See in Reader
124 KiB
124 KiB
| 1 | Book | Chapter | Verse | ID | SupportReference | OrigQuote | Occurrence | GLQuote | OccurrenceNote |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | 1PE | front | intro | c1uv | 0 | # Introduction to 1 Peter\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of 1 Peter\n\n1. Introduction (1:1–2)\n2. Peter reminds the believers of their identity in Christ (1:3–2:10)\n* Peter praises God for saving the believers (1:3–12)\n* Command to be holy (1:13–21)\n* Command to love each other as a family (1:22–2:10)\n3. Peter tells the believers how they should behave (2:11–4:11)\n* How believers should act toward other people (2:11–3:12)\n* How believers should endure suffering (3:13–4:6)\n* The end is near (4:7–11)\n4. Peter encourages the believers to persevere when suffering (4:12–5:11)\n* How believers should respond to trials (4:12–19)\n* Instructions for relationships among believers (5:1–11)\n5. Conclusion (5:12–14)\n\n### Who wrote the Book of 1 Peter?\n\nThe author identified himself as Peter, who was also called Simon Peter. He was an apostle and also wrote the book of 2 Peter. Peter probably wrote this letter in Rome. He wrote the letter to Gentile Christians scattered throughout Asia Minor. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/names/peter]])\n\n### What is the Book of 1 Peter about?\n\nPeter wrote this letter to encourage Gentile Christians who were being persecuted and to exhort them to stand firm in “the true grace of God” ([5:12](../05/12.md)).\n\nPeter told his readers how they should act in the midst of a society that hated them. He encouraged Christians to continue obeying God even when they are suffering. He told them to do this because Jesus will return soon. Peter also instructed Christians about submitting to persons in authority.\n\n### How should the title of this book be translated?\n\nTranslators may choose to call this book by its traditional title “1 Peter” or “First Peter.” Or they may choose a clearer title, such as “The First Letter from Peter” or “The First Letter Peter Wrote.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### How were Christians treated in Rome?\n\nPeter was probably in Rome when he wrote this letter. In [5:13](../05/13.md) Peter referred to Rome symbolically as “Babylon.” It appears that when Peter wrote this letter, Romans were severely persecuting Christians.\n\n## Part 3: Important Translation Issues\n\n### Singular and plural “you”\n\nIn this book, the word “I” refers to Peter, except for two places: [1 Peter 1:16](../01/16.md) and [1 Peter 2:6](../02/06.md). The word “you” is always plural and refers to Peter’s audience. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])\n\n### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of 1 Peter?\n\n“You made your souls pure by obedience to the truth. This was for the purpose of sincere brotherly love; so love one another earnestly from the heart” (1:22). The ULT, UST, and most other modern versions read this way. Some older versions read, “You made your souls pure by obedience to the truth through the Spirit for the purpose of sincere brotherly love, so love one another earnestly from the heart.”\n\nIf a translation of the Bible exists in the general region, translators should consider using the reading found in those versions. If not, translators are advised to follow the modern reading.\n\n(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]]) | |||
| 3 | 1PE | 1 | intro | ql4i | 0 | # 1 Peter 1 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\n1. Introduction (1:1–2)\n2. Peter praises God for saving the believers (1:3–12)\n3. Command to be holy (1:13–21)\n4. Command to love each other as a family (1:22–2:10)\n\nPeter begins this letter in [1:1–2](../01/01.md) by giving his name, identifying the people to whom he is writing, and offering a greeting. That was the way people typically began letters at this time.\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry that is quoted from the Old Testament in [1:24–25](../01/24.md).\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### What God reveals\n\nWhen Jesus comes again, everyone will see how good God’s people were to have faith in Jesus. Then God’s people will see how gracious God has been to them, and all people will praise both God and his people.\n\n### Holiness\n\nGod wants his people to be holy because God is holy (1:15). (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]])\n\n### Eternity\n\nPeter tells Christians to live for things that will last forever and not to live for the things of this world, which will end. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### Paradox\n\nA paradox is a true statement that appears to describe something impossible. Peter writes that his readers are glad and sad at the same time ([1 Peter 1:6](../01/06.md)). He can say this because they are sad because they are suffering, but they are glad because they know that God will save them “in the last time” ([1 Peter 1:5](../01/05.md)) | |||
| 4 | 1PE | 1 | 1 | g6b4 | figs-123person | Πέτρος | 1 | In this culture, letter writers would give their own names first, and they would refer to themselves in the third person. If that would be confusing in your language, you could use the first person. If your language has a particular way of introducing the author of a letter, you could also use that. Alternate translation: “I, Peter, am writing this letter” or “From Peter” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) | |
| 5 | 1PE | 1 | 1 | p0pd | translate-names | Πέτρος | 1 | **Peter** is the name of a man, a disciple of Jesus. See the information about him in Part 1 of the Introduction to 1 Peter. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) | |
| 6 | 1PE | 1 | 1 | h6om | figs-distinguish | ἀπόστολος Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ | 1 | This phrase gives further information about Simon Peter. He describes himself as being someone given the position and authority of being Christ’s apostle. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]]) | |
| 7 | 1PE | 1 | 1 | owrg | figs-123person | ἐκλεκτοῖς παρεπιδήμοις | 1 | In this culture, after giving their own names, letter writers would then say to whom they were writing, naming those people in the third person. If that would be confusing in your language, you could use the second person. Alternate translation: “to you elect exiles” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) | |
| 8 | 1PE | 1 | 1 | g3n3 | figs-abstractnouns | ἐκλεκτοῖς παρεπιδήμοις διασπορᾶς | 1 | If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **elect** and **dispersion**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “to those whom God has elected and exiled among those whom God has dispersed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 9 | 1PE | 1 | 1 | u3zc | figs-metaphor | ἐκλεκτοῖς παρεπιδήμοις διασπορᾶς | 1 | to the elect foreigners of the dispersion | When Peter calls his readers **exiles** he could mean: (1) they are **exiles** because they are far away from their true home in heaven. Alternate translation: “to the elect exiles of the dispersion who are far from their home in heaven” (2) they are **exiles** because they were forced to leave their homes and go far away to Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia, Asia, and Bithynia. Alternate translation: “to you elect exiles of the dispersion who are far away from your homes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 10 | 1PE | 1 | 1 | bg47 | figs-metaphor | διασπορᾶς | 1 | Here, **dispersion** could refer to: (1) groups of Gentile Christians who were spread throughout the world instead of in their true home in heaven. In this case, **dispersion** would have a similar meaning to **exiles** and would add emphasis. Alternate translation: “among those dispersed outside of their true home in heaven” (2) the groups of Jewish people who were spread across the Greek-speaking world that was outside of the land of Israel, which is the usual technical meaning for this word. Alternate translation: “among the dispersed Jews” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 11 | 1PE | 1 | 1 | qkl8 | translate-names | Πόντου, Γαλατίας, Καππαδοκίας, Ἀσίας, καὶ Βιθυνίας | 1 | Cappadocia … Bithynia | **Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia, Asia, and Bithynia** are names of Roman provinces that were located in what is now the country of Turkey. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) |
| 12 | 1PE | 1 | 2 | ba1h | figs-abstractnouns | πρόγνωσιν Θεοῦ Πατρός | 1 | the foreknowledge of God the Father | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **foreknowledge**, you could express the same idea with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “what God the Father foreknew” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
| 13 | 1PE | 1 | 2 | lcps | figs-explicit | πρόγνωσιν Θεοῦ Πατρός | 1 | This phrase could mean: (1) God had determined what would happen ahead of time. Alternate translation: “what God the Father planned previously” (2) God knew what would happen ahead of time. Alternate translation: “what God the Father knew beforehand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 14 | 1PE | 1 | 2 | z59t | guidelines-sonofgodprinciples | Πατρός | 1 | **Father** is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) | |
| 15 | 1PE | 1 | 2 | huw6 | figs-abstractnouns | ἐν ἁγιασμῷ Πνεύματος | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **sanctification**, you could express the same idea with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “by the Spirit sanctifying you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 16 | 1PE | 1 | 2 | sfrr | figs-possession | ἐν ἁγιασμῷ Πνεύματος | 1 | Peter is using the possessive form to describe **sanctification** that is produced by the Holy **Spirit**. If this is not clear in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “by the Spirit causing you to be sanctified” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
| 17 | 1PE | 1 | 2 | ukos | figs-explicit | εἰς ὑπακοὴν καὶ ῥαντισμὸν αἵματος Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ | 1 | Here, **obedience** could refer to: (1) obeying God. Alternate translation: “for obedience of God and the sprinkling of the blood of Jesus Christ” (2) obeying Jesus Christ. Alternate translation: “for obedience of Jesus Christ and the sprinkling of his blood” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 18 | 1PE | 1 | 2 | oiuz | figs-abstractnouns | εἰς ὑπακοὴν | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **obedience**, you could express the same idea with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “for you to obey” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 19 | 1PE | 1 | 2 | j96u | grammar-connect-logic-goal | εἰς ὑπακοὴν | 1 | Here, **for** introduces a purpose clause. Peter is stating a purpose for which the Holy Spirit sanctifies believers. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “for the purpose of obedience” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) | |
| 20 | 1PE | 1 | 2 | rwkk | figs-metaphor | ῥαντισμὸν αἵματος Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ | 1 | the sprinkling of the blood of Jesus Christ | Peter uses **sprinkling** figuratively to refer to believers being in a covenant relationship with God. Just as Moses sprinkled blood on the people of Israel in [Exodus 24:1–11](../../exo/24/01.md) to symbolize them joining in a covenant relationship with God, believers are joined in a covenant relationship with God by means of Jesus’ death. Moses also sprinkled blood on the priests to set them apart to serve God as priests ([Leviticus 8:30](../../lev/08/30.md)). If your readers would not understand this, you could use a simile or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the covenant between believers and God established by the blood of Jesus Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 21 | 1PE | 1 | 2 | i9kf | figs-metonymy | αἵματος Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ | 1 | of the blood of Jesus Christ | Here, **blood** refers figuratively to the death of Jesus. If your readers would not understand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “of the death of Jesus Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 22 | 1PE | 1 | 2 | k547 | translate-blessing | χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη πληθυνθείη | 1 | In this culture, letter writers would offer a good wish for the recipient before introducing the main business of the letter. Use a form in your language that makes it clear that this is a greeting and blessing. Alternate translation: “May God increase his kind acts to you and make you more peaceful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-blessing]]) | |
| 23 | 1PE | 1 | 2 | iam1 | figs-abstractnouns | χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη πληθυνθείη | 1 | If your readers would misunderstand the abstract nouns **grace** and **peace**, you could express the ideas behind them with equivalent expressions. Alternate translation: “May God multiply his kind acts to you and give you a more peaceful spirit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])\n | |
| 24 | 1PE | 1 | 2 | z7df | figs-metaphor | χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη πληθυνθείη | 1 | May grace be to you, and may your peace increase | Peter speaks of **grace** and **peace** as if they were objects that could increase in size or number. If this is confusing in your language, you can use a different metaphor that means that these things will increase, or use plain language. Alternate translation: “May grace and peace increase in your lives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 25 | 1PE | 1 | 2 | gj71 | figs-activepassive | χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη πληθυνθείη | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “May God multiply grace and peace to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 26 | 1PE | 1 | 3 | y6aq | 0 | General Information: | Peter begins to talk about the believers’ salvation and faith. Verses 3–5 are one sentence, but you may need to divide them into shorter sentences in your language. | ||
| 27 | 1PE | 1 | 3 | l4vi | figs-declarative | εὐλογητὸς | 1 | Peter is using a statement to give an exhortation. If this is confusing in your language, you can use a more natural form for exhortation. Alternate translation: “Let us bless” or “Let us praise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative]]) | |
| 28 | 1PE | 1 | 3 | z6wk | guidelines-sonofgodprinciples | Πατὴρ | 1 | **Father** is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) | |
