unfoldingWord_en_tn/en_tn_32-JON.tsv

1	Book	Chapter	Verse	ID	SupportReference	OrigQuote	Occurrence	GLQuote	OccurrenceNote
2	JON	front	intro	hk4p			0		# Introduction to Jonah<br>## Part 1: General Introduction<br><br>### Outline of the Book of Jonah<br><br>1. Jonah tries to run away from Yahweh (1:1-2:10)<br>- Jonah disobeys Yahweh’s first call to go to Nineveh (1:1–3)<br>- Jonah and the Gentile sailors (1:4–16)<br>- Yahweh provides a large fish to swallow Jonah (1:17)<br>- Jonah prays from inside the fish and is rescued (2:1–10)<br>1. Jonah in Nineveh (3:1-4:11)<br>- Yahweh again calls Jonah to go to Nineveh, and Jonah proclaims Yahweh’s message (3:1–4)<br>- Nineveh repents (3:5-9)<br>- Yahweh decides not to destroy Nineveh (3:10)<br>- Jonah is very angry with Yahweh (4:1–3)<br>- Yahweh teaches Jonah about grace and mercy (4:4–11)<br><br>### What is the Book of Jonah about?<br><br>Jonah, son of Amittai, was a prophet from Gath Hepher (2 Kings 14:25). This book tells about what happened to Jonah. It tells how Yahweh shows mercy and grace to Gentiles. It also tells how the Ninevites repented and called out to Yahweh for mercy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]])<br><br>Yahweh sent Jonah to warn the people of Nineveh that he was ready to punish them. Yahweh said that if they would repent he would not harm them. However, Jonah was an Israelite and he did not want the Ninevites to repent. So Jonah tried to sail away in the opposite direction instead of doing what Yahweh told him to do. But Yahweh stopped him by sending a storm and a large fish to swallow him.<br><br>Jonah repented and warned the Ninevites. As a result, Yahweh taught him that he is concerned about all people, not just the Israelites.<br><br>### How should the title of this book be translated?<br><br>This book is traditionally titled “The Book of Jonah” or just “Jonah.” Translators may decide to use a clearer title such as “The Book about Jonah.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])<br><br>### Who wrote the Book of Jonah?<br><br>Jonah was probably involved in the writing of this book. However, scholars do not know who actually wrote it.<br><br>Jonah lived in the northern kingdom of Israel. He prophesied sometime between 800 and 750 B.C. during the reign of King Jeroboam II.<br><br>## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts<br><br>### What was the nation of Assyria?<br><br>During the time of Jonah, Assyria was the most powerful kingdom in the ancient Near East. Nineveh was the capital city of Assyria.<br><br>Assyria was cruel to its enemies. Eventually, Yahweh punished the Assyrians for the wicked things they did.<br><br>### Did Assyria convert to Judaism?<br><br>Some scholars think that the Assyrians started worshiping Yahweh alone. However, most scholars think they continued to worship other false gods. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]])<br>
3	JON	1	intro	xvp2			0		# Jonah 01 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>The narrative of this chapter starts abruptly. This could cause difficulty for the translator. The translator should not attempt to smooth this introduction unless absolutely necessary.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Miracle<br><br>In verse [Jonah 17](./17.md), there is the mention of “a great fish.” It may be difficult to imagine a sea creature big enough to swallow a man whole and who then survives for three days and nights inside. Translators should not try to explain miraculous events in an attempt to make it easier to understand. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/miracle]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Situational irony<br><br>There is an ironic situation in this chapter. Jonah is a prophet of God and should endeavor to do God’s will. Instead, he is running away from God. Although the Gentile sailors are not Israelites, they act out of faith and fear of Yahweh when sending Jonah to a “certain death” by throwing him overboard. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/willofgod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])<br><br>### Sea<br><br>People in the ancient Near East also saw the sea as chaotic and did not trust it. Some of the gods they worshiped were gods of the sea. Jonah’s people, the Hebrews, feared the sea greatly. However, Jonah’s fear of Yahweh was not enough to keep him from going into a ship and sailing to get away from Yahweh. His actions are contrasted by the actions of the Gentiles. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fear]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Implicit information<br><br>Even though no one knows for sure where Tarshish was, the writer assumes that the reader knows that Jonah had to face away from Nineveh to go there. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])<br>
4	JON	1	1	ll6c	figs-idiom	וַֽ⁠יְהִי֙ דְּבַר־יְהוָ֔ה	1	Now the word of Yahweh came	This is an idiom that means Yahweh spoke. “Yahweh spoke his message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
