unfoldingWord_en_tn/en_tn_02-EXO.tsv

Book	Chapter	Verse	ID	SupportReference	OrigQuote	Occurrence	GLQuote	OccurrenceNote
EXO	front	intro	b4pp		הָ⁠אָבְנָ֑יִם	1		# Introduction to Exodus<br><br>## Part 1: General Introduction<br><br>### Outline of Exodus<br><br>1. Israel in Egypt; preparing to depart from slavery (1–12)<br><br>*   First genealogy (1:1–6)<br>*   Israel as slaves in Egypt (1:7–22)<br>*   Moses’ history to the time of the Exodus (2:1–4:26)<br>*   Israel suffers in Egypt (4:27–6:13)<br>*   Second genealogy (6:14–27)<br>*   Moses and Aaron go to Pharaoh (6:28–7:25)<br>*   The plagues (8:1–11:10)<br><br>1. Instructions for celebrating the Passover (12:1–30)<br>2. From Egypt to Mount Sinai (12:31–18:27)<br><br>*   The Passover; preparing to leave Egypt; leaving Egypt (12:31–50, 13:1–22)<br>*   Journey from Egypt to Mount Sinai (14:1–18:27)<br><br>1. Mount Sinai and the Law (19-40)<br><br>*   Preparing for the covenant (19:1–25)<br>*   The Ten Commandments (20:1–17)<br>*   The covenant described (20:18–23:33)<br>*   The people agree to the covenant; Moses returns to Mount Sinai (24:1–18)<br>*   Design of the tabernacle and its furnishings; what was required of those who serve in it; tabernacle functions (25:1–31:18)<br>*   The golden calf; Moses prays for the people (32:1–33:22)<br>*   The covenant described again (34:1–35)<br>*   Making of the ark and its furnishings (35:1–38:31) and priestly garments (39:1–43, 40:1–33)<br>*   The cloud (40:34–38)<br><br>### What is the book of Exodus about?<br><br>Exodus continues the story of the previous book, Genesis. The first half of Exodus is about how Yahweh made Abraham’s descendants into a nation. This nation, which would be called “Israel,” was meant to belong to Yahweh and worship him. The second half of Exodus describes how God gave the Israelites his law through Moses. The law of Moses told the Israelites how to obey and worship Yahweh properly.<br><br>The book of Exodus tells how the Israelites were to build the tabernacle. The tabernacle was a tent where Yahweh would be among his people. The Israelites worshiped and sacrificed animals to Yahweh at the tabernacle. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/tabernacle]])<br><br>### How should the title of this book be translated?<br><br>“Exodus” means “exit” or “departure.” Translators may translate this title in a way that can communicate its subject clearly, for example, “About the Israelites Leaving Egypt” or “How the Israelites Left the Land of Egypt.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])<br><br>### Who wrote the book of Exodus?<br><br>The writers of both the Old and New Testaments present Moses as being very involved with writing the book of Exodus. Since ancient times, both Jews and Christians have thought that Moses wrote Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy.<br><br>### Why did Moses write so much about God delivering or rescuing the people of Israel?<br><br>Moses wrote much about God rescuing his people from the Egyptians to show that Yahweh is very powerful. Egypt was the most powerful nation at that time, but Yahweh was still able to free the Israelites from the Egyptians. Also, by rescuing the Israelites, Yahweh showed that he had chosen them as his people, and they should worship him.<br><br>### How does the book of Exodus show the fulfillment of the promises given to Abraham?<br><br>The book of Exodus shows God beginning to fulfill his promise to Abraham. In Genesis, God promised Abraham that he would have many descendants and that they would become a large nation. When God rescued the Israelites from the Egyptians, he took them to Mount Sinai. There he made a covenant with them, and they became the nation that belonged to Yahweh.<br><br>## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts<br><br>### What was the Jewish Passover?<br><br>The Jewish Passover was a religious festival. Yahweh commanded the Israelites to celebrate it every year. Passover was a time to remember how God rescued Israel from the Egyptians. The first Passover meal was eaten in the evening just before they left Egypt.<br><br>### What was the law of Moses to the people of Israel?<br><br>The law of Moses instructed the people of Israel about what Yahweh required them to do as his people. In the law, God told the people how they should live so that they would honor him. He also instructed them about their need to offer animal sacrifices. God required these sacrifices so that he could forgive their sins and continue living among them. The law also described the duties of the priests and told how to build the tabernacle.<br><br>### What did it mean that Israel was to be a “kingdom of priests and a holy nation” ([19:6](../19/06.md) ULT)?<br><br>Israel was a holy nation because Yahweh separated them from all other nations to belong to him. They were to honor and worship him only. This made them different from all the other nations of the world. These other nations worshiped many false gods.<br><br>## Part 3: Important Translation Issues<br><br>### Thus says Yahweh<br><br>This phrase is used many times in the Old Testament to introduce Yahweh’s speech. Your team should pick a standard translation. See [4:intro](../04/intro.md) for more.<br><br>### Pharaoh’s stubborn heart<br><br>Between chapters 4–14 there are 18 cases where Pharaoh’s heart is described as strong (11x), heavy (6x), or hard (1x), and one case where the Egyptians’ hearts are described as strong. These are metaphors for being stubborn, that is, being unwilling to obey Yahweh or even to do what is clearly in his own and Egypt’s best interest. Many cultures have similar metaphors, but not all will use the same body part. Within these cases, six times there is a neutral description that Pharaoh was stubborn without saying anyone made him so ([7:13](../07/13.md), [7:14](../07/14.md), [7:22](../07/22.md), [8:19](../08/19.md), [9:7](../09/07.md), [9:35](../09/35.md)); three times Pharaoh makes himself stubborn ([8:15](../08/15.md), [8:32](../08/32.md), [9:34](../09/34.md)); and ten times Yahweh makes Pharaoh/the Egyptians stubborn ([4:21](../04/21.md), [7:3](../07/03.md), [9:12](../09/12.md), [10:1](../10/01.md), [10:20](../10/20.md), [10:27](../10/27.md), [11:10](../11/10.md), [14:4](../14/04.md), [14:8](../14/08.md), [14:17](../14/17.md)).<br><br>### Why are the details of the construction of the tabernacle in Exodus 25–32 repeated in Exodus 35–40?<br><br>In Exodus 25–32, God describes exactly how the tabernacle was to be built. The details were repeated in Exodus 35–40. This showed that the people were to be careful to do exactly as God commanded.<br><br>### Are the events in the order that they actually happened?<br><br>Most, but not all, of the events in the book of Exodus are told in the order that they actually happened. Translators may need to make it clear when the events are in an unusual order.<br><br>### What does it mean that God “lived” among his people?<br><br>The book of Exodus presents God as living in the tabernacle among the nation of Israel. God is everywhere, but he lived among the Israelites in a special way. God dwelled with the Israelites because they belonged to him. He promised to lead them and bless them. In return, the people were to worship him and honor him.
EXO	1	intro	cj55	​	וַ⁠יֵּ֥לֶךְ	0		# Exodus 01 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter is intended to form a smooth transition from the last chapter of the book of Genesis.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Israel’s growth<br><br>Israel grew in number. This was in fulfillment of the covenant God made with Abraham. It also caused the Egyptians great concern that there would be more Israelites than Egyptians, because the Egyptians would be unable to defend themselves against such a large number of people. Pharaoh also tried to kill all of the male babies so they would not become soldiers who fought against him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])<br><br>### End of the famine<br><br>It is obvious that some time has passed since the beginning of the famine which brought the Israelites into Egypt. Yahweh appears to be punishing the Hebrews for not returning to the Promised Land, but instead, choosing to stay in Egypt. No return attempt is recorded to have been made. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### “All of the descendants of Jacob were 70 in number”<br><br>This number included both Jacob’s children and grandchildren. It may cause confusion, but it is important to remember Jacob only had 12 sons.
EXO	1	1	851f	​writing-background	​	1		Verses 1–7 are background information for the story. If your language has a way of structuring background information, consider using it for these verses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
EXO	1	1	g89k	figs-metonymy	​וּ⁠בֵית֖⁠וֹ	1	household	Here, **house** refers to all of the people who live together, usually a large family with servants. Alternate translation: “and his household” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	1	1	fxbx	figs-go	הַ⁠בָּאִ֖ים… בָּֽאוּ	1		The words translated as **came in** could also be translated as “went in.” Use whichever form is most natural in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
EXO	1	1	e65z	​translate-names	יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל… יַעֲקֹ֔ב	1		**​Jacob** and **Israel** are two names for the same man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	1	5	fv84	translate-numbers	​שִׁבְעִ֣ים	1	seventy in number	“70 in number” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EXO	1	6	sh42	​grammar-connect-time-sequential	וַ⁠יָּ֤מָת	1		Jacob and his sons spent the rest of their lives in Egypt and died there. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential]])
EXO	1	6	g5qg	​	וְ⁠כָל־אֶחָ֔י⁠ו	1	all his brothers	**All his brothers** includes ten older brothers and one younger brother. If your language has different words for those, you can say, “his ten older brothers and his younger brother” 
EXO	1	6	8g2k	​figs-possession	אֶחָ֔י⁠ו	1		This an instance of the possessive of social relationship. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
EXO	1	7	9uwr	​figs-metonymy	וּ⁠בְנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֗ל	1		This is the first of many times in this book that **sons of Israel** refers to the Israelite nation or people. Alternate translation: “And the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	1	7	2ccy	​figs-doublet	פָּר֧וּ וַֽ⁠יִּשְׁרְצ֛וּ וַ⁠יִּרְבּ֥וּ וַ⁠יַּֽעַצְמ֖וּ	1		All of these verbs mean similar things and are used together to emphasize that the Israelite people became very numerous. If your language doesn’t have as many words that mean the same thing, you can use fewer words and express the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “multiplied and became extremely numerous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
EXO	1	7	uo65	​	פָּר֧וּ… וַ⁠יִּרְבּ֥וּ… וַ⁠תִּמָּלֵ֥א הָ⁠אָ֖רֶץ	1		Compare your translation of **fruitful … and multiplied … and the land was filled** here to Genesis 1:28; ​9:1, 7; and especially Genesis 35:11, where God renamed Jacob to be called Israel.
EXO	1	7	nk2l	figs-metaphor	​פָּר֧וּ	1	were fruitful	The birth of children to the Israelites is spoken of as if they were plants that were producing fruit. Alternate translation: “had many children” or “gave birth to many children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	1	7	r2f1	figs-activepassive	וַ⁠תִּמָּלֵ֥א הָ⁠אָ֖רֶץ אֹתָֽ⁠ם	1	the land was filled with them	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they filled the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	1	7	3tcv	​figs-idiom	בִּ⁠מְאֹ֣ד מְאֹ֑ד	1		Here the same word is used twice to emphasize how many the Israelite people had become. If your language does not repeat words like this, express the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “with much power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	1	7	piq4	writing-participants	​אֹתָֽ⁠ם	1	with them	Here, **them** refers to the Israelites. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
EXO	1	8	6y05	writing-newevent	​וַ⁠יָּ֥קָם	1		This sentence introduces a new event in the story. If your language marks this with particular discourse features, apply them here. (See:[[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
EXO	1	8	470t	writing-participants	מֶֽלֶךְ־חָדָ֖שׁ	1		​The story begins with the new king. Your language may have a specific way to introduce new events or new characters in a story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
EXO	1	8	t6jd	figs-metonymy	וַ⁠יָּ֥קָם מֶֽלֶךְ־חָדָ֖שׁ עַל־מִצְרָ֑יִם	1	arose over Egypt	Here, **Egypt** refers to the place and the people of Egypt. Alternate translation: “And a new king began to rule over the Egyptians and the country of Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	1	8	04cx	figs-metonymy	​לֹֽא־יָדַ֖ע אֶת־יוֹסֵֽף	1		Here, **Joseph** refers to both the person Joseph and to all of the good things that he did for Egypt. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	1	9	tf59	​writing-participants	​וַ⁠יֹּ֖אמֶר	1	He said to his people	“And the king said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
EXO	1	9	aku3	​figs-exclamations	הִנֵּ֗ה 	1		Here, **behold** draws special attention to what is about to be said. Use a way of drawing people’s attention that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Listen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
EXO	1	9	x65i	figs-possession	​עַמּ֑⁠וֹ	1	his people	The people are spoken of as if they belonged to the king. This is an instance of the possessive of social relationship. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
EXO	1	9	t7s1		​עַמּ֑⁠וֹ	1		There is some ambiguity as to whom exactly Pharaoh was addressing. It could have been: 1) the people who lived in Egypt, the Egyptians or 2) some group of “his people” like his advisors, generals, nobles, or friends and family. Even if option 1 is meant, it is quite possible that he actually spoke to some smaller group of representatives, as in option 2. 
EXO	1	9	jik8		מִמֶּֽ⁠נּוּ	1		Use a way that is natural in your language to compare non-specific sizes of groups of people. Alternate translation: “more than we are”
EXO	1	9	njuf	figs-quotemarks	הִנֵּ֗ה	1		Beginning from **behold** to the end of [verse 10](../01/10.md) is a direct quote of what the king said. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	1	10	hiq4	figs-exclusive	​נִֽתְחַכְּמָ֖ה… שֹׂ֣נְאֵ֔י⁠נוּ… בָּ֖⁠נוּ	1	let us	The word **us** is inclusive and refers to the king and his people, the Egyptians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
EXO	1	10	8wvb	grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical	​פֶּן־יִרְבֶּ֗ה וְ⁠הָיָ֞ה כִּֽי־תִקְרֶ֤אנָה מִלְחָמָה֙	1		The king suggests a combination of two hypothetical events: 1. There are even more Israelites, 2. There is a battle. These are followed by a series of undesirable consequences: 3. The Israelites join an enemy, 4. The Israelites attack the Egyptians, 5. The Israelites leave Egypt. While the series of consequences is also technically hypothetical, the king’s language indicates that if 1-2 happen, then 3-5 are certain. Use language that makes it clear that the first two events are hypothetical, and that the next three are consequences that could be expected if the first two events happen. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]])
EXO	1	10	jc1h	​	וְ⁠עָלָ֥ה מִן־הָ⁠אָֽרֶץ	1	leave the land	“and he leaves Egypt”
EXO	1	10	ni77	figs-quotemarks	הָ⁠אָֽרֶץ	1		After this phrase, the direct quote of what the king said comes to an end. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with a closing first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the end of a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	1	11	y2mi	​	​שָׂרֵ֣י	1	taskmasters	Egyptians whose job it was to force the Israelites to do hard work.
EXO	1	11	o926	​	מִסִּ֔ים	1		Here the plural means groups. Alternative translation: “work crews” 
EXO	1	11	l9lj		​לְמַ֥עַן עַנֹּת֖⁠וֹ בְּ⁠סִבְלֹתָ֑⁠ם	1	to oppress them with hard labor	“to force the Israelites to do hard work for the Egyptians”
EXO	1	11	pkz4	​translate-unknown	​עָרֵ֤י מִסְכְּנוֹת֙	1	store cities	These were places where the leaders put away food and other important things to keep them safe. Alternative translation: “cities in which to put away things to keep them safe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	1	11	dy34	​figs-possession	​עָרֵ֤י מִסְכְּנוֹת֙	1		The possessive is objective; storage of goods is what occurs in the cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
EXO	1	12	c1fy	​grammar-connect-logic-contrast	וְ⁠כַ⁠אֲשֶׁר֙ יְעַנּ֣וּ אֹת֔⁠וֹ כֵּ֥ן יִרְבֶּ֖ה וְ⁠כֵ֣ן יִפְרֹ֑ץ	1		This sentence expresses a result that is opposite of what the king expected. If your language has a way to express something happening that was opposite of what was expected, use that structure. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
EXO	1	12	pdfk	figs-abstractnouns	וַ⁠יָּקֻ֕צוּ	1		“And they were afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO	1	12	qgzz	figs-metonymy	מִ⁠פְּנֵ֖י בְּנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל	1		Here, **face** figuratively means the presence of a person. The phrase means that the Egyptians were afraid of the Israelites’ existence in the country. Alternate translation: “whenever they saw an Israelite” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	1	13	j1q6	​figs-abstractnouns	וַ⁠יַּעֲבִ֧דוּ מִצְרַ֛יִם אֶת־בְּנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל בְּ⁠פָֽרֶךְ	1	made…work rigorously	Here, **rigor** is a noun used to modify the verb **enslaved**. **Rigor** could refer either to how hard the work was or how unkindly the Egyptians treated the Israelites. Alternate translation: “And the Egyptians made the sons of Israel work very hard” or “And the Egyptians harshly made the sons of Israel work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO	1	14	mx6v	figs-metaphor	​וַ⁠יְמָרְר֨וּ	1	made their lives bitter	The difficult lives of the Israelites are spoken of as if they were bitter food that was difficult to eat. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	1	14	jre2	figs-abstractnouns	בַּ⁠עֲבֹדָ֣ה קָשָׁ֗ה	1		**Slavery** is an abstract noun modified by **hard**. Alternative translation: “by making them work hard as slaves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO	1	14	cuq7	​translate-unknown	​בְּ⁠חֹ֨מֶר֙	1	mortar	This was a wet glue or mud put between bricks or stones that held them together when it dried. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	1	14	h5dx	​translate-unknown	וּ⁠בִ⁠לְבֵנִ֔ים	1		**Bricks** are hardened rectangular blocks of mud, clay etc., used for building. (Source: Wiktionary) The clay or mud was hardened either in the sun or by heating it to higher temperatures in other ways. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	1	14	gzq7	​	​אֵ֚ת כָּל־עֲבֹ֣דָתָ֔⁠ם אֲשֶׁר־עָבְד֥וּ בָ⁠הֶ֖ם בְּ⁠פָֽרֶךְ׃	1	All their required work was hard	“the Egyptians made them work very hard” or “the Egyptians forced them to work very hard” See how you translated this in [verse 13](../01/13.md)
EXO	1	14	5nzx	​writing-participants	וַ⁠יְמָרְר֨וּ…בָ⁠הֶ֖ם	1		These pronouns refer to the Egyptians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
EXO	1	14	acj5	​writing-participants	חַיֵּי⁠הֶ֜ם…עֲבֹ֣דָתָ֔⁠ם…עָבְד֥וּ	1		These pronouns refer to the Israelites. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
EXO	1	15	yoaj	​writing-newevent	וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר֙	1		This sentence introduces a new event in the story.  If your language marks this with particular discourse features, apply them here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
EXO	1	15	hhw1	​	​לַֽ⁠מְיַלְּדֹ֖ת	1	midwives	**Midwives** were women who helped a pregnant woman give birth to a baby.
EXO	1	15	h8f8	translate-names	​שִׁפְרָ֔ה…פּוּעָֽה	1	Shiphrah…Puah	These are Hebrew women’s names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	1	15	h59t	writing-participants	​שִׁפְרָ֔ה…פּוּעָֽה	1		The midwives are introduced here as new participants in the story. Use your language’s way to introduce new characters in a story.​ (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
EXO	1	16	4wwz	​	וַ⁠יֹּ֗אמֶר	1		In the UST, **And the king said**, is combined with “spoke” from [verse 15](../01/15.md), because the verb for “say”  is used twice before he speaks. This may be strange in some languages. If it would be unnatural to say that the king spoke or said twice, you may leave one off.
EXO	1	16	yovg	figs-quotemarks	בְּ⁠יַלֶּדְ⁠כֶן֙ אֶת־הָֽ⁠עִבְרִיּ֔וֹת וּ⁠רְאִיתֶ֖ן עַל־הָ⁠אָבְנָ֑יִם אִם־בֵּ֥ן הוּא֙ וַ⁠הֲמִתֶּ֣ן אֹת֔⁠וֹ וְ⁠אִם־בַּ֥ת הִ֖יא וָ⁠חָֽיָה	1		This is a direct quote of what the king said. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	1	16	5lke	​figs-youdual	בְּ⁠יַלֶּדְ⁠כֶן֙…וּ⁠רְאִיתֶ֖ן…וַ⁠הֲמִתֶּ֣ן	1		The king is speaking to the two midwives, so the form of **you** is plural. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a dual or plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/​figs-youdual]])
EXO	1	16	h3mb	figs-metonymy	עַל־הָ⁠אָבְנָ֑יִם	1	on the birthstool	Women sat on this short stool as they gave birth. Therefore, it is associated with birth. Alternate translation: “as they give birth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	1	16	nms7	grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical	​אִם־בֵּ֥ן הוּא֙ וַ⁠הֲמִתֶּ֣ן אֹת֔⁠וֹ וְ⁠אִם־בַּ֥ת הִ֖יא וָ⁠חָֽיָה	1		​These two statements are hypothetical conditions (starting at **if**) with instructions for what the midwives should do in each situation (starting at **then**). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]])
EXO	1	17	gy7k	grammar-connect-logic-contrast	וַ⁠תִּירֶ֤אןָ	1		Use a conjunction or other language structure that expresses contrast. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
EXO	1	18	y9g5	​	​לַֽ⁠מְיַלְּדֹ֔ת	1	midwives	These were women who helped a woman give birth to a baby. See how you translated this in [Exodus 1:15](../01/15.md).
EXO	1	18	00l4	figs-quotemarks	מַדּ֥וּעַ עֲשִׂיתֶ֖ן הַ⁠דָּבָ֣ר הַ⁠זֶּ֑ה וַ⁠תְּחַיֶּ֖יןָ אֶת־הַ⁠יְלָדִֽים	1		This is a direct quote of the king’s question. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation.  (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	1	18	y73k	​figs-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר לָ⁠הֶ֔ן מַדּ֥וּעַ עֲשִׂיתֶ֖ן הַ⁠דָּבָ֣ר הַ⁠זֶּ֑ה וַ⁠תְּחַיֶּ֖יןָ אֶת־הַ⁠יְלָדִֽים	1		This could be translated as an indirect quote. Alternate translation: “and he asked them why they were letting the sons live.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
EXO	1	18	q1sy		מַדּ֥וּעַ עֲשִׂיתֶ֖ן הַ⁠דָּבָ֣ר הַ⁠זֶּ֑ה וַ⁠תְּחַיֶּ֖יןָ אֶת־הַ⁠יְלָדִֽים	1	Why have you done this, and let the baby boys live?	Alternate translation: “Why have you not killed the baby boys?”
EXO	1	18	8onv	​figs-youdual	עֲשִׂיתֶ֖ן	1		This **you** is plural. The king is speaking to the two midwives. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a dual or plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/​figs-youdual]])
EXO	1	19	7t6z	figs-quotemarks	כִּ֣י לֹ֧א כַ⁠נָּשִׁ֛ים הַ⁠מִּצְרִיֹּ֖ת הָֽ⁠עִבְרִיֹּ֑ת כִּֽי־חָי֣וֹת הֵ֔נָּה בְּ⁠טֶ֨רֶם תָּב֧וֹא אֲלֵ⁠הֶ֛ן הַ⁠מְיַלֶּ֖דֶת וְ⁠יָלָֽדוּ	1		This is a direct quote of the midwives’ response. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	1	19	9gqe	grammar-connect-logic-result	כִּ֣י לֹ֧א כַ⁠נָּשִׁ֛ים הַ⁠מִּצְרִיֹּ֖ת הָֽ⁠עִבְרִיֹּ֑ת כִּֽי־חָי֣וֹת הֵ֔נָּה בְּ⁠טֶ֨רֶם תָּב֧וֹא אֲלֵ⁠הֶ֛ן הַ⁠מְיַלֶּ֖דֶת וְ⁠יָלָֽדוּ	1		The midwives give a reason, **the Hebrew women are not like the Egyptian women**, and then they expand on that reason, **for they are lively** (or energetic), with the result that **before the midwife comes to them, they have given birth.**  (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
EXO	1	19	0ppa	figs-synecdoche	וַ⁠תֹּאמַ֤רְןָ הַֽ⁠מְיַלְּדֹת֙	1		It may not make sense in your language to say that multiple people said something, so you may need to translate it in the singular (see UST). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
EXO	1	19	2ivn		הַֽ⁠מְיַלְּדֹת֙	1		These were women who helped a woman give birth to a baby. See how you translated this in [Exodus 1:15](../01/15.md).
EXO	1	20	eh25	​	​לַֽ⁠מְיַלְּדֹ֑ת	1	midwives	These were women who helped a woman give birth to a baby. See how you translated this in [Exodus 1:15](../01/15.md).
EXO	1	20	h133	figs-doublet	וַ⁠יִּ֧רֶב הָ⁠עָ֛ם וַ⁠יַּֽעַצְמ֖וּ מְאֹֽד	1	The people increased in numbers	These words mean similar things and are used together to emphasize their numeric growth. If your language doesn’t have as many words that mean the same thing, you can use fewer words and express the emphasis in another way. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
EXO	1	20	0wpb	​grammar-connect-logic-result	​וַ⁠יֵּ֥יטֶב אֱלֹהִ֖ים לַֽ⁠מְיַלְּדֹ֑ת	1		This phrase is more logically connected to the statements in verse 21. It describes the result of the midwives fearing God with a general statement. You may need to rearrange vs 20-21 so that the reason (vs 21) comes before both the general and specific results. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
EXO	1	21	3q9e	​grammar-connect-logic-result	וַ⁠יְהִ֕י כִּֽי־יָֽרְא֥וּ הַֽ⁠מְיַלְּדֹ֖ת אֶת־הָ⁠אֱלֹהִ֑ים	1		This is the reason for what God did. You may need to rearrange vs 20-21 so that the reason (vs 21) comes before both the general and specific results. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
EXO	1	21	pbve	​grammar-connect-logic-result	וַ⁠יַּ֥עַשׂ לָ⁠הֶ֖ם בָּתִּֽים	1		This describes the result of the midwives fearing God with a specific statement. You may need to rearrange vs 20-21 so that the reason (vs 21) comes before both the general and specific results. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
EXO	1	21	jx9c		בָּתִּֽים	1	he gave them families	“households”
EXO	1	22	ld1j	figs-explicit	כָּל־הַ⁠בֵּ֣ן הַ⁠יִּלּ֗וֹד הַ⁠יְאֹ֨רָ⁠ה֙ תַּשְׁלִיכֻ֔⁠הוּ	1	You must throw every son…into the river	This order was given in order to drown the male children. The full meaning of this may be made explicit. Alternate translation: “You must dispose of each new baby boy in the river so he will drown” or “Drown each baby boy in the river when he is born” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	1	22	a6b2	figs-quotations	וַ⁠יְצַ֣ו פַּרְעֹ֔ה לְ⁠כָל־עַמּ֖⁠וֹ לֵ⁠אמֹ֑ר כָּל־הַ⁠בֵּ֣ן הַ⁠יִּלּ֗וֹד הַ⁠יְאֹ֨רָ⁠ה֙ תַּשְׁלִיכֻ֔⁠הוּ וְ⁠כָל־הַ⁠בַּ֖ת תְּחַיּֽוּ⁠ן	1		From **You shall** to the end of the verse is a direct quote of Pharaoh’s speech. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. However, it could be translated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “And Pharaoh commanded all of his people to throw every baby boy into the river, but to let every girl live.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
EXO	1	22	stag	figs-youdual	תַּשְׁלִיכֻ֔⁠הוּ…תְּחַיּֽוּ⁠ן	1		The uses of the word **you** here refer to all the Egyptians. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/​figs-youdual]])
EXO	2	intro	rwf3			0		# Exodus 02 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br><br>### Covenant<br>God begins to relate to the Israelites based on his covenant with Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob.<br><br><br>### Moses’ heritage<br>In the first part of this chapter, Pharaoh’s daughter recognizes Moses as being a Hebrew, but in the last part of this chapter, the Midianites believe him to be an Egyptian.<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Identification of participants<br>- Moses is the only participant named in most of this chapter. This is because many of the participants play very minor roles and because this part of the story is focusing on Moses’ life.<br><br>### Ironic situations<br>- While Pharaoh tried to diminish the power of the Israelites by killing all of their baby boys, God used Pharaoh’s own daughter to save Moses.<br><br><br>- Moses believes he is meant to be the rescuer of his people, but they reject him. Ultimately, Moses was correct, but God had not yet sent him for that mission.
EXO	2	1	wvj9	writing-newevent	​וַ⁠יֵּ֥לֶךְ	1	Now	A new scene begins here; that may need to be marked in a certain way in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
EXO	2	1	riy7	writing-participants	אִ֖ישׁ…בַּת	1		These are new participants. They remain unnamed until [Exodus 6:20](../06/20.md) where they are identified as Amram and Jochebed. For now it is best to leave them unnamed in your language, if possible. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
EXO	2	1	40u9	figs-idiom	וַ⁠יִּקַּ֖ח אֶת־בַּת־לֵוִֽי	1		This is an idiom for marrying. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	2	2	s49k		ט֣וֹב	1		Alternative translations: “pleasing,” “fine,” or “healthy” (UST)
EXO	2	2	q4c0	grammar-connect-logic-result	וַ⁠תֵּ֤רֶא…וַֽ⁠תִּצְפְּנֵ֖⁠הוּ	1		Hiding the boy was a result of seeing that he was good. Alternative translation: “Since she saw … she hid him”  (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
EXO	2	2	00k4	translate-numbers	שְׁלֹשָׁ֥ה	1		3 (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EXO	2	3	t2gj	translate-unknown	תֵּ֣בַת גֹּ֔מֶא	1	papyrus basket	This is a basket made from a tall grass that grows by the Nile River in Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	2	3	tn3y	figs-explicit	וַ⁠תַּחְמְרָ֥⁠ה בַ⁠חֵמָ֖ר וּ⁠בַ⁠זָּ֑פֶת	1	sealed it with bitumen and pitch	You could explicitly state that this was to keep out water. Alternate translation: “spread tar on it to keep water from getting into it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	2	3	wpb6	translate-unknown	וַ⁠תַּחְמְרָ֥⁠ה 	1	sealed	This means that she applied a waterproof coating. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	2	3	ym3k	translate-unknown	בַ⁠חֵמָ֖ר	1	bitumen	This is a sticky black paste made from petroleum. It can be used to keep out water. Alternate translation: “with tar” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	2	3	v825	translate-unknown	וּ⁠בַ⁠זָּ֑פֶת 	1	pitch	This is a sticky brown or black paste that can be made from tree sap or from petroleum. Therefore, **pitch** would include not only bitumen but also plant-based resins. It too can be used to keep out water. Alternate translation: “and with tar” or “and with resin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	2	3	y8gq	translate-unknown	בַּ⁠סּ֖וּף	1	reeds	These **reeds** were a type of tall grass that grew in flat, wet areas. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	2	4	av8b		וַ⁠תֵּתַצַּ֥ב אֲחֹת֖⁠וֹ מֵ⁠רָחֹ֑ק	1	at a distance	This means she stood far enough away so that she would not be noticed, but close enough to see the ark. Use a word that expresses this sort of distance in your language.
EXO	2	4	9m7y	figs-abstractnouns	מֵ⁠רָחֹ֑ק	1		This probably means somewhere in the reeds where she could see the basket, but no one would see her. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO	2	4	4d7n	figs-kinship	אֲחֹת֖⁠וֹ	1		Here, the actions of **his sister** show that she is older. If your languages uses a different term for siblings based on their relative ages and/or the gender of the siblings use one that means “a boy’s older sister.” See UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-kinship]])<br>
EXO	2	4	z1cy	grammar-connect-logic-goal	לְ⁠דֵעָ֕ה מַה־יֵּעָשֶׂ֖ה לֽ⁠וֹ	1		This is her purpose in being close by. Alternative translation: “in order to learn what would happen to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
EXO	2	5	1vls	figs-go	וַ⁠תֵּ֤רֶד	1		**Came down** may be literal or figurative, as important places are often considered to be in a higher place. This means she came from her home, probably Pharaoh’s palace. If a perspective is required for Pharaoh’s daughter, you may choose go or come as works best in your language. “Come” is better as the scene is at the river and she comes to the scene location. However, you also need to consider your language’s way of introducing new participants. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) 
EXO	2	5	y26h	writing-participants	וַ⁠תֵּ֤רֶד בַּת־פַּרְעֹה֙	1		The **daughter of Pharaoh** is introduced here as a new participant. Along with choosing come or go as mentioned in the previous note, you may need to mark her introduction in a particular way in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
EXO	2	5	3van	writing-participants	וְ⁠נַעֲרֹתֶ֥י⁠הָ	1		These women are introduced here as new participants; however they are not mentioned again after this verse. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
EXO	2	5	im0d	figs-metaphor	עַל־יַ֣ד הַ⁠יְאֹ֑ר	1		**Hand** is a metaphor for “side,” which in this case can be translated as the shore or bank (UST) of the river. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	2	5	bi7s		וְ⁠נַעֲרֹתֶ֥י⁠הָ	1	her attendants	These were the young women whose job it was to be with her and make sure nothing bad happened to her.
EXO	2	5	am7g	writing-participants	וַ⁠תִּקָּחֶֽ⁠הָ	1		It is not clear who is meant by **she** here, either Pharaoh’s daughter or the servant. It is likely that Pharaoh’s daughter stays the subject. Alternative translation: “and she took the ark from her slave” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
EXO	2	6	g9n6	figs-exclamations	וְ⁠הִנֵּה	1	Behold	The word **behold** signals the surprising information that follows. See UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
EXO	2	6	tyub	grammar-connect-logic-result	וַ⁠תַּחְמֹ֣ל עָלָ֔י⁠ו	1		The text does not state exactly what caused her to have compassion on the baby. If a reason must be provided in your language it should be connected to either his crying (this is the better option) or that he was a “good” baby [verse 2](../02/02.md). (See:  [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
EXO	2	6	jg0d	figs-quotemarks	מִ⁠יַּלְדֵ֥י הָֽ⁠עִבְרִ֖ים זֶֽה	1		This is a direct quote. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. It seems to have been said loud enough for the baby’s sister to hear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	2	7	3zvu	figs-quotemarks	וְ⁠קָרָ֤אתִי לָ⁠ךְ֙ אִשָּׁ֣ה מֵינֶ֔קֶת מִ֖ן הָ⁠עִבְרִיֹּ֑ת וְ⁠תֵינִ֥ק לָ֖⁠ךְ אֶת־הַ⁠יָּֽלֶד	1		This is a direct quote of the baby’s sister. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	2	7	x5ja		וְ⁠קָרָ֤אתִי לָ⁠ךְ֙ אִשָּׁ֣ה מֵינֶ֔קֶת מִ֖ן הָ⁠עִבְרִיֹּ֑ת	1		This is a suggestive question. The child’s sister is hopeful that Pharaoh’s daughter does not have a plan yet for the baby beyond saving his life. However, it is still a true question, for without Pharaoh’s daughter’s permission, the child’s sister will not be able to fetch the woman. If your language has a way of forming questions that are also suggestions, use it here.
EXO	2	7	psb2	figs-possession	אֲחֹת⁠וֹ֮…בַּת־פַּרְעֹה֒	1		These are both the possessive of social relationship. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
EXO	2	7	d7aj		מֵינֶ֔קֶת…וְ⁠תֵינִ֥ק	1	nurse	**To nurse** means to feed with milk from the breast.