| 29 | 1PE | 1 | 3 | cyf6 | figs-exclusive | ἡμῶν…ἡμᾶς | 1 | our … us | The words **our** and **us** are inclusive. They refer to Peter and those believers to whom he is writing. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) |
| 30 | 1PE | 1 | 3 | ib1x | figs-possession | τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν | 1 | Peter is using the possessive form to describe Jesus as the **Lord** who rules over those who believe in him. If this is not clear in your language, you could state the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “of the person who is lord over us” or “of the person who rules over us.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
| 31 | 1PE | 1 | 3 | mdvi | figs-abstractnouns | ὁ κατὰ τὸ πολὺ αὐτοῦ ἔλεος | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **mercy**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “according to his great merciful character” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 32 | 1PE | 1 | 3 | c92y | figs-metaphor | ἀναγεννήσας ἡμᾶς | 1 | he has given us new birth | The phrase **born again** is a metaphor that refers to spiritual rebirth. Since this is an important metaphor in the Bible, you should keep it in your translation and include an explanation if necessary. Alternate translation: “has caused us to be spiritually reborn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 33 | 1PE | 1 | 3 | cbxb | figs-metaphor | ἀναγεννήσας ἡμᾶς εἰς ἐλπίδα ζῶσαν, δι’ ἀναστάσεως Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ ἐκ νεκρῶν | 1 | The clause “into a living hope” is parallel to “into an imperishable and undefiled and unfading inheritance” in the next verse. If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of the phrases in this verse in order to show that parallel structure. Alternate translation: “who has caused us to be born again through the resurrection of Jesus Christ from dead ones into a living hope” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]]) | |
| 34 | 1PE | 1 | 3 | qe1c | grammar-connect-logic-goal | εἰς ἐλπίδα ζῶσαν | 1 | Here, **into** introduces a purpose clause. Peter is stating a purpose for which God causes believers to be born again. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “for the purpose of giving us a living hope” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) | |
| 35 | 1PE | 1 | 3 | kngt | figs-metaphor | εἰς ἐλπίδα ζῶσαν | 1 | Peter uses **living** figuratively to describe **hope** that is certain and will not lead to disappointment. If this use of living might confuse your readers, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “into a hope that will not disappoint you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 36 | 1PE | 1 | 3 | lh0r | figs-abstractnouns | δι’ ἀναστάσεως Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ ἐκ νεκρῶν | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **resurrection**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “through Jesus Christ being resurrected from among dead ones” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 37 | 1PE | 1 | 4 | v9jq | grammar-connect-logic-goal | εἰς κληρονομίαν ἄφθαρτον, καὶ ἀμίαντον, καὶ ἀμάραντον | 1 | Here, **into** introduces a purpose clause. Peter is stating a second purpose for which God causes believers to be born again. This clause states what the “living hope” in the previous verse is. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “for the purpose of giving us an imperishable and undefiled and unfading inheritance” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) | |
| 38 | 1PE | 1 | 4 | b2zy | figs-abstractnouns | εἰς κληρονομίαν ἄφθαρτον, καὶ ἀμίαντον, καὶ ἀμάραντον | 1 | for an imperishable and undefiled and unfading inheritance | If it would be clearer in your language, you can translate **inheritance** using a verb. Alternate translation: “into what we will inherit that is imperishable and undefiled and unfading” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
| 39 | 1PE | 1 | 4 | cy1g | figs-metaphor | κληρονομίαν ἄφθαρτον, καὶ ἀμίαντον, καὶ ἀμάραντον | 1 | an … inheritance | Peter uses **inheritance** figuratively to refer to what we will receive in heaven. This could refer to: (1) salvation after this life. Alternate translation: “an imperishable and undefiled and unfading salvation” (2) future blessings in heaven after this life. Alternate translation: “imperishable and undefiled and unfading blessings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 40 | 1PE | 1 | 4 | z6w4 | figs-activepassive | τετηρημένην ἐν οὐρανοῖς εἰς ὑμᾶς | 1 | reserved in heaven for you | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “which God has kept in heaven for you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 41 | 1PE | 1 | 5 | r4es | figs-activepassive | τοὺς ἐν δυνάμει Θεοῦ φρουρουμένους | 1 | who are protected by the power of God | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the ones whom God is protecting with his power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 42 | 1PE | 1 | 5 | a4ab | figs-abstractnouns | διὰ πίστεως | 1 | through faith | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **faith**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “by believing in Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
| 43 | 1PE | 1 | 5 | ymh2 | grammar-connect-logic-goal | εἰς σωτηρίαν | 1 | Here, **for** introduces a purpose clause. Peter is stating a purpose for which God is protecting believers. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “for the purpose of giving us a salvation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) | |
| 44 | 1PE | 1 | 5 | gj5s | figs-abstractnouns | εἰς σωτηρίαν ἑτοίμην ἀποκαλυφθῆναι | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **salvation**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “for the time when God saves you, which is ready to be revealed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 45 | 1PE | 1 | 5 | g4rb | figs-activepassive | ἑτοίμην ἀποκαλυφθῆναι | 1 | that is ready to be revealed | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that God is ready to reveal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 46 | 1PE | 1 | 5 | xsp2 | figs-explicit | ἐν καιρῷ ἐσχάτῳ | 1 | Here, **the last time** refers to “the day of the Lord,” which is the time when Jesus returns to the world to judge everyone and vindicate those who believe in him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/dayofthelord]]) If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say this explicitly. Alternate translation: “in the last time when Jesus returns and judges everyone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 47 | 1PE | 1 | 6 | p1ta | writing-pronouns | ἐν ᾧ | 1 | Here, **this** could refer to: (1) the “last time” referred to at the end of the last verse. Alternate translation: “in this last time” (2) everything described in [verses 3–5](../01/03.md). Alternate translation: “in all of this that I have said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) | |
| 48 | 1PE | 1 | 6 | hy8d | grammar-connect-logic-result | ἐν ᾧ ἀγαλλιᾶσθε | 1 | In this you greatly rejoice | **In** introduces the reason why Peter’s readers rejoice. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could say the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “On account of this you greatly rejoice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) |
| 49 | 1PE | 1 | 6 | dtvb | grammar-connect-condition-fact | ἄρτι, εἰ δέον λυπηθέντες | 1 | Peter is speaking as if this were a hypothetical possibility, but he means that it is actually true. If your language does not state something as a condition if it is certain or true, and if your readers might misunderstand and think that what Peter is saying is not certain, then you can translate his words as an affirmative statement. Alternate translation: “if now it is necessary to have been distressed, and it is” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]]) | |
| 50 | 1PE | 1 | 6 | a2bq | figs-activepassive | ὀλίγον ἄρτι, εἰ δέον λυπηθέντες ἐν ποικίλοις πειρασμοῖς | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “if now it is necessary for various trials to distress you a little while” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 51 | 1PE | 1 | 7 | vvp1 | figs-metaphor | ἵνα τὸ δοκίμιον ὑμῶν τῆς πίστεως | 1 | so that the proof of your faith | In the same way in which fire refines gold, hardships test how well believers trust in Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 52 | 1PE | 1 | 7 | ct3n | τὸ δοκίμιον ὑμῶν τῆς πίστεως | 1 | the proof of your faith | If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **genuineness** and **faith**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “the fact that you genuinely believe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 53 | 1PE | 1 | 7 | g1oe | figs-infostructure | ἵνα τὸ δοκίμιον ὑμῶν τῆς πίστεως πολυτιμότερον χρυσίου τοῦ ἀπολλυμένου, διὰ πυρὸς δὲ δοκιμαζομένου, εὑρεθῇ εἰς ἔπαινον, καὶ δόξαν, καὶ τιμὴν, ἐν ἀποκαλύψει Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ | 1 | If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “so that the genuineness of your faith might be found to result in praise and glory and honor at the revelation of Jesus Christ; that faith is more precious than the perishing gold, but being tested by fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]]) | |
| 54 | 1PE | 1 | 7 | u63m | figs-explicit | ὑμῶν τῆς πίστεως πολυτιμότερον χρυσίου τοῦ ἀπολλυμένου, διὰ πυρὸς δὲ δοκιμαζομένου | 1 | of your faith, which is more precious than gold that perishes. But, being tested by fire | In this clause Peter means that **faith** is more valuable than **gold** because faith lasts forever but gold does not, even if it is refined by passing it through **fire**. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. It may be helpful to make this a separate sentence. Alternate translation: “of your faith, which is more precious than gold because even gold that is tested by fire can perish, but your faith will not perish” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
| 55 | 1PE | 1 | 7 | a6q4 | εὑρεθῇ εἰς ἔπαινον, καὶ δόξαν, καὶ τιμὴν | 1 | it might be found to result in praise, and glory, and honor | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “it might result in praise and glory and honor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 56 | 1PE | 1 | 7 | lewt | figs-explicit | ἐν ἀποκαλύψει Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ | 1 | Peter assumes that his readers will know that he is referring to the future **revelation of Jesus Christ** when Jesus returns to earth. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “at the future revelation of Jesus Christ” or “when Jesus Christ reveals himself again in the future” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 57 | 1PE | 1 | 7 | bkr9 | figs-abstractnouns | ἐν ἀποκαλύψει Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ | 1 | at the revealing of Jesus Christ | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **revelation**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “at the time when Jesus Christ is revealed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
| 58 | 1PE | 1 | 8 | eka3 | figs-doublet | χαρᾷ ἀνεκλαλήτῳ καὶ δεδοξασμένῃ | 1 | with joy that is inexpressible and filled with glory | Here, **inexpressible** and **filled with glory** mean basically the same thing. The repetition is used to emphasize that how great the joy is If your language does not use repetition to do this, you could use one phrase and provide emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “with joy so great that words cannot describe it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) |
| 59 | 1PE | 1 | 9 | hw6y | figs-metaphor | κομιζόμενοι…σωτηρίαν | 1 | the salvation | Here Peter speaks figuratively of **salvation** as if it were an object that someone could receive. If this would confuse your readers, you could say the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “experiencing … the salvation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 60 | 1PE | 1 | 9 | jkcb | figs-abstractnouns | τῆς πίστεως ὑμῶν | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **faith**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “of you believing in Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 61 | 1PE | 1 | 9 | j2qe | figs-abstractnouns | σωτηρίαν ψυχῶν | 1 | the salvation of your souls | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **salvation**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “God saving your souls” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
| 62 | 1PE | 1 | 9 | uk4a | figs-synecdoche | σωτηρίαν ψυχῶν | 1 | the salvation of your souls | Here, **souls** refers to the individual Christians to whom Peter is writing this letter. If this would be misunderstood in your language, you could use plain language. Alternate translation: “your salvation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) |
| 63 | 1PE | 1 | 10 | yyz4 | figs-doublet | ἐξεζήτησαν καὶ ἐξηραύνησαν | 1 | searched and inquired carefully | The phrases **searched** and **inquired carefully** mean basically the same thing. The repetition is used to emphasize how hard the prophets tried to understand this salvation. If your language does not use repetition to do this, you could use one phrase and provide emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “examined very carefully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) |
| 64 | 1PE | 1 | 10 | gmcy | figs-abstractnouns | ἧς σωτηρίας | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **salvation**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “God saving you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 65 | 1PE | 1 | 10 | wx95 | figs-abstractnouns | εἰς ὑμᾶς χάριτος | 1 | Here, **this grace** refers to **this salvation** that occurs earlier in this verse. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **grace**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “God being gracious to you by saving you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 66 | 1PE | 1 | 11 | j917 | figs-explicit | εἰς τίνα ἢ ποῖον καιρὸν | 1 | The word translated **whom** could also be translated “what.” In that case, “what” would refer to the time when salvation would take place and **what time** would then refer to the specific circumstances. However, most translations agree with the ULT’s use of **whom**. Alternate translation: “into what time or what circumstances” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 67 | 1PE | 1 | 11 | w3n8 | figs-possession | τὸ…Πνεῦμα Χριστοῦ | 1 | the Spirit of Christ | Peter is using the possessive form to describe the Holy Spirit as being **the Spirit* that is associated with **Christ**. If this is not clear in your language, you could say the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “the Holy Spirit associated with Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) |