5	JON	1	1	qa3z		דְּבַר־יְהוָ֔ה	1	the word of Yahweh	“the message of Yahweh”
6	JON	1	1	s6av		יְהוָ֔ה	1	Yahweh	This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this.
7	JON	1	1	jv8c	translate-names	אֲמִתַּ֖י	1	Amittai	This is the name of Jonah’s father. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
8	JON	1	2	x5ua		ק֠וּם לֵ֧ךְ אֶל־נִֽינְוֵ֛ה הָ⁠עִ֥יר הַ⁠גְּדוֹלָ֖ה	1	Get up and go to Nineveh, the great city	“Go to the important city of Nineveh”
9	JON	1	2	v2xt	figs-idiom	ק֠וּם לֵ֧ךְ	1	Get up and go	This is a common expression for traveling to distant places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
10	JON	1	2	jqz9	figs-metonymy	וּ⁠קְרָ֣א עָלֶ֑י⁠הָ	1	speak out against it	God is referring to the people of the city. Alternate translation: “warn the people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
11	JON	1	2	rki2		עָלְתָ֥ה רָעָתָ֖⁠ם לְ⁠פָנָֽ⁠	1	their wickedness has risen up before me	“I know they have been continually sinning”
12	JON	1	3	f5sr	figs-idiom	וַ⁠יָּ֤קָם יוֹנָה֙ לִ⁠בְרֹ֣חַ תַּרְשִׁ֔ישָׁ⁠ה מִ⁠לִּ⁠פְנֵ֖י יְהוָ֑ה	1	But Jonah got up to run away to Tarshish from the presence of Yahweh	“ran away from Yahweh.” “got up” is referring to Jonah leaving where he was. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
13	JON	1	3	n96t	figs-metonymy	מִ⁠לִּ⁠פְנֵ֖י יְהוָ֑ה	1	from the presence of Yahweh	Here Yahweh is represented by his presence. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
14	JON	1	3	g66v	figs-explicit	לִ⁠בְרֹ֣חַ תַּרְשִׁ֔ישָׁ⁠ה	1	to run away to Tarshish	“and went to Tarshish.” Tarshish was in the opposite direction to Nineveh. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “went in the opposite direction, toward Tarshish” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
15	JON	1	3	djv1		וַ⁠יֵּ֨רֶד יָפ֜וֹ	1	He went down to Joppa	“Jonah went to Joppa”
16	JON	1	3	w3uc		אָנִיָּ֣ה	1	ship	A “ship” is a very large type of boat that can travel on the sea and carry many passengers or heavy cargo.
17	JON	1	3	pz67		וַ⁠יִּתֵּ֨ן שְׂכָרָ֜⁠הּ	1	So he paid the fare	“There Jonah paid for the trip”
18	JON	1	3	g5xp		וַ⁠יֵּ֤רֶד בָּ⁠הּ֙	1	went down into it	“got on the ship”
19	JON	1	3	i6bi		עִמָּ⁠הֶם֙	1	with them	The word “them” refers to the others who were going on the ship.
20	JON	1	3	sw66	figs-metonymy	מִ⁠לִּ⁠פְנֵ֖י יְהוָֽה	1	away from the presence of Yahweh	Here Yahweh is represented by his presence. Alternate translation: “away from Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
21	JON	1	4	jl77	figs-activepassive	לְ⁠הִשָּׁבֵֽר	1	to be broken up	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “to break apart” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
22	JON	1	5	d13r		הַ⁠מַּלָּחִ֗ים	1	the sailors	the men who worked on the ship
23	JON	1	5	u2bj		אֱלֹהָי⁠ו֒	1	his own god	Here “god” refers to false gods and idols that people worship.
24	JON	1	5	sh1b		וַ⁠יָּטִ֨לוּ אֶת־הַ⁠כֵּלִ֜ים אֲשֶׁ֤ר בָּֽ⁠אֳנִיָּה֙	1	They threw the cargo that was in the ship	“The men threw the heavy things off the ship.” This was done to keep the ship from sinking.
25	JON	1	5	tg27		לְ⁠הָקֵ֖ל מֵֽ⁠עֲלֵי⁠הֶ֑ם	1	to lighten it	Making the ship lighter would make if float better. Alternate translation: “to help the ship float better”
26	JON	1	5	uzt4		וְ⁠יוֹנָ֗ה יָרַד֙ אֶל־יַרְכְּתֵ֣י הַ⁠סְּפִינָ֔ה	1	But Jonah had gone down into the innermost parts of the ship	Jonah did this before the storm started.
27	JON	1	5	f63r		יַרְכְּתֵ֣י הַ⁠סְּפִינָ֔ה	1	the innermost parts of the ship	“inside the ship”
28	JON	1	5	g4y4		וַ⁠יִּשְׁכַּ֖ב וַ⁠יֵּרָדַֽם	1	had lain down and was deeply asleep	“was lying there fast asleep” or “was lying there and sleeping deeply.” For this reason, the storm did not wake him up.
29	JON	1	6	laa3		וַ⁠יִּקְרַ֤ב אֵלָי⁠ו֙ רַ֣ב הַ⁠חֹבֵ֔ל וַ⁠יֹּ֥אמֶר ל֖⁠וֹ	1	So the captain came to him and said to him	“The man in charge of the ship went to Jonah and said”
30	JON	1	6	yx7e	figs-rquestion	מַה־לְּ⁠ךָ֣ נִרְדָּ֑ם	1	What are you doing sleeping?	“Why are you sleeping?” He used this rhetorical question to scold Jonah. Alternate translation: “Stop sleeping!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
31	JON	1	6	bd4f	figs-idiom	ק֚וּם	1	Get up!	This refers to doing some activity. For Jonah, the Captain is telling him to wake up and pray to his god for safe passage. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
32	JON	1	6	k7a5	figs-idiom	קְרָ֣א אֶל־אֱלֹהֶ֔י⁠ךָ	1	Call upon your god!	“Pray to your god!” “Call” refers to getting the attention of someone. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
33	JON	1	6	sk7i	figs-explicit	אוּלַ֞י יִתְעַשֵּׁ֧ת הָ⁠אֱלֹהִ֛ים לָ֖⁠נוּ וְ⁠לֹ֥א נֹאבֵֽד	1	Maybe your god will notice us and we will not perish	The implicit information that Jonah’s god might save them could be made explicit. Alternate translation: “Maybe your god will hear and save us so that we will not die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
34	JON	1	7	sc57		וַ⁠יֹּאמְר֞וּ אִ֣ישׁ אֶל־רֵעֵ֗⁠הוּ	1	They all said to each other	“The sailors all said to each other”
35	JON	1	7	l5xq		לְכוּ֙ וְ⁠נַפִּ֣ילָה גֽוֹרָל֔וֹת וְ⁠נֵ֣דְעָ֔ה בְּ⁠שֶׁ⁠לְּ⁠מִ֛י הָ⁠רָעָ֥ה הַ⁠זֹּ֖את לָ֑⁠נוּ	1	Come, let us cast lots, so that we may know on whose account this evil is happening to us	“We should cast lots to know who has caused this trouble.” The men believed that the gods would control how the lots fell in order to tell them what they wanted to know. This was a form of divination.