EXO	2	7	tqq9	grammar-connect-logic-goal	וְ⁠תֵינִ֥ק לָ֖⁠ךְ אֶת־הַ⁠יָּֽלֶד	1		This is the purpose of the sister’s proposal. Alternative translation: “And she could nurse the infant for you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
EXO	2	8	ab1m	figs-go	לֵ֑כִי…וַ⁠תֵּ֨לֶךְ֙	1		The girl left Pharaoh’s daughter to go to the child’s mother. The girl was almost certainly on foot. Use verbs of motion that express this. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
EXO	2	8	2456	figs-quotemarks	לֵ֑כִי	1		This is a direct quote. Pharaoh’s daughter commands the baby’s sister. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	2	8	lyyj	figs-possession	בַּת־פַּרְעֹ֖ה…אֵ֥ם הַ⁠יָּֽלֶד	1		These are both the possessive of social relationship. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
EXO	2	9	lmko	figs-possession	בַּת־פַּרְעֹ֗ה	1		This is the possessive of social relationship. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
EXO	2	9	u554	writing-participants	לָ֣⁠הּ	1		The child’s mother is reintroduced as a participant. Alternative translation: “to the baby’s mother” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
EXO	2	9	xp5x	figs-quotemarks	הֵילִ֜יכִי אֶת־הַ⁠יֶּ֤לֶד הַ⁠זֶּה֙ וְ⁠הֵינִקִ֣⁠הוּ לִ֔⁠י וַ⁠אֲנִ֖י אֶתֵּ֣ן אֶת־שְׂכָרֵ֑⁠ךְ	1		This is a direct quote. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	2	9	mogg		שְׂכָרֵ֑⁠ךְ	1		This refers to payment that Pharaoh’s daughter would give to the mother in exchange for her service of nursing the baby.
EXO	2	9	hqsa	figs-explicit	וַ⁠תִּקַּ֧ח…וַ⁠תְּנִיקֵֽ⁠הוּ	1		The mother’s acceptance of the deal is implied. You could make it explicit, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	2	10	zj8h	grammar-connect-time-sequential	וַ⁠יִגְדַּ֣ל הַ⁠יֶּ֗לֶד וַ⁠תְּבִאֵ֨⁠הוּ֙	1	she brought him	An unspecified amount of time is designated by this. He would have stayed with his mother at least until he was weaned (no longer drinking his mother’s milk). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential]])
EXO	2	10	ta4r	figs-possession	לְ⁠בַת־פַּרְעֹ֔ה	1		This is the possessive of social relationship. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
EXO	2	10	j7n1		וַֽ⁠יְהִי־לָ֖⁠הּ לְ⁠בֵ֑ן	1	he became her son	“and he became the adopted son of Pharaoh’s daughter”
EXO	2	10	h7to	grammar-connect-time-simultaneous	וַֽ⁠יְהִי־לָ֖⁠הּ לְ⁠בֵ֑ן וַ⁠תִּקְרָ֤א שְׁמ⁠וֹ֙ מֹשֶׁ֔ה	1		These events were likely simultaneous, because her act of naming him may have been what made him become **as a son to her**. Consider using a conjunction that does not make a great separtion between these events. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous]])
EXO	2	10	nh2m		מֹשֶׁ֔ה וַ⁠תֹּ֕אמֶר כִּ֥י מִן־הַ⁠מַּ֖יִם מְשִׁיתִֽ⁠הוּ	1	Because I drew him from the water	Translators may add a footnote that says, “The name Moses sounds like the Hebrew word that means ‘draw out.’” 
EXO	2	10	ityq	figs-quotations	וַ⁠תֹּ֕אמֶר כִּ֥י מִן־הַ⁠מַּ֖יִם מְשִׁיתִֽ⁠הוּ	1		This is a direct quote. It could be stated indirectly.  It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. Alternate translation: “because she said she draw him out of the water” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
EXO	2	10	yax4	translate-names	מֹשֶׁ֔ה	1	drew him	**Moses** - (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	2	11	tyol	grammar-connect-time-sequential	 וַ⁠יְהִ֣י׀ בַּ⁠יָּמִ֣ים הָ⁠הֵ֗ם וַ⁠יִּגְדַּ֤ל מֹשֶׁה֙ וַ⁠יֵּצֵ֣א	1		A significant amount of time has passed; later texts state that Moses was 40 years old at this point. Alternative translation: “Many years later, once Moses was grown, he went out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential]])
EXO	2	11	p7gx	writing-newevent	 וַ⁠יְהִ֣י׀ בַּ⁠יָּמִ֣ים הָ⁠הֵ֗	1		This introduces a new event in the story. In your language, use a phrase that indicates a new event occurring after significant time has passed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
EXO	2	11	917y	figs-go	וַ⁠יֵּצֵ֣א	1		The UST supplies a probable location that he **went out** from; it could also have been simply out from the Egyptian area or out to the work area or cities. Use go or come as appropriate in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
EXO	2	11	swn3		מַכֶּ֥ה אִישׁ־עִבְרִ֖י	1	striking a Hebrew	“hitting a Hebrew” or “beating a Hebrew”
EXO	2	12	m9bn	figs-merism	וַ⁠יִּ֤פֶן כֹּה֙ וָ⁠כֹ֔ה	1	He looked this way and that way	These two opposite directions have the combined meaning of “everywhere.” Alternate translation: “He looked all around” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
EXO	2	12	rmgn	figs-metonymy	וַ⁠יַּךְ֙	1		The context makes clear that Moses struck the Egyptian hard enough or repeatedly until Moses killed him. Consider using a word that indicates a deadly blow. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	2	13	qn45	figs-go	וַ⁠יֵּצֵא֙	1	He went out	See how you translated this in [Exodus 2:11](../02/11.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
EXO	2	13	83e6	translate-ordinal	הַ⁠שֵּׁנִ֔י	1		The ordinal number here could mean “the next day” (UST) or simply on some day following the events of the previous verse. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
EXO	2	13	rgn1	figs-exclamations	וְ⁠הִנֵּ֛ה	1	behold	Here, **behold** shows that Moses was surprised by what he saw. You can use a word in your language that will give this meaning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
EXO	2	13	i4d6		לָֽ⁠רָשָׁ֔ע	1	the one who was in the wrong	Based on Moses’s question, this means the aggressor or the man wrongfully attacking his neighbor. Alternate translation: “the man who was guilty of starting the fight”
EXO	2	13	duob	figs-quotemarks	לָ֥⁠מָּה תַכֶּ֖ה רֵעֶֽ⁠ךָ	1		This is a direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	2	14	qb2n	figs-rquestion	מִ֣י שָֽׂמְ⁠ךָ֞ לְ⁠אִ֨ישׁ שַׂ֤ר וְ⁠שֹׁפֵט֙ עָלֵ֔י⁠נוּ	1	Who made you a leader and judge over us?	The man used this question to rebuke Moses for intervening in the fight. Alternate translation: “You are not our leader and have no right to judge us!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
EXO	2	14	afne	figs-quotemarks	מִ֣י שָֽׂמְ⁠ךָ֞ לְ⁠אִ֨ישׁ שַׂ֤ר וְ⁠שֹׁפֵט֙ עָלֵ֔י⁠נוּ הַ⁠לְ⁠הָרְגֵ֨⁠נִי֙ אַתָּ֣ה אֹמֵ֔ר כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֥ר הָרַ֖גְתָּ אֶת־הַ⁠מִּצְרִ֑י	1		This is a direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	2	14	k6s5	figs-irony	הַ⁠לְ⁠הָרְגֵ֨⁠נִי֙ אַתָּ֣ה אֹמֵ֔ר כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֥ר הָרַ֖גְתָּ אֶת־הַ⁠מִּצְרִ֑י	1	Are you planning to kill me as you killed that Egyptian?	The man used a question here to be sarcastic. Alternate translation: “We know that you killed an Egyptian yesterday. You had better not kill me!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]] 
EXO	2	14	7qmk	figs-rquestion	הַ⁠לְ⁠הָרְגֵ֨⁠נִי֙ אַתָּ֣ה אֹמֵ֔ר כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֥ר הָרַ֖גְתָּ אֶת־הַ⁠מִּצְרִ֑י	1		The man asks a question that is intended to make a statement. Alternate translation: “Do you think you can kill me without anyone finding out? We know what you did to the Egyptian” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
EXO	2	14	d2ja		הַ⁠לְ⁠הָרְגֵ֨⁠נִי֙ אַתָּ֣ה אֹמֵ֔ר	1		“Are you planning to kill me” or “Are you threatening to kill me”
EXO	2	14	lyqh	figs-aside	אָכֵ֖ן נוֹדַ֥ע הַ⁠דָּבָֽר	1		It is likely this is something Moses said to himself, that is, he thought it to himself rather than speaking to the men in front of him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-aside]])
EXO	2	14	vfw5	figs-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּאמַ֔ר אָכֵ֖ן נוֹדַ֥ע הַ⁠דָּבָֽר	1		It may be clearer to present as an indirect quotation what was likely a thought Moses had. Alternative translation (as indirect quotation): “because he thought that everyone knew what he had done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
EXO	2	15	yutr		וַ⁠יְבַקֵּ֖שׁ לַ⁠הֲרֹ֣ג אֶת־מֹשֶׁ֑ה	1		Pharaoh most likely delegated this task. Alternative translation: “and he sought to have Moses killed” (note that the passive form will not work in every language), see UST
EXO	2	15	l5rc	figs-metonymy	מִ⁠פְּנֵ֣י	1		His **face** means his presence. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	2	15	otsl		וַ⁠יֵּ֥שֶׁב…וַ⁠יֵּ֥שֶׁב	1		These are the same verb. There are three possible interpretations: 1. Moses lived in Midian. He sat by this well one day. This may have been the well for the town he lived in. 2. Moses lived in Midian. His home was by this well. 3. Moses was a wanderer. He was in Midian and sat by this well when the next event occurred.
EXO	2	16	shg5	writing-background	וּ⁠לְ⁠כֹהֵ֥ן מִדְיָ֖ן שֶׁ֣בַע בָּנ֑וֹת	1	Now the priest of Midian had seven daughters	This sentence is background information. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
EXO	2	16	pjzc	writing-newevent	וּ⁠לְ⁠כֹהֵ֥ן מִדְיָ֖ן שֶׁ֣בַע בָּנ֑וֹת	1		This sentence is used to mark a transition. However, the last clause of the previous verse (“and he sat down by a well”) seems to be related to this new scene so you may want to make your transition there as is done in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
EXO	2	16	cfe5	writing-participants	שֶׁ֣בַע בָּנ֑וֹת וַ⁠תָּבֹ֣אנָה	1		The **daughters** are new participants. Indicate that in a way that is natural in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
EXO	2	16	sm8f	figs-go	וַ⁠תָּבֹ֣אנָה	1		The perspective of the narrative is set at the well. The daughters came from elsewhere to the well. They were probably on foot. Here each language will need to choose the appropriate word.  (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
EXO	2	16	v5yk	figs-possession	וּ⁠לְ⁠כֹהֵ֥ן מִדְיָ֖ן שֶׁ֣בַע בָּנ֑וֹת	1		This is the possessive of social relationship. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
EXO	2	16	esdm	translate-numbers	שֶׁ֣בַע 	1		7 (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EXO	2	16	i2jh		וַ⁠תִּדְלֶ֗נָה 	1	drew water	This means that they brought up water from a well.
EXO	2	16	g1e6	translate-unknown	הָ֣⁠רְהָטִ֔ים	1	troughs	These were a long, narrow, open containers for animals to eat or drink out of. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	2	16	p3uo	figs-possession	צֹ֥אן אֲבִי⁠הֶֽן	1		There are two possessives here: 1) **their father** is the possessive of social relationship; 2) **the flock of … father** is the possessive of ownership. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
EXO	2	17	k5yc	figs-go	וַ⁠יָּבֹ֥אוּ	1		A group of men came. They may not have been far away before coming and driving the women away. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
EXO	2	17	zksv	writing-participants	הָ⁠רֹעִ֖ים 	1		These are new, very brief, participants. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
EXO	2	17	z17m	grammar-connect-logic-contrast	וַ⁠יָּ֤קָם	1	helped them	Use an expression that communicates that what Moses did was unexpected. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
EXO	2	18	omzv	figs-go	וַ⁠תָּבֹ֕אנָה	1		The daughters came from the well to their father, probably on foot. You can use come or go. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
EXO	2	18	7t7t	translate-names	רְעוּאֵ֖ל	1		**Reuel**, a  name or perhaps a title, is used of the man only here and in Numbers 10:29. He is otherwise called “Jethro.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	2	18	95f3	writing-participants	רְעוּאֵ֖ל	1		The priest of Midian was mentioned in [v. 16](../02/16.md) in a background statement but is a new participant starting here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
EXO	2	18	tiqh	figs-possession	אֲבִי⁠הֶ֑ן	1		This is a possessive of social relationship. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
EXO	2	18	lukb	figs-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֕אמֶר מַדּ֛וּעַ מִהַרְתֶּ֥ן בֹּ֖א הַ⁠יּֽוֹם	1		This is a direct quote. You could use an indirect quotation such as “and he asked how they were able to return so quickly that day.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
EXO	2	18	44at	figs-go	בֹּ֖א	1		Alternative translation: “in returning” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
EXO	2	19	r01g	figs-quotemarks	אִ֣ישׁ מִצְרִ֔י הִצִּילָ֖⁠נוּ מִ⁠יַּ֣ד הָ⁠רֹעִ֑ים וְ⁠גַם־דָּלֹ֤ה דָלָה֙ לָ֔⁠נוּ וַ⁠יַּ֖שְׁקְ אֶת־הַ⁠צֹּֽאן	1		This is a direct quote. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	2	19	3g80		אִ֣ישׁ מִצְרִ֔י	1		Jethro’s daughters assume Moses was Egyptian. When you translate it, you should be clear that this refers to Moses.
EXO	2	19	hvb4	​figs-metonymy	מִ⁠יַּ֣ד	1		**Hand** figuratively refers to the power, control, or actions of the shepherds. Alternative translation: “from the strength of” or “from the harm of” or see UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	2	19	6gvb	figs-idiom	​דָּלֹ֤ה דָלָה֙	1		The repeated word expresses surprise or emphasizes the magnitude of Moses’ act of kindness to the women. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	2	20	x73j	figs-possession	בְּנֹתָ֖י⁠ו	1		This is a possessive of social relationship. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
EXO	2	20	x9yb	figs-rquestion	וְ⁠אַיּ֑⁠וֹ לָ֤⁠מָּה זֶּה֙ עֲזַבְתֶּ֣ן אֶת־הָ⁠אִ֔ישׁ	1	Why did you leave the man?	These questions are a mild rebuke to the daughters for not inviting Moses into their home according to the normal hospitality of that culture. Alternate translation: “You should not have left this man at the well!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
EXO	2	20	p6xh	figs-quotemarks	וְ⁠אַיּ֑⁠וֹ לָ֤⁠מָּה זֶּה֙ עֲזַבְתֶּ֣ן אֶת־הָ⁠אִ֔ישׁ קִרְאֶ֥ן ל֖⁠וֹ וְ⁠יֹ֥אכַל לָֽחֶם׃	1		This is a direct quotation.  It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	2	20	mb8w	writing-participants	ל֖⁠וֹ	1		**Him** refers to Moses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
EXO	2	20	hal8	figs-synecdoche	לָֽחֶם	1		**Bread** is used to refer to food in general. Alternative translation: “food” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
EXO	2	21	zvr1		וַ⁠יּ֥וֹאֶל מֹשֶׁ֖ה לָ⁠שֶׁ֣בֶת אֶת־הָ⁠אִ֑ישׁ	1	Moses agreed to stay with the man	“Moses agreed to live with Reuel”
EXO	2	21	y3q7	translate-names	צִפֹּרָ֥ה	1	Zipporah	**Zipporah** is Reuel’s (Jethro’s) daughter. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	2	21	4j8b	figs-possession	בִתּ֖⁠וֹ	1		This is a possessive of social relationship. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
EXO	2	22	l3xg	figs-quotemarks	גֵּ֣ר הָיִ֔יתִי בְּ⁠אֶ֖רֶץ נָכְרִיָּֽה	1		Only this portion is a quotation. As a possibility for clarity, the UST includes both speech events as one quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	2	22	n5b1	translate-names	גֵּרְשֹׁ֑ם	1	Gershom	This is Moses’ son. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	2	22	f76m	translate-names	גֵּרְשֹׁ֑ם	1		His name, **Gershom**, sounds somewhat like the Hebrew for “a stranger here.” You may consider using a footnote to explain that. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	2	22	q7d8		גֵּ֣ר הָיִ֔יתִי בְּ⁠אֶ֖רֶץ נָכְרִיָּֽה	1	resident in a foreign land	“stranger in a foreign land”
EXO	2	23	fjkt	writing-newevent	וַ⁠יְהִי֩ בַ⁠יָּמִ֨ים הָֽ⁠רַבִּ֜ים הָ⁠הֵ֗ם	1		This introduces a new section and series of events. A large amount of time went by. According to Stephen’s sermon in Acts 7:30, Moses was in Midian 40 years. Alternative translation: “This is what happened during the many days Moses was in Midian.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
EXO	2	23	1kw0	writing-background	וַ⁠יְהִי֩ בַ⁠יָּמִ֨ים הָֽ⁠רַבִּ֜ים הָ⁠הֵ֗ם	1		Verses 23-25 give a summary of what happened in Egypt and with the Israelites and God while Moses was in exile. These verses give background information to set the scene. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
EXO	2	23	csg2		וַ⁠יֵּאָנְח֧וּ	1	groaned	They **groaned** because of their sorrow and misery. Alternate translation: “sighed deeply”
EXO	2	23	x84a	figs-personification	וַ⁠תַּ֧עַל שַׁוְעָתָ֛⁠ם	1	their pleas went up to God	The cries of the Israelites are spoken of as if they were a person and were able to travel up to where God is. Alternate translation: “and their cries arose” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
EXO	2	24	sja4	figs-idiom	 וַ⁠יִּזְכֹּ֤ר אֱלֹהִים֙	1	God called to mind his covenant	This was a customary way of saying that God thought about what He had promised. Alternate translation: “and God recalled” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	3	intro	n6ze			0		# Exodus 03 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter records one of the most important events in the history of the Israelite people: the revelation of the name Yahweh at the burning bush. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reveal]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### God’s holiness<br><br>God is so holy that people could not look upon him without dying. This is why Moses covered his eyes. It is also why he took off his shoes. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])<br><br>### Yahweh<br><br>The name Yahweh is sacred in the Hebrew religion. It is the personal name of God, which he revealed to Moses. It is by this name that he is known. Yahweh means “I am.” Some translations use all capitals to set this apart, “I AM.” Great care must be taken in translating the phrase “I am that I am.” (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/yahweh]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Participants<br><br>“The angel of Yahweh,” “Yahweh,” and “God” all appear to be speaking to Moses and interacting with him from the burning bush. Furthermore, God says that his name is “I AM.” (See note above on Yahweh and I AM.) Yahweh and God are the same while there is speculation about who the angel of Yahweh is.
EXO	3	1	gqvh	writing-newevent	וּ⁠מֹשֶׁ֗ה הָיָ֥ה רֹעֶ֛ה	1		This phrase brings the story focus back to Midian and Moses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
EXO	3	1	oqcr	writing-background	וּ⁠מֹשֶׁ֗ה הָיָ֥ה רֹעֶ֛ה אֶת־צֹ֛אן יִתְר֥וֹ חֹתְנ֖⁠וֹ כֹּהֵ֣ן מִדְיָ֑ן וַ⁠יִּנְהַ֤ג אֶת־הַ⁠צֹּאן֙ אַחַ֣ר הַ⁠מִּדְבָּ֔ר וַ⁠יָּבֹ֛א אֶל־הַ֥ר הָ⁠אֱלֹהִ֖ים חֹרֵֽבָ⁠ה׃	1		Verse 1 provides immediate background context, setting the scene for Moses’ interaction with Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
EXO	3	1	jv7b	figs-possession	צֹ֛אן יִתְר֥וֹ	1		This is an ownership possessive. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
EXO	3	1	1p00	figs-possession	חֹתְנ֖⁠וֹ	1		This is a possessive of social relationship. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
EXO	3	1	l7x6	figs-possession	כֹּהֵ֣ן מִדְיָ֑ן	1		This is a possessive of social relationship. Jethro is a priest who serves the Midianites. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
EXO	3	1	v97t	figs-go	וַ⁠יָּבֹ֛א אֶל	1		“and he arrived at” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
EXO	3	1	p27s	figs-possession	הַ֥ר הָ⁠אֱלֹהִ֖ים	1		This is an associative possessive. This mountain was associated with God in some way. In [Exodus 3:12](../03/12.md) God tells Moses that he and the Israelites will serve him on this mountain. Later in the story, this promise is fulfilled, and it is where God makes his covenant with Israel and gives them the 10 Commandments. So it may have been called the mountain of God in retrospect (as Moses probably wrote this book sometime after the Israelites were wandering in the wilderness). However, it is possible that the mountain was already associated with God’s presence or worship somehow before Moses went there with the flock.  (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
EXO	3	2	p0nt		וַ֠⁠יֵּרָא מַלְאַ֨ךְ יְהֹוָ֥ה אֵלָ֛י⁠ו בְּ⁠לַבַּת־אֵ֖שׁ מִ⁠תּ֣וֹךְ הַ⁠סְּנֶ֑ה	1		This is a summary of what happened. The next few verses tell the story of how this happened and how Moses discovered what was happening.
EXO	3	2	x5ci	​	​יְהֹוָ֥ה	1	Yahweh	This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this.
EXO	3	2	d3tf	grammar-connect-logic-contrast	וְ⁠הִנֵּ֤ה הַ⁠סְּנֶה֙ בֹּעֵ֣ר בָּ⁠אֵ֔שׁ וְ⁠הַ⁠סְּנֶ֖ה אֵינֶ֥⁠נּוּ אֻכָּֽל	1	behold	The word **behold** here shows that Moses saw something that was very different from what he expected. He expected the bush to be burnt up completely by the fire. Consider using an interjection in your language that expresses that the next thing is a surprise. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
EXO	3	2	3bvb	figs-metonymy	אֻכָּֽל	1		**Being consumed** means being eaten completely until gone. In the case of fire, this is a metonym for burning completely until gone. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	3	3	fpww	figs-quotemarks	אָסֻֽרָה־נָּ֣א וְ⁠אֶרְאֶ֔ה אֶת־הַ⁠מַּרְאֶ֥ה הַ⁠גָּדֹ֖ל הַ⁠זֶּ֑ה מַדּ֖וּעַ לֹא־יִבְעַ֥ר הַ⁠סְּנֶֽה	1		This is a direct quote. It’s not specified who Moses spoke to; he may have been alone or with a group of shepherds or his family. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	3	4	ue8v	writing-participants	יְהוָ֖ה… אֱלֹהִ֜ים	1		These terms both refer to the same being since God’s name is Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
EXO	3	5	60ah	figs-quotemarks	אַל־תִּקְרַ֣ב הֲלֹ֑ם שַׁל־נְעָלֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ מֵ⁠עַ֣ל רַגְלֶ֔י⁠ךָ כִּ֣י הַ⁠מָּק֗וֹם אֲשֶׁ֤ר אַתָּה֙ עוֹמֵ֣ד עָלָ֔י⁠ו אַדְמַת־קֹ֖דֶשׁ הֽוּא	1		This is a direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	3	5	prv9	grammar-connect-logic-result	כִּ֣י הַ⁠מָּק֗וֹם אֲשֶׁ֤ר אַתָּה֙ עוֹמֵ֣ד עָלָ֔י⁠ו אַדְמַת־קֹ֖דֶשׁ הֽוּאכִּ֣י הַ⁠מָּק֗וֹם אֲשֶׁ֤ר אַתָּה֙ עוֹמֵ֣ד עָלָ֔י⁠ו אַדְמַת־קֹ֖דֶשׁ הֽוּא	1	set apart	This is the reason Moses must stop coming close to the burning bush and take off his sandals. Your language may need to put the reason before the commands, as in, “The place on which you are standing, it is holy ground, so you must not come close to here. Take your sandals off from on your feet.”(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
EXO	3	6	sxk8		אָנֹכִי֙ אֱלֹהֵ֣י אָבִ֔י⁠ךָ אֱלֹהֵ֧י אַבְרָהָ֛ם אֱלֹהֵ֥י יִצְחָ֖ק וֵ⁠אלֹהֵ֣י יַעֲקֹ֑ב	1	the God of your father, the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob	All of these men worshiped the same God. Alternate translation: “the God of your father, of Abraham, of Isaac, and of Jacob”
EXO	3	6	3qwa	figs-quotemarks	אָנֹכִי֙ אֱלֹהֵ֣י אָבִ֔י⁠ךָ אֱלֹהֵ֧י אַבְרָהָ֛ם אֱלֹהֵ֥י יִצְחָ֖ק וֵ⁠אלֹהֵ֣י יַעֲקֹ֑ב	1		This a direct quotation. The UST continues the quotation from verse 5 rather than including an additional “he said.” This may be more natural in some languages. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	3	6	l5sy	​	אָבִ֔י⁠ךָ	1	your father	Possible meanings are (1) “your ancestor” or (2) “your father.” If it means “your ancestor,” then the phrases following it clarify who “your father” refers to: it refers to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. If it means “your father,” then it refers to Moses’s own father. It most cases it will be best to translate it as “your father,” i.e. Amram, Moses’s father.
EXO	3	6	lfbb	​grammar-connect-logic-result	וַ⁠יַּסְתֵּ֤ר מֹשֶׁה֙ פָּנָ֔י⁠ו כִּ֣י יָרֵ֔א מֵ⁠הַבִּ֖יט אֶל־הָ⁠אֱלֹהִֽים	1		Reason: **for he was afraid from staring toward God** Result: **And Moses hid his face** Some languages may need to put the reason before the result. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]] and [Exodus 33:20](../33/20.md))
EXO	3	7	nl33	figs-quotemarks	וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר יְהוָ֔ה	1		After this phrase a direct quote begins that continues through the end of [verse 10](../03/10.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	3	7	xoz0	figs-idiom	רָאֹ֥ה רָאִ֛יתִי	1		The repetition of **see** expresses the intensity, certainty, or clarity of Yahweh’s seeing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	3	7	tpk0	figs-possession	אֶת־עֳנִ֥י עַמִּ֖⁠י	1		There are two possessives here. 1) “affliction of … people”: This is an event-related possessive where the people are the objects of affliction. They are treated badly as slaves. 2) “my people”: This one is more difficult as it involves both ownership and the possessive of social relationship. God views his people as his possession, and he is also in relationship with them as their God because they are descended from Abraham, though at this time they may not know God as theirs. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
EXO	3	7	p3tx	figs-metonymy	מִ⁠פְּנֵ֣י נֹֽגְשָׂ֔י⁠ו	1		**Faces** refers to the whole person or the presence of the person(s) who were oppressing the Israelites. If this image is used in your language, you may translate it. If a similar image is used, you may consider using it. If neither is the case, you may omit the word “face” and translate the meaning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	3	7	xx7r		נֹֽגְשָׂ֔י⁠ו	1	taskmasters	“his oppressors”
EXO	3	7	ofxt		כִּ֥י	1		The conjunction is probably functioning modally here, intensifying the expression of Yahweh’s knowledge. Your translation should express Yahweh’s knowing with certainty or strength.
EXO	3	7	mfn2	figs-collectivenouns	נֹֽגְשָׂ֔י⁠ו…מַכְאֹבָֽי⁠ו	1		These pronouns, **him** and **his**, refer to the Israelites as a group in the singular. They agree with “people” as a collective noun in [3:6](../03/06.md). Some languages may have to use plural pronouns. Others may have to match the pronoun’s gender to the grammatical gender of the word for “people” in their language.  If necessary, change “him” to “them” or change “his” to “hers” or “its” (depending on grammatical gender of “people”.) Alternate translation: “those who oppress them…their anguish” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-collectivenouns]])
EXO	3	7	hkcj	figs-possession	מַכְאֹבָֽי⁠ו	1		This is an event-related possessive where the people (as a group: **his**) are the subjects of anguish. Your translation should express that they are in deep mental and emotional distress (anguish). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
EXO	3	7	ui28	figs-explicit	מַכְאֹבָֽי⁠ו	1		It is implied that they are in deep mental and emotional distress (anguish) because they are treated badly as slaves. You may make this explicit. Alternate translation: “his anguish from his slavery” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	3	8	9ia8	grammar-connect-logic-result	וָ⁠אֵרֵ֞ד לְ⁠הַצִּיל֣⁠וֹ׀ מִ⁠יַּ֣ד מִצְרַ֗יִם וּֽ⁠לְ⁠הַעֲלֹת⁠וֹ֮ מִן־הָ⁠אָ֣רֶץ הַ⁠הִוא֒ אֶל־אֶ֤רֶץ טוֹבָה֙ וּ⁠רְחָבָ֔ה אֶל־אֶ֛רֶץ זָבַ֥ת חָלָ֖ב וּ⁠דְבָ֑שׁ אֶל־מְק֤וֹם הַֽ⁠כְּנַעֲנִי֙ וְ⁠הַ֣⁠חִתִּ֔י וְ⁠הָֽ⁠אֱמֹרִי֙ וְ⁠הַ⁠פְּרִזִּ֔י וְ⁠הַ⁠חִוִּ֖י וְ⁠הַ⁠יְבוּסִֽי׃	1		Verse 8 contains God’s intended result from his acts of seeing and hearing, expressed in both verses 7 and 9. You may need to expressly mark this, for instance by introducing verse 8 with something like “therefore,” and verse 9 with something like “again, because.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
EXO	3	8	xy36	figs-go	וָ⁠אֵרֵ֞ד	1		God is figuratively expressing that he is descending from heaven to earth to intervene. God is always everywhere, but this means his special attention will be directed to this situation. Use whatever form of come or go is appropriate in your language for this. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
EXO	3	8	nahb	figs-collectivenouns	לְ⁠הַצִּיל֣⁠וֹ…וּֽ⁠לְ⁠הַעֲלֹת⁠וֹ֮	1		Here, **him** refers in the singular to the Israelites as a group. It is agreeing with “people” as a collective noun in [3:6](../03/06.md). Some languages may have to use plural pronouns. Others may have to match the pronoun’s gender to the grammatical gender of the word for “people” in their language. See what you did in the [previous verse](../03/07.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-collectivenouns]])
EXO	3	8	8afv	figs-metaphor	מִ⁠יַּ֣ד	1		Someone’s **hand** is a common metaphor for power and control. Use a similar image if your language has one. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	3	8	djbz	figs-possession	מִ⁠יַּ֣ד מִצְרַ֗יִם	1		This is a possessive where the Egyptians are the subject of **the hand**, which means power. The Egyptians used their power and control to oppress the Israelites. Use a phrase in your language that expresses the idea of a group of people having power. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
EXO	3	8	mqyp	figs-parallelism	אֶל־אֶ֤רֶץ טוֹבָה֙ וּ⁠רְחָבָ֔ה אֶל־אֶ֛רֶץ זָבַ֥ת חָלָ֖ב וּ⁠דְבָ֑שׁ	1		There are multiple levels of parallelism here. First, the statements, **to a good and wide land** and **to a land flowing with milk and honey** are in parallel with each other. Within each of those, **good** and **wide** are in parallel with each other and also **milk** and **honey** are in parallel with each other. Each of these levels is meant to reinforce and expand on one another. These are not examples of synonymous parallelism, and each part of the statement should be translated. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
EXO	3	8	37fp	figs-metonymy	חָלָ֖ב וּ⁠דְבָ֑שׁ	1		Here, **milk** is a metonym for domestic animals and the food products obtained from them; **honey** is a metonym for the food obtained from growing plants. See UST and [the next note]([[rc://en/tn/help/exo/03/08/pxy8]]) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	3	8	pxy8	figs-metaphor	אֶ֛רֶץ זָבַ֥ת חָלָ֖ב וּ⁠דְבָ֑שׁ	1	a land flowing with milk and honey	God spoke of the land being good for animals and plants as if the milk and honey from those animals and plants were flowing through the land. If this metaphor makes sense in your language, you may translate it, if your language has metaphors that mean a land is good for producing healthy livestock and good crops, you may consider using those. If neither is the case, you may translate the meaning. See UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	3	8	dtz9		​זָבַ֥ת	1	flowing with	“full of” or “with an abundance of”
EXO	3	8	q94i	figs-metonymy	חָלָ֖ב	1	milk	Since milk comes from cows and goats, this represents food produced by livestock. Alternate translation: “food from livestock” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	3	8	l1as	figs-metonymy	וּ⁠דְבָ֑שׁ	1	honey	Since honey is produced from flowers, this represents food from crops. Alternate translation: “food from crops” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	3	9	a2kf	grammar-connect-logic-result	וְ⁠עַתָּ֕ה	1		This functions as a discourse marker expressing logical conclusion. “Therefore” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
EXO	3	9	tp2v	figs-exclamations	הִנֵּ֛ה	1		This is a term meant to focus the attention of the listener on what the speaker is about to say. If there is not a good way to translate this term in your language, this term can be omitted from the translation, or you can use an alternate translation like “certainly.” ​(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
EXO	3	9	uup9	figs-personification	צַעֲקַ֥ת בְּנֵי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל בָּ֣אָה אֵלָ֑⁠י	1	the shouts of the people of Israel have come to me	Here, **the cry** is spoken of as if it were a person who is capable of moving on his own. Alternate translation: “I have heard the cries of the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
EXO	3	9	gwou	figs-abstractnouns	רָאִ֨יתִי֙ אֶת־הַ⁠לַּ֔חַץ אֲשֶׁ֥ר מִצְרַ֖יִם לֹחֲצִ֥ים אֹתָֽ⁠ם	1		Here, **oppression** is an abstract noun which you could translate as a verb if you cannot use this form in your language. Alternate translation: “I have seen how the Egyptians are oppressing them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO	3	10	y4m1	grammar-connect-logic-result	וְ⁠עַתָּ֣ה	1		**And now** functions as a discourse marker expressing logical conclusion. “Therefore” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
EXO	3	10	spwh	figs-quotemarks	מִ⁠מִּצְרָֽיִם	1		After this phrase, the direct quote of what the Yahweh said starting in [3:7](../03/07.md) ends. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with a closing first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the end of a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	3	11	y8cr	figs-rquestion	מִ֣י אָנֹ֔כִי כִּ֥י אֵלֵ֖ךְ אֶל־פַּרְעֹ֑ה וְ⁠כִ֥י אוֹצִ֛יא אֶת־בְּנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל מִ⁠מִּצְרָֽיִם	1	Who am I, that I should go to Pharaoh…Egypt?	Moses uses this question to tell God that he, Moses, is not the right person for the task. Alternate translation: See UST (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
EXO	3	11	ax7w	figs-quotemarks	מִ֣י אָנֹ֔כִי כִּ֥י אֵלֵ֖ךְ אֶל־פַּרְעֹ֑ה וְ⁠כִ֥י אוֹצִ֛יא אֶת־בְּנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל מִ⁠מִּצְרָֽיִם	1		This is a direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	3	12	ykp3	figs-quotemarks	כִּֽי־אֶֽהְיֶ֣ה עִמָּ֔⁠ךְ וְ⁠זֶה־לְּ⁠ךָ֣ הָ⁠א֔וֹת כִּ֥י אָנֹכִ֖י שְׁלַחְתִּ֑י⁠ךָ בְּ⁠הוֹצִֽיאֲ⁠ךָ֤ אֶת־הָ⁠עָם֙ מִ⁠מִּצְרַ֔יִם תַּֽעַבְדוּ⁠ן֙ אֶת־הָ֣⁠אֱלֹהִ֔ים עַ֖ל הָ⁠הָ֥ר הַ⁠זֶּֽה	1		This is a direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	3	12	xugf	figs-youdual	תַּֽעַבְדוּ⁠ן֙	1		If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/​figs-youdual]])
EXO	3	13	8izv	figs-quotemarks	הִנֵּ֨ה אָנֹכִ֣י בָא֮ אֶל־בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵל֒ וְ⁠אָמַרְתִּ֣י לָ⁠הֶ֔ם אֱלֹהֵ֥י אֲבוֹתֵי⁠כֶ֖ם שְׁלָחַ֣⁠נִי אֲלֵי⁠כֶ֑ם וְ⁠אָֽמְרוּ־לִ֣⁠י מַה־שְּׁמ֔⁠וֹ מָ֥ה אֹמַ֖ר אֲלֵ⁠הֶֽם	1		This is a direct quotation containing two second-level quotes within it. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	3	13	lqms	grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical	הִנֵּ֨ה אָנֹכִ֣י בָא֮ אֶל־בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵל֒ וְ⁠אָמַרְתִּ֣י לָ⁠הֶ֔ם אֱלֹהֵ֥י אֲבוֹתֵי⁠כֶ֖ם שְׁלָחַ֣⁠נִי אֲלֵי⁠כֶ֑ם וְ⁠אָֽמְרוּ־לִ֣⁠י מַה־שְּׁמ֔⁠וֹ	1		Moses presents God with a hypothetical situation here. The three events (**go, say, say**) are part of one hypothetical event. You should translate this in a way that makes it clear that this is a future, not-yet-real event. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]])
EXO	3	13	jq42		הִנֵּ֨ה	1		**Behold** is a term meant to focus the attention of the listener on what the speaker is about to say. In this case, Moses uses it to introduce what he views as a probable future occurrence. Alternative translation: “Now”
EXO	3	13	0n81	figs-go	בָא֮	1		In your language, use **go** or “come” as makes most sense for Moses’ hypothetical action of going from the mountain to where the Israelites are. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
EXO	3	13	m9uy	figs-quotesinquotes	אֱלֹהֵ֥י אֲבוֹתֵי⁠כֶ֖ם שְׁלָחַ֣⁠נִי אֲלֵי⁠כֶ֑ם	1		This is a second-level quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with second-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation inside a quotation. However, you may also choose to translate it as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “that the God of their fathers has sent me to them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]])
EXO	3	13	ru0a	figs-metaphor	אֱלֹהֵ֥י אֲבוֹתֵי⁠כֶ֖ם	1		Here, **fathers** figuratively means “ancestors.” Alternate translation: “The God of your ancestors” or “The God whom your ancestors worshiped” (See:[[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	3	13	vfsk	figs-quotemarks	מַה־שְּׁמ֔⁠וֹ	1		This is a second-level quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with second-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation inside a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	3	13	bkei	grammar-connect-logic-result	מָ֥ה אֹמַ֖ר אֲלֵ⁠הֶֽם	1		Moses is asking God what he should do as a result of the hypothetical situation he presented. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
EXO	3	14	cli8		אֶֽהְיֶ֖ה אֲשֶׁ֣ר אֶֽהְיֶ֑ה	1	God said to Moses, “I AM THAT I AM.”	This is God’s response to Moses’s question about God’s name. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “God said to Moses, ‘Tell them that God says his name is “I AM THAT I AM.”’”