| 68 | 1PE | 1 | 11 | hjq5 | προμαρτυρόμενον | 1 | This could indicate: (1) the time when **the Spirit of Christ was revealing** information to the prophets. Alternate translation: “when testifying beforehand” (2) the means by which **the Spirit of Christ was revealing** information to the prophets. Alternate translation: “by means of testifying beforehand” | ||
| 69 | 1PE | 1 | 11 | x5x8 | figs-abstractnouns | τὰ εἰς Χριστὸν παθήματα, καὶ τὰς μετὰ ταῦτα δόξας | 1 | If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **sufferings** and **glories**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “about how Christ would suffer and glorious things would happen afterwards” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 70 | 1PE | 1 | 12 | x4b1 | figs-activepassive | οἷς ἀπεκαλύφθη | 1 | It was revealed to them | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God revealed to them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 71 | 1PE | 1 | 12 | hi9u | figs-activepassive | ἃ νῦν ἀνηγγέλη ὑμῖν, διὰ τῶν εὐαγγελισαμένων ὑμᾶς | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “which those who proclaimed the gospel to you have now declared to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 72 | 1PE | 1 | 12 | c7jz | figs-explicit | Πνεύματι Ἁγίῳ ἀποσταλέντι ἀπ’ οὐρανοῦ | 1 | This phrase indicates the means by which the evangelists proclaimed the gospel to Peter’s readers. Peter uses **the Holy Spirit** here to refer specifically to the Holy Spirit’s work of giving those evangelists the ability or power to proclaim the gospel effectively. If this might confuse your readers, you could say the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “by means of the Holy Spirit sent from heaven enabling them to do so” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 73 | 1PE | 1 | 12 | yzqk | figs-activepassive | ἀποσταλέντι ἀπ’ οὐρανοῦ | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 74 | 1PE | 1 | 12 | lyzl | figs-explicit | εἰς ἃ | 1 | Here, **things** refers to what God had revealed to the prophets and some evangelists had proclaimed to Peter’s readers. If this might confuse your readers, you could say the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “into which things God revealed to the prophets and which were declared to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 75 | 1PE | 1 | 12 | xi4d | figs-metaphor | εἰς ἃ ἐπιθυμοῦσιν ἄγγελοι παρακύψαι | 1 | into which things angels long to look | Peter uses **look** figuratively to refer to getting a clearer understanding of what God has revealed about salvation. This does not mean that the angels do not understand salvation at all. If this might confuse your readers, you could say the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “things which angels desire to understand more clearly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 76 | 1PE | 1 | 13 | bjg9 | grammar-connect-words-phrases | διὸ | 1 | So | **Therefore** here refers back to everything that Peter has written in [verses 1–12](../01/01.md). If it might be helpful to your readers, you could say this concisely. Alternate translation: “Since all these things I have just written are true” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) |
| 77 | 1PE | 1 | 13 | zvgh | figs-declarative | ἀναζωσάμενοι τὰς ὀσφύας τῆς διανοίας ὑμῶν, νήφοντες, τελείως ἐλπίσατε | 1 | The clauses **having girded up the loins of your mind** and **being sober** could refer to: (1) two commands in addition to the command to **hope fully**. Alternate translation: “gird up the loins of your mind, be sober, hope fully” (2) two actions that are means by which Peter wants his readers to obey the command to **hope fully**. Alternate translation: “hope fully, by having girded up the loins of your mind and by being sober” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative]]) | |
| 78 | 1PE | 1 | 13 | u87y | figs-idiom | ἀναζωσάμενοι τὰς ὀσφύας τῆς διανοίας ὑμῶν | 1 | having girded the loins of your mind | Girding up **the loins** is an idiom that means to prepare to work hard. It comes from the custom of tucking the bottom of one’s robe into a belt around the waist in order to move with ease. If this might confuse your readers, you could say the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “having prepared your minds for action” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
| 79 | 1PE | 1 | 13 | i56f | figs-metaphor | νήφοντες | 1 | Here Peter uses **sober** figuratively to refer to mental clarity and alertness. If this might confuse your readers, you could say the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “thinking clearly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
| 80 | 1PE | 1 | 13 | y771 | figs-activepassive | τὴν φερομένην ὑμῖν χάριν | 1 | the grace that is being brought to you | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the grace God is bringing to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 81 | 1PE | 1 | 13 | ut69 | figs-metaphor | τὴν φερομένην ὑμῖν χάριν | 1 | the grace that is being brought to you | Here Peter speaks of **grace** as if it were an object that could be brought to people. If this might confuse you readers, you could say the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the grace God is giving to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 82 | 1PE | 1 | 13 | qk5s | figs-metonymy | τὴν φερομένην ὑμῖν χάριν | 1 | Here, **the grace** refers to salvation, as it also does in [verse 10](../01/10.md). If this might confuse your readers, you could say the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the gracious salvation being brought to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 83 | 1PE | 1 | 13 | l45d | figs-possession | ἀποκαλύψει Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ | 1 | in the revelation of Jesus Christ | See how you translated this phrase in [verse 7](../01/07.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) |
| 84 | 1PE | 1 | 14 | opvh | figs-metaphor | τέκνα ὑπακοῆς | 1 | Here Peter uses **children** figuratively to refer to people who love and obey God. The relationship between God and those who love him is like the relationship between a father and his children. Because this is an important concept in the Bible, you should not say the meaning plainly here, but you may use a simile. Alternate translation: “like children of obedience” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 85 | 1PE | 1 | 14 | n5wg | figs-possession | τέκνα ὑπακοῆς | 1 | Peter is using the possessive form to describe **children** who are characterized by **obedience**. If this is not clear in your language, you could use the adjective “obedient” instead of the noun “obedience.” Alternate translation: “obedient children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
| 86 | 1PE | 1 | 14 | e4tb | figs-idiom | μὴ συνσχηματιζόμενοι ταῖς πρότερον…ἐπιθυμίαις | 1 | not being conformed to your former desires | Here, **not being conformed to** is an idiom meaning “not letting one’s life be controlled by.” If your readers would not understand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “not being controlled by your former desires” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
| 87 | 1PE | 1 | 14 | nepq | figs-declarative | μὴ συνσχηματιζόμενοι ταῖς πρότερον…ἐπιθυμίαις | 1 | Peter is using a statement to give a command. If this is confusing in your language, you can use a more natural form for a command. Alternate translation: “do not be conformed to your former desires” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative]]) | |
| 88 | 1PE | 1 | 14 | j2wo | figs-abstractnouns | ἐν τῇ ἀγνοίᾳ ὑμῶν | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **ignorance**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “when you were ignorant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 89 | 1PE | 1 | 15 | edvw | figs-explicit | τὸν καλέσαντα ὑμᾶς | 1 | This phrase refers to God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could say the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “God who called you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 90 | 1PE | 1 | 15 | mrbq | figs-abstractnouns | ἐν πάσῃ ἀναστροφῇ | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **behavior**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “in how you conduct yourselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 91 | 1PE | 1 | 16 | m1q7 | figs-activepassive | γέγραπται | 1 | For it is written | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, Moses was the author of the quotation that follows. Alternate translation: “Moses had written” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 92 | 1PE | 1 | 16 | e6el | writing-quotations | γέγραπται | 1 | Here Peter uses **it is written** to introduce a quotation from an Old Testament book ([Leviticus 11:44](../../lev/11/44.md)). If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Peter is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “it had been written in the scriptures” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]]) | |
| 93 | 1PE | 1 | 16 | tt52 | figs-declarative | ἅγιοι ἔσεσθε | 1 | Peter quotes God using a future statement to give a command. If this is confusing in your language, you can use a more natural form for a command. Alternate translation: “Be holy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative]]) | |
| 94 | 1PE | 1 | 16 | s8kz | figs-123person | ὅτι ἐγὼ ἅγιος | 1 | You will be holy, because I am holy | In this quotation from the Old Testament **I** refers to God. If this is confusing in your language, you can use the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “because I, God, am holy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) |
| 95 | 1PE | 1 | 17 | x0xl | grammar-connect-condition-fact | εἰ…ἐπικαλεῖσθε | 1 | Peter is speaking as if this were a hypothetical possibility, but he means that it is actually true. If your language does not state something as a condition if it is certain or true, and if your readers might misunderstand and think that what Peter is saying is not certain, then you can translate his words as an affirmative statement. Alternate translation: “since you call” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]]) | |
| 96 | 1PE | 1 | 17 | c53b | figs-explicit | τὸν ἀπροσωπολήμπτως κρίνοντα | 1 | This phrase refers to God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could say the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “God who judges impartially” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 97 | 1PE | 1 | 17 | s6gv | figs-metaphor | τὸν τῆς παροικίας ὑμῶν χρόνον | 1 | conduct yourselves in fear during the time of your journey | Here Peter speaks of his readers as if they were people living in a foreign land far away from their home. Like people living away from home, so are Christians living away from their home in heaven. If this might confuse your readers, you could say the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “during the time that you are living away from your true home” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 98 | 1PE | 1 | 18 | pcm5 | figs-infostructure | οὐ φθαρτοῖς, ἀργυρίῳ ἢ χρυσίῳ, ἐλυτρώθητε ἐκ τῆς ματαίας ὑμῶν ἀναστροφῆς πατροπαραδότου | 1 | If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “you have been redeemed from your futile behavior handed down from your fathers, not with perishable things, with silver or with gold” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]]) | |
| 99 | 1PE | 1 | 18 | q4pc | figs-activepassive | ἐλυτρώθητε | 1 | you have been redeemed | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God has redeemed you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 100 | 1PE | 1 | 18 | git3 | figs-metaphor | ἐκ τῆς ματαίας ὑμῶν ἀναστροφῆς πατροπαραδότου | 1 | Here, **handed down** figuratively refers to one generation teaching **futile behavior** to another generation, as if that behavior was an object that could be passed by hand from one person to another. If this might confuse your readers, you could say the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “from your futile behavior taught to you by your fathers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 101 | 1PE | 1 | 18 | ctgm | figs-abstractnouns | ἐκ τῆς ματαίας ὑμῶν ἀναστροφῆς | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **behavior**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “from behaving in futile ways” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 102 | 1PE | 1 | 18 | b5qa | figs-activepassive | πατροπαραδότου | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that your fathers handed down” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 103 | 1PE | 1 | 19 | s4jd | figs-metonymy | τιμίῳ αἵματι…Χριστοῦ | 1 | with the precious blood of Christ | Peter uses **the blood of Christ** figuratively to refer to Jesus’ death. If this might confuse your readers, you could say the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “with Christ’s precious death” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 104 | 1PE | 1 | 19 | gk6a | figs-simile | ὡς ἀμνοῦ ἀμώμου καὶ ἀσπίλου | 1 | as an unblemished and spotless lamb | Peter compares Jesus’ blood to the blood of the lambs that the Jewish priests sacrificed to God. The point of this comparison is that Jesus died as a sacrifice so that God would forgive people’s sins. If this would be misunderstood in your language, you could use an equivalent comparison or express this meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “like that of the unblemished and spotless lambs that the Jewish priests sacrificed to God for sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) |
| 105 | 1PE | 1 | 19 | smu8 | figs-doublet | ἀμώμου καὶ ἀσπίλου | 1 | unblemished and spotless | The words **unblemished** and **spotless** basically the same thing. Peter uses this repetition to emphasize that Christ was completely perfect. If your language does not use repetition to do this, you could use one phrase and provide emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “with no imperfections at all” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) |
| 106 | 1PE | 1 | 20 | msw5 | figs-activepassive | προεγνωσμένου | 1 | He has been chosen | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God having foreknown him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 107 | 1PE | 1 | 20 | tnrv | figs-explicit | προεγνωσμένου | 1 | This phrase could mean: (1) God had determined what Christ would do. Alternate translation: “having been planned previously” (2) God knew what what Christ would do ahead of time. Alternate translation: “having been known beforehand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 108 | 1PE | 1 | 20 | ky7a | figs-abstractnouns | πρὸ καταβολῆς κόσμου | 1 | before the foundation of the world | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of boldness, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “before God founded the world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