36	JON	1	7	d726		הָ⁠רָעָ֥ה הַ⁠זֹּ֖את	1	this evil	This refers to the terrible storm.
37	JON	1	7	at67		וַ⁠יִּפֹּ֥ל הַ⁠גּוֹרָ֖ל עַל־יוֹנָֽה	1	the lot fell to Jonah	“the lot showed that Jonah was the guilty person”
38	JON	1	8	wkh6		וַ⁠יֹּאמְר֣וּ אֵלָ֔י⁠ו	1	Then they said to him	“Then the men who were working on the ship said to Jonah”
39	JON	1	8	e7wb		הַגִּידָ⁠ה־נָּ֣א לָ֔⁠נוּ בַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֛ר לְ⁠מִי־הָ⁠רָעָ֥ה הַ⁠זֹּ֖את לָ֑⁠נוּ	1	Please tell us on whose account this evil is happening to us	“Who caused this bad thing that is happening to us?”
40	JON	1	9	wav5		יְהוָ֞ה…אֲנִ֣י יָרֵ֔א	1	I fear Yahweh	The word “fear” refers Jonah having a deep respecting God.
41	JON	1	10	peg3	figs-rquestion	מַה־זֹּ֣את עָשִׂ֑יתָ	1	What is this that you have done?	The men on the ship used this rhetorical question to show how angry they were at Jonah. Alternate translation: “You have done a terrible thing.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
42	JON	1	10	us1r	figs-metonymy	מִ⁠לִּ⁠פְנֵ֤י יְהוָה֙ ה֣וּא בֹרֵ֔חַ	1	he was running away from the presence of Yahweh	Here Yahweh is represented by his presence. Jonah was seeking to escape Yahweh as if Yahweh was present only in the land of Israel. Alternate translation: “Jonah was running away from Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
43	JON	1	10	hw1p	figs-explicit	כִּ֥י הִגִּ֖יד לָ⁠הֶֽם	1	because he had told them.	What he told them can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “because he had said to them, ‘I am trying to get away from Yahweh.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
44	JON	1	11	kb4c		וַ⁠יֹּאמְר֤וּ אֵלָי⁠ו֙	1	they said to him	“the men on the ship said to Jonah” or “the sailors said to Jonah”
45	JON	1	11	ik6d		נַּ֣עֲשֶׂה לָּ֔⁠ךְ וְ⁠יִשְׁתֹּ֥ק הַ⁠יָּ֖ם מֵֽ⁠עָלֵ֑י⁠נוּ	1	should we do to you so that the sea will calm down	“do with you in order to make the sea become calm”
46	JON	1	11	wxr7		הַ⁠יָּ֖ם הוֹלֵ֥ךְ וְ⁠סֹעֵֽר	1	the sea became more and more violent	This was the reason that the men asked Jonah what they should do. This reason can also be put at the beginning of verse 11 as in the UST.
47	JON	1	12	h982		כִּ֚י יוֹדֵ֣עַ אָ֔נִי כִּ֣י בְ⁠שֶׁ⁠לִּ֔⁠י הַ⁠סַּ֧עַר הַ⁠גָּד֛וֹל הַ⁠זֶּ֖ה עֲלֵי⁠כֶֽם	1	for I know that this great storm is happening to you because of me	“because I know this huge storm is my fault”
48	JON	1	13	lcd3	figs-explicit	וַ⁠יַּחְתְּר֣וּ הָ⁠אֲנָשִׁ֗ים לְ⁠הָשִׁ֛יב אֶל־הַ⁠יַּבָּשָׁ֖ה	1	Nevertheless, the men rowed hard to get back to the land	The men did not want to throw Jonah into the sea, so they rowed hard as if they were digging into the water to get back to land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
49	JON	1	13	m3iq		הַ⁠יָּ֔ם הוֹלֵ֥ךְ וְ⁠סֹעֵ֖ר	1	the sea was becoming more and more violent	“the storm became worse, and the waves became bigger”
50	JON	1	14	ap77		וַ⁠יִּקְרְא֨וּ	1	Therefore they cried out	“Because of this” or “Because the sea became more violent”
51	JON	1	14	q2xq		וַ⁠יִּקְרְא֨וּ אֶל־יְהוָ֜ה	1	they cried out to Yahweh	“the men prayed to Yahweh”
52	JON	1	14	wz6z		אַל־…נֹאבְדָ֗ה בְּ⁠נֶ֨פֶשׁ֙ הָ⁠אִ֣ישׁ הַ⁠זֶּ֔ה	1	do not let us perish on account of the life of this man	“Please do not kill us because we caused this man to die” or “We are going to cause this man to die. But please do not kill us”
53	JON	1	14	vv5t	figs-metaphor	וְ⁠אַל־תִּתֵּ֥ן עָלֵ֖י⁠נוּ דָּ֣ם נָקִ֑יא	1	do not accuse us of shedding innocent blood	“please do not blame us for his death” or “do not consider us guilty when this man dies.” The author speaks of “guilt” as if it were an object that can be placed on top of a person. It refers to making that person accountable for their actions. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
54	JON	1	15	l9cf		וַ⁠יַּעֲמֹ֥ד הַ⁠יָּ֖ם מִ⁠זַּעְפּֽ⁠וֹ	1	the sea stopped raging	“the sea stopped moving violently” or “the sea became calm”
55	JON	1	16	r3gs		וַ⁠יִּֽירְא֧וּ…יִרְאָ֥ה גְדוֹלָ֖ה	1	feared Yahweh with a great fear	“became greatly awed at Yahweh’s power”
56	JON	1	17	q87y			0	General Information:	Some versions number this verse as the first verse of chapter 2. You may want to number the verses according to the main version that your language group uses.