EXO	3	14	b6vk		אֶֽהְיֶ֖ה אֲשֶׁ֣ר אֶֽהְיֶ֑ה	1	I AM THAT I AM	Possible meanings are (1) this whole sentence is God’s name or (2) God is not telling his name but something about himself. By saying this, God is teaching that he is eternal; he has always lived and always will live.
EXO	3	14	s62u		אֶֽהְיֶ֖ה…אֶֽהְיֶ֑ה…אֶֽהְיֶ֖ה	1	I AM	Languages that do not have an equivalent to the verb “am” may need to render this as “I LIVE” or “I EXIST.”
EXO	3	14	t745		וַ⁠יֹּ֗אמֶר	1		This is still God speaking. It may make more sense to omit this in some languages.
EXO	3	14	70ge	figs-quotesinquotes	אֶֽהְיֶ֖ה שְׁלָחַ֥⁠נִי אֲלֵי⁠כֶֽם	1		This is a second-level quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with second-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation inside a quotation. However, you may also choose to translate it as an indirect quotation as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]])
EXO	3	15	897b		וַ⁠יֹּאמֶר֩ ע֨וֹד אֱלֹהִ֜ים אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֗ה	1		As God is still speaking, it may make more sense to omit this in some languages.
EXO	3	15	7aoa	figs-quotemarks	אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֗ה	1		After this phrase, a direct quotation begins that continues until [the end of chapter 3 at verse 22](../03/22.md). This quotation contains four levels as God tells Moses to tell the Israelite elders a specific message from God. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	3	15	l962	figs-quotesinquotes	יְהוָ֞ה אֱלֹהֵ֣י אֲבֹתֵי⁠כֶ֗ם אֱלֹהֵ֨י אַבְרָהָ֜ם אֱלֹהֵ֥י יִצְחָ֛ק וֵ⁠אלֹהֵ֥י יַעֲקֹ֖ב שְׁלָחַ֣⁠נִי אֲלֵי⁠כֶ֑ם זֶה־שְּׁמִ֣⁠י לְ⁠עֹלָ֔ם וְ⁠זֶ֥ה זִכְרִ֖⁠י לְ⁠דֹ֥ר דֹּֽר	1		This is a second-level quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening second-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation within a quotation. It may be possible to translate it as an indirect quotation, but you will need to be careful to correctly change the pronoun persons. Alternative translation: “You must tell the Israelites that Yahweh, the God of their fathers, the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob, sent you to them. This is his name forever, and this is his memorial from generation to generation.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]])
EXO	3	15	2klc	figs-metaphor	אֱלֹהֵ֣י אֲבֹתֵי⁠כֶ֗ם	1		Here, **fathers** figuratively means “ancestors.” Alternate translation: “the God of your ancestors” or “the God whom your ancestors worshiped” (See:[[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	3	15	ixcb	figs-merism	לְ⁠דֹ֥ר דֹּֽר	1		The repetition of **generation** means something like “to each and every generation,” which means for all people at all times. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
EXO	3	16	ec3v	figs-quotemarks	יְהוָ֞ה	1	General Information:	This begins a second-level quotation that continues until the end of [verse 17](../03/17.md). It contains a third-level quotation that begins at “I have certainly” and also continues to the end of verse 17. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening second-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation within a quotation. The closing marks for both the second and third-level quotations should not occur until the end of verse 17. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	3	16	35pw	figs-metaphor	אֱלֹהֵ֤י אֲבֹֽתֵי⁠כֶם֙	1		Here, **fathers** figuratively means “ancestors.” Alternate translation: “the God of your ancestors” or “the God whom your ancestors worshiped” (See:[[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	3	16	xqy9		אַבְרָהָ֛ם יִצְחָ֥ק וְ⁠יַעֲקֹ֖ב	1	the God of your ancestors, the God of Abraham, of Isaac, and of Jacob	Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob were three of the Israelites’ ancestors. They all worshiped the same God.
EXO	3	16	dvsz	figs-quotemarks	פָּקֹ֤ד פָּקַ֨דְתִּי֙	1		This begins a third-level quotation that continues until the end of [verse 17](../03/17.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening third-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation within a quotation that is within a quotation. The closing marks for both the second-level and third-level quotations should not occur until the end of verse 17. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	3	16	efhh	figs-idiom	פָּקֹ֤ד פָּקַ֨דְתִּי֙	1		The Hebrew word meaning **attended,** visited, or observed is repeated here for emphasis. This word often means God is coming to take action. Translate this phrase in a way that communicates God’s focused, caring observation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	3	16	fv77	figs-youdual	אֶתְ⁠כֶ֔ם	1	I have indeed observed you	The word **you** refers to the people of Israel. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
EXO	3	16	55jm	figs-activepassive	הֶ⁠עָשׂ֥וּי	1		In some languages you may not be able to translate this in the passive form. Alternative translation: see UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	3	16	4vgc	figs-metonymy	בְּ⁠מִצְרָֽיִם	1		The phrase **in Egypt** is a metonym for the Egyptian oppressors. Alternative translation: “by the Egyptians” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	3	17	c54k	figs-quotesinquotes	אַעֲלֶ֣ה אֶתְ⁠כֶם֮ מֵ⁠עֳנִ֣י מִצְרַיִם֒ אֶל־אֶ֤רֶץ הַֽ⁠כְּנַעֲנִי֙ וְ⁠הַ֣⁠חִתִּ֔י וְ⁠הָֽ⁠אֱמֹרִי֙ וְ⁠הַ⁠פְּרִזִּ֔י וְ⁠הַ⁠חִוִּ֖י וְ⁠הַ⁠יְבוּסִ֑י אֶל־אֶ֛רֶץ זָבַ֥ת חָלָ֖ב וּ⁠דְבָֽשׁ	1		This is a fourth-level quotation. It should be marked in some manner that distinguishes it from the outer three levels. Alternatively, it can be translated as an indirect quotation, see UST.  (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]])
EXO	3	17	eloj	figs-quotemarks	וּ⁠דְבָֽשׁ	1		If you are using direct quotations, at the end of this verse you should have three closing markers. In English, it looks like ’ ” ’ (without spaces). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	3	17	r8mg	figs-idiom	אַעֲלֶ֣ה	1		Regardless of the geographic realities, to **bring up** does not primarily have a literal meaning. Rather, it means to bring the Israelites into a better situation. God promised to bring them up from their low status as slaves to a place where they would be the masters of a good land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	3	17	wyvt	figs-metonymy	חָלָ֖ב וּ⁠דְבָֽשׁ	1		Here, **milk** is a metonym for domestic animals and the food products obtained from them; **honey** is a metonym for the food obtained from growing plants. See UST and [the next note]([[rc://en/tn/help/exo/03/08/pwn5]]) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	3	17	pwn5	figs-metaphor	​אֶ֛רֶץ זָבַ֥ת חָלָ֖ב וּ⁠דְבָֽשׁ	1	a land flowing with milk and honey	God spoke of the land being good for animals and plants as if the milk and honey from those animals and plants were flowing through the land. See how you translated this in [Exodus 3:8](../03/08.md) at [[rc://en/tn/help/exo/03/08/pxy8]]. Alternate translation: “a land that is excellent for raising livestock and growing crops” or “a land where milk and honey flow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	3	17	za9l		זָבַ֥ת	1	flowing with	“full of” or “with an abundance of”
EXO	3	17	rtr5	figs-metonymy	​חָלָ֖ב	1	milk	Since milk comes from cows and goats, this represents food produced by livestock. Alternate translation: “food from livestock” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	3	17	msf8	figs-metonymy	​וּ⁠דְבָֽשׁ	1	honey	Since honey is produced from flowers, this represents food from crops. Alternate translation: “food from crops” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	3	18	cy2z	figs-idiom	וְ⁠שָׁמְע֖וּ	1		**Listen** often means “hear and do/obey.” Alternative translation: “heed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	3	18	j24k	writing-participants	לְ⁠קֹלֶ֑⁠ךָ…אַתָּה֩	1	They will listen to you	The word **you** refers to Moses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
EXO	3	18	9na8	figs-synecdoche	לְ⁠קֹלֶ֑⁠ךָ	1		This phrase means the elders will listen to the message Moses brings from God. Alternative translation: “to your message” or “to my message which you tell them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
EXO	3	18	r74o	figs-possession	וְ⁠זִקְנֵ֨י יִשְׂרָאֵ֜ל	1		This is a possessive of social relationship. Alternative translation: “elders in charge of the Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
EXO	3	18	eep7	figs-collectivenouns	יִשְׂרָאֵ֜ל	1		**Israel** is a collective noun that refers to all the Israelites. Alternative translation: “the Israelites” or “the Israelite people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-collectivenouns]])
EXO	3	18	ot9r	figs-metonymy	מִצְרַ֗יִם	1		Here, **Egypt** refers to the Egyptian nation. Alternate translation: “of the Egyptians” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	3	18	idp7	figs-youdual	וַ⁠אֲמַרְתֶּ֤ם	1	General Information:	If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
EXO	3	18	i47o	figs-exclusive	עָלֵ֔י⁠נוּ…נֵֽלֲכָה…וְ⁠נִזְבְּחָ֖ה	1		These instances of **us** are exclusive; they include Moses, the elders, and all the Israelites, but exclude the king of Egypt. If your language makes this distinction, verify that you used the correct form. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
EXO	3	18	4eal	translate-numbers	שְׁלֹ֤שֶׁת	1		“3” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EXO	3	19	qf46	figs-metonymy	​וְ⁠לֹ֖א בְּ⁠יָ֥ד חֲזָקָֽה	1	unless his hand is forced	The word **hand** is a metonym for the power of the owner of the hand. Possible meanings are (1) “only if he sees that he has no power to do anything else,” where the “hand” belongs to Pharaoh; where the “hand” belongs to Yahweh, (2) “only if I force him to let you go” or (3) “not even if I force him to let you go.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] 
EXO	3	20	nuzx	grammar-connect-logic-result	וְ⁠שָׁלַחְתִּ֤י	1		God says this will be a result of the king of Egypt’s stubbornness. Alternate translation: “Therefore I will send out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) 
EXO	3	20	yds5	figs-metonymy	 וְ⁠שָׁלַחְתִּ֤י אֶת־יָדִ⁠י֙	1	I will reach out with my hand and attack	Here, **hand** refers to God’s power. Alternate translation: “I will use my strength” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	3	20	dzsp	figs-metonymy	מִצְרַ֔יִם	1		**Egypt** refers to both the land and the people group, and then, by extension, to Pharaoh as well. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	3	20	c9a3		מִצְרַ֔יִם…בְּ⁠קִרְבּ֑⁠וֹ	1		Here, **him** refers to Egypt as a collective. 
EXO	3	20	6dw3	grammar-connect-time-sequential	וְ⁠אַחֲרֵי־כֵ֖ן	1		Here the sequential nature of these happenings is emphasized. Consider using a stronger sequential connective term than usual here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential]])
EXO	3	20	ay53	writing-participants	יְשַׁלַּ֥ח	1		Here, **he** refers to the Pharaoh, the king of Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
EXO	3	20	awxs	figs-youdual	אֶתְ⁠כֶֽם	1		Here, **you** refers to the Israelites. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here.(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
EXO	3	21	btwc	figs-idiom	חֵ֥ן…בְּ⁠עֵינֵ֣י מִצְרָ֑יִם	1		**In the eyes of the Egyptians** is an idiom for the Egyptian’s feelings. **Favor** means those feelings are positive. Taken together, this means that when the Egyptians see the Israelites (Hebrews) leaving Egypt, they will gladly help them (because they want them to leave so badly due to the Egyptians suffering under God’s judgment).  If your language has the same or a similar idiom, you can translate or use it. Otherwise, you can translate the meaning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	3	21	82wf	figs-possession	בְּ⁠עֵינֵ֣י מִצְרָ֑יִם	1		This is a part-whole possessive. Also, if your language uses a specific form of the possessive for things one cannot lose, it would be appropriate to use that form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
EXO	3	21	s45u		הָֽ⁠עָם־הַ⁠זֶּ֖ה	1		“you”
EXO	3	21	uz3c	figs-youdual	תֵֽלֵכ֔וּ⁠ן…תֵלְכ֖וּ	1		If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
EXO	3	21	19sl	figs-go	תֵֽלֵכ֔וּ⁠ן…תֵלְכ֖וּ	1		“leave” or “go out” or “come out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
EXO	3	21	89u7	figs-doublenegatives	לֹ֥א …רֵיקָֽם	1		The double negative, **not … emptily** is used to mean “full.” Alternate translation: “[go] with many things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
EXO	3	21	kt7b	figs-litotes	לֹ֥א תֵלְכ֖וּ רֵיקָֽם	1	will not go empty-handed	This phrase is used to emphasize the opposite meaning. Alternate translation: “you will go with your hands full of good things” or “you will go with many valuable things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
EXO	3	22	w2av		וּ⁠מִ⁠גָּרַ֣ת בֵּיתָ֔⁠הּ	1	any women staying in her neighbors’ houses	**Sojourning** means living somewhere other than one’s native land, usually temporarily. It is unclear both who the sojourning (visiting) women are and in whose house they are sojourning, leaving several possibilities. Most translations that make a decision about who they are identify both the temporary resident and her host home as Egyptian. This makes sense as the Israelites will be plundering the Egyptians. If it is possible to leave this ambiguous in your translation, that would be best. 
EXO	3	22	474q	figs-youdual	וְ⁠שַׂמְתֶּ֗ם עַל־בְּנֵי⁠כֶם֙ וְ⁠עַל־בְּנֹ֣תֵי⁠כֶ֔ם וְ⁠נִצַּלְתֶּ֖ם	1		Each of these is a plural **you.** If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
EXO	3	22	h38j	figs-quotemarks	מִצְרָֽיִם	1		After this phrase, the direct quote of Yahweh’s word starting in [verse 15](../03/15.md) ends. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with a closing first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the end of a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	4	intro	kap5			0		# Exodus 04 General Notes<br><br>## Potential Translation Issues<br><br>### Quotations<br><br>*   There is a difficult transition between [4:4](../04/04.md) and [4:5](../04/05.md) because the quotation stops in the middle to inject a bit of narrative. When it resumes in [4:5](../04/05.md), the sentence seems incomplete (even if merged directly with the quotation fragment in [4:4](../04/04.md)). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])*   Yahweh’s instructions to Moses are complex and there are up to four levels of quotations in this chapter. Translators will need to decide if some of these need to become indirect quotations (if that is possible in their language) and take great care to use the proper quotation markings in the proper location.<br><br>### Order of events<br><br>*   The order of events is not always clear. In [4:14](../04/14.md) Yahweh tells Moses that Aaron is coming to meet him, but Yahweh telling Aaron to go meet Moses in the wilderness is not recorded until [4:27](../04/27.md).<br>*   The timing of the events in [4:18](../18/.md)\-[4:27](../04/23.md), especially verse 18-19 and 27, in relation to the rest of the events of the chapter is unclear.<br><br>### Thus says Yahweh<br><br>The first of over 400 occurrences throughout the Old Testament of a standard phrase used to introduce direct, authoritative instruction from Yahweh occurs in [4:22](../04/22.md). It occurs ten times in the book of Exodus; nine of these are between chapters 4–11. It would be good for your team to have a standard way to translate this that makes it clear that the words that come next are directly from God. If your language has a standard way of introducing a new message from your leader that alerts the hearers that these are the words of the leader, that would be a good phrase to consider.<br><br>### Yahweh’s attempt to kill someone<br><br>The encounter recorded from [4:24](../04/24.md) to [4:26](../04/26.md) is one of the strangest and most difficult passages in the entire book. Difficulties include:<br><br>*   To whom do the pronouns refer? Masculine pronouns are used throughout the section, but there are two possible antecedents, Moses (who is not named in the narrative) and Zipporah’s son (who was presumably also Moses’ son, but this is how he is referred to in this text. For why, see below on why Yahweh did this). Most commentators believe the pronouns refer to Moses.<br>*   Circumcision is described in fairly graphic detail. Different cultures will need to approach this differently. Some may have terms for circumcision, while others may be comfortable translating mostly literally, and others will need to use euphemisms or other strategies to translate. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/circumcise]])*   The meaning of the phrase **a bridegroom of blood** (ULT) is unknown.<br>*   Why did Yahweh attack Moses? Many commentators conclude that Moses had neglected to circumcise one of his sons because it displeased Zipporah, and Yahweh was holding Moses responsible before he returned to lead the Israelites (who should have been circumcised). When Zipporah repented by circumcising the son herself and touching the foreskin to Moses’ feet, Yahweh relents. These conclusions should help inform translation but should not be made explicit in the text.<br><br>## Study concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Moses does not understand<br><br>Although Moses believes in Yahweh, he does not trust in him. This is because Moses lacks understanding. Moses tries to believe the things he is asked to do are done by his own power. Yahweh is trying to get Moses to trust that these things are Yahweh’s doing. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])<br><br>### Children of God<br><br>This chapter introduces the concept that Israel, the people group, is the chosen people of God and God’s firstborn son. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/elect]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/firstborn]])<br><br>### Yahweh hardened Pharaoh’s heart<br><br>Scholars are divided over how to understand this statement. There is debate over whether Pharaoh plays an active or passive role in the hardening of his own heart. Translators should simply follow the text. In Exodus 4-14 there are ten statements that Yahweh hardens Pharaoh’s heart, and ten statements that Pharaoh hardens his own heart. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	4	1	j4yg		וַ⁠יַּ֤עַן מֹשֶׁה֙ וַ⁠יֹּ֔אמֶר	1	if they do not believe	Here, **answered and said** is a Hebrew expression which does not convey any extra information. Unless your language naturally uses a similar structure, it is better to translate one verb and omit the other. Alternate translation: “Moses answered”
EXO	4	1	b3xv	figs-quotemarks	וְ⁠הֵן֙ לֹֽא־יַאֲמִ֣ינוּ לִ֔⁠י וְ⁠לֹ֥א יִשְׁמְע֖וּ בְּ⁠קֹלִ֑⁠י כִּ֣י יֹֽאמְר֔וּ לֹֽא־נִרְאָ֥ה אֵלֶ֖י⁠ךָ יְהוָֽה	1		This is a direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	4	1	neto	figs-quotesinquotes	לֹֽא־נִרְאָ֥ה אֵלֶ֖י⁠ךָ יְהוָֽה	1		This is a second-level quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with second-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation within a quotation. However, you could translate it as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “that Yahweh has not appeared to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]])
EXO	4	1	327j		וְ⁠הֵן֙	1		This is a term meant to focus the attention of the listener on what the speaker is about to say. If there is not a good way to translate this term in your language, this term can be omitted from the translation, or you can use an alternate translation like “Listen to me.”
EXO	4	2	87dl	writing-participants	אֵלָ֛י⁠ו…וַ⁠יֹּ֖אמֶר	1		“Moses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
EXO	4	2	r3f9	figs-quotemarks	מ⁠זה בְ⁠יָדֶ֑⁠ךָ	1		This is a direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	4	2	p8sg	figs-quotemarks	מַטֶּֽה	1		This is a direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	4	3	jgir	figs-quotemarks	הַשְׁלִיכֵ֣⁠הוּ אַ֔רְצָ⁠ה	1		This is a direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	4	3	zycd	figs-metonymy	מִ⁠פָּנָֽי⁠ו	1		Here, “face” figuratively represents the snake itself. Alternative translation: “from the snake” (See:  [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	4	4	g6bk		וֶ⁠אֱחֹ֖ז בִּ⁠זְנָב֑⁠וֹ	1	take it by the tail	“and pick it up by the tail” or “and grasp it by the tail”
EXO	4	4	mqpc	figs-quotemarks	שְׁלַח֙ יָֽדְ⁠ךָ֔ וֶ⁠אֱחֹ֖ז בִּ⁠זְנָב֑⁠וֹ	1		This is a direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	4	4	bzmp	grammar-connect-time-sequential	שְׁלַח֙ יָֽדְ⁠ךָ֔ וֶ⁠אֱחֹ֖ז בִּ⁠זְנָב֑⁠וֹ	1		This direct quotation is interrupted by Moses obeying Yahweh. This is probably a tightly ordered sequence of events where Yahweh paused and then continued speaking immediately after Moses obeyed. The quote resumes in [verse 5](../04/05.md) and there is more discussion there about how to handle the resumption.(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential]])
EXO	4	4	m86n		וַ⁠יְהִ֥י לְ⁠מַטֶּ֖ה	1	became a staff	“and it turned into a rod” or “and it changed into a staff”
EXO	4	5	l4tn	figs-quotemarks	לְמַ֣עַן יַאֲמִ֔ינוּ כִּֽי־נִרְאָ֥ה אֵלֶ֛י⁠ךָ יְהוָ֖ה אֱלֹהֵ֣י אֲבֹתָ֑⁠ם אֱלֹהֵ֧י אַבְרָהָ֛ם אֱלֹהֵ֥י יִצְחָ֖ק וֵ⁠אלֹהֵ֥י יַעֲקֹֽב	1		This continues the direct quotation from the first part of [verse 4](../04/04.md). It may be more natural to reorganize verses four and five to keep the quote together. If you rearrange like this, Moses picking up the snake/staff should come after the full quotation. However, it is better to do something similar to the UST, which restates that Yahweh is speaking and provides some implied directives from Yahweh to make a complete sentence. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	4	5	m4fk	figs-ellipsis	לְמַ֣עַן יַאֲמִ֔ינוּ כִּֽי־נִרְאָ֥ה אֵלֶ֛י⁠ךָ יְהוָ֖ה אֱלֹהֵ֣י אֲבֹתָ֑⁠ם אֱלֹהֵ֧י אַבְרָהָ֛ם אֱלֹהֵ֥י יִצְחָ֖ק וֵ⁠אלֹהֵ֥י יַעֲקֹֽב	1		This quote is not a complete sentence; the UST provides a clarification. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
EXO	4	5	9iok	writing-participants	יַאֲמִ֔ינוּ…אֲבֹתָ֑⁠ם	1		These pronouns refer either to the Israelites or to the Israelite elders. God had instructed Moses to gather and speak to the elders; if you make this participant explicit, elders is a better option. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
EXO	4	5	oqi5	writing-participants	אֵלֶ֛י⁠ךָ	1		This refers to Moses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
EXO	4	5	jr8m		אֱלֹהֵ֣י אֲבֹתָ֑⁠ם אֱלֹהֵ֧י אַבְרָהָ֛ם אֱלֹהֵ֥י יִצְחָ֖ק וֵ⁠אלֹהֵ֥י יַעֲקֹֽב	1	the God of their ancestors, the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob	Abraham, Isaac and Jacob were three of their ancestors. They all worshiped the same God.
EXO	4	6	0hre	figs-quotemarks	הָֽבֵא־נָ֤א יָֽדְ⁠ךָ֙ בְּ⁠חֵיקֶ֔⁠ךָ	1		This is a direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	4	6	ep52	figs-exclamations	וְ⁠הִנֵּ֥ה	1	behold	This word is used to create an exclamation, showing surprise. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
EXO	4	6	pw7g	figs-simile	כַּ⁠שָּֽׁלֶג	1	as white as snow	The word **like** (ULT) or “as” (UST) here is used to compare how Moses’ hand looked. You may not have a word for snow in your language. If so, consider an alternative that describes something very white. You may need to make the whiteness explicit. Alternate translation: “like wool” or “that made it look white like the sand on the beach” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
EXO	4	7	kv9r	figs-quotemarks	הָשֵׁ֤ב יָֽדְ⁠ךָ֙ אֶל־חֵיקֶ֔⁠ךָ	1		This is a direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	4	7	prr9	figs-exclamations	וְ⁠הִנֵּה	1		This word is used to create an exclamation, showing surprise. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
EXO	4	8	q9qb	figs-exclamations	וְ⁠הָיָה֙ 	1		Yahweh’s speech resumes here and continues through the end of [verse 9](../04/09.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	4	8	well	figs-personification	וְ⁠לֹ֣א יִשְׁמְע֔וּ לְ⁠קֹ֖ל הָ⁠אֹ֣ת הָ⁠רִאשׁ֑וֹן וְ⁠הֶֽאֱמִ֔ינוּ לְ⁠קֹ֖ל הָ⁠אֹ֥ת הָ⁠אַחֲרֽוֹן	1		Here the **sign**s are spoken of as if they had a **voice** with which they could speak. If this imagery would not make sense in your language, you may need to translate this in a way that makes explicit that the signs are meant to be proof that God sent Moses. Alternative translation: “and are not convinced that God has appeared to you by seeing the first sign, then they will be convinced by seeing the second sign.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
EXO	4	8	gxlg	writing-participants	יַאֲמִ֣ינוּ…יִשְׁמְע֔וּ…וְ⁠הֶֽאֱמִ֔ינוּ	1		These pronouns refer either to the Israelites or to the Israelite elders. God had instructed Moses to gather and speak to the elders; if you make this participant explicit, elders is the better option, but be sure to do the same as you did in [verse 5](../04/05.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
EXO	4	8	lsb3		לֹ֣א יַאֲמִ֣ינוּ…וְ⁠הֶֽאֱמִ֔ינוּ	1	pay attention	“they do not acknowledge… then they will acknowledge” or “they do not accept… then they will accept”
EXO	4	9	q82r	writing-participants	יַאֲמִ֡ינוּ…יִשְׁמְעוּ⁠ן֙	1		These pronouns refer either to the Israelites or to the Israelite elders. God had instructed Moses to gather and speak to the elders; if you make this participant explicit, elders is the better option, but be sure to do the same as you did in [verse 5](../04/05.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
EXO	4	9	2hna	figs-quotemarks	וְ⁠הָי֥וּ לְ⁠דָ֖ם בַּ⁠יַּבָּֽשֶׁת	1		After this phrase, the direct quote of Yahweh’s speech from the previous verse ends. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with a closing first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the end of a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	4	10	aazp	figs-quotemarks	בִּ֣י אֲדֹנָ⁠י֒ לֹא֩ אִ֨ישׁ דְּבָרִ֜ים אָנֹ֗כִי גַּ֤ם מִ⁠תְּמוֹל֙ גַּ֣ם מִ⁠שִּׁלְשֹׁ֔ם גַּ֛ם מֵ⁠אָ֥ז דַּבֶּרְ⁠ךָ אֶל־עַבְדֶּ֑⁠ךָ כִּ֧י כְבַד־פֶּ֛ה וּ⁠כְבַ֥ד לָשׁ֖וֹן אָנֹֽכִי	1		This is a direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	4	10	t8i9		בִּ֣י	1		This word is used by a speaker to beg a superior to allow him to speak. Alternate translation: “Please”
EXO	4	10	w12a		לֹא֩ אִ֨ישׁ דְּבָרִ֜ים אָנֹ֗כִי גַּ֤ם מִ⁠תְּמוֹל֙ גַּ֣ם מִ⁠שִּׁלְשֹׁ֔ם	1	have never been eloquent	“I have never been an excellent speaker”
EXO	4	10	opes		אִ֨ישׁ דְּבָרִ֜ים	1		This expression means “a man who uses words well,” in other words, an eloquent man who can speak well and convincingly. 
EXO	4	10	pk0l	figs-merism	גַּ֤ם מִ⁠תְּמוֹל֙ גַּ֣ם מִ⁠שִּׁלְשֹׁ֔ם	1		This phrase simply means “in the past.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) 
EXO	4	10	wsl4	figs-123person	עַבְדֶּ֑⁠ךָ	1		Moses refers to himself as God’s servant to lower his status before God (and perhaps by doing so to make his argument of inability stronger). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
EXO	4	10	bv64	figs-doublet	כְבַד־פֶּ֛ה וּ⁠כְבַ֥ד לָשׁ֖וֹן	1	I am slow of speech and slow of tongue	These phrases mean basically the same thing. Moses uses them to emphasize that he is not a good speaker. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
EXO	4	10	zm3y	figs-metonymy	לָשׁ֖וֹן	1	slow of tongue	Here, **tongue** refers to Moses’ ability to speak. Alternate translation: “speech” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	4	11	xpgf	figs-quotemarks	וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר יְהוָ֜ה אֵלָ֗י⁠ו	1		After this phrase, a direct quote begins that continues to the end of the [next verse](…/04/12.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	4	11	ks2m	figs-rquestion	מִ֣י שָׂ֣ם פֶּה֮ לָֽ⁠אָדָם֒	1	Who is it who made man’s mouth?	Yahweh uses this question to emphasize that he is the Creator who makes it possible for people to speak. Alternate translation: “I, Yahweh, am the one who created the human mouth and the ability to speak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
EXO	4	11	e1y6	figs-rquestion	מִֽי־יָשׂ֣וּם אִלֵּ֔ם א֣וֹ חֵרֵ֔שׁ א֥וֹ פִקֵּ֖חַ א֣וֹ עִוֵּ֑ר	1	Who makes a man mute or deaf or seeing or blind?	Yahweh uses this question to emphasize that he is the one who decides if people can speak and hear, and if they can see. Alternate translation: “I, Yahweh, make people able to speak, or hear, or to see, or to be blind!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
EXO	4	11	uq7j	figs-rquestion	הֲ⁠לֹ֥א אָנֹכִ֖י יְהוָֽה	1	Is it not I, Yahweh?	Yahweh uses this question to emphasize that he alone makes these decisions. Alternate translation: “I, Yahweh, am the one who does this!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
EXO	4	12	kkr1	figs-metonymy	וְ⁠אָנֹכִי֙ אֶֽהְיֶ֣ה עִם־פִּ֔י⁠ךָ	1	I will be with your mouth	Here, **mouth** refers to Moses’ ability to speak. Alternate translation: “I will give you the ability to speak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	4	12	5dxg	figs-quotemarks	תְּדַבֵּֽר	1		After this phrase, the direct quote from the previous verse ends. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with a closing first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the end of a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	4	13	zy9m	figs-quotemarks	בִּ֣י אֲדֹנָ֑⁠י שְֽׁלַֽח־נָ֖א בְּ⁠יַד־תִּשְׁלָֽח	1		This is a direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	4	13	brer		בִּ֣י	1		This word is used by a speaker to beg a superior to allow him to speak. See what you did in [verse 10](../04/10.md). Alternate translation: “Please”
EXO	4	13	s8nl		שְֽׁלַֽח־נָ֖א בְּ⁠יַד־תִּשְׁלָֽח	1		In translating this phrase, it is important to make clear that Moses is asking Yahweh to send someone else. Here he is not accepting Yahweh’s commission.
EXO	4	13	8ta6	figs-synecdoche	בְּ⁠יַד	1		This phrase means “by a person.” The figure is of a person taking Yahweh’s message in his hand to the Israelites and Pharaoh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
EXO	4	14	uy2v	figs-idiom	וַ⁠יִּֽחַר־אַ֨ף יְהוָ֜ה 	1		This is an idiom meaning that Yahweh is angry. Alternate translation: “Yahweh became angry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	4	14	ifax	writing-participants	וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר֙	1		“and Yahweh said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
EXO	4	14	zn40	figs-quotemarks	בְּ⁠מֹשֶׁ֗ה וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר֙	1		After this phrase a direct quote begins that continues until the end of [verse 17](../04/17.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	4	14	okko	figs-rquestion	הֲ⁠לֹ֨א אַהֲרֹ֤ן אָחִ֨י⁠ךָ֙ הַ⁠לֵּוִ֔י	1		Yahweh uses this rhetorical question to suggest an alternative to Moses. Alternative translation: “I know you have a brother, Aaron the Levite.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
EXO	4	14	e0js	figs-kinship	אָחִ֨י⁠ךָ֙	1		His **brother** Aaron was three years older than Moses (see [Exodus 7:7](../07/07.md)), which may be important for translating “brother” in some languages. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-kinship]])
EXO	4	14	y5ed	figs-idiom	דַבֵּ֥ר יְדַבֵּ֖ר	1		In Hebrew, the word **speak** is repeated. This means he speaks well. English cannot convey this by doubling, so the meaning of the repetition was translated in the ULT in this case. If your language can say something like “speaking speaks” to mean “speaks well,” consider it; otherwise, translate the meaning similarly to the ULT or UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	4	14	8q64		הִנֵּה	1		**Behold** is used to draw attention to surprising information that follows. If your language has a term that functions in that way (“Listen!” or “Look!” or “Pay Attention!”), use it here.