| 109 | 1PE | 1 | 20 | dkk2 | figs-activepassive | φανερωθέντος | 1 | he has been revealed … for your sake | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God having revealed him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 110 | 1PE | 1 | 20 | pmf2 | figs-explicit | φανερωθέντος | 1 | Here, **revealing** refers to the first time Jesus came to the earth. If this might confuse your readers, you could say the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “having been revealed when he came to earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 111 | 1PE | 1 | 20 | kzi0 | figs-activepassive | ἐπ’ ἐσχάτου τῶν χρόνων | 1 | Here, **the last of the times** refers to the final period of history which began when Jesus first came to the earth and will end when he returns. If this might confuse your readers, you could say the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “in this final time period of history” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 112 | 1PE | 1 | 21 | lt5u | figs-idiom | τὸν ἐγείραντα αὐτὸν ἐκ νεκρῶν | 1 | who has raised him from the dead | Here, to raise up is an idiom for causing someone who has died to become alive again. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could say this explicitly. Alternate translation: “who caused him to live again so that he was no longer among the dead people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
| 113 | 1PE | 1 | 21 | f7mn | figs-abstractnouns | δόξαν αὐτῷ δόντα | 1 | has given him glory | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **glory**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “has glorified him” or “has showed that he is glorious” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
| 114 | 1PE | 1 | 21 | k85r | figs-abstractnouns | τὴν πίστιν ὑμῶν καὶ ἐλπίδα, εἶναι εἰς Θεόν | 1 | If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **faith** and **hope**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “you would believe and hope in God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 115 | 1PE | 1 | 22 | hj14 | figs-metaphor | τὰς ψυχὰς ὑμῶν ἡγνικότες | 1 | Having purified | **Having purified** here figuratively refers to the being forgiven for sins. Sin in the Bible is often referred to as something that makes people dirty and the forgiveness for sin is referred to as the removal of that dirt. God is the one who forgives sins and **purifies** those who believe in Jesus. However, here Peter is referring to a his readers' responsibility in their salvation, which is the responsibility to repent and believe that the gospel is true. Alternate translation: “Having made your souls spiritually pure” or Having cleansed your souls from sin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 116 | 1PE | 1 | 22 | luj3 | figs-synecdoche | τὰς ψυχὰς | 1 | Having purified your souls | See how you translated **souls** in [verse 9](../01/09.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) |
| 117 | 1PE | 1 | 22 | qyt5 | figs-abstractnouns | ἐν τῇ ὑπακοῇ τῆς ἀληθείας | 1 | by obedience to the truth | If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **obedience** and **truth**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “by obeying what is true” or “by obeying the true information” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
| 118 | 1PE | 1 | 22 | iyze | figs-explicit | τῆς ἀληθείας | 1 | Here, **the truth** refers to the true teaching about Jesus, which includes the command to repent and believe the gospel. If this might confuse your readers, you could say the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “to the true message about Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 119 | 1PE | 1 | 22 | j777 | figs-gendernotations | φιλαδελφίαν | 1 | brotherly love | Although **brotherly** is masculine, Peter is using the word here in a generic sense to refer to the kind of love that all believers should have for other believers. If this might confuse your readers, you could say the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “love for fellow believers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) |
| 120 | 1PE | 1 | 22 | e9wr | figs-metonymy | ἐκ καθαρᾶς καρδίας, ἀλλήλους ἀγαπήσατε ἐκτενῶς\r | 1 | love one another earnestly from a pure heart | Peter uses **heart** here figuratively to refer to a person’s thoughts or emotions. The word **from** indicates that the **heart** must be the source of the **love** that Peter is telling his readers to have. Therefore, this phrase has a similar meaning to word “sincere” in the previous clause. If this would confuse your readers, you could say the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “love one another earnestly based on sincere thoughts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 121 | 1PE | 1 | 23 | k79f | figs-metaphor | ἀναγεγεννημένοι | 1 | See how you translated **born again** in [verse 3](../01/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 122 | 1PE | 1 | 23 | w4v3 | figs-metonymy | οὐκ ἐκ σπορᾶς φθαρτῆς | 1 | having been born again, not from perishable seed, but from imperishable | The word **seed** usually refers to either the seed of a plant or the sperm cell of a man that is used to produce a baby. However, here Peter uses **seed** as a metaphor. It could refer to: (1) the **word of God** mentioned later in the verse. In this case, Peter is saying what the **word of God** is not. Alternate translation: “not by means of a word of God than can perish” (2) physical human birth, in which case the meaning is similar to the idea expressed in [John 1:13](../../jhn/01/13.md). Alternate translation: “not by means of mortal physical birth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 123 | 1PE | 1 | 23 | nh9r | figs-ellipsis | ἀφθάρτου | 1 | from imperishable | Peter is leaving out a word that a phrase would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply the word from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “from imperishable seed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) |
| 124 | 1PE | 1 | 23 | tjq9 | figs-metonymy | λόγου ζῶντος Θεοῦ, καὶ μένοντος\n | 1 | through the living and enduring word of God | Here, Peter uses **word** figuratively to describe the gospel message that came from God and was proclaimed to Peter’s readers by using words. If this might confuse your readers, you could say the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “God’s living and enduring message about Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 125 | 1PE | 1 | 23 | pkpl | figs-doublet | ζῶντος…καὶ μένοντος | 1 | These two words mean basically the same thing. The repetition is used to emphasize that God’s word is permanent. If your language does not use repetition to do this, you could use one phrase and provide emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “perpetually enduring” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) | |
| 126 | 1PE | 1 | 24 | kyc5 | writing-quotations | διότι | 1 | **For** here introduces a quotation of some phrases from an Old Testament book ([Isaiah 40:6–8](../../isa/40/06.md)). If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Peter is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “It is as Isaiah wrote in the scriptures” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]]) | |
| 127 | 1PE | 1 | 24 | e299 | figs-quotemarks | πᾶσα σὰρξ ὡς χόρτος, καὶ πᾶσα δόξα αὐτῆς ὡς ἄνθος χόρτου. ἐξηράνθη ὁ χόρτος, καὶ τὸ ἄνθος ἐξέπεσεν, | 1 | In these clauses and the first clause of the next verse, Peter quotes [Isaiah 40:6–8](../../isa/40/06.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
| 128 | 1PE | 1 | 24 | dr75 | figs-metonymy | πᾶσα σὰρξ | 1 | All flesh | Here Peter is using the term **flesh** figuratively to refer to human beings in general, which are made of flesh. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “All humankind” or “Everyone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 129 | 1PE | 1 | 24 | zaa4 | figs-metaphor | πᾶσα δόξα αὐτῆς | 1 | Here, **glory** refers to whatever is beautiful or magnificent about humankind. If this might confuse your readers, you could say the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “everything that is glorious about humankind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 130 | 1PE | 1 | 24 | ysnb | figs-genericnoun | ἄνθος χόρτου. ἐξηράνθη ὁ χόρτος, καὶ τὸ ἄνθος ἐξέπεσεν | 1 | Peter is speaking of **grass** and flowers in general, not of one particular blade of **grass** or **flower**. If this would be misunderstood in your language, use a more natural phrase. Alternate translation: “flowers of grass. Grass dried up, and flowers fell off” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) | |
| 131 | 1PE | 1 | 24 | w0s8 | figs-possession | ἄνθος χόρτου | 1 | Peter is using the possessive form to describe the **flower** that grows in the **grass**. If this is not clear in your language, you could use say this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the flowing that grows in the grass” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
| 132 | 1PE | 1 | 24 | r0fd | figs-simile | ἐξηράνθη ὁ χόρτος | 1 | All flesh is like grass … The grass dries up | In this clause the prophet Isaiah continues the comparison between humankind and grass. Just like grass dies quickly, so human beings only life a short time. If this would be misunderstood in your language, you could express this meaning by repeating the simile language from earlier in the verse. Alternate translation: “Like the grass dries up, so do people die after a short time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) |
| 133 | 1PE | 1 | 24 | hd2f | figs-simile | τὸ ἄνθος ἐξέπεσεν | 1 | all its glory is like the flower of the grass … its flower falls off | In this clause the prophet Isaiah continues the comparison between the glory of humankind and flowers. Just like flowers die and fall to the ground, so does the beauty of mankind disappear. If this would be misunderstood in your language, you could express this meaning by repeating the simile language from earlier in the verse. Alternate translation: “like the flower falls off the plant, so does everything that is glorious about humankind come to an end” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) |
| 134 | 1PE | 1 | 25 | aba2 | figs-metonym | τὸ…ῥῆμα Κυρίου | 1 | the word of the Lord | Peter quotes Isaiah using **word** figuratively to describe the teachings that came from God and were proclaimed by using words. This use of **word** is more general than Peters use of **word** in [verse 23](../01/23.md). If this might confuse your readers, you could say the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the message that comes from the Lord” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 135 | 1PE | 1 | 25 | s11j | figs-activepassive | τὸ ῥῆμα τὸ εὐαγγελισθὲν | 1 | the word that has been proclaimed | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the word that we have proclaimed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 136 | 1PE | 2 | intro | a121 | 0 | # 1 Peter 2 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\n1. Command to love each other as a family (1:22–2:10)\n2. How believers should act toward other people (2:11–3:12)\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry that is quoted from the Old Testament in 2:6, 7, 8, and 22.\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 2:10.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Stones\n\nThe Bible uses a building made of large stones as a metaphor for the church. Jesus is the cornerstone, the most important stone. The apostles and prophets are the foundation, the part of the building on which all the other stones rest. In this chapter, Christians are the stones that make up the walls of the building. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/cornerstone]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/foundation]])\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Milk and babies\n\nWhen Peter tells his readers to “long for pure spiritual milk,” he is using the metaphor of a baby craving his mother’s milk. Peter wants Christians to crave God’s word the same way a baby craves milk. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |||
| 137 | 1PE | 2 | 1 | cch5 | 0 | Connecting Statement: | Peter continues teaching his readers about holiness and obedience. | ||
| 138 | 1PE | 2 | 1 | n3x5 | grammar-connect-logic-result | οὖν | 1 | Therefore | The word **Therefore** here refers back to everything that Peter has said about being holy and obedient. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) |
| 139 | 1PE | 2 | 1 | g65y | figs-metaphor | ἀποθέμενοι…πᾶσαν κακίαν, καὶ πάντα δόλον, καὶ ὑποκρίσεις, καὶ φθόνους, καὶ πάσας καταλαλιάς | 1 | having put aside all evil, and all deceit and hypocrisy and envy, and all slander | These sinful actions are spoken of as if they were objects that people could throw away. Alternate translation: “get rid of everything that is evil, and hypocrisy, and envy, and all slander” or “stop being evil, or being deceptive, or being hypocritical, or envying, or slandering” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 140 | 1PE | 2 | 2 | y6fv | figs-metaphor | ὡς ἀρτιγέννητα βρέφη τὸ λογικὸν ἄδολον γάλα ἐπιποθήσατε | 1 | As newborn infants, long for pure spiritual milk | Peter speaks of his readers as if they were babies. Babies requires very pure food, which they can digest easily. In the same way, believers need pure teaching from God’s word. Alternate translation: “Just as babies long for their mother’s breast milk, so you must yearn for pure spiritual milk” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 141 | 1PE | 2 | 2 | rm71 | ἐπιποθήσατε | 1 | long for | Alternate translation: “desire intensely” or “yearn for” | |
| 142 | 1PE | 2 | 2 | fn81 | figs-metaphor | τὸ λογικὸν ἄδολον γάλα | 1 | pure spiritual milk | Peter speaks of the word of God as if it were **spiritual milk** that nourished children. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 143 | 1PE | 2 | 2 | vg76 | figs-abstractnouns | εἰς σωτηρίαν | 1 | to salvation | Here the word **salvation** refers to when God brings the salvation of his people to completion when Jesus returns (see [1 Peter 1:5](../01/05.md)). Alternate translation: “until God saves you completely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
