1	For some languages it is more natural to put this clause first in this verse and say, “Now Joseph had been using an interpreter to speak to his brothers, so they did not realize that Joseph could understand them.” Do what is best in your language.
42:24	zev4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יִּסֹּ֥ב	1	Throughout this section make sure it is clear at each point who is being referred to, using nouns (including names) and pronouns naturally in your language. Alternate translation: “So he turned”
42:24	pz7r			וַ⁠יִּסֹּ֥ב מֵֽ⁠עֲלֵי⁠הֶ֖ם	1	The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “turned his back to them” or (2) “went/stepped away from them”. Either way, Joseph was hiding his face from his brothers so they could not see that he was crying.
42:24	bc3z			וַ⁠יֵּ֑בְךְּ	1	 Alternate translation: “to hide his tears.”
42:24	y4s9			וַ⁠יָּ֤שָׁב אֲלֵ⁠הֶם֙	1	Make sure that the way you translate this sentence fits with the way you translated the last sentence in verse 23. Alternate translation: “Then after he recovered, Joseph turned back around” or “When he had composed himself, he came back to them”
42:24	pjs5			וַ⁠יְדַבֵּ֣ר אֲלֵ⁠הֶ֔ם	1	 Alternate translation: “and spoke to them again using his translator.” or “and continued speaking to them.”
42:24	iqjv			וַ⁠יִּקַּ֤ח מֵֽ⁠אִתָּ⁠ם֙ אֶת שִׁמְע֔וֹן	1	 Alternate translation: “Next he chose Simeon from among them” or “Then he separated Simeon from the rest of the brothers”
42:24	c5q4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וַ⁠יֶּאֱסֹ֥ר אֹת֖⁠וֹ	1	Joseph probably had soldiers bind Simeon. See how you translated a similar case in Gen 40:3. Alternate translation: “and had him bound” or “and had his soldiers confine him with ropes”
42:24	gqgk		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	לְ⁠עֵינֵי⁠הֶֽם	1	 Alternate translation: “as they watched.” or “in front of them.”
42:25	j6a1			וַ⁠יְצַ֣ו יוֹסֵ֗ף וַ⁠יְמַלְא֣וּ	1	 Alternate translation: “Then Joseph commanded his servants to fill” or “Then Joseph had his servants fill”
42:25	juwt			אֶת כְּלֵי⁠הֶם֮ בָּר֒	1	Two different words, “bag” and **sack**, are used in this verse to refer to the bags of grain that the brothers had. Some languages use just one of these terms in order to prevent confusion. Do what is best in your language.
42:25	wwr6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וּ⁠לְ⁠הָשִׁ֤יב כַּסְפֵּי⁠הֶם֙ אִ֣ישׁ אֶל שַׂקּ֔⁠וֹ	1	Joseph had his servants to do this without his brothers knowing about it.
42:25	jz00			וְ⁠לָ⁠תֵ֥ת לָ⁠הֶ֛ם צֵדָ֖ה לַ⁠דָּ֑רֶךְ	1	 Alternate translation: “and to supply them with food to eat on the journey home.” or “and to give them food to eat as they traveled home.”
42:25	r98q			וַ⁠יַּ֥עַשׂ לָ⁠הֶ֖ם כֵּֽן	1	Consider whether it is more natural in your language to end this sentence here (and begin verse 26 with a new sentence) or to continue this sentence into verse 26. Alternate translation: “So, that is what was done for them.” or “That is what Joseph did for them.”
42:26	g86q			וַ⁠יִּשְׂא֥וּ	1	Make sure your choice here fits with the way you translated the end of verse 25. Alternate translation: “Then his brothers put” or “they put” or “his brothers put”
42:26	xzck			וַ⁠יֵּלְכ֖וּ מִ⁠שָּֽׁם	1	The way you translate this phrase should reflect the fact that Joseph’s brothers were just starting their journey back home; they did not reach their home until several days later (verse 29). Alternate translation: “and left there to go home.”
42:27	ob4a			וַ⁠יִּפְתַּ֨ח הָ⁠אֶחָ֜ד אֶת שַׂקּ֗⁠וֹ לָ⁠תֵ֥ת מִסְפּ֛וֹא לַ⁠חֲמֹר֖⁠וֹ בַּ⁠מָּל֑וֹן	1	See how you translated **fodder** in Gen 24:25, 32. Alternate translation: “Later, when they stopped at a place to lodge for the night, one of them opened his sack to get some feed to feed his donkey.”
42:27	w95n			וַ⁠יַּרְא֙ אֶת כַּסְפּ֔⁠וֹ וְ⁠הִנֵּה ה֖וּא בְּ⁠פִ֥י אַמְתַּחְתּֽ⁠וֹ	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “Suddenly he saw that the silver he had paid for the grain was right there in the opening of his sack!” or “There in the top of his sack he saw the money that he had paid to buy grain!”
42:28	zn9u		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר אֶל אֶחָי⁠ו֙	1	 Alternate translation: “Then he exclaimed to his brothers,” or “Then he exclaimed to the others,”
42:28	hkml			הוּשַׁ֣ב כַּסְפִּ֔⁠י	1	 Alternate translation: “Somebody has returned my grain money to me!” or “Someone gave my grain money back to me!”
42:28	dxy1			וְ⁠גַ֖ם הִנֵּ֣ה בְ⁠אַמְתַּחְתִּ֑⁠י	1	 Alternate translation: “Here it is in my grain sack!” or “It is right here in my grain sack!”
42:28	q65m		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וַ⁠יֵּצֵ֣א לִבָּ֗⁠ם	1	Consider what is the best way to translate this idiom in your language. Alternate translation: “They looked, and their hearts sank,”
42:28	blx1			וַ⁠יֶּֽחֶרְד֞וּ אִ֤ישׁ אֶל אָחִי⁠ו֙ לֵ⁠אמֹ֔ר	1	 Alternate translation: “and they all started shaking with fear and said to each other,” or “and they trembled with fear. They asked each other,”
42:28	m4d8			מַה זֹּ֛את עָשָׂ֥ה אֱלֹהִ֖ים לָֽ⁠נוּ	1	 Alternate translation: “What is God doing to us?” or “Why is God making this happen to us?”
42:29	g299			וַ⁠יָּבֹ֛אוּ אֶל יַעֲקֹ֥ב אֲבִי⁠הֶ֖ם אַ֣רְצָ⁠ה כְּנָ֑עַן	1	 Alternate translation: “When they got back home to their father Jacob in the region of Canaan,” or “When they reached their home in the land of Canaan where their father Jacob was,”
42:29	zl0z			וַ⁠יַּגִּ֣ידוּ ל֔⁠וֹ אֵ֛ת כָּל	1	See how you translated **reported to** in Gen 38:13. Alternate translation: “they explained to him all”
42:30	ua84			הָ⁠אִ֨ישׁ אֲדֹנֵ֥י הָ⁠אָ֛רֶץ	1	 Alternate translation: “The man who is the ruler over the land of Egypt” or “The man who controls the land of Egypt”
42:30	z0fy			דִּ֠בֶּר & אִתָּ֖⁠נוּ קָשׁ֑וֹת	1	See how you translated **harshly** in verse 7. Alternate translation: “spoke to us roughly” or “was very harsh when he spoke to us”
42:30	tq1x			וַ⁠יִּתֵּ֣ן אֹתָ֔⁠נוּ כִּֽ⁠מְרַגְּלִ֖ים	1	 Alternate translation: “He even accused us of being spies!”
42:31	h6vy		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes	וַ⁠נֹּ֥אמֶר אֵלָ֖י⁠ו כֵּנִ֣ים אֲנָ֑חְנוּ לֹ֥א הָיִ֖ינוּ מְרַגְּלִֽים	1	Consider whether it is more natural in your language to translate this embedded quote as a direct or indirect quote. Also, see how you translated “… honest … not spies” in verse 11. Alternate translation: “We told him that we are not spies, but rather trustworthy men.”
42:32	t2n7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes	שְׁנֵים עָשָׂ֥ר אֲנַ֛חְנוּ אַחִ֖ים	1	Make sure that the way you translate verse 32 fits with whether you used a direct or indirect quote in verse 31. Alternate translation: “We told him that we are twelve brothers,”
42:32	tbtd			בְּנֵ֣י אָבִ֑י⁠נוּ	1	 Alternate translation: “sons of one father.”
42:32	mxfu		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism	אֵינֶ֔⁠נּוּ	1	See how you translated this idiom in verse 13. Alternate translation: “is no more,” or “is no longer with us,”
42:32	zaw0			וְ⁠הַ⁠קָּטֹ֥ן	1	 Alternate translation: “and our youngest one”
42:32	yoiy			הַ⁠יּ֛וֹם אֶת אָבִ֖י⁠נוּ	1	 Alternate translation: “is right now with our father at home”
42:33	tax5			וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר אֵלֵ֗י⁠נוּ הָ⁠אִישׁ֙ אֲדֹנֵ֣י הָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ	1	See how you translated **the man, the lord of the land** in verse 30. Alternate translation: “Then the ruler of the land said to us,” or “But the man who rules the land told us,”
42:33	vfrp			בְּ⁠זֹ֣את	1	See how you translated **By this** in verse 15. Alternate translation: “In this way”
42:33	bcni			אֵדַ֔ע כִּ֥י כֵנִ֖ים אַתֶּ֑ם	1	 Alternate translation: “I will know that you are trustworthy men”
42:33	y94z			אֲחִי⁠כֶ֤ם הָֽ⁠אֶחָד֙ הַנִּ֣יחוּ אִתִּ֔⁠י	1	 Alternate translation: “One of you brothers will stay here with me,”
42:33	a2cp			וְ⁠אֶת רַעֲב֥וֹן בָּתֵּי⁠כֶ֖ם קְח֥וּ וָ⁠לֵֽכוּ	1	 Alternate translation: “while the rest of you buy grain to relieve the hunger of your families and go home.” or “and the rest of you go home with grain for your hungry households”
42:34	yt3a			וְ֠⁠הָבִיאוּ אֶת אֲחִי⁠כֶ֣ם הַ⁠קָּטֹן֮ אֵלַ⁠י֒	1	See how you translated a similar clause at the beginning of verse 20. Alternate translation: “Then bring your youngest brother back here to me” or “After that, you must come back here to me with your youngest brother.”
42:34	u5dz			וְ⁠אֵֽדְעָ֗ה כִּ֣י לֹ֤א מְרַגְּלִים֙ אַתֶּ֔ם	1	Consider again how you translated **spies** in Gen 42:9-11, 14, 16, 30, 31, 34. Alternate translation: “Then I will know that you are not spies,”
42:34	k4m8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	כִּ֥י כֵנִ֖ים אַתֶּ֑ם	1	For some languages it is more natural to change the order of clauses in this sentence and say, “Then I will know that you are honest/trustworthy men/people and not spies.” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “but are honest men”
42:34	vd53			אֶת אֲחִי⁠כֶם֙ אֶתֵּ֣ן לָ⁠כֶ֔ם	1	 Alternate translation: “Then I will release to you your brother who is in prison,”
42:35	a8js			וַ⁠יְהִ֗י הֵ֚ם מְרִיקִ֣ים שַׂקֵּי⁠הֶ֔ם	1	 Alternate translation: “Sometime after that, the brothers began to empty the grain from their sacks,”
42:35	p3w3			וְ⁠הִנֵּה אִ֥ישׁ צְרוֹר כַּסְפּ֖⁠וֹ בְּ⁠שַׂקּ֑⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “and they were surprised to see their bags of money inside their sacks!”
42:35	e1ff			וַ⁠יִּרְא֞וּ אֶת צְרֹר֧וֹת כַּסְפֵּי⁠הֶ֛ם הֵ֥מָּה וַ⁠אֲבִי⁠הֶ֖ם וַ⁠יִּירָֽאוּ	1	 Alternate translation: “When they and their father Jacob saw the bags of silver they were terrified.”
42:36	zzid			וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר אֲלֵ⁠הֶם֙ יַעֲקֹ֣ב אֲבִי⁠הֶ֔ם	1	If you make **Jacob** explicit in verse 35, you could leave it implied here in verse 36. Alternate translation: “Then their father said to them,”
42:36	h76g			אֹתִ֖⁠י שִׁכַּלְתֶּ֑ם	1	 Alternate translation: “You have deprived me of my sons!”
42:36	rptq			יוֹסֵ֤ף אֵינֶ֨⁠נּוּ֙ וְ⁠שִׁמְע֣וֹן אֵינֶ֔⁠נּוּ	1	 Alternate translation: “Joseph and Simeon are no longer with us!”
42:36	thfj			עָלַ֖⁠י הָי֥וּ כֻלָּֽ⁠נָה	1	 Alternate translation: “Everything is against me!” or “Everything is going badly for me!”
42:37	oqs5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר רְאוּבֵן֙ אֶל אָבִ֣י⁠ו לֵ⁠אמֹ֔ר	1	 Alternate translation: “Then Reuben responded to his father,”
42:37	qpmv		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	אֶת שְׁנֵ֤י בָנַ⁠י֙ תָּמִ֔ית אִם לֹ֥א אֲבִיאֶ֖⁠נּוּ אֵלֶ֑י⁠ךָ	1	For some languages, it is necessary to change the order of clauses in this sentence (so that the condition comes first), as in the second alternate above. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “You may punish me by killing my sons if I do not bring Benjamin back to you.” or “If I fail to bring Benjamin back to you safely, you can punish me by killing my two sons.”
42:37	cqwt		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	תְּנָ֤⁠ה אֹת⁠וֹ֙ עַל יָדִ֔⁠י	1	The phrase **in my hand** is used here as an idiom that means that Reuben was going to be responsible for Benjamin’s welfare. Alternate translation: “Entrust him to my care as we travel to Egypt,” or “Let me be responsible for taking care of Benjamin on our trip to Egypt,”
42:37	wz8v		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	וַ⁠אֲנִ֖י אֲשִׁיבֶ֥⁠נּוּ אֵלֶֽי⁠ךָ	1	For some languages it is more natural to change the order of clauses in this quote and say, “Father, let me be responsible for taking Benjamin down to Egypt. If I fail to bring him back to you safely, you can punish me by killing my two sons.” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “and I promise that I will bring him back to you safely.”
42:38	vyte		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֕אמֶר	1	 Alternate translation: “But his father insisted,”
42:38	lta2			לֹֽא יֵרֵ֥ד בְּנִ֖⁠י עִמָּ⁠כֶ֑ם	1	Notice that the pronoun **you** is plural in this verse. Also, see how you translated **go down** in verse 2. Alternate translation: “My son Benjamin may not go with you to Egypt,”
42:38	lyr6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship	כִּֽי אָחִ֨י⁠ו מֵ֜ת	1	Joseph was Benjamin’s older brother from the same father and mother. Consider whether your language has a special kinship term for that. Also consider whether or not it is better to begin a new sentence here in your language.
42:38	gth5			וְ⁠ה֧וּא לְ⁠בַדּ֣⁠וֹ נִשְׁאָ֗ר	1	You could include a footnote here that explains that Joseph and Benjamin were the only two sons of Rachel, Jacob’s favorite wife who died after giving birth to Benjamin (Gen 35:16-20). Alternate translation: “so he is the only one I have left from his mother.”
42:38	q1la		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo	וּ⁠קְרָאָ֤⁠הוּ אָסוֹן֙ בַּ⁠דֶּ֨רֶךְ֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר תֵּֽלְכוּ בָ֔⁠הּ	1	Jacob is saying what would happen if he lost Benjamin too. Consider what is the best way to translate this hypothetical statement in your language. Also, see how you translated “harm … meet him” in verse 4. Alternate translation: “So if he were to be killed during your journey,” or “So if anything bad happened to him while you are traveling,”
42:38	bz42			וְ⁠הוֹרַדְתֶּ֧ם אֶת שֵׂיבָתִ֛⁠י בְּ⁠יָג֖וֹן	1	Jacob uses the phrase **my gray head** to refer to himself as their aged father. Consider whether your language has a similar phrase that is natural and works well here. Alternate translation: “you would cause me, your gray-haired father, to grieve so deeply that I would die and go down” or “you would cause me, your gray-haired father, so much grief that I would die and go down”
42:38	whbu		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	שְׁאֽוֹלָ⁠ה	1	The Hebrew term **Sheol** is the name of the place where the spirits of people went after they died. If you transliterate the name **Sheol** in your translation, you could put its meaning in a footnote. See how you translated this term in Gen 37:35, and see the note about that there.
43:1	ddpw		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background	וְ⁠הָ⁠רָעָ֖ב	1	The setting changes here to focus on what is happening in Canaan. Some languages use a special conjunction (like **Now**) to indicate that, while others do not use a conjunction here. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “The food shortage”
43:1	k8tt		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	כָּבֵ֥ד	1	The word **heavy** is used here as an idiom that means the famine caused everyone much suffering. See how you translated the same idiom in Gen 12:10 and Gen 41:31. Alternate translation: “was oppressive”
43:1	pon5			בָּ⁠אָֽרֶץ	1	 Alternate translation: “in the land of Canaan.”
43:2	ymu3			וַ⁠יְהִ֗י	1	This phrase introduces an important event and helps create suspense so that readers will wonder what the outcome will be. Many translations omit **it happened** because it is not natural in their language. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “So it happened that”
43:2	wchl		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֤ר כִּלּוּ֙	1	Consider whether it is clearer in your language to use a pronoun or a noun phrase here. Alternate translation: “when Jacob and his family had finished eating” or “… had used up”
43:2	akxh		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	אֶת הַ⁠שֶּׁ֔בֶר אֲשֶׁ֥ר הֵבִ֖יאוּ	1	The pronoun **they** refers here to Jacob’s sons, not Jacob’s family (as it did earlier in this sentence). Alternate translation: “all the grain that his sons had bought and brought home”
43:2	h8vf			וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר אֲלֵי⁠הֶם֙ אֲבִי⁠הֶ֔ם	1	 Alternate translation: “their father Jacob told them,” or “he told them,”
43:2	upb8			שִׁבְרוּ & מְעַט אֹֽכֶל	1	 Alternate translation: “and buy some more food”
43:2	ldtz		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive	לָ֥⁠נוּ	1	The pronoun **us** includes Jacob and his sons and their families here. Alternate translation: “for our family.”
43:3	c19j		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֧אמֶר אֵלָ֛י⁠ו יְהוּדָ֖ה לֵ⁠אמֹ֑ר	1	 Alternate translation: “His son Judah replied,”
43:3	a6uc			הָ⁠אִ֤ישׁ	1	The brothers did not realize yet that Joseph was the governor they had spoken to in Egypt, so Judah referred to him generally here as “the man.” See how you translated a similar phrase in Gen 42:30. Alternate translation: “The man who governs the country there”
43:3	pib6			הָעֵ֣ד הֵעִד֩ בָּ֨⁠נוּ & לֵ⁠אמֹר֙	1	 Alternate translation: “sternly told us” or “was serious when he warned us”
43:3	klhy		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes	לֹֽא תִרְא֣וּ פָנַ֔⁠י	1	Consider whether it is better in your language to translate this embedded quote as a direct or indirect quote. Alternate translation: “that we cannot see him again” or “that we cannot come to him again to buy grain”
43:3	qdmg		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-exceptions	בִּלְתִּ֖י אֲחִי⁠כֶ֥ם אִתְּ⁠כֶֽם	1	Make sure that the way you translate this clause fits with how you translated the previous part of this sentence. For some languages it is necessary to put this clause before the previous clause and say, “… that our youngest brother must be with us or else we will not be permitted to see him again!” Alternate translation: “unless our youngest brother is with us!”
43:4	w58d		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive	אִם יֶשְׁ⁠ךָ֛ מְשַׁלֵּ֥חַ אֶת אָחִ֖י⁠נוּ אִתָּ֑⁠נוּ	1	In verses 3-5, the pronouns **us** and **we** are exclusive since they do not include Jacob (whom Judah is talking to). Alternate translation: “So if you will permit our youngest brother to go with us,” or “So if you will let our youngest brother go with us,”
43:4	drtr			נֵרְדָ֕ה	1	 Alternate translation: “then we can travel to Egypt”
43:4	hc8i			וְ⁠נִשְׁבְּרָ֥ה לְ⁠ךָ֖ אֹֽכֶל	1	 Alternate translation: “and buy more grain for you and the rest of the family.”
43:5	mcx4			מְשַׁלֵּ֖חַ	1	See how you translated **send** in verse 4. Alternate translation: “allow him to go with us,”
43:5	yja1			לֹ֣א נֵרֵ֑ד	1	See how you translated **go down** and “went down” in Gen 42:2-3. Alternate translation: “we cannot go down there,” or “we must not go there to buy grain,”
43:5	t87d			כִּֽי הָ⁠אִ֞ישׁ אָמַ֤ר אֵלֵ֨י⁠נוּ֙	1	 Alternate translation: “because the man told us”
43:5	ta44		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes	לֹֽא תִרְא֣וּ פָנַ֔⁠י	1	See how you translated this quote in verse 3. Alternate translation: “that we cannot see him again” or “that we cannot go to him again to buy grain”
43:5	zutf		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-exceptions	בִּלְתִּ֖י אֲחִי⁠כֶ֥ם אִתְּ⁠כֶֽם	1	See how you translated this clause in verse 3. Alternate translation: “unless our youngest brother is with us!”
43:6	qmq5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר֙ יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל	1	If it is not clear that **Israel** (verse 6) and “their father” (verse 2) refer to the same person, you could include “their father” here in your translation or in a footnote. See what you did for a similar case in Gen 42:5.
43:6	xkfv		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	לָ⁠מָ֥ה הֲרֵעֹתֶ֖ם לִ֑⁠י לְ⁠הַגִּ֣יד	1	Jacob uses a rhetorical question here to scold his sons and to show how upset he is. Consider what is the best way to communicate that in your language. Alternate translation: “Why did you cause distress for me by telling” or “You caused me a lot of distress because you told”
43:6	embi			לָ⁠אִ֔ישׁ	1	See how you translated **the man** in verses 3 and 5. Alternate translation: “that man” or “that governor”
43:6	h0lc			הַ⁠ע֥וֹד לָ⁠כֶ֖ם אָֽח	1	If you translate this rhetorical question as a statement, make sure that you end it with a period or exclamation point. Alternate translation: “that you have another brother!”
43:7	uc4l			שָׁא֣וֹל שָֽׁאַל הָ֠⁠אִישׁ	1	 Alternate translation: “The man questioned us intensely” or “The man asked us many questions”
43:7	ebcv		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive	לָ֣⁠נוּ וּ⁠לְ⁠מֽוֹלַדְתֵּ֜⁠נוּ לֵ⁠אמֹ֗ר	1	In verses 7-8, the pronouns “us,” “our,” and **we** are exclusive since they do not include Jacob (whom the sons are talking to). Alternate translation: “about ourselves and about the rest of our family.”
43:7	ozlb		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes	הַ⁠ע֨וֹד אֲבִי⁠כֶ֥ם חַי֙ הֲ⁠יֵ֣שׁ לָ⁠כֶ֣ם אָ֔ח	1	Consider whether it is more natural in your language to translate this embedded quote with a direct or indirect quote. Alternate translation: “He specifically asked us whether our father was still alive and if we had another brother.”
43:7	blcg			וַ⁠נַ֨גֶּד ל֔⁠וֹ עַל פִּ֖י הַ⁠דְּבָרִ֣ים הָ⁠אֵ֑לֶּה	1	 Alternate translation: “So we just answered his questions honestly” or “All we did was answer his questions.”
43:7	z7wb		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	הֲ⁠יָד֣וֹעַ נֵדַ֔ע	1	Jacob’s sons use a rhetorical question here to emphasize their innocence and express strong emotion. Consider what is the best way to communicate that in your language. Alternate translation: “We could not possibly have known”
43:7	ltpm			כִּ֣י יֹאמַ֔ר הוֹרִ֖ידוּ אֶת אֲחִי⁠כֶֽם	1	If you translate this rhetorical question as a statement, make sure that you end it with a period or exclamation point. Alternate translation: “that he would tell us to bring our brother down there to him!”
43:8	bflr		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר יְהוּדָ֜ה אֶל יִשְׂרָאֵ֣ל אָבִ֗י⁠ו	1	For some languages it is necessary to make “Benjamin” explicit here in the quote margin so that it is clear that **young man** refers to him in the following quote. Do what is best in your language.
43:8	daxf			שִׁלְחָ֥⁠ה הַ⁠נַּ֛עַר אִתִּ֖⁠י	1	See how you translated **young man** in Gen 37:2; 41:12. Use a term here in your language that fits with the fact that Benjamin was probably in his 30’s. Alternate translation: “Allow the young man to come with me and I will watch over him”
43:8	imi8			וְ⁠נָק֣וּמָה וְ⁠נֵלֵ֑כָה	1	 Alternate translation: “so we can leave right away to buy grain in Egypt”
43:8	lenm			וְ⁠נִֽחְיֶה֙ & גַּם אֲנַ֥חְנוּ גַם אַתָּ֖ה גַּם טַפֵּֽ⁠נוּ	1	Consider whether or not it is better to begin a new sentence here in your language. Also, see how you translated **will live and not die** in Gen 42:2. Alternate translation: “Then all of us, including our children, will survive” or “… can stay alive”
43:8	yhi0			וְ⁠לֹ֣א נָמ֔וּת	1	 Alternate translation: “and not die from hunger.”
43:9	jkoj			אָֽנֹכִי֙ אֶֽעֶרְבֶ֔⁠נּוּ	1	 Alternate translation: “I personally guarantee to keep him safe.” or “I personally guarantee his safety.”
43:9	ft8t		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	מִ⁠יָּדִ֖⁠י תְּבַקְשֶׁ֑⁠נּוּ	1	See how you translated a similar idiom in Gen 31:39. Alternate translation: “You can make me liable for him,”
43:9	mk47		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo	אִם לֹ֨א הֲבִיאֹתִ֤י⁠ו אֵלֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ וְ⁠הִצַּגְתִּ֣י⁠ו לְ⁠פָנֶ֔י⁠ךָ	1	Consider what is the best way to translate this hypothetical sentence in your language. Alternate translation: “so that if I do not bring him back home to you alive”
43:9	dy9m			וְ⁠חָטָ֥אתִֽי לְ⁠ךָ֖	1	 Alternate translation: “you can blame me for this sin”
43:9	oyu9			כָּל הַ⁠יָּמִֽים	1	 Alternate translation: “all the days of my life.” or “forever.”
43:10	aodh		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo	כִּ֖י לוּלֵ֣א הִתְמַהְמָ֑הְנוּ	1	This sentence refers to something that could have happened, but did not actually happen. Consider what is the best way to translate this contrary-to-fact statement in your language. Alternate translation: “As it is, if we had not delayed such a long time,” or “In any case, if we had not delayed this long,”
43:10	vc35			כִּֽי עַתָּ֥ה שַׁ֖בְנוּ זֶ֥ה פַעֲמָֽיִם	1	 Alternate translation: “certainly we could have made two round trips there and back by now.” or “we certainly would have had enough time to go down there and back two times already.”
43:11	rugr			וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר אֲלֵ⁠הֶ֜ם יִשְׂרָאֵ֣ל אֲבִי⁠הֶ֗ם	1	See how you translated **Israel their father** in verse 8.
43:11	z17t		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	אִם כֵּ֣ן	1	 Alternate translation: “If that is how it must be,” or “Okay, if that is the only way we can get more grain,”
43:11	e0uk			אֵפוֹא֮ זֹ֣את עֲשׂוּ֒	1	 Alternate translation: “then this is what you must do:”
43:11	w192			קְח֞וּ מִ⁠זִּמְרַ֤ת הָ⁠אָ֨רֶץ֙ בִּ⁠כְלֵי⁠כֶ֔ם	1	 Alternate translation: “Put some of the best goods from our land in your sacks,” or “Put in your sacks some of the most valuable things that our land produces,”
43:11	xe36			וְ⁠הוֹרִ֥ידוּ לָ⁠אִ֖ישׁ	1	 Alternate translation: “and take them to the man in Egypt”
43:11	x3ux			מִנְחָ֑ה	1	Consider what punctuation is best to use here in your language.
43:11	zelc		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknowns	מְעַ֤ט צֳרִי֙ וּ⁠מְעַ֣ט דְּבַ֔שׁ	1	Consider what is the best way to make a list of things like this in your language. Also see how you translated **balm** in Gen 37:25. Alternate translation: “including some sweet-smelling tree sap, some honey,” or “Include some healing salve, honey,”
43:11	j3jb		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknowns	נְכֹ֣את וָ⁠לֹ֔ט	1	See how you translated **spices** and **myrrh** in Gen 37:25. Alternate translation: “some food spices and incense,”
43:11	nm7q		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknowns	בָּטְנִ֖ים וּ⁠שְׁקֵדִֽים	1	 Alternate translation: “and some sweet-tasting tree nuts.”
43:12	n427			וְ⁠כֶ֥סֶף מִשְׁנֶ֖ה קְח֣וּ בְ⁠יֶדְ⁠כֶ֑ם	1	 Alternate translation: “Also take with you twice as much silver as you took the first time,”
43:12	belf			וְ⁠אֶת הַ⁠כֶּ֜סֶף & תָּשִׁ֣יבוּ בְ⁠יֶדְ⁠כֶ֔ם	1	Consider whether or not it is better to begin a new sentence here in your language. Alternate translation: “because you must give back the silver” or “You must give back the silver”
43:12	vphu		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	הַ⁠מּוּשָׁ֨ב	1	Consider whether it is better in your language to use a passive or active clause here. Alternate translation: “that was given back to you by someone”
43:12	z9xu			בְּ⁠פִ֤י אַמְתְּחֹֽתֵי⁠כֶם֙	1	See how you translated a similar phrase in Gen 42:27. Alternate translation: “in the top of your sacks.”
43:12	my0a			אוּלַ֥י מִשְׁגֶּ֖ה הֽוּא	1	 Alternate translation: “That might have happened by mistake.” or “Maybe someone did that by mistake.”
43:13	g5d0			וְ⁠אֶת אֲחִי⁠כֶ֖ם קָ֑חוּ	1	 Alternate translation: “So then take your youngest brother”
43:13	rb0s			וְ⁠ק֖וּמוּ שׁ֥וּבוּ אֶל הָ⁠אִֽישׁ	1	See how you translated “get up and …” in verse 8. Alternate translation: “and return right away to the man” or “and immediately go back to the man”
43:14	ldsn			וְ⁠אֵ֣ל שַׁדַּ֗י יִתֵּ֨ן	1	 Alternate translation: “May Almighty God”
43:14	p538			וְ⁠אֵ֣ל שַׁדַּ֗י יִתֵּ֨ן לָ⁠כֶ֤ם רַחֲמִים֙ לִ⁠פְנֵ֣י הָ⁠אִ֔ישׁ	1	 Alternate translation: “be kind to you as you go before the man” or “cause the man to be kind to you,” or “cause him to treat you mercifully”
43:14	bcey			וְ⁠שִׁלַּ֥ח	1	The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “so that he will” or “and I pray that the man/governor will” or (2) “and may he/God” or “and I pray that God will”
43:14	t3kf		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship	וְ⁠שִׁלַּ֥ח & אֶת אֲחִי⁠כֶ֥ם אַחֵ֖ר וְ⁠אֶת בִּנְיָמִ֑ין	1	Notice that **other brother** refers to Simeon, who is older or younger (and has the same or different mother) than his brothers that Israel is talking to here. Also see how you translated **send** in verses 4-5. Alternate translation: “allow your other brother and Benjamin to go” or “let your brothers Simeon and Benjamin go”
43:14	nlep			וַ⁠אֲנִ֕י כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֥ר	1	The pronoun **I** is emphatic here in the Hebrew text. If possible, keep that emphasis in your translation. Alternate translation: “As for me, if I”
43:14	djjf			שָׁכֹ֖לְתִּי שָׁכָֽלְתִּי	1	See how you translated **bereaved** in Gen 42:36. Alternate translation: “must be deprived of them, then I will be deprived.” or “must suffer loss, then I will suffer loss.”
43:15	l6s7			וַ⁠יִּקְח֤וּ הָֽ⁠אֲנָשִׁים֙ אֶת הַ⁠מִּנְחָ֣ה הַ⁠זֹּ֔את	1	See how you translated **gift** in verse 11 and in Gen 33:10-11. Alternate translation: “So the brothers packed those gifts in their sacks” or “So the brothers got all those gifts and packed them”
43:15	omg5			וּ⁠מִשְׁנֶה כֶּ֛סֶף לָקְח֥וּ בְ⁠יָדָ֖⁠ם	1	See how you translated this phrase in verse 12. Alternate translation: “along with twice as much silver as the grain would cost.” or “and they also packed double the amount of silver that they needed to pay for the grain.”
43:15	z4lc			וְ⁠אֶת בִּנְיָמִ֑ן וַ⁠יָּקֻ֨מוּ֙ וַ⁠יֵּרְד֣וּ מִצְרַ֔יִם	1	See how you translated “get up and go” in verse 8. Alternate translation: “They also got Benjamin and together they immediately traveled down to the country of Egypt” or “Then they took Benjamin with them and immediately traveled down to the country of Egypt”
43:15	kkg6			וַ⁠יַּֽעַמְד֖וּ לִ⁠פְנֵ֥י יוֹסֵֽף	1	 Alternate translation: “and presented themselves to Joseph.” or “and came directly to Joseph.”