EXO	4	14	ettp	figs-go	יֹצֵ֣א	1		Yahweh says Aaron is coming from Egypt to Midian to find Moses. He is probably on foot. Depending on the language, the required form of go or come may vary. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
EXO	4	14	8kn8	grammar-connect-logic-result	וְ⁠שָׂמַ֥ח	1		Aaron will be glad because he sees Moses. Consider a conjunction or other form that expresses result as in the UST or alternative translation: “and because he sees you, he will have joy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
EXO	4	14	ew4h	figs-metonymy	בְּ⁠לִבּֽ⁠וֹ	1	he will be glad in his heart	Here, **heart** refers to inner thoughts and emotions. If the heart is not a body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s thoughts and emotions, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	4	15	u97f	figs-metaphor	הַ⁠דְּבָרִ֖ים	1	put the words to say into his mouth	Words here are spoken of as if they were something that can be physically placed in a person’s mouth. Alternate translation: “the message that he is to repeat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	4	15	q9cf	figs-metonymy	וְ⁠אָנֹכִ֗י אֶֽהְיֶ֤ה עִם־פִּ֨י⁠ךָ֙ וְ⁠עִם־פִּ֔י⁠הוּ	1	I will be with your mouth	The word **mouth** here represents Moses’ and Aaron’s choice of words. Alternate translation: “And I will be with you as you speak and with him as he speaks” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	4	15	v57x	figs-youdual	אֶתְ⁠כֶ֔ם…תַּעֲשֽׂוּ⁠ן	1	with his mouth	These refer to Moses and Aaron. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a dual form if you have one or, if not, use a plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
EXO	4	16	mnsp	figs-simile	לְ⁠פֶ֔ה	1		This phrase compares Aaron to a mouth, because he will be the one to actually vocalize to the Israelites and Pharaoh what Moses tells him to say. Alternate translation: “the one to say what you tell him to say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
EXO	4	16	gn5v	figs-simile	תִּֽהְיֶה־לּ֥⁠וֹ לֵֽ⁠אלֹהִֽים	1	you will be to him like me, God	The word **like** here means Moses would represent the same authority to Aaron as God did to Moses. Alternate translation: “you will speak to Aaron with the same authority with which I speak to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
EXO	4	17	0h45	figs-quotemarks	תַּעֲשֶׂה־בּ֖⁠וֹ אֶת־הָ⁠אֹתֹֽת	1		After this phrase, the direct quote of Yahweh ends. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with a closing first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the end of a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	4	17	6brk	figs-explicit	הַ⁠מַּטֶּ֥ה הַ⁠זֶּ֖ה	1		Yahweh assumes that Moses will know that by **this staff,** he means the one that Moses said he had in his hand in [v. 2](../04/02.md), and with which God told him to do a miracle in vv. [3](../04/03.md)–[4](../04/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])<br><br><br>
EXO	4	18	j2ix	writing-participants	יֶ֣תֶר	1		Jethro is reintroduced as a participant in the narrative here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
EXO	4	18	cbop	figs-go	וַ⁠יֵּ֨לֶךְ	1		Because the setting has shifted back to Jethro’s home, some languages may need to use “come” here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
EXO	4	18	b6mf	figs-kinship	חֹֽתְנ֗⁠וֹ	1	father-in-law	This refers to the father of Moses’ wife. Some languages may use a different term for the husband’s or wife’s father. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-kinship]]) 
EXO	4	18	wlit	writing-participants	וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר	1		“and Moses said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
EXO	4	18	7zke	writing-participants	ל⁠וֹ֙	1		“to Jethro” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
EXO	4	18	uvqk	figs-quotemarks	אֵ֣לֲכָה נָּ֗א וְ⁠אָשׁ֨וּבָה֙ אֶל־אַחַ֣⁠י אֲשֶׁר־בְּ⁠מִצְרַ֔יִם וְ⁠אֶרְאֶ֖ה הַ⁠עוֹדָ֣⁠ם חַיִּ֑ים	1		This is a direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	4	18	67yz	figs-metonymy	אַחַ֣⁠י	1		“my relatives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	4	18	gq2g	figs-idiom	וְ⁠אֶרְאֶ֖ה הַ⁠עוֹדָ֣⁠ם	1		Later in the Bible we are told that Moses was in Midian for 40 years. Moses’ request may have been literal or an idiom that meant he wanted to know how they were doing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	4	18	yay3	figs-explicit	לֵ֥ךְ לְ⁠שָׁלֽוֹם	1		This is a phrase of assent and blessing. It may be necessary for some languages to explicitly add, “Yes,” to the beginning of Jethro’s response. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	4	18	i807	figs-quotemarks	לֵ֥ךְ לְ⁠שָׁלֽוֹם	1		This is a direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	4	19	wwr8	grammar-connect-time-sequential	וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר יְהוָ֤ה אֶל־מֹשֶׁה֙	1		The timing and situation for Yahweh speaking to Moses here is not specified. Some conjecture that it was part of the narrative of the encounter with Yahweh from the previous verses but placed after his request to Jethro for an unknown reason. Another speculation is that Moses delayed returning to Egypt (either by his own choice, Yahweh’s instructions, or someone else delaying him) and Yahweh came and told him again (the UST explicitly offers this optional translation). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential]])
EXO	4	19	aosm	figs-quotemarks	לֵ֖ךְ שֻׁ֣ב מִצְרָ֑יִם כִּי־מֵ֨תוּ֙ כָּל־הָ֣⁠אֲנָשִׁ֔ים הַֽ⁠מְבַקְשִׁ֖ים אֶת־נַפְשֶֽׁ⁠ךָ	1		This is a direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	4	19	clfj		הַֽ⁠מְבַקְשִׁ֖ים אֶת־נַפְשֶֽׁ⁠ךָ	1		This means they were seeking to end his life, that is, to kill him. Alternate translation: see UST.
EXO	4	20	fua6	writing-participants	בָּנָ֗י⁠ו	1		Moses’ second son is not introduced until [18:4](../18/.04.md) but had already been born before they left Midian. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
EXO	4	20	zi5m	writing-participants	וַ⁠יָּ֖שָׁב אַ֣רְצָ⁠ה מִצְרָ֑יִם	1		It is clear from [verse 24](../04/24.md) and [25](../04/25.md) that his family went with him, so you may need to translate as “they returned.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
EXO	4	20	47k5	grammar-connect-time-sequential	וַ⁠יָּ֖שָׁב אַ֣רְצָ⁠ה מִצְרָ֑יִם	1		After the incident on the road in verses [24](../04/24.md)-[26](../04/26.md), Moses’ family is not mentioned again until [18:2](../18/02.md) which says that Moses sent them back, so a translation similar to the UST which only commits to the family starting on the way to Egypt may be better. This option has the further benefit of allowing for the several events that happen before Moses gets to Egypt. The ULT’s “towards” is another way of giving space in the translation for the next several events. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential]])
EXO	4	20	768n	figs-explicit	מַטֵּ֥ה הָ⁠אֱלֹהִ֖ים	1		The phrase the staff of God refers to the staff that God told Moses to take with him in v. [17](../04/17.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	4	20	7e3s	figs-explicit	מַטֵּ֥ה הָ⁠אֱלֹהִ֖ים	1		The book describes this staff as **the staff of God** because God appointed it as his instrument so that Moses could do miraculous works through it. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say that explicitly. Make sure your translation does not lead people to think the staff was a magic wand or shaman’s staff that had its own power, or power from Moses, or that the staff gave Moses the ability to command God. In every instance where miracles happened, God told Moses to do something with the staff, Moses obeyed, and then God caused a miracle. Alternate translation: “the staff that God had told him to bring because God intended to work powerfully through it when Moses stretched it out.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	4	21	lva8	figs-quotemarks	בְּ⁠לֶכְתְּ⁠ךָ֙ 	1		This begins a direct quotation that continues to the end of [4:23](../04/23.md). It contains up to fourth-level quotations. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	4	21	oajf		רְאֵ֗ה	1		Most translations and interpretations of the verb **see** take it to mean something like “see that you do.”
EXO	4	21	0gqf	figs-metaphor	כָּל־הַ⁠מֹּֽפְתִים֙ אֲשֶׁר־שַׂ֣מְתִּי בְ⁠יָדֶ֔⁠ךָ	1		Here the miracles are spoken of as if they were items Moses could carry. In part, this may be because the three signs already given to Moses involved the use of his hand. Alternative translation: “all the wonders I have authorized you to perform” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	4	21	kdsb	figs-metonymy	לִ⁠פְנֵ֣י פַרְעֹ֑ה	1		This time while **before the face of** still has the standard figurative meaning of “in the presence of,” it is a much more literal use here. Moses is to actually do the miracles in front of Pharaoh so he can see them. Alternative translation: “so Pharaoh can see them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	4	21	ovma	grammar-connect-logic-contrast	וַ⁠אֲנִי֙ אֲחַזֵּ֣ק	1		Referring to himself in the opening of this sentence serves to emphasize a contrast in what might be expected and what will happen. Translate this in a way that clearly contrasts the performance of miracles before Pharaoh (which might be expected to lead to him releasing the Israelites) with what Yahweh says he will do. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
EXO	4	21	uvoh	figs-metaphor	וַ⁠אֲנִי֙ אֲחַזֵּ֣ק אֶת־לִבּ֔⁠וֹ	1		This means that God will make him stubborn. His stubborn attitude is spoken of as if his heart would be made stronger. If the heart is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. Alternate translation: “But as for me, I will cause Pharaoh to be stubborn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	4	21	uudz	grammar-connect-logic-result	וְ⁠לֹ֥א יְשַׁלַּ֖ח אֶת־הָ⁠עָֽם	1		Make it clear in your translation that this is a result of God hardening Pharaoh’s heart. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
EXO	4	22	ftde		כֹּ֚ה אָמַ֣ר יְהוָ֔ה	1		This is the first of hundreds of occurrences throughout the Old Testament of a standard phrase used to introduce direct, authoritative instruction from Yahweh. It would be good for your team to have a standard way to translate this that makes it clear that the words that come next are directly from God. If your language has a standard way of introducing a new message from your rulers that alerts the hearers that these are the words of the rulers, that would be a good phrase to consider.
EXO	4	22	zb2e	figs-quotesinquotes	כֹּ֚ה	1		**Thus** begins a second-level quotation that continues until the end of  [4:23](../04/23.md). It should be marked in some manner that distinguishes it from the outer level, the first level. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]])
EXO	4	22	teyy	figs-quotesinquotes	כֹּ֚ה אָמַ֣ר יְהוָ֔ה	1		This begins a second-level quotation that continues until the end of  [4:23](../04/23.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening second-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation within a quotation. However, you may want to translate this as an indirect quotation in order to reduce the levels of quotations in this passage. Alternative translation: “that Yahweh says” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]])
EXO	4	22	kud7	figs-quotemarks	בְּנִ֥⁠י	1		This is the beginning of a third-level quotation that continues until the end of [4:23](../04/23.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening third-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation within a quotation within a quotation. (If you chose to translate, “Thus says Yahweh,” as an indirect quote, this will be a second- level quotation.) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	4	22	1od0	figs-metaphor	בְּנִ֥⁠י בְכֹרִ֖⁠י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל׃	1		Some languages may need to change the metaphor here into a simile. See UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	4	22	pt4n	figs-collectivenouns	יִשְׂרָאֵֽל	1	Israel is my son	The word **Israel** here represents all the people of Israel as a group. It is important to keep the singular reference to Israel as son, rather than change it to something like ‘the Israelites are my children,’ because God is making a particular contrast here between his son and Pharaoh’s son. Some languages may not be able to use “Israel” as a collective noun and may need to choose a translation like “the nation of Israel” or “the Israelite nation.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-collectivenouns]])
EXO	4	22	8oc8	figs-metonymy	יִשְׂרָאֵֽל	1		The Israelite nation is often referred to simply by the name of the patriarch. For alternative translation see: [[rc://en/tn/help/exo/04/22/pt4n]] (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	4	23	syar	figs-quotemarks	שַׁלַּ֤ח אֶת־בְּנִ⁠י֙ וְ⁠יַֽעַבְדֵ֔⁠נִי	1		This is a fourth-level quotation. It should be marked in some manner that distinguishes it from the outer levels. (If you chose to translate “Thus says Yahweh” as an indirect quote, this will be a third-level quotation.) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	4	23	0pc4	figs-quotations	וָ⁠אֹמַ֣ר אֵלֶ֗י⁠ךָ שַׁלַּ֤ח אֶת־בְּנִ⁠י֙ וְ⁠יַֽעַבְדֵ֔⁠נִי וַ⁠תְּמָאֵ֖ן	1		The fourth-level quotation here may be a good one to translate as an indirect quotation in order to reduce the levels of quotations in this passage. Alternative translation: “and I told you to let my son go that he may serve me. But you have refused” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
EXO	4	23	k7mh	figs-metaphor	בְּנִ⁠י֙	1	you have refused to let him go	Yahweh continues to metaphorically speak of Israel as **my son.** See what you did at [[rc://en/tn/help/exo/04/22/1od0]]. Alternative translation: “the Israelite nation which is like a son to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	4	23	u825	figs-pronouns	וְ⁠יַֽעַבְדֵ֔⁠נִי…לְ⁠שַׁלְּח֑⁠וֹ	1		The pronouns **he** and **him** agree with “son.” What you use may depend on how you translated son at [[rc://en/tn/help/exo/04/23/k7mh]]. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]])
EXO	4	23	2g32		הִנֵּה֙	1		This is used to draw attention to surprising information that follows. Alternative translation: “Know this” 
EXO	4	23	re11		בִּנְ⁠ךָ֖ 	1	I will certainly kill your son, your firstborn	This refers to the actual son of Pharaoh.
EXO	4	23	ubcw	figs-quotemarks	בִּנְ⁠ךָ֖ בְּכֹרֶֽ⁠ךָ	1		After this phrase, the three levels of direct quotations end bringing a complete close to all quotations that started in verses [21](../04/21.md) and [22](../04/22.md). If you are using direct quotations, at the end of this verse you should have three closing markers, third level, second level and first level. In English, it looks like **” ’ ”** (without spaces). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	4	24	sp6h	writing-newevent	וַ⁠יְהִ֥י	1	Yahweh met Moses and tried to kill him	This introduces a new event. Mark the transition in a natural way in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
EXO	4	24	p820	writing-participants	וַ⁠יִּפְגְּשֵׁ֣⁠הוּ…הֲמִיתֽ⁠וֹ	1		Here, it is not clear who **him** refers to. Most commentators believe it refers to Moses, but it could refer to the son, though that is less likely. If it is necessary to choose for your translation, use Moses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
EXO	4	24	3xy0	writing-participants	הֲמִיתֽ⁠וֹ	1		Here, **he** refers to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
EXO	4	25	m1la	translate-names	צִפֹּרָ֜ה	1	Zipporah	This is the name of Moses’s wife. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	4	25	sftg	writing-participants	צִפֹּרָ֜ה	1		Zipporah is introduced here as a new participant. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
EXO	4	25	a36h	translate-unknown	צֹ֗ר	1	flint knife	This was a knife with a sharpened stone blade. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	4	25	nkxn	translate-unknown	עָרְלַ֣ת	1		The**foreskin** is the retractable fold of skin which covers and protects the end of the penis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	4	25	l6sr	figs-euphemism	לְ⁠רַגְלָ֑י⁠ו	1	to his feet	It is possible that the word **feet** may have been a more respectful way to refer to the genital area of the body. However, that possibility is not high enough that you should translate it either literally as genitals or with another euphemism meaning genitals in your language. If you have a word that means primarily feet or legs, but could in some cases also euphemistically mean genitals, you may consider it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
EXO	4	25	3g3x	figs-quotemarks	כִּ֧י חֲתַן־דָּמִ֛ים אַתָּ֖ה לִֽ⁠י	1		This is a direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	4	25	b2t3	figs-metaphor	כִּ֧י חֲתַן־דָּמִ֛ים אַתָּ֖ה לִֽ⁠י	1	you are a bridegroom to me by blood	The meaning of this metaphor is unclear. It was probably a known saying in that culture. Alternate translation: “you are related to me by this blood” or “you are my husband because of blood” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	4	26	ceqk	grammar-connect-logic-result	וַ⁠יִּ֖רֶף	1		As a result of Zipporah’s action. Consider a conjunction or other form that expresses result as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
EXO	4	26	o4zt	writing-participants	וַ⁠יִּ֖רֶף	1		“Yahweh relented” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
EXO	4	26	4l5u	writing-participants	מִמֶּ֑⁠נּוּ	1		As in [4:24](../04/24.md) this could mean either Moses or the son, but most commentators think it is still Moses. The UST uses “anyone” to preserve ambiguity. Alternative translation: “from Moses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
EXO	4	26	r8hj	figs-quotations	חֲתַ֥ן דָּמִ֖ים	1		This is a unique quotation because Zipporah probably does not speak again; rather, the quotation refers back to her statement in [4:25](../04/25.md). Your language may handle this sort of quotation in a special way. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
EXO	4	26	abmg	figs-quotemarks	חֲתַ֥ן דָּמִ֖ים לַ⁠מּוּלֹֽת	1		It is not clear if the quotation includes **because of the circumcision** or if that is a comment explaining the quotation. Translations are divided in where they end the quotation, but most exclude **because of the circumcision** and it is best to follow that unless a locally respected translation includes it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	4	27	xk6b	writing-newevent	וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר	1	Yahweh said to Aaron	You may want to add a word that marks the beginning of a new part of the story, as the UST does. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
EXO	4	27	qxpc	writing-participants	אַהֲרֹ֔ן	1		**Aaron** is introduced as a new participant. Some languages may mark this in some way. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
EXO	4	27	221t	figs-quotemarks	לֵ֛ךְ לִ⁠קְרַ֥את מֹשֶׁ֖ה הַ⁠מִּדְבָּ֑רָ⁠ה	1		This is a direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	4	27	wy4n	figs-possession	בְּ⁠הַ֥ר הָ⁠אֱלֹהִ֖ים	1	at the mountain of God	See how you translated this in [3:1](../03/01.md), consult this this note: [[rc://en/tn/help/exo/03/01/p27s]] (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
EXO	4	27	tfn2	translate-symaction	וַ⁠יִּשַּׁק	1		This was a traditional way of greeting which showed love. You can make this explicit as the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
EXO	4	28	ad9x		שְׁלָח֑⁠וֹ…צִוָּֽ⁠הוּ	1		These are a bit awkward to translate in English, so the UST adds more information. Other languages may not have the same difficulty.
EXO	4	28	b429	writing-participants	שְׁלָח֑⁠וֹ…צִוָּֽ⁠הוּ	1	he had sent him to say	The words **he** refers to Yahweh, and **him** refers to Moses. Alternative translation: “Yahweh sent Moses…Yahweh commanded Moses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
EXO	4	29	y8o3	writing-newevent	וַ⁠יֵּ֥לֶךְ	1		This begins a new event which you may need to mark in your translation with a transitional word like the UST’s “When.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
EXO	4	30	bm2x	figs-metonymy	לְ⁠עֵינֵ֥י הָ⁠עָֽם	1	in the sight of the people	This means he did the signs so they could see them. Alternative translation: “in their sight” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	4	30	x1v3	writing-participants	הָ⁠עָֽם	1		Context suggests that **people** refers to the leaders gathered in [4:29](../04/29.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
EXO	4	31	8n78	writing-participants	הָ⁠עָ֑ם	1		Context suggests that **people** refers to the leaders gathered in [4:29](../04/29.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
EXO	4	31	q1er		פָקַ֨ד…בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֗ל	1	had observed the Israelites	“saw the Israelites” or “was concerned about the Israelites”
EXO	4	31	g83a	translate-symaction	וַֽ⁠יִּקְּד֖וּ וַ⁠יִּֽשְׁתַּחֲוּֽוּ	1	they bowed their heads	Alternative translations: “they bowed their heads in awe” or “they bowed down low in reverence.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
EXO	5	intro	kea2			0		# Exodus 05 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### A slave’s work<br>The Egyptians were known for making their slaves do a lot of work. The Israelite slaves were forced to make a specific number of bricks every day. In this chapter, they were required not only to make these bricks, but also to gather straw, one of the raw materials, in order to make these bricks.<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### “Let my people go”<br>This is a very important statement. Moses does not  seek permission to leave, asking Pharaoh to “let go” of the Hebrew people. Instead, he demands that Pharaoh free the Hebrew people.<br><br>### Titles<br>The leaders are given different titles in this chapter. The ULT uses “taskmasters” and “foremen.” Many cultures will not have these types of titles. Generic expressions like “Egyptian leaders” and “Hebrew leaders” may be necessary.
EXO	5	1	q0zv	writing-newevent	וְ⁠אַחַ֗ר בָּ֚אוּ מֹשֶׁ֣ה וְ⁠אַהֲרֹ֔ן וַ⁠יֹּאמְר֖וּ אֶל־פַּרְעֹ֑ה	1		This time phrase, **and afterward**, marks a transition in the narrative. Alternative translation: “After that” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
EXO	5	1	q9kn	grammar-connect-time-sequential	וְ⁠אַחַ֗ר בָּ֚אוּ מֹשֶׁ֣ה וְ⁠אַהֲרֹ֔ן וַ⁠יֹּאמְר֖וּ אֶל־פַּרְעֹ֑ה	1	After these things happened	It is unclear how long Moses and Aaron waited until they went to see Pharoah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential]])
EXO	5	1	cudx	figs-go	בָּ֚אוּ	1		In this instance, depending on how they have to set scenes, some languages may need to use “came in.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
EXO	5	1	7l1y	writing-participants	פַּרְעֹ֑ה	1		Pharaoh is reintroduced as a participant in the narrative for the first time since chapter two. Some languages may need to mark his reintroduction in a particular way. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
EXO	5	1	3l2v	figs-quotemarks	כֹּֽה־אָמַ֤ר יְהוָה֙ אֱלֹהֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל שַׁלַּח֙ אֶת־עַמִּ֔⁠י וְ⁠יָחֹ֥גּוּ לִ֖⁠י בַּ⁠מִּדְבָּֽר	1		This is a direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	5	1	ckml	figs-quotemarks	שַׁלַּח֙ אֶת־עַמִּ֔⁠י וְ⁠יָחֹ֥גּוּ לִ֖⁠י בַּ⁠מִּדְבָּֽר	1		This is a second-level direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with second-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation within a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	5	1	lu3i		כֹּֽה־אָמַ֤ר יְהוָה֙	1		This quotation form is used to introduce commands from Yahweh. See [4:intro](../04/intro.md) for more information.
EXO	5	1	u2vt		וְ⁠יָחֹ֥גּוּ	1	festival for me	This is a celebration to worship Yahweh. Alternative translation: “so they can worship me with eating and drinking” 
EXO	5	2	v4c1	grammar-connect-logic-contrast	וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר	1	Why should I…let Israel go?	The result here is exactly as God has said; therefore, a contrastive transition word is reasonable but not required given the immediate human context. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
EXO	5	2	fq6i	figs-quotemarks	מִ֤י יְהוָה֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר אֶשְׁמַ֣ע בְּ⁠קֹל֔⁠וֹ לְ⁠שַׁלַּ֖ח אֶת־יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל לֹ֤א יָדַ֨עְתִּי֙ אֶת־יְהוָ֔ה וְ⁠גַ֥ם אֶת־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל לֹ֥א אֲשַׁלֵּֽחַ	1		This is a direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	5	2	lqwt		מִ֤י יְהוָה֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר אֶשְׁמַ֣ע בְּ⁠קֹל֔⁠וֹ לְ⁠שַׁלַּ֖ח אֶת־יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל	1		This is not a rhetorical question, though Pharaoh may have spoken with contempt. Pharaoh would have considered himself a go. The Egyptians had several gods, and most people groups were assumed to have their own gods. Therefore, Pharaoh had truly not heard of Yahweh (who has just told his name to Moses).
EXO	5	2	wpff	figs-collectivenouns	יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל…יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל	1		Here the nation is spoken of as an individual. Alternative translation: “the nation of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-collectivenouns]])
EXO	5	2	c653	figs-metonymy	בְּ⁠קֹל֔⁠וֹ	1	listen to his voice	This represent the words God spoke. Alternate translation: “listen to what he says” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	5	2	6xjp		וְ⁠גַ֥ם	1		This functions to strengthen Pharaoh’s statement about his decision. Alternative translation: “and most definitely”
EXO	5	3	08ny	writing-participants	וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמְר֔וּ	1		It may not make sense in all languages for multiple people to speak. Since Aaron was appointed as Moses’ spokesman, consider the alternative translation: “Aaron replied” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
EXO	5	3	3li7	figs-quotemarks	אֱלֹהֵ֥י הָ⁠עִבְרִ֖ים נִקְרָ֣א עָלֵ֑י⁠נוּ נֵ֣לֲכָה נָּ֡א דֶּרֶךְ֩ שְׁלֹ֨שֶׁת יָמִ֜ים בַּ⁠מִּדְבָּ֗ר וְ⁠נִזְבְּחָה֙ לַֽ⁠יהוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֵ֔י⁠נוּ פֶּ֨ן־יִפְגָּעֵ֔⁠נוּ בַּ⁠דֶּ֖בֶר א֥וֹ בֶ⁠חָֽרֶב	1		This is a direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	5	3	y9ip		אֱלֹהֵ֥י הָ⁠עִבְרִ֖ים	1	God of the Hebrews	This term is also used for Yahweh, the Israelites’ God.
EXO	5	3	kclj	figs-exclusive	עָלֵ֑י⁠נוּ נֵ֣לֲכָה…וְ⁠נִזְבְּחָה֙…יִפְגָּעֵ֔⁠נוּ	1		Here, **us** (or “we” in UST) refers to the Hebrew people (the Israelites). It exclude Pharaoh and his people. Some languages may need to consider whether to use an inclusive or exclusive form. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
EXO	5	3	gfs5	figs-metonymy	בֶ⁠חָֽרֶב	1	or with the sword	Here, **sword** represents war or an attack by enemies. Alternate translation: “cause our enemies to attack us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	5	4	cb7w	figs-quotemarks	לָ֚⁠מָּה מֹשֶׁ֣ה וְ⁠אַהֲרֹ֔ן תַּפְרִ֥יעוּ אֶת־הָ⁠עָ֖ם מִ⁠מַּֽעֲשָׂ֑י⁠ו לְכ֖וּ לְ⁠סִבְלֹתֵי⁠כֶֽם	1		This is a direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	5	4	kl1i	figs-rquestion	לָ֚⁠מָּה מֹשֶׁ֣ה וְ⁠אַהֲרֹ֔ן תַּפְרִ֥יעוּ אֶת־הָ⁠עָ֖ם מִ⁠מַּֽעֲשָׂ֑י⁠ו	1	why are you taking the people from their work?	Pharaoh uses this question to express his anger towards Moses and Aaron for taking the Israelites away from their work. Alternate translation: “Stop distracting the people from doing their work!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
EXO	5	4	fiw9	figs-rquestion	לְכ֖וּ לְ⁠סִבְלֹתֵי⁠כֶֽם	1		This **your** could refer to Moses and Aaron, or it could mean “all you Israelite people.” The second meaning is more likely. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a dual or plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
EXO	5	5	nqbe	figs-aside	וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר פַּרְעֹ֔ה	1		It is unusual for the same speaker to be reintroduced like this. Some translations omit the repetition, but there is another option. This statement may be more connected to the next couple of verses, so it might be appropriate to make a minor break before this verse. Pharaoh may have been more commenting to himself, or he only thought this statement silently, and it led to his next actions. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-aside]])
EXO	5	5	todi		הֵן	1		This is a term meant to focus the attention of the listener on what the speaker is about to say. 
EXO	5	5	c53k	figs-youdual	וְ⁠הִשְׁבַּתֶּ֥ם	1		Here, **you** means Moses and Aaron. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a dual form (if you have one) or plural (if not) form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
EXO	5	6	ar9m		אֶת־הַ⁠נֹּגְשִׂ֣ים בָּ⁠עָ֔ם וְ⁠אֶת־שֹׁטְרָ֖י⁠ו	1		Pharaoh may have sent a messenger or messengers to the taskmasters and officers or spoken to one or a few representatives of them at his court rather than speaking to them directly. Alternative translation: “Pharaoh gave an order for the taskmasters among the people and officers that said,”
EXO	5	6	zd4m		הַ⁠נֹּגְשִׂ֣ים	1	taskmasters	**Taskmasters** were Egyptians whose job it was to force the Israelites to do hard work. These are probably the same as the “overseers” of labor gangs from [Exodus 1:11](../01/11.md), but here the term is harsher. Alternative translation: “oppressors”
EXO	5	6	8opu		שֹׁטְרָ֖י⁠ו	1		**Officers** were probably Israelite slaves who were in charge of the other Israelites but who answered to the Egyptian taskmasters.
EXO	5	6	dxih		לֵ⁠אמֹֽר	1		This is a way of introducing a direct quotation in Hebrew; most translations can omit it without harm.
EXO	5	7	k6io	figs-youdual	לֹ֣א תֹאסִפ֞וּ⁠ן	1		This command was given to multiple people; if your language distinguishes between singular and plural forms when giving commands, make sure this is a plural form. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
EXO	5	7	1pw9	figs-quotemarks	לֹ֣א תֹאסִפ֞וּ⁠ן	1		Verses 7-9 are a direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate the start here with an opening first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of the quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	5	7	p9nx	figs-idiom	כִּ⁠תְמ֣וֹל שִׁלְשֹׁ֑ם	1	you must no longer give	This is a Hebrew idiom meaning “in the past.” Alternative translation: “as before” or “as previously” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	5	8	izkf	figs-youdual	תָּשִׂ֣ימוּ	1		If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
EXO	5	8	ro25	translate-unknown	הַ⁠לְּבֵנִ֜ים	1		**Bricks** are hardened clay blocks for building. See how you translated in [1:14][../01/14.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	5	8	dlzx	figs-idiom	תְּמ֤וֹל שִׁלְשֹׁם֙	1		This is a Hebrew idiom meaning “in the past.” See how you translated this in [5:7](../05/07md) Alternative translation: “before” or “previously” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	5	8	vd10	figs-quotemarks	נֵלְכָ֖ה נִזְבְּחָ֥ה לֵ⁠אלֹהֵֽי⁠נוּ	1		This is a second-level direct quotation. It is a quote of Moses and Aaron. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with second-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation within a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	5	9	5nz5	figs-idiom	וְ⁠אַל־יִשְׁע֖וּ בְּ⁠דִבְרֵי־שָֽׁקֶר	1		Here words are spoken of as if they could be looked upon. Alternative translation: as UST or “and not listen to words that are lies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	5	10	ozzn	writing-newevent	וַ⁠יֵּ֨צְא֜וּ	1		This begins a new scene, which may need to be marked in a certain way in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
EXO	5	10	x4bi		נֹגְשֵׂ֤י	1	taskmasters	**Taskmasters** were Egyptians whose job was to force the Israelites to do hard work. See how you translated this in [5:6](../05/6.md). See [[rc://en/tn/help/exo/05/06/zd4m]]
EXO	5	10	0nqn		כֹּ֚ה אָמַ֣ר פַּרְעֹ֔ה	1		This is the same quote form as is used for when Yahweh gives a direct command. See [4:intro](../04/intro.md) for more information.
EXO	5	10	4joe	figs-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּאמְר֥וּ אֶל־הָ⁠עָ֖ם לֵ⁠אמֹ֑ר כֹּ֚ה אָמַ֣ר פַּרְעֹ֔ה	1		It might be helpful in some languages to translate **thus says Pharaoh** as an indirect quote so that his conveyed command is not a quote within a quote. Alternate translation: “and told the people that Pharaoh says” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
EXO	5	10	mkom	figs-quotesinquotes	אֵינֶ֛⁠נִּי	1		This is a the beginning of a second-level quotation that continues until the end of verse 11. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening second-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the start of a quotation within a quotation. However, you could also translate this as an indirect quote. See UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]])
EXO	5	10	7zfp	grammar-connect-logic-contrast	אֵינֶ֛⁠נִּי נֹתֵ֥ן לָ⁠כֶ֖ם תֶּֽבֶן	1		The structure of this phrase and the one that opens [the next verse](../05/11.md) create a strong contrast between what **I** (Pharaoh) and **you** (you all, the Israelites) will do. Translate this in a way that emphasizes, if possible, the contrast between “I” and “you.” Alternative translation: “It is not I who will give you straw.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
EXO	5	10	si2e	figs-metonymy	אֵינֶ֛⁠נִּי	1		Pharaoh does not physically give the Israelites straw. Rather, he had commanded his servants take straw that belongs to Pharaoh and give it to the Israelites. Now he told his servants to stop providing straw. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	5	10	gb4d	figs-youdual	לָ⁠כֶ֖ם	1	I will no longer give you	**You**is plural and refers to the Israelite people. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
EXO	5	11	ewg6	grammar-connect-logic-contrast	אַתֶּ֗ם לְכ֨וּ קְח֤וּ לָ⁠כֶם֙ תֶּ֔בֶן מֵ⁠אֲשֶׁ֖ר תִּמְצָ֑אוּ	1		The structure of this phrase serves as the opposing side of the contrast Pharaoh sets up in the last phrase. By explicitly using a pronoun with a command, he is emphasizing who will go get straw. If possible, translate this in a way that emphasizes the contrast between “I” and “you.” See [[rc://en/tn/help/exo/05/10/7zfp]] for more info.  Alternative translation: “Rather, it is you yourselves who must go get straw from wherever you might find it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
EXO	5	11	xe4i	figs-youdual	אַתֶּ֗ם	1	you can find…your workload	Here, **you** is plural and refers to the Israelite people. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
EXO	5	11	w918	figs-rpronouns	אַתֶּ֗ם…לָ⁠כֶם֙	1	You yourselves must go	The repetition of **you** emphasizes that the Egyptians will no longer help the slaves. Alternative translation: see UST (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
EXO	5	11	g5vb	figs-doublenegatives	כִּ֣י אֵ֥ין נִגְרָ֛ע מֵ⁠עֲבֹדַתְ⁠כֶ֖ם דָּבָֽר	1	your workload will not be reduced	This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “for you must continue to make the same number of bricks as before” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
EXO	5	11	ucrc	figs-quotemarks	כִּ֣י אֵ֥ין נִגְרָ֛ע מֵ⁠עֲבֹדַתְ⁠כֶ֖ם דָּבָֽר	1		After this phrase (at the end of the verse), the direct quotes end. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with a closing first-level (and second-level if you made both levels direct quotes) quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the end of a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	5	12	s9dk	figs-hyperbole	בְּ⁠כָל־אֶ֣רֶץ מִצְרָ֑יִם	1	throughout all the land of Egypt	This is a generalization used to show the extra effort Israel made to meet Pharaoh’s demands. Alternate translation: “to many places throughout Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
EXO	5	12	q7y7	translate-unknown	קַ֖שׁ	1	stubble	**Stubble** is the part of a plant that is left over after harvest. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	5	13	th6x		וְ⁠הַ⁠נֹּגְשִׂ֖ים	1	taskmasters	**Taskmasters** were Egyptians whose job it was to force the Israelites to do hard work. See how you translated this in [Exodus 5:6](../05/06.md).
EXO	5	13	ikkf	writing-participants	וְ⁠הַ⁠נֹּגְשִׂ֖ים	1		The change of subject is emphasized here. If your language has a way of specifically focusing on the actor in a narrative, use it here. See the UST for how that is done in English. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
EXO	5	13	8ye4	figs-quotemarks	כַּלּ֤וּ מַעֲשֵׂי⁠כֶם֙ דְּבַר־י֣וֹם בְּ⁠יוֹמ֔⁠וֹ כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֖ר בִּ⁠הְי֥וֹת הַ⁠תֶּֽבֶן	1		This is a direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	5	13	a5ja		דְּבַר־י֣וֹם בְּ⁠יוֹמ֔⁠וֹ	1		**Day by day** means “daily.” Alternative translation: “the daily task”
EXO	5	14	h4uo		נֹגְשֵׂ֥י	1		**Taskmasters** are Egyptians whose job it was to force the Israelites to do hard work. See how you translated this in [Exodus 5:6](../05/06.md).