| 144 | 1PE | 2 | 2 | ypy6 | figs-metaphor | αὐξηθῆτε | 1 | you may grow up | Peter speaks of believers advancing in knowledge of God and faithfulness to him as if they were children growing up. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 145 | 1PE | 2 | 2 | scbe | figs-explicit | αὐξηθῆτε εἰς σωτηρίαν | 1 | you may grow up to salvation | They were to increasingly act in ways that were consistent with this salvation. You can translate this with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “you may grow up spiritually until God saves you completely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
| 146 | 1PE | 2 | 3 | tui9 | figs-metaphor | εἰ ἐγεύσασθε ὅτι χρηστὸς ὁ Κύριος | 1 | if you have tasted that the Lord is kind | Here to taste means to experience something personally. Alternate translation: “if you have experienced the Lord’s kindness toward you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 147 | 1PE | 2 | 4 | sa2z | figs-metaphor | 0 | General Information: | Peter begins to tell a metaphor about Jesus and the believers being living stones. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 148 | 1PE | 2 | 4 | c4lu | figs-metaphor | πρὸς ὃν προσερχόμενοι λίθον ζῶντα | 1 | coming to him, a living stone | Peter speaks of Jesus as if he were a stone in a building. Alternate translation: “coming to him who is like a stone in a building, but alive, not a dead stone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 149 | 1PE | 2 | 4 | ihq2 | ὃν…λίθον ζῶντα | 1 | him, a living stone | This could mean: (1) This refers to a stone that is alive. (2) This refers to a stone that gives life. | |
| 150 | 1PE | 2 | 4 | e8sy | figs-activepassive | ὑπὸ ἀνθρώπων μὲν ἀποδεδοκιμασμένον | 1 | having been rejected by men | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that people have rejected” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 151 | 1PE | 2 | 4 | a438 | figs-activepassive | παρὰ δὲ Θεῷ ἐκλεκτὸν | 1 | but chosen by God | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “but that God has chosen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 152 | 1PE | 2 | 5 | z11h | figs-metaphor | αὐτοὶ ὡς λίθοι ζῶντες οἰκοδομεῖσθε, οἶκος πνευματικὸς | 1 | you, like living stones, are being built up as a spiritual house | Just as people used **stones** to build the temple in the Old Testament, believers are the materials that God is using to build a house in which he will live. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 153 | 1PE | 2 | 5 | g33x | figs-simile | αὐτοὶ ὡς λίθοι ζῶντες | 1 | you, like living stones | Peter compares his readers to **stones** that are alive. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) |
| 154 | 1PE | 2 | 5 | v3jw | figs-activepassive | λίθοι ζῶντες οἰκοδομεῖσθε, οἶκος πνευματικὸς | 1 | living stones, are being built up as a spiritual house | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “living stones that God is building into a spiritual house” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 155 | 1PE | 2 | 5 | i4bn | figs-metonymy | ἱεράτευμα ἅγιον ἀνενέγκαι πνευματικὰς θυσίας | 1 | a holy priesthood to offer the spiritual sacrifices | Here the position of **priesthood** stands for the priests who fulfill its duties. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 156 | 1PE | 2 | 6 | ibi1 | figs-metaphor | περιέχει ἐν Γραφῇ | 1 | it stands in scripture | **Scripture** is spoken of as if it were a container. This passage refers to the words that a person reads in scripture. Alternate translation: “this is what a prophet wrote in the scriptures long ago” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 157 | 1PE | 2 | 6 | q7jx | ἰδοὺ | 1 | Behold | The word **behold** here alerts us to pay attention to the surprising information that follows. | |
| 158 | 1PE | 2 | 6 | klv2 | figs-explicit | λίθον, ἀκρογωνιαῖον ἐκλεκτὸν ἔντιμον | 1 | a cornerstone, chosen, precious | God is the one who chose the stone. Alternate translation: “a most important cornerstone, which I have chosen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
| 159 | 1PE | 2 | 6 | xsx8 | figs-metaphor | λίθον, ἀκρογωνιαῖον | 1 | a cornerstone | The prophet speaks of the Messiah as the most important stone in a building. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 160 | 1PE | 2 | 7 | ze1c | 0 | Connecting Statement: | Peter continues quoting from the scriptures. | ||
| 161 | 1PE | 2 | 7 | uu3j | figs-metaphor | λίθος ὃν ἀπεδοκίμασαν…ἐγενήθη εἰς κεφαλὴν γωνίας | 1 | The stone that was rejected by … has become the head of the corner | This is a metaphor that means people, like builders, **rejected** Jesus, but God has made him the most important **stone** in a building. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 162 | 1PE | 2 | 7 | i4jl | figs-activepassive | λίθος ὃν ἀπεδοκίμασαν οἱ οἰκοδομοῦντες | 1 | The stone that was rejected by the builders | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The stone that the builders rejected” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 163 | 1PE | 2 | 7 | ql12 | κεφαλὴν γωνίας | 1 | the head of the corner | This refers to the most important stone in a building and means basically the same thing as “cornerstone” in [1 Peter 2:6](../02/06.md). | |
| 164 | 1PE | 2 | 8 | ptx5 | figs-parallelism | λίθος προσκόμματος, καὶ πέτρα σκανδάλου | 1 | A stone of stumbling and a rock of offense | These two phrases share similar meanings. Together they emphasize that people will take **offense** at this “stone,” which refers to Jesus. Alternate translation: “a stone or a rock over which people will stumble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) |
| 165 | 1PE | 2 | 8 | h7ta | προσκόπτουσιν τῷ λόγῳ ἀπειθοῦντες | 1 | stumble because they disobey the word | Here, **the word** refers to the gospel message. To **disobey** means that they do not believe. Alternate translation: “stumble because they are not believing the message about Jesus” | |
| 166 | 1PE | 2 | 8 | sm6s | figs-activepassive | εἰς ὃ καὶ ἐτέθησαν | 1 | to which also they were appointed | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “for which God also appointed them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 167 | 1PE | 2 | 9 | dc8m | 0 | General Information: | In verse 10 Peter quotes a verse from the prophet Hosea. Some modern versions do not format this as a quote, which is also acceptable. | ||
| 168 | 1PE | 2 | 9 | zla9 | figs-activepassive | γένος ἐκλεκτόν | 1 | a chosen people | You can clarify that God is the one who has **chosen** them. Alternate translation: “a people whom God has chosen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 169 | 1PE | 2 | 9 | g39z | βασίλειον ἱεράτευμα | 1 | a royal priesthood | This could mean: (1) This refers to a group of kings and a group of priests. (2) This refers to a group of priests who serve the king. | |
| 170 | 1PE | 2 | 9 | qk7f | λαὸς εἰς περιποίησιν | 1 | a people for possession | Alternate translation: “a people who belong to God” | |
| 171 | 1PE | 2 | 9 | ra7z | ἐκ…ὑμᾶς καλέσαντος | 1 | who called you from | Alternate translation: “who called you to come out of” | |
| 172 | 1PE | 2 | 9 | nvf5 | figs-metaphor | ἐκ σκότους…εἰς τὸ θαυμαστὸν αὐτοῦ φῶς | 1 | from darkness into his marvelous light | Here, **darkness** refers to their condition as sinful people who did not know God, and **light** refers to their condition as people who do know God and practice righteousness. Alternate translation: “from a life of sin and ignorance of God to a life of knowing and pleasing him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 173 | 1PE | 2 | 11 | jnr9 | 0 | General Information: | Peter begins to talk about how to live Christian lives. | ||
| 174 | 1PE | 2 | 11 | ve9u | figs-doublet | παροίκους καὶ παρεπιδήμους | 1 | foreigners and exiles | These two words mean basically the same thing.(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) |
| 175 | 1PE | 2 | 11 | hjuk | figs-metaphor | παροίκους καὶ παρεπιδήμους | 1 | foreigners and exiles | Peter speaks of his readers as people who are living in foreign lands away from their home. See how you translated “foreigners” in [1 Peter 1:1](../01/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 176 | 1PE | 2 | 11 | ubn9 | figs-metaphor | ἀπέχεσθαι τῶν σαρκικῶν ἐπιθυμιῶν | 1 | to abstain from fleshly desires | Here the idea of flesh refers to the sinful nature of humanity in this fallen world. Alternate translation: “to not to give in to sinful desires” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 177 | 1PE | 2 | 11 | x3q5 | figs-metonymy | τῆς ψυχῆς | 1 | your soul | Here the word **soul** refers to a person’s spiritual life. Alternate translation: “your spiritual life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 178 | 1PE | 2 | 11 | q4zn | figs-metaphor | στρατεύονται κατὰ τῆς ψυχῆς | 1 | make war against your soul | Peter speaks of sinful desires as soldiers that are trying to destroy the spiritual life of believers. Alternate translation: “seek to destroy your spiritual life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 179 | 1PE | 2 | 12 | b5nv | figs-abstractnouns | τὴν ἀναστροφὴν ὑμῶν ἐν τοῖς ἔθνεσιν ἔχοντες καλήν | 1 | keeping your behavior among the Gentiles good | The abstract noun **behavior** can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: “you should behave well among the Gentiles” or “you should behave in a good way in the presence of the Gentiles” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
| 180 | 1PE | 2 | 12 | mkt4 | ἐν ᾧ καταλαλοῦσιν ὑμῶν ὡς | 1 | in whatever they speak about you as | Alternate translation: “even if they accuse you of being” | |
| 181 | 1PE | 2 | 12 | w3yn | figs-abstractnouns | ἐκ τῶν καλῶν ἔργων ἐποπτεύοντες | 1 | from observing your good works | The abstract noun **works** can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: “they may observe the good things that you do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
| 182 | 1PE | 2 | 12 | s2ji | figs-explicit | ἐν ἡμέρᾳ ἐπισκοπῆς | 1 | in the day of visitation | Alternate translation: “on the day when he comes.” This refers to the day when God will judge all people. Alternate translation: “when he comes to judge everyone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
| 183 | 1PE | 2 | 13 | c484 | διὰ τὸν Κύριον | 1 | for the sake of the Lord | This could mean: (1) By obeying human authorities, they are obeying the Lord who established those authorities. (2) By obeying human authorities, they will honor Jesus who also obeyed human authorities. | |
| 184 | 1PE | 2 | 13 | al6q | βασιλεῖ ὡς ὑπερέχοντι | 1 | to the king as supreme | Alternate translation: “to the king as the highest human authority” | |
| 185 | 1PE | 2 | 14 | y1l2 | figs-activepassive | δι’ αὐτοῦ πεμπομένοις | 1 | through him having been sent | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “whom the king has sent” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 186 | 1PE | 2 | 15 | mh6s | ἀγαθοποιοῦντας φιμοῦν τὴν τῶν ἀφρόνων ἀνθρώπων ἀγνωσίαν | 1 | doing good to silence the ignorant talk of foolish people | Alternate translation: “by doing good you stop foolish people from speaking about things that they do not know” | |
| 187 | 1PE | 2 | 16 | y9pg | figs-metaphor | ὡς ἐπικάλυμμα…τῆς κακίας | 1 | as a covering for wickedness | Peter speaks of their condition as free people as something that they should not use to hide sinful behavior. Alternate translation: “as an excuse to do wicked things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 188 | 1PE | 2 | 17 | gwy8 | τὴν ἀδελφότητα | 1 | the brotherhood | This refers to all Christian believers. | |
| 189 | 1PE | 2 | 18 | w2nc | 0 | General Information: | Peter begins to speak specifically to people who are servants in people’s houses. | ||
| 190 | 1PE | 2 | 18 | xgk8 | figs-doublet | τοῖς ἀγαθοῖς καὶ ἐπιεικέσιν | 1 | the good and gentle | Here the words **good** and **gentle** share similar meanings and emphasize that such masters treat their servants kindly. Alternate translation: “the very kind masters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) |
| 191 | 1PE | 2 | 18 | a6gc | τοῖς σκολιοῖς | 1 | to the perverse | Alternate translation: “to the cruel ones” or “to the mean ones” | |
| 192 | 1PE | 2 | 19 | r1h1 | τοῦτο…χάρις | 1 | this is praiseworthy | Alternate translation: “this is deserving of praise” or “it is pleasing to God” | |
| 193 | 1PE | 2 | 19 | zm8e | διὰ συνείδησιν Θεοῦ, ὑποφέρει…λύπας | 1 | endures sorrow … because of awareness of God | This could mean: (1) This person accepts suffering because he knows he is obeying God. (2) This person is able to endure unjust punishment because he knows that God knows how he is suffering. | |
| 194 | 1PE | 2 | 20 | y5ue | figs-rquestion | ποῖον γὰρ κλέος, εἰ ἁμαρτάνοντες καὶ κολαφιζόμενοι ὑπομενεῖτε? | 1 | For what kind of credit is there if, sinning and being tormented, you will endure? | Peter asks this question to emphasize that there is nothing praiseworthy about suffering for doing something wrong. Alternate translation: “For God will not reward you if you are punished because you sinned.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) |
| 195 | 1PE | 2 | 20 | pr8b | figs-activepassive | ἁμαρτάνοντες καὶ κολαφιζόμενοι | 1 | sinning and being tormented | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “while someone punishes you because you sinned” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 196 | 1PE | 2 | 20 | ly9f | figs-activepassive | ἀγαθοποιοῦντες καὶ πάσχοντες ὑπομενεῖτε | 1 | doing good and suffering, you will endure | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you endure when someone punishes you for doing good” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 197 | 1PE | 2 | 21 | c1jn | 0 | Connecting Statement: | Peter continues speaking to people who are servants in people’s houses. | ||