43:16	c5xl			וַ⁠יַּ֨רְא יוֹסֵ֣ף אִתָּ⁠ם֮ אֶת בִּנְיָמִין֒ וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר֙	1	 Alternate translation: “Joseph saw Benjamin with the rest of his brothers. So he told” or “When Joseph saw Benjamin with his other brothers, he told”
43:16	dsy9			לַֽ⁠אֲשֶׁ֣ר עַל בֵּית֔⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “the servant who managed his household,”
43:16	txuy			הָבֵ֥א אֶת הָ⁠אֲנָשִׁ֖ים הַ⁠בָּ֑יְתָ⁠ה	1	 Alternate translation: “Lead the men to my house”
43:16	kqg9			וּ⁠טְבֹ֤חַ טֶ֨בַח֙	1	The Hebrew word for **animal** here is general and refers to an animal that was raised to be killed and eaten, such as a calf or goat. Consider whether or not it is better to begin a new sentence here in your language. Alternate translation: “then kill one of my livestock” or “Then butcher an calf”
43:16	lwck			וְ⁠הָכֵ֔ן	1	 Alternate translation: “and cook the meat to prepare a meal” or “and prepare a feast with its meat,”
43:16	yt78			כִּ֥י אִתִּ֛⁠י יֹאכְל֥וּ הָ⁠אֲנָשִׁ֖ים בַּֽ⁠צָּהֳרָֽיִם	1	 Alternate translation: “because I have planned that the men will eat the noon meal with me at my house.”
43:17	r6ug			וַ⁠יַּ֣עַשׂ הָ⁠אִ֔ישׁ כַּֽ⁠אֲשֶׁ֖ר אָמַ֣ר יוֹסֵ֑ף	1	 Alternate translation: “The servant did exactly what Joseph had commanded him to do”
43:17	hzqo			וַ⁠יָּבֵ֥א הָ⁠אִ֛ישׁ	1	 Alternate translation: “and led”
43:17	cer2			אֶת הָ⁠אֲנָשִׁ֖ים בֵּ֥יתָ⁠ה יוֹסֵֽף	1	Make sure that the way you translate this phrase does not sound like Joseph’s brothers went inside the house yet. They did not actually go inside until later (verse 24).
43:18	skvj			וַ⁠יֹּאמְר֗וּ	1	Consider whether or not it is more natural in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “Then they said to each other,”
43:18	a2z1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	עַל דְּבַ֤ר הַ⁠כֶּ֨סֶף֙ הַ⁠שָּׁ֤ב בְּ⁠אַמְתְּחֹתֵ֨י⁠נוּ֙ בַּ⁠תְּחִלָּ֔ה אֲנַ֖חְנוּ מֽוּבָאִ֑ים	1	 Alternate translation: “We have been brought here because of the money that was returned to us in our sacks the first time we came here.” or “He has taken us here because of our silver that someone gave back to us in our sacks on our first trip here.”
43:18	hjh2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	לְ⁠הִתְגֹּלֵ֤ל עָלֵ֨י⁠נוּ֙ וּ⁠לְ⁠הִתְנַפֵּ֣ל עָלֵ֔י⁠נוּ	1	Consider what is the best way to translate these idioms in your language. Alternate translation: “He is planning to seize us by force”
43:18	bwz0			וְ⁠לָ⁠קַ֧חַת אֹתָ֛⁠נוּ לַ⁠עֲבָדִ֖ים	1	 Alternate translation: “and keep us as slaves” or “and make us his slaves”
43:18	po0k			וְ⁠אֶת חֲמֹרֵֽי⁠נוּ	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “He will also take our donkeys!”
43:19	xsms			וַֽ⁠יִּגְּשׁוּ֙ אֶל	1	 Alternate translation: “So they went up to” or “So they approached”
43:19	dmuv			הָ⁠אִ֔ישׁ אֲשֶׁ֖ר עַל בֵּ֣ית יוֹסֵ֑ף	1	See how you translated a similar phrase in verse 16.
43:19	s3sc			וַ⁠יְדַבְּר֥וּ אֵלָ֖י⁠ו פֶּ֥תַח הַ⁠בָּֽיִת	1	 Alternate translation: “to speak to him at the door to his house.” or “outside the door to the house in order to speak to him.”
43:20	ml95		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּאמְר֖וּ	1	 Alternate translation: “They said to him,” or “One of them said to him on behalf of them all,”
43:20	lue5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-honorifics	בִּ֣י אֲדֹנִ֑⁠י	1	The brothers are asking the servant for permission to speak. Translate this in a way that is respectful in your language. Alternate translation: “Excuse me sir,” or “Sir, please allow us to speak to you.”
43:20	z7s9			יָרֹ֥ד יָרַ֛דְנוּ בַּ⁠תְּחִלָּ֖ה לִ⁠שְׁבָּר אֹֽכֶל	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “the previous time we came down here to Egypt, we came to buy some food” or “one time before this, we traveled all the way down here to Egypt and bought some food”
43:21	ordx			וַֽ⁠יְהִ֞י	1	This phrase introduces an important event and helps create suspense so that readers will wonder what the outcome will be. Many translations omit **it happened** because it is not natural in their language. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “But it so happened that”
43:21	in48			כִּי בָ֣אנוּ אֶל הַ⁠מָּל֗וֹן וַֽ⁠נִּפְתְּחָ⁠ה֙ אֶת אַמְתְּחֹתֵ֔י⁠נוּ	1	See how you translated **the lodging place** in Gen 42:27. Alternate translation: “when we arrived at the place where we stayed for the night, we opened our sacks”
43:21	ch69		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וְ⁠הִנֵּ֤ה כֶֽסֶף אִישׁ֙ בְּ⁠פִ֣י אַמְתַּחְתּ֔⁠וֹ	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Also, see how you translated “in the mouth of … sacks” in verse 12. Alternate translation: “and we were surprised to see that our bags of money were in the top of each of our sacks!” or “There in the opening of each of our sacks was the silver we had given to you for the grain!”
43:21	penc		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney	כַּסְפֵּ֖⁠נוּ בְּ⁠מִשְׁקָל֑⁠וֹ	1	The silver was weighed in shekels (Gen 20:16; 23:15-16; 37:28) to determine how much to pay for something. See how you translated **silver** in Gen 42:25, 27, 35. Alternate translation: “The full weight of money was there!” or “The silver was all there!”
43:21	n9o8			וַ⁠נָּ֥שֶׁב אֹת֖⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “But we brought it all back” or “So we brought all that money back”
43:21	lz5d			בְּ⁠יָדֵֽ⁠נוּ	1	 Alternate translation: “with us to return to you.”
43:22	fyvo			וְ⁠כֶ֧סֶף אַחֵ֛ר הוֹרַ֥דְנוּ	1	 Alternate translation: “We also brought enough extra money with us” or “We have also brought additional money with us”
43:22	hnax			לִ⁠שְׁבָּר אֹ֑כֶל	1	 Alternate translation: “so that we can buy some more food now”
43:22	uztm			מִי שָׂ֥ם כַּסְפֵּ֖⁠נוּ בְּ⁠אַמְתְּחֹתֵֽי⁠נוּ	1	 Alternate translation: “who gave that money back to us in our sacks.” or “how our silver got into our sacks like that.”
43:23	yad2			שָׁל֨וֹם לָ⁠כֶ֜ם	1	The phrase “Peace to you” is a blessing that wishes someone to be well and at peace. Consider whether your language has a similar blessing or possibly an idiom that would work well here. Alternate translation: “Be at peace, and” or “All is well for you, so” or “Everything is all right, so”
43:23	ohpb			אַל תִּירָ֗אוּ	1	 Alternate translation: “do not be anxious.”
43:23	iuqp			אֱלֹ֨הֵי⁠כֶ֜ם וֵֽ⁠אלֹהֵ֤י אֲבִי⁠כֶם֙	1	Make sure that your translation of these phrases refers to the same God, not two different Gods. Alternate translation: “The God whom you and your father worship”
43:23	axqr			נָתַ֨ן לָ⁠כֶ֤ם מַטְמוֹן֙ בְּ⁠אַמְתְּחֹ֣תֵי⁠כֶ֔ם	1	 Alternate translation: “must have put the silver in your sacks,”
43:23	zwsy			כַּסְפְּ⁠כֶ֖ם בָּ֣א אֵלָ֑⁠י	1	 Alternate translation: “because I definitely received the silver that you paid for the grain.” or “because I know that you paid me money to pay for the grain.”
43:24	f3c2			וַ⁠יִּרְחֲצ֣וּ רַגְלֵי⁠הֶ֔ם	1	Consider again how you translated “wash … feet” in the book of Genesis. See Gen 18:4; 19:2; 24:32; 43:24. Alternate translation: “and they washed the dirt off their feet,”
43:24	xfcm			וַ⁠יִּתֵּ֥ן מִסְפּ֖וֹא לַ⁠חֲמֹֽרֵי⁠הֶֽם	1	Consider whether or not it is better to begin a new sentence here in your language. Also, see how you translated **fodder** in Gen 42:27. Alternate translation: “and he provided feed for their donkeys.”
43:25	fyrt			עַד בּ֥וֹא יוֹסֵ֖ף בַּֽ⁠צָּהֳרָ֑יִם	1	 Alternate translation: “to give to Joseph when he got home at noon,”
43:25	n1x1			כִּ֣י שָֽׁמְע֔וּ	1	 Alternate translation: “because they had been told” or “because someone had told them”
43:25	q583		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	כִּי שָׁ֖ם יֹ֥אכְלוּ לָֽחֶם	1	For some languages it is more natural to put the last half of this verse at the beginning of the verse and say, “When Joseph’s brothers heard that they were going to eat the noon meal with Joseph at his house, they got their gifts ready to give him when he came/got home.” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “that they were going to eat a meal with him there at his house.”
43:26	gxzc			וַ⁠יָּבֹ֤א יוֹסֵף֙ הַ⁠בַּ֔יְתָ⁠ה	1	 Alternate translation: “When Joseph came to his house,” or “When Joseph got home,”
43:26	ida9			וַ⁠יָּבִ֥יאּוּ ל֛⁠וֹ אֶת הַ⁠מִּנְחָ֥ה אֲשֶׁר בְּ⁠יָדָ֖⁠ם הַ⁠בָּ֑יְתָ⁠ה	1	 Alternate translation: “his brothers presented to him the gift that they had brought with them into the house.”
43:26	vrkt		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction	וַ⁠יִּשְׁתַּחֲווּ ל֖⁠וֹ אָֽרְצָ⁠ה	1	See how you translated “bowed down … ground” in Gen 42:6. Alternate translation: “Then they bowed themselves down before him with their faces to the ground to show him honor.” or “Then they prostrated themselves on the ground to respect him.”
43:27	bvqp			וַ⁠יִּשְׁאַ֤ל לָ⁠הֶם֙ לְ⁠שָׁל֔וֹם	1	 Alternate translation: “Then he greeted them”
43:27	e2sa			וַ⁠יֹּ֗אמֶר	1	Consider whether or not it is more natural in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “He also asked them,”
43:27	f3lh			הֲ⁠שָׁל֛וֹם אֲבִי⁠כֶ֥ם הַ⁠זָּקֵ֖ן	1	 Alternate translation: “Is your aged father doing well” or “Is your aged father in good health,”
43:27	fjka			אֲשֶׁ֣ר אֲמַרְתֶּ֑ם	1	 Alternate translation: “whom you spoke about to me before?”
43:28	siak		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-honorifics	שָׁל֛וֹם לְ⁠עַבְדְּ⁠ךָ֥ לְ⁠אָבִ֖י⁠נוּ עוֹדֶ֣⁠נּוּ חָ֑י	1	The brothers refer to their father as **your servant** here to show respect to Joseph and to acknowledge his high position. Translate this phrase in a polite way that shows respect toward Joseph. Also, the pronoun **our** is exclusive here because Joseph’s brothers did not yet know that they were talking to Joseph. Alternate translation: “Yes sir, our father, who highly respects you, is still alive and blessed.”
43:28	pv3h			וַֽ⁠יִּקְּד֖וּ	1	In this verse, the terms **bowed** and **bowed down** translate two different Hebrew words that together describe and emphasize the process of bowing down to the ground. Alternate translation: “Then they knelt”
43:28	iql9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction	וַיִּֽשְׁתַּחֲוּֽוּ	1	See how you translated **bowed down** in verse 26. Alternate translation: “and prostrated themselves in front of him again.”
43:29	sk3t		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship	וַ⁠יִּשָּׂ֣א עֵינָ֗י⁠ו וַ⁠יַּ֞רְא אֶת־בִּנְיָמִ֣ין אָחִי⁠ו֮	1	Benjamin was younger than Joseph. Also, consider again how you translated the idiom “lifted … eyes” in the book of Genesis. See Gen 13:10, 14; 18:2; 22:4, 13; 24:63-64; 31:10; 33:1, 5; 37:25; 39:7; 43:29. Alternate translation: “Then Joseph looked up and saw his brother Benjamin,” or “When Joseph looked around at them all, he saw his brother Benjamin,”
43:29	rxoe			בֶּן אִמּ⁠וֹ֒	1	 Alternate translation: “who was the only other son of his own mother,”
43:29	tfn4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֗אמֶר	1	 Alternate translation: “and he asked them,”
43:29	kw42		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	הֲ⁠זֶה֙ אֲחִי⁠כֶ֣ם הַ⁠קָּטֹ֔ן	1	This question could be an actual question or a rhetorical question. The fact that Joseph does not wait for an answer suggests that this is a rhetorical question, especially since he already realized that the new brother in the group was Benjamin (verse 16). Alternate translation: “So this young man must be your youngest brother” or “I suppose this young man is your youngest brother”
43:29	kj9r			אֲשֶׁ֥ר אֲמַרְתֶּ֖ם אֵלָ֑⁠י	1	Make sure that your punctuation here fits with the way you translated this sentence, either as a question or a statement.
43:29	x673			אֱלֹהִ֥ים יָחְנְ⁠ךָ֖	1	See how you translated “God has been gracious to …” in Gen 33:11. Also see how you translated “grace” in 24:12, 14 ,27, 49; 39:21. Alternate translation: “I pray that God will be gracious to you,”
43:29	etkj			בְּנִֽ⁠י	1	The phrase **my son** is a kind way to address a man who is younger or of lower status; it does not mean that Benjamin was Joseph’s actual son. Also, for some languages it is necessary to put this address first in this quote. Do what is natural in your language.
43:30	hmes			וַ⁠יְמַהֵ֣ר יוֹסֵ֗ף	1	 Alternate translation: “Then Joseph quickly left the room” or “Then Joseph rushed out of the room”
43:30	mlcg			כִּֽי נִכְמְר֤וּ רַחֲמָי⁠ו֙ אֶל אָחִ֔י⁠ו	1	 Alternate translation: “because he was feeling deeply emotional about his brother,” or “because he felt overwhelmed with emotions for his brother”
43:30	lthk			וַ⁠יְבַקֵּ֖שׁ לִ⁠בְכּ֑וֹת	1	The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “and desired/wanted to cry,” or “and felt like crying,” or “and was about to cry,” or (2) “and was looking for a place to cry,” or “and went to find a place to cry,”
43:30	a4rn			וַ⁠יָּבֹ֥א הַ⁠חַ֖דְרָ⁠ה	1	 Alternate translation: “so he went to his private room”
43:30	kzi6			וַ⁠יֵּ֥בְךְּ שָֽׁמָּ⁠ה	1	 Alternate translation: “so that he could cry there.”
43:31	vi1v			וַ⁠יִּרְחַ֥ץ פָּנָ֖י⁠ו וַ⁠יֵּצֵ֑א וַ⁠יִּ֨תְאַפַּ֔ק	1	 Alternate translation: “After a while, he stopped crying, washed the tears off his face and came out of his room”
43:31	djhb			וַ⁠יֹּ֖אמֶר	1	For some languages it is more natural to begin a new sentence here. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “and told his servants,” or “Then he told his servants,”
43:31	fj19		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	שִׂ֥ימוּ לָֽחֶם	1	The word **bread** refers to all the food they ate at this meal, not just bread. Alternate translation: “Serve the meal to us.” or “It is time to serve the meal to us.”
43:32	k33k			וַ⁠יָּשִׂ֥ימוּ ל֛⁠וֹ לְ⁠בַדּ֖⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “Then they brought food to Joseph at his own table,”
43:32	aecw			וְ⁠לַ⁠מִּצְרִ֞ים הָ⁠אֹכְלִ֤ים אִתּ⁠וֹ֙ לְ⁠בַדָּ֔⁠ם	1	For some languages it is more natural to begin a new sentence here. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “and the Egyptians who were eating as his guests at their own table.” or “They also served food to some Egyptian guests at a separate table.”
43:32	n9pf			כִּי֩ לֹ֨א יוּכְל֜וּ⁠ן הַ⁠מִּצְרִ֗ים לֶ⁠אֱכֹ֤ל אֶת הָֽ⁠עִבְרִים֙ לֶ֔חֶם כִּי תוֹעֵבָ֥ה הִ֖וא לְ⁠מִצְרָֽיִם	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Also consider again how you translated **Hebrews** in the book of Genesis. See Gen 14:13, 39:14, 17; 40:15, 41:12; 43:32. Alternate translation: “Egyptians do not eat at the same table as Hebrew people, because they consider it detestable to do that.” or “The servants did that, because Egyptians consider it unacceptable to eat with Hebrew people at the same table.”
43:33	kg7b			לְ⁠פָנָ֔י⁠ו	1	 Alternate translation: “in front of him”
43:33	owgp			הַ⁠בְּכֹר֙ כִּ⁠בְכֹ֣רָת֔⁠וֹ וְ⁠הַ⁠צָּעִ֖יר כִּ⁠צְעִרָת֑⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “according to their age order, from oldest to youngest,” or “in the order of their ages, from the firstborn to the youngest,”
43:33	liwf			וַ⁠יִּתְמְה֥וּ הָ⁠אֲנָשִׁ֖ים אִ֥ישׁ אֶל רֵעֵֽ⁠הוּ	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “so they looked at each other in amazement.” or “When they saw that, they were amazed and stared at one another.”
43:34	rsws		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וַ⁠יִּשָּׂ֨א מַשְׂאֹ֜ת מֵ⁠אֵ֣ת פָּנָי⁠ו֮ אֲלֵ⁠הֶם֒	1	As a person of high position and status, Joseph probably had his servants serve the food rather doing it himself. Decide whether you want to make that information explicit in your translation or include it in a footnote. Alternate translation: “Then Joseph served his brothers food from his table,”
43:34	elb9			וַ⁠תֵּ֜רֶב מַשְׂאַ֧ת בִּנְיָמִ֛ן & חָמֵ֣שׁ יָד֑וֹת	1	 Alternate translation: “but the amount of food that was served to Benjamin was five times more”
43:34	slsw			מִ⁠מַּשְׂאֹ֥ת כֻּלָּ֖⁠ם	1	 Alternate translation: “than the amount of food that was served to any of the rest of them.”
43:34	gdx2			וַ⁠יִּשְׁתּ֥וּ וַֽ⁠יִּשְׁכְּר֖וּ עִמּֽ⁠וֹ	1	The Hebrew verb for **became drunk** is the same word that is used in Gen 9:21 to describe Noah when he had drunk so much wine that he had fallen asleep. Here, it probably means that they had drunk enough wine that they were feeling happy and sociable. Alternate translation: “Then they ate food, drank wine and feasted with him.” or “Then they feasted and drank wine freely with him until they were very merry.”
44:1	co1e			אֶת אֲשֶׁ֣ר עַל בֵּית⁠וֹ֮	1	See how you translated this phrase in Gen 43:16. Alternate translation: “the servant who managed his household,”
44:1	t9xr			לֵ⁠אמֹר֒ מַלֵּ֞א אֶת אַמְתְּחֹ֤ת הָֽ⁠אֲנָשִׁים֙ אֹ֔כֶל כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֥ר	1	These grain sacks were carried by the brother’s donkeys and were probably fairly large since donkeys are able to carry around 50 kilos (about 110 pounds).
44:1	ikn0			יוּכְל֖וּ⁠ן שְׂאֵ֑ת	1	 Alternate translation: “the bags can hold,”
44:1	uzxa			וְ⁠שִׂ֥ים כֶּֽסֶף אִ֖ישׁ בְּ⁠פִ֥י אַמְתַּחְתּֽ⁠וֹ	1	See how you translated “silver/money” in Gen 42:25, 27-28. Alternate translation: “and put their grain money in the opening of their grain bags.” or “and in the top of their sacks put the silver that each of them paid for the grain.”
44:2	pli8			וְ⁠אֶת גְּבִיעִ֞⁠י גְּבִ֣יעַ הַ⁠כֶּ֗סֶף תָּשִׂים֙	1	Notice that this cup was made out of silver; it was not just silver in color. Alternate translation: “And put my cup, the one that is made of silver,”
44:2	pdhi			וְ⁠אֵ֖ת כֶּ֣סֶף שִׁבְר֑⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “and his grain money” or “along with the silver that he paid for the grain.”
44:2	r9gb			וַ⁠יַּ֕עַשׂ כִּ⁠דְבַ֥ר יוֹסֵ֖ף אֲשֶׁ֥ר דִּבֵּֽר	1	See how you translated “according to … words” in Gen 43:7. Alternate translation: “So the servant did exactly as he had told him to do.”
44:3	qedu			הַ⁠בֹּ֖קֶר א֑וֹר	1	 Alternate translation: “The next morning as it was becoming light,” or “The next morning at dawn,”
44:3	l62s		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	וְ⁠הָ⁠אֲנָשִׁ֣ים שֻׁלְּח֔וּ הֵ֖מָּה וַ⁠חֲמֹרֵי⁠הֶֽם	1	Consider what is the best way to translate this passive sentence in your language. Alternate translation: “the brothers were sent on their way with their donkeys by Joseph.” or “Joseph sent the men on their way, along with their donkeys.”
44:4	c0b7			הֵ֠ם יָֽצְא֣וּ אֶת הָ⁠עִיר֮ לֹ֣א הִרְחִיקוּ֒	1	 Alternate translation: “But after they left the city, before they had gone very far,”
44:4	a5rr			וְ⁠יוֹסֵ֤ף אָמַר֙ לַֽ⁠אֲשֶׁ֣ר עַל־בֵּית֔⁠וֹ	1	Alternate translation: “he told the servant who managed his household,” or “he ordered his head-servant,”
44:4	o859			ק֥וּם	1	 Alternate translation: “Immediately”
44:4	ve86			רְדֹ֖ף אַחֲרֵ֣י הָֽ⁠אֲנָשִׁ֑ים	1	 Alternate translation: “go after the men”
44:4	bo39			וְ⁠הִשַּׂגְתָּ⁠ם֙	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “When you reach them,”
44:4	slkq		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וְ⁠אָמַרְתָּ֣ אֲלֵ⁠הֶ֔ם	1	Make sure that the way you translate this quote margin fits with the way you translate the following rhetorical question. Alternate translation: “tell them,”
44:4	bfwe		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	לָ֛⁠מָּה שִׁלַּמְתֶּ֥ם רָעָ֖ה תַּ֥חַת טוֹבָֽה	1	Joseph’s servant uses this rhetorical question to scold the brothers and express his outrage. Consider what is the best way to communicate those things in your language. Alternate translation: “Why have you treated my master so badly when he was so good to you?” or “My master was very good to you. Why have you treated him so badly?” or “My master treated you so well, but in return you have treated him very badly!”
44:5	rzp9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	הֲ⁠ל֣וֹא זֶ֗ה אֲשֶׁ֨ר יִשְׁתֶּ֤ה אֲדֹנִ⁠י֙ בּ֔⁠וֹ	1	The servant uses this rhetorical question to further express his outrage about the missing cup. Consider what is the best way to communicate that in your language. Alternate translation: “Why do you have the cup that my master drinks from”
44:5	kroa			וְ⁠ה֕וּא נַחֵ֥שׁ יְנַחֵ֖שׁ בּ֑⁠וֹ	1	The word **divines** refers to the practice of interpreting omens (signs) or using supernatural means to find out things. See how you translated a similar term (“divination”) in Gen 30:27. Also consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “It is the one he regularly uses for divination!”
44:5	frff			הֲרֵעֹתֶ֖ם אֲשֶׁ֥ר עֲשִׂיתֶֽם	1	The phrase **you have done** is repeated in this sentence for emphasis. Consider what is the best way to communicate that emphasis in your language. Alternate translation: “What you have done is very evil”
44:6	n84h			וַֽ⁠יַּשִּׂגֵ֑⁠ם	1	Consider again how you translated “overtake” or **overtook** in the book of Genesis. See Gen 19:19; 31:25; 44:4, 6.
44:6	ll3k			וַ⁠יְדַבֵּ֣ר אֲלֵ⁠הֶ֔ם אֶת הַ⁠דְּבָרִ֖ים הָ⁠אֵֽלֶּה	1	 Alternate translation: “he said to them what Joseph had told him to say.”
44:7	pakd		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּאמְר֣וּ אֵלָ֔י⁠ו	1	 Alternate translation: “But they exclaimed,”
44:7	iwsy		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	לָ֚⁠מָּה יְדַבֵּ֣ר אֲדֹנִ֔⁠י כַּ⁠דְּבָרִ֖ים הָ⁠אֵ֑לֶּה	1	The brothers use this rhetorical question to express their shock at being accused of something they had not done. They also address the servant as **my lord** to show him respect. Decide what is the best way to communicate those things in your language. Alternate translation: “Master we do not know why you are saying that!”
44:7	ieuc		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-honorifics	חָלִ֨ילָ⁠ה֙ לַ⁠עֲבָדֶ֔י⁠ךָ מֵ⁠עֲשׂ֖וֹת	1	The brothers refer to themselves as **your servants** in order to show respect to Joseph’s head-servant. Consider what is the best way to communicate that in your language. Alternate translation: “We swear as your humble servants that we would never even think of doing” or “We would never even consider doing”
44:7	z1d4			כַּ⁠דָּבָ֥ר הַ⁠זֶּֽה	1	 Alternate translation: “such a thing!”
44:8	jlc8			הֵ֣ן	1	 Alternate translation: “After all,”
44:8	t6uh		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	כֶּ֗סֶף אֲשֶׁ֤ר מָצָ֨אנוּ֙ בְּ⁠פִ֣י אַמְתְּחֹתֵ֔י⁠נוּ הֱשִׁיבֹ֥נוּ אֵלֶ֖י⁠ךָ מֵ⁠אֶ֣רֶץ כְּנָ֑עַן	1	Consider what is the best way in your language to order the clauses in this sentence. Alternate translation: “we returned to you the money that we found in our grain sacks last time. We brought it all the way from our home in the land of Canaan!” or “as soon as we came back here from the land of Canaan, we returned to you the money we had discovered inside our grain sacks”
44:8	r9b7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	וְ⁠אֵ֗יךְ נִגְנֹב֙	1	The brothers use this rhetorical question to strongly emphasize that they would never steal from the servant’s master. Some languages must use a statement or exclamation here instead. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “So why would we ever take” or “So we would never take” or “So there is no reason that we would ever take”
44:8	h9a8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	כֶּ֖סֶף א֥וֹ זָהָֽב	1	The brothers are emphasizing that they would never steal anything from Joseph, especially not valuable things made out of gold or silver.
44:9	q39v		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-honorifics	אֲשֶׁ֨ר יִמָּצֵ֥א אִתּ֛⁠וֹ מֵ⁠עֲבָדֶ֖י⁠ךָ	1	The brothers refer to themselves as **your servants** in order to show respect to Joseph’s head-servant. Alternate translation: “In fact, sir, if you discover that any of us does have the cup,” or “If any one of us does have the cup, sir,”
44:9	ewku			וָ⁠מֵ֑ת	1	 Alternate translation: “then he must die,” or “then he should be executed” or “then you may kill that man,”
44:9	wzg4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-honorifics	וְ⁠גַם אֲנַ֕חְנוּ נִֽהְיֶ֥ה לַֽ⁠אדֹנִ֖⁠י לַ⁠עֲבָדִֽים	1	See how you translated **my lord** in verse 7. Alternate translation: “and besides that, the rest of us will become servants for you, sir.” or “and the rest of us, sir, will become your servants.”
44:10	dbf7			גַּם עַתָּ֥ה	1	 Alternate translation: “So then,” or “Very well then,”
44:10	uj13			כְ⁠דִבְרֵי⁠כֶ֖ם כֶּן ה֑וּא	1	 Alternate translation: “based on what you have said I will do this:”
44:10	soyh			יִהְיֶה לִּ֣⁠י עָ֔בֶד	1	 Alternate translation: “is the only one who will be my slave”
44:10	dww7			וְ⁠אַתֶּ֖ם תִּהְי֥וּ נְקִיִּֽם	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “but the rest of you will be free to go”
44:11	hime			וַֽ⁠יְמַהֲר֗וּ וַ⁠יּוֹרִ֛דוּ אִ֥ישׁ אֶת אַמְתַּחְתּ֖⁠וֹ אָ֑רְצָ⁠ה	1	 Alternate translation: “So each of them immediately lowered his bag of grain from his donkey to the ground,” or “Then each of the men immediately took his grain sack off his donkey and put it on the ground,”
44:11	puw2			וַֽ⁠יִּפְתְּח֖וּ אִ֥ישׁ אַמְתַּחְתּֽ⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “and each of them opened his own sack” or “and opened it.”
44:12	gwvt		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יְחַפֵּ֕שׂ	1	Consider what is the best way to refer to Joseph’s servant in verses 6, 10 and 12. Also see how you translated **searched** in Gen 31:35.
44:12	z3eh			בַּ⁠גָּד֣וֹל הֵחֵ֔ל וּ⁠בַ⁠קָּטֹ֖ן כִּלָּ֑ה	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “beginning with the oldest brother and finishing with the youngest one,” or “He started with the oldest brother and continued until he came to the youngest one,”
44:12	ax9d		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	וַ⁠יִּמָּצֵא֙ הַ⁠גָּבִ֔יעַ בְּ⁠אַמְתַּ֖חַת בִּנְיָמִֽן	1	Consider what is the best way to translate this passive clause in your language.
44:13	fj96		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction	וַֽ⁠יִּקְרְע֖וּ שִׂמְלֹתָ֑⁠ם	1	See how you translated “tore … clothes in distress” in Gen 37:29, 34. Alternate translation: “In response to that, the brothers tore their clothes in grief.”
44:13	yxdl		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַֽ⁠יַּעֲמֹס֙ אִ֣ישׁ עַל־חֲמֹר֔⁠וֹ	1	Consider what is the best way in your language to refer to the brothers in each context throughout this chapter. Alternate translation: “Then each of them put his sack back on his own donkey,” or “Then each of the men loaded up his own donkey again,”
44:13	tupx			וַ⁠יָּשֻׁ֖בוּ הָ⁠עִֽירָ⁠ה	1	 Alternate translation: “and they all returned to the city.” or “then they all turned around and went back to the city.”
44:14	ynh4			וְ⁠ה֖וּא עוֹדֶ֣⁠נּוּ שָׁ֑ם	1	 Alternate translation: “Joseph was still there,”
44:14	fx2j		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction	וַ⁠יִּפְּל֥וּ לְ⁠פָנָ֖י⁠ו אָֽרְצָ⁠ה	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “Then they prostrated themselves on the ground before him to show respect.” or “So they bowed all the way to the ground in front of him to honor him.”
44:15	qsr0		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר לָ⁠הֶם֙ יוֹסֵ֔ף	1	Make sure the way you translate this quote margin fits with the way you translate the following rhetorical question. Alternate translation: “Then Joseph told them,”
44:15	beu3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	מָֽה הַ⁠מַּעֲשֶׂ֥ה הַ⁠זֶּ֖ה אֲשֶׁ֣ר עֲשִׂיתֶ֑ם	1	Joseph uses rhetorical questions in this verse to express anger and scold his brothers. Some languages must use strong statements or exclamations here instead. Do what is best in your language. See what you did for a similar case in Gen 20:9. Alternate translation: “Why did you do such a terrible thing?” or “You should never have done such a thing!”
44:15	d0er			כִּֽי & אִ֖ישׁ אֲשֶׁ֥ר כָּמֹֽ⁠נִי	1	 Alternate translation: “that a ruler like me”
44:15	kl9z			נַחֵ֧שׁ יְנַחֵ֛שׁ	1	See how you translated **divines** in verse 5. Alternate translation: “regularly practices divination!” or “could use divination to find out what you did!”
44:16	rht7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר יְהוּדָ֗ה	1	 Alternate translation: “Judah answered,”
44:16	vuo6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	מַה נֹּאמַר֙ לַֽ⁠אדֹנִ֔⁠י	1	Judah uses a series of rhetorical questions in this verse to express how upset he is about what has happened and to emphasize that there is nothing that they can say to convince Joseph that they are innocent. Consider what is the best way to communicate those things in your language.
44:16	pt2a		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	מַה נְּדַבֵּ֖ר	1	 Alternate translation: “We cannot explain this.”
44:16	jwxq		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	וּ⁠מַה נִּצְטַדָּ֑ק	1	 Alternate translation: “We do not know how to show to you that we did not do this.” or “There is no way we can show to you that we are innocent.”
44:16	t81j		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	הָ⁠אֱלֹהִ֗ים מָצָא֙ אֶת עֲוֺ֣ן עֲבָדֶ֔י⁠ךָ	1	Judah refers to himself and his brothers as **your servants** to show humility and to honor Joseph. Also, Judah is probably referring here to the sin of selling their brother Joseph into slavery years ago. You could include that information in a footnote. Alternate translation: “God has exposed our guilt for our past sin.” or “God is punishing us, your humble servants, for our past sin” or “God is using this occasion to punish us for our past sin.”
