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they had gone
"they" refers to Barnabas, Saul, and John Mark
the whole island
They crossed from one side of the island to the other. They may not have visited every single town. But they would have shared the gospel message in each town they visited.
Paphos
a major city on Cyprus island where the proconsul lived
they found
The word found has the idea of coming across without looking for it, can be translated as "they met" (see UDB) or "they came upon."
a certain magician
"a certain person who practices witchcraft" or "a person who practices supernatural magic arts"
name was Bar-Jesus
Jesus** - It means in Greek, "Son of Jesus." However, there is no relation between this man and Jesus Christ. Jesus was considered a common name at that time. (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names)
associated with
"was often with" or "was often in the company of"
proconsul
The governor in charge of the Roman province. This can be translated as "governor."
This man
"Sergius Paulus"
Elymas "the magician"
This was Bar-Jesus, the Magician. (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names)
(that is how his name is translated)
"that was what he was called in Greek"
opposed them; he tried to turn
"resisted them by trying to turn" or "set himself against them by trying to turn"
he wanted
"Sergius Paulus wanted"
he tried
"Elymas tried"
tried to turn the proconsul away from the faith
"attempted to persuade the governor to not believe the Gospel message"