EXO	5	14	unbc	figs-activepassive	וַ⁠יֻּכּ֗וּ שֹֽׁטְרֵי֙ בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל	1		The text does not specify who beat the officers. It was probably either the taskmasters or someone the taskmasters ordered to beat the officers. If your language cannot express this with the passive, you can make the taskmasters the subject. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	5	14	eq22	figs-rquestion	מַדּ֡וּעַ לֹא֩ כִלִּיתֶ֨ם חָקְ⁠כֶ֤ם לִ⁠לְבֹּן֙ כִּ⁠תְמ֣וֹל שִׁלְשֹׁ֔ם גַּם־תְּמ֖וֹל גַּם־הַ⁠יּֽוֹם	1	Why have you not produced all the bricks required of you…in the past?	The taskmasters used this question to show they were angry with the lack of bricks. Alternate translation: “You are not producing enough bricks, either yesterday or today, as you did in the past!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
EXO	5	14	767c	figs-quotemarks	מַדּ֡וּעַ לֹא֩ כִלִּיתֶ֨ם חָקְ⁠כֶ֤ם לִ⁠לְבֹּן֙ כִּ⁠תְמ֣וֹל שִׁלְשֹׁ֔ם גַּם־תְּמ֖וֹל גַּם־הַ⁠יּֽוֹם	1		This is a direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	5	14	oh6o	figs-youdual	כִלִּיתֶ֨ם חָקְ⁠כֶ֤ם	1		Here, **you** and **your** are plural. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. However, also see [[rc://en/tn/help/exo/05/14/emq7]]. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
EXO	5	14	emq7	figs-synecdoche	כִלִּיתֶ֨ם חָקְ⁠כֶ֤ם	1	cried out	Here, **you** and **your** do not simply refer to the officers; they refer to the groups of Israelite workers the officers are in charge of. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
EXO	5	14	liz8	figs-idiom	כִּ⁠תְמ֣וֹל שִׁלְשֹׁ֔ם	1		This is a Hebrew idiom meaning “in the past.” Here it specifically refers to the time before the Egyptians stopped giving the Israelites straw. See how you translated this in [5:7](../05/07md) Alternative translation: “before” or “previously” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	5	14	zklg		גַּם־תְּמ֖וֹל גַּם־הַ⁠יּֽוֹם	1		This time expression refers to more recent days, ones since the Egyptians stopped providing the straw to the Israelites.
EXO	5	15	bk9h	writing-newevent	וַ⁠יָּבֹ֗אוּ	1		This begins a new scene, which may need to be marked in a certain way in your language. The officers have gone to where Pharaoh is. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
EXO	5	15	thlj	figs-go	וַ⁠יָּבֹ֗אוּ	1		You will need to decide if go or come is the better translation in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
EXO	5	15	en1t	figs-quotemarks	לָ֧⁠מָּה 	1		This begins a direct quote that continues to the end of the [next verse](../05/16.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	5	15	m2nz	figs-123person	לַ⁠עֲבָדֶֽי⁠ךָ	1		Here, the Israelite officers use the term **your servants** to refer to themselves in the third person as a way of showing humility. It is also possible that they mean to include all the Israelites. Either option is valid if your language must state who is meant by “your servants.” Alternate translation: “to us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
EXO	5	16	yeql	figs-activepassive	תֶּ֗בֶן אֵ֤ין נִתָּן֙ לַ⁠עֲבָדֶ֔י⁠ךָ	1		The text does not specify who is not giving them straw. From context, the taskmasters and, by implication, Pharaoh himself are the ones not doing this. If your language cannot express this with the passive, you can make the taskmasters or Pharaoh the subject. Alternative translation: “You are not giving your servants any straw.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	5	16	qp5j	figs-123person	לַ⁠עֲבָדֶ֔י⁠ךָ…עֲבָדֶ֛י⁠ךָ	1		Here, the Israelite officers use the term **your servants** to refer to themselves in the third person as a way of showing humility. It is also possible that they mean to include all the Israelites. Either option is valid if your language must state who is meant by “your servants.” Alternate translation: “to us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
EXO	5	16	hsa6	writing-participants	אֹמְרִ֥ים	1	they are still telling us, ‘Make bricks!’	**They** refers to the Egyptian taskmasters. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
EXO	5	16	3xl3	figs-quotemarks	וּ⁠לְבֵנִ֛ים…עֲשׂ֑וּ	1		**Make bricks** is a second-level direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with second-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation within a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	5	16	m0go		וְ⁠הִנֵּ֧ה	1		This is used to draw attention to surprising information that follows. 
EXO	5	16	xrly	figs-activepassive	עֲבָדֶ֛י⁠ךָ מֻכִּ֖ים	1		The text does not specify who beat the officers. It was probably either the taskmasters or someone the taskmasters ordered to beat the officers. If your language cannot express this with the passive, you can make the taskmasters the subject. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	5	16	ff2k	figs-euphemism	וְ⁠חָטָ֥את עַמֶּֽ⁠ךָ	1		The Israelites are indirectly accusing Pharaoh of doing wrong. To translate this, consider polite or indirect ways of making accusations in your culture. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
EXO	5	16	l7sn		וְ⁠חָטָ֥את	1		“but it is the wrong-doing of”
EXO	5	17	2vso	figs-youdual	אַתֶּ֖ם…אַתֶּ֣ם	1		These uses of **you** are plural. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
EXO	5	17	5t4m	figs-exclamations	נִרְפִּ֥ים אַתֶּ֖ם נִרְפִּ֑ים	1		Pharaoh repeats himself for emphasis. In your translation, make sure the idea of laziness or idleness is repeated or strengthened in a way that is natural. Alternative translation: “You are extremely lazy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
EXO	5	17	a8o2	figs-quotemarks	נֵלְכָ֖ה נִזְבְּחָ֥ה לַֽ⁠יהוָֽה	1		Here the king is quoting another person’s speech. This is a second-level quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with second-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation within a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	5	18	68ax	figs-activepassive	וְ⁠תֶ֖בֶן לֹא־יִנָּתֵ֣ן לָ⁠כֶ֑ם	1		You can translate this in active voice if needed. The subject could be “I” (as in Pharaoh) or “we” (as in the Egyptians or Pharaoh and his taskmasters) or “my people.” See UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	5	18	z6wt	figs-youdual	לָ⁠כֶ֑ם…תִּתֵּֽנּוּ	1		This means all the Israelites or the officers as representatives of all the Israelites. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
EXO	5	19	x6pp	grammar-connect-logic-result	וַ⁠יִּרְא֞וּ שֹֽׁטְרֵ֧י בְנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֛ל אֹתָ֖⁠ם בְּ⁠רָ֣ע לֵ⁠אמֹ֑ר לֹא־תִגְרְע֥וּ מִ⁠לִּבְנֵי⁠כֶ֖ם דְּבַר־י֥וֹם בְּ⁠יוֹמֽ⁠וֹ	1		You may need to reorder the events in this verse in your language to put the reason before the result. See UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
EXO	5	19	i3ot	figs-quotemarks	לֹא־תִגְרְע֥וּ מִ⁠לִּבְנֵי⁠כֶ֖ם דְּבַר־י֥וֹם בְּ⁠יוֹמֽ⁠וֹ	1		This is a direct quotation of what Pharaoh said. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation of another person’s speech. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	5	19	l9d2	figs-rpronouns	אֹתָ֖⁠ם	1	when they were told	Here the officers are both the subject and object, because they are thinking about their own situation. Different languages have different methods of marking this. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
EXO	5	19	603u		וַ⁠יִּרְא֞וּ…אֹתָ֖⁠ם בְּ⁠רָ֣ע לֵ⁠אמֹ֑ר	1		“knew that they were in trouble, because the king said” or “perceived themselves in danger, because the king said”
EXO	5	20	ve3z	writing-newevent	וַֽ⁠יִּפְגְּעוּ֙	1	palace	A new scene begins here, which may need to be marked in a certain way in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
EXO	5	20	60cj	writing-participants	וַֽ⁠יִּפְגְּעוּ֙…לִ⁠קְרָאתָ֑⁠ם בְּ⁠צֵאתָ֖⁠ם	1		Here, **they** and **them** refer to the officers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
EXO	5	21	jsbv	figs-quotemarks	יֵ֧רֶא יְהוָ֛ה עֲלֵי⁠כֶ֖ם וְ⁠יִשְׁפֹּ֑ט אֲשֶׁ֧ר הִבְאַשְׁתֶּ֣ם אֶת־רֵיחֵ֗⁠נוּ בְּ⁠עֵינֵ֤י פַרְעֹה֙ וּ⁠בְ⁠עֵינֵ֣י עֲבָדָ֔י⁠ו לָֽ⁠תֶת־חֶ֥רֶב בְּ⁠יָדָ֖⁠ם לְ⁠הָרְגֵֽ⁠נוּ	1		This is a direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	5	21	kv0v		יֵ֧רֶא יְהוָ֛ה עֲלֵי⁠כֶ֖ם וְ⁠יִשְׁפֹּ֑ט	1		They used this form to curse Moses and Aaron.
EXO	5	21	4lou	figs-youdual	עֲלֵי⁠כֶ֖ם וְ⁠יִשְׁפֹּ֑ט	1		**You** refers to Moses and Aaron. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a dual or plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
EXO	5	21	j3zp	figs-metaphor	הִבְאַשְׁתֶּ֣ם אֶת־רֵיחֵ֗⁠נוּ בְּ⁠עֵינֵ֤י פַרְעֹה֙ וּ⁠בְ⁠עֵינֵ֣י עֲבָדָ֔י⁠ו	1	you have made us offensive	The Egyptians responded to the Israelites the same way they would respond to a foul odor. Alternate translation: “you have caused Pharaoh and his servants to hate us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	5	21	d592	figs-metonymy	חֶ֥רֶב בְּ⁠יָדָ֖⁠ם	1	have put a sword in their hand to kill us	Here, **a sword into their hand** is a metonym for “a reason in their mind.” The Israelites are afraid that the Egyptians will feel that they are doing the right thing if they kill the Israelites, because Moses and Aaron are making demands to the king and because the Egyptians view the Israelites as lazy and dangerous. Alternate translation: “them a reason to think they would be right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	5	22	pm0l	figs-quotemarks	וַ⁠יֹּאמַ֑ר 	1		After this phrase, a direct quote begins that continues to the end of the chapter. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	5	22	g4d5	figs-rquestion	לָ֥⁠מָּה זֶּ֖ה שְׁלַחְתָּֽ⁠נִי	1	Lord, why have you caused trouble for this people?	This question shows how disappointed Moses was that the Egyptians were treating the Israelites even more harshly now. He is expressing that he thinks God has caused the opposite of what he promised to happen. Alternate translation: “You sent me to rescue them.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
EXO	5	23	v2k2	figs-metonymy	בִּ⁠שְׁמֶ֔⁠ךָ 	1	to speak to him in your name	Here, **in your name** indicates that Moses delivers Yahweh’s message. Alternate translation: “for you” or “your message for him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	5	23	fzir	figs-idiom	וְ⁠הַצֵּ֥ל לֹא־הִצַּ֖לְתָּ	1		In Hebrew, **rescued** is repeated for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	5	23	ce6s	figs-idiom	עַמֶּֽ⁠ךָ	1		After this phrase, the direct quote of Moses that began in the [previous verse](../05/22.md) ends. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with a closing first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the end of a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	6	intro	we5k			0		# Exodus 06 General Notes<br><br>## Possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Repetition of events:<br><br>Most of the content of this chapter is very similar to the events and dialogue in chapters 3-4. For consistency, translators should consult the decisions they made there while keeping in mind that this narrative is not exactly the same. Also, verses 10-12 and verses 28-30 are very similar to each other. These events are probably a recommissioning of Moses. After his first encounter with Pharaoh went very poorly and the Israelites seem to reject God, reminds Moses of God’s promises and power.<br><br>### Referring to God<br><br>A name for God (**Yahweh**) and a title for God (**El Shaddai**) are mentioned in this chapter ([6:2](../06/02.md)\-[6:3](../06/03.md)). The precise meaning of El Shaddai is not known, but most scholars think it means something like “almighty.” Translators who have worked on Genesis may find confusing the statement that Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob did not know Yahweh as the name of God.<br><br>### Other possible translation difficulties:<br><br>With little explanation, a large portion of the chapter is devoted to the genealogy of Moses and Aaron. Some of the people in the genealogy lived much longer than is normal for humans today. If translators are not familiar with the lengths of people’s lives in the early days of the world (as recorded in Genesis, especially chapter 5), this may cause confusion.<br><br>## Study concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Promised Land<br><br>According to the covenant Yahweh made with Abraham, Egypt is not the home of the Hebrew people. Their home is the Promised Land in Canaan. The people are to return home to their land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])<br><br>### “Let my people go”<br><br>This is a very important statement. Moses is not asking Pharaoh to “let go” of the Hebrew people. Instead, he is demanding that Pharaoh free the Hebrew people.<br><br>### God and his people<br><br>In verse 7, note mention of a very important biblical theme of God being “your God” and the special relationship that his people have with him.
EXO	6	1	ip5i	figs-quotemarks	עַתָּ֣ה תִרְאֶ֔ה אֲשֶׁ֥ר אֶֽעֱשֶׂ֖ה לְ⁠פַרְעֹ֑ה כִּ֣י בְ⁠יָ֤ד חֲזָקָה֙ יְשַׁלְּחֵ֔⁠ם וּ⁠בְ⁠יָ֣ד חֲזָקָ֔ה יְגָרְשֵׁ֖⁠ם מֵ⁠אַרְצֽ⁠וֹ	1		This is a direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	6	1	lu95	grammar-connect-time-sequential	עַתָּ֣ה	1		This refers to future events starting very soon. Alternative translation: “Starting soon” or “Very soon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential]])
EXO	6	1	ece6	figs-metonymy	בְ⁠יָ֤ד חֲזָקָה֙…וּ⁠בְ⁠יָ֣ד חֲזָקָ֔ה	1	my strong hand	**Hand** is a metonym for power. Alternate translation: “by a strong power … and by a strong power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	6	1	7wm5	figs-metonymy	בְ⁠יָ֤ד חֲזָקָה֙…וּ⁠בְ⁠יָ֣ד חֲזָקָ֔ה	1		It is not clear in the text whose **hand** is referred to here. The options are: (1) Both refer to God’s hand (forcing Pharaoh’s actions), (2) Both refer to Pharaoh’s hand (forcing the Israelites out), (3) They don’t refer to the same person’s hand; the first refers to God’s and the second to Pharaoh’s. The UST has followed (1) which is the most common interpretation. Alternate translation: (1) “by my strong hand … and by my strong hand” or (2) “by his strong hand … and by his strong hand” or  (3) “by my strong hand … and by his strong hand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	6	1	4m4g	figs-parallelism	כִּ֣י בְ⁠יָ֤ד חֲזָקָה֙ יְשַׁלְּחֵ֔⁠ם וּ⁠בְ⁠יָ֣ד חֲזָקָ֔ה יְגָרְשֵׁ֖⁠ם מֵ⁠אַרְצֽ⁠וֹ	1		These two phrases mean similar things. God says the same thing twice, in similar ways, for emphasis. You do not need to repeat both phrases in your translation if that might be confusing for your readers. Instead, if it would be clearer in your language, you could combine them. Alternate translation: “I will force him to let my people leave the land”  However, there is a slight difference in meaning, and you could also choose to bring that out in your translation. The second phrase intensifies the first by portraying Pharaoh as not merely letting the Israelites go, but as forcing them to leave the land. Alternate translation: “I will force him to let them go, in fact, I will force him to force them to leave his land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
EXO	6	1	sdon		מֵ⁠אַרְצֽ⁠וֹ	1		“from Egypt”
EXO	6	2	5m1a	writing-newevent	וַ⁠יְדַבֵּ֥ר אֱלֹהִ֖ים אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֑ה וַ⁠יֹּ֥אמֶר אֵלָ֖י⁠ו 	1		There is a transition here. Before this verse, Yahweh was answering Moses’ question more directly. At the beginning of this verse, Yahweh is reintroduced as “God” because he begins to make a clarifying statement about himself and his relationship with the Israelites and their ancestors as well as his plans for the Israelites. Much of this section repeats what Yahweh has already told Moses. You may want to consider a section break before this verse. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
EXO	6	2	kcty	figs-quotemarks	וַ⁠יְדַבֵּ֥ר אֱלֹהִ֖ים אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֑ה וַ⁠יֹּ֥אמֶר אֵלָ֖י⁠ו 	1		After this phrase a direct quote begins that continues until the end of [verse 8](../06/08.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	6	3	l81y	translate-transliterate	בְּ⁠אֵ֣ל שַׁדָּ֑י	1	I appeared to Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob	This is a title for God that many scholars think means “almighty.” You will need to decide if you will transliterate the term into your language or translate the meaning. Either approach has broad support. Alternative translation: “as the strongest God of all” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]])
EXO	6	3	m27p	figs-activepassive	וּ⁠שְׁמִ֣⁠י יְהוָ֔ה לֹ֥א נוֹדַ֖עְתִּי לָ⁠הֶֽם	1	I was not known to them	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “but they did not know me by my name Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	6	3	e36z		וּ⁠שְׁמִ֣⁠י יְהוָ֔ה לֹ֥א נוֹדַ֖עְתִּי לָ⁠הֶֽם	1		This statement is very difficult to understand as God’s name, Yahweh, is used throughout Genesis, including by Abraham and others. There are many theories about what it means; the view followed by the UST is that now God is revealing to the Israelites a fuller meaning of his divine name than what Abraham and others knew. Alternate translation: “but my name Yahweh was not understood by them”
EXO	6	4	zxvc	figs-quotations	לָ⁠תֵ֥ת לָ⁠הֶ֖ם אֶת־אֶ֣רֶץ כְּנָ֑עַן	1		This is the content of the covenant promise from God to his people. Some languages may need to make this part a direct quotation. Alternate translation: “ I said, ‘I will give you the land of Canaan’ ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
EXO	6	4	gkkc	figs-parallelism	אֶ֥רֶץ מְגֻרֵי⁠הֶ֖ם אֲשֶׁר־גָּ֥רוּ בָֽ⁠הּ	1		These two phrases mean similar things. If it would be clearer in your language, you could combine these phrases. Alternate translation: “the land they lived in as temporary residents”; otherwise, “the land that was not their home but where they lived as foreigners” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
EXO	6	5	l3yc		נַאֲקַת֙	1	groaning	This means making sad sounds because of pain and suffering.
EXO	6	5	0l2p		וָ⁠אֶזְכֹּ֖ר אֶת־בְּרִיתִֽ⁠י	1		**I have remembered my covenant** means God is going to take action. Alternative translation: “I will keep my promise”
EXO	6	6	rgh0	grammar-connect-logic-result	לָ⁠כֵ֞ן	1		God is now telling Moses to deliver a message to the Israelites of what God is going to do because of everything that he said in verses 2-5. The reason-result relationship is strongly marked here, so translations should make sure to use a connector that marks verse 6-8 as a result of verses 2-5. Alternate translation: “Because of this” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
EXO	6	6	yv14		לָ⁠כֵ֞ן אֱמֹ֥ר לִ⁠בְנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֘ל	1	say to the Israelites	This is a command from Yahweh to Moses. Alternate translation: “So Yahweh told Moses to say to the Israelites”
EXO	6	6	yg2d	figs-quotemarks	אֲנִ֣י	1		This begins a second-level quotation that continues to the end of Yahweh’s speech at the close of [verse 8](../06/08.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with second-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation within a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	6	6	we3z	figs-youdual	אֶתְ⁠כֶ֗ם…אֶתְ⁠כֶ֖ם…אֶתְ⁠כֶם֙	1		**You** refers to the Israelites. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
EXO	6	6	oqnw	figs-synecdoche	מִ⁠תַּ֨חַת֙ סִבְלֹ֣ת מִצְרַ֔יִם	1		This refers to all the hard work the Egyptians made the Israelites do. Alternate translation: “from the hard work the Egyptians force you to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
EXO	6	6	xyn4	figs-metaphor	בִּ⁠זְר֣וֹעַ נְטוּיָ֔ה	1		**Arm** here is a figurative way of referring to God’s power, influence, and capacity for action. **Outstretched** means that he is using that power. Alternate translation: “by my great strength” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	6	6	efx1		וּ⁠בִ⁠שְׁפָטִ֖ים	1		Here, the term **judgments** refers to the plagues that God is about to send to harm Egypt and the Egyptians. Each plague is a response to Pharaoh’s stubbornness. Alternate translation: “and by [greatly] harming the Egyptians”
EXO	6	7	o3lb	figs-youdual	אֶתְ⁠כֶ֥ם…לָ⁠כֶ֖ם…וִֽ⁠ידַעְתֶּ֗ם…אֱלֹ֣הֵי⁠כֶ֔ם…אֶתְ⁠כֶ֔ם	1		Here every occurrence of **you** refers to the Israelites. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
EXO	6	7	14ev	figs-synecdoche	מִ⁠תַּ֖חַת סִבְל֥וֹת מִצְרָֽיִם	1		This refers to all the hard work the Egyptians forced upon the Israelites. See what you did in the previous verse at [[rc://en/tn/help/exo/06/07/oqnw]]. Alternate translation: “from the hard work the Egyptians force you to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
EXO	6	8	h9ho	figs-youdual	אֶתְ⁠כֶם֙…לָ⁠כֶ֛ם	1		Here, every occurrence of **you** refers to the Israelites. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
EXO	6	8	g9ru	translate-symaction	נָשָׂ֨אתִי֙ אֶת־יָדִ֔⁠י	1	I swore	This is an action that signifies making an oath. Raising the hand may not have the same meaning in your culture so you may need to use a different symbolic oath-taking action in your translation, or simply translate the meaning. Alternate translation: “I promised” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
EXO	6	8	i3vj		מוֹרָשָׁ֖ה	1		This means the Israelites will own the land. Alternate translation: “as your own land”
EXO	6	8	ipnm	figs-quotemarks	אֲנִ֥י יְהוָֽה	1		After this phrase, the direct quote of Yahweh ends. Both the first-level and second-level quotes end. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with a closing first-level and second-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the end of a quotation and a quotation within a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	6	9	aalj	grammar-connect-logic-result	וְ⁠לֹ֤א שָֽׁמְעוּ֙ אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֔ה מִ⁠קֹּ֣צֶר ר֔וּחַ וּ⁠מֵ⁠עֲבֹדָ֖ה קָשָֽׁה	1		In some languages it will be necessary to put the reason for the people not listening before the result. Alternate translation: “but because of shortness of spirit and because of hard service, they did not listen to Moses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
EXO	6	9	0jc7		מִ⁠קֹּ֣צֶר ר֔וּחַ	1		Here, the people’s **spirit** is spoken of as something that could be measured. By calling it “short,” the author is saying they did not have very much motivation or hope. Alternate translation: “because they had no hope” 
EXO	6	10	tpw4		לֵּ⁠אמֹֽר	1		This is used to mark the beginning of a direct quotation. It can be omitted if it is unnatural.
EXO	6	11	pi7a	figs-quotemarks	בֹּ֣א דַבֵּ֔ר אֶל־פַּרְעֹ֖ה מֶ֣לֶךְ מִצְרָ֑יִם וִֽ⁠ישַׁלַּ֥ח אֶת־בְּנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל מֵ⁠אַרְצֽ⁠וֹ	1		This is a direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	6	11	fxf2	figs-quotations	וִֽ⁠ישַׁלַּ֥ח אֶת־בְּנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל מֵ⁠אַרְצֽ⁠וֹ	1		This is an indirect quote; in some languages you will have to make it a direct quote. Be careful to change the third-person pronouns to second-person pronouns if you do this. Alternate translation: “saying, ‘You must let the sons of Israel go from your land’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
EXO	6	12	rsag	figs-quotemarks	הֵ֤ן בְּנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ לֹֽא־שָׁמְע֣וּ אֵלַ֔⁠י וְ⁠אֵיךְ֙ יִשְׁמָעֵ֣⁠נִי פַרְעֹ֔ה וַ⁠אֲנִ֖י עֲרַ֥ל שְׂפָתָֽיִם	1		This is a direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	6	12	h7o0	figs-metonymy	לִ⁠פְנֵ֥י יְהוָ֖ה	1		Here, **face** figuratively represents the presence of a person. There may also be a hint of impudence in Moses’ attitude that is conveyed by saying he **before the face of Yahweh** Alternate translation: “in the presence of Yahweh” or “boldly to Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	6	12	iiui		הֵ֤ן	1		**Behold** is a term meant to focus the attention of the listener on what the speaker is about to say. If there is not a good way to translate this term in your language, this term can be omitted from the translation, or you can use an alternate translation like “as you know.”
EXO	6	12	k7hl	figs-rquestion	הֵ֤ן בְּנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ לֹֽא־שָׁמְע֣וּ אֵלַ֔⁠י וְ⁠אֵיךְ֙ יִשְׁמָעֵ֣⁠נִי פַרְעֹ֔ה	1	If the Israelites have not listened to me, why will Pharaoh listen to me, since I am not good at speaking?	Moses asked this question hoping God would change His mind about using Moses. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Since the Israelites did not listen to me, neither will Pharaoh!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
EXO	6	12	4iul	figs-rquestion	הֵ֤ן בְּנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ לֹֽא־שָׁמְע֣וּ אֵלַ֔⁠י וְ⁠אֵיךְ֙ יִשְׁמָעֵ֣⁠נִי פַרְעֹ֔ה	1		Moses is presenting a reasoned argument: since this, then probably that. Use a natural way of expressing such arguments in your language. Alternate translation: “Since the sons of Israel have not listened to me, why would you think Pharaoh would listen to me?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
EXO	6	12	k3br	figs-metaphor	וַ⁠אֲנִ֖י עֲרַ֥ל שְׂפָתָֽיִם	1		This is a metaphor that means that Moses was not a good speaker. It is somewhat crude; your translation of this phrase could convey that Moses spoke impolitely. Alternate translation: “And I do not speak well” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	6	13	9o6g		וַ⁠יְצַוֵּ⁠ם֙ אֶל־בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל וְ⁠אֶל־פַּרְעֹ֖ה	1		This phrase is somewhat difficult to translate. Here, **command** could also be translated as “charge” or “commission.” Another difficulty is knowing to whom the command is directed: is it to Moses and Aaron or are they to give the command to Pharaoh and the Israelites, thus **to** could be translated as “for” or “regarding” Alternate translations: “and he charged them regarding the sons of Israel and regarding Pharaoh” or “and he gave them a command for the sons of Israel and for Pharaoh” or “and he gave them a commission to the sons of Israel and to Pharaoh”
EXO	6	14	hh3z	writing-background	אֵ֖לֶּה	1		Verses 14-27 are background information. If your language marks background information with particular discourse features, use them here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
EXO	6	14	h195	figs-metonymy	רָאשֵׁ֣י	1	the heads of their fathers’ houses	Here, “heads” refers to the original ancestors of the clan. Alternate translation: “the ancestors of ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	6	14	wv89	translate-names	רְאוּבֵ֜ן… יִשְׂרָאֵ֗ל… חֲנ֤וֹךְ וּ⁠פַלּוּא֙ חֶצְר֣וֹן וְ⁠כַרְמִ֔י… רְאוּבֵֽן	1	Hanok, Pallu, Hezron, and Karmi	These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	6	15	c1ni	translate-names	שִׁמְע֗וֹן יְמוּאֵ֨ל וְ⁠יָמִ֤ין וְ⁠אֹ֨הַד֙ וְ⁠יָכִ֣ין וְ⁠צֹ֔חַר וְ⁠שָׁא֖וּל…שִׁמְעֽוֹן	1	Jemuel, Jamin, Ohad, Jakin, Zohar, and Shaul	These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	6	16	k64h	translate-names	לֵוִי֙…גֵּרְשׁ֕וֹן וּ⁠קְהָ֖ת וּ⁠מְרָרִ֑י…לֵוִ֔י	1	Gershon…Merari	These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	6	16	m36f	translate-numbers	שֶׁ֧בַע וּ⁠שְׁלֹשִׁ֛ים וּ⁠מְאַ֖ת	1	137 years old	“one hundred thirty-seven” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EXO	6	17	alm8	translate-names	גֵרְשׁ֛וֹן לִבְנִ֥י וְ⁠שִׁמְעִ֖י	1	Amram…Uzziel	These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	6	18	gzm3	translate-names	קְהָ֔ת עַמְרָ֣ם וְ⁠יִצְהָ֔ר וְ⁠חֶבְר֖וֹן וְ⁠עֻזִּיאֵ֑ל…קְהָ֔ת	1		These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	6	18	qu41	translate-numbers	שָׁלֹ֧שׁ וּ⁠שְׁלֹשִׁ֛ים וּ⁠מְאַ֖ת	1	133 years old	“one hundred thirty-three” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EXO	6	19	p5sz	translate-names	מְרָרִ֖י מַחְלִ֣י וּ⁠מוּשִׁ֑י	1		These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	6	20	ni1l	translate-names	עַמְרָ֜ם…יוֹכֶ֤בֶד…אַהֲרֹ֖ן…מֹשֶׁ֑ה…עַמְרָ֔ם	1		These are the names of people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	6	20	mh02	figs-kinship	דֹּֽדָת⁠וֹ֙	1		This word specifically means father’s sister. Some languages will have a term that is specific in this way,  and translators should use it. Alternate translation: see UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-kinship]])
EXO	6	20	ti6q	translate-numbers	שֶׁ֧בַע וּ⁠שְׁלֹשִׁ֛ים וּ⁠מְאַ֖ת	1	137 years	“one hundred thirty-seven years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EXO	6	21	f3yr	translate-names	יִצְהָ֑ר קֹ֥רַח וָ⁠נֶ֖פֶג וְ⁠זִכְרִֽי׃	1	Izhar…Korah…Zichri	These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	6	22	n7cl	translate-names	עֻזִּיאֵ֑ל מִֽישָׁאֵ֥ל וְ⁠אֶלְצָפָ֖ן וְ⁠סִתְרִֽי	1	Uzziel…Mishael…Sithri	These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	6	23	n1xh	translate-names	אַהֲרֹ֜ן…אֱלִישֶׁ֧בַע…עַמִּינָדָ֛ב…נַחְשׁ֖וֹן…נָדָב֙…אֲבִיה֔וּא…אֶלְעָזָ֖ר…אִֽיתָמָֽר	1	Nadab…Ithamar	These are the names of people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	6	24	7oae	translate-names	קֹ֔רַח אַסִּ֥יר וְ⁠אֶלְקָנָ֖ה וַ⁠אֲבִיאָסָ֑ף	1		These are the names of people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	6	24	i6o7	translate-names	הַ⁠קָּרְחִֽי	1		This was the name of the clan of people descended from Korah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	6	25	zvg2	translate-names	וְ⁠אֶלְעָזָ֨ר…אַהֲרֹ֜ן…פּֽוּטִיאֵל֙…פִּֽינְחָ֑ס	1	Phinehas	These are the names of people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	6	25	fck8	figs-metonymy	רָאשֵׁ֛י	1	These were the heads of the fathers’ houses	The word “heads” here represents family leaders. Alternate translation: “These were the leaders of the families” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	6	26	dqm8	figs-quotemarks	⁠הֶ֔ם הוֹצִ֜יאוּ אֶת־בְּנֵ֧י יִשְׂרָאֵ֛ל מֵ⁠אֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרַ֖יִם עַל־צִבְאֹתָֽ⁠ם	1		This is a direct quotation of what Yahweh said earlier. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation of a previous remark. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	6	26	ft6y	translate-unknown	עַל־צִבְאֹתָֽ⁠ם	1	by their groups of fighting men	The term **hosts** refers to a large group of people often organized into groups for war. Alternate translation: “by their groups” or “by their divisions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	6	27	o7xp	grammar-connect-logic-goal	לְ⁠הוֹצִ֥יא	1		This expresses their goal when they spoke to Pharaoh. See UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
EXO	6	28	xssl	writing-newevent	וַ⁠יְהִ֗י בְּ⁠י֨וֹם	1		This marks a transition from the record of the genealogy back to the narrative. Consider placing a section break at the start of this verse. Alternate translation: “One day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
EXO	6	29	7s2n	figs-quotemarks	לֵּ⁠אמֹ֖ר	1		Here, **saying** is used to mark the beginning of a direct quotation. It can be omitted if unnatural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	6	29	vogm	figs-quotemarks	אֲנִ֣י יְהוָ֑ה דַּבֵּ֗ר אֶל־פַּרְעֹה֙ מֶ֣לֶךְ מִצְרַ֔יִם אֵ֛ת כָּל־אֲשֶׁ֥ר אֲנִ֖י דֹּבֵ֥ר אֵלֶֽי⁠ךָ	1		This is a direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	6	30	zyqs	figs-metonymy	לִ⁠פְנֵ֣י יְהוָ֑ה	1		Here, **face** figuratively represents the presence of a person. There may also be a hint of impudence in Moses’ attitude that is conveyed by saying he spoke before **the face of Yahweh**. See how you translated this in [6:12](../06/12.md) Alternate translation: “in the presence of Yahweh” or “boldly to Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	6	30	nf3w	figs-rquestion	הֵ֤ן אֲנִי֙ עֲרַ֣ל שְׂפָתַ֔יִם וְ⁠אֵ֕יךְ יִשְׁמַ֥ע אֵלַ֖⁠י פַּרְעֹֽה	1	I am not good…why will Pharaoh listen to me?	Moses asks this question hoping to change God’s mind about sending him. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Behold, I am not a good speaker. Pharaoh will certainly not listen to me!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
EXO	6	30	qvxf	figs-quotemarks	הֵ֤ן אֲנִי֙ עֲרַ֣ל שְׂפָתַ֔יִם וְ⁠אֵ֕יךְ יִשְׁמַ֥ע אֵלַ֖⁠י פַּרְעֹֽה	1		This is a direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	6	30	y4g2		הֵ֤ן	1		**Behold** is a term meant to focus the attention of the listener on what the speaker is about to say. If there is not a good way to translate this term in your language, this term can be omitted from the translation, or you can use an alternate translation like “as you know.”