44:16	llw2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-honorifics	הִנֶּ⁠נּ֤וּ עֲבָדִים֙ לַֽ⁠אדֹנִ֔⁠י	1	 Alternate translation: “Here we all are, ready to be servants for you, sir,” or “So now, sir, we are all here to be your servants,”
44:16	u0e1			גַּם אֲנַ֕חְנוּ גַּ֛ם אֲשֶׁר	1	 Alternate translation: “including the man”
44:16	fi8v		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	אֲשֶׁר נִמְצָ֥א הַ⁠גָּבִ֖יעַ בְּ⁠יָדֽ⁠וֹ	1	Consider what is the best way to translate this passive clause in your language. Alternate translation: “who was found with your cup in his grain sack” or “in whose grain bag your house-servant found the cup.” or “whom your house-servant found with your cup in his sack”
44:17	ezgz		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֕אמֶר	1	 Alternate translation: “But Joseph exclaimed,”
44:17	ambx		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	חָלִ֣ילָ⁠ה לִּ֔⁠י מֵ⁠עֲשׂ֖וֹת זֹ֑את	1	See how you translated “Far be it from …” in verse 7.
44:17	xlig		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	הָ⁠אִ֡ישׁ אֲשֶׁר֩ נִמְצָ֨א הַ⁠גָּבִ֜יעַ בְּ⁠יָד֗⁠וֹ ה֚וּא	1	See how you translated **in whose hand the cup was found** in verse 16. Alternate translation: “Only the one who was found with my cup in his bag” or “Only the man in whose bag my servant found the cup” or “Rather only the one whom my servant found with my cup in his bag”
44:17	sa6p			יִהְיֶה לִּ֣⁠י עָ֔בֶד	1	 Alternate translation: “will become my slave.” or “will stay and serve me as a slave.”
44:17	n9xw			וְ⁠אַתֶּ֕ם עֲל֥וּ לְ⁠שָׁל֖וֹם אֶל אֲבִי⁠כֶֽם	1	The phrase **go up** refers to the fact that the land of Canaan was higher in elevation than the country of Egypt. Some translations leave **up** implied. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “But you others may return to your father in peace.” or “As for the rest of you, you may go back home to your father without any trouble.”
44:18	shso			וַ⁠יִּגַּ֨שׁ אֵלָ֜י⁠ו יְהוּדָ֗ה וַ⁠יֹּאמֶר֮	1	See how you translated **went near** in Gen 43:19. Alternate translation: “Then Judah came up to Joseph and said,”
44:18	j6zs		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-honorifics	בִּ֣י אֲדֹנִ⁠י֒	1	Compare how you translated this phrase in Gen 43:20. Alternate translation: “Please, master,” or “Excuse me, sir”
44:18	rqfg		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-honorifics	יְדַבֶּר נָ֨א עַבְדְּ⁠ךָ֤ דָבָר֙ בְּ⁠אָזְנֵ֣י אֲדֹנִ֔⁠י	1	Make sure your translation of **your servant** refers here to Judah, not to someone else. Throughout verses 18-34, Judah uses phrases such as “my lord,” “your servant,” and “your servants” to be polite and show respect to Joseph. At each point in these verses, make sure it is clear in your translation whom he is referring to. Alternate translation: “I humbly ask you to let me speak plainly to you.” or “will you please allow me your humble servant to say something to you.”
44:18	hoo2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וְ⁠אַל יִ֥חַר אַפְּ⁠ךָ֖ בְּ⁠עַבְדֶּ֑⁠ךָ	1	Compare how you translated the idiom “his anger burned” in Gen 39:19. Alternate translation: “Please do not be angry at me,”
44:18	g9dp			כִּ֥י כָמ֖וֹ⁠ךָ	1	 Alternate translation: “even though you are equal in rank to”
44:18	s1ai			כְּ⁠פַרְעֹֽה	1	 Alternate translation: “the king himself.”
44:19	vv9q			אֲדֹנִ֣⁠י שָׁאַ֔ל	1	 Alternate translation: “Sir, the last time we were here, you asked”
44:19	xcqr		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	אֶת עֲבָדָ֖י⁠ו	1	Make sure it is clear in your translation of **his servants** that Judah is referring to himself and his brothers. Alternate translation: “us your humble servants”
44:19	vxb9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes	לֵ⁠אמֹ֑ר הֲ⁠יֵשׁ לָ⁠כֶ֥ם אָ֖ב אוֹ אָֽח	1	Consider whether it is better in your language to translate the embedded quotes in verses 19-23 as direct or indirect quotes. Alternate translation: “Is your father still alive? Do you have another brother?” or “whether our father was still alive and whether we had any other brothers.”
44:20	y8ns		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠נֹּ֨אמֶר֙ אֶל אֲדֹנִ֔⁠י	1	 Alternate translation: “We answered you, sir, that”
44:20	iohe		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes	יֶשׁ לָ֨⁠נוּ֙ אָ֣ב זָקֵ֔ן	1	 Alternate translation: “our aged father is still alive”
44:20	e3jx			וְ⁠יֶ֥לֶד זְקֻנִ֖ים קָטָ֑ן	1	 Alternate translation: “and with him is his youngest son whom our father had when he was already old.”
44:20	grn8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship	וְ⁠אָחִ֨י⁠ו מֵ֜ת וַ⁠יִּוָּתֵ֨ר ה֧וּא לְ⁠בַדּ֛⁠וֹ לְ⁠אִמּ֖⁠וֹ	1	In this sentence, **brother** refers to an older brother from the same father and mother. Some languages have a special kinship term for that. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “That son is the only one left alive from his mother, since his brother died.”
44:20	f6ig			וְ⁠אָבִ֥י⁠ו אֲהֵבֽ⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “So his father loves him very much.” or “So his father especially loves our youngest brother.”
44:21	seoq		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-honorifics	וַ⁠תֹּ֨אמֶר֙ אֶל עֲבָדֶ֔י⁠ךָ	1	Judah uses the humble term **your servants** to show respect and honor to someone of higher status and authority. Alternate translation: “Then you told us, who are your humble servants,”
44:21	qfp7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes	הוֹרִדֻ֖⁠הוּ אֵלָ֑⁠י וְ⁠אָשִׂ֥ימָה עֵינִ֖⁠י עָלָֽי⁠ו	1	The verb “bring … down” refers to the fact that Egypt was lower in elevation than the region of Canaan. Some translations leave **down** implied. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “Bring your youngest brother to me so that I can meet him.” or “to bring our youngest brother here to you so that you can see him for yourself.”
44:22	g162		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes	וַ⁠נֹּ֨אמֶר֙ אֶל אֲדֹנִ֔⁠י לֹא יוּכַ֥ל הַ⁠נַּ֖עַר לַ⁠עֲזֹ֣ב אֶת אָבִ֑י⁠ו	1	 Alternate translation: “But we told you, sir, that the young man must not leave his father and come here,”
44:22	xhm8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes	וְ⁠עָזַ֥ב אֶת אָבִ֖י⁠ו וָ⁠מֵֽת	1	Make sure the way you translate this clause fits with how you translated the previous clause, as either a direct or indirect quote. Alternate translation: “because if he did his father will die from anxiety.”
44:23	kpr1			וַ⁠תֹּ֨אמֶר֙ אֶל עֲבָדֶ֔י⁠ךָ	1	 Alternate translation: “But you told us that”
44:23	x0ri		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes	אִם לֹ֥א יֵרֵ֛ד אֲחִי⁠כֶ֥ם הַ⁠קָּטֹ֖ן אִתְּ⁠כֶ֑ם	1	Consider again whether to translate the embedded quotes in verses 19-23 as direct or indirect quotes. Alternate translation: “if our youngest brother did not come back here with us,”
44:23	ud9x		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes	לֹ֥א תֹסִפ֖וּ⁠ן לִ⁠רְא֥וֹת פָּנָֽ⁠י	1	Make sure that the way you translate this clause fits with how you translated the beginning of this verse, either as a direct or indirect quote. Alternate translation: “you would not allow us to see you again.”
44:24	pdcq			וַ⁠יְהִי֙ כִּ֣י עָלִ֔ינוּ	1	The phrase, **Then it happened** introduces an important event and helps create suspense so that readers will wonder what the outcome will be. Many translations omit **it happened** because it is not natural in their language. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “So after we got back home again”
44:24	b8yd		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-honorifics	אֶֽל עַבְדְּ⁠ךָ֖ אָבִ֑⁠י	1	See how you translated “your servant … father” in Gen 43:28. Alternate translation: “to my father, who is your humble servant,” or “to my father, who highly respects you,”
44:24	u4dl			וַ⁠נַּ֨גֶּד ל֔⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “we told him”
44:24	lexn			אֵ֖ת דִּבְרֵ֥י אֲדֹנִֽ⁠י	1	 Alternate translation: “what you had said to us.”
44:25	kcr2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive	וַ⁠יֹּ֖אמֶר אָבִ֑י⁠נוּ	1	The pronouns **our** and **us** are exclusive here because they do not include Joseph.
44:25	zkw7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive	שֻׁ֖בוּ שִׁבְרוּ לָ֥⁠נוּ מְעַט אֹֽכֶל	1	The pronoun **us** is inclusive here because what Judah’s father (Jacob) had said included the brothers whom he was talking to. See how you translated this same quote in Gen 43:2. Alternate translation: “Go back to Egypt and buy some more grain for all of us.”
44:26	o2aw			לֹ֥א נוּכַ֖ל לָ⁠רֶ֑דֶת אִם יֵשׁ֩ אָחִ֨י⁠נוּ הַ⁠קָּטֹ֤ן אִתָּ֨⁠נוּ֙ וְ⁠יָרַ֔דְנוּ	1	See how you translated “… down” in verses 21 and 23. Alternate translation: “We can only go down there if our youngest brother is with us.”
44:26	g0yh		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	כִּי לֹ֣א נוּכַ֗ל לִ⁠רְאוֹת֙ פְּנֵ֣י הָ⁠אִ֔ישׁ	1	The phrase **the man’s face** refers to the governor (Joseph) himself. Translate this in a way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “We will not be allowed to go to the man who sells grain there” or “The man who sells grain there will not permit us to see him again”
44:27	eii5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive	וַ⁠יֹּ֛אמֶר עַבְדְּ⁠ךָ֥ אָבִ֖⁠י אֵלֵ֑י⁠נוּ	1	See how you translated **your servant my father** in verse 24. Also notice that the pronoun **us** does not include Joseph here. Some languages use an exclusive pronoun for this. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “Then my father who is your humble servant said to us,” or “Then my father said to us,”
44:27	i4rw		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular	אַתֶּ֣ם יְדַעְתֶּ֔ם כִּ֥י	1	The pronoun “you” is plural here, referring to all the brothers. Alternate translation: “As you all know,”
44:27	ngtg			שְׁנַ֖יִם יָֽלְדָה לִּ֥⁠י אִשְׁתִּֽ⁠י	1	 Alternate translation: “my wife Rachel bore only two sons for me.”
44:28	nu9b			וַ⁠יֵּצֵ֤א הָֽ⁠אֶחָד֙ מֵֽ⁠אִתִּ֔⁠י	1	 Alternate translation: “One of those sons left here one day,” or “One of them has disappeared,”
44:28	pk3k		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes	וָ⁠אֹמַ֕ר אַ֖ךְ טָרֹ֣ף טֹרָ֑ף וְ⁠לֹ֥א רְאִיתִ֖י⁠ו עַד הֵֽנָּה	1	Consider whether it is better in your language to translate this doubly embedded quote as a direct or indirect quote. Also see how you translated “torn. … to pieces” in Gen 37:33. Alternate translation: “I have thought that he must have been killed and torn to pieces by a fierce animal. I have never seen him again.” or “and I have not seen him since then. I am sure that a fierce animal must have killed him and torn him apart.”
44:29	ks4f		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo	וּ⁠לְקַחְתֶּ֧ם גַּם אֶת זֶ֛ה מֵ⁠עִ֥ם פָּנַ֖⁠י	1	Consider what is the best way to translate the hypothetical sentence in this verse. Make sure all the parts of the sentence fit together well. Alternate translation: “So if you also take this son away from me,”
44:29	k2l1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וְ⁠קָרָ֣⁠הוּ אָס֑וֹן	1	See how you translated a similar clause in Gen 42:38. Alternate translation: “and something terrible happens to him,” or “and if anything bad happens to him,”
44:29	r1l7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וְ⁠הֽוֹרַדְתֶּ֧ם אֶת שֵׂיבָתִ֛⁠י בְּ⁠רָעָ֖ה	1	See how you translated **bring my gray head down** in Gen 42:38. Alternate translation: “you will cause me, your elderly father, to grieve so deeply that I will die and go down” or “you will cause me, your elderly father, so much sorrow that I will die and go down”
44:29	ozbf		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	שְׁאֹֽלָ⁠ה	1	Sheol is the Hebrew name for the world of the dead, that is, the place where the spirits of all people go after they die. You could put that information in a footnote. Your translation of **Sheol** should not refer to hell or a place of punishment. Some translations have “the grave” here, but that leaves out the idea of an afterlife that this sentence implies.
44:30	wiey			וְ⁠עַתָּ֗ה	1	This phrase introduces the conclusion to what Judah said in verses 24-29. Consider what is the best way to do that in your language. Alternate translation: “So then,”
44:30	nbx6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-honorifics	כְּ⁠בֹאִ⁠י֙ אֶל עַבְדְּ⁠ךָ֣ אָבִ֔⁠י	1	See how you translated **your servant my father** in verses 24 and 27. Alternate translation: “when we return home to my father, who highly respects you,” or “if I go home to my father, sir,”
44:30	mryj		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וְ⁠נַפְשׁ֖⁠וֹ קְשׁוּרָ֥ה בְ⁠נַפְשֽׁ⁠וֹ	1	This idiom reflects how close the relationship was between Judah’s father and youngest brother. Consider what is the best way to say this in your language. Alternate translation: “since our father is deeply attached to his son,”
44:31	liw5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo	וְ⁠הָיָ֗ה כִּ⁠רְאוֹת֛⁠וֹ כִּי אֵ֥ין הַ⁠נַּ֖עַר וָ⁠מֵ֑ת	1	The phrase **then it will happen** introduces an important hypothetical event here and helps create suspense so that readers will wonder what the outcome will be. Many translations omit the phrase because it is not natural in their language. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “if he sees that his son is gone he will die!” or “then he will die when he sees that his youngest son is not with us!”
44:31	biq9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo	וְ⁠הוֹרִ֨ידוּ עֲבָדֶ֜י⁠ךָ אֶת־שֵׂיבַ֨ת עַבְדְּ⁠ךָ֥ אָבִ֛י⁠נוּ בְּ⁠יָג֖וֹן	1	Consider what is the best way to translate this hypothetical situation in your language. Also, see how you translated “bring … gray head down in sorrow to Sheol” in Gen 42:38, and a similar phrase in 44:29. Alternate translation: “Yes, we would bring our elderly father so much sorrow that he would die and go” or “In that way, we would be responsible for bringing our elderly father …”
44:31	p2vj			שְׁאֹֽלָ⁠ה	1	Consider again how you translated **Sheol** in the book of Genesis. See Gen 37:35; 42:38; 44:29, 31.
44:32	jzbk			כִּ֤י עַבְדְּ⁠ךָ֙ עָרַ֣ב אֶת הַ⁠נַּ֔עַר מֵ⁠עִ֥ם אָבִ֖⁠י לֵ⁠אמֹ֑ר	1	See how you translated the verb “guarantee” in Gen 43:9. Alternate translation: “Besides that, sir, I guaranteed my father that I would return his son to him safely. I told him that”
44:32	pir9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes	אִם לֹ֤א אֲבִיאֶ֨⁠נּוּ֙ אֵלֶ֔י⁠ךָ	1	Consider whether it is better in your language to translate this embedded quote as a direct or indirect quote.
44:32	r37a		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo	וְ⁠חָטָ֥אתִי לְ⁠אָבִ֖⁠י	1	See how you translated a similar clause in Gen 43:9. Alternate translation: “then this would be a terrible sin against him”
44:32	gtwb			כָּל הַ⁠יָּמִֽים	1	Be consistent here with your choice in Gen 43:9. Alternate translation: “all the days of my life.” or “for the rest of my life.”
44:33	glec			וְ⁠עַתָּ֗ה	1	This phrase introduces the conclusion to what Judah said in verses 30-32. See how you translated this phrase in verse 30. Alternate translation: “So now”
44:33	p6r0		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-honorifics	יֵֽשֶׁב נָ֤א עַבְדְּ⁠ךָ֙	1	Consider again how you translated **your servant** and “your servants” throughout this chapter. See verses 7, 9, 18, 24, 27, 30-32. Alternate translation: “I urge you to allow me your servant to be the one to stay here” or “sir, I urge you to let me stay here”
44:33	wrus			עֶ֖בֶד לַֽ⁠אדֹנִ֑⁠י	1	Throughout this chapter, the same Hebrew word is translated as **slave** when the context has negative connotations (verses 9-10, 16-17, 33), but is translated as **servant** when the context has more positive connotations (verses 7, 9, 16, 18-19, 21, 23-24, 27, 30-32). Do what is best in your language in each context. Alternate translation: “as a slave for you” or “and be your servant”
44:33	joxy			תַּ֣חַת	1	 Alternate translation: “to take the place of”
44:34	gvqq		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	כִּי אֵיךְ֙ אֶֽעֱלֶ֣ה	1	Judah uses this rhetorical question to emphasize how difficult it would be for him to return to his father without his brother. Consider what is the best way to communicate that in your language. Alternate translation: “I could never”
44:34	y2n4			אֶֽעֱלֶ֣ה אֶל אָבִ֔⁠י	1	Consider again how you translated “… up” in verses 17, 24, 33-34. Contrast that to how you translated “… down” in verses 21, 23, and 26. Some translations leave **up** or “down” implied. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “return home to my father”
44:34	jjj3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo	וְ⁠הַ⁠נַּ֖עַר אֵינֶ֣⁠נּוּ אִתִּ֑⁠י	1	 Alternate translation: “if our youngest brother is not with me!”
44:34	cq7p			פֶּ֚ן אֶרְאֶ֣ה	1	 Alternate translation: “I do not want to see”
44:34	qheo		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo	בָ⁠רָ֔ע אֲשֶׁ֥ר יִמְצָ֖א אֶת אָבִֽ⁠י	1	See how you translated **misery** in verse 29. Alternate translation: “the terrible grief that it would cause my father!” or “how much my father would grieve!”
45:1	vlvn			וְ⁠לֹֽא־יָכֹ֨ל יוֹסֵ֜ף	1	 Alternate translation: “When Joseph heard what Judah said, he was no longer able to”
45:1	qtrd			לְ⁠הִתְאַפֵּ֗ק	1	 Alternate translation: “hide his feelings”
45:1	nnml			לְ⁠כֹ֤ל הַ⁠נִּצָּבִים֙ עָלָ֔י⁠ו	1	Make sure that your translation of this phrase refers to Joseph’s servants, not his brothers. Alternate translation: “in front of all his servants who were with him,” or “in front of all his attendants”
45:1	zlcr			וַ⁠יִּקְרָ֕א	1	 Alternate translation: “and he shouted to them,” or “so he said loudly to them,”
45:1	ok6o			הוֹצִ֥יאוּ כָל אִ֖ישׁ	1	 Alternate translation: “All of you, leave”
45:1	ws8g		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וְ⁠לֹא עָ֤מַד אִישׁ֙ אִתּ֔⁠וֹ בְּ⁠הִתְוַדַּ֥ע יוֹסֵ֖ף אֶל אֶחָֽי⁠ו	1	Make sure your use of nouns or pronouns to refer to Joseph and his brothers here is clear and natural in your language. Alternate translation: “So Joseph was alone with his brothers when he made himself known to them.” or “Immediately his servants left the room, so that no one else was with him when he told his brothers who he was.”
45:2	hb44		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וַ⁠יִּתֵּ֥ן אֶת קֹל֖⁠וֹ בִּ⁠בְכִ֑י	1	Consider whether your language has an idiom such as **gave his voice in crying**. Also see how you translated “cried” in Gen 42:24; 43:30. Alternate translation: “Then he raised his voice and cried loudly so that”
45:2	vv5j		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	וַ⁠יִּשְׁמְע֣וּ מִצְרַ֔יִם וַ⁠יִּשְׁמַ֖ע בֵּ֥ית פַּרְעֹֽה	1	The word **house** refers here to Pharaoh’s family members and servants, not a literal building.
45:3	qpbn		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship	וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר יוֹסֵ֤ף אֶל אֶחָי⁠ו֙	1	In this chapter, the word **brothers** refers to Joseph’s older brothers (from different mothers) and his younger brother (from the same mother). Alternate translation: “Then Joseph exclaimed to his brothers in their language,”
45:3	tp5e			אֲנִ֣י יוֹסֵ֔ף	1	 Alternate translation: “I am Joseph, your brother!”
45:3	mh3c			הַ⁠ע֥וֹד אָבִ֖⁠י חָ֑י	1	Joseph uses **my father** to emphasize his relationship with his father. Make sure your translation does not sound like he had a different father than his brothers. Alternate translation: “Is our father still alive?”
45:3	gbg2			וְ⁠לֹֽא יָכְל֤וּ אֶחָי⁠ו֙ לַ⁠עֲנ֣וֹת אֹת֔⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “His brothers could not say a word,”
45:3	vwfh		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	כִּ֥י נִבְהֲל֖וּ מִ⁠פָּנָֽי⁠ו	1	For some languages it is necessary to put this clause earlier in this sentence and say, “But his brothers were so terrified to see him that they could not answer him.” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “because they were shocked to realize that they were in his presence.”
45:4	tno2			גְּשׁוּ נָ֥א אֵלַ֖⁠י	1	 Alternate translation: “Please come near to me.”
45:4	pbua			וַ⁠יִּגָּ֑שׁוּ וַ⁠יֹּ֗אמֶר	1	 Alternate translation: “When they went closer to him, he said to them,” or “After they did that, he said to them,”
45:4	lbty			אֲנִי֙ יוֹסֵ֣ף אֲחִי⁠כֶ֔ם	1	 Alternate translation: “I truly am your brother Joseph,”
45:4	dij9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	אֲשֶׁר מְכַרְתֶּ֥ם אֹתִ֖⁠י מִצְרָֽיְמָ⁠ה	1	Joseph’s brothers sold him to slave traders who were going to Egypt. If necessary, you could make some of that information explicit in your translation. Alternate translation: “whom you sold as a slave that was taken here to Egypt.”
45:5	o6ua			אַל תֵּעָ֣צְב֗וּ	1	 Alternate translation: “do not be distressed”
45:5	y42s		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וְ⁠אַל יִ֨חַר֙ בְּ⁠עֵ֣ינֵי⁠כֶ֔ם	1	Consider again how you translated various idioms for “anger” or “be angry” in the book of Genesis. See Gen 4:5-6; 30:2; 31:35-36; 34:7; 44:18; 45:5. It may be necessary to translate these idioms in different ways, depending on the context. Alternate translation: “or angry at yourselves”
45:5	gocs			כִּֽי מְכַרְתֶּ֥ם אֹתִ֖⁠י הֵ֑נָּה	1	 Alternate translation: “that you sold me and caused me to be a slave here,” or “for selling me as a slave,”
45:5	e8pt			כִּ֣י & שְׁלָחַ֥⁠נִי אֱלֹהִ֖ים	1	 Alternate translation: “because God sent me here”
45:5	j661			לִ⁠פְנֵי⁠כֶֽם	1	 Alternate translation: “before you got here,”
45:5	junj		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	לְ⁠מִֽחְיָ֔ה	1	 Alternate translation: “to keep many people from dying.”
45:6	xeca			כִּי זֶ֛ה שְׁנָתַ֥יִם	1	 Alternate translation: “The past two years”
45:6	o2qw			הָ⁠רָעָ֖ב בְּ⁠קֶ֣רֶב הָ⁠אָ֑רֶץ	1	See how you translated **famine** in Gen 12:10. Alternate translation: “there has been a famine throughout this country” or “a famine has been affecting this whole region,”
45:6	fiio			וְ⁠עוֹד֙ חָמֵ֣שׁ שָׁנִ֔ים אֲשֶׁ֥ר	1	 Alternate translation: “and for another five years it will be so bad that” or “and during the next five years it will be even worse, so that” or “and there will be five more years when”
45:6	szwk			אֵין חָרִ֖ישׁ וְ⁠קָצִּֽיר	1	 Alternate translation: “there will be no plowing of fields or harvesting of crops.”
45:7	d4nu			וַ⁠יִּשְׁלָחֵ֤⁠נִי אֱלֹהִים֙	1	 Alternate translation: “God caused me to come here”
45:7	f5ep			לִ⁠פְנֵי⁠כֶ֔ם	1	 Alternate translation: “before you got here,”
45:7	oicd			לָ⁠שׂ֥וּם לָ⁠כֶ֛ם שְׁאֵרִ֖ית	1	 Alternate translation: “so that you will have descendants living” or “to help you survive and have descendants”
45:7	kgqc			בָּ⁠אָ֑רֶץ	1	The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) **on the earth** or (2) “in the/this land”
45:7	hip5			וּ⁠לְ⁠הַחֲי֣וֹת לָ⁠כֶ֔ם	1	 Alternate translation: “by helping you stay live” or “by saving your lives”
45:7	vs2e		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	לִ⁠פְלֵיטָ֖ה גְּדֹלָֽה	1	For some languages it is better to put the last two phrases earlier in this sentence and say, “But God sent me ahead of you to save your lives in this amazing way so that you will survive and have descendants on the earth.” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “through his amazing rescue.” or “in this powerful way.”
45:8	tkpc			לֹֽא אַתֶּ֞ם	1	 Alternate translation: “you are not the ones”
45:8	bzgs			שְׁלַחְתֶּ֤ם אֹתִ⁠י֙ הֵ֔נָּה	1	 Alternate translation: “who brought me here,”
45:8	l7xp			כִּ֖י הָ⁠אֱלֹהִ֑ים	1	 Alternate translation: “but rather it was God who brought me.” or “but rather God is the one who did it”
45:8	up9h		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	וַ⁠יְשִׂימֵ֨⁠נִֽי לְ⁠אָ֜ב לְ⁠פַרְעֹ֗ה	1	Joseph was like a father to Pharaoh in that Pharaoh highly honored him and Joseph took care of Pharaoh’s household and all their needs. Alternate translation: “He has even made me like a father to King Pharaoh,”
45:8	v1vi		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	וּ⁠לְ⁠אָדוֹן֙ לְ⁠כָל בֵּית֔⁠וֹ	1	See how you translated **lord** in Gen 42:30, 33, and how you translated **house** in Gen 41:40. Alternate translation: “so that I am the master of his entire household”
45:8	cxyy			וּ⁠מֹשֵׁ֖ל	1	 Alternate translation: “and also the highest official”
45:8	hpg8			בְּ⁠כָל אֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם	1	 Alternate translation: “in the whole country of Egypt.”
45:9	j5m0			מַהֲרוּ֮ וַ⁠עֲל֣וּ	1	In this verse, the words **up** and **down** reflect the fact that Canaan was higher in elevation than Egypt. Many languages leave those words implied. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “Hurry up” or “Leave quickly and go back” or “Return quickly”
45:9	v12d			אֶל אָבִ⁠י֒	1	See how you translated **my father** in verse 3.
45:9	q5o8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes	וַ⁠אֲמַרְתֶּ֣ם אֵלָ֗י⁠ו כֹּ֤ה אָמַר֙ בִּנְ⁠ךָ֣ יוֹסֵ֔ף	1	Consider whether it is best in your language to translate this embedded quote as a direct or indirect quote.
45:9	jjgl		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes	שָׂמַ֧⁠נִי אֱלֹהִ֛ים לְ⁠אָד֖וֹן לְ⁠כָל מִצְרָ֑יִם	1	Consider whether it is best in your language to translate this doubly embedded quote (which continues through verse 11) as a direct or indirect quote. An example of an indirect quote would be: “God has made him the ruler over all Egypt. He urges you to come down there to live near him, without delay. He also says that you and your family may live in Goshen Province and that way you will live near him … He will provide for you there …” Alternate translation: “God has made me ruler over the entire country of Egypt.”
45:9	vcd6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	אַֽל תַּעֲמֹֽד	1	For some languages it is more natural to put this clause first in this sentence and say, “So please do not take very long, but rather come down/here quickly to live near me.” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “and do not wait.” or “and do not take very long to come.”
45:10	am1x		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וְ⁠יָשַׁבְתָּ֣	1	The pronouns **you** and **your** in this verse are singular, but Joseph’s message to his father includes the whole family. Alternate translation: “You and your family may live”
45:10	vj43			בְ⁠אֶֽרֶץ גֹּ֗שֶׁן	1	Goshen was a region or territory that was part of the country of Egypt. Make sure your translation of **land** does not sound like Goshen was its own country. Alternate translation: “in the region of Goshen” or “in Goshen County”
45:10	db7h			וְ⁠הָיִ֤יתָ קָרוֹב֙ אֵלַ֔⁠י	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “and that way you can be near me” or “That way you can live close to me”
45:10	imwz			וְ⁠צֹאנְ⁠ךָ֥ וּ⁠בְקָרְ⁠ךָ֖	1	 Alternate translation: “as well as all your domestic animals”
45:10	ey3b			וְ⁠כָל אֲשֶׁר לָֽ⁠ךְ	1	 Alternate translation: “and all your other belongings.”
45:11	ntlo			וְ⁠כִלְכַּלְתִּ֤י אֹֽתְ⁠ךָ֙ שָׁ֔ם	1	 Alternate translation: “I will support you there,”
45:11	xl31		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	כִּי ע֛וֹד חָמֵ֥שׁ שָׁנִ֖ים רָעָ֑ב	1	For some languages it is more natural to put this clause first in this verse and say, “There are still five more years of famine ahead/coming, so I will provide for you there in Goshen.” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “since there are still five more years of famine ahead” or “because the famine will last five more years.”
45:11	m9m8			פֶּן תִּוָּרֵ֛שׁ אַתָּ֥ה וּ⁠בֵֽיתְ⁠ךָ֖ וְ⁠כָל אֲשֶׁר לָֽ⁠ךְ	1	The verb **become impoverished** can include losing livestock, other belongings, and the lives of their servants and family members. Alternate translation: “That way you and your extended family will not become poor and die.” or “Please come so that the famine does not cause you and your family to lose everything you own and die.”
45:12	ss7a			וְ⁠הִנֵּ֤ה	1	Make sure it is clear in your translation that Joseph’s message to his father was completed in verse 11, and that here in verse 12 he is talking directly to his brothers again. Alternate translation: “Now look” or “Then Joseph said to his brothers, Look!”
45:12	savf		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	עֵֽינֵי⁠כֶם֙	1	The word **eyes** is used figuratively here (and in the next phrase) to refer to the persons themselves; it also emphasizes the fact that they were seeing Joseph in person. Consider what is the best way to translate this phrase in your language. Alternate translation: “I can tell that all of you,”
45:12	vwt0		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship	וְ⁠עֵינֵ֖י אָחִ֣⁠י בִנְיָמִ֑ין	1	See how you translated **brother** in Gen 43:29.
45:12	d4ru		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	רֹא֔וֹת & כִּי פִ֖⁠י	1	Here the phrase **my mouth** refers to Joseph himself; it also emphasizes the fact that it was Joseph himself who was talking to them. Consider what is the best way to translate this figure of speech in your language. Alternate translation: “can see that I Joseph am the one”
45:13	cya3			וְ⁠הִגַּדְתֶּ֣ם לְ⁠אָבִ֗⁠י	1	 Alternate translation: “So go and tell my father”
45:13	ul6y			אֶת כָּל כְּבוֹדִ⁠י֙ בְּ⁠מִצְרַ֔יִם	1	 Alternate translation: “about my high position in Egypt” or “about how honored I am in Egypt”
45:13	bqv7			וּ⁠מִֽהַרְתֶּ֛ם וְ⁠הוֹרַדְתֶּ֥ם אֶת אָבִ֖⁠י הֵֽנָּה	1	See how you translated **down** in verse 9. Alternate translation: “Then hurry and bring him down here to me.” or “Then quickly bring him here to me.”
45:14	r6ln		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וַ⁠יִּפֹּ֛ל עַל צַוְּארֵ֥י בִנְיָמִֽן אָחִ֖י⁠ו	1	See how you translated the idiom “fell on his neck” in Gen 33:4. Alternate translation: “Then Joseph hugged his brother Benjamin strongly”
45:14	ea8j			וַ⁠יֵּ֑בְךְּ	1	 Alternate translation: “and started crying because he was so happy.”
45:14	ony8			וּ⁠בִנְיָמִ֔ן בָּכָ֖ה עַל צַוָּארָֽי⁠ו	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “Benjamin also cried as he hugged him back.”
45:15	ggne			וַ⁠יְנַשֵּׁ֥ק לְ⁠כָל אֶחָ֖י⁠ו	1	See how you translated “kissed … on the cheeks” in Gen 33:4. Alternate translation: “Next Joseph kissed all his brothers on their cheeks” or “Next Joseph greeted all his brothers with a kiss on their cheeks”
45:15	t2gm		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	וַ⁠יֵּ֣בְךְּ עֲלֵי⁠הֶ֑ם	1	For some languages it is more natural to put this clause first in this verse and say, “Then as Joseph continued to cry, he kissed all his brothers on the/their cheeks.” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “with tears of joy.”