57	JON	1	17	fle4		וַ⁠יְמַ֤ן	1	Now…had prepared	This word is used in English to introduce a new part of the story.
58	JON	1	17	cjb6		שְׁלֹשָׁ֥ה יָמִ֖ים וּ⁠שְׁלֹשָׁ֥ה לֵילֽוֹת	1	three days and three nights	“three days and nights”
59	JON	2	intro	ae4k			0		# Jonah 02 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter begins with a prayer by Jonah, and many translators have chosen to set it apart by setting its lines farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. Translators can follow this practice, but they are not obligated to.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Sea<br>This chapter contains many terms from the sea.<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Poetry<br>Prayers in Scripture often contain a poetic form. Poetry frequently uses metaphors to communicate something with a special meaning. For example, since Jonah was in a fish in the sea, being trapped is compared to a prison. Jonah is overwhelmed by the depth of the sea and expresses this by speaking about the at the “base of the mountains” and in the “belly of Sheol.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Repentance<br>Scholars are divided over whether Jonah’s repentance was genuine or whether he was trying to save his life. In light of his attitude in chapter 4, it is uncertain if he was genuinely repentant. If possible, it is best for translators to avoid making a definitive stance on whether Jonah’s repentance was genuine. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])<br>
60	JON	2	1	alr2		יְהוָ֖ה אֱלֹהָ֑י⁠ו	1	Yahweh his God	This means “Yahweh, the God he worshiped.” The word “his” does not mean that Jonah owned God.
61	JON	2	2	al5b		וַ⁠יֹּ֗אמֶר	1	He said	“Jonah said”
62	JON	2	2	s7fi		קָ֠רָאתִי מִ⁠צָּ֥רָה לִ֛⁠י אֶל־יְהוָ֖ה	1	I called out to Yahweh about my distress	“I prayed to Yahweh about my great trouble.” Even though Jonah was praying to Yahweh, he used Yahweh’s name here and not “you.” Alternate translation: “Yahweh, I called out to you about my distress”
63	JON	2	2	wdr4		וַֽ⁠יַּעֲנֵ֑⁠נִי	1	he answered me	“Yahweh responded to me” or “he helped me”
64	JON	2	2	w8wn	figs-metaphor	מִ⁠בֶּ֧טֶן שְׁא֛וֹל	1	from the belly of Sheol	“from the center of Sheol” or “from the deep part of Sheol.” Possible meanings are 1) Jonah was speaking as being in the belly of the whale was being in Sheol or 2) Jonah believed that he was about to die and go to Sheol or 3) He spoke as if he already had died and gone there. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
65	JON	2	3	n5wa			1	General Information:	This is a continuation of Jonah’s prayer that started in [Jonah 2:2](../02/02.md). In verse 4 Jonah spoke of something he had prayed before this prayer.
66	JON	2	3	bz4y	figs-parallelism	מְצוּלָה֙ בִּ⁠לְבַ֣ב יַמִּ֔ים	1	into the depths, into the heart of the seas	This speaks of the vastness of the ocean Jonah was in. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
67	JON	2	3	glp2		בִּ⁠לְבַ֣ב יַמִּ֔ים	1	into the heart of the seas	“to the bottom of the sea”
68	JON	2	3	p8fd		וְ⁠נָהָ֖ר יְסֹבְבֵ֑⁠נִי	1	the currents surrounded me	“the sea water closed in around me”
69	JON	2	3	c6jx	figs-doublet	מִשְׁבָּרֶ֥י⁠ךָ וְ⁠גַלֶּ֖י⁠ךָ	1	your billows and your waves	These are disturbances on the surface of the ocean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
70	JON	2	4	x1w9	figs-activepassive	נִגְרַ֖שְׁתִּי	1	I am driven out	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “You have driven me away” or “You have sent me away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
71	JON	2	4	z1yx	figs-synecdoche	מִ⁠נֶּ֣גֶד עֵינֶ֑י⁠ךָ	1	from before your eyes	Here Yahweh is represented by his “eyes.” Alternate translation: “from you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
72	JON	2	4	b8vk	figs-rquestion	אַ֚ךְ אוֹסִ֣יף לְ⁠הַבִּ֔יט אֶל־הֵיכַ֖ל קָדְשֶֽׁ⁠ךָ	1	yet I will again look toward your holy temple	Jonah has hope that, in spite of all he is going through, he will see the temple. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
73	JON	2	5	pu5q			0	General Information:	This is a continuation of Jonah’s prayer that started in [Jonah 2:2](../02/02.md).
74	JON	2	5	rf4b		מַ֨יִם֙	1	The waters	“The waters” refers to the sea.
75	JON	2	5	ca31		נֶ֔פֶשׁ	1	my soul	Some versions understand the Hebrew word in this expression to mean “my life.” In that interpretation, the waters were about to take away Jonah’s life.