| 198 | 1PE | 2 | 21 | xit1 | figs-activepassive | εἰς τοῦτο…ἐκλήθητε | 1 | to this you were called | Here the word **this** refers to believers enduring while suffering for doing good, as Peter has just described. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God has called you to this” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 199 | 1PE | 2 | 21 | si3l | figs-metaphor | ὑμῖν…ἵνα ἐπακολουθήσητε τοῖς ἴχνεσιν αὐτοῦ | 1 | for you so that you might follow in his footsteps | Peter speaks of following Jesus’ example in the way that they suffer as if one were walking on the same path that Jesus had taken. Alternate translation: “so that you would imitate his behavior” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 200 | 1PE | 2 | 22 | tyz4 | figs-activepassive | οὐδὲ εὑρέθη δόλος ἐν τῷ στόματι αὐτοῦ | 1 | neither was deceit found in his mouth | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “neither did anyone find deceit in his mouth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 201 | 1PE | 2 | 22 | lw1u | figs-metonymy | οὐδὲ εὑρέθη δόλος ἐν τῷ στόματι αὐτοῦ | 1 | neither was deceit found in his mouth | Here, **deceit** refers to words that a person speaks that are intended to deceive other people. Alternate translation: “neither did he speak any lies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 202 | 1PE | 2 | 23 | lj4a | figs-activepassive | ὃς λοιδορούμενος, οὐκ ἀντελοιδόρει | 1 | He, being reviled, did not revile back | To **revile** someone is to speak abusively to another person. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “When people insulted him, he did not insult them back” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 203 | 1PE | 2 | 23 | gqb5 | παρεδίδου…τῷ κρίνοντι δικαίως | 1 | he comitted himself to the one who judges justly | Alternate translation: “he entrusted himself to the one who judges justly.” This means that he trusted God to take away his shame, which had been put on him by those who treated him harshly. | |
| 204 | 1PE | 2 | 24 | k5fm | 0 | Connecting Statement: | Peter continues talking about Jesus Christ. He is still speaking to people who are servants. | ||
| 205 | 1PE | 2 | 24 | k632 | figs-rpronouns | ὃς…αὐτὸς | 1 | He himself | This refers to Jesus, with emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) |
| 206 | 1PE | 2 | 24 | w49m | figs-metonymy | τὰς ἁμαρτίας ἡμῶν…ἀνήνεγκεν ἐν τῷ σώματι αὐτοῦ ἐπὶ τὸ ξύλον | 1 | carried our sins in his body to the tree | Here, **carried our sins** means he suffered the punishment for our sins. Alternate translation: “suffered the punishment for our sins in his body on the tree” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 207 | 1PE | 2 | 24 | zl8e | figs-metonymy | τὸ ξύλον | 1 | the tree | This is a reference to the cross on which Jesus died, which was made of wood. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 208 | 1PE | 2 | 24 | ep4s | figs-activepassive | οὗ τῷ μώλωπι ἰάθητε | 1 | of whose wounds you were healed | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God has healed you because people bruised him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 209 | 1PE | 2 | 25 | sgt9 | figs-simile | ἦτε…ὡς πρόβατα πλανώμενοι | 1 | you as sheep are being led astray | Peter speaks about his readers before they believed in Christ as if they had been similar to lost sheep wandering around aimlessly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) |
| 210 | 1PE | 2 | 25 | i5lu | figs-metaphor | τὸν ποιμένα καὶ ἐπίσκοπον τῶν ψυχῶν ὑμῶν | 1 | the shepherd and guardian of your souls | Peter speaks of Jesus as if he were a **shepherd**. Just as a shepherd protects his sheep, Jesus protects those who trust in him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 211 | 1PE | 3 | intro | cqf4 | 0 | # 1 Peter 3 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\n1. How believers should act toward other people (2:11–3:12)\n2. How believers should endure suffering (3:13–4:6)\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry that is quoted from the Old Testament in 3:10-12.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### “Outward ornaments”\n\nMost people want to look good so other people will like them and think they are good people. Women are especially careful to look good by wearing nice clothes and jewels. Peter is saying that what a woman thinks and says and does are more important to God than how she looks.\n\n### Unity\n\nPeter wanted his readers to agree with each other. More importantly, he wanted them to love each other and be patient with each other.\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Metaphor\n\nPeter quotes a psalm that describes God as if he were a person with eyes, ears, and a face. However, God is a spirit, so he does not have physical eyes or ears or a physical face. But he does know what people do, and he does act against wicked people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |||
| 212 | 1PE | 3 | 1 | p454 | 0 | General Information: | Peter begins to speak specifically to women who are wives. | ||
| 213 | 1PE | 3 | 1 | cj7z | ὁμοίως, γυναῖκες, ὑποτασσόμεναι τοῖς ἰδίοις ἀνδράσιν | 1 | In the same way, wives, submit to your own husbands | Just as believers are to “obey every human authority” ([1 Peter 2:13](../02/13.md)) and servants are to “be subject” to their masters ([1 Peter 2:18](../02/18.md)), wives are to **submit** to their **husbands**. The words “obey,” “be subject,” and “submit” translate the same word. | |
| 214 | 1PE | 3 | 1 | wp5p | figs-metonymy | τινες ἀπειθοῦσιν τῷ λόγῳ | 1 | some are disobedient to the word | Here, **the word** refers to the gospel message. To disobey means that they do not believe. See how you translated a similar phrase in [1 Peter 2:8](../02/08.md). Alternate translation: “some men do not believe the message about Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 215 | 1PE | 3 | 1 | bs56 | figs-idiom | κερδηθήσονται | 1 | they will be won | This means that the unbelieving husbands will become believers. Alternate translation: “they will be persuaded to believe in Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
| 216 | 1PE | 3 | 1 | kbis | figs-activepassive | κερδηθήσονται | 1 | they will be won | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “they will become believers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 217 | 1PE | 3 | 1 | qp4q | figs-ellipsis | ἄνευ λόγου | 1 | without a word | Alternate translation: “without the wife saying a word.” Here, **a word** refers to anything the wife might speak about Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) |
| 218 | 1PE | 3 | 2 | zft4 | figs-abstractnouns | ἐποπτεύσαντες τὴν ἐν φόβῳ ἁγνὴν ἀναστροφὴν ὑμῶν | 1 | having seen your pure behavior with respect | The abstract noun **behavior** can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: “having seen that you behave sincerely and respectfully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
| 219 | 1PE | 3 | 2 | ng3s | τὴν ἐν φόβῳ ἁγνὴν ἀναστροφὴν ὑμῶν | 1 | your pure behavior with respect | This could mean: (1) This refers to their sincere behavior toward them and the way that they honor them. (2) This refers to their pure behavior toward them and the way that they honor God. | |
| 220 | 1PE | 3 | 3 | p1bg | 0 | Connecting Statement: | Peter continues speaking to women who are wives. | ||
| 221 | 1PE | 3 | 4 | l2yq | figs-metonymy | ὁ κρυπτὸς τῆς καρδίας ἄνθρωπος | 1 | the inner person of the heart | Here the words **inner man** and **heart** refer to the person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 222 | 1PE | 3 | 4 | x6us | figs-doublet | ὁ κρυπτὸς τῆς καρδίας ἄνθρωπος | 1 | the inner man of the heart | Here the words **inner man** and **heart** both refer to the inward character and personality of a person. Alternate translation: “what you really are on the inside” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) |
| 223 | 1PE | 3 | 4 | gbw9 | τοῦ πραέως καὶ ἡσυχίου πνεύματος | 1 | of a gentle and quiet spirit | Alternate translation: “of a gentle and peaceful attitude.” Here the word **quiet** means “peaceful” or “calm.” The word **spirit** refers to a person’s attitude or temperament. | |
| 224 | 1PE | 3 | 4 | j5bu | figs-metaphor | ὅ ἐστιν ἐνώπιον τοῦ Θεοῦ πολυτελές | 1 | which is precious before God | Peter speaks of God’s opinion of a person as if that person were standing directly in front of him. Alternate translation: “which God considers to be precious” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 225 | 1PE | 3 | 6 | j1tp | κύριον, αὐτὸν καλοῦσα | 1 | called him lord | saying that he was her lord, that is, her master | |
| 226 | 1PE | 3 | 6 | t3xl | figs-metaphor | ἧς ἐγενήθητε τέκνα | 1 | whose children you have become | Peter says that believing women who act as Sarah acted can be thought of as if they were her actual **children**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 227 | 1PE | 3 | 7 | lbc2 | 0 | General Information: | Peter begins to speak specifically to men who are husbands. | ||
| 228 | 1PE | 3 | 7 | f5ay | ὁμοίως | 1 | in the same way | This refers back to how Sarah and other godly women obeyed their husbands in [1 Peter 3:5](../03/05.md) and [1 Peter 3:6](../03/06.md). | |
| 229 | 1PE | 3 | 7 | lulz | figs-abstractnouns | συνοικοῦντες κατὰ γνῶσιν, ὡς ἀσθενεστέρῳ σκεύει τῷ γυναικείῳ | 1 | live with your wife according to understanding, as with a weaker container | The abstract noun **understanding** can also be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “live with your wife, understanding that she is the weaker partner” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
| 230 | 1PE | 3 | 7 | eq1z | figs-metaphor | ὡς ἀσθενεστέρῳ σκεύει | 1 | as with a weaker container | Peter speaks of women as if they were containers, as men are sometimes also spoken of. Alternate translation: “knowing that she is not as strong as you are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 231 | 1PE | 3 | 7 | a88w | figs-abstractnouns | ἀπονέμοντες τιμήν ὡς καὶ συνκληρονόμοις χάριτος ζωῆς | 1 | assigning her honor as also fellow heirs of the grace of life | You can translate this using verbal phrases. Alternate translation: “honor her because she will also receive by grace the eternal life that God gives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
| 232 | 1PE | 3 | 7 | n4rf | figs-metaphor | συνκληρονόμοις χάριτος ζωῆς | 1 | fellow heirs of the grace of life | Eternal **life** is often spoken of as if it were something that people inherit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 233 | 1PE | 3 | 7 | dv7t | grammar-connect-logic-result | εἰς τὸ | 1 | so that | Here this phrase introduces the result that will happen if husbands treat their wives well. Alternate translation: “Live with your wives in this way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) |
| 234 | 1PE | 3 | 7 | dwm6 | figs-activepassive | εἰς τὸ μὴ ἐνκόπτεσθαι τὰς προσευχὰς ὑμῶν | 1 | so that your prayers will not be hindered | To “hinder” is to prevent something from happening. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “so that nothing will hinder your prayers” or “so that nothing will keep you from praying as you should” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 235 | 1PE | 3 | 8 | nk97 | 0 | General Information: | Peter begins to speak again to all of the believers. | ||
| 236 | 1PE | 3 | 8 | f5y7 | ὁμόφρονες | 1 | be likeminded | Alternate translation: “have the same opinion and be” or “have the same attitude and be” | |
| 237 | 1PE | 3 | 8 | rut5 | εὔσπλαγχνοι | 1 | tenderhearted | being gentle and compassionate towards others | |
| 238 | 1PE | 3 | 9 | z5u3 | figs-metaphor | μὴ ἀποδιδόντες κακὸν ἀντὶ κακοῦ, ἢ λοιδορίαν ἀντὶ λοιδορίας | 1 | Do not pay back evil in exchange for evil or insult in exchange for insult | Peter speaks of responding to the actions of another person as remitting payment for those actions. Alternate translation: “Do not do evil to someone who does evil to you or insult someone who insults you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 239 | 1PE | 3 | 9 | t6il | figs-explicit | εὐλογοῦντες | 1 | blessing | You can clarify the object of **blessing**. Alternate translation: “continue to bless those who do evil to you or insult you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
| 240 | 1PE | 3 | 9 | w5df | figs-activepassive | εἰς τοῦτο ἐκλήθητε | 1 | to this you were called | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God called you for this” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 241 | 1PE | 3 | 9 | n3xc | figs-metaphor | ἵνα εὐλογίαν κληρονομήσητε | 1 | so that you might inherit a blessing | Peter speaks of receiving God’s **blessing** as receiving an inheritance. Alternate translation: “that you might receive God’s blessing as your permanent possession” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 242 | 1PE | 3 | 10 | dpf2 | figs-explicit | 0 | General Information: | In these verses Peter quotes from the Psalms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 243 | 1PE | 3 | 10 | p9bl | figs-parallelism | ζωὴν ἀγαπᾶν, καὶ ἰδεῖν ἡμέρας ἀγαθὰς | 1 | to love life and to see good days | These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize the desire to have a good life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) |
| 244 | 1PE | 3 | 10 | btkp | figs-metaphor | ἰδεῖν ἡμέρας ἀγαθὰς | 1 | to see good days | Here experiencing good things is spoken of as seeing good things. Alternate translation: “experience good things during life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 245 | 1PE | 3 | 10 | t5en | figs-metonymy | ἡμέρας ἀγαθὰς | 1 | good days | The word **days** refers to one’s lifetime. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 246 | 1PE | 3 | 10 | wq2b | figs-parallelism | παυσάτω τὴν γλῶσσαν ἀπὸ κακοῦ, καὶ χείλη τοῦ μὴ λαλῆσαι δόλον | 1 | Let … stop his tongue from evil and his lips from speaking deceit | These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize the command not to lie. Alternate translation: “stop saying evil and deceitful things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) |
| 247 | 1PE | 3 | 10 | rqa9 | figs-synecdoche | τὴν γλῶσσαν…χείλη | 1 | his tongue … his lips | The words **tongue** and **lips** refer to the person who is speaking. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) |
| 248 | 1PE | 3 | 11 | n5sr | figs-metaphor | ἐκκλινάτω…ἀπὸ κακοῦ | 1 | let him turn away from evil | Here, **turn away** is a metaphor that means to stop doing something. Alternate translation: “let him stop doing what is bad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 249 | 1PE | 3 | 12 | yn5l | figs-synecdoche | ὀφθαλμοὶ Κυρίου ἐπὶ δικαίους | 1 | the eyes of the Lord are upon the righteous | The word **eyes** refers to the Lord’s ability to know things. Alternate translation: “The Lord knows the righteous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) |
| 250 | 1PE | 3 | 12 | m2a0 | figs-metaphor | ὀφθαλμοὶ Κυρίου ἐπὶ δικαίους | 1 | the eyes of the Lord are upon the righteous | The Lord’s approval of the righteous is spoken of as his seeing them. Alternate translation: “The Lord approves of the righteous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 251 | 1PE | 3 | 12 | r5xf | figs-synecdoche | ὦτα αὐτοῦ εἰς δέησιν αὐτῶν | 1 | his ears are upon their requests | The word “ears” refers to the Lord’s awareness of what people say. Alternate translation: “he hears their requests” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) |
| 252 | 1PE | 3 | 12 | tytz | figs-explicit | ὦτα αὐτοῦ εἰς δέησιν αὐτῶν | 1 | his ears are upon their requests | That the Lord hears their requests implies that he also responds to them. Alternate translation: “he grants their requests” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