45:15	wxc9			וְ⁠אַ֣חֲרֵי כֵ֔ן דִּבְּר֥וּ אֶחָ֖י⁠ו אִתּֽ⁠וֹ	1	Previously Joseph’s brothers had been too afraid to speak (verse 3). Now they felt free to start talking to him.
45:16	qihz		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations	בָּ֖אוּ אֲחֵ֣י יוֹסֵ֑ף	1	Consider whether it is better to use a direct or indirect quote here in your language.
45:16	yonq			וַ⁠יִּיטַב֙ בְּ⁠עֵינֵ֣י פַרְעֹ֔ה וּ⁠בְ⁠עֵינֵ֖י עֲבָדָֽי⁠ו	1	 Alternate translation: “it was pleasing to Pharaoh and all his officials.” or “Pharaoh and all his officials were pleased”
45:17	f0rb		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר פַּרְעֹה֙ אֶל יוֹסֵ֔ף	1	 Alternate translation: “Then Pharaoh told Joseph,” or “Then Pharaoh gave these instructions to Joseph:”
45:17	nwm7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes	אֱמֹ֥ר אֶל אַחֶ֖י⁠ךָ זֹ֣את עֲשׂ֑וּ טַֽעֲנוּ֙ אֶת בְּעִ֣ירְ⁠כֶ֔ם	1	These animals were donkeys (Gen 43:18, 44:3), not any other kind of animal. Also, consider whether it is better in your language to translate this embedded quote with a direct or indirect quote. Alternate translation: “Tell your brothers to load their pack animals with grain”
45:17	no0d			וּ⁠לְכוּ בֹ֖אוּ	1	The two verbs **leave** and **go** emphasize that Joseph’s brothers should go back immediately to their father in Canaan. Alternate translation: “and quickly return”
45:17	ekjb			אַ֥רְצָ⁠ה כְּנָֽעַן	1	 Alternate translation: “to region of Canaan.”
45:18	r5zh		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes	וּ⁠קְח֧וּ אֶת אֲבִי⁠כֶ֛ם וְ⁠אֶת בָּתֵּי⁠כֶ֖ם וּ⁠בֹ֣אוּ אֵלָ֑⁠י	1	Make sure it is clear in your translation that verse 18 is still part of Pharaoh’s message to Joseph’s brothers. Also make sure the pronouns that you use throughout verses 17 and 18 fit with whether you translate this embedded quote with a direct or indirect quote. Alternate translation: “Then tell them to bring their father and their families back here to me.”
45:18	b98l		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes	וְ⁠אֶתְּנָ֣ה לָ⁠כֶ֗ם	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “I will give them”
45:18	soil			אֶת טוּב֙ אֶ֣רֶץ מִצְרַ֔יִם	1	 Alternate translation: “the best land in the country of Egypt to live in,”
45:18	j0oy		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וְ⁠אִכְל֖וּ אֶת חֵ֥לֶב הָ⁠אָֽרֶץ	1	This idiom means that they would live comfortably with the best of everything; it does not just refer to food. Consider whether or not you have a similar idiom in your language.
45:19	rznz			וְ⁠אַתָּ֥ה צֻוֵּ֖יתָה	1	The pronoun **you** is singular here and refers to Joseph. This clause is not part of Pharaoh’s message to Joseph’s brothers (verses 17-20). Make sure that is clear in your translation. Alternate translation: “You are also directed to tell them”
45:19	r7b1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes	זֹ֣את עֲשׂ֑וּ קְחוּ לָ⁠כֶם֩ & עֲגָל֗וֹת	1	These carts or wagons had two or four wheels and were pulled by animals such as oxen or donkeys. Consider whether it is better in your language to translate this embedded quote with a direct or indirect quote. See what you did for a similar case in verses 17-18. Alternate translation: “Take some of my carts with you” or “to take some of my carts with them”
45:19	ehow		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	לְ⁠טַפְּ⁠כֶם֙ וְ⁠לִ⁠נְשֵׁי⁠כֶ֔ם	1	For some languages it is more natural (and respectful) to put **wives** before **little ones** in this phrase. Do what is best in your language. Also see how you translated **little ones** in Gen 43:8. Alternate translation: “for your young children and wives to ride in,” or “for your wives and young children to ride in,”
45:19	zy6m		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes	וּ⁠נְשָׂאתֶ֥ם אֶת אֲבִי⁠כֶ֖ם וּ⁠בָאתֶֽם	1	Make sure the pronouns you use throughout verses 19 and 20 fit with whether you translate the embedded quote with a direct or indirect quote. Also see how you translated **get your father** in verse 18. Alternate translation: “then bring them and your father back here to live.” or “Then tell them to bring their father and their families back here to live.”
45:20	rsjc		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes	וְ⁠עֵ֣ינְ⁠כֶ֔ם אַל תָּחֹ֖ס	1	 Alternate translation: “And do not be concerned” or “You should not worry”
45:20	n3nt		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes	עַל כְּלֵי⁠כֶ֑ם	1	 Alternate translation: “about leaving some of your belongings behind,” or “if you have to leave behind some of your possessions,”
45:20	bf1n			כִּי ט֛וּב כָּל אֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרַ֖יִם	1	This phrase refers generally to the wealth of Egypt that will be available to Jacob’s family, including fertile land and anything else that they need. Alternate translation: “because the best of everything in the land of Egypt” or “because the most valuable things in all the land of Egypt”
45:21	kcbs			וַ⁠יַּֽעֲשׂוּ־כֵן֙ בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל	1	Jacob is referred to by his other name Israel here (also in verse 28). If that is not clear in your translation, you could put that information in a footnote. If possible in your translation, it is best to keep the name that the author chose to use in each case so that you do not change what is being emphasized. Alternate translation: “… agreed to do what Pharaoh said”
45:21	dnbb			וַ⁠יִּתֵּ֨ן לָ⁠הֶ֥ם יוֹסֵ֛ף עֲגָל֖וֹת	1	 Alternate translation: “Then Joseph gave them carts to use”
45:21	zkju		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	עַל פִּ֣י פַרְעֹ֑ה	1	This phrase refers to what Pharaoh said. Alternate translation: “as King Pharaoh had directed him,”
45:21	f8wt			וַ⁠יִּתֵּ֥ן לָ⁠הֶ֛ם צֵדָ֖ה	1	 Alternate translation: “and he provided them with food to eat” or “and he gave them food”
45:21	kx1n			לַ⁠דָּֽרֶךְ	1	 Alternate translation: “to eat on their trip home.”
45:22	lj72			לְ⁠כֻלָּ֥⁠ם נָתַ֛ן לָ⁠אִ֖ישׁ חֲלִפ֣וֹת שְׂמָלֹ֑ת	1	 Alternate translation: “To each of them he gave a new set of clothes,” or “He also gave a new change of clothes to each one of his brothers,”
45:22	ku7k		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	וּ⁠לְ⁠בִנְיָמִ֤ן נָתַן֙ שְׁלֹ֣שׁ מֵא֣וֹת כֶּ֔סֶף וְ⁠חָמֵ֖שׁ חֲלִפֹ֥ת שְׂמָלֹֽת	1	For some languages it is better to mention the gift of clothes to Benjamin before the gift of silver, to more clearly contrast how many clothes he received with how many his brothers received. Do what is best in your language. Also, see how you translated **shekels of silver** in Gen 20:16 (and see the note there). Three hundred shekels of silver was equal to about 3.5 kilos (7.5 pounds). Alternate translation: “but to Benjamin he gave 300 pieces of silver money and five new changes of clothes.” or “but to Benjamin he gave five new changes of clothes plus 300 pieces of silver money.”
45:23	fr3h			וּ⁠לְ⁠אָבִ֞י⁠ו שָׁלַ֤ח כְּ⁠זֹאת֙	1	 Alternate translation: “Besides that, he sent with them the following gifts for his father:” or “He also gave them the following things to give to his father:”
45:23	xcsr			מִ⁠טּ֣וּב מִצְרָ֑יִם	1	 Alternate translation: “some of the best products from Egypt,” or “some of the most valuable things produced in the country of Egypt,”
45:23	qi3o			בָּ֣ר וָ⁠לֶ֧חֶם וּ⁠מָז֛וֹן	1	 Alternate translation: “bags of grain, bread, and other food” or “food provisions, including grain and bread,”
45:23	ml1r		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	לְ⁠אָבִ֖י⁠ו	1	 Alternate translation: “for his father and family”
45:23	kd75			לַ⁠דָּֽרֶךְ	1	See how you translated “provisions … for the road” in verse 21 and Gen 42:25. Alternate translation: “to eat on his trip to Egypt.” or “to eat as he traveled to Egypt.”
45:24	nqcs		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יְשַׁלַּ֥ח אֶת־אֶחָ֖י⁠ו	1	 Alternate translation: “Then Joseph saw his brothers off on their way home.” or “After that, Joseph got his brothers started on their journey home.”
45:24	qezv			וַ⁠יֵּלֵ֑כוּ	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here.
45:24	rty0		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר אֲלֵ⁠הֶ֔ם אַֽל תִּרְגְּז֖וּ	1	Consider whether it is better in your language to use a direct or indirect quote here. Alternate translation: “he told them not to argue with one another”
45:24	dh6n			בַּ⁠דָּֽרֶךְ	1	 Alternate translation: “on the journey.” or “as you travel.”
45:25	z1e1			וַֽ⁠יַּעֲל֖וּ מִ⁠מִּצְרָ֑יִם	1	See how you translated **up** in verse 9.
45:25	mbuw			וַ⁠יָּבֹ֨אוּ֙ אֶ֣רֶץ כְּנַ֔עַן אֶֽל יַעֲקֹ֖ב אֲבִי⁠הֶֽם	1	 Alternate translation: “and went back home to their father Jacob in the land of Canaan.”
45:26	ektk			וַ⁠יַּגִּ֨דוּ ל֜⁠וֹ לֵ⁠אמֹ֗ר	1	 Alternate translation: “They immediately announced to him,” or “When they arrived, they exclaimed to him,”
45:26	l7wg			ע֚וֹד יוֹסֵ֣ף חַ֔י וְ⁠כִֽי ה֥וּא מֹשֵׁ֖ל בְּ⁠כָל אֶ֣רֶץ מִצְרָ֑יִם	1	See how you translated **ruler** in verse 8. Alternate translation: “Joseph is still alive! In fact, he is the governor of the entire country of Egypt!”
45:26	tsjm		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וַ⁠יָּ֣פָג לִבּ֔⁠וֹ	1	This idiom means that Jacob was so shocked that he did not know which way to go with his emotions or what to think, say, or do; it does not mean that he died. Some languages have a similar idiom. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “When Jacob heard that, he was completely shocked,”
45:26	iaug			כִּ֥י לֹא הֶאֱמִ֖ין לָ⁠הֶֽם	1	 Alternate translation: “because he thought it could not be true.”
45:27	gadd			וַ⁠יְדַבְּר֣וּ אֵלָ֗י⁠ו	1	 Alternate translation: “But then they reported to him”
45:27	y1r9			וַ⁠יַּרְא֙ אֶת הָ֣⁠עֲגָל֔וֹת	1	See how you translated **carts** in verses 19 and 21. Alternate translation: “and when he saw the carts”
45:27	os2g			וַ⁠תְּחִ֕י ר֖וּחַ יַעֲקֹ֥ב אֲבִי⁠הֶֽם	1	 Alternate translation: “their father Jacob felt much better.”
45:28	byhk			וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר֙ יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל	1	Consider again whether to include in this chapter a footnote which explains that **Israel** (verses 21 and 28) and “Jacob” (verses 25 and 27) refer to the same person, not two different people. Alternate translation: “Then Israel exclaimed to them,”
45:28	un3t			עוֹד יוֹסֵ֥ף בְּנִ֖⁠י חָ֑י	1	 Alternate translation: “My son Joseph must still be alive!”
46:1	riri			וַ⁠יִּסַּ֤ע יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ וְ⁠כָל אֲשֶׁר ל֔⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “So Israel started the journey to Egypt with all his family members and belongings” or “So Israel and his family started traveling toward Egypt with all his belongings.”
46:1	hkee			וַ⁠יִּזְבַּ֣ח זְבָחִ֔ים	1	See how you translated **sacrificed** in Gen 31:54. Alternate translation: “he offered offerings” or “burned some of his animals on an altar there as sacrifices”
46:1	tvbs			לֵ⁠אלֹהֵ֖י אָבִ֥י⁠ו יִצְחָֽק	1	 Alternate translation: “to God, whom his father Isaac had served.”
46:2	r68j			וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר אֱלֹהִ֤ים לְ⁠יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ בְּ⁠מַרְאֹ֣ת הַ⁠לַּ֔יְלָה וַ⁠יֹּ֖אמֶר יַעֲקֹ֣ב יַעֲקֹ֑ב	1	God repeats Jacob’s name to communicate that he has something urgent or important to tell him. Make sure your translation of this phrase does not sound angry or critical. Also see how you translated “vision” in Gen 15:1.
46:2	zw7m		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	וַ⁠יֹּ֖אמֶר	2	For some languages, it is more natural to put this quotation margin (**he said**) after the quote. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “Jacob replied to him,”
46:2	xvb8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	הִנֵּֽ⁠נִי	1	Consider again how you translated the idiom **Behold me** throughout the book of Genesis. See Gen 22:1, 7, 11; 27:1, 18; 31:11; 37:13; 46:2. Alternate translation: “Here I am, Lord” or “Yes, Master?” or “I am listening, Lord.”
46:3	j0y9			אָנֹכִ֥י הָ⁠אֵ֖ל אֱלֹהֵ֣י אָבִ֑י⁠ךָ	1	See how you translated **the God of** in verse 1. Alternate translation: “I am God, the God whom your father served”
46:3	l2gh			אַל תִּירָא֙	1	 Alternate translation: “You must not be afraid”
46:3	ss0c			מֵ⁠רְדָ֣ה מִצְרַ֔יְמָ⁠ה	1	 Alternate translation: “to move down to the country of Egypt,” or “to go to the country of Egypt and settle there,”
46:3	tlg5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	כִּֽי & אֲשִֽׂימְ⁠ךָ֥	1	See how you translated **I will make you into a great nation** (and similar phrases) in Gen 12:2; 17:20; 18:18; 21:13, 18. Alternate translation: “because I will make you and your descendants” or “because I will make your family” or “because I will give you many descendants, who will”
46:3	qaja			לְ⁠ג֥וֹי גָּד֖וֹל & שָֽׁם	1	 Alternate translation: “multiply and become an important ethnic group there.”
46:4	yhnq			אָנֹכִ֗י אֵרֵ֤ד עִמְּ⁠ךָ֙ מִצְרַ֔יְמָ⁠ה	1	Consider what is the best way to translate the emphatic pronoun **I** here and in the next clause. Also see how you translated **down** and **up** in Gen 45:9. Alternate translation: “I personally will go with you to Egypt,”
46:4	bj4x		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	וְ⁠אָנֹכִ֖י אַֽעַלְ⁠ךָ֣ גַם עָלֹ֑ה	1	The pronoun **you** refers here to Jacob’s descendants.
46:4	kc9s		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism	וְ⁠יוֹסֵ֕ף יָשִׁ֥ית יָד֖⁠וֹ עַל עֵינֶֽי⁠ךָ	1	This clause refers to the custom of closing a person’s eyes after he died and means that Joseph would be with Jacob when he died. Alternate translation: “And when you die, Joseph will be right there to close your eyes.”
46:5	o6ve			וַ⁠יָּ֥קָם יַעֲקֹ֖ב מִ⁠בְּאֵ֣ר שָׁ֑בַע	1	Be consistent with how you spell **Beersheba** throughout the book of Genesis. See Gen 21:14, 31-33; 22:19; 26:23, 33; 28:10; 46:1, 5. Alternate translation: “So Jacob left the city of Beersheba,” or “After that, Jacob whose other name was Israel left the city of Beersheba,”
46:5	d9sz			וַ⁠יִּשְׂא֨וּ בְנֵֽי יִשְׂרָאֵ֜ל אֶת יַעֲקֹ֣ב אֲבִי⁠הֶ֗ם	1	“and his sons, the sons of Israel, took/transported him their father” or “and his sons, that is the sons of Israel, took/transported him” or “and his sons took/transported him”. **Israel** is the name that God gave to Jacob (Gen 32:28, 35:10). In chapters 45 and 46, the text repeatedly switches back and forth between both of Jacob’s names. Make sure it is clear in your translation that these two names refer to the same person. You could include a footnote that helps readers understand what is happening. Alternate translation: “and his sons, the sons of Israel, took him their father” or “and his sons, that is the sons of Israel, took him” or “and his sons transported him”
46:5	dh0t		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	וְ⁠אֶת טַפָּ⁠ם֙ וְ⁠אֶת נְשֵׁי⁠הֶ֔ם	1	See how you translated “little ones and … wives” in Gen 45:19. Alternate translation: “as well as their children and wives”
46:5	ijbh			בָּ⁠עֲגָל֕וֹת	1	See how you translated **carts** in Gen 45:19, 21, 27.
46:5	swur		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	אֲשֶׁר & פַּרְעֹ֖ה	1	For a note about how **Pharaoh** is used like a name in the Bible, see Gen 12:15. Alternate translation: “that Pharaoh the king of Egypt” or “that the king of Egypt”
46:5	a341			שָׁלַ֥ח	1	 Alternate translation: “had sent to Canaan”
46:5	a0lg		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	לָ⁠שֵׂ֥את אֹתֽ⁠וֹ	1	The pronoun **him** refers to Jacob, the head of his family, and includes Jacob’s wives and children. It may be necessary to use the plural pronoun “them” to make that clear. Alternate translation: “to transport him to Egypt.” or “for them to ride on to Egypt.”
46:6	bpn0			וַ⁠יִּקְח֣וּ אֶת מִקְנֵי⁠הֶ֗ם	1	 Alternate translation: “They also took with them their animals”
46:6	mwtw			וְ⁠אֶת רְכוּשָׁ⁠ם֙	1	Consider again how you translated **possessions** in the book of Genesis. See Gen 12:5 (and note); 13:6; 14:11-12, 16, 21; 15:14; 31:18; 36:7; 46:6. It may be necessary to translate this term in slightly different ways, depending on the context.
46:6	rgy2			אֲשֶׁ֤ר רָֽכְשׁוּ֙	1	Consider again how you translated **acquired** in the book of Genesis. See Gen 12:5; 31:18; 36:6; 46:6. Alternate translation: “that they had accumulated”
46:6	ll6u			בְּ⁠אֶ֣רֶץ כְּנַ֔עַן	1	 Alternate translation: “in Canaan.”
46:7	fpfy		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship	בָּנָ֞י⁠ו וּ⁠בְנֵ֤י בָנָי⁠ו֙ אִתּ֔⁠וֹ בְּנֹתָ֛י⁠ו וּ⁠בְנ֥וֹת בָּנָ֖י⁠ו	1	Consider what is the best way in your language to list these descendants. Alternate translation: “including his sons and grandsons, and his daughters and granddaughters.” or “including his sons, daughters, grandsons, and granddaughters.”
46:7	f9ba		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	וְ⁠כָל זַרְע֑⁠וֹ הֵבִ֥יא אִתּ֖⁠וֹ מִצְרָֽיְמָ⁠ה	1	For some languages, it may be clearer or more natural to change the order of the clauses in this verse and say, “He/Jacob brought his entire extended family with him to Egypt, including his sons …” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “Yes, Jacob brought his entire family with him to Egypt.” or “Jacob had all his descendants with him when he arrived in Egypt.”
46:8	r81g			בְּכֹ֥ר יַעֲקֹ֖ב רְאוּבֵֽן	1	Some translations put verses 8-14, 16-17, and 19-24 in list format, beginning a new paragraph with each of Jacob’s sons.
46:9	pg60			וּ⁠בְנֵ֖י רְאוּבֵ֑ן	1	Consider whether it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here or to continue the sentence from the previous verse. Also, throughout this section (verses 9-27), some translations use a colon before each list of names instead of **were** or “who were”. Do what is best in your language.
46:9	vobo			חֲנ֥וֹךְ וּ⁠פַלּ֖וּא וְ⁠חֶצְר֥וֹן וְ⁠כַרְמִֽי	1	For some languages it is more natural to include **and** between every name in a list like this. For other languages it is more natural to use commas between names and leave **and** implied, except before the last name in the list. See how you translated similar lists of names in Genesis 10.
46:10	p9tr			וְ⁠שָׁא֖וּל בֶּן הַֽ⁠כְּנַעֲנִֽית	1	In this list, only Shaul had a Canaanite mother. See how you translated **Canaanite** in Gen 38:2. Alternate translation: “and Shaul, whose mother was a Canaanite.” or “and Shaul. (Shaul had a Canaanite mother.)”
46:12	hxru			עֵ֧ר וְ⁠אוֹנָ֛ן וְ⁠שֵׁלָ֖ה וָ⁠פֶ֣רֶץ וָ⁠זָ֑רַח	1	Be consistent here with how you spelled these names in Gen 38:3-11, 26, 29-30.
46:12	kmfp			וַ⁠יָּ֨מָת עֵ֤ר וְ⁠אוֹנָן֙ בְּ⁠אֶ֣רֶץ כְּנַ֔עַן	1	 Alternate translation: “actually, Er and Onan had already died in the land of Canaan.”
46:12	btiw			וַ⁠יִּהְי֥וּ בְנֵי פֶ֖רֶץ חֶצְר֥וֹן וְ⁠חָמֽוּל	1	 Alternate translation: “Perez had sons named Hezron and Hamul.”
46:13	gd3s		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	תּוֹלָ֥ע וּ⁠פֻוָּ֖ה וְ⁠י֥וֹב וְ⁠שִׁמְרֽוֹן	1	Numbers 26:24 and 1 Chronicles 7:1 have the same list of Issachar’s sons as here, but instead of **Puvah** and “Job,” they have “Puah” and “Jashub.” Some translations keep the spelling for these names the same in all three locations to avoid confusion. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “Tola, Puah, Jashub, and Shimron.”
46:15	s5do			אֵ֣לֶּה בְּנֵ֣י	1	 Alternate translation: “All those were the descendants”
46:15	nmfo			לֵאָ֗ה אֲשֶׁ֨ר יָֽלְדָ֤ה לְ⁠יַעֲקֹב֙	1	 Alternate translation: “of Leah and Jacob who were born”
46:15	qbsu			בְּ⁠פַדַּ֣ן אֲרָ֔ם	1	 Alternate translation: “in the land of Paddan Aram,”
46:15	bl0r			וְ⁠אֵ֖ת דִּינָ֣ה בִתּ֑⁠וֹ	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Also, be consistent with how you spell the name **Dinah** in the book of Genesis. See Gen 30:21; 34:1-5, 11, 13, 25-26; 46:15. Alternate translation: “as well as Dinah their daughter.” or “in addition to their daughter Dinah.”
46:15	avnp			כָּל נֶ֧פֶשׁ בָּנָ֛י⁠ו וּ⁠בְנוֹתָ֖י⁠ו שְׁלֹשִׁ֥ים וְ⁠שָׁלֹֽשׁ	1	 Alternate translation: “All together those sons, daughters and grandchildren totaled thirty-three persons”
46:16	l2wr			וּ⁠בְנֵ֣י גָ֔ד	1	This verse begins a new section in the list of Jacob’s descendants. Decide what is the best way to begin this new section in your language.
46:17	ccrj			וְ⁠שֶׂ֣רַח אֲחֹתָ֑⁠ם	1	 Alternate translation: “and their sister, who was Serah.” or “and their sister, whose name was Serah.” or “Their sister was Serah.”
46:17	rvtp			וּ⁠בְנֵ֣י בְרִיעָ֔ה חֶ֖בֶר וּ⁠מַלְכִּיאֵֽל	1	 Alternate translation: “Beriah had sons named Heber and Malkiel.”
46:18	ooav			אֵ֚לֶּה בְּנֵ֣י זִלְפָּ֔ה	1	Be consistent with how you spell the name **Zilpah** in the book of Genesis. See Gen 29:24; 30:9-10,12; 35:26; 37:2; 46:18. Alternate translation: “Those were the descendants of Jacob and Zilpah,”
46:18	q2fo		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	וַ⁠תֵּ֤לֶד אֶת אֵ֨לֶּה֙ לְ⁠יַעֲקֹ֔ב שֵׁ֥שׁ עֶשְׂרֵ֖ה נָֽפֶשׁ	1	Consider whether it is better in your language to change the order of clauses in this verse and say, “Those were sixteen descendants that Jacob had with his concubine Zilpah, whom Laban had given to his daughter Leah as a maidservant/servant.” Alternate translation: “Zilpah and Jacob had those sixteen descendants.” or “The total number of those descendants that Zilpah and Jacob had together was sixteen.”
46:19	dl75			בְּנֵ֤י רָחֵל֙ אֵ֣שֶׁת יַֽעֲקֹ֔ב יוֹסֵ֖ף וּ⁠בִנְיָמִֽן	1	This verse begins a new section in the list of Jacob’s descendants. Decide what is the best way to begin this new section in your language.
46:20	h1mo			אֲשֶׁ֤ר יָֽלְדָה לּ⁠וֹ֙ אָֽסְנַ֔ת בַּת פּ֥וֹטִי פֶ֖רַע כֹּהֵ֣ן אֹ֑ן	1	See how you translated “Asenath … daughter of Potiphera the priest of On” in Gen 41:45.
46:21	qthw			אֵחִ֣י וָ⁠רֹ֑אשׁ מֻפִּ֥ים וְ⁠חֻפִּ֖ים וָ⁠אָֽרְדְּ	1	Remember to use (or not use) **and** between the names in this list in a way that is natural in your language.
46:22	khj5			אֵ֚לֶּה בְּנֵ֣י	1	 Alternate translation: “All those were the descendants”
46:22	awf7			רָחֵ֔ל אֲשֶׁ֥ר יֻלַּ֖ד לְ⁠יַעֲקֹ֑ב	1	Your punctuation here will depend on how you translate the rest of this verse. Alternate translation: “that Jacob and his wife Rachel had together,” or “who came from Rachel and Jacob.”
46:22	ycq8			כָּל נֶ֖פֶשׁ אַרְבָּעָ֥ה עָשָֽׂר	1	 Alternate translation: “The total number of those descendants was fourteen.”
46:23	f9g0			וּ⁠בְנֵי דָ֖ן חֻשִֽׁים	1	This verse begins a new section in the list of Jacob’s descendants. See how you started verse 16, which is similar.
46:24	jdr0			יַחְצְאֵ֥ל וְ⁠גוּנִ֖י וְ⁠יֵ֥צֶר וְ⁠שִׁלֵּֽם	1	Consider again how you translated these lists of names in this chapter (verses 9-24).
46:25	tn9l			אֵ֚לֶּה בְּנֵ֣י בִלְהָ֔ה	1	Be consistent in how you spell **Bilhah** in the book of Genesis. See Gen 29:29; 30:3-5, 7; 35:22, 25; 37:2; 46:25. Also see how you translated verse 18, which is similar in structure to verse 25. Alternate translation: “Those were the descendants of Jacob and Bilhah,”
46:25	k5xe			אֲשֶׁר נָתַ֥ן לָבָ֖ן לְ⁠רָחֵ֣ל בִּתּ֑⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “who was the servant woman whom Laban had given to his daughter Rachel.”
46:25	uwps		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	וַ⁠תֵּ֧לֶד אֶת אֵ֛לֶּה לְ⁠יַעֲקֹ֖ב כָּל נֶ֥פֶשׁ שִׁבְעָֽה	1	For some languages it is better to change the order of clauses in this verse and say, “All those were seven descendants that Jacob had with his concubine Bilhah, whom Laban had given to his daughter Rachel as a maidservant/servant.” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “The total number of those descendants that Bilhah and Jacob had together was seven.” or “Those descendants that Bilhah had with Jacob totaled seven persons”
46:26	r4sj			כָּל הַ֠⁠נֶּפֶשׁ הַ⁠בָּאָ֨ה לְ⁠יַעֲקֹ֤ב מִצְרַ֨יְמָ⁠ה֙	1	 Alternate translation: “The total number of people who traveled with Jacob to Egypt,”
46:26	vq0n		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism	יֹצְאֵ֣י יְרֵכ֔⁠וֹ	1	Make sure that your translation of this idiom can be read in public without offending or embarrassing listeners. See how you translated a similar idiom in Gen 35:11. Alternate translation: “who came from him,” or “who were his blood relatives,” or “who were his biological descendants,”
46:26	ymh7			מִ⁠לְּ⁠בַ֖ד נְשֵׁ֣י בְנֵי יַעֲקֹ֑ב	1	 Alternate translation: “not including his wives or the wives of his sons,”
46:26	rfvm		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	כָּל נֶ֖פֶשׁ שִׁשִּׁ֥ים וָ⁠שֵֽׁשׁ	1	For some languages it is clearer and more natural to change the order of the clauses in this sentence and say, “Altogether Jacob had sixty-six blood relatives who went with him to Egypt. That number does not include his wives or his sons’ wives.” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “was sixty-six people in all.”
46:27	w7ik			וּ⁠בְנֵ֥י יוֹסֵ֛ף אֲשֶׁר יֻלַּד ל֥⁠וֹ בְ⁠מִצְרַ֖יִם נֶ֣פֶשׁ שְׁנָ֑יִם	1	 Alternate translation: “Joseph and his two sons were already in Egypt, so, including Jacob,”
46:28	b4ff			וְ⁠אֶת יְהוּדָ֞ה שָׁלַ֤ח	1	 Alternate translation: “Then he told Judah to go” or “When they reached Egypt, he had Judah go”
46:28	u61x			לְ⁠פָנָי⁠ו֙ אֶל יוֹסֵ֔ף	1	 Alternate translation: “ahead of them to Joseph”
46:28	nz96			לְ⁠הוֹרֹ֥ת לְ⁠פָנָ֖י⁠ו	1	 Alternate translation: “to find out which way to go” or “to ask him how to get”
46:28	lr93		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	גֹּ֑שְׁנָ⁠ה	1	Goshen was a region or territory that was part of the country of Egypt. For some languages it is better to make that explicit here, rather than wait until the end of the verse. Do what is best in your language. Also be consistent here with how you spelled **Goshen** in Gen 45:10. Alternate translation: “to the region of Goshen.” or “to Goshen County.”
46:28	ywkc		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יָּבֹ֖אוּ	1	Make sure it is clear in your translation who is being referred to here. Alternate translation: “Then Jacob and his family traveled to”
46:28	cib9			אַ֥רְצָ⁠ה גֹּֽשֶׁן	1	If you use **the land of Goshen** earlier in this verse, it may be better to just say **Goshen** here. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “the region of Goshen.” or “Goshen County.”
46:29	ytwf		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וַ⁠יֶּאְסֹ֤ר יוֹסֵף֙ מֶרְכַּבְתּ֔⁠וֹ	1	Joseph may have harnessed his horses to his chariot himself, or he may have had his servants do that for him (which was usual for a powerful person like him). Consider how you translated similar situations in Gen 41:48. Also see how you translated **chariot** in Gen 41:43. Alternate translation: “Then Joseph got his cart ready” or “Then Joseph had his servants get his cart ready”
46:29	ddl6			וַ⁠יַּ֛עַל לִ⁠קְרַֽאת יִשְׂרָאֵ֥ל אָבִ֖י⁠ו גֹּ֑שְׁנָ⁠ה	1	See how you translated **went up** in Gen 13:1 and “go up” in Gen 45:9.
46:29	vrp6			וַ⁠יֵּרָ֣א אֵלָ֗י⁠ו	1	 Alternate translation: “When he got there, Joseph went up to his father”
46:29	zdd2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וַ⁠יִּפֹּל֙ עַל צַוָּארָ֔י⁠ו	1	See how you translated “fell on … neck” in Gen 45:14. Alternate translation: “and put his arms around his neck” or “and hugged him strongly”
46:30	ddlj			וַ⁠יֹּ֧אמֶר יִשְׂרָאֵ֛ל אֶל יוֹסֵ֖ף	1	 Alternate translation: “Then Israel exclaimed to him,”
46:30	cub6			אָמ֣וּתָה הַ⁠פָּ֑עַם	1	Jacob did not die until 17 years later (Genesis 47:28). Make sure your translation of this clause does not mean or imply that Jacob wanted to die soon or that he thought he would die soon. Alternate translation: “Now I will die happy,”
46:30	rb7f		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	אַחֲרֵי֙ רְאוֹתִ֣⁠י אֶת פָּנֶ֔י⁠ךָ	1	In this context, **your face** refers to Joseph, not just his face. Decide what is the best way to communicate that in your language. Alternate translation: “since I have seen you face to face” or “since I have seen you in person”
46:31	z0ih			וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר יוֹסֵ֤ף אֶל אֶחָי⁠ו֙	1	 Alternate translation: “Then Joseph told his brothers”
46:31	iu3p		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-honorifics	אֶעֱלֶ֖ה וְ⁠אַגִּ֣ידָה לְ⁠פַרְעֹ֑ה וְ⁠אֹֽמְרָ֣ה אֵלָ֔י⁠ו	1	Make sure that the way Joseph refers to Pharaoh here sounds respectful in your translation. See what you did in Gen 41:35. Alternate translation: “I will go to King Pharaoh and tell him,”
46:31	xkdd		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes	אַחַ֧⁠י וּ⁠בֵית אָבִ֛⁠י	1	Consider whether it is better in your language to translate this embedded quote (in verses 31-32) with a direct or indirect quote.
46:31	nizd			אֲשֶׁ֥ר בְּ⁠אֶֽרֶץ כְּנַ֖עַן בָּ֥אוּ אֵלָֽ⁠י	1	 Alternate translation: “have come here from the land of Canaan to live near me.”