76	JON	2	5	nr3v		תְּה֖וֹם יְסֹבְבֵ֑⁠נִי	1	the deep swirled around me	“the deep water was all around me”
77	JON	2	5	p1fw		ס֖וּף	1	seaweed	grass that grows in the sea
78	JON	2	6	z36i	figs-metaphor	הָ⁠אָ֛רֶץ בְּרִחֶ֥י⁠הָ בַעֲדִ֖⁠י לְ⁠עוֹלָ֑ם	1	the earth with its bars closed upon me forever	Jonah used a metaphor to compare the earth to a prison. Alternate translation: “the earth was like a prison that was about to lock me in forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
79	JON	2	6	dc3r	figs-metaphor	וַ⁠תַּ֧עַל מִ⁠שַּׁ֛חַת חַיַּ֖⁠י	1	Yet you brought up my life from the pit	Jonah speaks of the place of the dead as if it were a pit. Alternate translation: “But you saved my life from the place of the dead” or “But you saved me from the place where the dead people are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
80	JON	2	6	i3mx		יְהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהָֽ⁠י	1	Yahweh, my God!	In some languages, it may be more natural to put this at the beginning of the sentence or next to the word “you.”
81	JON	2	7	gm7v			0	General Information:	This is a continuation of Jonah’s prayer that started in [Jonah 2:2](../02/02.md).
82	JON	2	7	l2b6		אֶת־יְהוָ֖ה זָכָ֑רְתִּי	1	I remembered Yahweh	Since Jonah was praying to Yahweh, it might be more clear in some languages to say “I thought about you, Yahweh” or “Yahweh, I thought about you.”
83	JON	2	7	ue9g	figs-metaphor	וַ⁠תָּב֤וֹא אֵלֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ תְּפִלָּתִ֔⁠י אֶל־הֵיכַ֖ל קָדְשֶֽׁ⁠ךָ	1	then my prayer came to you, to your holy temple	Jonah speaks as if his prayers could travel to God and his temple. Alternate translation: “then you in your holy temple heard my prayer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
84	JON	2	8	u1l9		מְשַׁמְּרִ֖ים הַבְלֵי־שָׁ֑וְא	1	Those who give attention to useless idols	“People pay attention to useless gods”
85	JON	2	8	fac9		חַסְדָּ֖⁠ם יַעֲזֹֽבוּ	1	forsake loving faithfulness	“are rejecting you, who would be faithful to them”
86	JON	2	9	z2y4			0	General Information:	This is a continuation of Jonah’s prayer that started in [Jonah 2:2](../02/02.md).
87	JON	2	9	q3yb		וַ⁠אֲנִ֗י	1	But as for me	This expression in English shows that there is a contrast between the people Jonah had just spoken about and himself. They paid attention to useless gods, but he would worship Yahweh. Alternate translation: “But I”
88	JON	2	9	nfd2		בְּ⁠ק֤וֹל תּוֹדָה֙ אֶזְבְּחָה־לָּ֔⁠ךְ	1	I will sacrifice to you with a voice of thanksgiving	This means that Jonah would thank God while he offered a sacrifice to him. It is not clear whether Jonah planned to thank God by singing or shouting joyfully.
89	JON	2	9	r4j4	figs-abstractnouns	יְשׁוּעָ֖תָ⁠ה לַ⁠יהוָֽה	1	Salvation is from Yahweh	This can be reworded so that the abstract noun “salvation” is expressed as the verb “save.” “Yahweh is the one who saves people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
90	JON	2	10	dz3j		אֶל־הַ⁠יַּבָּשָֽׁה	1	upon the dry land	“upon the ground” or “onto the shore”
91	JON	3	intro	z3ut			0		# Jonah 03 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter returns to a narrative of Jonah’s life.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Animals<br>According to the king’s proclamation, the animals had to participate in the fast he ordered. This most likely reflects their pagan mindset. There was nothing in the law of Moses that instructed the people to have the animals participate in any religious acts. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Size of Nineveh<br>When the author talks about the size of Nineveh, the measurements he gives are confusing. The phrase “three days’ journey” is ambiguous in Hebrew, as many scholars have remarked. In Jonah’s day, cities were not as big as they are today. So although Nineveh was a big city, it was not as big as most modern cities.<br><br>### God repenting or relenting<br>The last verse of this chapter says, “So then God changed his mind about the punishment that he had said he would do to them, and he did not do it.” This concept of God changing His mind may be troubling for some translators and people may struggle to understand it. God’s character is consistent. This whole book is written from a human viewpoint and so it is hard to understand the mind of God.<br><br>Yahweh is just and merciful so even though God did not follow through with a judgment in this instance, God’s plan is always to punish evil. Later in history this nation did fall and was destroyed. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])<br>
92	JON	3	1	xj6n	figs-idiom	וַ⁠יְהִ֧י דְבַר־יְהוָ֛ה	1	The word of Yahweh came	This is an idiom that means Yahweh spoke. See how you translated this in [Jonah 1:1](../01/01.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh spoke his message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
93	JON	3	2	ve4i		ק֛וּם לֵ֥ךְ אֶל־נִֽינְוֵ֖ה הָ⁠עִ֣יר הַ⁠גְּדוֹלָ֑ה	1	Get up, go to Nineveh, the great city	“Go to the important city of Nineveh”
94	JON	3	2	cl3b	figs-idiom	ק֛וּם	1	Get up	This refers to leaving the place one is at. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
95	JON	3	2	ir79		וִּ⁠קְרָ֤א אֵלֶ֨י⁠הָ֙ אֶת־הַ⁠קְּרִיאָ֔ה אֲשֶׁ֥ר אָנֹכִ֖י דֹּבֵ֥ר אֵלֶֽי⁠ךָ	1	proclaim to it the message that I tell you	“tell the people what I tell you to tell them”
96	JON	3	3	g4nk	figs-metonymy	כִּ⁠דְבַ֣ר יְהוָ֑ה	1	the word of Yahweh	Here “word” represents Yahweh’s message. Alternate translation: “the message of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
97	JON	3	3	k7k9		וַ⁠יָּ֣קָם יוֹנָ֗ה וַ⁠יֵּ֛לֶךְ אֶל־נִֽינְוֶ֖ה כִּ⁠דְבַ֣ר יְהוָ֑ה	1	So Jonah got up and went to Nineveh, according to the word of Yahweh	“This time Jonah obeyed Yahweh and went to Nineveh”
98	JON	3	3	j8x1	figs-idiom	וַ⁠יָּ֣קָם יוֹנָ֗ה	1	Jonah got up	“Jonah left the beach.” The words “got up” refer to preparing to go somewhere. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
99	JON	3	3	dt1b		וְ⁠נִֽינְוֵ֗ה	1	Now Nineveh	This word is used here to mark a change from the story to information about Nineveh.