| 253 | 1PE | 3 | 12 | t22b | figs-metaphor | πρόσωπον δὲ Κυρίου ἐπὶ | 1 | But the face of the Lord is against | Opposing someone is spoken of as setting one’s face against that person. Alternate translation: “the Lord opposes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 254 | 1PE | 3 | 12 | es9n | figs-synecdoche | πρόσωπον δὲ Κυρίου ἐπὶ | 1 | But the face of the Lord is against | The word **face** refers to the Lord’s will to oppose his enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) |
| 255 | 1PE | 3 | 13 | wkw4 | 0 | Connecting Statement: | Peter continues teaching the believers how to live Christian lives. | ||
| 256 | 1PE | 3 | 13 | e1ma | figs-rquestion | τίς ὁ κακώσων ὑμᾶς, ἐὰν τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ ζηλωταὶ γένησθε? | 1 | who is the one who will harm you if you are a zealot of what is good? | Peter asks this question to emphasize that it is unlikely that someone would harm them if they do good things. Alternate translation: “no one will harm you if you do good things.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) |
| 257 | 1PE | 3 | 14 | f6ch | figs-abstractnouns | πάσχοιτε διὰ δικαιοσύνην | 1 | you suffer because of righteousness | You can translate this with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “you suffer because you do what is right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
| 258 | 1PE | 3 | 14 | xg3m | figs-activepassive | μακάριοι | 1 | you are blessed | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God will bless you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 259 | 1PE | 3 | 14 | f9u8 | figs-parallelism | τὸν δὲ φόβον αὐτῶν, μὴ φοβηθῆτε μηδὲ ταραχθῆτε | 1 | But do not fear their fear, nor be troubled | These two phrases share similar meanings and emphasize that believers should not be afraid of those who persecute them. Alternate translation: “But do not be afraid of what people might do to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) |
| 260 | 1PE | 3 | 14 | yz6y | τὸν…φόβον αὐτῶν | 1 | their fear | Here the word **their** refers to anyone who might try to harm those to whom Peter is writing. | |
| 261 | 1PE | 3 | 15 | ju58 | δὲ…ἁγιάσατε | 1 | Instead, sanctify | Alternate translation: “Instead of being troubled, set apart” | |
| 262 | 1PE | 3 | 15 | vgv7 | figs-metaphor | Κύριον…τὸν Χριστὸν ἁγιάσατε ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις ὑμῶν | 1 | sanctify the Lord Christ in your hearts | The phrase “sanctify the Lord Christ” is a metaphor for acknowledging Christ’s holiness. Alternate translation: “acknowledge in your hearts that the Lord Christ is holy” or “honor the Lord Christ as holy within yourselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 263 | 1PE | 3 | 15 | qjg3 | figs-metonymy | ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις ὑμῶν | 1 | in your hearts | Here, **hearts** is a metonym for the “inner person.” Alternate translation: “within yourselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 264 | 1PE | 3 | 18 | me4u | 0 | Connecting Statement: | Peter explains how Christ suffered and what Christ accomplished by suffering. | ||
| 265 | 1PE | 3 | 18 | g1xd | figs-metaphor | ἵνα ὑμᾶς προσαγάγῃ τῷ Θεῷ | 1 | so that he might bring us to God | Peter probably means here that Christ died in order to create a close relationship between us and God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 266 | 1PE | 3 | 18 | j5lh | figs-metaphor | θανατωθεὶς…σαρκὶ | 1 | having been put to death in the flesh | Here, **flesh** refers to Christ’s body; Christ was physically put to death. Alternate translation: “having been killed physically” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 267 | 1PE | 3 | 18 | q9fa | figs-activepassive | θανατωθεὶς…σαρκὶ | 1 | having been put to death in the flesh | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “since people put Christ to death physically” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 268 | 1PE | 3 | 18 | h6v4 | figs-activepassive | ζῳοποιηθεὶς…πνεύματι | 1 | having been made alive in the spirit | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God made him alive spiritually” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 269 | 1PE | 3 | 18 | n7nh | πνεύματι | 1 | in the spirit | This could mean: (1) This refers to a spiritual existence. (2) This refers to the Holy Spirit’s power. | |
| 270 | 1PE | 3 | 19 | hp82 | ἐν ᾧ | 1 | in which | This could mean: (1) This refers to his spiritual existence. (2) This refers to the Holy Spirit’s power. | |
| 271 | 1PE | 3 | 19 | ez3d | τοῖς ἐν φυλακῇ πνεύμασιν | 1 | to the spirits in prison | Here, **spirits** could mean: (1) This refers to evil spirits. (2) This refers to spirits of the dead people. | |
| 272 | 1PE | 3 | 20 | s7qm | figs-metonymy | ἀπεξεδέχετο ἡ τοῦ Θεοῦ | 1 | the patience of God | The word **patience** is a metonym for God himself. Alternate translation: “God himself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 273 | 1PE | 3 | 20 | qxah | figs-personification | ὅτε ἀπεξεδέχετο ἡ τοῦ Θεοῦ μακροθυμία | 1 | when the patience of God was waiting | Peter writes of God’s patience as if it is a person. Alternate translation: “when God was waiting patiently” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) |
| 274 | 1PE | 3 | 20 | c6mi | figs-activepassive | ἐν ἡμέραις Νῶε, κατασκευαζομένης κιβωτοῦ | 1 | in the days of Noah, while an ark was being constructed | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “during the time of Noah, when he was building an ark” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 275 | 1PE | 3 | 21 | jti3 | δι’ ἀναστάσεως Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ | 1 | through the resurrection of Jesus Christ | Alternate translation: “because of the resurrection of Jesus Christ.” This phrase completes the thought, “This is a symbol of the baptism that saves you now” | |
| 276 | 1PE | 3 | 22 | g4qh | figs-metonymy | ὅς ἐστιν ἐν δεξιᾷ Θεοῦ | 1 | who is at the right hand of God | To be at the **right hand of God** is a symbol that God has given Jesus greatest honor and authority over all others. Alternate translation: “who is beside God in the place of honor and authority” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 277 | 1PE | 3 | 22 | f6jq | ὑποταγέντων αὐτῷ | 1 | after … had been subjected to him | Alternate translation: “when … had submitted to Jesus Christ” | |
| 278 | 1PE | 4 | intro | zh5n | 0 | # 1 Peter 4 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\n1. How believers should endure suffering (3:13–4:6)\n2. The end is near (4:7–11)\n3. How believers should respond to trials (4:12–19)\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry that is quoted from the Old Testament in 4:18.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Ungodly Gentiles\n\nThis passage uses the term “Gentiles” to refer to all ungodly people who are not Jews. It does not include Gentiles who have become Christians. “Sensuality, passion, drunkenness, carousings, wild parties, and disgusting acts of idolatry” were actions that characterized or typified the ungodly Gentiles. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]])\n\n### Martyrdom\n\nIt is apparent that Peter is speaking to many Christians who are experiencing great persecution and are facing death for their beliefs.\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### “Let it” and “Let none” and “Let him” and “Let those”\n\nPeter uses these phrases to tell his readers what he wants them to do. They are like commands because he wants his readers to obey. But it is as if he is telling one person what he wants other people to do. | |||
| 279 | 1PE | 4 | 1 | b8d4 | 0 | Connecting Statement: | Peter continues to teach the believers about Christian living. He begins by giving a conclusion to his thoughts from the previous chapter about Christ’s sufferings. | ||
| 280 | 1PE | 4 | 1 | ess6 | σαρκὶ | 1 | in the flesh | Alternate translation: “in his body” | |
| 281 | 1PE | 4 | 1 | p2rv | figs-metaphor | ὑμεῖς τὴν αὐτὴν ἔννοιαν ὁπλίσασθε | 1 | arm yourselves with the same intention | The phrase **arm yourselves** makes readers think of soldiers who get their weapons ready for battle. It also pictures **the same intention** as a weapon or perhaps as a piece of armor. Here this metaphor means that believers should be determined in their mind to suffer as Jesus did. Alternate translation: “prepare yourselves with the same thoughts that Christ had” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 282 | 1PE | 4 | 1 | vjw2 | σαρκὶ | 1 | in the flesh | Here “flesh” means “body.” Alternate translation: “in his body” or “while here on earth” | |
| 283 | 1PE | 4 | 1 | d66g | πέπαυται ἁμαρτίας | 1 | has ceased from sin | Alternate translation: “has stopped sinning” | |
| 284 | 1PE | 4 | 2 | gbb6 | ἀνθρώπων ἐπιθυμίαις | 1 | for the desires of men | for the things that sinful people normally desire | |
| 285 | 1PE | 4 | 3 | rp5p | κώμοις, πότοις | 1 | carousing, drunken parties | These terms refer to activities in which people gather to drink alcohol excessively and behave in a shameful manner. | |
| 286 | 1PE | 4 | 4 | q6k6 | τῆς ἀσωτίας ἀνάχυσιν | 1 | outpouring of their reckless behavior | These examples of wild, boundless sin are spoken of as if they were great floods of water that were being poured out. | |
| 287 | 1PE | 4 | 4 | w1d8 | τῆς ἀσωτίας | 1 | of their reckless behavior | doing everything they can to satisfy the desires of their bodies | |
| 288 | 1PE | 4 | 5 | xw39 | τῷ ἑτοίμως ἔχοντι κρῖναι | 1 | to the one who is ready to judge | This could mean: (1) This refers to God, who is ready to judge. (2) This refers to Christ, who is ready to judge. | |
| 289 | 1PE | 4 | 5 | dx7v | figs-merism | ζῶντας καὶ νεκρούς | 1 | the living and the dead | This means all people, whether they are still alive or have died. Alternate translation: “every person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) |
| 290 | 1PE | 4 | 6 | u54m | καὶ νεκροῖς εὐηγγελίσθη | 1 | the gospel was preached also to the dead | This could mean: (1) The gospel was preached also to people who had already died. (2) The gospel was preached also to those who were alive but are now dead. | |
| 291 | 1PE | 4 | 6 | ql11 | figs-activepassive | εὐηγγελίσθη | 1 | the gospel was preached | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. This could mean: (1) Christ preached. Alternate translation: “Christ preached the gospel” (2) Men preached. Alternate translation: “men preached the gospel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 292 | 1PE | 4 | 6 | hsg6 | figs-activepassive | κριθῶσι…κατὰ ἀνθρώπους σαρκὶ | 1 | they were judged in the flesh according to men | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. This could mean: (1) God judged them in this life on earth. Alternate translation: “God judged them in their bodies as humans” (2) Men judged them according to human standards. Alternate translation: “men judged them in their bodies as humans” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 293 | 1PE | 4 | 6 | s72f | figs-euphemism | κριθῶσι…κατὰ ἀνθρώπους σαρκὶ | 1 | they were judged in the flesh according to men | This is a reference to death as the ultimate form of judgment. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) |
| 294 | 1PE | 4 | 6 | h154 | ζῶσι…κατὰ Θεὸν πνεύματι | 1 | they may live in the spirit according to God | This could mean: (1) They should live spiritually as God lives because the Holy Spirit will enable them to do so. (2) They should live according to God’s standards by the power of the Holy Spirit. | |
| 295 | 1PE | 4 | 7 | e445 | πάντων…τὸ τέλος | 1 | the end of all things | This refers to the end of the world at Christ’s second coming. | |
| 296 | 1PE | 4 | 7 | qs1t | figs-metaphor | ἤγγικεν | 1 | has come near | The end that will happen soon is spoken of as if it has physically come closer in distance. Alternate translation: “will soon happen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 297 | 1PE | 4 | 7 | ubd4 | figs-parallelism | σωφρονήσατε…καὶ νήψατε | 1 | be of sound mind, and be sober | These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Peter uses them to emphasize the need to think clearly about life since the end of the world is near. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) |
| 298 | 1PE | 4 | 7 | k5hh | figs-idiom | νήψατε | 1 | be sober | Here the word **sober** refers to mental clarity and alertness. See how you translated this in [1 Peter 1:13](../01/13.md). Alternate translation: “control your thoughts” or “be careful about what you think” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
| 299 | 1PE | 4 | 8 | x6ac | πρὸ πάντων | 1 | above all | Alternate translation: “most importantly of all” | |
| 300 | 1PE | 4 | 8 | f1lr | figs-personification | ὅτι ἀγάπη καλύψει πλῆθος ἁμαρτιῶν | 1 | for love covers a multitude of sins | Peter describes **love** as if it were a person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) |
| 301 | 1PE | 4 | 8 | b7p0 | figs-metaphor | ἀγάπη καλύψει πλῆθος ἁμαρτιῶν | 1 | for love covers a multitude of sins | Peter speaks of **love** as a person who places a cover over the sins of others. This could mean: (1) A person who loves will not try to find out if another person has sinned. (2) A person who loves will forgive the sins of other people, even if those sins are many. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 302 | 1PE | 4 | 9 | g3vw | φιλόξενοι | 1 | hospitable | showing kindness to and welcoming guests and travelers | |
| 303 | 1PE | 4 | 10 | xvj3 | figs-explicit | ἕκαστος καθὼς ἔλαβεν χάρισμα | 1 | Just as each one has received a gift | This refers to special spiritual abilities that God gives to believers. Alternate translation: “Because each one of you has received a special spiritual ability as a gift from God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
| 304 | 1PE | 4 | 11 | ir6x | figs-activepassive | ἵνα ἐν πᾶσιν δοξάζηται ὁ Θεὸς | 1 | so that in all God may be glorified | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “so that in all ways you will glorify God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 305 | 1PE | 4 | 11 | wq9e | δοξάζηται | 1 | may be glorified | may be praised and honored | |
| 306 | 1PE | 4 | 12 | vw9s | figs-metaphor | τῇ ἐν ὑμῖν πυρώσει πρὸς πειρασμὸν ὑμῖν γινομένῃ | 1 | the fiery trial among you that is happening for a testing to you | In the same way that fire refines gold, trials test and refine a person’s faith. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 307 | 1PE | 4 | 13 | rgb5 | figs-doublet | χαρῆτε ἀγαλλιώμενοι | 1 | you may rejoice, being full of joy | These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize the intensity of joy. Alternate translation: “rejoice even more” or “be very glad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) |