46:32	x44w		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes	וְ⁠הָ⁠אֲנָשִׁים֙ רֹ֣עֵי צֹ֔אן	1	Be consistent here with whether you are translating this embedded quote (that began in verse 31) as an direct or indirect quote. Alternate translation: “The men of my family tend sheep and goats.” or “I will also tell him that you men in my family raise sheep and goats.”
46:32	igox			כִּֽי אַנְשֵׁ֥י מִקְנֶ֖ה הָי֑וּ	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “for they are livestock raisers”
46:32	l2a6			וְ⁠כָל	1	 Alternate translation: “as well as everything else”
46:32	vast			אֲשֶׁ֥ר לָ⁠הֶ֖ם	1	 Alternate translation: “that they have.” or “that is theirs.”
46:33	ai1b			וְ⁠הָיָ֕ה	1	This phrase introduces and emphasizes what Joseph says next. Consider what is the best way to communicate that in your language.
46:33	h0uq			כִּֽי & פַּרְעֹ֑ה	1	 Alternate translation: “when King Pharaoh”
46:33	r2yq		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes	יִקְרָ֥א לָ⁠כֶ֖ם & וְ⁠אָמַ֖ר מַה מַּעֲשֵׂי⁠כֶֽם	1	Consider whether it is better in your language to translate this embedded quotation with a direct or indirect quote. Alternate translation: “summons you and asks you what your work is,”
46:34	w1v4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠אֲמַרְתֶּ֗ם	1	 Alternate translation: “you must tell him,”
46:34	ia61		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	אַנְשֵׁ֨י מִקְנֶ֜ה הָי֤וּ עֲבָדֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ מִ⁠נְּעוּרֵ֣י⁠נוּ וְ⁠עַד עַ֔תָּה	1	The phrase “your servants” shows respect to Pharaoh and acknowledges his high position; it does not mean that Pharaoh actually owns Joseph’s brothers as servants. Translate this in a polite way that shows respect toward Pharaoh. Also, see how you translated **livestock men** in verse 32. Alternate translation: “Your Majesty we have raised livestock since the time we were young,”
46:34	r4o3			גַּם אֲנַ֖חְנוּ גַּם אֲבֹתֵ֑י⁠נוּ	1	See how you translated **fathers** in Gen 15:15. Alternate translation: “which is the same occupation that our forefathers had.”
46:34	wtti			בַּ⁠עֲב֗וּר	1	 Alternate translation: “If you say that, then”
46:34	k7fk		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	תֵּשְׁבוּ֙	1	The idea here is that Jacob’s family would be permitted to live in rural areas to raise their livestock away from most Egyptians, who despised sheep herders. Alternate translation: “you will be allowed to live privately” or “he will permit you to live privately”
46:34	e403			בְּ⁠אֶ֣רֶץ גֹּ֔שֶׁן	1	 Alternate translation: “in the region of Goshen,” or “in Goshen County,”
46:34	d82w			כִּֽי	1	 Alternate translation: “especially because”
46:34	prnu		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	תוֹעֲבַ֥ת מִצְרַ֖יִם כָּל רֹ֥עֵה צֹֽאן	1	For some languages it is clearer and more natural to change the order of phrases in this clause. Do what is best in your language. Also see how you translated **abomination** in Gen 43:32. Alternate translation: “sheep herders are detestable to Egyptians.” or “the people of Egypt have disdain for sheep herders.” or “Egyptians detest everyone who raises sheep.”
47:1	mkye			וַ⁠יָּבֹ֣א יוֹסֵף֮ וַ⁠יַּגֵּ֣ד לְ⁠פַרְעֹה֒ וַ⁠יֹּ֗אמֶר	1	See how you translated “report to Pharaoh” in Gen 46:31. Alternate translation: “Then Joseph went to King Pharaoh and told him,”
47:1	sa29		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	אָבִ֨⁠י וְ⁠אַחַ֜⁠י	1	It is implied that the brothers brought their families with them. Consider whether or not to make that explicit in your translation. Alternate translation: “My father, my brothers and their families,”
47:1	i8mx			וְ⁠צֹאנָ֤⁠ם וּ⁠בְקָרָ⁠ם֙	1	 Alternate translation: “and their flocks of sheep and goats and their herds of cattle” or “along with their sheep, goats, cattle,”
47:1	kw8n		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	בָּ֖אוּ מֵ⁠אֶ֣רֶץ כְּנָ֑עַן	1	For some languages it may be clearer or more natural to put this clause and the rest of this verse earlier in this sentence. For example: “My father and my brothers and their families have come to Egypt from the region of Canaan and are now in Goshen Province. They brought with them their sheep …” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “have come here from the land of Canaan.”
47:1	fp70			וְ⁠הִנָּ֖⁠ם	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “They are staying now” or “and they have already arrived”
47:1	ckpp			בְּ⁠אֶ֥רֶץ גֹּֽשֶׁן	1	 Alternate translation: “in the region of Goshen.” or “in Goshen County.”
47:2	zp5f			וּ⁠מִ⁠קְצֵ֣ה אֶחָ֔י⁠ו לָקַ֖ח חֲמִשָּׁ֣ה אֲנָשִׁ֑ים וַ⁠יַּצִּגֵ֖⁠ם לִ⁠פְנֵ֥י פַרְעֹֽה	1	Joseph probably brought his father and brothers with him from Goshen (46:31) to Pharaoh’s palace. It is not clear whether or not they were in the room yet when Joseph spoke to Pharaoh about them (47:1). Alternate translation: “Then he took five of his brothers to Pharaoh and presented them to him.” or “Joseph had brought five of his brothers with him from Goshen, so he brought them before Pharaoh and presented them to him.”
47:3	dma6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יֹּ֧אמֶר פַּרְעֹ֛ה אֶל אֶחָ֖י⁠ו	1	Make sure that your translation of **his brothers** refers to Joseph’s brothers, not Pharaoh’s.
47:3	n3cx			מַה מַּעֲשֵׂי⁠כֶ֑ם	1	 Alternate translation: “What kind of work do you do?” or “What do you do for a living?”
47:3	h073			וַ⁠יֹּאמְר֣וּ אֶל פַּרְעֹ֗ה	1	 Alternate translation: “They answered Pharaoh” or “One of them said”
47:3	pwof		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	עֲבָדֶ֔י⁠ךָ	1	See how you translated “your servants” in Gen 46:34. Alternate translation: “We, your humble servants,” or “Your Majesty we” or “Sir, we”
47:3	i6ya			רֹעֵ֥ה צֹאן֙	1	 Alternate translation: “are herdsmen,”
47:3	o3np			גַּם אֲנַ֖חְנוּ גַּם אֲבוֹתֵֽי⁠נוּ	1	 Alternate translation: “just as our ancestors were” or “which is the same kind of work that our forefathers did”
47:4	bami		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּאמְר֣וּ אֶל פַּרְעֹ֗ה	1	For some languages it is more natural here to omit this quote margin, because the same people (Joseph’s brothers) are still talking to the same person (Pharaoh). However, the words emphasize what Joseph’s five brothers say next and may indicate that there was a pause between what they said in verse 3 and verse 4. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “Then they added,”
47:4	wsfq			לָ⁠ג֣וּר & בָּאנוּ֒	1	 Alternate translation: “We have come here to stay for a while” or “We came here to stay temporarily”
47:4	xk7o			בָּ⁠אָרֶץ֮	1	 Alternate translation: “in this country,” or “in your land”
47:4	u08w			כִּי אֵ֣ין מִרְעֶ֗ה לַ⁠צֹּאן֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר לַ⁠עֲבָדֶ֔י⁠ךָ	1	Consider whether or not it is better to begin a new sentence here in your language. Alternate translation: “because there was not enough grass for our flocks of sheep and goats” or “Our flocks, sir, did not have enough grass to eat”
47:4	hq4a		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	כִּֽי כָבֵ֥ד הָ⁠רָעָ֖ב בְּ⁠אֶ֣רֶץ כְּנָ֑עַן	1	For some languages it may be clearer or more natural to put this clause earlier in this sentence. For example: “The famine is so severe/terrible in the region of Canaan where we are/come from that there is not enough grass in the fields for our flocks.” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “in the region of Canaan where we are from, because the famine is so severe there.”
47:4	fcpf		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	וְ⁠עַתָּ֛ה יֵֽשְׁבוּ נָ֥א עֲבָדֶ֖י⁠ךָ	1	See how you translated **your servants** in verse 3 to show respect. Alternate translation: “So now please let us your humble servants live” or “So then, sir, please let us settle”
47:4	e9jw			בְּ⁠אֶ֥רֶץ גֹּֽשֶׁן	1	 Alternate translation: “in the region of Goshen.”
47:5	r9kk			וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר פַּרְעֹ֔ה אֶל יוֹסֵ֖ף לֵ⁠אמֹ֑ר	1	 Alternate translation: “Then Pharaoh turned to Joseph and said,” or “When Pharaoh heard that, he said to Joseph,”
47:5	eiqg			אָבִ֥י⁠ךָ וְ⁠אַחֶ֖י⁠ךָ בָּ֥אוּ אֵלֶֽי⁠ךָ	1	Make sure your translation of this clause does not sound like Pharaoh was telling Joseph something he did not already know. Rather, he is stating shared knowledge as the basis for what he says next.
47:6	z411			אֶ֤רֶץ מִצְרַ֨יִם֙ לְ⁠פָנֶ֣י⁠ךָ	1	Consider whether it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here or to continue the sentence from verse 5. Alternate translation: “the entire land of Egypt is available to you to choose from.”
47:6	eb2w		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	הוֹשֵׁ֥ב אֶת אָבִ֖י⁠ךָ וְ⁠אֶת אַחֶ֑י⁠ךָ	1	 Alternate translation: “So have your father and your brothers settle” or “In fact, they may settle”
47:6	tb5b			בְּ⁠מֵיטַ֣ב הָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ & יֵשְׁבוּ֙ בְּ⁠אֶ֣רֶץ גֹּ֔שֶׁן	1	 Alternate translation: “in the finest land in the country, in Goshen Province.” or “in the region of Goshen, which is the finest land in the country.”
47:6	g3uh			וְ⁠אִם יָדַ֗עְתָּ וְ⁠יֶשׁ בָּ⁠ם֙ אַנְשֵׁי חַ֔יִל	1	 Alternate translation: “And if you know that some of them are very skilled at raising livestock,”
47:6	xtku			וְ⁠שַׂמְתָּ֛⁠ם שָׂרֵ֥י מִקְנֶ֖ה עַל אֲשֶׁר לִֽ⁠י	1	 Alternate translation: “then make them herdsmen over my livestock also.”
47:7	qsu0			וַ⁠יָּבֵ֤א יוֹסֵף֙ אֶת יַֽעֲקֹ֣ב אָבִ֔י⁠ו	1	 Alternate translation: “Then Joseph brought his father Jacob”
47:7	su85			וַ⁠יַּֽעֲמִדֵ֖⁠הוּ לִ⁠פְנֵ֣י פַרְעֹ֑ה	1	See how you translated **presented** in verse 2. Alternate translation: “and presented him to King Pharaoh,” or “to King Pharaoh and introduced them to each other,”
47:7	e47i			וַ⁠יְבָ֥רֶךְ יַעֲקֹ֖ב אֶת פַּרְעֹֽה	1	In Hebrew, there is a common greeting which means “peace be to you,” so it is possible that Jacob used this blessing of peace here to greet Pharaoh. Alternate translation: “and Jacob greeted and blessed Pharaoh.” or “and Jacob asked God to prosper Pharaoh.” or “and Jacob greeted Pharaoh with a blessing.”
47:8	rcjy		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-politeness	כַּ⁠מָּ֕ה יְמֵ֖י שְׁנֵ֥י חַיֶּֽי⁠ךָ	1	Make sure your translation of Pharaoh’s question about Jacob’s age sounds polite. Also, for some languages, a title of respect (such as “Sir”) is necessary whenever someone addresses a distinguished old man such as Jacob.
47:9	iixc		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר יַעֲקֹב֙ אֶל פַּרְעֹ֔ה	1	 Alternate translation: “Jacob replied,”
47:9	n2qw			יְמֵי֙ שְׁנֵ֣י מְגוּרַ֔⁠י שְׁלֹשִׁ֥ים וּ⁠מְאַ֖ת שָׁנָ֑ה	1	Consider again how you translated “sojournings,” “sojourn,” and “sojourner” in the book of Genesis. See Gen 12:10; 15:13; 17:8; 19:9; 20:1; 21:23, 34; 23:4; 26:3; 28:4; 32:4; 35:27; 37:1; 47:4, 9. It may be necessary to translate these terms in different ways, depending on the context. Alternate translation: “The length of my life so far has been 130 years.”
47:9	wijz			מְעַ֣ט וְ⁠רָעִ֗ים הָיוּ֙ יְמֵי֙ שְׁנֵ֣י חַיַּ֔⁠י	1	 Alternate translation: “I have not lived very long, and I have had many difficulties” or “My life has been short, with many difficulties”
47:9	j6hg			וְ⁠לֹ֣א הִשִּׂ֗יגוּ אֶת יְמֵי֙ שְׁנֵי֙ חַיֵּ֣י אֲבֹתַ֔⁠י	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “In fact, I have lived less years than my forefathers did” or “In fact, I have not lived nearly as long as my forefathers did”
47:9	cvtb			בִּ⁠ימֵ֖י מְגוּרֵי⁠הֶֽם	1	 Alternate translation: “during the time that they lived on earth.” or “during their years on earth.”
47:10	m5px			וַ⁠יְבָ֥רֶךְ יַעֲקֹ֖ב אֶת פַּרְעֹ֑ה	1	It was customary in Hebrew to use the blessing “peace be to you” both when greeting and when leaving someone. See how you translated **blessed** in verse 7. Alternate translation: “Then Jacob said goodbye to Pharaoh with a blessing”
47:10	kjg1			וַ⁠יֵּצֵ֖א מִ⁠לִּ⁠פְנֵ֥י פַרְעֹֽה	1	 Alternate translation: “and left his presence.”
47:11	h306		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וַ⁠יּוֹשֵׁ֣ב יוֹסֵף֮ אֶת אָבִ֣י⁠ו וְ⁠אֶת אֶחָי⁠ו֒ וַ⁠יִּתֵּ֨ן לָ⁠הֶ֤ם אֲחֻזָּה֙ בְּ⁠אֶ֣רֶץ מִצְרַ֔יִם בְּ⁠מֵיטַ֥ב הָ⁠אָ֖רֶץ בְּ⁠אֶ֣רֶץ רַעְמְסֵ֑ס	1	It is implied that Rameses (verse 11) was another name for Goshen (verses 1, 4, 6). If necessary, you could make that information explicit in your translation or put it in a footnote. Later in Egypt’s history, some of the Pharaohs were named Rameses and a city was named after one of them (Exodus 1:11). Alternate translation: “So Joseph gave his father and his brothers the choicest land in the country of Egypt, and they and their families settled there. The property was in Rameses Count, that is, Goshen County,” or “After that, Joseph helped his father and brothers settle in the country of Egypt. He gave them the choicest property in Egypt, which was in Goshen Province, also known as Rameses Province.”
47:11	qnn5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֖ר צִוָּ֥ה פַרְעֹֽה	1	It may be more natural to put this clause first in this verse and say, “After that, Joseph did what Pharaoh had commanded/told him to do: He helped his father and brothers settle in the country of Egypt. He gave them property in Rameses Province/County, that is, Goshen Province/County, which was the choicest land in Egypt.” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “just as Pharaoh had told him to do.” or “He did exactly as Pharaoh had commanded him to do.”
47:12	fz8t		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	לֶ֖חֶם לְ⁠פִ֥י הַ⁠טָּֽף	1	The children are mentioned to emphasize that all the members of the families were well-provided for, including the youngest ones. Make sure it is clear in your translation that Joseph was providing food for everyone in each family, not just the children. Alternate translation: “food, based on how many children were in each family.” or “as much food as each family needed to feed all the children in their family.”
47:13	e2kb		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole	וְ⁠לֶ֤חֶם אֵין֙	1	This clause is probably an exaggeration to emphasize that there was so little food that the people were starving. Consider what is the best way to communicate that in your language. Also consider what is the best way in your language to begin this new section that returns to the famine and how it was progressing. Alternate translation: “Now meanwhile, there was no more food” or “Meanwhile, there was almost no food” or “After a while, there was very little food available”
47:13	wyew			בְּ⁠כָל הָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ	1	This phrase is ambiguous in the Hebrew text. It could mean: (1) “in all the earth,” or “in the entire known world,” or “anywhere,” which might be an exaggeration (like the previous phrase); or (2) “in all the land,” or “in the/that entire area/region of the earth/world,” which includes Egypt and Canaan (mentioned later in the verse) and other nearby regions and countries. See how you translated **all the earth** in Gen 41:57.
47:13	k3zk		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	כִּֽי כָבֵ֥ד הָ⁠רָעָ֖ב מְאֹ֑ד	1	For some languages it may be clearer or more natural to put this clause first in this sentence and say, for example: “Now after a while, the famine was/became so severe/terrible in the entire world that there was very little food available anywhere.” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “because the famine was so severe”
47:13	njjj		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	וַ⁠תֵּ֜לַהּ אֶ֤רֶץ מִצְרַ֨יִם֙ וְ⁠אֶ֣רֶץ כְּנַ֔עַן	1	Make sure your translation of this phrase refers to the people who live in Egypt and Canaan, not just the lands. Alternate translation: “As a result, the people in the country of Egypt and the region of Canaan” or “In fact, the people living in the lands of Egypt and Canaan”
47:13	jo5e			וַ⁠תֵּ֜לַהּ	1	The verb **languishing** refers in general to the suffering that the famine was causing, including things such as weakness, fainting and other distress. Some languages have an idiom (like “were wasting away”) that fits well here. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “were weak” or “were suffering terribly” or “were wasting away”
47:13	n055			מִ⁠פְּנֵ֖י הָ⁠רָעָֽב	1	 Alternate translation: “because of the severe lack of food.” or “from hunger.”
47:14	mx85			וַ⁠יְלַקֵּ֣ט יוֹסֵ֗ף אֶת כָּל הַ⁠כֶּ֨סֶף֙ הַ⁠נִּמְצָ֤א בְ⁠אֶֽרֶץ מִצְרַ֨יִם֙ וּ⁠בְ⁠אֶ֣רֶץ כְּנַ֔עַן בַּ⁠שֶּׁ֖בֶר אֲשֶׁר הֵ֣ם שֹׁבְרִ֑ים	1	 Alternate translation: “So the people spent their money buying grain from Joseph until he had collected all their money.” or “So they bought grain from Joseph until there was no more silver left in the country of Egypt or the land of Canaan.”
47:14	wuq1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	וַ⁠יָּבֵ֥א יוֹסֵ֛ף אֶת הַ⁠כֶּ֖סֶף בֵּ֥יתָ⁠ה פַרְעֹֽה	1	Joseph probably had servants do this for him. See what you did for a similar case in Gen 41:48.
47:15	nkll		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	וַ⁠יִּתֹּ֣ם הַ⁠כֶּ֗סֶף מֵ⁠אֶ֣רֶץ מִצְרַיִם֮ וּ⁠מֵ⁠אֶ֣רֶץ כְּנַעַן֒	1	Consider whether it is better in your language to use a passive or active clause here. Alternate translation: “So when all the silver in the country of Egypt and the region of Canaan had been used up,” or “After the people in Egypt and Canaan had spent all their money,”
47:15	j7jc		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole	כָל מִצְרַ֨יִם	1	The word **all** is an exaggeration (hyperbole) which emphasizes that a large number of Egyptians went to Joseph. Consider whether or not it is best to use hyperbole here in your language. Alternate translation: “all the people in Egypt” or “the Egyptians all”
47:15	n6v7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go	וַ⁠יָּבֹאוּ֩ & אֶל יוֹסֵ֤ף	1	Consider whether **came** or “went” is more natural here in your language.
47:15	ezwm		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	לֵ⁠אמֹר֙	1	 Alternate translation: “and pleaded with him,”
47:15	u1c8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	הָֽבָ⁠ה לָּ֣⁠נוּ לֶ֔חֶם	1	Make sure your translation of the people’s request sounds polite, not rude or disrespectful. Also see how you translated **bread** in verses 12-13. Alternate translation: “Sir, please give us food”
47:15	io0e		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	וְ⁠לָ֥⁠מָּה נָמ֖וּת נֶגְדֶּ֑⁠ךָ	1	The people use a rhetorical question here to emphasize how desperate they feel. Consider what is the best way to communicate that in your language. Alternate translation: “so that we do not die right here in front of you!” or “and do not let us starve to death!”
47:15	rqhs		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	כִּ֥י אָפֵ֖ס כָּֽסֶף	1	It may be more natural to put this clause first in this quote and say, “Sir, we have no more money to buy grain/food! Please give us food so that we do not starve to death!” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “There is no more money to buy food” or “We have no more money to buy food”
47:16	do9j		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר יוֹסֵף֙	1	 Alternate translation: “Joseph said to them,” or “Joseph replied,”
47:16	i6ek			הָב֣וּ מִקְנֵי⁠כֶ֔ם	1	The word **livestock** is general here and includes all the different kinds of animals that are specified in verse 17. Alternate translation: “Give me your animals”
47:16	upog			וְ⁠אֶתְּנָ֥ה לָ⁠כֶ֖ם בְּ⁠מִקְנֵי⁠כֶ֑ם	1	 Alternate translation: “and I will sell you grain when you give me your animals to pay for it,” or “and in exchange for them I will give you grain”
47:16	ie1c		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	אִם אָפֵ֖ס כָּֽסֶף	1	For some languages it may be more natural to put this clause first in this quote and say, “Since your silver/money is gone, bring/give me your livestock to pay for the grain/food that I will give you.” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “since all your money is gone.” or “since you have spent all your money.”
47:17	cxp1			וַ⁠יָּבִ֣יאוּ אֶת מִקְנֵי⁠הֶם֮ אֶל יוֹסֵף֒	1	 Alternate translation: “So the people took their animals to Joseph.”
47:17	tgeh			וַ⁠יִּתֵּ֣ן לָ⁠הֶם֩ יוֹסֵ֨ף לֶ֜חֶם בַּ⁠סּוּסִ֗ים וּ⁠בְ⁠מִקְנֵ֥ה הַ⁠צֹּ֛אן וּ⁠בְ⁠מִקְנֵ֥ה הַ⁠בָּקָ֖ר וּ⁠בַ⁠חֲמֹרִ֑ים	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “and gave him their horses, sheep, goats, cattle, and donkeys to pay for the food that he gave them.” or “They gave him their horses, …”
47:17	a6oo			וַ⁠יְנַהֲלֵ֤⁠ם בַּ⁠לֶּ֨חֶם֙ & בַּ⁠שָּׁנָ֖ה הַ⁠הִֽוא	1	 Alternate translation: “In that way Joseph supplied the people with grain that year,”
47:17	ii9v			בְּ⁠כָל מִקְנֵ⁠הֶ֔ם	1	 Alternate translation: “and they gave him all their animals to pay for it.”
47:18	fx5v			וַ⁠תִּתֹּם֮ הַ⁠שָּׁנָ֣ה הַ⁠הִוא֒	1	 Alternate translation: “When that year was over,”
47:18	kmt5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go	וַ⁠יָּבֹ֨אוּ אֵלָ֜י⁠ו בַּ⁠שָּׁנָ֣ה הַ⁠שֵּׁנִ֗ית	1	 Alternate translation: “the people came to Joseph again in the next year”
47:18	srid		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמְרוּ ל⁠וֹ֙	1	 Alternate translation: “and told him,”
47:18	ec0q		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-honorifics	לֹֽא נְכַחֵ֣ד מֵֽ⁠אֲדֹנִ֔⁠י כִּ֚י אִם	1	For some languages, it may be more natural to put the address “my/our lord” or “sir” first in this quote. Also notice that this address is used three times in this verse to show extra respect to Joseph. Consider what is the best way to do that in your language. Alternate translation: “Our lord we cannot hide from you the fact that”
47:18	ejez			תַּ֣ם הַ⁠כֶּ֔סֶף וּ⁠מִקְנֵ֥ה הַ⁠בְּהֵמָ֖ה	1	Consider again how you translated **silver** in the book of Genesis. See Gen 13:2; 20:16; 23:15-16; 24:35, 53; 31:15; 37:28; 42:25, 27-28, 35; 43:12, 15, 18, 21-23; 44:1-2, 8; 45:22; 47:14-16, 18. It may be necessary to translate this word in different ways, depending on the context. Alternate translation: “our money is gone and our animals” or “not only is our silver all gone, but all our animals also”
47:18	qh1k		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	אֶל אֲדֹנִ֑⁠י	1	In this verse, the people use the third person (“my/our lord”) to address Joseph in a respectful manner. Consider what is the best way to do that in your language. Alternate translation: “belong to you, our lord” or “are yours, sir.”
47:18	hips			לֹ֤א נִשְׁאַר֙ לִ⁠פְנֵ֣י אֲדֹנִ֔⁠י בִּלְתִּ֥י אִם גְּוִיָּתֵ֖⁠נוּ וְ⁠אַדְמָתֵֽ⁠נוּ	1	Consider what is the best way to translate the Hebrew word for “land” here (and In verses 19-26), which refers to cultivated land (such as farmland or fields), not to the planet earth or to a country. It is different from the word for “land” in the rest of this chapter (in verses 1, 4, 6, 11, 13-15, 27-28). Alternate translation: “We have nothing left to pay you, sir, for grain except ourselves and our land” or “The only way we can pay you for grain is to give you our land and work for you, sir.”
47:19	fbay		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	לָ֧⁠מָּה נָמ֣וּת לְ⁠עֵינֶ֗י⁠ךָ גַּם אֲנַ֨חְנוּ֙ גַּ֣ם אַדְמָתֵ֔⁠נוּ	1	For many languages, the verb **die** does not fit with both people and land, so a different verb must be used for each one. The end of verse 19 specifies how the land would “die.” See how you translated a similar rhetorical question in verse 15. Alternate translation: “What good would it do for us to die and our fields to become ruined” or “Please do not just watch us die or let our land become empty.”
47:19	i3r0		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	קְנֵֽה אֹתָ֥⁠נוּ וְ⁠אֶת אַדְמָתֵ֖⁠נוּ בַּ⁠לָּ֑חֶם	1	Consider again how you translated the synecdoche **bread** in the book of Genesis. See Gen 3:19 (and note); 14:18; 21:14; 28:20; 37:25; 38:6; 41:54-55; 43:31; 47:12, 15, 17, 19. It may be necessary to translate this term in different ways, depending on the context. Alternate translation: “Instead, please take us and our fields in exchange for food.” or “Instead please give us food and we will give you our farmland and ourselves to pay for it.”
47:19	b1i6			וְ⁠נִֽהְיֶ֞ה אֲנַ֤חְנוּ וְ⁠אַדְמָתֵ֨⁠נוּ֙ עֲבָדִ֣ים לְ⁠פַרְעֹ֔ה	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “Then our fields will belong to King Pharaoh and we will work for him as his servants.”
47:19	f7nf		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וְ⁠תֶן זֶ֗רַע	1	 Alternate translation: “Please give us seeds to sow”
47:19	rpgo			וְ⁠נִֽחְיֶה֙	1	 Alternate translation: “so that we can survive” or “so that we will stay alive”
47:19	bhn3			וְ⁠לֹ֣א נָמ֔וּת	1	See how you translated **so that we will live and not die** in Gen 42:2. Alternate translation: “and not die from hunger,”
47:19	cto3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	וְ⁠הָ⁠אֲדָמָ֖ה לֹ֥א תֵשָֽׁם	1	For some languages it may be clearer and more natural to put this clause earlier in this sentence and say, “Please just give us seeds to plant so that the land will produce/grow food crops again and then we will survive and not die from hunger!” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “and so that the land will grow crops again!”
47:20	fxi5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וַ⁠יִּ֨קֶן יוֹסֵ֜ף	1	For some languages it may be necessary to make explicit that Joseph agreed to do what the people suggested. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “So Joseph agreed and bought” or “Joseph did what they asked and bought”
47:20	aon4			אֶת כָּל אַדְמַ֤ת מִצְרַ֨יִם֙ לְ⁠פַרְעֹ֔ה	1	 Alternate translation: “all the farmland in the country of Egypt for Pharaoh.”
47:20	b8rh			כִּֽי מָכְר֤וּ מִצְרַ֨יִם֙ אִ֣ישׁ שָׂדֵ֔⁠הוּ	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “All the Egyptians gave their fields to him in exchange for grain”
47:20	s34v			כִּֽי־ & הָ⁠רָעָ֑ב	1	Consider again how you translated **famine** in the book of Genesis. See Gen 12:10; 26:1; 41:27, 30-31, 36, 50, 54-57; 42:5; 43:1; 45:6, 11; 47:4, 13, 20. It may be necessary to translate it in different ways, depending on the context. Alternate translation: “because the food scarcity”
47:20	ddcp		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	חָזַ֥ק עֲלֵ⁠הֶ֖ם	1	See how you translated **heavy** in verses 4 and 13. For some languages, it may be clearer or more natural to change the order of clauses in this verse and say, “The famine was very severe for all the Egyptian people, so Joseph agreed with their request/suggestion and let them sell their fields to him in exchange for grain/food. In that way, Joseph/he bought/acquired all the land/farmland in the country of Egypt for King Pharaoh, so that all the land became Pharaoh’s property.” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “was very severe” or “was so severe that they did not have enough to eat.”
47:20	dnbd			וַ⁠תְּהִ֥י הָ⁠אָ֖רֶץ לְ⁠פַרְעֹֽה	1	 Alternate translation: “That is how all the farmland eventually belonged to King Pharaoh.”
47:21	ioj0		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants	וְ⁠אֶ֨ת הָ⁠עָ֔ם הֶעֱבִ֥יר אֹת֖⁠וֹ לֶ⁠עָרִ֑ים	1	The Masoretic Hebrew text has **moved them to the cities** here, which Joseph may have done in order to make the grain more readily accessible to them. The Samaritan Pentateuch (a different Hebrew version) and the Septuagint (Greek translation of the Hebrew text) have “made the people slaves” instead, which may refer to the fact that all the people would now be working for Pharaoh, since all the fields belonged to him. The textual variant that is not used in your translation could be put in a footnote. Alternate translation: “Joseph also moved all the people from their farmlands to the nearby cities”
47:21	obja			מִ⁠קְצֵ֥ה גְבוּל מִצְרַ֖יִם וְ⁠עַד קָצֵֽ⁠הוּ	1	 Alternate translation: “in every part of the country of Egypt.”
47:22	i61e			כִּי֩ חֹ֨ק לַ⁠כֹּהֲנִ֜ים מֵ⁠אֵ֣ת פַּרְעֹ֗ה	1	 Alternate translation: “because Pharaoh gave them a regular food allowance,”
47:22	a98a			וְ⁠אָֽכְל֤וּ אֶת חֻקָּ⁠ם֙ אֲשֶׁ֨ר נָתַ֤ן לָ⁠הֶם֙ פַּרְעֹ֔ה	1	 Alternate translation: “so that they had plenty to eat.”
47:22	v50v			עַל כֵּ֕ן לֹ֥א מָכְר֖וּ אֶת אַדְמָתָֽ⁠ם	1	 Alternate translation: “That is why they did not need to sell their farmland to buy food.”
47:23	v3r6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר יוֹסֵף֙ אֶל הָ⁠עָ֔ם	1	 Alternate translation: “Then Joseph declared to the Egyptian people,”
47:23	r1dz			הֵן֩	1	 Alternate translation: “Look”
47:23	og7l			קָנִ֨יתִי אֶתְ⁠כֶ֥ם הַ⁠יּ֛וֹם וְ⁠אֶת אַדְמַתְ⁠כֶ֖ם לְ⁠פַרְעֹ֑ה	1	 Alternate translation: “now that I have acquired you and your fields for King Pharaoh,” or “now that you and your fields belong to King Pharaoh,”
47:23	xsga			הֵֽא לָ⁠כֶ֣ם זֶ֔רַע	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “I am giving you some seeds”
47:23	b8nh			וּ⁠זְרַעְתֶּ֖ם אֶת הָ⁠אֲדָמָֽה	1	See how you translated “sowed” in Gen 26:12. Alternate translation: “to plant in the fields.”
47:24	zlha			וְ⁠הָיָה֙ בַּ⁠תְּבוּאֹ֔ת	1	 Alternate translation: “Then whenever you gather the crops,” or “Then every harvest time,”
47:24	terr			וּ⁠נְתַתֶּ֥ם חֲמִישִׁ֖ית לְ⁠פַרְעֹ֑ה	1	 Alternate translation: “you are required to give one-fifth of the crops to him,” or “you must give Pharaoh one-fifth of the crops you gather.”
47:24	jk07			וְ⁠אַרְבַּ֣ע הַ⁠יָּדֹ֡ת	1	Consider whether or not it is best in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “but the other four-fifths” or “The other four-fifths of your harvest” or “The rest of what you gather”
47:24	tems			יִהְיֶ֣ה לָ⁠כֶם֩	1	 Alternate translation: “you may keep for yourselves”
47:24	kqnb			לְ⁠זֶ֨רַע הַ⁠שָּׂדֶ֧ה	1	 Alternate translation: “as seed to plant the fields” or “to plant seeds in the fields”
47:24	h238			וּֽ⁠לְ⁠אָכְלְ⁠כֶ֛ם וְ⁠לַ⁠אֲשֶׁ֥ר בְּ⁠בָתֵּי⁠כֶ֖ם	1	 Alternate translation: “and as food for you and your households” or “and for you and your households to eat,”
47:25	bc24		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּאמְר֖וּ	1	 Alternate translation: “Then they responded,” or “The people said to him,”
47:25	jbf4			הֶחֱיִתָ֑⁠נוּ	1	 Alternate translation: “You have made it so we can live!”