EXO	6	30	18l8	figs-metaphor	אֲנִי֙ עֲרַ֣ל שְׂפָתַ֔יִם	1		This is a metaphor that means that Moses thought he was not a good speaker. It is somewhat crude, and your translation of this phrase could convey that Moses spoke impolitely. See how you translated this in [6:12](../06/12.md) Alternate translation: “And I always fail to speak well” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	7	intro	r9we			0		# Exodus 07 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Miracles<br>When Yahweh had Moses perform miracles, Pharaoh’s men were able to copy these miracles. It is unknown how they were able to do this, but since it was not from Yahweh, they were probably done under some evil power. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/miracle]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])<br><br>### Pharaoh’s hard heart<br>Pharaoh’s heart is often described as hard, strong, or heavy in this chapter. This means that his heart was not open or willing to understand Yahweh’s instructions. <br><br>### “Let my people go”<br>This is a very important statement. Moses is not asking Pharaoh to “let go” of the Hebrew people. Instead, he is demanding that Pharaoh free the Hebrew people.<br><br>## Possible translation difficulties in this chapter include:<br>- Moses as God to Pharaoh<br>- A number of difficult terms: prophet, signs, wonders, miracles, sorcerers, magicians, magic, judgments, canals, reservoirs<br>- The use of “heart” to refer to the seat of will and emotion<br>- Up to third-level quotations<br><br>
EXO	7	1	4vak	figs-quotemarks	מֹשֶׁ֔ה 	1		After this phrase, a direct quote begins that continues to the end of [verse 5](../07/05.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	7	1	gy1t		רְאֵ֛ה	1		This is used to draw attention to surprising information that follows. Alternative translation: “Listen carefully”
EXO	7	1	dn1s	figs-metaphor	נְתַתִּ֥י⁠ךָ אֱלֹהִ֖ים לְ⁠פַרְעֹ֑ה	1	I have made you like a god	This means Moses would represent the same authority to Pharaoh as God did to Moses. See how you translated the very similar phrase in [Exodus 4:16](../04/16.md), see [this note]([[rc://en/tn/help/exo/04/16/gn5v]]). Alternate translation: “I will cause Pharaoh to consider you as a god” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	7	1	z163	figs-metaphor	וְ⁠אַהֲרֹ֥ן אָחִ֖י⁠ךָ יִהְיֶ֥ה נְבִיאֶֽ⁠ךָ	1		This phrase compares Aaron to a prophet, because he will be the one actually to proclaim to Pharaoh what Moses tells him. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Exodus 4:16](../04/16.md), see [this note]([[rc://en/tn/help/exo/04/16/mnsp]]). Alternate translation: “and Aaron your brother will act like your prophet” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	7	2	l44v	figs-kinship	אָחִ֨י⁠ךָ֙	1		Aaron is older than Moses. Some languages will use a different term for the sibling relationship based on gender and age order. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-kinship]])
EXO	7	2	hdwo	figs-quotations	וְ⁠שִׁלַּ֥ח אֶת־בְּנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל מֵ⁠אַרְצֽ⁠וֹ	1		Some languages may need to make this a direct quote. If so, be sure to mark it as a second-level quotation, subordinate to Yahweh’s main speech. Alternative translation: “saying, ‘You must let the sons of Israel go from your land’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
EXO	7	2	204o		מֵ⁠אַרְצֽ⁠וֹ	1		“Egypt”
EXO	7	3	adsq	figs-metaphor	אַקְשֶׁ֖ה אֶת־לֵ֣ב פַּרְעֹ֑ה	1		This means God will make him stubborn. His stubborn attitude is spoken of as if his heart were hard. If the heart is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. See how you translated this in [Exodus 4:21](../04/21.md), but note the slightly different metaphor there: the heart being strong vs. hard. Alternate translation: “will cause Pharaoh to be stubborn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	7	3	vtt1	figs-doublet	אֶת־אֹתֹתַ֛⁠י וְ⁠אֶת־מוֹפְתַ֖⁠י	1	many signs…many wonders	The words **signs** and **wonders** mean basically the same thing. God uses them to emphasize the greatness of what he will do in Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
EXO	7	4	ar0l	figs-youdual	אֲלֵ⁠כֶם֙	1		Here, **you** means Moses and Aaron. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a dual form (if you have one) or plural form (if not) here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
EXO	7	4	e2kv	figs-metonymy	יָדִ֖⁠י	1	put my hand on	The words **my hand** represent God’s great power. Alternate translation: “my power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	7	4	0r0r	figs-metonymy	בְּ⁠מִצְרָ֑יִם	1		**On Egypt** refers to the land and everything in it, including people, animals, and plants. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	7	4	nilu		אֶת־צִבְאֹתַ֜⁠י אֶת־עַמִּ֤⁠י בְנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵל֙	1		These phrases refer to the Israelites in three different ways; they do not refer to three different groups of people. **Armies** is the same word translated “hosts” in [Exodus 6:26](../06/26.md). Alternate translation: “the armies of my Israelite people”
EXO	7	5	cg3n	grammar-connect-logic-result	וְ⁠יָדְע֤וּ מִצְרַ֨יִם֙ כִּֽי־אֲנִ֣י יְהוָ֔ה	1		This is the result of God rescuing the Israelites. In some languages the result will have to be placed after the cause, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
EXO	7	5	npd6	figs-metonymy	בִּ⁠נְטֹתִ֥⁠י אֶת־יָדִ֖⁠י עַל	1	reach out with my hand on	This phrase represents God’s great power. Alternate translation: “when I show my powerful acts against” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	7	5	dguc	grammar-connect-logic-goal	וְ⁠הוֹצֵאתִ֥י אֶת־בְּנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל מִ⁠תּוֹכָֽ⁠ם	1		The goal of God’s powerful acts was to rescue the Israelites. Alternate translation: “so that I bring the sons of Israel out from their midst” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
EXO	7	5	8576	figs-quotemarks	מִ⁠תּוֹכָֽ⁠ם	1		At the end of this verse, the direct quote that began in [verse 1](../07/01.md) ends. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with a closing first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the end of a quotation. Note that the UST is reordered. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	7	6	iii5	figs-parallelism	וַ⁠יַּ֥עַשׂ…עָשֽׂוּ	1		This repetition emphasizes the statement. Some languages can use repetition for emphasis; others will need to use another way of expressing emphasis.  (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
EXO	7	7	liir	writing-background	וּ⁠מֹשֶׁה֙ בֶּן־שְׁמֹנִ֣ים שָׁנָ֔ה וְ⁠אַֽהֲרֹ֔ן בֶּן־שָׁלֹ֥שׁ וּ⁠שְׁמֹנִ֖ים שָׁנָ֑ה בְּ⁠דַבְּרָ֖⁠ם אֶל־פַּרְעֹֽה	1		This verse contains background information. If your language marks background information with particular discourse features, use them here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
EXO	7	7	g7i5	translate-numbers	שְׁמֹנִ֣ים…שָׁלֹ֥שׁ וּ⁠שְׁמֹנִ֖ים	1	Aaron eighty-three years old	“eighty … eighty-three” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EXO	7	7	9ou3	figs-idiom	בֶּן־שְׁמֹנִ֣ים שָׁנָ֔ה…בֶּן־שָׁלֹ֥שׁ וּ⁠שְׁמֹנִ֖ים שָׁנָ֑ה	1		This is an idiom that refers to their age. See UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	7	8	pwph	writing-newevent	וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר יְהוָ֔ה	1		This verse marks the beginning of new sections, both major and minor. The major story of the plagues and Exodus itself unfolds from here until after Pharaoh’s army is defeated at the Red Sea.  The next minor event is the miracle of the rods becoming snakes. Either by using particular forms that your language uses to mark transitions or by making a section break and heading, this transition should be marked for readers.  (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
EXO	7	8	p2kf		לֵ⁠אמֹֽר	1		Here, **saying** marks the beginning of a direct quote and is often omitted in translation when such a construction is unnatural in the target language. See UST. 
EXO	7	9	b0jl	figs-quotemarks	כִּי֩ יְדַבֵּ֨ר אֲלֵ⁠כֶ֤ם פַּרְעֹה֙ לֵ⁠אמֹ֔ר תְּנ֥וּ לָ⁠כֶ֖ם מוֹפֵ֑ת וְ⁠אָמַרְתָּ֣ אֶֽל־אַהֲרֹ֗ן קַ֧ח אֶֽת־מַטְּ⁠ךָ֛ וְ⁠הַשְׁלֵ֥ךְ לִ⁠פְנֵֽי־פַרְעֹ֖ה יְהִ֥י לְ⁠תַנִּֽין	1		This is a direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	7	9	jt9z	figs-quotations	כִּי֩ יְדַבֵּ֨ר אֲלֵ⁠כֶ֤ם פַּרְעֹה֙ לֵ⁠אמֹ֔ר תְּנ֥וּ לָ⁠כֶ֖ם מוֹפֵ֑ת וְ⁠אָמַרְתָּ֣ אֶֽל־אַהֲרֹ֗ן קַ֧ח אֶֽת־מַטְּ⁠ךָ֛ וְ⁠הַשְׁלֵ֥ךְ לִ⁠פְנֵֽי־פַרְעֹ֖ה יְהִ֥י לְ⁠תַנִּֽין	1	When Pharaoh says to you, ‘Do a miracle,’ then you will say to Aaron, ‘Take your staff and throw it down before Pharaoh, so that it may become a snake.’	The two quotations in this verse could be stated as indirect quotes. Alternate translation: “When Pharaoh tells you to do a miracle, then you will tell Aaron to take his staff and throw it down before Pharaoh so that it may become a snake” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
EXO	7	9	ye9j	figs-quotemarks	תְּנ֥וּ לָ⁠כֶ֖ם מוֹפֵ֑ת	1		This is a second-level direct quotation. If you did not decide to make it an indirect quotation, it may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with second-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation within a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	7	9	r0tp	figs-quotemarks	קַ֧ח אֶֽת־מַטְּ⁠ךָ֛ וְ⁠הַשְׁלֵ֥ךְ לִ⁠פְנֵֽי־פַרְעֹ֖ה יְהִ֥י לְ⁠תַנִּֽין	1		This is a second-level direct quotation. The second level may end after **Pharaoh.** If you did not decide to make it an indirect quotation, it may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with second-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation within a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	7	9	p3xh		לֵ⁠אמֹ֔ר	1		Here, **saying** marks the beginning of a direct quote and is often omitted in translation when such a construction is unnatural in the target language. See UST. 
EXO	7	9	ms5o	figs-youdual	אֲלֵ⁠כֶ֤ם…לָ⁠כֶ֖ם	1		These are plural, referring to Moses and Aaron. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a dual form (if you have one) or plural form (if not) here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
EXO	7	9	6hfg	figs-quotesinquotes	תְּנ֥וּ לָ⁠כֶ֖ם מוֹפֵ֑ת	1		This is a second-level quotation. It should be marked in some manner that distinguishes it from the outer level. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]])
EXO	7	9	s5a9		קַ֧ח אֶֽת־מַטְּ⁠ךָ֛ וְ⁠הַשְׁלֵ֥ךְ לִ⁠פְנֵֽי־פַרְעֹ֖ה יְהִ֥י לְ⁠תַנִּֽין	1		This is a second-level quotation. It should be marked in some manner that distinguishes it from the outer level. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]])
EXO	7	9	ogk9	figs-metonymy	לִ⁠פְנֵֽי־פַרְעֹ֖ה	1		Although **before the face of**  still has the standard figurative meaning of “in the presence of,” it is a much more literal use here. Moses and Aaron are to actually do the miracles in front of Pharaoh so that Pharaoh can see them. Alternative translation: “so Pharaoh can see it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	7	10	4q7r	figs-metonymy	לִ⁠פְנֵ֥י פַרְעֹ֛ה וְ⁠לִ⁠פְנֵ֥י עֲבָדָ֖י⁠ו	1		This time, while **before the face of**  still has the standard figurative meaning of “in the presence of,” it is a much more literal use here. Aaron actually does this right in front of Pharaoh and his servants so they could watch what happens. Alternative translation: “where Pharaoh and his servants could see it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	7	10	3dkq		עֲבָדָ֖י⁠ו	1		**His servants** probably refers to important advisors that would be in the king’s court, and does not refer common servants.
EXO	7	11	mqde		לַֽ⁠חֲכָמִ֖ים וְ⁠לַֽ⁠מְכַשְּׁפִ֑ים…חַרְטֻמֵּ֥י	1		Here, **magicians** probably describes both **wise men and sorcerers** rather than being a third group. See translationWords articles for each term.
EXO	7	12	u6np		וַ⁠יִּבְלַ֥ע	1	swallowed up	“ate up” or “devoured”
EXO	7	12	m0kw	grammar-connect-logic-contrast	וַ⁠יִּבְלַ֥ע מַטֵּֽה־אַהֲרֹ֖ן אֶת־מַטֹּתָֽ⁠ם	1		This is a surprising and amusing twist which was not what the magicians expected. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
EXO	7	12	prnp	figs-personification	מַטֵּֽה…מַטֹּתָֽ⁠ם	1		It may be necessary in some languages to translate the word **staff** as “snake” since it had turned into one. This may be true if it would not make sense in the target language to say (because it is not living) that a staff swallowed or ate something. It may also be not make sense in some languages to speak of the snakes as staffs once transformed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
EXO	7	13	g42f	figs-metaphor	וַ⁠יֶּחֱזַק֙ לֵ֣ב פַּרְעֹ֔ה	1	Pharaoh’s heart was hardened	Pharaoh’s stubborn attitude is spoken of as if his heart were **strong**. If the heart is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. See how you translated this in [Exodus 4:21](../04/21.md), but note that this is a neutral statement (it does not say that anyone caused him to be stubborn, as many others in this part of the narrative do). Alternate translation: “Pharaoh was still defiant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	7	13	2fve		כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֖ר דִּבֶּ֥ר יְהוָֽה	1		Because Yahweh’s prediction precedes this event, some languages may need to place the reference to that prediction before the statement that it was fulfilled. See UST.
EXO	7	14	d27r	figs-metaphor	כָּבֵ֖ד לֵ֣ב פַּרְעֹ֑ה	1	Pharaoh’s heart is hard	Yahweh speaks of Pharaoh’s stubborn attitude as if Pharaoh’s heart were heavy. If the heart is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. This is a neutral statement (it does not say that anyone caused him to be stubborn as many others in this part of the narrative do). See how you translated this in [Exodus 7:13](../07/13.md), but note the slightly different metaphor there: the heart being heavy vs strong. Alternate translation: “Pharaoh is defiant” (See:  [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	7	14	qiyx	writing-newevent	וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר	1		A new scene begins here, which may need to be marked in a certain way in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
EXO	7	14	t79b	figs-quotemarks	מֹשֶׁ֔ה 	1		After this phrase, a direct quote begins that continues to the end of [verse 18](../07/18.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	7	15	ecby		הִנֵּה֙	1		This is used to draw attention to information that follows. 
EXO	7	15	c5np		יֹצֵ֣א הַ⁠מַּ֔יְמָ⁠ה	1	when he goes out to the water	There are various theories as to what Pharaoh went down to the Nile to do, but there is no need to speculate or specify in the translation.
EXO	7	16	yqp7		וְ⁠אָמַרְתָּ֣ אֵלָ֗י⁠ו	1	Say to him	“Say to Pharaoh”
EXO	7	16	i4yt	figs-quotemarks	יְהוָ֞ה	1		This begins a second-level quotation that continues until the end of [verse 18](../07/18.md).  It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with second-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation within a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	7	16	uvxe	figs-possession	אֱלֹהֵ֤י הָ⁠עִבְרִים֙	1		Yahweh claimed the Hebrews (Israelites) as his own. They worshiped him. This is a possessive of social relationship. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
EXO	7	16	d16q	figs-quotesinquotes	שַׁלַּח֙ אֶת־עַמִּ֔⁠י וְ⁠יַֽעַבְדֻ֖⁠נִי בַּ⁠מִּדְבָּ֑ר וְ⁠הִנֵּ֥ה לֹא־שָׁמַ֖עְתָּ עַד־כֹּֽה	1		This is a third-level quotation. It should be marked in some manner that distinguishes it from the outer levels. Alternatively, you could translate it as an indirect quotation as in the UST. If you do this, take care to adjust the pronoun person (second/third) as appropriate. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]])
EXO	7	16	cwox		וְ⁠הִנֵּ֥ה	1		**Behold** is used to draw attention to the information that follows. In some languages, it will not be translated.
EXO	7	17	j1ev		כֹּ֚ה אָמַ֣ר יְהוָ֔ה	1	strike the water	This quotation form is used to introduce commands from Yahweh. See [4:intro](../04/intro.md) for more information.
EXO	7	17	mywj	figs-quotesinquotes	בְּ⁠זֹ֣את	1		This begins a third-level quotation that continues until the end of verse 18. It should be marked in some manner that distinguishes it from the outer levels. It is possible that the third-level quote actually ends before **Behold,** in which case, in the rest of the quote **I** refers to Moses, not Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]])
EXO	7	17	jjm3		הִנֵּ֨ה	1		**Behold** is a term meant to focus the attention of the listener on what the speaker is about to say. Alternate translation: “Look at this”
EXO	7	18	bsjn	grammar-connect-logic-result	וּ⁠בָאַ֣שׁ הַ⁠יְאֹ֑ר	1		**The river will stink** will happen because the fish die. Alternate translation: “and because of that the river will stink” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
EXO	7	18	nx0q	grammar-connect-logic-result	וְ⁠נִלְא֣וּ מִצְרַ֔יִם לִ⁠שְׁתּ֥וֹת מַ֖יִם מִן־הַ⁠יְאֹֽר	1		In some languages you will need to put the reason before the result. Alternative translation: “In order to find water to drink from the river, the Egyptians will exhaust themselves.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
EXO	7	18	350i	figs-rpronouns	וְ⁠נִלְא֣וּ מִצְרַ֔יִם	1		Here, **themselves** refers back to the subject (**the Egyptians**) to indicated that the Egyptians are the object of the verb as well. Different languages have different methods of marking this. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
EXO	7	18	grwh	figs-quotemarks	מִן־הַ⁠יְאֹֽר	1		After this phrase, the direct quote of Yahweh’s commands ends. Depending on your decisions about the embedded quotation levels, you may have up to three levels of quotations that need to be closed here. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with closing quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the end of a quotation and quotations within quotations. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	7	19	jima	figs-quotemarks	אֱמֹ֣ר אֶֽל־אַהֲרֹ֡ן קַ֣ח מַטְּ⁠ךָ֣ וּ⁠נְטֵֽה־יָדְ⁠ךָ֩ עַל־מֵימֵ֨י מִצְרַ֜יִם עַֽל־נַהֲרֹתָ֣⁠ם׀ עַל־יְאֹרֵי⁠הֶ֣ם וְ⁠עַל־אַגְמֵי⁠הֶ֗ם וְ⁠עַ֛ל כָּל־מִקְוֵ֥ה מֵימֵי⁠הֶ֖ם וְ⁠יִֽהְיוּ־דָ֑ם וְ⁠הָ֤יָה דָם֙ בְּ⁠כָל־אֶ֣רֶץ מִצְרַ֔יִם וּ⁠בָ⁠עֵצִ֖ים וּ⁠בָ⁠אֲבָנִֽים	1		This is a direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	7	19	9o1q	figs-quotemarks	קַ֣ח מַטְּ⁠ךָ֣ וּ⁠נְטֵֽה־יָדְ⁠ךָ֩ עַל־מֵימֵ֨י מִצְרַ֜יִם עַֽל־נַהֲרֹתָ֣⁠ם׀ עַל־יְאֹרֵי⁠הֶ֣ם וְ⁠עַל־אַגְמֵי⁠הֶ֗ם וְ⁠עַ֛ל כָּל־מִקְוֵ֥ה מֵימֵי⁠הֶ֖ם וְ⁠יִֽהְיוּ־דָ֑ם	1		This is a second-level direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with second-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation within a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	7	19	ysi7	figs-merism	עַֽל־נַהֲרֹתָ֣⁠ם׀ עַל־יְאֹרֵי⁠הֶ֣ם וְ⁠עַל־אַגְמֵי⁠הֶ֗ם וְ⁠עַ֛ל כָּל־מִקְוֵ֥ה מֵימֵי⁠הֶ֖ם	1		This list is meant to expand on and reinforce the idea of all of the water in Egypt. You should translate the list in such a way that the locations of the blood are not limited to these specific places, but to imply universality. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
EXO	7	19	wxp2		בְּ⁠כָל־אֶ֣רֶץ	1	throughout all	“in every part of”
EXO	7	19	msxp	figs-possession	וּ⁠בָ⁠עֵצִ֖ים וּ⁠בָ⁠אֲבָנִֽים	1		This possessive show composition. Alternate translation: “and in containers made from wood and in containers made from stone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
EXO	7	20	zy18	figs-explicit	בַּ⁠יְאֹ֔ר	1	in the river	The name of the river may be made explicit. Alternate translation: “in the Nile River” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	7	20	mj8v	figs-metonymy	לְ⁠עֵינֵ֣י פַרְעֹ֔ה וּ⁠לְ⁠עֵינֵ֖י עֲבָדָ֑י⁠ו	1		This means in their sight. Alternate translation: “in the sight of Pharaoh and his servants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	7	22	6njd	translate-unknown	חַרְטֻמֵּ֥י	1		See how you translated this term in [7:11](../07/11.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	7	22	qdc7	figs-metaphor	וַ⁠יֶּחֱזַ֤ק לֵב־פַּרְעֹה֙	1	Pharaoh’s heart was hardened	Pharaoh’s stubborn attitude is spoken of as if his heart were strong. If the heart is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. This is a neutral statement (it does not say that anyone caused him to be stubborn as many others in this part of the narrative do). See how you translated this in [Exodus 7:13](../07/13.md). Alternate translation: “Pharaoh was still defiant” (See:  [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	7	22	sbic		כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֖ר דִּבֶּ֥ר יְהוָֽה	1		Because Yahweh’s prediction precedes this event, some languages may need to place the reference to that prediction before the statement that it was fulfilled. See UST and how you handled this in [7:13](../07/13.md) where the same sentence appears.
EXO	7	23	atdk	figs-idiom	וְ⁠לֹא־שָׁ֥ת לִבּ֖⁠וֹ גַּם־לָ⁠זֹֽאת	1		This is an idiom meaning Pharaoh did not think about the meaning of the miracle he had just seen. Alternate translation: “And he did not consider what even this meant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	7	24	m6zn	figs-hyperbole	כָל־מִצְרַ֛יִם	1	All the Egyptians	The word **all** here is a generalization that means “many.” At the least, the upper class would have sent their slaves to dig for them. Alternate translation: “Many of the Egyptians” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
EXO	7	25	93t8	writing-newevent	וַ⁠יִּמָּלֵ֖א 	1		A new scene begins here, which may need to be marked in a certain way in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
EXO	7	25	5ma1	figs-idiom	וַ⁠יִּמָּלֵ֖א שִׁבְעַ֣ת יָמִ֑ים	1		This is an idiom meaning seven days later. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	7	25	8aut	translate-numbers	שִׁבְעַ֣ת	1		“7” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EXO	8	intro	ww1y			0		# Exodus 08 General Notes<br>## Possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>- the exact insects in plagues 3-4 are not certain, translation teams will need to decide what insects they can use for each<br>- Pharaoh makes his own heart heavy, that is, he determines to be proud and resist Yahweh twice in this chapter<br>- the Israelites’ sacrifices are spoken of as an abomination to the Egyptians but it is not specified how or why that is<br><br><br>### Lifting up the hand and staff: <br>In the next few chapters God will instruct Moses and/or Aaron to raise his hand and/or staff. The narrative will then record that whoever will raise his hand and/or staff. The instruction and the action do not always match exactly. God may say raise your hand and the narrative may say Moses raised his staff. These are not conflicting reports. Translators should understand that the hand and the staff are always understood together. They are one unit and they can both be mentioned or they can be mentioned separately. In each case, Moses or Aaron raises his hand with the staff in it. This fact is merely expressed differently.<br><br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Pharaoh’s hard heart<br>Pharaoh’s heart is often described as hard in this chapter. This means that his heart was not open or willing to understand Yahweh’s instructions. When his heart was hardened, it became less and less receptive to Yahweh.<br><br>### Let my people go<br><br>This is a very important statement. Moses does not ask Pharaoh for permission to “let go” of the Hebrew people. Instead, he is demanding that Pharaoh free the Hebrew people.
EXO	8	1	tf7b	figs-quotations	בֹּ֖א 	1		This begins a direct quote that continues until the end of [verse 4](../08/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
EXO	8	1	v6ll		כֹּ֚ה אָמַ֣ר יְהוָ֔ה	1		This quotation form is used to introduce commands from Yahweh. See [4:intro](../04/intro.md) for more information.
EXO	8	1	lndc	figs-quotesinquotes	כֹּ֚ה	1		This begins a second-level quote that continues until the end of [verse 4](../08/04.md).  It should be marked in some manner that distinguishes it from the outer level. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]])
EXO	8	1	kure	figs-quotesinquotes	שַׁלַּ֥ח 	1		This begins a third-level quote that continues until the end of [verse 4](../08/04.md).  It should be marked in some manner that distinguishes it from the outer levels. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]])
EXO	8	2	s7y1	figs-ellipsis	לְ⁠שַׁלֵּ֑חַ	1		What Pharaoh is to **let go** is not specified, but “my people” or “the Israelites” are the understood object. Alternate translation: “to let the Israelites go” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
EXO	8	2	aei8		הִנֵּ֣ה	1		**Behold** is an interjection meant to focus the attention of the listener on what comes next, in this case a dire warning. Alternate translation: “look out”
EXO	8	3	5zo6	figs-merism	בְּ⁠בֵיתֶ֔⁠ךָ וּ⁠בַ⁠חֲדַ֥ר מִשְׁכָּבְ⁠ךָ֖ וְ⁠עַל־מִטָּתֶ֑⁠ךָ וּ⁠בְ⁠בֵ֤ית עֲבָדֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ וּ⁠בְ⁠עַמֶּ֔⁠ךָ וּ⁠בְ⁠תַנּוּרֶ֖י⁠ךָ וּ⁠בְ⁠מִשְׁאֲרוֹתֶֽי⁠ךָ	1		This long list means “everywhere in Egypt.” It is presented in this way for rhetorical effect, that is, to convince Pharaoh of how bad this plague will be so he will obey. You should translate the list in such a way that the frogs’ location is not limited to these specific places. The list should imply universality. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
EXO	8	4	okok	figs-quotemarks		1		Up to three levels of quotes end at the end of this verse. Depending on how many levels you chose to mark as direct quotations, you should indicate them ending here with closing second-level (and third-level) quotation mark(s) or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the end of quotations and quotations within a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	8	5	wll3	figs-quotemarks	אֱמֹ֣ר אֶֽל־אַהֲרֹ֗ן נְטֵ֤ה אֶת־יָדְ⁠ךָ֙ בְּ⁠מַטֶּ֔⁠ךָ עַל־הַ֨⁠נְּהָרֹ֔ת עַל־הַ⁠יְאֹרִ֖ים וְ⁠עַל־הָ⁠אֲגַמִּ֑ים וְ⁠הַ֥עַל אֶת־הַֽ⁠צְפַרְדְּעִ֖ים עַל־אֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם	1		This is a direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with first-level opening and closing quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	8	5	ley6	figs-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר יְהוָה֮ אֶל־מֹשֶׁה֒ אֱמֹ֣ר אֶֽל־אַהֲרֹ֗ן	1		It may be helpful to translate this first quotation indirectly to avoid having two levels of quotations in this verse. Alternate translation: “And Yahweh told Moses to say to Aaron” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
EXO	8	5	5myy	figs-quotemarks	נְטֵ֤ה אֶת־יָדְ⁠ךָ֙ בְּ⁠מַטֶּ֔⁠ךָ עַל־הַ֨⁠נְּהָרֹ֔ת עַל־הַ⁠יְאֹרִ֖ים וְ⁠עַל־הָ⁠אֲגַמִּ֑ים וְ⁠הַ֥עַל אֶת־הַֽ⁠צְפַרְדְּעִ֖ים עַל־אֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם	1		This is a second-level direct quotation (if you chose to make **Say to Aaron** a direct quotation). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with second-level opening and closing quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation inside a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	8	5	1qzz		יָדְ⁠ךָ֙ בְּ⁠מַטֶּ֔⁠ךָ	1		See note in the [introduction to chapter 8](../08/intro.md) regarding the hand and staff.
EXO	8	5	z19q	figs-merism	עַל־הַ֨⁠נְּהָרֹ֔ת עַל־הַ⁠יְאֹרִ֖ים וְ⁠עַל־הָ⁠אֲגַמִּ֑ים	1		This list is meant to convey the idea of all the water in Egypt where frogs might live. You should translate the list in such a way that the locations are not limited to these specific places. The list should imply universality. This is made clear in [8:6](../08/06.md).(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
EXO	8	6	wf3a	figs-explicit	וַ⁠יֵּ֤ט אַהֲרֹן֙	1		It is implied that Moses told Yahweh’s instructions to Aaron. You may choose to make this explicit as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	8	6	3t7n	figs-explicit	יָד֔⁠וֹ	1		It is implied that Aaron was holding his staff as instructed. You may choose to make this explicit. See note in the [introduction to chapter 8](../08/intro.md) regarding the hand and staff. Alternate translation: “his hand holding his staff” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	8	6	j1w7	figs-synecdoche	וַ⁠יֵּ֤ט אַהֲרֹן֙ אֶת־יָד֔⁠וֹ עַ֖ל מֵימֵ֣י	1		Aaron would not have been able to reach his hand over all the water in Egypt. He likely stretched his hand over some nearby portion of the Nile symbolizing all the water of Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
EXO	8	6	drmg	figs-explicit	וַ⁠תַּ֨עַל֙	1		[Verse 3](../08/03.md) has specified from where the frogs will come. Here it is implied, but you may make it explicit as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	8	6	rxze	figs-collectivenouns	הַ⁠צְּפַרְדֵּ֔עַ	1		There were so many frogs that the text uses the collective singular. If that does not make sense in your language, you may simply use the plural as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-collectivenouns]])
EXO	8	6	j83d	figs-metaphor	וַ⁠תַּ֨עַל֙ הַ⁠צְּפַרְדֵּ֔עַ וַ⁠תְּכַ֖ס אֶת־אֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם	1		This means that there were frogs everywhere in Egypt. The image is like that of a blanket smothering the entire country. (Or more directly, like one giant, nation-sized frog sitting on top of the entire land). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	8	7	5yzg	translate-unknown	הַֽ⁠חֲרְטֻמִּ֖ים בְּ⁠לָטֵי⁠הֶ֑ם	1		See how you translated these in [7:11](../07/11.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	8	8	mhn3		וַ⁠יִּקְרָ֨א פַרְעֹ֜ה לְ⁠מֹשֶׁ֣ה וּֽ⁠לְ⁠אַהֲרֹ֗ן	1	Then Pharaoh called for Moses and Aaron	“Then Pharaoh sent for Moses and Aaron” or “And the king summoned Moses and Aaron”
EXO	8	8	nfe3	figs-explicit	וַ⁠יִּקְרָ֨א פַרְעֹ֜ה לְ⁠מֹשֶׁ֣ה וּֽ⁠לְ⁠אַהֲרֹ֗ן וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר֙	1		It is implied that Moses and Aaron came between being called and Pharaoh speaking to them. You may need to make that explicit. Alternate translation: “And Pharaoh called for Moses and for Aaron, and after they came he said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	8	8	pc7e	figs-quotemarks	הַעְתִּ֣ירוּ אֶל־יְהוָ֔ה וְ⁠יָסֵר֙ הַֽ⁠צְפַרְדְּעִ֔ים מִמֶּ֖⁠נִּי וּ⁠מֵֽ⁠עַמִּ֑⁠י וַ⁠אֲשַׁלְּחָה֙ אֶת־הָ⁠עָ֔ם וְ⁠יִזְבְּח֖וּ לַ⁠יהוָֽה	1		This is a direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	8	8	tx3t	figs-quotations	אֶל־יְהוָ֔ה וְ⁠יָסֵר֙ הַֽ⁠צְפַרְדְּעִ֔ים מִמֶּ֖⁠נִּי וּ⁠מֵֽ⁠עַמִּ֑⁠י	1		In some languages you may have to make the content of Pharaoh’s prayer to Yahweh a direct quote. Note that this will make it a second-level quotation and you will need to mark it with second-level quotation markings if your language uses them. Alternate translation: “to Yahweh saying, ‘Please take away the frogs from Pharaoh and from his people.’ ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
EXO	8	8	qku4	grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical	וַ⁠אֲשַׁלְּחָה֙ אֶת־הָ⁠עָ֔ם וְ⁠יִזְבְּח֖וּ לַ⁠יהוָֽה	1		This promise is conditional on the frogs going away. Alternate translation: “Once the frogs are gone, I will let the people go, and they may sacrifice to Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]])
EXO	8	9	bm7x	figs-quotemarks	הִתְפָּאֵ֣ר עָלַ⁠י֒ לְ⁠מָתַ֣י׀ אַעְתִּ֣יר לְ⁠ךָ֗ וְ⁠לַ⁠עֲבָדֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ וּֽ⁠לְ⁠עַמְּ⁠ךָ֔ לְ⁠הַכְרִית֙ הַֽ⁠צֲפַרְדְּעִ֔ים מִמְּ⁠ךָ֖ וּ⁠מִ⁠בָּתֶּ֑י⁠ךָ רַ֥ק בַּ⁠יְאֹ֖ר תִּשָּׁאַֽרְנָה	1		This is a direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	8	9	khfd	figs-irony	הִתְפָּאֵ֣ר עָלַ⁠י֒	1		Moses speaks with false humility here. He is ironically pointing out Pharaoh’s powerlessness before Yahweh. Alternate translation: “You can choose” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
EXO	8	9	g0lu	figs-merism	לְ⁠ךָ֗ וְ⁠לַ⁠עֲבָדֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ וּֽ⁠לְ⁠עַמְּ⁠ךָ֔…מִמְּ⁠ךָ֖ וּ⁠מִ⁠בָּתֶּ֑י⁠ךָ	1		These lists mean “for everyone” and “from everywhere” (in Egypt). This makes clear that Moses will ask for a complete end of the plague. You should translate the list in such a way that it does not convey limitation to these specifics, but is understood to imply universality. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
EXO	8	10	g5e7	figs-quotemarks	לְ⁠מָחָ֑ר	1		This is a direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	8	10	tvjo	figs-quotemarks	כִּ⁠דְבָ֣רְ⁠ךָ֔	1		A direct quote begins here that continues to the end of the next verse. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	8	10	ofw3	grammar-connect-logic-goal	לְמַ֣עַן תֵּדַ֔ע כִּי־אֵ֖ין כַּ⁠יהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֵֽי⁠נוּ	1		This knowledge is the goal of Yahweh’s granting a respite from the frogs. In some languages you may need to place this at the end of [verse 11](../08/11.md) after Moses says the frogs will leave. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
EXO	8	10	8120	figs-exclusive	אֱלֹהֵֽי⁠נוּ	1		Here, **our** refers to the Israelites’ God, excluding Pharaoh and the Egyptians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
EXO	8	11	zwqo	figs-merism	מִמְּ⁠ךָ֙ וּ⁠מִ⁠בָּ֣תֶּ֔י⁠ךָ וּ⁠מֵ⁠עֲבָדֶ֖י⁠ךָ וּ⁠מֵ⁠עַמֶּ֑⁠ךָ	1		This list means “from everywhere and everyone” (in Egypt). This shows that the end of the plague will be as complete as its extent. You should translate the list in such a way that it does not convey limitation to these specifics, but is understood to imply universality. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
EXO	8	11	ttyr	figs-quotemarks	רַ֥ק בַּ⁠יְאֹ֖ר תִּשָּׁאַֽרְנָה	1		After this phrase, the direct quote of Moses that started in the previous verse ends. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with a closing first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the end of a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	8	12	jjv2		שָׂ֥ם	1		“Yahweh had set”
EXO	8	12	nxyi	writing-newevent	וַ⁠יֵּצֵ֥א מֹשֶׁ֛ה וְ⁠אַהֲרֹ֖ן 	1		A minor scene shift occurs here and may need to be marked in a certain way in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
EXO	8	13	80ei	figs-merism	מִן־הַ⁠בָּתִּ֥ים מִן־הַ⁠חֲצֵרֹ֖ת וּ⁠מִן־הַ⁠שָּׂדֹֽת	1		This list means “from everywhere” (in Egypt). This makes clear that there was a complete end of the plague. You should translate the list in such a way that it does not convey limitation to these specifics, but is understood to imply universality. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
EXO	8	14	a03n		חֳמָרִ֣ם חֳמָרִ֑ם	1		Literally, “piles piles.” Repetition is used in Hebrew to emphasize how many or how big they were.