100	JON	3	3	ye82	figs-idiom	מַהֲלַ֖ךְ שְׁלֹ֥שֶׁת יָמִֽים	1	a journey of three days	“a city of three days’ journey.” A person had to walk for three days to completely go through it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
101	JON	3	4	r2al		מַהֲלַ֖ךְ י֣וֹם אֶחָ֑ד וַ⁠יִּקְרָא֙	1	on the first day’s journey and he called out	Possible meanings are 1) “after Jonah walked a day’s journey he called out” or 2) “while Jonah walked on the first day, he called out.”
102	JON	3	4	e1b9		מַהֲלַ֖ךְ י֣וֹם אֶחָ֑ד	1	on the first day’s journey	“after a day’s walk.” A day’s journey is the distance that people would normally travel in one day. Alternate translation: “after Jonah walked for one day”
103	JON	3	4	r94k		וַ⁠יִּקְרָא֙ וַ⁠יֹּאמַ֔ר	1	he called out and said	“he proclaimed” or “he shouted”
104	JON	3	4	q2nc	translate-numbers	אַרְבָּעִ֣ים י֔וֹם	1	forty days	“40 days” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
105	JON	3	5	e5lm	figs-explicit	וַ⁠יִּלְבְּשׁ֣וּ שַׂקִּ֔ים	1	put on sackcloth	Why people put on sackcloth can be stated more clearly. Alternate translation: “They also put on coarse cloth to show that they were sorry for having sinned” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
106	JON	3	5	isk5		מִ⁠גְּדוֹלָ֖⁠ם וְ⁠עַד־קְטַנָּֽ⁠ם	1	from the greatest of them down to the least of them	“from the most significant to the least significant people” or “including all the important people and all the unimportant people”
107	JON	3	6	pna3		הַ⁠דָּבָר֙	1	word	“Jonah’s message”
108	JON	3	6	h9wz		וַ⁠יָּ֨קָם֙ מִ⁠כִּסְא֔⁠וֹ	1	He rose up from his throne	“He got up from his throne” or “He stood up from his throne.” The king left his throne to show that he was acting humbly.
109	JON	3	6	pvp7		מִ⁠כִּסְא֔⁠וֹ	1	throne	A throne is a chair that the king sits on. It shows that he is the king.
110	JON	3	7	v29b		וַ⁠יַּזְעֵ֗ק וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר֙…לֵ⁠אמֹ֑ר	1	He issued a proclamation and published it, saying	“He sent out an official announcement that said” or “He sent his messengers to announce to the people in Nineveh”
111	JON	3	7	n5fn		וּ⁠גְדֹלָ֖י⁠ו	1	nobles	important men who helped the king rule the city
112	JON	3	7	xw6c		הַ⁠בָּקָ֣ר וְ⁠הַ⁠צֹּ֗אן	1	herd nor flock	This refers to two kinds of animals that people care for. Alternate translation: “cattle or sheep”
113	JON	3	7	fw18	figs-explicit	אַ֨ל־יִרְע֔וּ וּ⁠מַ֖יִם אַל־יִשְׁתּֽוּ	1	Let them not eat, nor drink water	“They must not eat nor drink anything.” The reason they were not to eat or drink anything can be made explicit by adding “in order to show that they are sorry for their sins.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
114	JON	3	8	ld2n			0	General Information:	This is a continuation of what the king told the people of Nineveh.
115	JON	3	8	x6ct		וְ⁠יִתְכַּסּ֣וּ…הָֽ⁠אָדָם֙ וְ⁠הַ⁠בְּהֵמָ֔ה	1	But let man and animal	“Let both”
116	JON	3	8	bmf5	figs-activepassive	וְ⁠יִתְכַּסּ֣וּ שַׂקִּ֗ים הָֽ⁠אָדָם֙ וְ⁠הַ⁠בְּהֵמָ֔ה	1	let man and animal be covered with sackcloth	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “let people and animals wear sackcloth” or “let people cover themselves and their animals with sackcloth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