47:25	rixe			נִמְצָא חֵן֙ בְּ⁠עֵינֵ֣י אֲדֹנִ֔⁠י	1	 Alternate translation: “May we continue to find favor in your eyes sir,” or “Please continue to be kind to us, master”
47:25	qvqr			וְ⁠הָיִ֥ינוּ עֲבָדִ֖ים לְ⁠פַרְעֹֽה	1	 Alternate translation: “and we will serve King Pharaoh as his slaves”
47:26	ob31			וַ⁠יָּ֣שֶׂם אֹתָ֣⁠הּ יוֹסֵ֡ף לְ⁠חֹק֩	1	 Alternate translation: “So Joseph established a law”
47:26	vlkk		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	עַד הַ⁠יּ֨וֹם הַ⁠זֶּ֜ה	1	This phrase refers to the time that Moses was writing the book of Genesis. You could put that information in a footnote. For some languages it may be clearer or more natural to put this phrase at the end of the sentence and say, “That law is still in effect/force today/now.” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “that is still in force now”
47:26	a8xu			עַל אַדְמַ֥ת מִצְרַ֛יִם לְ⁠פַרְעֹ֖ה לַ⁠חֹ֑מֶשׁ	1	See how you translated “a fifth” in verse 24. Alternate translation: “concerning the fields in the country of Egypt: one-fifth of the crops belongs to Pharaoh.” or “that required people to give to Pharaoh one-fifth of all the crops they harvested from the farmland in Egypt.”
47:26	tj5c			רַ֞ק אַדְמַ֤ת הַ⁠כֹּֽהֲנִים֙ לְ⁠בַדָּ֔⁠ם לֹ֥א הָיְתָ֖ה לְ⁠פַרְעֹֽה	1	See how you translated “only the land of the priests” in verse 22. Also, consider again how you translated “land/farmland” in verses 18-26. Alternate translation: “The only land that Pharaoh did not own was the land that belonged to the priests.”
47:27	kj0a		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background	וַ⁠יֵּ֧שֶׁב	1	It was already mentioned in verse 11 that Israel (Jacob) had settled in the country of Egypt. Your translation of verse 27 should not imply that he settled there again. Alternate translation: “So” or “Meanwhile”
47:27	qzr7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	יִשְׂרָאֵ֛ל	1	The name **Israel** and the name “Jacob” refer to the same person. To make that clear, you could make “Jacob” explicit here in your translation or in a footnote. Alternate translation: “Israel that is, Jacob,”
47:27	yzqo			וַ⁠יֵּ֧שֶׁב	1	 Alternate translation: “had settled with his family” or “was dwelling with his family”
47:27	cmv4			בְּ⁠אֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרַ֖יִם בְּ⁠אֶ֣רֶץ גֹּ֑שֶׁן	1	See how you translated **in the land of Goshen** in Gen 45:10. Alternate translation: “in the region of Goshen in the land of Egypt,” or “in Goshen County in the country of Egypt,”
47:27	y7n2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וַ⁠יֵּאָחֲז֣וּ	1	This phrase is general here and refers to acquiring land and other possessions. Alternate translation: “and they gained many possessions” or “and owned much land”
47:27	xdih			בָ֔⁠הּ	1	 Alternate translation: “in that region”
47:27	q5af		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וַ⁠יִּפְר֥וּ	1	See how you translated a similar phrase (“be fruitful and multiply”) in Gen 35:11. Alternate translation: “They were fruitful”
47:27	cf8p			וַ⁠יִּרְבּ֖וּ מְאֹֽד	1	 Alternate translation: “and their numbers increased greatly.” or “and became very many.”
47:28	nucd			וַ⁠יְחִ֤י יַעֲקֹב֙ בְּ⁠אֶ֣רֶץ מִצְרַ֔יִם שְׁבַ֥ע עֶשְׂרֵ֖ה שָׁנָ֑ה	1	 Alternate translation: “When Jacob had lived in the country of Egypt for seventeen years,”
47:28	irs2			וַ⁠יְהִ֤י יְמֵֽי יַעֲקֹב֙ שְׁנֵ֣י חַיָּ֔י⁠ו שֶׁ֣בַע שָׁנִ֔ים וְ⁠אַרְבָּעִ֥ים וּ⁠מְאַ֖ת שָׁנָֽה	1	 Alternate translation: “he reached the age of 147 years.”
47:29	l2gy			וַ⁠יִּקְרְב֣וּ יְמֵֽי יִשְׂרָאֵ֘ל לָ⁠מוּת֒	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “When it was almost time for Israel to die,” or “He knew that it was almost time for him to die, so”
47:29	w0v7			וַ⁠יִּקְרָ֣א לִ⁠בְנ֣⁠וֹ לְ⁠יוֹסֵ֗ף	1	 Alternate translation: “he asked for his son Joseph to come to him”
47:29	dd9v		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	אִם נָ֨א מָצָ֤אתִי חֵן֙ בְּ⁠עֵינֶ֔י⁠ךָ	1	 Alternate translation: “Please show your favor toward me and” or “Please, if you truly love me,”
47:29	akbq		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction	שִֽׂים נָ֥א יָדְ⁠ךָ֖ תַּ֣חַת יְרֵכִ֑⁠י	1	See how you translated this clause in Gen 24:2, and see the note about this custom there. Alternate translation: “put your hand under my leg to show that you will do what I ask,” or “make a vow by putting your hand under my leg,”
47:29	vq56			וְ⁠עָשִׂ֤יתָ עִמָּדִ⁠י֙ חֶ֣סֶד וֶ⁠אֱמֶ֔ת	1	Consider again how you translated **kindness** in Gen 19:19; 20:13; 21:23; 24:12, 14, 27, 49; 32:10; 39:21; 40:14; 47:29, and how you translated **faithfulness** in Gen 24:27, 48, 49; 32:10; 42:16; 47:29.
47:29	mvns			אַל נָ֥א תִקְבְּרֵ֖⁠נִי	1	Make sure your translation of **bury me** does not sound like Israel would still be alive when he was buried. Alternate translation: “Please promise that you will not bury my bones”
47:29	cokm			בְּ⁠מִצְרָֽיִם	1	 Alternate translation: “here in the land of Egypt.”
47:30	lyax		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism	וְ⁠שָֽׁכַבְתִּי֙ עִם אֲבֹתַ֔⁠י	1	The phrase **lie down with my fathers** is a idiom that refers to Jacob’s death. See how you translated an idiom with a similar meaning in Gen 15:15. Alternate translation: “When I die and rest with my ancestors,” or “Rather, after I die and join my ancestors who have gone before me,”
47:30	u4cf			וּ⁠נְשָׂאתַ֨⁠נִי֙ מִ⁠מִּצְרַ֔יִם	1	See how you translated **me** in verse 29. Alternate translation: “carry my body out of Egypt to the region of Canaan”
47:30	t1jw			וּ⁠קְבַרְתַּ֖⁠נִי בִּ⁠קְבֻרָתָ֑⁠ם	1	Jacob is referring here to the cave near the city of Hebron that Abraham had bought as a family burial place, to bury Sarah there. Abraham, Isaac and Rebekah were also buried there (Gen 23:19-20; 25:9-10; 49:31). You could put some of that information in a footnote. Also see how you translated “grave” in Gen 35:20 and a different word with a similar meaning (“burial place”) in Gen 23:4, 6, 9, 20. Alternate translation: “and bury me in the same burial place where their bodies are.”
47:30	qkdh		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יֹּאמַ֕ר	1	Make sure it is clear in your translation that Joseph is the one speaking here. It may be helpful to read this paragraph aloud to make sure it is clear who is talking at each point in the conversation. Alternate translation: “Then Joseph replied to him,”
47:30	mrsq			אָנֹכִ֖י אֶֽעֱשֶׂ֥ה כִ⁠דְבָרֶֽ⁠ךָ	1	 Alternate translation: “I will do as you requested of me.” or “I will do exactly what you asked me to do.”
47:31	q5cz		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יֹּ֗אמֶר	1	Consider what is the best way to refer to Joseph’s father Israel here in your language. Alternate translation: “But he urged him,”
47:31	lxyf			הִשָּֽׁבְעָ⁠ה֙ לִ֔⁠י	1	See how you translated “swear to me” in Gen 21:23. Alternate translation: “Vow to me by Yahweh that you will do it” or “With God as your witness, make an oath to me that you will do it”
47:31	bih5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יִּשָּׁבַ֖ע ל֑⁠וֹ	1	Make sure it is clear in your translation that Joseph is the one speaking here. Alternate translation: “So Joseph swore that he would do it” or “So Joseph promised his father with an oath to do what he had requested.”
47:31	wr44		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction	וַ⁠יִּשְׁתַּ֥חוּ יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל	1	If it is not clear in your culture why Israel bowed, you could make that explicit. Alternate translation: “Then Israel bowed down to thank God” or “Then his father Israel bowed his head and thanked God”
47:31	y3zf			עַל רֹ֥אשׁ הַ⁠מִּטָּֽה	1	The Hebrew text has **at the head of the bed** here, while the Septuagint (Greek translation of the Old Testament) has “on the top of his staff” instead, which is quoted in Hebrews 11:21. You could include some of that information in a footnote. The difference between versions may be due to the fact that the Hebrew words for **bed** and “staff” are very similar in spelling. Or it could be that Jacob did both; for example, he may have been sitting at the head of his bed and leaning on his staff when he bowed his head and worshiped God. Alternate translation: “as he sat at the top of his bed.” or “as he was lying on his bed.”
48:1	krun		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent	וַ⁠יְהִ֗י אַחֲרֵי֙ הַ⁠דְּבָרִ֣ים הָ⁠אֵ֔לֶּה	1	Consider again how you translated these two phrases in the book of Genesis. See Gen 22:1, 20; 39:7; 40:1; 48:1.
48:1	hqwr		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר לְ⁠יוֹסֵ֔ף הִנֵּ֥ה אָבִ֖י⁠ךָ חֹלֶ֑ה	1	For some languages it may be more natural to use an indirect quote here. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “Joseph was told by someone that his father was sick.”
48:1	qteq		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יִּקַּ֞ח אֶת־שְׁנֵ֤י בָנָי⁠ו֙ עִמּ֔⁠וֹ אֶת־מְנַשֶּׁ֖ה וְ⁠אֶת־אֶפְרָֽיִם	1	Consider what is the best way to refer to Joseph in this sentence in your language. Alternate translation: “So Joseph took his two sons Manasseh and Ephraim with him to visit his father.” or “So he went to visit his father and took his two sons Manasseh and Ephraim with him.”
48:2	ppae		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations	וַ⁠יַּגֵּ֣ד לְ⁠יַעֲקֹ֔ב וַ⁠יֹּ֕אמֶר הִנֵּ֛ה בִּנְ⁠ךָ֥ יוֹסֵ֖ף בָּ֣א אֵלֶ֑י⁠ךָ	1	Consider whether it is better in your language to use a direct or indirect quote here.
48:2	k2py		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וַ⁠יִּתְחַזֵּק֙ יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל	1	Consider whether you language has a similar idiom that fits well here. Also, make sure it is clear in your translation or in a footnote that **Israel** (verses 2, 8, 11, 13-14, 21) and **Jacob** (verses 2-3) refer to the same person, not two different people. Alternate translation: “Then Israel rallied his strength” or “Immediately Israel, who was lying down, used all his strength”
48:2	d201		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וַ⁠יֵּ֖שֶׁב עַל הַ⁠מִּטָּֽה	1	The context (verse 12) shows that Jacob sat on the edge of his bed with his feet resting on the floor and his knees facing Joseph’s sons. Also, for some languages it may be necessary (for politeness) to make it explicit that they greeted each other first before continuing their conversation. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “and sat up on the edge of his bed and they greeted each other.”
48:3	owhk		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר יַעֲקֹב֙ אֶל יוֹסֵ֔ף	1	 Alternate translation: “Then Jacob recounted to Joseph the following:”
48:3	yrw7			אֵ֥ל שַׁדַּ֛י	1	Consider again how you translated **God Almighty** in the book of Genesis. See Gen 17:1; 28:3; 35:11; 43:14. Alternate translation: “Almighty God”
48:3	t30j			נִרְאָֽה אֵלַ֥⁠י	1	Consider again how you translated “appear” in the book of Genesis. See Gen 8:5; 12:7; 17:1; 18:1; 26:2, 24; 35:1, 9; 46:29; 48:3. It may be necessary to translate this term in different ways, depending on the context. Alternate translation: “came to me in a vision long ago”
48:3	epp0		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	בְּ⁠ל֖וּז בְּ⁠אֶ֣רֶץ כְּנָ֑עַן	1	For some languages it is more natural to put the larger place (Canaan) first before the smaller place (Luz) that is located inside it. It may also be more natural to put the time and place phrases first in this verse and say, “Long ago when I was at the town of Luz in the land/region of Canaan, God Almighty …” Do what is best in your language. Also see how you spelled the name **Luz** in Gen 28:19 and 35:6. Alternate translation: “when I was at the town of Luz in the land of Canaan,” or “in the land of Canaan at the town of Luz,”
48:3	ya75			וַ⁠יְבָ֖רֶךְ אֹתִֽ⁠י	1	For some languages it is more natural to begin a new sentence here. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “He pronounced a blessing over me there”
48:4	byu6			וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר אֵלַ֗⁠י	1	Make sure your translation of “blessed … and said” (verses 3-4) refers to the same event, not two separate events. Alternate translation: “He said,”
48:4	m1hy			הִנְ⁠נִ֤י מַפְרְ⁠ךָ֙ וְ⁠הִרְבִּיתִ֔⁠ךָ וּ⁠נְתַתִּ֖י⁠ךָ	1	See how you translated “make you fruitful and multiply you” in Gen 28:3 and “make him fruitful and … multiply him” in Gen 17:20. Alternate translation: “Look I will give you many descendants who will increase in number and become” or “Look I will give you and your descendants many children so that your descendants will become”
48:4	n300			לִ⁠קְהַ֣ל עַמִּ֑ים	1	See how you translated this phrase in Gen 28:3, and a similar phrase (“a community of nations”) in 35:11. Alternate translation: “many ethnic groups.”
48:4	l4rw			אֲחֻזַּ֥ת עוֹלָֽם	1	 Alternate translation: “for an eternal possession.” or “and it will always belong to them.”
48:5	gagv		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וְ⁠עַתָּ֡ה שְׁנֵֽי בָנֶי⁠ךָ֩	1	The phrase **And now** shows that there is a change of topic. Make sure it is clear in your translation that Jacob is no longer quoting God’s words in verse 5.
48:5	jujn			בְּ⁠אֶ֣רֶץ מִצְרַ֗יִם	1	 Alternate translation: “here in the land of Egypt”
48:5	idfh			עַד בֹּאִ֥⁠י אֵלֶ֛י⁠ךָ מִצְרַ֖יְמָ⁠ה	1	 Alternate translation: “before I arrived,”
48:5	qt3g			לִ⁠י הֵ֑ם אֶפְרַ֨יִם֙ וּ⁠מְנַשֶּׁ֔ה	1	 Alternate translation: “Ephraim and Manasseh, they now belong to me,” or “Ephraim and Manasseh, will be my sons,”
48:5	khph		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	כִּ⁠רְאוּבֵ֥ן וְ⁠שִׁמְע֖וֹן יִֽהְיוּ לִֽ⁠י	1	For some languages it may be clearer and more natural to put the names of these sons earlier in the verse and say, “Now then, your two sons, Ephraim and Manasseh, who were born to you here in the country of Egypt before I joined you here, I will treat as my sons, just as/like …” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “just as Reuben and Simeon are my sons.” or “just as my sons Reuben and Simeon.”
48:6	vme7			וּ⁠מוֹלַדְתְּ⁠ךָ֛ אֲשֶׁר הוֹלַ֥דְתָּ אַחֲרֵי⁠הֶ֖ם לְ⁠ךָ֣ יִהְי֑וּ	1	 Alternate translation: “But any other children that you have later on will be yours.” or “If you father any other children, they will belong to you.”
48:6	rqc8			עַ֣ל שֵׁ֧ם אֲחֵי⁠הֶ֛ם יִקָּרְא֖וּ בְּ⁠נַחֲלָתָֽ⁠ם	1	Consider whether it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here or to continue the previous sentence. Alternate translation: “So they will share in some of what their brothers inherit from me.”
48:7	jw7i		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וַ⁠אֲנִ֣י	1	Jacob is probably explaining in verse 7 that since his favorite wife Rachel died with only two sons, that is why he is treating her son Joseph’s two sons as his sons (verses 5-6). You could make some of that information explicit in your translation or include it in a footnote. Alternate translation: “I want it this way because”
48:7	awjb		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	בְּ⁠בֹאִ֣⁠י	1	Jacob is in focus here, but he was traveling with his family, not alone. Decide whether or not it is necessary to make that explicit in your translation. Alternate translation: “as I and our family were coming home” or “as our family was coming home”
48:7	gfi4			מִ⁠פַּדָּ֗ן	1	Consider again how you translated “the land/region of Paddan Aram” in the book of Genesis. See Gen 25:20 (and note); 28:2, 5-7; 31:18; 33:18; 35:9, 26; 46:15; 48:7. Also, be consistent with how you spelled “Aram” in those verses and in Gen 10:22-23; 22:21; 24:10. Alternate translation: “from the land of Paddan Aram,”
48:7	hucm			רָחֵ֜ל	1	 Alternate translation: “my beloved wife Rachel”
48:7	ykrl			מֵ֩תָה֩ עָלַ֨⁠י	1	The Hebrew text is ambiguous here because the preposition can have different meanings. It could mean: (1) **died beside me** or “died by my side”; or (2) “died, bringing sorrow/grief on/to me”
48:7	oocn			בַּ⁠דֶּ֔רֶךְ בְּ⁠ע֥וֹד כִּבְרַת אֶ֖רֶץ לָ⁠בֹ֣א אֶפְרָ֑תָה	1	Be consistent here with how you spelled **Ephrath** in Gen 35:16, 19, and how you spelled **Bethlehem** in 35:19.
48:7	p9yz			הִ֖וא בֵּ֥ית לָֽחֶם	1	The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. This phrase might be: (1) Jacob’s words; or (2) the author’s words. If you follow the second interpretation, you could put this phrase within parentheses, outside of the quote marks.
48:8	yv08			וַ⁠יֹּ֖אמֶר	1	 Alternate translation: “and asked Joseph,”
48:8	wri5			מִי אֵֽלֶּה	1	Joseph’s two sons were in their 20s at this time, so refer to them here with a term that fits with that fact. They were born before the famine started (Gen 41:50-52), and Jacob had now been in Egypt for 17 years (47:28). Alternate translation: “Whose sons are these?”
48:9	pmfc			וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר יוֹסֵף֙ אֶל אָבִ֔י⁠ו	1	 Alternate translation: “Joseph said to him,” or “Joseph replied”
48:9	ycj4			בָּנַ֣⁠י הֵ֔ם אֲשֶׁר נָֽתַן לִ֥⁠י אֱלֹהִ֖ים	1	 Alternate translation: “They are my sons whom God gave to me”
48:9	a8xs		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יֹּאמַ֕ר	1	Make sure it is clear in your translation who is speaking here. Alternate translation: “Then Israel said to him,”
48:9	tbew		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual	קָֽחֶ⁠ם נָ֥א אֵלַ֖⁠י	1	Some languages have a dual pronoun that works well to refer to Joseph’s two sons here (and throughout chapter 48). Do what is best in your language.
48:9	tqwb			וַ⁠אֲבָרֲכֵֽ⁠ם	1	 Alternate translation: “so that I can ask God to prosper them.”
48:10	w5i2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background	וְ⁠עֵינֵ֤י יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ כָּבְד֣וּ	1	Consider whether or not it is natural in your language to use a conjunction (**Now**) to begin this clause that gives background information about Israel. Also, the word **heavy** is used here as an idiom that means Israel’s eyesight was getting bad, but he could still see some (as indicated in verses 8 and 11). Many languages have a similar idiom. A translation of verse 10 should not imply that Israel was completely blind. Alternate translation: “Israel had very bad eyesight”
48:10	nhh8			מִ⁠זֹּ֔קֶן	1	 Alternate translation: “because he was very old,”
48:10	igr4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	לֹ֥א יוּכַ֖ל לִ⁠רְא֑וֹת	1	For some languages it is more natural to switch the order of the clauses in this sentence and say, “Now Israel was very old, so his eyesight was failing and he was not able to see very well.” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “so that he could not see very well.”
48:10	m3l9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יַּגֵּ֤שׁ אֹתָ⁠ם֙ אֵלָ֔י⁠ו	1	Make sure it is clear in your translation whom is being referred to at each point in this sentence. Alternate translation: “So Joseph brought his sons near to his father,” or “So he had his sons stand near to his father,”
48:10	xi1y		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יִּשַּׁ֥ק לָ⁠הֶ֖ם	1	It may be helpful to read this sentence aloud in your translation to make sure the use of nouns and pronouns is natural and accurate in your language. Alternate translation: “and Israel kissed them on the cheeks” or “and his father kissed …”
48:10	yxhu			וַ⁠יְחַבֵּ֥ק לָ⁠הֶֽם	1	Consider again how you translated the word **embraced** in the book of Genesis. See Gen 29:13; 33:4; 48:10. Also compare that to how you translated an idiom (“fell on … neck”) that has a similar meaning in Gen 33:4; 45:14, 46:29. It may be necessary to translate these terms in different ways, depending on the context.
48:11	joqe			רְאֹ֥ה פָנֶ֖י⁠ךָ לֹ֣א פִלָּ֑לְתִּי	1	 Alternate translation: “I did not think I would ever see you again,”
48:11	cko4			וְ⁠הִנֵּ֨ה	1	 Alternate translation: “but amazingly,”
48:11	w75i			הֶרְאָ֥ה אֹתִ֛⁠י אֱלֹהִ֖ים גַּ֥ם אֶת זַרְעֶֽ⁠ךָ	1	 Alternate translation: “God has allowed me to see even your offspring” or “God has also allowed me to see your offspring”
48:12	wvkp			וַ⁠יּוֹצֵ֥א יוֹסֵ֛ף אֹתָ֖⁠ם	1	 Alternate translation: “Then Joseph took his sons away” or “Then Joseph had his sons step away”
48:12	agib		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	מֵ⁠עִ֣ם בִּרְכָּ֑י⁠ו	1	Joseph’s sons (who were in their 20s) were near Israel's knees, so that he could hug them; they were not sitting on his knees or lap. Also make sure your translation of **his** refers to Joseph's father (Israel/Jacob), not Joseph. Alternate translation: “from near his father,”
48:12	kz74			וַ⁠יִּשְׁתַּ֥חוּ	1	 Alternate translation: “and he prostrated himself before him”
48:12	jfto		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction	לְ⁠אַפָּ֖י⁠ו אָֽרְצָ⁠ה	1	Joseph bowed to the ground to show thankfulness and respect to his father and possibly also to God. If necessary, you could make that information explicit in your translation or put it in a footnote. Alternate translation: “with his face toward the ground in thankfulness and respect.”
48:13	ixv8			וַ⁠יִּקַּ֣ח יוֹסֵף֮	1	 Alternate translation: “Then he took”
48:13	wvf8			אֶת שְׁנֵי⁠הֶם֒	1	 Alternate translation: “both of his sons,”
48:13	nzul			אֶת אֶפְרַ֤יִם בִּֽ⁠ימִינ⁠וֹ֙	1	 Alternate translation: “with Ephraim at his right hand”
48:13	utvp			וְ⁠אֶת מְנַשֶּׁ֥ה בִ⁠שְׂמֹאל֖⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “and with Manasseh at his left hand”
48:13	o7vq		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	וַ⁠יַּגֵּ֖שׁ אֵלָֽי⁠ו	1	For some languages it may be clearer or more natural to put this clause first in this verse and say, “Then he took/brought his sons close to his father again. He had Ephraim stand in front of Israel’s left hand/side, and he had Manasseh stand in front of Israel’s right hand/side.” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “and he took them close to his father again.”
48:14	vklj		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction	וְ⁠אֶת שְׂמֹאל֖⁠וֹ עַל רֹ֣אשׁ מְנַשֶּׁ֑ה שִׂכֵּל֙ אֶת יָדָ֔י⁠ו	1	In the Hebrew culture, the right side was the place of highest honor and using the right hand to bless someone was symbolic of giving greater honor to that person. The oldest son was also the one who normally received the greater blessing. Israel reverses that here and gives Joseph’s younger son the greater blessing. It may be important to include a footnote in your translation that gives this information.
48:14	jxo4			כִּ֥י	1	Make sure that the way you translate **because** fits with the fact that Israel wanted to place his right hand on Ephraim (to give him the greater blessing), even though Manasseh was the firstborn (who would normally receive the greater blessing in that culture). Alternate translation: “in spite of the fact that”
48:15	llyx			וַ⁠יְבָ֥רֶךְ אֶת יוֹסֵ֖ף וַ⁠יֹּאמַ֑ר	1	Israel blessed Joseph by blessing Joseph’s sons (verses 15-16, 19-20). Alternate translation: “Then Israel blessed Joseph by blessing his sons and saying,”
48:15	gsdn		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	הָֽ⁠אֱלֹהִ֡ים	1	For some languages it may be necessary to make it explicit here that this prayer is a blessing for Joseph’s sons (rather than waiting until that is made clear in verse 16). Do what is best in your language. Also consider whether or not it is better in your language to break up the long sentence in verses 15-16 into shorter sentences. Alternate translation: “May God bless your sons, the God” or “I pray that God will bless your sons, the God” or “I ask God to bless your sons. He is the God”
48:15	iwxf			אֲשֶׁר֩ & אֲבֹתַ֤⁠י & אַבְרָהָ֣ם וְ⁠יִצְחָ֔ק	1	 Alternate translation: “whom my forefathers Abraham and Isaac”
48:15	r8jy		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	הִתְהַלְּכ֨וּ & לְ⁠פָנָי⁠ו֙	1	See how you translated the idiom “walk/live before” in Gen 17:1 and 24:40. You may need to translate it differently in different contexts. Alternate translation: “walked with according to his will,” or “lived obediently in the presence of,” or “obeyed,”
48:15	bi81		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	הָֽ⁠אֱלֹהִים֙ הָ⁠רֹעֶ֣ה אֹתִ֔⁠י	1	The word “shepherded” includes guiding, protecting, and providing food and water, such as a shepherd would do for his sheep. Here it is used as a metaphor that refers to God’s complete care of Israel throughout his life. Consider whether or not it is best in your language to use a similar metaphor here. For example, you could say, “He is the same God who, for my entire life, has taken care of all my needs, just as a good shepherd takes care of his sheep.” Alternate translation: “the same God who has watched over me” or “He is the same God who has taken care of me”
48:15	dt5m			מֵ⁠עוֹדִ֖⁠י עַד הַ⁠יּ֥וֹם הַ⁠זֶּֽה	1	 Alternate translation: “from the beginning of my life until the present day”
48:16	wzng		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms	הַ⁠מַּלְאָךְ֩ הַ⁠גֹּאֵ֨ל אֹתִ֜⁠י מִ⁠כָּל רָ֗ע	1	Consider whether it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Also consider again how you translated “angel” in the book of Genesis. See Gen 16:7, 9-11; 19:1, 15; 21:17; 22:11, 15; 24:7, 40; 28:12; 31:11; 32:3, 6; 48:16. Alternate translation: “He is also the Angel who rescued me continually from all harm”
48:16	hkqg			יְבָרֵךְ֮ אֶת הַ⁠נְּעָרִים֒	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here; your decision will depend on how you translated verse 15. Also, since Joseph’s sons were probably in their 20s, make sure your translation of this phrase does not sound like they were little boys. The Hebrew word for “boy” here can also be translated as “lad,” “servant,” or “young man,” depending on the context and who is speaking to whom. With that in mind, consider again how you translated this word in the book of Genesis. See Gen 14:24; 18:7; 19:4; 21:12, 17-20; 22:3, 5, 12, 19; 25:27; 34:19; 37:2; 41:12; 43:8; 44:22, 30-34; 48:16. Alternate translation: “I ask that he will cause these young men to prosper greatly,”
48:16	b0ar			וְ⁠יִקָּרֵ֤א בָ⁠הֶם֙ שְׁמִ֔⁠י וְ⁠שֵׁ֥ם אֲבֹתַ֖⁠י אַבְרָהָ֣ם וְ⁠יִצְחָ֑ק וְ⁠יִדְגּ֥וּ לָ⁠רֹ֖ב בְּ⁠קֶ֥רֶב הָ⁠אָֽרֶץ	1	 Alternate translation: “so that my family name and the family name of my ancestors Abraham and Isaac will continue through them and so that they will have many descendants on the earth.” or “I pray that they will have many descendants on the earth who will carry on the family name for me and for my forefathers Abraham and Isaac.”
48:17	guyi			וַ⁠יַּ֣רְא יוֹסֵ֗ף כִּי יָשִׁ֨ית אָבִ֧י⁠ו יַד יְמִינ֛⁠וֹ עַל רֹ֥אשׁ אֶפְרַ֖יִם	1	See how you translated **placed** in verse 14.
48:17	krcr		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וַ⁠יֵּ֣רַע בְּ⁠עֵינָ֑י⁠ו	1	 Alternate translation: “it displeased him,” or “he was unhappy about it,”
48:17	fa1f			וַ⁠יִּתְמֹ֣ךְ יַד אָבִ֗י⁠ו	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here.
48:18	yr6r			לֹא כֵ֣ן אָבִ֑⁠י כִּי זֶ֣ה הַ⁠בְּכֹ֔ר	1	 Alternate translation: “Not like that, Father. It is the other son who is my firstborn” or “That is the wrong one Father. The other one is my oldest son.”
48:18	fe3w			שִׂ֥ים יְמִינְ⁠ךָ֖ עַל רֹאשֽׁ⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “So you need to put your right hand on his head.”
48:19	fnt6			וַ⁠יְמָאֵ֣ן אָבִ֗י⁠ו	1	 Alternate translation: “But his father refused to move his hands”
48:19	ad6m			יָדַ֤עְתִּֽי בְנִ⁠י֙ יָדַ֔עְתִּי	1	 Alternate translation: “I know it my son, I know what I am doing.” or “I know what I am doing, my son.”
48:19	onl9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	גַּם ה֥וּא יִֽהְיֶה לְּ⁠עָ֖ם וְ⁠גַם ה֣וּא יִגְדָּ֑ל	1	Consider what is the best way in your language to refer to Joseph’s firstborn in these two clauses. Alternate translation: “In fact, the descendants of your firstborn son will also become a ethnic group, and he will be a great man.” or “In fact, your firstborn son will also be a important man, and he will be the ancestor of a people group.”
48:19	d8w8			וְ⁠אוּלָ֗ם אָחִ֤י⁠ו הַ⁠קָּטֹן֙ יִגְדַּ֣ל מִמֶּ֔⁠נּוּ	1	 Alternate translation: “However, his younger brother Ephraim will be even greater than he will be,”
48:19	w3o5			וְ⁠זַרְע֖⁠וֹ	1	Make sure that your translation of this phrase refers to Ephraim’s descendants, not Manasseh’s. Alternate translation: “with many descendants, who”
48:19	ncm9			יִהְיֶ֥ה מְלֹֽא הַ⁠גּוֹיִֽם	1	Compare how you translated a similar phrase (“a community of peoples”) in verse 4. Alternate translation: “will become many ethnic groups.”
48:20	mzc0			וַ⁠יְבָ֨רֲכֵ֜⁠ם בַּ⁠יּ֣וֹם הַ⁠הוּא֮	1	 Alternate translation: “That same day, Israel blessed both of them”
48:20	j6nq		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	לֵ⁠אמוֹר֒	1	 Alternate translation: “and said,”
48:20	zb3n			בְּ⁠ךָ֗ יְבָרֵ֤ךְ יִשְׂרָאֵל֙	1	 Alternate translation: “The people of Israel will use your names when they bless someone” or “When the people of Israel say a blessing over someone, they will use your names”
48:20	fkzh			יְשִֽׂמְ⁠ךָ֣ אֱלֹהִ֔ים	1	 Alternate translation: “May God bless you” or “We ask God to make you great”
48:20	pdwp			כְּ⁠אֶפְרַ֖יִם וְ⁠כִ⁠מְנַשֶּׁ֑ה	1	 Alternate translation: “like he blessed Ephraim and Manasseh.”
48:20	uje7			וַ⁠יָּ֥שֶׂם אֶת אֶפְרַ֖יִם לִ⁠פְנֵ֥י מְנַשֶּֽׁה	1	 Alternate translation: “When he said that, he put Ephraim ahead of Manasseh.” or “In that way, he made Ephraim greater than Manasseh.”
48:21	d5t4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ אֶל יוֹסֵ֔ף	1	 Alternate translation: “Next Israel spoke to Joseph. He said,”
48:21	d8t7			הִנֵּ֥ה	1	 Alternate translation: “Look”
48:21	fjrl			אָנֹכִ֖י מֵ֑ת	1	 Alternate translation: “I will die soon,”
48:21	yses		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular	וְ⁠הָיָ֤ה אֱלֹהִים֙ עִמָּ⁠כֶ֔ם	1	The pronouns **you** and **your** are plural throughout this verse and probably refer to all Israel’s family, including Joseph, his brothers, and their descendants. Alternate translation: “but God will always stay with all of you and help you,” or “but God will always stay with you and your brothers and all your descendants and help you.”