EXO	8	15	lv2n	figs-metaphor	וְ⁠הַכְבֵּד֙ אֶת־לִבּ֔⁠וֹ	1	he hardened his heart	Pharaoh’s stubborn attitude is spoken of as if he made his own heart heavy. If the heart is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. See how you translated this in [Exodus 7:14](../07/14.md), but note, there, that the state of Pharaoh’s heart is reported, whereas here, Pharaoh makes his own heart heavy. Alternate translation: “and Pharaoh determined to be defiant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	8	15	b47h		כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֖ר דִּבֶּ֥ר יְהוָֽה	1	just as Yahweh had said that he would do	“just as Yahweh had said Pharaoh would do”
EXO	8	16	7tgc	writing-newevent	וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר יְהוָה֮	1		A new scene begins here, which may need to be marked in a certain way in your language. This is the start of the third plague sequence. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
EXO	8	16	s5gh	figs-quotations	אֱמֹר֙ אֶֽל־אַהֲרֹ֔ן נְטֵ֣ה אֶֽת־מַטְּ⁠ךָ֔ וְ⁠הַ֖ךְ אֶת־עֲפַ֣ר הָ⁠אָ֑רֶץ וְ⁠הָיָ֥ה לְ⁠כִנִּ֖ם בְּ⁠כָל־אֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם	1		This is a direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. However, it may be helpful to translate one of the parts as an indirect quotation so that you do not have to have two levels of quotations here. Alternate translation: see UST or “[And Yahweh told Moses] to tell Aaron” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
EXO	8	16	xh9e	figs-quotemarks	נְטֵ֣ה אֶֽת־מַטְּ⁠ךָ֔ וְ⁠הַ֖ךְ אֶת־עֲפַ֣ר הָ⁠אָ֑רֶץ וְ⁠הָיָ֥ה לְ⁠כִנִּ֖ם בְּ⁠כָל־אֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם	1		This is a second-level direct quotation (unless you translated one portion as an indirect quotation). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with second-level (or first-level) quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation (within a quotation). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	8	16	joxz		נְטֵ֣ה אֶֽת־מַטְּ⁠ךָ֔ וְ⁠הַ֖ךְ	1		This is one action or motion but it is described with the two verbs that occur throughout this section of plague judgment. 
EXO	8	16	4kyj		מַטְּ⁠ךָ֔	1		This is Aaron’s staff. See note in the [introduction to chapter 8](../08/intro.md) regarding the hand and staff.
EXO	8	16	w5el	translate-unknown	לְ⁠כִנִּ֖ם	1		We do not know exactly what this word means. It is probably a tiny (as in dust-particle size) biting insect. You should choose a different insect here than in the next plague ([8:21](../08/21.md)-8:31). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	8	17	8zno		וַ⁠יֵּט֩ אַהֲרֹ֨ן אֶת־יָד֤⁠וֹ בְ⁠מַטֵּ֨⁠הוּ֙ וַ⁠יַּךְ֙ אֶת־עֲפַ֣ר הָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ	1		Again, this is one action or motion but it is described with the two verbs that occur throughout this section of plague judgment. See how you translated it in the [previous verse](../08/16.md).
EXO	8	17	l784		יָד֤⁠וֹ בְ⁠מַטֵּ֨⁠הוּ֙	1		See note in the [introduction to chapter 8](../08/intro.md) regarding the hand and staff.
EXO	8	17	nhgt	translate-unknown	הַ⁠כִּנָּ֔ם …כִנִּ֖ים 	1		Again, we do not know this term for certain, so see how you translated it in [8:16](../08/16.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	8	17	grs3	figs-gendernotations	בָּ⁠אָדָ֖ם	1		This includes women and children. Alternate translation: “people” or “mankind” or “humans” See UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
EXO	8	17	grg5	figs-hyperbole	כָּל־עֲפַ֥ר הָ⁠אָ֛רֶץ …בְּ⁠כָל־אֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם	1		This extraordinary statement is used to emphasize the extent and severity of the plague. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
EXO	8	18	9iqc	translate-unknown	הַ⁠חַרְטֻמִּ֧ים בְּ⁠לָטֵי⁠הֶ֛ם	1		See how you translated these in [7:11](../07/11.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	8	18	ii85	translate-unknown	הַ⁠כִּנִּ֖ים …הַ⁠כִּנָּ֔ם 	1		See how you translated this term in [8:16](../08/16.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	8	18	mnj5	figs-gendernotations	בָּ⁠אָדָ֖ם 	1		This includes women and children. Alternate translation: “people” or “mankind” or “humans” See UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
EXO	8	19	22be	translate-unknown	הַֽ⁠חַרְטֻמִּים֙ 	1		See how you translated this term in [7:11](../07/11.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	8	19	lk2k	figs-synecdoche	אֶצְבַּ֥ע אֱלֹהִ֖ים הִ֑וא	1	This is the finger of God	The words “finger of God” represent the power of God. Alternate translation: “This is the powerful work of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
EXO	8	19	z1w2	figs-metaphor	וַ⁠יֶּחֱזַ֤ק לֵב־פַּרְעֹה֙	1	Pharaoh’s heart was hardened	Pharaoh’s stubborn attitude is spoken of as if his heart were strong. If the heart is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. See how you translated this in [Exodus 7:13](../07/13.md). This is a neutral statement (it does not say that anyone caused him to be stubborn as many others in this part of the narrative do). Alternate translation: “Pharaoh was still defiant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	8	19	rp3i	writing-participants	אֲלֵ⁠הֶ֔ם 	1		It is possible that **them** refers to the magicians here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
EXO	8	19	gjgg		כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֖ר דִּבֶּ֥ר יְהוָֽה	1		Some languages will need to place this before the thing that Yahweh predicted, as in the UST.
EXO	8	20	j5n8		וְ⁠הִתְיַצֵּב֙ לִ⁠פְנֵ֣י פַרְעֹ֔ה	1	stand in front of Pharaoh	“and present yourself to Pharaoh”
EXO	8	20	frfn	writing-newevent	וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר יְהוָ֜ה	1		A new scene begins here, which may need to be marked in a certain way in your language. This is the beginning of the fourth plague sequence. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
EXO	8	20	syv2	figs-metonymy	לִ⁠פְנֵ֣י פַרְעֹ֔ה	1		Here, **face** figuratively means the presence of a person.  (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	8	20	2g25		הִנֵּ֖ה 	1		This is used to draw attention to important information that is next. In some languages and translation styles it will make the most sense to omit this, as in the UST. Alternate translation: “Listen carefully”
EXO	8	20	uypa	figs-quotations	כֹּ֚ה אָמַ֣ר יְהוָ֔ה	1		This phrase opens a direct quote which continues until the end of [verse 23](../08/23.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation. However, you may also consider making the opening portion an indirect quote so that you do not have a quote inside of a quote for the next verses. Alternate translation: “that Yahweh says” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
EXO	8	20	eqd2		כֹּ֚ה אָמַ֣ר יְהוָ֔ה	1	Let my people go	This quotation form is used to introduce commands from Yahweh. See [4:intro](../04/intro.md) for more information.
EXO	8	20	a7l7	figs-quotemarks	שַׁלַּ֥ח 	1		This phrase opens a second-level direct quote which continues until the end of [verse 23](../08/23.md), unless you made **thus says Yahweh** an indirect quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with second-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation within a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	8	20	fgl3	grammar-connect-logic-goal	וְ⁠יַֽעַבְדֻֽ⁠נִי	1		This is the purpose of the people being let go. Alternate translation: “so they can serve me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
EXO	8	21	hitq		הִנְ⁠נִי֩	1		This is used to draw attention to important information that is next. Alternate translation: “Listen carefully”
EXO	8	21	hwcl	translate-collectivenouns	הֶ⁠עָרֹ֑ב…הֶ֣⁠עָרֹ֔ב	1		This is a collective singular noun that refers to a great number of swarming, biting insects. Alternate translation: “swarms of flies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-collectivenouns]])
EXO	8	21	2g9v	translate-unknown	הֶ⁠עָרֹ֑ב…הֶ֣⁠עָרֹ֔ב	1		These are probably the large common flies that bother humans and livestock. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	8	21	foli	figs-merism	בְּ⁠ךָ֜ וּ⁠בַ⁠עֲבָדֶ֧י⁠ךָ וּֽ⁠בְ⁠עַמְּ⁠ךָ֛ וּ⁠בְ⁠בָתֶּ֖י⁠ךָ…בָּתֵּ֤י מִצְרַ֨יִם֙…וְ⁠גַ֥ם הָ⁠אֲדָמָ֖ה	1		This long list means, “everywhere in Egypt.” It is presented in this way for rhetorical effect, that is, to convince Pharaoh of how bad this plague will be so he will obey. You should translate the list in such a way that the flies’ location is not limited to these specific places, but is understood to imply universality. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]
EXO	8	22	mv8w	grammar-connect-logic-result	לְ⁠בִלְתִּ֥י הֱיֽוֹת־שָׁ֖ם עָרֹ֑ב	1	General Information:	This is the result of Yahweh treating the land of Goshen differently. Alternate translation: “by keeping the swarm from there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
EXO	8	22	apum	translate-collectivenouns	עָרֹ֑ב	1		This is a collective singular noun that refers to a great number of swarming, biting insects. See how you translated this in [8:21](../08/21.md). Alternate translation: “swarms of flies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-collectivenouns]])
EXO	8	22	85hp	translate-unknown	עָרֹ֑ב	1		These are probably the large common flies that bother humans and livestock. See how you translated this in [8:21](../08/21.md) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	8	22	refq	grammar-connect-logic-goal	לְמַ֣עַן תֵּדַ֔ע כִּ֛י אֲנִ֥י יְהוָ֖ה בְּ⁠קֶ֥רֶב הָ⁠אָֽרֶץ	1		This is the goal of treating the Israelites differently. In some languages you may need to put this phrase the beginning of the verse. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
EXO	8	22	a28h		אֲנִ֥י יְהוָ֖ה בְּ⁠קֶ֥רֶב הָ⁠אָֽרֶץ	1		Here, **am** could be connecting **I** and **Yahweh** or it could be connecting **I, Yahweh** and **in the middle of the land**. Alternate translation: “I, Yahweh, am in the middle of the land”
EXO	8	23	8fsp	figs-abstractnouns	פְדֻ֔ת 	1		This is a noun derived from a verb meaning “to buy back.” Very broadly it can mean “to save or rescue.” See the next note regarding textual variants for more information. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO	8	23	tf4j	translate-textvariants	פְדֻ֔ת 	1		Many translations follow the Septuagint here, which uses the word “division.” A minor change to the Hebrew would also produce the word translated “treat differently” in the [previous verse](../08/22.md). Alternate translation: “a division” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]])
EXO	8	23	u4gs		עַמִּ֖⁠י	1		Yahweh’s people, that is, the Israelites. Alternate translation: “the Israelites”
EXO	8	23	rg2c		עַמֶּ֑⁠ךָ 	1		Pharaoh’s people, that is, the Egyptians. Alternate translation: “the Egyptians”
EXO	8	23	9c85	figs-quotemarks	לְ⁠מָחָ֥ר יִהְיֶ֖ה הָ⁠אֹ֥ת הַ⁠זֶּֽה׃	1		After this phrase, the three levels of direct quotations of Yahweh that started in [8:20](../08/20.md) ends. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with closing first-level, second-level, and third-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the end of quotations. You may not have three levels if you made any level an indirect quote. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	8	24	gw3c	figs-explicit	וַ⁠יַּ֤עַשׂ יְהוָה֙ כֵּ֔ן	1		The UST supplies a brief sentence filling in the gap between Yahweh’s command to Moses and the onset of the plague. Some languages will need something like that to make the progression of events clear. Alternate translation: “Moses obeyed the instructions Yahweh gave him and Pharaoh responded as Yahweh had said he would. And Yahweh did so” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	8	24	lk5s	writing-newevent	וַ⁠יַּ֤עַשׂ יְהוָה֙ כֵּ֔ן	1		There is a minor scene change here, which may need to be marked in a certain way in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
EXO	8	24	ut0f	translate-unknown	עָרֹ֣ב	1		There are probably the large common flies that bother humans and livestock. See how you translated this in [8:21](../08/21.md) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	8	24	dg0k	translate-go	וַ⁠יָּבֹא֙ 	1		Some languages may need to translate this as going rather than coming. Alternate translation: “and … went” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
EXO	8	24	97aq	figs-merism	בֵּ֥יתָ⁠ה פַרְעֹ֖ה וּ⁠בֵ֣ית עֲבָדָ֑י⁠ו	1		This means “to everyone everywhere” (in Egypt) as made explicit in the next statement. This makes clear that the insects were throughout the land. You should translate this in such a way that it does not convey limitation to these specifics, but is understood to imply universality. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
EXO	8	24	nd6e	figs-activepassive	תִּשָּׁחֵ֥ת הָ⁠אָ֖רֶץ מִ⁠פְּנֵ֥י הֶ⁠עָרֹֽב	1	the land was ruined because of the swarms of flies	This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “The swarms of flies devastated the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	8	24	ngue	figs-metonymy	מִ⁠פְּנֵ֥י הֶ⁠עָרֹֽב	1		Here, **face** figuratively represents the presence of the insects. Alternate translation: “because the insects were everywhere” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	8	25	e7l0	grammar-connect-time-simultaneous	וַ⁠יִּקְרָ֣א 	1		This happened during the plague. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous]])
EXO	8	25	ciy5	figs-quotemarks	לְכ֛וּ זִבְח֥וּ לֵֽ⁠אלֹהֵי⁠כֶ֖ם בָּ⁠אָֽרֶץ	1		This is a direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	8	25	gj2w	figs-youdual	לֵֽ⁠אלֹהֵי⁠כֶ֖ם 	1		Here, **your** is plural. it could refer either to Moses and Aaron or to the Israelites. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a dual form (if you have one) if your team decides it means Moses and Aaron, otherwise use a plural form. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
EXO	8	26	tvnj	figs-quotemarks	וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר מֹשֶׁ֗ה	1		After this phrase a direct quote begins that continues until the end of [8:27](../08/27.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	8	26	9x8p		תּוֹעֲבַ֣ת מִצְרַ֔יִם…תּוֹעֲבַ֥ת מִצְרַ֛יִם	1		We do not know what about their sacrificing was an **abomination** to the Egyptians. The same term is used in Genesis 43:32 and 46:34 to describe the Egyptians’ feelings about eating with Hebrews and about the Hebrew profession of shepherding, respectively. Translators should attempt to convey the strong negative feelings that would be provoked in the Egyptians without speculating as to the cause. 
EXO	8	26	43cl	figs-exclusive	נִזְבַּ֖ח …אֱלֹהֵ֑י⁠נוּ …נִזְבַּ֞ח …יִסְקְלֻֽ⁠נוּ	1		Here, **we, our,** and **us** should all be translated as exclusive (if your language makes that distinction). Pharaoh and the Egyptians are not included. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
EXO	8	26	i7dy	figs-rquestion	וְ⁠לֹ֥א יִסְקְלֻֽ⁠נוּ	1	will they not stone us?	Moses asks this question to show Pharaoh that the Egyptians would not allow the Israelites to worship Yahweh by making a sacrifice repugnant to them. Alternate translation: “they will certainly stone us!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
EXO	8	26	gy7d	figs-metonymy	לְ⁠עֵינֵי⁠הֶ֖ם	1	right before their eyes	This is a figurative way of saying “where they can see.” Alternate translation: “in their sight” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	8	27	ju3u	figs-exclusive	נֵלֵ֖ךְ…וְ⁠זָבַ֨חְנוּ֙…אֱלֹהֵ֔י⁠נוּ…אֵלֵֽי⁠נוּ	1		Here, **we, our,** and **us** should all be translated as exclusive (if your language makes that distinction). Pharaoh and his people are not included. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
EXO	8	27	clc3	figs-quotemarks	אֵלֵֽי⁠נוּ	1		After this phrase, the direct quote of Moses’ argument to Pharaoh ends. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with a closing first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the end of a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	8	28	p3pd	figs-quotemarks	אָנֹכִ֞י אֲשַׁלַּ֤ח אֶתְ⁠כֶם֙ וּ⁠זְבַחְתֶּ֞ם לַ⁠יהוָ֤ה אֱלֹֽהֵי⁠כֶם֙ בַּ⁠מִּדְבָּ֔ר רַ֛ק הַרְחֵ֥ק לֹא־תַרְחִ֖יקוּ לָ⁠לֶ֑כֶת הַעְתִּ֖ירוּ בַּעֲדִֽ⁠י	1		This is a direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	8	28	qxes	figs-youdual	אֶתְ⁠כֶם֙ …אֱלֹֽהֵי⁠כֶם֙ …תַרְחִ֖יקוּ 	1		If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
EXO	8	28	mla2		אֶתְ⁠כֶם֙ 	1		“the Israelites”
EXO	8	28	hnud	figs-idiom	הַרְחֵ֥ק…תַרְחִ֖יקוּ 	1		In Hebrew, **far** is repeated to emphasize (with **not**) that they are absolutely not to go too far. If your language does not use repeating words like this, express the emphasis in another way. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	8	29	kgkx	figs-quotemarks	הִנֵּ֨ה אָנֹכִ֜י יוֹצֵ֤א מֵֽ⁠עִמָּ⁠ךְ֙ וְ⁠הַעְתַּרְתִּ֣י אֶל־יְהוָ֔ה וְ⁠סָ֣ר הֶ⁠עָרֹ֗ב מִ⁠פַּרְעֹ֛ה מֵ⁠עֲבָדָ֥י⁠ו וּ⁠מֵ⁠עַמּ֖⁠וֹ מָחָ֑ר רַ֗ק אַל־יֹסֵ֤ף פַּרְעֹה֙ הָתֵ֔ל לְ⁠בִלְתִּי֙ שַׁלַּ֣ח אֶת־הָ⁠עָ֔ם לִ⁠זְבֹּ֖חַ לַֽ⁠יהוָֽה	1		This is a direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	8	29	3hwq		הִנֵּ֨ה 	1		This is a term meant to focus the attention of the listener on what the speaker is about to say. If there is not a good way to translate this term in your language, this term can be omitted from the translation. Alternate translation: “Know this”
EXO	8	29	jirm	translate-unknown	הֶ⁠עָרֹ֗ב 	1		These are probably the large common flies that bother humans and livestock. See how you translated this in [8:21](../08/21.md) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	8	29	yvcl	figs-123person	מִ⁠פַּרְעֹ֛ה …פַּרְעֹה֙ 	1		Moses may be using the third person to refer to Pharaoh to show respect, because the king appears to be relenting. If use of the third person is not a way of showing respect in your culture or is not a valid way of addressing an individual at all, you may need to change the form. Alternate translation: “from you ... you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
EXO	8	29	la3z	figs-merism	מִ⁠פַּרְעֹ֛ה מֵ⁠עֲבָדָ֥י⁠ו וּ⁠מֵ⁠עַמּ֖⁠וֹ	1		This list means “from everywhere and everyone” (in Egypt). This shows that the end of the plague will be as complete as its extent. You should translate the list in such a way that it does not convey limitation to these specifics, but is understood to imply universality. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
EXO	8	29	bf85	figs-doublenegatives	אַל־יֹסֵ֤ף פַּרְעֹה֙ הָתֵ֔ל לְ⁠בִלְתִּי֙ שַׁלַּ֣ח אֶת־הָ⁠עָ֔ם	1	you must not deal deceitfully any more by not letting our people go	This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “you must begin to deal truthfully with us and let our people go” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
EXO	8	29	hh4q		רַ֗ק אַל־יֹסֵ֤ף פַּרְעֹה֙ הָתֵ֔ל	1	But you must not deal deceitfully	“But you must not deceive us” or “But you must not lie to us”
EXO	8	30	49le	writing-newevent	וַ⁠יֵּצֵ֥א מֹשֶׁ֖ה	1		There is a minor scene shift here, which may need to be marked in a certain way in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
EXO	8	31	rj50	translate-unknown	הֶ⁠עָרֹ֔ב 	1		These are probably the large common flies that bother humans and livestock. See how you translated this in [8:21](../08/21.md) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	8	31	2ifs	figs-merism	מִ⁠פַּרְעֹ֖ה מֵ⁠עֲבָדָ֣י⁠ו וּ⁠מֵ⁠עַמּ֑⁠וֹ	1		This list means “from everyone and everywhere” (in Egypt). This makes clear that there was a complete end of the plague. You should translate the list in such a way that it does not convey limitation to these specifics, but is understood to imply universality. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
EXO	8	31	mb4r	figs-hyperbole	לֹ֥א נִשְׁאַ֖ר אֶחָֽד	1		This extreme statement emphasizes how thoroughly Yahweh removed the insects from the land. Alternate translation: “There was not a single one of these insects left in the whole land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
EXO	8	32	sb5l	figs-metaphor	וַ⁠יַּכְבֵּ֤ד פַּרְעֹה֙ אֶת־לִבּ֔⁠וֹ	1	Pharaoh hardened his heart	Pharaoh’s stubborn attitude is spoken of as if he made his own heart heavy. If the heart is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. See how you translated this in [8:15](../08/15.md). Alternate translation: “Pharaoh determined to be defiant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	9	intro	hqw8			0		# Exodus 09 General Notes<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Pharaoh’s hard heart<br><br>Pharaoh’s heart is often described as hard in this chapter. This means that his heart was not open or willing to understand Yahweh’s instructions. When his heart was hardened, it became less and less receptive to Yahweh.<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Let my people go<br><br>This is a very important statement. Moses is not ask Pharaoh to “let go” of the Hebrew people. Instead, he is demanding that Pharaoh free the Hebrew people.
EXO	9	1	se3f	writing-newevent	וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר יְהוָה֙	1	General Information:	A new scene begins here, which may need to be marked in a certain way in your language. This is the beginning of the fifth plague sequence. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
EXO	9	1	38fo	figs-quotemarks	אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֔ה	1		After this phrase, a direct quote begins that continues to the end of [9:4](../09/04.md) and contains two more levels of quotes. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	9	1	0hcz	figs-quotemarks	אֵלָ֗י⁠ו 	1		After this phrase, a second-level direct quote begins which continues to the end of [9:4](../09/04.md) and contains one more level of quotes. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening second-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation within a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	9	1	fo4o	figs-quotesinquotes	וְ⁠דִבַּרְתָּ֣ אֵלָ֗י⁠ו כֹּֽה־אָמַ֤ר יְהוָה֙ אֱלֹהֵ֣י הָֽ⁠עִבְרִ֔ים	1		You may want to translate the quote beginning with **Thus says Yahweh** as an indirect quotation in order to reduce the levels of quotations in this passage. Alternative translation: “and say to him that Yahweh, the God of the Hebrews, says” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]])
EXO	9	1	w0lg		כֹּֽה־אָמַ֤ר יְהוָה֙	1		This quotation form is used to introduce commands from Yahweh. See [4:intro](../04/intro.md) for more information.
EXO	9	1	x4bd		עַמִּ֖⁠י 	1		“the Israelites”
EXO	9	2	l7ld	figs-parallelism	כִּ֛י אִם־מָאֵ֥ן אַתָּ֖ה לְ⁠שַׁלֵּ֑חַ וְ⁠עוֹדְ⁠ךָ֖ מַחֲזִ֥יק בָּֽ⁠ם	1	if you refuse to let them go, if you still keep them back	These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “If you continue refusing to let them go” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
EXO	9	3	fltr		הִנֵּ֨ה 	1		This is used to draw attention to surprising information that follows. Alternate translation: “look out”
EXO	9	3	ume2	figs-metonymy	יַד־יְהוָ֜ה הוֹיָ֗ה בְּ⁠מִקְנְ⁠ךָ֙	1	then Yahweh’s hand will be on your cattle	Here, **hand** represents Yahweh’s power to afflict their animals with disease. Alternate translation: “Then the power of Yahweh will afflict your livestock” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	9	3	cjt9	figs-123person	יַד־יְהוָ֜ה	1		This is part of the reported speech that Yahweh wants Moses to say to Pharaoh. Therefore, you could change the third person **the hand of Yahweh** to first person if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “My hand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
EXO	9	3	tn3z	figs-youdual	בְּ⁠מִקְנְ⁠ךָ֙ 	1	on your cattle	While the word **your** here is not plural, the next verse shows that it refers to all the people of Egypt who owned cattle. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, you may want to use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
EXO	9	3	v8ur	figs-merism	בַּ⁠סּוּסִ֤ים בַּֽ⁠חֲמֹרִים֙ בַּ⁠גְּמַלִּ֔ים בַּ⁠בָּקָ֖ר וּ⁠בַ⁠צֹּ֑אן	1		This long list is meant to reinforce the universal effects of the coming plague. It is presented in this way for rhetorical effect, that is, to convince Pharaoh of how bad this plague will be so he will obey. You should translate the list in such a way that it is not limiting, but is understood to imply universality. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]
EXO	9	3	2kqc	figs-collectivenouns	בַּ⁠בָּקָ֖ר …וּ⁠בַ⁠צֹּ֑אן 	1		These (**cattle** and **flock**) are collective singular nouns which refer to groups of animals. Alternate translation: “on your bulls and cows and on your sheep and goats” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-collectivenouns]])
EXO	9	3	3ud8	figs-metaphor	כָּבֵ֥ד 	1		Here, the plague is spoken of as if it weighed a lot. This means it would be very bad. Alternate translation: “severe”  (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	9	4	x12r	figs-123person	יְהוָ֔ה 	1		This is part of the reported speech that Yahweh wants Moses to say to Pharaoh. Therefore you could change the third person **Yahweh** to first person if it would be clearer in your language. You should do the same as you did in the [previous verse](../09/04.md). Alternate translation: “I” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
EXO	9	4	c9ob	figs-possession	מִקְנֵ֣ה יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל…מִקְנֵ֣ה מִצְרָ֑יִם	1		This means the livestock owned by the two groups. Alternate translation: “the livestock that the Israelites own… the livestock that the Egyptians own” or “the livestock belonging to the Israelites ... the livestock belonging to the Egyptians”  (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
EXO	9	4	lp3t	figs-metonymy	יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל	1	Israel’s cattle	Here, **Israel** refers to the Israelites. Alternate translation: “the Israelite people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	9	4	u60c	figs-collectivenouns	יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל	1		Here, **Israel** is used as a collective singular noun. If your language would not refer to a group of people in this way, you may need to translate it as plural. Alternate translation: “the Israelite people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-collectivenouns]])
EXO	9	4	fs25	figs-metonymy	מִקְנֵ֣ה מִצְרָ֑יִם	1	Egypt’s cattle	Here, **Egypt** refers to the Egyptians. Alternate translation: “the livestock of the Egyptian people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	9	4	2310		דָּבָֽר	1		“animal”
EXO	9	4	xk5d		מִ⁠כָּל־לִ⁠בְנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל	1		“which belongs to any of the sons of Israel”
EXO	9	4	cbsz	figs-quotemarks	וְ⁠לֹ֥א יָמ֛וּת מִ⁠כָּל־לִ⁠בְנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל דָּבָֽר	1		After this phrase, the three levels of direct quotes of Yahweh ends. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with closing quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the end of levels of quotations. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	9	5	vqz2		וַ⁠יָּ֥שֶׂם יְהוָ֖ה מוֹעֵ֣ד	1	fixed a time	“And Yahweh made an appointed time”
EXO	9	5	7jof		לֵ⁠אמֹ֑ר 	1		This marks the beginning of a direct quotation. It can be omitted in translation if your language does not use a similar form. However, in this sentence it is the only verb related to speech, so you may need to translate it similarly to the way the UST does.<br>.
EXO	9	5	dh4h	figs-quotemarks	מָחָ֗ר יַעֲשֶׂ֧ה יְהוָ֛ה הַ⁠דָּבָ֥ר הַ⁠זֶּ֖ה בָּ⁠אָֽרֶץ	1		This is a direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	9	5	pxb1	figs-123person	יְהוָ֛ה	1		Yahweh is speaking here. Therefore you could change the third person **Yahweh** to first person if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “I, Yahweh,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
EXO	9	6	1ztr	figs-explicit	וַ⁠יַּ֨עַשׂ יְהוָ֜ה	1		It is implied that Moses went and spoke to Pharaoh as directed. You may need to make that explicit in your translation in some languages. Alternate translation: “Moses did as Yahweh had commanded. And Yahweh did” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	9	6	cx5i	figs-hyperbole	כֹּ֖ל מִקְנֵ֣ה	1	All the cattle of Egypt died	This is exaggerated to emphasize the seriousness of the event. There were still some animals alive that were afflicted by later plagues. However, it may be best to translate this with the word “all.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
EXO	9	6	iccg		מִקְנֵ֣ה מִצְרָ֑יִם…וּ⁠מִ⁠מִּקְנֵ֥ה בְנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל	1		This means the livestock owned by the two groups. Alternate translation: “the livestock that the Egyptians owned … But from the livestock that the Israelites owned” or “the livestock belonging to the Egyptians ... But from the livestock belonging to the Israelites”  (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
EXO	9	6	gy7t	figs-metonymy	מִצְרָ֑יִם 	1	cattle of Egypt	Here, **Egypt** refers to the Egyptians. Alternate translation: “the Egyptian peoples’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	9	6	6ewa	figs-metonymy	בְנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל	1		Here, **sons** figuratively means descendants. The phrase speaks of all of the Israelites as descendants of the patriarch Jacob, who was also known as Israel. Alternate translation: “the Israelite peoples’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	9	6	i0bl	figs-litotes	וּ⁠מִ⁠מִּקְנֵ֥ה בְנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל לֹא־מֵ֥ת אֶחָֽד	1		This emphatic negative statement could be stated positively. Alternate translation: “But every single one of the Israelites’ livestock lived” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
EXO	9	7	md84		וְ⁠הִנֵּ֗ה 	1	behold	**Behold** is used to draw attention to surprising information that follows. Alternate translation: “and listen”
EXO	9	7	rtny	figs-litotes	לֹא־מֵ֛ת מִ⁠מִּקְנֵ֥ה יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל עַד־אֶחָ֑ד	1		This emphatic negative statement could be stated positively. Alternate translation: “every single one of the Israelites’ livestock was alive” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
EXO	9	7	kkuc	figs-metonymy	יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל 	1		Here, **Israel** refers to the Israelites. Alternate translation: “of the Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	9	7	sfor	figs-collectivenouns	יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל 	1		Here, **Israel** is a collective singular noun. If your language would not refer to a group of people in this way, you may need to translate it as plural. Alternate translation: “the Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-collectivenouns]])
EXO	9	7	j51j	figs-metaphor	וַ⁠יִּכְבַּד֙ לֵ֣ב פַּרְעֹ֔ה	1	his heart was stubborn	Pharaoh’s stubborn attitude is spoken of as if his heart were heavy. If the heart is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. This is a neutral statement (it does not say that anyone caused him to be stubborn as many others in this part of the narrative do). See how you translated this in [Exodus 7:14](../07/14.md). Alternate translation: “But Pharaoh was defiant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	9	8	brm6	writing-newevent	וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר יְהוָה֮ 	1	kiln	A new scene begins here, which may need to be marked in a certain way in your language. This is the start of the sixth plague scene.(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
EXO	9	8	ik2i	figs-quotemarks	אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֣ה וְ⁠אֶֽל־אַהֲרֹן֒	1		After this phrase a direct quote begins. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	9	8	luhg	figs-youdual	לָ⁠כֶם֙…חָפְנֵי⁠כֶ֔ם	1		**You** and **your** refer to both Moses and Aaron. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use dual form (if you have one) or plural forms (if not) here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
EXO	9	8	51op		קְח֤וּ לָ⁠כֶם֙ מְלֹ֣א חָפְנֵי⁠כֶ֔ם	1		“Each of you fill both your hands with”
EXO	9	8	u5wn		פִּ֖יחַ כִּבְשָׁ֑ן	1		“ash from a furnace” or “ash produced by a furnace”
EXO	9	8	gk7f	figs-collectivenouns	פִּ֖יחַ 	1		Here, **ash** is singular. For some languages you may need to make it plural as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-collectivenouns]])
EXO	9	8	gu1v		הַ⁠שָּׁמַ֖יְמָ⁠ה 	1		“toward the sky”
EXO	9	8	p795	figs-metonymy	לְ⁠עֵינֵ֥י פַרְעֹֽה	1		This means in his sight. Alternate translation: “in the sight of Pharaoh” or “so Pharaoh sees it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	9	9	d2v3	translate-unknown	לִ⁠שְׁחִ֥ין פֹּרֵ֛חַ אֲבַעְבֻּעֹ֖ת	1	fine	This is a condition where the skin is red and hot, the skin breaks, and blood and puss come out. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	9	9	jlh0	figs-gendernotations	הָ⁠אָדָ֜ם 	1		This includes women and children. Alternate translation: “people” or “mankind” or “humans” See UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
EXO	9	9	eyc7		הַ⁠בְּהֵמָ֗ה	1	to break out on	“wild and domestic animals” or “wild animals and livestock”
EXO	9	10	wdcn	figs-collectivenouns	פִּ֣יחַ 	1		Here, **ash** is singular. For some languages you may need to make it plural as in the UST.  See how you translated this in the [previous verse](../09/09.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-collectivenouns]])
EXO	9	10	dp3l		פִּ֣יחַ הַ⁠כִּבְשָׁ֗ן	1		“ash from a furnace” or “ash produced by a furnace” See how you translated this in the [previous verse](../09/09.md).
EXO	9	10	ufpn	figs-metonymy	וַ⁠יַּֽעַמְדוּ֙ לִ⁠פְנֵ֣י פַרְעֹ֔ה	1		Here, **before the face of** means in Pharaoh’s presence. Alternate translation: “and stood in Pharaoh’s presence” See how you translated a similar statement in the [previous verse](../09/09.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	9	10	xmbw		הַ⁠שָּׁמָ֑יְמָ⁠ה 	1		“toward the sky” See how you translated this in the [previous verse](../09/09.md).
EXO	9	10	jhzb	translate-unknown	שְׁחִין֙ אֲבַעְבֻּעֹ֔ת פֹּרֵ֕חַ	1		This is a condition where the skin is red and hot, the skin breaks, and blood and puss come out.  See how you translated this in the [previous verse](../09/09.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	9	10	7q2q	figs-gendernotations	בָּ⁠אָדָ֖ם 	1		This includes women and children.  See how you translated this in the [previous verse](../09/09.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
EXO	9	10	iftm		וּ⁠בַ⁠בְּהֵמָֽה	1		“and on wild and domestic animals” or “and on wild animals and livestock” See how you translated this in the [previous verse](../09/09.md).
EXO	9	11	jrc3		הַֽ⁠חַרְטֻמִּ֗ים …בַּֽ⁠חֲרְטֻמִּ֖ם 	1		See how you translated **magicians** in [7:11](../07/11.md).
EXO	9	11	dxsx	figs-metonymy	לַ⁠עֲמֹ֛ד לִ⁠פְנֵ֥י מֹשֶׁ֖ה	1		Here, **before the face of** means in Moses’ presence. Alternate translation: “to stand in Moses’ presence”  (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	9	11	k9uu	figs-metaphor	מִ⁠פְּנֵ֣י הַ⁠שְּׁחִ֑ין	1		Here, **the face of** means the existence of or perhaps pain from the boils. Alternate translation: “because of the boils”  (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	9	11	lpmq	translate-unknown	הַ⁠שְּׁחִ֑ין…הַ⁠שְּׁחִ֔ין 	1		This is a condition where the skin is red and hot, the skin breaks, and blood and puss comes out. See how you translated this in [9:9](../09/09.md). However, this time only **boils** is used, without the description (“bursting blisters”) that is in the previous two verses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	9	12	p5m5	figs-metaphor	וַ⁠יְחַזֵּ֤ק יְהוָה֙ אֶת־לֵ֣ב פַּרְעֹ֔ה	1	Yahweh hardened Pharaoh’s heart	This means God made him stubborn. His stubborn attitude is spoken of as if his heart was strong. If the heart is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. See how you translated this in [4:21](../04/21.md). Alternate translation: “But Yahweh caused Pharaoh to be stubborn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	9	13	ifs8	writing-newevent	וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר יְהוָה֙ אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֔ה	1		A new scene begins here, which may need to be marked in a certain way in your language. This is the beginning of the seventh plague sequence. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
EXO	9	13	zsvl	figs-quotemarks	וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר יְהוָה֙ אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֔ה	1		After this phrase a direct quote begins that continues until the end of [9:19](../09/19.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	9	13	zmrt	figs-metonymy	וְ⁠הִתְיַצֵּ֖ב לִ⁠פְנֵ֣י פַרְעֹ֑ה	1		Here, **before the face of** means in Pharaoh’s presence. Alternate translation: “and stand in Pharaoh’s presence”  (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	9	13	56cj	figs-quotations	וְ⁠אָמַרְתָּ֣ אֵלָ֗י⁠ו כֹּֽה־אָמַ֤ר יְהוָה֙ אֱלֹהֵ֣י הָֽ⁠עִבְרִ֔ים	1		After **and say to him**, a second-level quote begins which continues until the end of [9:19](../09/19.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening second-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation within a quotation. However, it may be useful to translate this short quote frame as an indirect quotation as the UST does. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
EXO	9	13	9ha6		כֹּֽה־אָמַ֤ר יְהוָה֙	1		This quotation form is used to introduce commands from Yahweh. See [4:intro](../04/intro.md) for more information.