117	JON	3	8	mzx6		וְ⁠הַ⁠בְּהֵמָ֔ה	1	animal	The word “animal” refers to animals that people own.
118	JON	3	8	jh7e	figs-explicit	וְ⁠יִקְרְא֥וּ אֶל־אֱלֹהִ֖ים בְּ⁠חָזְקָ֑ה	1	let them cry out loudly to God	“pray earnestly to God.” What they were to pray for can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “cry out loudly to God and ask for mercy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
119	JON	3	8	n3ls		הֶ⁠חָמָ֖ס אֲשֶׁ֥ר בְּ⁠כַפֵּי⁠הֶֽם	1	the violence that is in his hands	This means “the violent things that he does”
120	JON	3	9	wbt6	figs-rquestion	מִֽי־יוֹדֵ֣עַ	1	Who knows?	The king used this rhetorical question to get the people to think about something that they might not have thought possible, that if they would stop sinning, God might not kill them. It could be translated as a statement: “We do not know.” Or it could be stated as a word and be part of the next sentence: “Perhaps.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
121	JON	3	9	z3jj		יָשׁ֔וּב וְ⁠נִחַ֖ם הָ⁠אֱלֹהִ֑ים	1	God may turn and relent	“God may decide to do something different” or “God may not do what he said he will do”
122	JON	3	9	uvp9		וְ⁠לֹ֥א נֹאבֵֽד	1	so that we do not perish	“we do not die.” Here perish equates to drowning at sea.
123	JON	3	10	w3uu		וַ⁠יַּ֤רְא הָֽ⁠אֱלֹהִים֙ אֶֽת־מַ֣עֲשֵׂי⁠הֶ֔ם	1	God saw their works	“God understood that they stopped doing evil actions”
124	JON	3	10	k8am	figs-metaphor	שָׁ֖בוּ מִ⁠דַּרְכָּ֣⁠ם הָ⁠רָעָ֑ה	1	they turned from their evil	The author speaks of the people stop sinning as if they turned their back to an object. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
125	JON	3	10	i1gp	figs-metaphor	וַ⁠יִּנָּ֣חֶם הָ⁠אֱלֹהִ֗ים עַל־הָ⁠רָעָ֛ה אֲשֶׁר־דִּבֶּ֥ר לַ⁠עֲשׂוֹת־לָ⁠הֶ֖ם	1	So God relented concerning the disaster that he had said he would do to them	Here God deciding not to do the punishment he had planned is spoken of is if he changed his mind. Alternate translation: “God changed his thinking about the punishment that he had said he would do to them” or “God decided not to punish them as he had said he would” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
126	JON	3	10	it1a	figs-explicit	וְ⁠לֹ֥א עָשָֽׂה	1	he did not do it	What God was to do can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “he did not punish them” or “he did not destroy them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
127	JON	4	intro	ys57			0		# Jonah 04 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Jonah continues the narrative while bringing the book to what seems like an unusual end. This emphasizes that the book is not really about Jonah. It is about God’s desire to be merciful on anyone, whether Jew or pagan. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Jonah’s anger<br>It is important to see the relationship between a prophet and Yahweh. Aprophet was to prophesy for Yahweh, and his words must come true. According to the law of Moses, if that did not happen, the penalty was death. When Jonah told the city of Nineveh that it was going to be destroyed in forty days, he was certain it was going to happen. When it did not happen, Jonah was angry with God because he hated the people of Nineveh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Rhetorical questions<br>As in other places, Jonah asks rhetorical questions to show how angry he was at Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])<br><br>### Parallel to Mount Sinai<br>In verse 2, Jonah attributes a series of characteristics to God. A Jewish reader of this book would recognize this as a formula Moses used in speaking about God when he was meeting God on Mount Sinai. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### God’s grace<br>When Jonah went outside the city, he got very hot and God graciously provided some relief through the plant. God was trying to teach Jonah through an object lesson. It is important for the reader to see this clearly. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]])<br>
128	JON	4	2	q6bb		אָנָּ֤ה יְהוָה֙	1	Ah, Yahweh	The word “Ah” expresses Jonah’s feeling of frustration.
129	JON	4	2	k24b	figs-rquestion	הֲ⁠לוֹא־זֶ֣ה דְבָרִ֗⁠י עַד־הֱיוֹתִ⁠י֙ עַל־אַדְמָתִ֔⁠י	1	is this not what I said when I was in my country?	Jonah used this rhetorical question to show God how angry he was. Also, what Jonah said when he was back in his own country can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “When I was still in my own country I knew that if I warned the people of Nineveh, they would repent, and you would not destroy them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
130	JON	4	2	jv5c		וְ⁠רַב־חֶ֔סֶד	1	abundant in covenant faithfulness	“very faithful” or “you love people very much”
131	JON	4	2	wl7j		וְ⁠נִחָ֖ם עַל־הָ⁠רָעָֽה	1	one who relents from sending disaster	This means “you say that you will send disaster on sinners, but then you decide not to.” Alternate translation: “you decide not to punish people who sin”
132	JON	4	3	dm5t	figs-explicit	קַח־…אֶת־נַפְשִׁ֖⁠י	1	take my life from me	Jonah’s reason for wanting to die can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “since you will not destroy Nineveh as you said you would, please allow me to die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
133	JON	4	3	yk5v		כִּ֛י ט֥וֹב מוֹתִ֖⁠י מֵ⁠חַיָּֽ⁠י	1	for it is better for me to die than to live	“I would prefer to die than live” or “because I want to die. I do not want to live”
134	JON	4	4	eb4a	figs-rquestion	הַ⁠הֵיטֵ֖ב חָ֥רָה לָֽ⁠ךְ	1	Is it good for you to burn with anger?	God used this rhetorical question to scold Jonah for being angry about something he should not have been angry about. Alternate translation: “Your anger is not good.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
135	JON	4	5	q1f7		וַ⁠יֵּצֵ֤א יוֹנָה֙ מִן־הָ⁠עִ֔יר	1	Jonah went out of the city	“left the city of Nineveh”
136	JON	4	5	af46		מַה־יִּהְיֶ֖ה בָּ⁠עִֽיר	1	what might become of the city	“what would happen to the city.” Jonah wanted to see if God would destroy the city or not destroy it.