48:21	ydkc			וְ⁠הֵשִׁ֣יב אֶתְ⁠כֶ֔ם	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “He will also bring you back”
48:21	orx3			אֶל אֶ֖רֶץ אֲבֹתֵי⁠כֶֽם	1	 Alternate translation: “to the land that he gave to your forefathers”
48:22	xrzo			וַ⁠אֲנִ֞י נָתַ֧תִּֽי לְ⁠ךָ֛	1	The pronouns **you** and **your** shift to singular in verse 22. Alternate translation: “And I bequeath to you as part of your inheritance”
48:22	cazk		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	שְׁכֶ֥ם	1	The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could refer to: (1) “the city of Shechem,” or (2) “a mountain slope/ridge,” This second interpretation comes from the meaning of the Hebrew word “shekem” (“shoulder”), which can be used as a metaphor to refer to a mountain slope or ridge.
48:22	peu5			אַחַ֖ד עַל אַחֶ֑י⁠ךָ	1	 Alternate translation: “which is more land than I am giving to your brothers and”
48:22	bfda			אֲשֶׁ֤ר לָקַ֨חְתִּי֙ מִ⁠יַּ֣ד	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “which I took control of from” or “I took that land from”
48:22	q9pc		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	הָֽ⁠אֱמֹרִ֔י בְּ⁠חַרְבִּ֖⁠י וּ⁠בְ⁠קַשְׁתִּֽ⁠י	1	For some languages it may be clearer to change the order of clauses in this verse and say, “Besides that, I hereby give you the city of Shechem, which I took/captured from the Amorites when I defeated them in battle. This is more land than I am giving to your brothers.” Do what is best in your language. Also consider again how you translated **Amorites** in the book of Genesis. See Gen 10:16; 14:7, 13; 15:16, 21; 48:22. Alternate translation: “the Amorites in battle using my sword and my bow.”
49:1	i8ic			וַ⁠יִּקְרָ֥א יַעֲקֹ֖ב אֶל בָּנָ֑י⁠ו	1	The events in chapter 49 may have occurred on the same day as the events in chapter 48, or not very long after that. Consider again how you translated **called for** in the book of Genesis. See Gen 12:18; 14:14; 20:2, 8-9; 24:57-58; 26:9; 27:1, 42; 28:1; 31:4; 39:14; 41:8, 14; 46:33; 47:29; 49:1.
49:1	g7x3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֗אמֶר	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here.
49:1	l6m5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry	הֵאָֽסְפוּ֙	1	Much of what Jacob says to his sons in verses 1-27 is Hebrew poetry, which is characterized by the use of parallelisms and metaphors to emphasize important points. Many translations put these verses in poetry format (starting here); many others use regular paragraph formatting. Do what is best in your language. For a complete list of verses that some translations treat as poetry in the book of Genesis, see the introduction to the book. Alternate translation: “Gather yourselves together before me,”
49:1	upew			וְ⁠אַגִּ֣ידָה לָ⁠כֶ֔ם	1	 Alternate translation: “and I will declare to you” or “so that I can inform you”
49:1	gmu9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	אֵ֛ת אֲשֶׁר יִקְרָ֥א אֶתְ⁠כֶ֖ם	1	Much of what Jacob prophesies in this chapter about his sons also applies to their descendants. Some translation teams may prefer to put that information in a footnote rather than make it explicit in the text. Do what is best in your language. Also see how you translated **meet** in Gen 42:4, 38.
49:1	xg3p		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	בְּ⁠אַחֲרִ֥ית הַ⁠יָּמִֽים	1	In this context, this phrase refers to a period of years in the future. Consider what is the best way to communicate that in your language. Alternate translation: “in the days ahead.” or “in future days”
49:2	j5co		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	הִקָּבְצ֥וּ וְ⁠שִׁמְע֖וּ בְּנֵ֣י יַעֲקֹ֑ב	1	Make sure it is clear in your translation of this verse that Jacob is talking to his own sons and is referring to himself as both Jacob and as Israel. Also, for some languages it is more natural to put the address **sons of Jacob** first in verse 2, or even first in the quote (which begins in verse 1). Do what is best in your language.
49:2	xh8b			וְ⁠שִׁמְע֖וּ אֶל יִשְׂרָאֵ֥ל אֲבִי⁠כֶֽם	1	This clause forms a parallelism with the previous clause to emphasize that Jacob wants his sons to listen to him carefully. Try to keep both halves of this parallelism in your translation, since each half has a slightly different focus. Also, consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “Pay attention to me, your father Israel.”
49:3	tmwk			רְאוּבֵן֙ בְּכֹ֣רִ⁠י אַ֔תָּה	1	Consider again how you translated **firstborn** in the book of Genesis. See Gen 4:4; 10:15; 19:31, 33-34, 37; 22:21; 25:13, 27; 27:19, 32; 29:26; 35:23; 36:15; 38:6-7; 41:51; 43:33; 46:8, 14; 48:18; 49:3. It may be necessary to translate this term in different ways, depending on the context.
49:3	wp60		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism	כֹּחִ֖⁠י וְ⁠רֵאשִׁ֣ית אוֹנִ֑⁠י	1	This phrase is used here as a euphemistic idiom that refers to Jacob’s ability to have children. Other languages may have a similar idiom. Translate this in a way that will not embarrass or offend listeners. Alternate translation: “the result of my fertility, and the first child I had as a young man.” or “You are the first sign of my manhood and strength”
49:3	zu3n			יֶ֥תֶר שְׂאֵ֖ת וְ⁠יֶ֥תֶר עָֽז	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “You had higher honor and authority than all your brothers.”
49:4	ngg3			פַּ֤חַז	1	 Alternate translation: “However, you are uncontrollable” or “However, you are reckless”
49:4	m3c3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	כַּ⁠מַּ֨יִם֙	1	Here Jacob compares Reuben’s reckless, uncontrolled sexual behavior to turbulent water that is out of control and destructive. Consider whether or not you have a similar simile in your language that would fit well here. Alternate translation: “like a flood of water,”
49:4	ht6q			אַל תּוֹתַ֔ר	1	 Alternate translation: “so you will no longer have your high position in our family,” or “so you will no longer be first among your brothers,”
49:4	s4lx		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism	כִּ֥י עָלִ֖יתָ מִשְׁכְּבֵ֣י אָבִ֑י⁠ךָ אָ֥ז חִלַּ֖לְתָּ	1	This clause, along with the rest of the verse, is a euphemistic way of referring to Reuben committing adultery by sleeping with his father’s concubine (secondary wife) Bilhah (Genesis 35:22). Alternate translation: “because you got into my bed with my wife and dishonored me!” or “because you dishonored me by getting into my bed and committing adultery with my concubine”
49:4	u62z		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	יְצוּעִ֥⁠י עָלָֽה	1	Here Jacob repeats part of what he said in the previous clause, in order to emphasize Reuben’s sin against him and to communicate how upset he is about it. He may have still been talking to Reuben (switching from second to third person), or he may have been exclaiming about Reuben to himself and the rest of his sons.
49:5	jadm		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	שִׁמְע֥וֹן וְ⁠לֵוִ֖י	1	In verses 3-27, Jacob sometimes refers to his sons using second person (“you”), and sometimes (as here) he uses third person (“they” or “he”). Consider whether or not it is better in your language to use second person throughout these verses, especially since Jacob is talking to his sons who are right there with him. Also, some languages have dual pronouns that fit well in verses 5-7. Alternate translation: “As for Simeon and Levi, they”
49:5	lnz6			אַחִ֑ים	1	This phrase is used here as an idiom that emphasizes the fact that Simeon and Levi thought alike and acted together to do evil things. Alternate translation: “are close brothers.” or “are partners in crime.” or “do evil things together.”
49:5	hpdj			כְּלֵ֥י חָמָ֖ס מְכֵרֹתֵי⁠הֶֽם	1	Make sure in your translation that the pronouns you use here (and in verses 6-7) fit with the way you translated the beginning of this verse. Alternate translation: “They use their weapons to do violent things together.”
49:6	sbst		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	אַל תָּבֹ֣א נַפְשִׁ֔⁠י	1	Here Jacob uses the phrase **my soul** to refer to himself and to emphasize how strongly he feels about what he is saying. Consider what is the best way to communicate that in your language. Alternate translation: “Do not ever let me” or “May I never”
49:6	h9hm			בְּ⁠סֹדָ⁠ם֙ אַל־תָּבֹ֣א	1	In verses 5-7, Jacob is probably referring to the time when Simeon and Levi killed all the males in the city of Shechem out of revenge (Genesis 34:25-26, 30). Jacob was very upset that they did that. Alternate translation: “take part in their evil plans” or “participate with them when you plan evil things!”
49:6	z996		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	בִּ⁠קְהָלָ֖⁠ם אַל תֵּחַ֣ד כְּבֹדִ֑⁠י	1	This clause forms a parallelism with the previous clause and emphasizes that Jacob is upset and does not want to participate with these two sons in their evil behavior. Consider what is the best way to translate that in your language. Alternate translation: “Do not let my honor be associated with your evil plans,” or “I never want to be linked with their evil plans,” or “I refuse to make evil plans with them”
49:6	ckzx			כִּ֤י בְ⁠אַפָּ⁠ם֙ הָ֣רְגוּ אִ֔ישׁ	1	The phrase **a man** probably refers collectively here to all the men whom these two sons killed in the city of Shechem (Gen 34:25-26, 30). Alternate translation: “because you became angry and murdered many men”
49:6	z1y0			וּ⁠בִ⁠רְצֹנָ֖⁠ם עִקְּרוּ שֽׁוֹר	1	This may have happened during the time that Simeon and Levi took revenge on the people of Shechem. Alternate translation: “and just to please yourselves, you crippled some oxen so they could not walk.” or “and you cut the leg tendons of some oxen just for the fun of it.”
49:7	cb28		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	אָר֤וּר אַפָּ⁠ם֙ כִּ֣י עָ֔ז וְ⁠עֶבְרָתָ֖⁠ם כִּ֣י קָשָׁ֑תָה	1	Consider what is the best way to translate this parallelism in your language. Also, consider again how you translated “cursed” in the book of Genesis. See Gen 3:14 (and note), 17; 4:11; 5:29; 8:21; 9:25; 12:3; 27:12-13, 29; 49:7. Alternate translation: “May God curse them for your intense anger and your malicious fury!” or “I ask God to punish them for being so intensely angry and malicious!”
49:7	ykq9			אֲחַלְּקֵ֣⁠ם	1	The last half of verse 7 specifies how Jacob is asking God to curse Simeon and Levi. Alternate translation: “I ask God to disperse them and their descendants” or “May he cause them and their descendants to be spread out”
49:7	f5mw		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	בְּ⁠יַעֲקֹ֔ב	1	In this context, the name **Jacob** refers to his family and especially his descendants. Alternate translation: “among the family of Jacob.”
49:7	b95x		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	וַ⁠אֲפִיצֵ֖⁠ם	1	The clauses “I will divide …” and “I will scatter …” form a parallelism that emphasizes the way Jacob is asking God to curse Simeon and Levi. If possible, it is best to keep both parts of a parallelism in your translation. Alternate translation: “Yes, I will”
49:7	e9qw			וַ⁠אֲפִיצֵ֖⁠ם	1	Consider again how you translated **scatter** in the book of Genesis. See Gen 10:18, 32; 11:4, 8-9; 49:7. It may be necessary to translate this term in different ways, depending on the context. If the pronoun “you” is used here in your translation, it should be plural. Alternate translation: “disperse you” or “cause them to be spread out”
49:7	ih68			בְּ⁠יִשְׂרָאֵֽל	1	Jacob’s prophecy in verse 7 came true many years later: the tribe of Simeon was absorbed by the tribe of Judah (Joshua 19:1), and the tribe of Levi never had its own territory, but rather lived in cities scattered throughout the other tribes of Israel (Joshua 21:1-42). You could put this information in a footnote. Alternate translation: “throughout the descendants of Israel.”
49:8	mfza			יְהוּדָ֗ה אַתָּה֙ יוֹד֣וּ⁠ךָ אַחֶ֔י⁠ךָ	1	In the Hebrew text, the pronoun **you** is emphatic, and it has an emphatic position in the sentence. Consider what is the best way to communicate that emphasis in your language. Alternate translation: “Judah, you are the one whom your brothers will praise.” or “Judah, you and your descendants will be highly praised by your brothers and their descendants.”
49:8	lhkv		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	יָדְ⁠ךָ֖ בְּ⁠עֹ֣רֶף	1	Consider what is the best way to translate this Hebrew idiom in your language. Also, if your translation includes Judah’s descendants in the previous sentence, make sure that the pronouns **your** and **you** are plural in this sentence. Alternate translation: “You will be victorious over” or “You will defeat”
49:8	sr42			אֹיְבֶ֑י⁠ךָ	1	 Alternate translation: “those who are against you.” or “your adversaries.”
49:8	m4n8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	בְּנֵ֥י אָבִֽי⁠ךָ	1	Make sure that your translation of **your father** refers to Jacob. Alternate translation: “Your brothers”
49:8	o2b6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction	יִשְׁתַּחֲוּ֥וּ לְ⁠ךָ֖	1	Consider again how you translated **bow down** in the book of Genesis. See Gen 18:2; 19:1; 22:5; 23:7, 12; 24:26, 48, 52; 27:29; 33:3, 6-7; 37:7, 9-10; 42:6; 43:26, 28; 47:31; 48:12; 49:8. Also see how you translated a similar phrase in Gen 17:3, 17. Alternate translation: “and their descendants will bow themselves before you and your descendants in submission.”
49:9	kcdh		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor	גּ֤וּר אַרְיֵה֙ יְהוּדָ֔ה מִ⁠טֶּ֖רֶף בְּנִ֣⁠י עָלִ֑יתָ	1	 Alternate translation: “Judah, you, my son, are like a powerful young lion that kills its prey and returns to its den.”
49:9	zrcx		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	כָּרַ֨ע רָבַ֧ץ כְּ⁠אַרְיֵ֛ה	1	Here in verse 9 Jacob switches to using third person references (“he, his, him”) for Judah. For some languages it is better to use second person references (“you, your”) throughout verses 8-12. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “You are like a lion that stretches out and lies down to rest after eating.”
49:9	tf30		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	וּ⁠כְ⁠לָבִ֖יא מִ֥י יְקִימֶֽ⁠נּוּ	1	This sentence forms a parallelism with the previous sentence to emphasize Judah’s authority. Also, Jacob uses a rhetorical question here to emphasize the respect that people will have for Judah. Some languages must use a statement here instead. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “Yes, you are like a lion that no one dares to awaken” or “No one dares to disrespect that lion.”
49:10	lg21		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	לֹֽא יָס֥וּר שֵׁ֨בֶט֙ מִֽ⁠יהוּדָ֔ה	1	A scepter, or a king’s staff, is a special, decorated rod that a king holds to symbolize his authority to rule the people who are under him. Alternate translation: “Judah, the authority to rule will always belong to you and your descendants.”
49:10	yr2o		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	וּ⁠מְחֹקֵ֖ק מִ⁠בֵּ֣ין רַגְלָ֑י⁠ו	1	This phrase forms a parallelism with the previous clause and emphasizes the authority that Judah and his descendants will have.
49:10	f9a1			עַ֚ד כִּֽי יָבֹ֣א שִׁיל֔וֹ	1	Jacob is probably prophesying here about the coming of the Messiah/Christ. This fits with the fact that Jesus was a descendant of the tribe of Judah and is now ruling as the true King over heaven and earth. You could put some of that information in a footnote. Alternate translation: “until the highest king arrives” or “until the One whom the scepter belongs to comes”
49:10	jg91			וְ⁠ל֖⁠וֹ יִקְּהַ֥ת עַמִּֽים	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “and the nations of the earth obey him.” or “and all people obey him.” or “All people will obey him.”
49:11	tpc6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	אֹסְרִ֤י	1	In verse 11, the pronouns “he” and **his** refer to Judah and his descendants. To make that clear, you could make that explicit here and then use plural pronouns “they” and “their” throughout the verse. Or if you are using the second person throughout this section, you could say, “You and your descendants …” and use plural pronouns “you” and “your” after that. Alternate translation: “Judah and his descendants”
49:11	nav1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	אֹסְרִ֤י לַ⁠גֶּ֨פֶן֙ עִיר֔וֹ	1	In Jacob’s culture grapevines were valuable plants, so unless a person was very rich, he would never tether a donkey to his grapevines because it would eat the fruit and the vines. If necessary, you could make some of that information explicit in your translation. Alternate translation: “will be so wealthy that they will tie their donkeys to your grapevines to eat the valuable fruit.” or “let your donkeys eat your valuable grapevines.”
49:11	gjb3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	וְ⁠לַ⁠שֹּׂרֵקָ֖ה בְּנִ֣י אֲתֹנ֑⁠וֹ	1	This clause forms a parallelism with the previous one to emphasize how wealthy Judah and his descendants will be.
49:11	s2nz		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	כִּבֵּ֤ס בַּ⁠יַּ֨יִן֙ לְבֻשׁ֔⁠וֹ וּ⁠בְ⁠דַם עֲנָבִ֖ים סוּתֽוֹ	1	This sentence is another parallelism that emphasizes how wealthy Judah and his descendants will be. The phrase **blood of grapes** is an idiom that refers to red wine made from the juice of grapes. Alternate translation: “They will still have so much wine from other vines that you could even use the wine like water to wash your robes and other clothes.”
49:12	s3uy			עֵינַ֖יִם	1	 Alternate translation: “Their eyes” or “You will be so blessed that your eyes”
49:12	cm3s			חַכְלִילִ֥י & מִ⁠יָּ֑יִן	1	The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “will be bright from drinking abundant wine,” or (2) “will be darker than wine,” In both interpretations the emphasis is that Judah’s descendants will be blessed with an abundance of the best foods, including wine and milk, which are examples of the most valuable foods that were produced in the land.
49:12	rmn2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	וּ⁠לְבֶן־שִׁנַּ֖יִם מֵ⁠חָלָֽב	1	The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “and their/your teeth will be white from drinking abundant milk.” or (2) “and their/your teeth will be whiter than milk.” Make sure that the way you translate this phrase fits with the interpretation you used for the first part of this verse. For some languages it may be clearer or more natural to change the order of some of these phrases and say, “They/You will be so blessed/wealthy that they/you will have plenty of the best foods, including abundant wine and milk.” Do what is best in your language.
49:13	xffh			זְבוּלֻ֕ן	1	Throughout this chapter, decide whether it is best in your language to use third person or second person when Jacob refers to each of his sons (and their descendants). Alternate translation: “As for Zebulun, he and his descendants”
49:13	wtx1			לְ⁠ח֥וֹף יַמִּ֖ים יִשְׁכֹּ֑ן	1	 Alternate translation: “will live at the coast,”
49:13	vumy		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	וְ⁠הוּא֙ לְ⁠ח֣וֹף אֳנִיּ֔וֹת	1	This clause forms a parallelism with the previous clause to emphasize where Zebulun and his descendants will live. Alternate translation: “yes, they will settle at a harbor for ships,” or “where there will be a safe place for ships to load and unload their cargo,”
49:13	r8u3			וְ⁠יַרְכָת֖⁠וֹ	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “Their territory will extend”
49:13	cqfv			עַל צִידֹֽן	1	 Alternate translation: “all the way up to the city of Sidon.”
49:14	jcdq			יִשָּׂשכָ֖ר	1	 Alternate translation: “As for Issachar, he and his descendants”
49:14	x4v8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor	חֲמֹ֣ר גָּ֑רֶם	1	Consider again how you translated **donkey** in the book of Genesis. See Gen 12:16; 16:12; 22:3, 5, 6; 24:35; 30:43; 32:5, 15; 34:28; 36:24; 42:26-27; 43:18, 24; 44:3, 13; 45:23; 47:17; 49:14. Alternate translation: “will be like a strong donkey”
49:14	h1kf			רֹבֵ֖ץ	1	 Alternate translation: “lying down resting”
49:14	e90c			בֵּ֥ין הַֽ⁠מִּשְׁפְּתָֽיִם	1	The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “between two saddlebags/loads.” or (2) “between the two parts of a sheep pen.” Both interpretations imply that the donkey is lying down to rest after it worked hard.
49:15	tdds		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	וַ⁠יַּ֤רְא מְנֻחָה֙ כִּ֣י ט֔וֹב וְ⁠אֶת הָ⁠אָ֖רֶץ כִּ֣י נָעֵ֑מָה	1	 Alternate translation: “They will have a good place to live, in a enjoyable land.”
49:15	zdv6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וַ⁠יֵּ֤ט שִׁכְמ⁠וֹ֙	1	Consider what is the best way to translate this Hebrew idiom in your language. Alternate translation: “However, you will also have to exert yourselves” or “But you will work hard”
49:15	qtbd			לִ⁠סְבֹּ֔ל	1	 Alternate translation: “to carry heavy loads,”
49:15	mqe3			וַ⁠יְהִ֖י לְ⁠מַס עֹבֵֽד	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “In fact, you will be forced to be slaves.” or “They will have to work very hard for others as slaves.” or “People will force you to be their slaves.”
49:16	i8wo			דָּ֖ן	1	 Alternate translation: “As for Dan, he and his descendants”
49:16	x1kh			יָדִ֣ין עַמּ֑⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “will govern their own people group”
49:16	lc8c			כְּ⁠אַחַ֖ד שִׁבְטֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל	1	 Alternate translation: “just as the other tribes of Israel govern their own people.”
49:17	olso		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	דָן֙	1	Be consistent with your choice of third person or second person (singular or plural) references to Dan (and his descendants) throughout verses 16 and 17. Alternate translation: “They”
49:17	xrz8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor	יְהִי & נָחָ֣שׁ עֲלֵי דֶ֔רֶךְ שְׁפִיפֹ֖ן עֲלֵי אֹ֑רַח	1	 Alternate translation: “will be cunning like a poisonous snake lying beside a road”
49:17	b9kg			וַ⁠יִּפֹּ֥ל רֹכְב֖⁠וֹ אָחֽוֹר	1	 Alternate translation: “so that it rears up and the rider falls off backward to the ground.” or “… is thrown off the horse and defeated.”
49:18	f699		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	לִֽ⁠ישׁוּעָתְ⁠ךָ֖ קִוִּ֥יתִי יְהוָֽה	1	Make sure it is clear in your translation that Jacob is talking to God in verse 18, not Dan any more.
49:19	mepm			גְּד֣וּד יְגוּדֶ֑⁠נּוּ	1	 Alternate translation: “a group of robbers will attack him and his descendants,” or “you and your descendants will be attacked by enemies,”
49:19	ovqw		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וְ⁠ה֖וּא יָגֻ֥ד עָקֵֽב	1	Make sure it is clear in your translation who is being referred to at each point in this sentence. Alternate translation: “but they will hunt them down and defeat them.”
49:20	aksc		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	מֵ⁠אָשֵׁ֖ר שְׁמֵנָ֣ה לַחְמ֑⁠וֹ	1	Here the word **bread** refers to food in general and **fat** refers to the best kinds of food. Alternate translation: “Asher and his descendants will produce rich food,” or “Asher, you and your descendants will be wealthy and produce the finest food.”
49:20	a3y6			וְ⁠ה֥וּא יִתֵּ֖ן מַֽעֲדַנֵּי מֶֽלֶךְ	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Also, the word **delicacies** refers to special, delicious foods that only rich people can afford to eat. Alternate translation: “He will even supply food that is fancy enough for a king.” or “In fact, they will supply fine foods that are fit for kings to eat.”
49:21	fnt8			נַפְתָּלִ֖י	1	 Alternate translation: “As for Naphtali, he and his descendants”
49:21	je8b		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	אַיָּלָ֣ה	1	This metaphor pictures a deer that swiftly runs away after being released from captivity. Alternate translation: “will be swift like a doe” or “will be warriors who are swift like a deer”
49:21	aqep			שְׁלֻחָ֑ה	1	 Alternate translation: “that is set free.” or “that has been released to run freely.” or “that is free to go wherever it wants.”
49:21	z2pe		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	הַ⁠נֹּתֵ֖ן אִמְרֵי שָֽׁפֶר	1	The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “He/They/You will also speak eloquently.” or “They/You will also be gifted/excellent speakers/negotiators.” or (2) “and that bears/has beautiful/healthy fawns.” or “He/They/You will have beautiful children.” If you made Naphtali’s descendants explicit at the beginning of this verse, make sure you use a plural pronoun (“they” or “you”) here.
49:22	vpxp			יוֹסֵ֔ף	1	 Alternate translation: “As for Joseph, he and his descendants”
49:22	x6q9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor	בֵּ֤ן פֹּרָת֙ & בֵּ֥ן פֹּרָ֖ת	1	The same phrase is repeated here to emphasize how prosperous and productive Joseph (and his descendants) will be. Instead of saying the same phrase twice, many translations combine the two phrases and form one clause that communicates the emphasis in a different way. Do what is accurate and natural in your language. Alternate translation: “will be like the branch of a fruitful tree, yes, like a fruitful tree” or “will be very successful and flourish like a fruitful branch of a vine” or “will be very fruitful like the fruit on a fruitful vine”
49:22	g42v			עֲלֵי עָ֑יִן	1	 Alternate translation: “that is planted next to a spring of water,”
49:22	x6dv		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor	בָּנ֕וֹת צָעֲדָ֖ה	1	This phrase probably continues the metaphor of the fruitful vine that symbolizes how prosperous and numerous Joseph and his descendants will be. Consider what is the best way to translate this metaphor in your language. Alternate translation: “with branches extending” or “with branches full of fruit that extend”
49:22	x7gu			עֲלֵי שֽׁוּר	1	 Alternate translation: “over a surrounding wall.”
49:23	dn95		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַֽ⁠יְמָרֲרֻ֖⁠הוּ	1	Be consistent with your choice of third person or second person (singular or plural) references to Joseph (and his descendants) throughout verses 22-26. Alternate translation: “Skillful bowmen will fiercely attack them and their descendants” or “Enemy soldiers will …” or “Your enemies will …”
49:23	pxtz			וָ⁠רֹ֑בּוּ	1	 Alternate translation: “and shoot arrows at them”
49:23	i8j6			וַֽ⁠יִּשְׂטְמֻ֖⁠הוּ	1	 Alternate translation: “and treat them hatefully.” or “and try to destroy them”
49:24	x6y3			וַ⁠תֵּ֤שֶׁב בְּ⁠אֵיתָן֙ קַשְׁתּ֔⁠וֹ	1	Make sure that the way you translate **his** in this verse fits with whether you use second or third person (singular or plural) to refer to Joseph (and his descendants) in verses 22-26. Alternate translation: “But as they fight back, you will hold your bows steady” or “… you will use your bows well”
49:24	lyay			וַ⁠יָּפֹ֖זּוּ זְרֹעֵ֣י יָדָ֑י⁠ו	1	 Alternate translation: “and their powerful arms will stay agile”
49:24	uyx0		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	מִ⁠ידֵי֙ אֲבִ֣יר יַעֲקֹ֔ב	1	Consider what is the best way to translate this idiom in your language. Alternate translation: “because of the power”
49:24	ecz5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	אֲבִ֣יר יַעֲקֹ֔ב	1	For some languages, it is clearer or more natural to change the order of the phrases in this verse and say, “But the Mighty/Powerful God whom I worship/serve will keep you strong and help you use your bows/weapons well/effectively as you fight back.” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “of the Powerful God whom I worship” or “that the Powerful God of Jacob gives you,”
49:24	tb3t		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	מִ⁠שָּׁ֥ם רֹעֶ֖ה	1	A shepherd takes care of his sheep and provides for all of their needs. In the same way God takes care of his people and provides for all of their needs. See Psalm 23 which also talks about God as our Shepherd. You could put some of that information in a footnote. Alternate translation: “He takes care of his people the way that a shepherd takes care of his sheep.”
49:24	bwhf		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	אֶ֥בֶן יִשְׂרָאֵֽל	1	In verses 24 and 25, several different titles are used to refer to Yahweh, the only true God. Make sure that your translation of these verses does not sound like there is more than one God. Also make sure it is clear in your translation or in a footnote that Jacob is referring to himself in this verse as Jacob and Israel.
49:25	auy4			מֵ⁠אֵ֨ל	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “That power is from”
49:25	hwrl			מֵ⁠אֵ֨ל אָבִ֜י⁠ךָ וְ⁠יַעְזְרֶ֗⁠ךָּ	1	 Alternate translation: “the God who has always taken care of me, your father. He will also help you and your descendants.”
49:25	tq2p		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	וְ⁠אֵ֤ת שַׁדַּי֙ וִ⁠יבָ֣רְכֶ֔⁠ךָּ	1	For some languages it may be clearer or more natural to change the order of some of the clauses in the first half of this verse and say, “That strength/power comes from the God who has always taken care of me, your father. He is the all-powerful God who will help you and your descendants and bless you all”. Do what is best in your language. Also, compare how you translated “God Almighty” in Gen 48:3. Alternate translation: “He is the all-powerful God, who will bless you all”
49:25	u2xi			בִּרְכֹ֤ת שָׁמַ֨יִם֙ מֵ⁠עָ֔ל	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “He will provide you with rain from the sky”
49:25	a4di			בִּרְכֹ֥ת תְּה֖וֹם רֹבֶ֣צֶת תָּ֑חַת	1	This phrase refers to water that comes from under the ground and supplies springs, wells, and rivers. Alternate translation: “and bless you with water from under the ground.”
49:25	fxtf		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	בִּרְכֹ֥ת שָׁדַ֖יִם וָ⁠רָֽחַם	1	Consider what is the best way to translate this metonymy in your language. Also consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “May your wives bear many children and your animals bear many young.”
49:26	lpt8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants	בִּרְכֹ֣ת אָבִ֗י⁠ךָ גָּֽבְרוּ֙ עַל בִּרְכֹ֣ת הוֹרַ֔⁠י	1	The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “God has blessed me your father more than he blessed my ancestors,” or (2) “The blessings your father is blessing you with are greater than the blessings my ancestors blessed me with,” or (3) “The blessings of your father have surpassed the blessings/riches of the ancient mountains,” The third interpretation is based on the Greek Septuagint, which interprets the Hebrew word for **ancestors** as “mountains” (which has a similar spelling in Hebrew).
49:26	n6h1			עַֽד תַּאֲוַ֖ת	1	The meaning of the Hebrew text is uncertain here. It could mean: (1) “He has blessed me with bounties/riches that are greater than the bounties/riches that come from” or (2) “My blessings are so great that they extend to the utmost/farthest boundaries/limits of”. Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here.
49:26	fzcy			גִּבְעֹ֣ת עוֹלָ֑ם	1	 Alternate translation: “the everlasting mountains.”
49:26	pz62		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	תִּֽהְיֶ֨ין֙ לְ⁠רֹ֣אשׁ יוֹסֵ֔ף	1	The words **head** and **top of the head** refer to Joseph and are connected with the custom of laying hands on the head of the person being blessed. Alternate translation: “May God also give those blessings to you Joseph, as” or “I pray that God will abundantly bless you too, Joseph, since you are”
49:26	ckgl		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	נְזִ֥יר	1	Consider what is the best way to translate this passive phrase in your language. Alternate translation: “the one who has been set apart by God as ruler” or “the one who is honored by God” or “the one whom he chose to set apart and honor”
49:26	ujeh		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	אֶחָֽי⁠ו	1	Make sure your choice of **his** or **your** here fits with how you translated the beginning of this sentence. Alternate translation: “over his brothers.”
49:27	ox1g			בִּנְיָמִין֙	1	Consider again whether you make “and … descendants” explicit for each of Jacob’s sons in this chapter or whether you leave it implied and possibly put that information in a footnote. See verses 1, 7-8, 11, 13-14, 16, 19-23, 27. Alternate translation: “As for Benjamin, he and his descendants” or “Benjamin, you and your descendants”
49:27	hwab		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor	זְאֵ֣ב יִטְרָ֔ף	1	Wolves are a type of large, fierce, wild dog that lives and hunts together in groups. If wolves are unknown in your language area, you could say “wild dog” or “a pack of wild dogs.” Consider again how you translated the metaphors and similes that Jacob uses in verses 4, 9-11, 14, 17, 21-22, 24, 27. Alternate translation: “is like a fierce wolf.” or “will be fierce warriors like hungry wolves.”
49:27	tyqs		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	בַּ⁠בֹּ֖קֶר יֹ֣אכַל עַ֑ד וְ⁠לָ⁠עֶ֖רֶב יְחַלֵּ֥ק שָׁלָֽל	1	Consider again whether to use second person or third person (singular or plural) in verses 3-27, and make sure your translation of the pronouns is clear and natural. To do that, it is helpful to read your translation of this section aloud. Alternate translation: “You defeat their enemies in the morning and share the plunder of battle with your warriors in the evening.”
49:28	zkfe			כָּל אֵ֛לֶּה שִׁבְטֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל שְׁנֵ֣ים עָשָׂ֑ר	1	This clause refers back to Jacob’s sons who are mentioned in verses 1-27. Alternate translation: “Those twelve sons are the forefathers of the twelve tribes that came from Israel,”
49:28	der9			וְ֠⁠זֹאת אֲשֶׁר דִּבֶּ֨ר לָ⁠הֶ֤ם אֲבִי⁠הֶם֙	1	 Alternate translation: “and those were the words that their father spoke to them.”