| 308 | 1PE | 4 | 13 | mhj1 | ἐν τῇ ἀποκαλύψει τῆς δόξης αὐτοῦ | 1 | at the revealing of his glory | Alternate translation: “when God reveals Christ’s glory” | |
| 309 | 1PE | 4 | 14 | i6ul | figs-metonymy | εἰ ὀνειδίζεσθε ἐν ὀνόματι Χριστοῦ | 1 | If you are reviled for the name of Christ | Here the word **name** refers to Christ himself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 310 | 1PE | 4 | 14 | kswc | figs-activepassive | εἰ ὀνειδίζεσθε ἐν ὀνόματι Χριστοῦ | 1 | If you are reviled for the name of Christ | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “If people insult you because you believe in Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 311 | 1PE | 4 | 14 | i1kq | figs-parallelism | τὸ τῆς δόξης καὶ τὸ τοῦ Θεοῦ Πνεῦμα | 1 | the Spirit of glory and of God | Both of these refer to the Holy Spirit. Alternate translation: “the Spirit of glory, who is the Spirit of God” or “the glorious Spirit of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) |
| 312 | 1PE | 4 | 14 | nx6p | ἐφ’ ὑμᾶς ἀναπαύεται | 1 | is resting on you | is staying with you | |
| 313 | 1PE | 4 | 15 | nr6n | ἀλλοτριεπίσκοπος | 1 | a meddler | This refers to a person who gets involved with the affairs of others without having a right to do so. | |
| 314 | 1PE | 4 | 16 | xm8z | ἐν τῷ ὀνόματι τούτῳ | 1 | in this name | Alternate translation: “because he bears the name Christian” or “because people have recognized him as a Christian.” The words **this name** refer to the word “Christian” | |
| 315 | 1PE | 4 | 17 | x9np | figs-metaphor | τοῦ οἴκου τοῦ Θεοῦ | 1 | the household of God | This phrase refers to believers, whom Peter speaks of as God’s family. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 316 | 1PE | 4 | 17 | c8ke | figs-rquestion | εἰ δὲ πρῶτον ἀφ’ ἡμῶν, τί τὸ τέλος τῶν ἀπειθούντων τῷ τοῦ Θεοῦ εὐαγγελίῳ? | 1 | but if first with us, what will be the end of those disobeying the gospel of God? | Peter use this question to emphasize that God’s judgment will be more severe for people who reject the gospel than for believers. Alternate translation: “If it begins with us, the outcome for those who do not obey God’s gospel will be much worse.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) |
| 317 | 1PE | 4 | 17 | z9zc | τί τὸ τέλος τῶν ἀπειθούντων | 1 | what will be the end of those disobeying | Alternate translation: “what will happen to those who disobey” | |
| 318 | 1PE | 4 | 17 | l3db | τῶν ἀπειθούντων τῷ τοῦ Θεοῦ εὐαγγελίῳ | 1 | of those disobeying the gospel of God | Alternate translation: “of those who do not believe God’s gospel.” Here the word **disobeying** means they do not believe. | |
| 319 | 1PE | 4 | 18 | t762 | figs-activepassive | εἰ ὁ δίκαιος μόλις σῴζεται | 1 | If with difficulty the righteous are being saved | Here the word **saved** refers to final salvation when Christ returns. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “If the righteous person experiences many difficulties before God saves him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 320 | 1PE | 4 | 18 | w8ke | figs-rquestion | ὁ δίκαιος…ὁ ἀσεβὴς καὶ ἁμαρτωλὸς ποῦ φανεῖται? | 1 | the righteous … where will the ungodly and the sinner appear? | Peter use this question to emphasize that sinners will suffer much more than believers do. Alternate translation: “the righteous man … the outcome will be much worse for the ungodly and the sinner.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) |
| 321 | 1PE | 4 | 18 | ms54 | ὁ ἀσεβὴς καὶ ἁμαρτωλὸς ποῦ φανεῖται | 1 | where will the ungodly and the sinner appear | Alternate translation: “what will happen to the ungodly and the sinner” | |
| 322 | 1PE | 4 | 18 | wb4v | figs-doublet | ὁ ἀσεβὴς καὶ ἁμαρτωλὸς | 1 | the ungodly and the sinner | The words **ungodly** and **sinner** mean basically the same thing and emphasize the wickedness of these people. Alternate translation: “ungodly sinners” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) |
| 323 | 1PE | 4 | 19 | qm3u | figs-synecdoche | παρατιθέσθωσαν τὰς ψυχὰς αὐτῶν | 1 | let … entrust their souls | Here the word **souls** refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “let … entrust themselves” or “let … entrust their lives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) |
| 324 | 1PE | 4 | 19 | wih1 | figs-abstractnouns | ἐν ἀγαθοποιΐᾳ | 1 | in well-doing | The abstract noun **well-doing** can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “while they do good” or “while they live rightly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
| 325 | 1PE | 5 | intro | a6d9 | 0 | # 1 Peter 5 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\n1. Instructions for relationships among believers (5:1–11)\n2. Conclusion (5:12–14)\n\nMost people in the ancient Near East would end a letter the way Peter ends this one.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Crowns\n\nThe crown that the Chief Shepherd will give is a reward, something that people who do something especially good receive. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/reward]])\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Lion\n\nAll animals are afraid of lions because they are fast and strong, and they eat almost every other kind of animal. They also eat people. Satan wants to make God’s people afraid, so Peter uses the simile of a lion to teach his readers that Satan can harm their bodies, but if they trust in God and obey him, they will always be God’s people, and God will care for them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])\n\n### Babylon\n\nBabylon was the evil nation that in Old Testament times had destroyed Jerusalem, taken the Jews away from their homes, and ruled over them. Peter uses Babylon as a metaphor for the nation that was persecuting the Christians he was writing to. He could have been referring to Jerusalem because the Jews were persecuting the Christians. Or he could have been referring to Rome because the Romans were persecuting the Christians. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |||
| 326 | 1PE | 5 | 1 | s8fr | 0 | General Information: | Peter speaks specifically to men who are elders. | ||
| 327 | 1PE | 5 | 1 | yb3l | figs-metonymy | τῆς μελλούσης ἀποκαλύπτεσθαι δόξης | 1 | of the glory that is about to be revealed | This is a reference to Christ’s second coming. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 328 | 1PE | 5 | 1 | a6ve | figs-activepassive | τῆς μελλούσης ἀποκαλύπτεσθαι δόξης | 1 | of the glory that is about to be revealed | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “of the glory of Christ that God will soon reveal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 329 | 1PE | 5 | 2 | a5s7 | figs-metaphor | ποιμάνατε τὸ…ποίμνιον τοῦ Θεοῦ | 1 | Shepherd the flock of God | Peter speaks of the believers as a **flock** of sheep and the elders as the shepherds who care for them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 330 | 1PE | 5 | 3 | lta9 | figs-metaphor | μηδ’ ὡς κατακυριεύοντες τῶν κλήρων, ἀλλὰ τύποι γινόμενοι | 1 | And not as lording it over those who are allotted to you, but be examples | Elders are to lead by example and not act toward the people as a harsh master would toward his servants. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 331 | 1PE | 5 | 3 | xwr3 | figs-abstractnouns | τῶν κλήρων | 1 | those who are allotted to you | You can translate this using a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “those whom God has placed in your care” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
| 332 | 1PE | 5 | 4 | td11 | figs-metaphor | φανερωθέντος τοῦ ἀρχιποίμενος | 1 | when the Chief Shepherd has been revealed | Peter speaks of Jesus as if he were a **shepherd** who had authority over all other shepherds. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 333 | 1PE | 5 | 4 | qlek | figs-activepassive | φανερωθέντος τοῦ ἀρχιποίμενος | 1 | when the Chief Shepherd has been revealed | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “when Jesus, the Chief Shepherd, appears” or “when God reveals Jesus, the Chief Shepherd” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 334 | 1PE | 5 | 4 | ll4r | figs-metaphor | τὸν ἀμαράντινον τῆς δόξης στέφανον | 1 | the unfading crown of glory | Here the word **crown** represents the reward that someone receives as a symbol of victory. The word **unfading** means that it is eternal. Alternate translation: “a glorious prize that will last forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 335 | 1PE | 5 | 4 | c6h3 | τῆς δόξης στέφανον | 1 | crown of glory | glorious crown | |
| 336 | 1PE | 5 | 5 | qm2h | 0 | General Information: | Peter gives an instruction specifically to younger men and then continues to instruct all of the believers. | ||
| 337 | 1PE | 5 | 5 | x6c2 | ὁμοίως | 1 | In the same way | This refers back to the way the elders were to submit to the Chief Shepherd as Peter described in [1 Peter 5:1](../05/01.md) through [1 Peter 5:4](../05/04.md). | |
| 338 | 1PE | 5 | 5 | uh4n | πάντες | 1 | all of you | This refers to all believers, not just the younger men. | |
| 339 | 1PE | 5 | 5 | r6s6 | figs-metaphor | τὴν ταπεινοφροσύνην ἐγκομβώσασθε | 1 | clothe yourselves with humility | Peter speaks of having the moral quality of **humility** as putting on a piece of clothing. Alternate translation: “act humbly toward each other” or “act with humility” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 340 | 1PE | 5 | 6 | bie6 | figs-metonymy | ὑπὸ τὴν κραταιὰν χεῖρα τοῦ Θεοῦ | 1 | under the mighty hand of God | Here the word **hand** refers to God’s power to save the humble and punish the proud. Alternate translation: “under God’s great power” or “before God, realizing that he has great power,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 341 | 1PE | 5 | 7 | c1uu | figs-metaphor | πᾶσαν τὴν μέριμναν ὑμῶν ἐπιρίψαντες ἐπ’ αὐτόν | 1 | having cast all your anxiety on him | Peter speaks of **anxiety** as if it were a heavy burden that a person places on God, rather than carrying it himself. Alternate translation: “trusting him with everything that worries you” or “letting him take care of all the things that trouble you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 342 | 1PE | 5 | 8 | k9nt | figs-idiom | νήψατε | 1 | Be sober | Here the word **sober** refers to mental clarity and alertness. See how you translated this in [1 Peter 1:13](../01/13.md). Alternate translation: “Control your thoughts” or “Be careful about what you think” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
| 343 | 1PE | 5 | 8 | tl7i | figs-simile | διάβολος, ὡς λέων ὠρυόμενος περιπατεῖ, ζητῶν τινα καταπιεῖν | 1 | the devil, is walking around like a roaring lion, seeking someone to devour | Peter compares the **devil** to a **roaring lion**. Just as a hungry lion completely devours its prey, the devil is **seeking** to completely destroy the faith of believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) |
| 344 | 1PE | 5 | 8 | l4u5 | περιπατεῖ | 1 | is walking around | Alternate translation: “walking about” or “walking about and hunting” | |
| 345 | 1PE | 5 | 9 | v451 | ὑμῶν ἀδελφότητι | 1 | your brotherhhood | Alternate translation: “your fellow believers” | |
| 346 | 1PE | 5 | 9 | i4ur | ἐν τῷ κόσμῳ | 1 | in the world | Alternate translation: “in various places throughout the world” | |
| 347 | 1PE | 5 | 10 | eex1 | 0 | General Information: | This is the end of Peter’s letter. Here he gives his final remarks about his letter and his closing greetings. | ||
| 348 | 1PE | 5 | 10 | suu9 | ὀλίγον | 1 | for a little while | Alternate translation: “for a short time” | |
| 349 | 1PE | 5 | 10 | p648 | ὁ…Θεὸς πάσης χάριτος | 1 | the God of all grace | Here the word **grace** may refer either to the things that **God** gives or to God’s character. This could mean: (1) This refers to the God who always gives us what we need. (2) This refers to the God who is always gracious. | |
| 350 | 1PE | 5 | 10 | lwz6 | ὁ καλέσας ὑμᾶς εἰς τὴν αἰώνιον αὐτοῦ δόξαν ἐν Χριστῷ | 1 | who has called you to his eternal glory in Christ | Alternate translation: “who has chose you to share his eternal glory in heaven because you are joined to Christ” | |
| 351 | 1PE | 5 | 10 | qf2h | καταρτίσει | 1 | will perfect | Alternate translation: “make perfect” or “restore” or “make well again” | |
| 352 | 1PE | 5 | 10 | j2nt | figs-metaphor | σθενώσει, θεμελιώσει | 1 | strengthen, and establish you | These two expressions have similar meanings, that is, that God will enable the believers to trust in him and to obey him regardless of any suffering they may experience. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 353 | 1PE | 5 | 12 | an6q | διὰ Σιλουανοῦ, ὑμῖν…δι’ ὀλίγων ἔγραψα | 1 | Through Silvanus … I wrote to you briefly | Silvanus wrote the words that Peter told him to write in the letter. | |
| 354 | 1PE | 5 | 12 | g1t6 | figs-metonymy | ταύτην εἶναι ἀληθῆ χάριν τοῦ Θεοῦ | 1 | this is the true grace of God | This refers back to what Paul has written. Here the word **grace** refers to the gospel message, which tells of the kind things that God has done for believers. Alternate translation: “I have written about the true grace of God” or “the gospel message I have written is God’s grace to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 355 | 1PE | 5 | 12 | nm72 | figs-metaphor | εἰς ἣν στῆτε | 1 | Stand in it | The word **it** refers to “the true grace of God.” Being strongly committed to this grace is spoken of as standing firmly in one place, refusing to move. Alternate translation: “Remain strongly committed to it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 356 | 1PE | 5 | 13 | muq7 | writing-symlanguage | ἡ ἐν Βαβυλῶνι | 1 | She who is in Babylon | Here, **she** probably refers to the group of believers who live in **Babylon**. Here, **Babylon** could mean: (1) This is a symbol for the city of Rome. (2) This is a symbol for anywhere that Christians are suffering. (3) This is a literal reference to the city of Babylon. It most likely refers to the city of Rome. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) |
| 357 | 1PE | 5 | 13 | rpf5 | figs-activepassive | συνεκλεκτὴ | 1 | chosen together with you | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “whom God has chosen as he has chosen you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 358 | 1PE | 5 | 13 | ws2x | figs-metaphor | ὁ υἱός μου | 1 | my son | Peter speaks of Mark as if he is his spiritual **son**. Alternate translation: “my spiritual son” or “who is like a son to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 359 | 1PE | 5 | 14 | fc7b | φιλήματι ἀγάπης | 1 | a kiss of love | Alternate translation: “a loving kiss” or “a kiss to show your love for each other” |