137	JON	4	6	i4r4		מֵ⁠עַ֣ל לְ⁠יוֹנָ֗ה לִֽ⁠הְי֥וֹת צֵל֙ עַל־רֹאשׁ֔⁠וֹ	1	over Jonah so that it might be shade over his head	“over Jonah’s head for shade”
138	JON	4	6	t21k		לְ⁠הַצִּ֥יל ל֖⁠וֹ מֵ⁠רָֽעָת֑⁠וֹ	1	to rescue him from his distress	“to protect Jonah from the heat of the sun”
139	JON	4	7	t7il		וַ⁠יְמַ֤ן הָֽ⁠אֱלֹהִים֙ תּוֹלַ֔עַת	1	But God prepared a worm	“God sent a worm”
140	JON	4	7	rw7z		וַ⁠תַּ֥ךְ אֶת־הַ⁠קִּֽיקָי֖וֹן	1	It attacked the plant	“The worm chewed the plant”
141	JON	4	7	d16m		וַ⁠יִּיבָֽשׁ	1	so that it withered	The plant became dry and died. Alternate translation: “the plant died”
142	JON	4	8	hmi4	figs-explicit	וַ⁠יְמַ֨ן אֱלֹהִ֜ים ר֤וּחַ קָדִים֙ חֲרִישִׁ֔ית	1	God prepared a hot east wind	God caused a hot wind from the east to blow on Jonah. If wind can only mean a cool or cold wind then you can try this. Alternate translation: “God sent a very hot warmth from the east to Jonah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
143	JON	4	8	mnu9		וַ⁠תַּ֥ךְ הַ⁠שֶּׁ֛מֶשׁ	1	the sun beat down	“the sun was very hot”
144	JON	4	8	u2pl	figs-synecdoche	עַל־רֹ֥אשׁ יוֹנָ֖ה	1	on the head of Jonah	Jonah may have felt the heat most on his head. Alternate translation: “on Jonah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
145	JON	4	8	z95v		וַ⁠יִּתְעַלָּ֑ף	1	he became faint	“he became very weak” or “he lost his strength”
146	JON	4	8	eln6		ט֥וֹב מוֹתִ֖⁠י מֵ⁠חַיָּֽ⁠י	1	It is better for me to die than to live	“I would prefer to die than live” or “Because I want to die. I do not want to live.” See how you translated this in [Jonah 4:3](../04/03.md).
147	JON	4	9	a5f5	figs-rquestion	הַ⁠הֵיטֵ֥ב חָרָֽה־לְ⁠ךָ֖ עַל־הַ⁠קִּֽיקָי֑וֹן	1	Is it good for you to burn with anger about the plant?	God challenges Jonah for being angry that the plant died and yet wanted God to kill the people of Nineveh. Alternate translation: “Your anger about the plant dying is not good.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
148	JON	4	9	w24z	figs-explicit	הַ⁠הֵיטֵ֥ב חָרָֽה־לְ⁠ךָ֖ עַל־הַ⁠קִּֽיקָי֑וֹן	1	Is it good for you to burn with anger about the plant?	implicit information can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “You should be more concerned about the people in Nineveh dying than about the plant dying.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
149	JON	4	9	h43a		הֵיטֵ֥ב חָֽרָה־לִ֖⁠י עַד־מָֽוֶת	1	It is good for me to burn with anger, even to death	“It is good that I am angry. Now I am angry enough to die!”
150	JON	4	10	gkz7	figs-explicit	וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר יְהוָ֔ה	1	Yahweh said	It may be helpful to say that Yahweh was speaking to Jonah. Alternate translation: “Yahweh said to Jonah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
151	JON	4	11	ecl1	figs-rquestion	לֹ֣א אָח֔וּס עַל־נִינְוֵ֖ה הָ⁠עִ֣יר הַ⁠גְּדוֹלָ֑ה…וּ⁠בְהֵמָ֖ה רַבָּֽה	1	should I not have compassion for Nineveh, that great city…and also many cattle?	God used this question to emphasize his claim that he should have compassion on Nineveh. Alternate translation: “I certainly should have compassion for Nineveh, that important city…cattle.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
152	JON	4	11	dqi1		אֲשֶׁ֣ר יֶשׁ־בָּ֡⁠הּ הַרְבֵּה֩	1	in which there are more than	This can also be the beginning of a new sentence. Alternate translation: “There are more” or “It has more”
153	JON	4	11	c3b7	translate-numbers	מִֽ⁠שְׁתֵּים־עֶשְׂרֵ֨ה רִבּ֜וֹ אָדָ֗ם	1	one hundred and twenty thousand people	120,000 people (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
154	JON	4	11	j35h		אֲשֶׁ֤ר לֹֽא־יָדַע֙ בֵּין־יְמִינ֣⁠וֹ לִ⁠שְׂמֹאל֔⁠וֹ	1	who cannot distinguish between their right hand and their left hand	This may be a way of saying “they cannot tell the difference between right and wrong.”
155	JON	4	11	q55i	writing-background	וּ⁠בְהֵמָ֖ה רַבָּֽה	1	and also many cattle	The author is pointing out the depth of Nineveh’s repentance to the extent that Yahweh takes note of the beasts’ participation in the act of repentance. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])