49:28	hn97			וַ⁠יְבָ֣רֶךְ	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “when he blessed”
49:28	l9sl			אוֹתָ֔⁠ם אִ֛ישׁ אֲשֶׁ֥ר	1	 Alternate translation: “each of them” or “each son”
49:28	lbiq			כְּ⁠בִרְכָת֖⁠וֹ בֵּרַ֥ךְ אֹתָֽ⁠ם	1	 Alternate translation: “with blessings that were right for them and their descendants.” or “in a way that was fitting for them and their descendants.”
49:29	f0uw			וַ⁠יְצַ֣ו אוֹתָ֗⁠ם	1	 Alternate translation: “After that, he instructed his sons”
49:29	xadv		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר אֲלֵ⁠הֶם֙	1	Make sure that your translation of “commanded … and said …” refers to a single action, not two different actions.
49:29	a79m		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	אֲנִי֙ נֶאֱסָ֣ף אֶל	1	Consider what is the best way to translate this passive clause in your language. Alternate translation: “I will soon die and be taken by God to be with” or “God will soon take my spirit to be with”
49:29	xzx1			עַמִּ֔⁠י	1	 Alternate translation: “my relatives who have already died.” or “my relatives who have gone before me.” or “my deceased ancestors”
49:29	w22x			קִבְר֥וּ אֹתִ֖⁠י	1	Make sure that your translation of this phrase does not mean or imply that Jacob was asking to be buried while he was still physically alive. Alternate translation: “Please bury my body” or “When that happens, please bury me”
49:29	qb7q			אֶל אֲבֹתָ֑⁠י	1	 Alternate translation: “with the bodies of my ancestors” or “next to them”
49:29	u8z6			אֶל הַ֨⁠מְּעָרָ֔ה אֲשֶׁ֥ר בִּ⁠שְׂדֵ֖ה עֶפְר֥וֹן הַֽ⁠חִתִּֽי	1	Make sure your translation of this clause does not sound like Ephron still owned that property. Alternate translation: “inside the cave that is located in the field that Ephron the Hittite used to own.” or “… the field that used to belong to Ephron the Hittite.”
49:30	ypaj			בַּ⁠מְּעָרָ֞ה אֲשֶׁ֨ר בִּ⁠שְׂדֵ֧ה הַ⁠מַּכְפֵּלָ֛ה	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. See how you translated **Machpelah** in Gen 23:9.
49:30	opic			אֲשֶׁ֥ר עַל פְּנֵי מַמְרֵ֖א	1	 Alternate translation: “that is east of the city of Mamre”
49:30	e2wi			לַ⁠אֲחֻזַּת קָֽבֶר	1	 Alternate translation: “to use for a family burial site.” or “in order to possess a place to bury his dead relatives.”
49:31	t64r			שָׁ֣מָּ⁠ה קָֽבְר֞וּ אֶת אַבְרָהָ֗ם וְ⁠אֵת֙ שָׂרָ֣ה אִשְׁתּ֔⁠וֹ	1	The pronoun **they** is general in this verse and does not specify who buried these people. Many languages have a similar general word. Other languages make this a passive clause without specifying the subject. Do what is best in your language.
49:31	un30			וְ⁠שָׁ֥מָּ⁠ה	1	 Alternate translation: “That is also where”
49:32	o710		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	מִקְנֵ֧ה הַ⁠שָּׂדֶ֛ה וְ⁠הַ⁠מְּעָרָ֥ה אֲשֶׁר בּ֖⁠וֹ	1	In verse 32, Jacob repeats some of what he said in verses 29-30. Make sure your translation does not sound like it was the first time he said this. Also consider what is the best way to translate this passive clause in your language. Alternate translation: “That field and cave were bought by Abraham”
49:32	e6fb			מֵ⁠אֵ֥ת בְּנֵי חֵֽת	1	Compare how you translated “Hittite” in verse 29, which refers to the same people group as here. Alternate translation: “from the descendants of Heth.” or “from the Hittite people.”
49:33	vgbm			וַ⁠יֶּאֱסֹ֥ף רַגְלָ֖י⁠ו אֶל הַ⁠מִּטָּ֑ה	1	This clause means that Jacob lay back down after being in a sitting position on the side of his bed (Gen 48:2). Alternate translation: “he lay down and lifted his feet up into his bed.”
49:33	jo0e		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism	וַ⁠יִּגְוַ֖ע	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Also consider again how you translated the idiom **exhaled** in the book of Genesis. See Gen 6:17; 7:21; 25:8, 17; 35:29; 49:33. Alternate translation: “and breathed out his last breath” or “Then he took his final breath and died”
49:33	e6b7			וַ⁠יֵּאָ֥סֶף אֶל עַמָּֽי⁠ו	1	Consider again how you translated this phrase in the book of Genesis. See Gen 25:8 (and note), 17; 35:29; 49:29, 33. Alternate translation: “and was taken by God to be with his deceased relatives”
50:1	i1uf		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וַ⁠יִּפֹּ֥ל יוֹסֵ֖ף עַל	1	Make sure that your translation of this phrase does not imply that Joseph fell down accidently. Rather he intentionally threw himself on his father to embrace him and express his love and grief for him. See how you translated a similar phrase in Gen 46:29. Alternate translation: “Immediately Joseph embraced his father in sorrow”
50:1	zcjf		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	וַ⁠יֵּ֥בְךְּ עָלָ֖י⁠ו	1	For some languages it may be better to put this clause earlier and say, “Then Joseph cried in his sorrow/grief, and he hugged his father tightly and kissed him.” Do what is best in your language.
50:1	hggr			וַ⁠יִּשַּׁק לֽ⁠וֹ	1	Consider again how you translated **kissed** in the book of Genesis. See Gen 27:26-27; 29:11, 13; 31:28, 55; 33:4; 45:15; 48:10; 50:1. Alternate translation: “and kissed him goodbye on the forehead.”
50:2	qka7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יְצַ֨ו יוֹסֵ֤ף	1	 Alternate translation: “Then he told”
50:2	b68j			אֶת עֲבָדָי⁠ו֙ אֶת הָ⁠רֹ֣פְאִ֔ים	1	 Alternate translation: “his servants who were doctors” or “his physicians who served him”
50:2	kjoa		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	לַ⁠חֲנֹ֖ט אֶת אָבִ֑י⁠ו	1	The word **embalm** refers here to the special process that the Egyptians did to slow down the decaying process of a dead body in order to preserve it for burial.
50:3	e0xm			וַ⁠יִּמְלְאוּ ל⁠וֹ֙ אַרְבָּעִ֣ים י֔וֹם	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “which took them forty days,” or “The work took forty days,”
50:3	uuny			כִּ֛י כֵּ֥ן יִמְלְא֖וּ יְמֵ֣י הַ⁠חֲנֻטִ֑ים	1	 Alternate translation: “because that is the usual amount of time needed to embalm a body.” or “which is how long it usually takes to embalm a body.”
50:3	pmly			וַ⁠יִּבְכּ֥וּ אֹת֛⁠וֹ מִצְרַ֖יִם שִׁבְעִ֥ים יֽוֹם	1	The seventy days of mourning included the forty days of embalming, so do not begin your translation of this sentence with a word like “Then”. Alternate translation: “The people in Egypt wept for him for seventy days.” or “For seventy days the people of Egypt mourned for him”
50:4	rgwc			וַ⁠יַּֽעַבְרוּ֙ יְמֵ֣י בְכִית֔⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “When those seventy days of mourning for him were over”
50:4	ujhv		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	וַ⁠יְדַבֵּ֣ר יוֹסֵ֔ף אֶל בֵּ֥ית פַּרְעֹ֖ה לֵ⁠אמֹ֑ר	1	The phrase **the house of Pharaoh** refers to members of the royal court.
50:4	njhj			אִם נָ֨א מָצָ֤אתִי חֵן֙ בְּ⁠עֵ֣ינֵי⁠כֶ֔ם	1	 Alternate translation: “Please do this kindness for me:” or “Please show me kindness and do this:”
50:4	n5za			דַּבְּרוּ נָ֕א בְּ⁠אָזְנֵ֥י פַרְעֹ֖ה לֵ⁠אמֹֽר	1	 Alternate translation: “please speak to King Pharaoh for me and say to him,”
50:5	zmtr		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations	אָבִ֞⁠י הִשְׁבִּיעַ֣⁠נִי לֵ⁠אמֹ֗ר הִנֵּ֣ה אָנֹכִי֮ מֵת֒ בְּ⁠קִבְרִ֗⁠י אֲשֶׁ֨ר כָּרִ֤יתִי לִ⁠י֙ בְּ⁠אֶ֣רֶץ כְּנַ֔עַן שָׁ֖מָּ⁠ה תִּקְבְּרֵ֑⁠נִי	1	For some languages it may be better to translate this embedded quote as an indirect quote and say, “that when my father was about to die, he had me swear/vow/promise to him that I would bury his body in the region of Canaan, in a grave/tomb that he had prepared for himself there.” Do what is best in your language.
50:5	g5n5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations	וְ⁠עַתָּ֗ה אֶֽעֱלֶה נָּ֛א וְ⁠אֶקְבְּרָ֥ה אֶת אָבִ֖⁠י	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to translate this embedded quote as an indirect quote. Also see how you translated **go up** in Gen 45:9.
50:5	rjtq			וְ⁠אָשֽׁוּבָה	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “After I have done that, I will return to Egypt.”
50:6	ysg3			וַ⁠יֹּ֖אמֶר פַּרְעֹ֑ה	1	 Alternate translation: “Pharaoh sent back this reply to him”
50:6	x99p		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations	עֲלֵ֛ה וּ⁠קְבֹ֥ר אֶת אָבִ֖י⁠ךָ כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֥ר הִשְׁבִּיעֶֽ⁠ךָ	1	Consider whether it is better in your language to translate this sentence as a direct or indirect quote. Also see how you translated “go up” in verse 5.
50:7	xq3o			וַ⁠יַּ֥עַל יוֹסֵ֖ף	1	Joseph did not arrive in Canaan until later (verse 10). Alternate translation: “So Joseph started traveling to Canaan” or “So Joseph started the journey to Canaan” or “So Joseph left Egypt”
50:7	yx8e			וַ⁠יַּֽעֲל֨וּ אִתּ֜⁠וֹ כָּל עַבְדֵ֤י פַרְעֹה֙	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Also, consider again how you translated **Pharaoh** in the book of Genesis. See Gen 12:15 (and note), 16-18, 20; 37:36; 39:1; 40:2, 11, 13, 14, 17, 19; 41:1, 4, 7-10, 14-17, 25, 28, 32-35, 37-39, 41-46, 55; 42:15-16; 44:18; 45:2, 8, 16-17, 21; 46:5, 31, 33-34; 47:1-5, 7-11, 14, 19-26; 50:4, 6-7. Also consider again how you translated **servants** and “officials” in the book of Genesis. See Gen 20:8; 40:2, 4, 7, 20; 41:10, 37-38; 45:16; 50:7. Alternate translation: “All the officials of Pharaoh went with him to escort him,”
50:7	d3od			זִקְנֵ֣י בֵית֔⁠וֹ	1	The **elders** were probably older men who had served Pharaoh for a long time and held important positions in his court.
50:7	gxer			וְ⁠כֹ֖ל זִקְנֵ֥י אֶֽרֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם	1	 Alternate translation: “and all the other senior men in the country of Egypt.”
50:8	lbw9			וְ⁠כֹל֙ בֵּ֣ית יוֹסֵ֔ף	1	The word **house** refers here to Joseph’s whole extended family, not just to the people in his own household. Also, consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here.
50:8	o1en			רַ֗ק טַפָּ⁠ם֙	1	 Alternate translation: “Only their children”
50:8	orn9			וְ⁠צֹאנָ֣⁠ם וּ⁠בְקָרָ֔⁠ם	1	Consider again how you translated “flocks and herds” in the book of Genesis. See Gen 12:16; 13:5; 20:14; 21:27; 24:35; 26:14; 32:8; 33:13; 34:28; 45:10; 46:32; 47:1, 17; 50:8. Also see how you translated “herd” in Gen 18:7-8, and how you translated “flock” in Gen 4:2, 4; 21:28; 27:9; 29:2-3, 6-10; 30:31, 32, 36, 38-43; 31:4, 8, 10, 12, 19, 38, 41, 43; 32:6; 37:2, 12, 14; 38:12, 13, 17; 46:34; 47:1, 17. It may be necessary to translate these terms in different ways, depending on the context. Alternate translation: “and their sheep and cattle”
50:8	redu		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	עָזְב֖וּ	1	The children and animals were probably left with servants who took care of them during the funeral. For some languages it may be better to change the order of the phrases in this sentence and say, “They left behind only their children and their livestock in Goshen Province.” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “they left behind” or “were left behind with servants”
50:8	o9qv			בְּ⁠אֶ֥רֶץ גֹּֽשֶׁן	1	Consider again how you translated “the land/region of Goshen” in the book of Genesis. See Gen 45:10; 46:28-29, 34; 47:1, 4, 6, 27; 50:8. Alternate translation: “in the region of Goshen.”
50:9	xhdh			וַ⁠יַּ֣עַל עִמּ֔⁠וֹ גַּם רֶ֖כֶב גַּם פָּרָשִׁ֑ים	1	Consider again how you translated “chariot” in Gen 41:43; 46:29; 50:9. Alternate translation: “There were men riding chariots and men riding horses who also went with Joseph,” or “Many soldiers also escorted him including those who were riding chariots and those who were riding horses,”
50:9	lflf			וַ⁠יְהִ֥י הַֽ⁠מַּחֲנֶ֖ה כָּבֵ֥ד מְאֹֽד	1	 Alternate translation: “so that the entire group of people was very large.” or “so that there was a very large group of people traveling together.”
50:10	r2tv			וַ⁠יָּבֹ֜אוּ עַד	1	 Alternate translation: “Then when they came to” or “When they arrived at”
50:10	nwg3			גֹּ֣רֶן הָאָטָ֗ד	1	The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “Atad’s threshing floor/place,” or “a place owned by a man named Atad where people separated grain from chaff,” or (2) “the threshing floor/place near the city/town of Atad,” or “Goren Ha-Atad,” or (3) “the grain/wheat threshing place that was surrounded by thornbushes,” The Hebrew word “atad” means “thorns,” but most Bible scholars think it refers here to the name of a person or city.
50:10	ipjy		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	אֲשֶׁר֙ בְּ⁠עֵ֣בֶר הַ⁠יַּרְדֵּ֔ן וַ⁠יִּ֨סְפְּדוּ	1	For some languages it may be better to put this clause earlier in this verse and say, “They traveled to the other side of the Jordan River and stopped at a grain threshing place owned by a man named Atad.” The location of Atad’s threshing floor is not certain. It was most likely on the west side of the Jordan River, since that is where the cave was located and that is where the Canaanites would have been most likely to observe Joseph’s family and the Egyptians mourning (verse 11). However, since its location is not certain, it is best to translate **beyond the Jordan** in a general way (like the Hebrew text is). Alternate translation: “which was located across the Jordan River,”
50:10	iieq			וַ⁠יִּ֨סְפְּדוּ שָׁ֔ם	1	 Alternate translation: “they began to mourn”
50:10	waky			מִסְפֵּ֛ד גָּד֥וֹל וְ⁠כָבֵ֖ד מְאֹ֑ד	1	 Alternate translation: “with a very loud and sorrowful lamentation”
50:10	mly9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	וַ⁠יַּ֧עַשׂ לְ⁠אָבִ֛י⁠ו אֵ֖בֶל שִׁבְעַ֥ת יָמִֽים	1	For some languages it may be clearer or more natural to combine the last two sentences in this verse and say, “There Joseph and the others mourned for his father very loudly and sorrowfully for seven days.” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “For seven days Joseph and the others grieved the death of his father.” or “and for seven days, Joseph led everyone in mourning the death of his father.”
50:11	zais			וַ⁠יַּ֡רְא יוֹשֵׁב֩ הָ⁠אָ֨רֶץ הַֽ⁠כְּנַעֲנִ֜י אֶת הָ⁠אֵ֗בֶל בְּ⁠גֹ֨רֶן֙ הָֽאָטָ֔ד	1	See how you translated **threshing floor of Atad** in verse 10.
50:11	l36r			אֵֽבֶל כָּבֵ֥ד זֶ֖ה לְ⁠מִצְרָ֑יִם	1	Consider again how you translated “Egyptian” in the book of Genesis. See Gen 12:14; 16:1, 3; 21:9; 25:12; 39:1, 2, 5; 41:55-56; 43:32; 45:2; 46:34; 47:15, 20; 50:3, 11. It may be necessary to translate this term in different ways, depending on the context. Alternate translation: “Wow! Those people of Egypt are mourning very sorrowfully for someone who died!”
50:11	e3y7			עַל כֵּ֞ן	1	 Alternate translation: “That is the reason that”
50:11	g814			קָרָ֤א שְׁמָ⁠הּ֙	1	Consider again how you translated “For that (reason) he/they called/call …” in the book of Genesis. See Gen 11:9; 16:14; 19:22; 21:31; 25:26, 30; 31:48; 33:17; 35:8; 38:29-30; 50:11. Alternate translation: “people call that place” or “the name of that place is” or “that place is called”
50:11	b1sc			אֲשֶׁ֖ר בְּ⁠עֵ֥בֶר	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “which is located” or “The place is”
50:11	i2vy		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	בְּ⁠עֵ֥בֶר הַ⁠יַּרְדֵּֽן	1	For some languages it may be clearer or more natural to put this phrase earlier in this sentence and say, “That is why the name of that place on the other side of the Jordan River is Abel Mizraim, which means “Egyptians’ mourning place.”” Do what is best in your language. Also, be consistent here with how you translate this phrase in verse 10.
50:12	je5d			צִוָּֽ⁠ם	1	 Alternate translation: “he had told them to do:”
50:13	kyl5			וַ⁠יִּשְׂא֨וּ אֹת֤⁠וֹ בָנָי⁠ו֙	1	 Alternate translation: “They brought his body”
50:13	gtwk			אַ֣רְצָ⁠ה כְּנַ֔עַן	1	Consider again how you translated “the land/region of Canaan” in the book of Genesis. See Gen 11:31; 12:5; 13:12, 14; 16:3; 17:8; 23:2, 19; 31:18; 33:18; 35:6; 36:5-6; 37:1; 42:5, 7, 13, 29, 32; 44:8; 45:17, 25; 46:6, 12, 31; 47:1, 4, 13, 15, 27; 48:3, 7; 49:30; 50:5, 13. Also be consistent with how you spelled the name of the man named Canaan in 9:18, 22, 25-27; 10:6, 15, and compare that to how you translated “the Canaanites” in 10:18-19; 12:6; 13:7; 15:21; 24:3, 37; 28:1, 6, 8; 34:30; 36:2; 38:2; 46:10; 50:11.
50:13	xe0g			וַ⁠יִּקְבְּר֣וּ אֹת֔⁠וֹ בִּ⁠מְעָרַ֖ת שְׂדֵ֣ה הַ⁠מַּכְפֵּלָ֑ה	1	Consider again how you translated **cave** and **the cave of the field of Machpelah** in the book of Genesis. See Gen 19:30; 23:9 (and note), 11, 17, 19-20; 25:9; 49:29-30, 32; 50:13. Alternate translation: “and buried him in the cave that is in the field in the Machpelah area,”
50:13	n02f			אֲשֶׁ֣ר קָנָה֩ אַבְרָהָ֨ם אֶת הַ⁠שָּׂדֶ֜ה לַ⁠אֲחֻזַּת קֶ֗בֶר מֵ⁠אֵ֛ת עֶפְרֹ֥ן הַ⁠חִתִּ֖י	1	Consider again how you translated **property for a burial place** in Gen 23:4, 9, 20, and how you translated **Hittite** or **Ephron the Hittite** in Gen 10:15; 15:20; 23:3, 5, 7, 10, 16,18; 25:9-10; 26:34; 27:46; 36:2; 49:29-30; 50:13. Be consistent with how you spelled **Ephron** in those verses and in Gen 23:8, 13-14, 16-17. Alternate translation: “It was the field and cave that Abraham had bought from Ephron the Hittite as a property to bury his dead relatives”
50:13	imrd		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	עַל פְּנֵ֥י מַמְרֵֽא	1	For some languages it is clearer or more natural to put this phrase earlier in this sentence (after **Machpelah**) and say, “… the field of Machpelah near the city of Mamre. It was the field and cave that Abraham …” Do what is best in your language. Also, consider again how you translated **in front of Mamre** in the book of Genesis. See Gen 23:17, 19; 25:9; 49:30; 50:13. Be consistent with how you spelled **Mamre** in those verses and in Gen 13:18; 14:13, 24; 18:1.
50:14	u0lx			וַ⁠יָּ֨שָׁב יוֹסֵ֤ף מִצְרַ֨יְמָ⁠ה֙	1	 Alternate translation: “Joseph returned to the country of Egypt,”
50:14	wbst			הָ⁠עֹלִ֥ים אִתּ֖⁠וֹ	1	 Alternate translation: “who had gone to Canaan with him”
50:14	w96e			לִ⁠קְבֹּ֣ר אֶת אָבִ֑י⁠ו	1	Consider again how you translated **bury** in the book of Genesis. See Gen 15:15; 23:4, 6, 8, 11, 13, 15, 19; 25:9-10; 35:8, 19, 29; 47:29-30; 48:7; 49:29, 31; 50:5-7, 13-14. It may be necessary to translate this term in different ways, depending on the context.
50:15	mb3v			ל֥וּ יִשְׂטְמֵ֖⁠נוּ יוֹסֵ֑ף	1	 Alternate translation: “What if Joseph is holding a grudge against us?”
50:15	j0gm			וְ⁠הָשֵׁ֤ב יָשִׁיב֙ לָ֔⁠נוּ	1	Consider whether or not it is better to begin a new sentence here in your language. Alternate translation: “Then certainly he will pay us back” or “then he will certainly take revenge on us and punish us severely”
50:15	bvd4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	אֵ֚ת כָּל הָ֣⁠רָעָ֔ה אֲשֶׁ֥ר גָּמַ֖לְנוּ אֹתֽ⁠וֹ	1	It may be clearer or more natural to put this clause before the previous clause and say, “If Joseph is angry at us for the terrible way that we treated him, he might punish us severely for what we did.” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “for all the ways that we harmed him!” or “for the completely evil way that we treated him!” or “because we treated him so badly.”
50:16	lmar			וַ⁠יְצַוּ֕וּ אֶל יוֹסֵ֖ף לֵ⁠אמֹ֑ר	1	 Alternate translation: “So they sent a message to Joseph which said,”
50:16	p4xq		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive	אָבִ֣י⁠ךָ צִוָּ֔ה לִ⁠פְנֵ֥י מוֹת֖⁠וֹ לֵ⁠אמֹֽר	1	Consider again how you translated **commanded** in the book of Genesis. See Gen 2:16; 3:11, 17; 6:22; 7:5, 9, 16; 12:20; 18:19; 21:4; 26:5, 11; 27:8; 28:1,6; 32:4, 17, 19; 42:25, 44:1; 45:19; 47:11; 49:29, 33; 50:2, 12, 16. It may be necessary to translate this term in different ways, depending on the context. Also, the pronoun “us” is exclusive here since it does not include Joseph. Alternate translation: “Our father commanded us before he died,” or “Before your father died, he commanded us”
50:17	td0v		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations	כֹּֽה תֹאמְר֣וּ לְ⁠יוֹסֵ֗ף אָ֣נָּ֡א	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to translate this embedded quote as a direct or indirect quote. See what you did for doubly-embedded quotes in Gen 32:4. Alternate translation: “to tell you that he asks you to” or “to ask you on his behalf to”
50:17	km99		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations	שָׂ֣א נָ֠א פֶּ֣שַׁע אַחֶ֤י⁠ךָ וְ⁠חַטָּאתָ⁠ם֙ כִּי רָעָ֣ה גְמָל֔וּ⁠ךָ	1	Consider again how you translated **sin** in Gen 4:7; 18:20; 31:36; 50:17, and consider again how you translated the synonym **crime** in Gen 31:36; 50:17. It may be necessary to translate these terms in different ways, depending on the context. Alternate translation: “please forgive your brothers for all the evil they did to you and for their offenses against you, even though what they did was very evil”
50:17	djc3			וְ⁠עַתָּה֙ שָׂ֣א נָ֔א לְ⁠פֶ֥שַׁע עַבְדֵ֖י אֱלֹהֵ֣י אָבִ֑י⁠ךָ	1	Consider again how you translated “the God of” in the book of Genesis. See Gen 9:26; 24:12, 27, 42, 48; 26:24; 28:13; 31:5, 29, 42, 53; 32:9; 43:23; 46:1, 3; 49:24-25; 50:17. Alternate translation: “So then, as servants of God whom our father served, we beg you to forgive us for sinning against you.”
50:17	elr0			וַ⁠יֵּ֥בְךְּ יוֹסֵ֖ף בְּ⁠דַבְּרָ֥⁠ם אֵלָֽי⁠ו	1	 Alternate translation: “Joseph cried when he heard that message.”
50:18	u7sf		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction	וַֽ⁠יִּפְּל֖וּ לְ⁠פָנָ֑י⁠ו וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמְר֔וּ	1	See how you translated “fell … before him” in Gen 44:14. Compare that to how you translated “bowed down to/before …” (See: 49:8). Alternate translation: “and threw themselves on the ground in front of him and said,”
50:18	hvlx			הִנֶּ֥⁠נּֽוּ	1	See how you translated a similar phrase (“Behold me”) in 22:1, 7. It may be necessary to translate this phrase in different ways, depending on the context.
50:18	m3yn			לְ⁠ךָ֖ לַ⁠עֲבָדִֽים	1	If you use an exclamation point here in your translation, make sure it does mean that Joseph’s brothers were angry. Rather, they were worried and desperate. Alternate translation: “we will be your slaves” or “we will serve you as slaves”
50:19	dsla			אַל תִּירָ֑אוּ	1	 Alternate translation: “You have nothing to fear.”
50:19	qvm2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	כִּ֛י הֲ⁠תַ֥חַת אֱלֹהִ֖ים אָֽנִי	1	Joseph uses a rhetorical question here to emphasize that he will not take God’s place and punish his brothers. Some languages must use a statement or exclamation here instead. Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “After all, I am not God! So I have no right to judge you.”
50:20	tbtf		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast	וְ⁠אַתֶּ֕ם חֲשַׁבְתֶּ֥ם עָלַ֖⁠י רָעָ֑ה	1	In the Hebrew text, the pronoun **you** is emphatic in form and position to emphasize Joseph’s brothers and contrast them with God. Consider what is the best way to translate that contrast in your language. Alternate translation: “Although you intentionally treated me very badly,”
50:20	euhw			אֱלֹהִים֙ חֲשָׁבָ֣⁠הּ לְ⁠טֹבָ֔ה	1	 Alternate translation: “God is using that evil to benefit us all” or “God planned that what you did would turn out to be good for me and everyone else”
50:20	buk0			לְמַ֗עַן עֲשֹׂ֛ה כַּ⁠יּ֥וֹם הַ⁠זֶּ֖ה	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “to accomplish what he is doing these days,”
50:20	ibeo			לְ⁠הַחֲיֹ֥ת עַם רָֽב	1	Consider again how you translated “save (lives)” or “keep alive” in the book of Genesis. See Gen 7:3; 12:12; 19:19; 45:7; 47:25; 50:20. Alternate translation: “to save the lives of many people.” or “to keep many people alive.” or “keeping many people from dying.”
50:21	l5ls			וְ⁠עַתָּה֙	1	 Alternate translation: “So again I tell you,”
50:21	mffx			אַל תִּירָ֔אוּ	1	Consider again how you translated **do not be afraid** in the book of Genesis. See Gen 15:1; 21:17; 26:24; 35:17; 43:23; 46:3; 50:19, 21. Alternate translation: “you have nothing to fear.”
50:21	qnh9			אָנֹכִ֛י אֲכַלְכֵּ֥ל אֶתְ⁠כֶ֖ם וְ⁠אֶֽת טַפְּ⁠כֶ֑ם	1	In the Hebrew text here, **I** is an emphatic pronoun. Consider what is the best way to translate that in your language. Also, consider again how you translated **little ones** in the book of Genesis. See Gen 34:29; 43:8; 45:19; 46:5; 47:12, 24; 50:8, 21. It may be necessary to translate this term in different ways, depending on the context. Alternate translation: “I myself will take care of you and your children.”
50:21	m9g7			וַ⁠יְנַחֵ֣ם אוֹתָ֔⁠ם	1	Consider again how you translated **comforted** in the book of Genesis. See Gen 24:67; 27:42; 37:35; 38:12; 50:21. It may be necessary to translate this term in different ways, depending on the context. Alternate translation: “In that way, Joseph consoled them that he had forgiven them,”
50:21	b5r9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וַ⁠יְדַבֵּ֖ר עַל לִבָּֽ⁠ם	1	The phrase **spoke to their hearts** is an idiom that means Joseph said things to comfort and encourage his brothers. Consider whether or not your language has an idiom with the same meaning that would work well here. Alternate translation: “and he also said other things to comfort them.”
50:22	m7hi			וַ⁠יֵּ֤שֶׁב יוֹסֵף֙	1	 Alternate translation: “Joseph remained” or “Joseph continued to stay”
50:22	aydm			בְּ⁠מִצְרַ֔יִם	1	 Alternate translation: “in the land of Egypt,”
50:22	vkjk			וַ⁠יְחִ֣י יוֹסֵ֔ף מֵאָ֥ה וָ⁠עֶ֖שֶׂר שָׁנִֽים	1	Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “He lived to be 110 years old.”
50:23	t5v8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יַּ֤רְא יוֹסֵף֙	1	 Alternate translation: “So he was able to see” or “He lived long enough to know”
50:23	eo93		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	יֻלְּד֖וּ עַל בִּרְכֵּ֥י יוֹסֵֽף	1	For some languages it is better to change the order of the phrases in this sentence and say, “He also lived to see his son Manasseh’s son Machir grow up, as well as Machir’s children.” or “He also lived to see the children of his grandson Machir grow up, who was Manasseh’s son.” Do what is best in your language. Also, the phrase “born on Joseph’s knees” is an idiom that means Joseph recognized Makir’s children as his descendants and that they grew up during his lifetime and spent time with him.
50:24	xusj			אָנֹכִ֖י מֵ֑ת	1	Consider again how you translated **I am dying** in Gen 35:18; 48:21; 50:5, 24.
50:24	crgu		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וֵֽ⁠אלֹהִ֞ים פָּקֹ֧ד יִפְקֹ֣ד אֶתְ⁠כֶ֗ם	1	The word **visit** is used here as an idiom that refers to God helping his people in a powerful way. See how you translated this idiom in Gen 21:1, where it has a slightly different meaning. Alternate translation: “but God will certainly help you”
50:24	y42d			וְ⁠הֶעֱלָ֤ה אֶתְ⁠כֶם֙ מִן הָ⁠אָ֣רֶץ הַ⁠זֹּ֔את	1	 Alternate translation: “and lead you and your descendants from this land”
50:24	fsoh			אֶל הָ⁠אָ֕רֶץ אֲשֶׁ֥ר נִשְׁבַּ֛ע	1	 Alternate translation: “to the land that he swore with an vow”
50:25	gptw			וַ⁠יַּשְׁבַּ֣ע יוֹסֵ֔ף אֶת בְּנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל לֵ⁠אמֹ֑ר	1	Consider again how you translated **swear** in the book of Genesis. See Gen 21:23 (and note), 24, 31; 22:16; 24:3, 7, 9, 37; 25:33; 26:3, 31; 31:53; 47:31; 50:5-6, 24-25. Alternate translation: “Then Joseph told his brothers and the rest of the descendants of Israel to promise with an oath that they would do something for him. He said,”
50:25	xz3m		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	פָּקֹ֨ד יִפְקֹ֤ד אֱלֹהִים֙ אֶתְ⁠כֶ֔ם	1	See how you translated **visit you** in verse 24. Alternate translation: “Yes, God will definitely help you, and when he does,” or “When God helps you that way,”
50:25	s9bh		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	וְ⁠הַעֲלִתֶ֥ם אֶת עַצְמֹתַ֖⁠י מִ⁠זֶּֽה	1	For some languages it may be clearer or more natural to change the order of clauses in this verse and say, “When God does that, you must take my body back to Canaan with you and bury it there.’ Then Joseph made/had his brothers and the rest of the descendants of Israel swear/promise with an oaththat they would do that.” Do what is best in your language. Alternate translation: “you must take my bones back to Canaan with you and bury it there.”
50:26	maum			וַ⁠יָּ֣מָת יוֹסֵ֔ף בֶּן מֵאָ֥ה וָ⁠עֶ֖שֶׂר שָׁנִ֑ים	1	 Alternate translation: “So Joseph died when he was 110 years old.”
50:26	q45p			וַ⁠יַּחַנְט֣וּ אֹת֔⁠וֹ	1	See how you translated **embalmed** in verses 2-3, and how you translated “physicians/doctors” in verse 2. Alternate translation: “And his morticians preserved his body for burial,”
50:26	l7kb		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	וַ⁠יִּ֥ישֶׂם	1	Consider what is the best way to translate this passive clause in your language. Alternate translation: “and they put him” or “and put his body”
50:26	vht8			בָּ⁠אָר֖וֹן	1	 Alternate translation: “in a burial chest”
50:26	hcwb			בְּ⁠מִצְרָֽיִם	1	 Alternate translation: “in the land of Egypt.”