EXO	9	13	zi15	figs-quotemarks	שַׁלַּ֥ח 	1		**Let** is the first word of a third-level direct quote which continues until the end of [9:19](../09/19.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening third-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a third-level quotation. If you chose to make the second level an indirect quote, this may only be a second-level quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	9	14	z68b	grammar-connect-logic-result	כִּ֣י	1		Here, **For** means something like “I am warning you that unless you do this.” Alternate translation: “Otherwise,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
EXO	9	14	n6wq	figs-synecdoche	אֲנִ֨י שֹׁלֵ֜חַ אֶת־כָּל־מַגֵּפֹתַ⁠י֙ אֶֽל־לִבְּ⁠ךָ֔	1	on you yourself	Here, **to your heart** is a synecdoche that means that even Pharaoh will be hurt by the plagues. Alternate translation: “I am about to send all my plagues against you personally” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
EXO	9	15	9m72	grammar-connect-condition-contrary	כִּ֤י עַתָּה֙ שָׁלַ֣חְתִּי אֶת־יָדִ֔⁠י וָ⁠אַ֥ךְ אוֹתְ⁠ךָ֛ וְ⁠אֶֽת־עַמְּ⁠ךָ֖ בַּ⁠דָּ֑בֶר וַ⁠תִּכָּחֵ֖ד מִן־הָ⁠אָֽרֶץ	1		This verse presents two things that God could have done but did not do to the Egyptians. This is to set up the reason he gives in the [next verse](../09/16.md). Be sure that it is clear in your translation that these are hypothetical past events. See the note regarding Yahweh’s stated goals in the next verse. Some languages may need to reverse the order of these verses to put Yahweh’s goals before his non-action. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-contrary]])
EXO	9	15	a3l8	figs-metonymy	שָׁלַ֣חְתִּי אֶת־יָדִ֔⁠י וָ⁠אַ֥ךְ אוֹתְ⁠ךָ֛	1	reached out with my hand and attacked you	Here, **my hand** refers to God’s power. Alternate translation: “I could have used my power to attack you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	9	15	hgfx	figs-metaphor	וָ⁠אַ֥ךְ אוֹתְ⁠ךָ֛ וְ⁠אֶֽת־עַמְּ⁠ךָ֖ בַּ⁠דָּ֑בֶר	1		Here, **a plague** is spoken about as if it were something that could be used to hit someone. Alternate translation: “and caused you and your people to suffer from a plague” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	9	16	7mjz	grammar-connect-logic-goal	וְ⁠אוּלָ֗ם בַּ⁠עֲב֥וּר זֹאת֙ הֶעֱמַדְתִּ֔י⁠ךָ בַּ⁠עֲב֖וּר הַרְאֹתְ⁠ךָ֣ אֶת־כֹּחִ֑⁠י וּ⁠לְמַ֛עַן סַפֵּ֥ר שְׁמִ֖⁠י בְּ⁠כָל־הָ⁠אָֽרֶץ׃	1		The statements from **to show** to the end of the verse are Yahweh’s stated goals, and thus, his reasons for not yet destroying Egypt and Pharaoh. You will need to translate, **However, for this reason I appointed you: in order** in a way that connects with the [previous verse](../09/15.md) in an action-goal manner. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
EXO	9	16	nec7	figs-metonymy	וּ⁠לְמַ֛עַן סַפֵּ֥ר שְׁמִ֖⁠י בְּ⁠כָל־הָ⁠אָֽרֶץ	1	so that my name may be proclaimed throughout all the earth	Here, **my name** represents Yahweh’s reputation. Alternate translation: “and so that people everywhere will know who I am” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	9	17	h3ed	figs-metaphor	עוֹדְ⁠ךָ֖ מִסְתּוֹלֵ֣ל בְּ⁠עַמִּ֑⁠י	1	lifting yourself up against my people	Pharaoh’s opposition to letting the Israelites go to worship Yahweh is spoken of as if he were raising himself up as a barrier to them. Alternate translation: “You are still blocking my people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	9	17	sdav	figs-rpronouns	 מִסְתּוֹלֵ֣ל 	1		Here, Pharaoh fills two different roles in the sentence. Different languages have different methods of marking this. Translate this in a way that conveys that Pharaoh is making Pharaoh (himself) proud (metaphorically expressed as Pharaoh making Pharaoh (himself) the obstacle in the Israelites’ way to freedom as discussed in the previous note.) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
EXO	9	17	r1wv		 מִסְתּוֹלֵ֣ל 	1		Here, **you** is Pharaoh.
EXO	9	17	zfhb		בְּ⁠עַמִּ֑⁠י 	1		Here, **my people** are the Israelites.
EXO	9	18	fnd2		הִנְ⁠נִ֤י 	1	Listen!	“Pay attention to the important thing I am about to tell you”
EXO	9	18	716v		כָּ⁠עֵ֣ת…אֲשֶׁ֨ר לֹא־הָיָ֤ה כָמֹ֨⁠הוּ֙	1		“at this time. There has never been anything like this”
EXO	9	19	5h0u	figs-metonymy	שְׁלַ֤ח הָעֵז֙ אֶֽת־מִקְנְ⁠ךָ֔ וְ⁠אֵ֛ת כָּל־אֲשֶׁ֥ר לְ⁠ךָ֖ בַּ⁠שָּׂדֶ֑ה	1		The form of address here is singular; Moses is speaking directly to Pharaoh. However, the next two verses make it clear that Pharaoh’s servants heard and understood this warning to be for them as well. In this sense Pharaoh represents the Egyptians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	9	19	eo52		וְ⁠יָרַ֧ד עֲלֵ⁠הֶ֛ם הַ⁠בָּרָ֖ד 	1		“the hail will come down on”
EXO	9	19	4329	figs-gendernotations	כָּל־הָ⁠אָדָ֨ם	1		Here, **man** means humans and includes men, women, and children. Alternate translation: “everyone” or “anyone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
EXO	9	19	itlv		וְ⁠הַ⁠בְּהֵמָ֜ה 	1		This includes domestic and wild animals.
EXO	9	19	f80e	figs-explicit	וָ⁠מֵֽתוּ	1		The people and animals **will die** because they are hurt fatally by the hail. You may need to make this explicit. Alternate translation: “and the hail will kill them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	9	19	5z5d	figs-quotemarks	וָ⁠מֵֽתוּ	1		Up to three levels of direct quotation (depending on your earlier decision about converting a level to an indirect quotation) end at the end of this verse. You should indicate that ending here with closing first-level, second-level, and third-level (if required) quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the end of quotations within quotations. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	9	20	dp8j	figs-explicit	הַ⁠יָּרֵא֙ 	1		As in some other occasions, Moses’ conversation with Pharaoh is not recorded. You may need to make explicit the fact that he did as Yahweh instructed. See UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	9	20	p3nz		הַ⁠יָּרֵא֙ אֶת־דְּבַ֣ר יְהוָ֔ה מֵֽ⁠עַבְדֵ֖י פַּרְעֹ֑ה	1		“Those of Pharaoh’s servants who feared Yahweh’s warning”
EXO	9	21	6gcx		וַ⁠אֲשֶׁ֥ר לֹא־שָׂ֛ם לִבּ֖⁠וֹ אֶל	1		Here, **set his heart** means he believed or thought something was true. If the heart is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. Alternate translation: “but whoever did not respect” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	9	22	vtfl	writing-newevent	וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר יְהוָ֜ה	1		A minor scene shift occurs here and may need to be marked in a certain way in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
EXO	9	22	zwvk		יָֽדְ⁠ךָ֙	1		See note in the [introduction to chapter 8](../08/intro.md) regarding the hand and staff.
EXO	9	22	h9cr	figs-gendernotations	הָ⁠אָדָ֣ם	1		This includes women and children. See UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
EXO	9	22	r0g4		הַ⁠בְּהֵמָ֗ה 	1		This includes domestic and wild animals.
EXO	9	23	7538		מַטֵּ⁠הוּ֮	1		See note in the [introduction to chapter 8](../08/intro.md) regarding the hand and staff.
EXO	9	25	vnpj	figs-merism	מֵ⁠אָדָ֖ם וְ⁠עַד־בְּהֵמָ֑ה	1		This is a figure of speech used to emphasize the extent and severity of the hail. Alternate translation: “every living thing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
EXO	9	25	ft0o	figs-gendernotations	מֵ⁠אָדָ֖ם	1		This includes women and children. Alternate translation: “from people” or “from mankind” or “from humans” See UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
EXO	9	25	apbl		בְּהֵמָ֑ה	1		This includes domestic and wild animals.
EXO	9	27	fu9c	writing-newevent	וַ⁠יִּשְׁלַ֣ח פַּרְעֹ֗ה	1	to summon	A minor scene shift occurs here and may need to be marked in a certain way in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
EXO	9	27	sh1x		חָטָ֣אתִי 	1		Some commentators suggest translating **sinned** more literally, that is “missed the mark,” because Pharaoh is probably not admitting a moral failure, but instead, admitting that he misjudged.
EXO	9	27	joxy		הַ⁠צַּדִּ֔יק…הָ⁠רְשָׁעִֽים	1		Many commentators suggest that Pharaoh is using these terms in a narrow, legal sense and only referring to this instance. That is, he is saying something like “I’ve lost this round in court.” See UST.
EXO	9	27	6p2i		וְ⁠עַמִּ֖⁠י	1		**My people** refers to the Egyptians.
EXO	9	28	r0cs	figs-litotes	וְ⁠לֹ֥א תֹסִפ֖וּ⁠ן לַ⁠עֲמֹֽד	1		This negative statement strengthens the force of Pharaoh’s statement that he will let the people go. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
EXO	9	29	ajz3		וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר אֵלָי⁠ו֙ מֹשֶׁ֔ה	1	Moses said to him	“And Moses said to Pharaoh”
EXO	9	29	b787	translate-symaction	אֶפְרֹ֥שׂ אֶת־כַּפַּ֖⁠י אֶל־יְהוָ֑ה	1	spread my hands out to Yahweh	This symbolic gesture accompanies prayer. Alternate translation: “I will pray to Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
EXO	9	30	tn94	grammar-connect-condition-contrary	 וְ⁠אַתָּ֖ה וַ⁠עֲבָדֶ֑י⁠ךָ	1	honor Yahweh God	This phrase is shifted to the beginning of the sentence to mark focus on Pharaoh and his servants because, despite Yahweh demonstrating his power, they are not yet afraid of him. If your language has a form or discourse feature that draws contrastive focus to participants, use it here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-contrary]])
EXO	9	30	srx4	figs-metonymy	מִ⁠פְּנֵ֖י יְהוָ֥ה	1		Here, **face** means presence or power. Alternate translation: “of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	9	31	p1v8	translate-unknown	וְ⁠הַ⁠פִּשְׁתָּ֥ה…וְ⁠הַ⁠פִּשְׁתָּ֖ה	1	flax	**Flax** is a plant that produces fibers that can be made into linen cloth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	9	31	lzar	translate-unknown	אָבִ֔יב 	1		This means the seeds at the top of the stalk were developing but still green.  (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	9	31	9xjc		גִּבְעֹֽל	1		“was flowering”
EXO	9	32	jmq3	translate-unknown	וְ⁠הַ⁠כֻּסֶּ֖מֶת 	1	spelt	**Spelt** is a kind of wheat. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	9	33	fa2j	translate-symaction	וַ⁠יִּפְרֹ֥שׂ כַּפָּ֖י⁠ו אֶל־יְהוָ֑ה	1	spread out his hands to Yahweh	This symbolic gesture accompanies prayer. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Exodus 9:29](../09/29.md). Alternate translation: “lifted up his hands toward Yahweh and prayed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
EXO	9	34	ke5k	figs-metaphor	וַ⁠יַּכְבֵּ֥ד לִבּ֖⁠וֹ	1	hardened his heart	Pharaoh’s stubborn attitude is spoken of as if he made his own heart heavy. This time his servants do the same. If the heart is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. See how you translated this in [8:15](../08/15.md). Alternate translation: “Pharaoh determined to be defiant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	9	34	nz0e		וַ⁠יֹּ֣סֶף לַ⁠חֲטֹ֑א	1		This statement is from the author’s perspective. Therefore, unlike in [9:27](../09/27.md), **sin** should be translated with the word your language uses for “sin.”
EXO	9	34	ooed		וַ⁠יַּכְבֵּ֥ד לִבּ֖⁠וֹ ה֥וּא וַ⁠עֲבָדָֽי⁠ו	1		“and he caused his heart to be heavy. His servants did also” or “and he caused his heart to be heavy. His servants did the same”
EXO	9	35	yxt8	figs-metaphor	וַֽ⁠יֶּחֱזַק֙ לֵ֣ב פַּרְעֹ֔ה	1	The heart of Pharaoh was hardened	Pharaoh’s stubborn attitude is spoken of as if his heart were strong. If the heart is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. See how you translated this in [Exodus 7:13](../07/13.md). This is a neutral statement (it does not say that anyone caused him to be stubborn as many others in this part of the narrative do). Alternate translation: “Pharaoh was still defiant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	9	35	6cbh	figs-metaphor	כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֛ר דִּבֶּ֥ר יְהוָ֖ה בְּ⁠יַד־מֹשֶֽׁה	1		This is similar to [9:12](../09/12.md). In this case, what Yahweh said is figuratively spoken of as if it were something that could be held in someone’s hand. This means that Moses delivered a message from Yahweh that Pharaoh would be stubborn. It is not clear if this message was given to the Israelites or if this refers to Moses’ statement to Pharaoh in [9:30](../09/30.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	10	intro	s5g1			0		# Exodus 10 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Pharaoh’s hard heart<br><br>Pharaoh’s heart is often described as hard in this chapter. This means that his heart was not open or willing to understand Yahweh’s instructions. When his heart was hardened, it became less and less receptive to Yahweh.<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Let my people go<br><br>This is a very important statement. Moses does not ask Pharaoh to “let go” of the Hebrew people. Instead, he demands that Pharaoh free the Hebrew people.
EXO	10	1	w4pw	figs-metaphor	כִּֽי־אֲנִ֞י הִכְבַּ֤דְתִּי אֶת־לִבּ⁠וֹ֙ וְ⁠אֶת־לֵ֣ב עֲבָדָ֔י⁠ו	1	for I have hardened his heart and the hearts of his servants	This means God made Pharaoh and his servants stubborn. Their stubborn attitude is spoken of as if their hearts were heavy. If the heart is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. See how you translated this in [4:21](../04/21.md), but note that the metaphor is slightly different here. Alternate translation: “for I have caused Pharaoh and his servants to be stubborn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	10	2	zg4c		הִתְעַלַּ֨לְתִּי֙ בְּ⁠מִצְרַ֔יִם 	1	various signs	“I mocked Egypt”
EXO	10	3	2614		וַ⁠יֹּאמְר֣וּ אֵלָ֗י⁠ו	1		After this phrase, a direct quote begins that continues until near the end of [10:6](../10/06.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	10	3	4b3a		וַ⁠יֹּאמְר֣וּ אֵלָ֗י⁠ו כֹּֽה־אָמַ֤ר יְהוָה֙ אֱלֹהֵ֣י הָֽ⁠עִבְרִ֔ים	1		It may be helpful to turn the introductory quotation into an indirect quotation so that you do not have to use quotes within quotes. Alternate translation: “and told him that Yahweh, the God of the Hebrews, said thus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
EXO	10	3	vze4		כֹּֽה־אָמַ֤ר יְהוָה֙	1		This quotation form is used to introduce commands from Yahweh. See [4:intro](../04/intro.md) for more information.
EXO	10	3	cicf	figs-metonymy	עַד־מָתַ֣י מֵאַ֔נְתָּ לֵ⁠עָנֹ֖ת מִ⁠פָּנָ֑⁠י	1		Here, **face** figuratively represents the presence of Yahweh. Particularly, it means the presence of his judgment (the plagues). Alternate translation: “Until when will you refuse to be humble when I judge you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	10	4	ge67		הִנְ⁠נִ֨י	1	listen	**Behold me** adds emphasis to what is said next. Alternate translation: “beware”
EXO	10	4	uwtp	figs-collectivenouns	אַרְבֶּ֖ה	1		**Locust** is a singular noun referring to the group as one. Alternate translation: “locusts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-collectivenouns]])
EXO	10	5	zu5r	figs-parallelism	וְ⁠כִסָּה֙ אֶת־עֵ֣ין הָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ וְ⁠לֹ֥א יוּכַ֖ל לִ⁠רְאֹ֣ת אֶת־הָ⁠אָ֑רֶץ	1	hail	These parallel statements have a similar meaning. They are used to emphasize the great number of locusts that are coming. In some languages this will not have the same rhetorical effect, and you will need to use another device to emphasize the statement. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
EXO	10	5	rdav		וְ⁠כִסָּה֙ אֶת־עֵ֣ין הָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ	1		“And it will cover the land from sight”
EXO	10	5	oj3i	figs-collectivenouns	וְ⁠כִסָּה֙…וְ⁠אָכַ֣ל…וְ⁠אָכַל֙ 	1		Here the pronoun **it** agrees in number with the collective singular “locust” in the previous verse. Insects are often referred to without gender in English, but you will need to use whatever number, gender, and/or noun class is required in your language to agree with the word for “locust” that you used in the [previous verse](../10/04.md). See UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-collectivenouns]])
EXO	10	6	ir5l	figs-hyperbole	עַל־הָ֣⁠אֲדָמָ֔ה	1	nothing ever seen	This could either mean **on the earth** (planet) or “on the land” (Egypt). Either way, it is meant to emphasize an extremely long time, meaning never. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
EXO	10	6	4mno	figs-explicit	וַ⁠יִּ֥פֶן 	1		[Verse 3](../10/03.md) says that Aaron came in to see the king with Moses. It is implied that he left with him as well. You may make this explicit if it would help your readers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	10	7	xn8j	figs-rquestion	עַד־מָתַי֙ יִהְיֶ֨ה זֶ֥ה לָ֨⁠נוּ֙ לְ⁠מוֹקֵ֔שׁ	1	How long will this man be a menace to us?	Pharaoh’s servants ask this question to show Pharaoh that he is stubbornly causing the destruction of Egypt. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “We cannot allow this man to continue to bring trouble to us!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
EXO	10	7	jqbh	figs-gendernotations	הָ֣⁠אֲנָשִׁ֔ים	1		Here, **men** may be literal or it may refer to the Israelites, including the women and children. In [verse 10](../10/10.md) the king rejects the idea of letting the women and children go, and in [verse 11](../10/11.md) he specifically says that the men can go. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
EXO	10	7	xdm5	figs-rquestion	הֲ⁠טֶ֣רֶם תֵּדַ֔ע כִּ֥י אָבְדָ֖ה מִצְרָֽיִם	1	Do you not yet realize that Egypt is destroyed?	Pharaoh’s servants ask this question to bring Pharaoh to recognize what he refuses to see. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You should realize that Egypt is destroyed!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
EXO	10	7	c6pr	figs-activepassive	כִּ֥י אָבְדָ֖ה מִצְרָֽיִם	1	that Egypt is destroyed	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that these plagues have destroyed Egypt” or “that their God has destroyed Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	10	8	8ukg	figs-activepassive	וַ⁠יּוּשַׁ֞ב אֶת־מֹשֶׁ֤ה וְ⁠אֶֽת־אַהֲרֹן֙ אֶל־פַּרְעֹ֔ה	1		This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “And a servant brought Moses and Aaron back to Pharaoh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	10	8	6733		מִ֥י וָ⁠מִ֖י	1		“Who all”
EXO	10	9	fnnl	figs-exclusive	נֵלֵ֑ךְ…נֵלֵ֔ךְ	1		**We** means the Israelites and does not include Pharaoh or the Egyptians. Use an exclusive form here if your language has this distinction. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
EXO	10	10	hjc9		יְהִ֨י כֵ֤ן יְהוָה֙ עִמָּ⁠כֶ֔ם כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֛ר אֲשַׁלַּ֥ח אֶתְ⁠כֶ֖ם וְ⁠אֶֽת־טַפְּ⁠כֶ֑ם	1	if I ever let you go and your little ones go	**May Yahweh be with you** is usually a blessing but is almost certainly not here. It likely means something like “It will take Yahweh’s power to make me let you and your children go,” or “May Yahweh be as favorable to you as I am to the idea of letting your children go.” Pharaoh is saying that it will take Yahweh to make him do what Moses wants, but he does not think that will happen. Alternate translation: “It will be clear that Yahweh is with you if I let you and your children go”
EXO	10	10	w8x4		רְא֕וּ כִּ֥י רָעָ֖ה נֶ֥גֶד פְּנֵי⁠כֶֽם	1		The phrase **for evil is before your faces** could either be a warning from Pharaoh that Moses’ actions will lead to evil for the Israelites, or it could mean that Pharaoh thinks the Israelites plan something that he considers evil. **Faces** is a metonym for the whole person. Alternate translations: “I see that you plan evil” or “Be careful! Your actions will have bad consequences” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	10	11	pkm4		הַ⁠גְּבָרִים֙	1	Then Moses and Aaron were driven out from Pharaoh’s presence	This interjection clarifies who may go. Alternate translation: “the leaders”
EXO	10	11	vdjk	figs-metonymy	מֵ⁠אֵ֖ת פְּנֵ֥י פַרְעֹֽה	1		Here, **face** figuratively represents the presence of Pharaoh. Alternate translation: “from his presence” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	10	12	kchn	writing-newevent	וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר יְהוָ֜ה	1		There is a minor scene change here, which may need to be marked in a certain way in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
EXO	10	12	7fa6		יָדְ⁠ךָ֜	1		See note in the [introduction to chapter 8](../08/intro.md) regarding the hand and staff.
EXO	10	12	qikq	figs-collectivenouns	בָּֽ⁠אַרְבֶּ֔ה	1		**Locust** is a singular noun referring to the group as one. See how you translated this in [10:4](../10/04.md). Alternate translation: “locusts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-collectivenouns]])
EXO	10	12	gzwa	figs-collectivenouns	וְ⁠יַ֖עַל …וְ⁠יֹאכַל֙ 	1		Here, the pronoun **it** agrees in number with the collective singular “locust.” See how you translated this in [10:5](../10/05.md) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-collectivenouns]])
EXO	10	13	xqsz		מַטֵּ⁠הוּ֮ 	1		See note in the [introduction to chapter 8](../08/intro.md) regarding the hand and staff.
EXO	10	13	vee8		ר֥וּחַ קָדִים֙	1		The wind blew from east to west.
EXO	10	13	85bf	figs-collectivenouns	הָ⁠אַרְבֶּֽה	1		See how you translated this in [10:4](../10/04.md). Alternate translation: “locusts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-collectivenouns]])
EXO	10	14	kuuu	figs-collectivenouns	הָֽ⁠אַרְבֶּ֗ה  …אַרְבֶּה֙ 	1		See how you translated this in [10:4](../10/04.md). Alternate translation: “locusts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-collectivenouns]])
EXO	10	15	b3h5	figs-collectivenouns	וַ⁠יְכַ֞ס …וַ⁠יֹּ֜אכַל 	1	so that it was darkened	Here the pronoun **it** agrees in number with the collective singular “locust.” See how you translated this in [10:5](../10/05.md) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-collectivenouns]])
EXO	10	15	2eo5		וַ⁠יְכַ֞ס אֶת־עֵ֣ין כָּל־הָ⁠אָרֶץ֮	1		See how you translated this in [10:5](../10/05.md).
EXO	10	15	ill1	figs-parallelism	וַ⁠יֹּ֜אכַל אֶת־כָּל־עֵ֣שֶׂב הָ⁠אָ֗רֶץ וְ⁠אֵת֙ כָּל־פְּרִ֣י הָ⁠עֵ֔ץ אֲשֶׁ֥ר הוֹתִ֖יר הַ⁠בָּרָ֑ד וְ⁠לֹא־נוֹתַ֨ר כָּל־יֶ֧רֶק בָּ⁠עֵ֛ץ וּ⁠בְ⁠עֵ֥שֶׂב הַ⁠שָּׂדֶ֖ה בְּ⁠כָל־אֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם	1		These parallel statements reinforce one another. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
EXO	10	16	ty9f	figs-youdual	אֱלֹֽהֵי⁠כֶ֖ם וְ⁠לָ⁠כֶֽם	1		Here, **you** and **your** are plural. These could refer either to Moses and Aaron or to all the Israelites. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
EXO	10	17	953e		שָׂ֣א 	1		“take away”
EXO	10	17	ttog		אַ֣ךְ הַ⁠פַּ֔עַם…רַ֖ק 	1		Pharaoh could either be desperate and using **just this once ... only** to attempt to make his request as small as possible to increase the chances of it being granted, or he could be still too proud to admit guilt beyond this single incident (which is probably his bold statement about Yahweh being with the Israelites in [10:10](../10/10.md)). The former seems more likely given that he terms this plague “this death.” If your culture has a way of making a request seem as small as possible, you may want to use it to translate Pharaoh’s request.
EXO	10	17	kd6d	figs-youdual	אֱלֹהֵי⁠כֶ֑ם	1	this time	Here, **your** is plural. This could refer either to Moses and Aaron or to all the Israelites. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
EXO	10	17	doeg	figs-metonymy	הַ⁠מָּ֥וֶת הַ⁠זֶּֽה	1		The word **death** here refers to the destruction by the locusts of all plants in Egypt, which would eventually lead to the deaths of people, because there would be no crops. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	10	17	nn2b	figs-explicit	הַ⁠מָּ֥וֶת הַ⁠זֶּֽה	1	take this death away from me	The word **death** here refers to the destruction by the locusts of all plants in Egypt, which would eventually lead to the deaths of people because there would be no crops. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “this destruction that will lead to our deaths” (See:  [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	10	18	p9hz		וַ⁠יֵּצֵ֖א 	1		Moses and Aaron were summoned to the king in [10:16](../10/16.md) so some translations will need to say that they both left.
EXO	10	19	xhsv		רֽוּחַ־יָם֙ חָזָ֣ק מְאֹ֔ד 	1		“a very strong west wind” or “a very strong wind from the west”
EXO	10	19	mdp5		וַ⁠יִּשָּׂא֙ אֶת־הָ֣⁠אַרְבֶּ֔ה	1	picked up the locusts	“and it moved the locusts upwards”
EXO	10	19	2cpb	figs-collectivenouns	הָ֣⁠אַרְבֶּ֔ה …אַרְבֶּ֣ה 	1		See how you translated this in [10:4](../10/04.md). Alternate translation: “the locusts … of the locusts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-collectivenouns]])
EXO	10	19	q8aj	figs-collectivenouns	וַ⁠יִּתְקָעֵ֖⁠הוּ 	1		Here, the first **it** refers to the wind, the second agrees in number with the collective singular “locust.” See how you translated this in [10:5](../10/05.md) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-collectivenouns]]
EXO	10	20	dw1d	figs-metaphor	וַ⁠יְחַזֵּ֥ק יְהוָ֖ה אֶת־לֵ֣ב פַּרְעֹ֑ה	1	Yahweh hardened Pharaoh’s heart	This means God made him stubborn. His stubborn attitude is spoken of as if his heart were strong. If heart is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. See how you translated this in [4:21](../04/21.md). Alternate translation: “But Yahweh caused Pharaoh to be stubborn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	10	21	x6xk	writing-newevent	וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר יְהוָ֜ה	1		A new scene begins here, which may need to be marked in a certain way in your language. This is the start of the third plague sequence. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
EXO	10	21	utyz		יָֽדְ⁠ךָ֙ 	1		See note in the [introduction to chapter 8](../08/intro.md) regarding the hand and staff.
EXO	10	21	m38s	figs-metaphor	מִצְרָ֑יִם וְ⁠יָמֵ֖שׁ חֹֽשֶׁךְ	1	darkness that may be felt	This is a somewhat puzzling construction which describes the darkness. Most English translations take it as a passive, which restated actively means, “people will feel the darkness,” meaning metaphorically what is expressed in different ways in the UST and the alternate translation here. Another option is to view the Hebrew verb form as causative and translate as such: “and the darkness will cause people to feel,” meaning people will have to feel where they are going because they will not be able to see. A final option would be a personification of darkness such that the darkness gropes around, filling in every place in the land. Alternate translation: “Egypt — an extremely oppressive darkness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	10	22	z4ge		יָד֖⁠וֹ 	1		See note in the [introduction to chapter 8](../08/intro.md) regarding the hand and staff.
EXO	10	22	vbzj	translate-numbers	שְׁלֹ֥שֶׁת 	1		“for 3” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EXO	10	23	2cqx	figs-metonymy	לֹֽא־רָא֞וּ אִ֣ישׁ אֶת־אָחִ֗י⁠ו	1		This phrase means that people could not see the people who lived closest to them, whether or not that person was literally their brother. Alternate translation: “No one could see the people who lived with them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	10	23	7ud1	figs-gendernotations	אִ֣ישׁ …אִ֥ישׁ 	1		Here, **man** refers to any human in general. Alternate translation: “person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
EXO	10	23	qstu	translate-numbers	שְׁלֹ֣שֶׁת 	1		“for 3” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EXO	10	24	4jkp	figs-quotemarks	 לְכוּ֙ עִבְד֣וּ אֶת־יְהוָ֔ה רַ֛ק צֹאנְ⁠כֶ֥ם וּ⁠בְקַרְ⁠כֶ֖ם יֻצָּ֑ג גַּֽם־טַפְּ⁠כֶ֖ם יֵלֵ֥ךְ עִמָּ⁠כֶֽם	1		This is a direct quote of what the king said. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	10	24	vp7b	figs-youdual	 לְכוּ֙ עִבְד֣וּ … צֹאנְ⁠כֶ֥ם וּ⁠בְקַרְ⁠כֶ֖ם …טַפְּ⁠כֶ֖ם …עִמָּ⁠כֶֽם	1		Every instance of **you** and **your**, as well as the imperative verb forms in this verse, are plural. They refer to the Israelites. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
EXO	10	25	hnt5	figs-quotemarks	וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר מֹשֶׁ֔ה	1		After this phrase, a direct quote begins that continues until the end of [10:26](10:26). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	10	25	rsr4	figs-metonymy	גַּם־אַתָּ֛ה תִּתֵּ֥ן בְּ⁠יָדֵ֖⁠נוּ זְבָחִ֣ים וְ⁠עֹל֑וֹת	1		The construction here is difficult. Based on context, Moses is probably not saying that Pharaoh needs to provide his own animals to the Israelites. He is asking Pharaoh to let the Israelites take their own animals. **Give in our hands** means to take with them, by whatever means, which may include holding a rope in the hand to lead the animals or any other means of herding the animals. See UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	10	25	cj78	figs-metonymy	זְבָחִ֣ים וְ⁠עֹל֑וֹת	1		Here, **sacrifices and burnt offerings** refers to the animals of their flocks and herds that they must take. Alternate translation: “animals for sacrifices and burnt offerings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	10	25	bjy0		וְ⁠עָשִׂ֖ינוּ לַ⁠יהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֵֽי⁠נוּ	1		Here, **do** means “do the sacrifices and burnt offerings.” Alternate translation: “and we will make those sacrifices and burnt offerings to Yahweh our God”
EXO	10	25	7gzr	figs-exclusive	בְּ⁠יָדֵ֖⁠נוּ …וְ⁠עָשִׂ֖ינוּ …אֱלֹהֵֽי⁠נוּ	1		Here, **we** and **us** refers to the Israelites (same group as the speaker’s) while excluding Pharaoh and the Egyptians (listeners’ group). If your language distinguishes between forms of we and us based on who is included, be sure to use the one appropriate to the described group. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
EXO	10	26	k0pi	figs-exclusive	מִקְנֵ֜⁠נוּ …עִמָּ֗⁠נוּ …נִקַּ֔ח …אֱלֹהֵ֑י⁠נוּ וַ⁠אֲנַ֣חְנוּ …נֵדַ֗ע …נַּעֲבֹד֙ …בֹּאֵ֖⁠נוּ 	1		Here, **we, our,** and **us** each refers to the Israelites (same group as the speaker’s) while excluding Pharaoh and the Egyptians (listeners’ group). If your language distinguishes between forms of we, our, and us based on who is included, be sure to use the one appropriate to the described group. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
EXO	10	26	ys4v	figs-activepassive	לֹ֤א תִשָּׁאֵר֙ פַּרְסָ֔ה	1		This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation:  “We cannot leave behind a single animal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	10	26	v9uc	figs-synecdoche	פַּרְסָ֔ה	1	a hoof 	Here the word **hoof** refers to the entire animal. Alternate translation: “a single animal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
EXO	10	26	uiom		שָֽׁמָּ⁠ה	1		The destination is unspecified. Previous context suggests it would be at the mountain of God (see [3:1](../03/01.md), especially [3:12](../03/12.md), and [4:27](../04/27.md)) which would take three days to travel to (see [3:18](../03/18.md) and [5:3](../05/03.md)).
EXO	10	27	n588	figs-metaphor	וַ⁠יְחַזֵּ֥ק יְהוָ֖ה אֶת־לֵ֣ב פַּרְעֹ֑ה	1	Yahweh hardened Pharaoh’s heart	This means God made him stubborn. His stubborn attitude is spoken of as if his heart were strong. If heart is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. See how you translated this in [4:21](../04/21.md). Alternate translation: “But Yahweh caused Pharaoh to be stubborn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	10	27	mv8t		וְ⁠לֹ֥א אָבָ֖ה לְ⁠שַׁלְּחָֽ⁠ם	1	he would not let them go	“and Pharaoh would not consent to let them go”
EXO	10	28	4d1y	figs-rpronouns	הִשָּׁ֣מֶר לְ⁠ךָ֗	1		Here, the listener, Moses, fills two different roles in the sentence. He is the person told to look (subject) and he himself is what he is told to look at (object). Different languages have different methods of marking this. Alternate translation: “You watch yourself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
EXO	10	28	lcz2	figs-explicit	תָּמֽוּת	1	Be careful about one thing	Pharaoh means he will have Moses killed. You may choose to make this explicit as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	10	28	te45	figs-synecdoche	פָּנַ֔⁠י …פָנַ֖⁠י	1	you see my face	Here, **face** refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: see UST (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
EXO	10	29	h1jf	figs-idiom	כֵּ֣ן דִּבַּ֑רְתָּ	1	You yourself have spoken	With these words, Moses emphasizes that Pharaoh has spoken the truth. Alternate translation: “What you have said is true” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	10	29	rg18	figs-synecdoche	פָּנֶֽי⁠ךָ	1		Here, **face** refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
EXO	11	intro	pu3u			0		# Exodus 11 General Notes<br><br><br>Chapter 11 is a transition point in the book. The previous nine plagues (in their three sequences of three) have come to an end and the last plague, the death of the firstborn, is about to occur, along with the Passover and the Exodus itself. It is difficult to know if the events in chapter 11 all are recorded in the order in which they happened. For translation, you should follow the order of the text if it will not confuse your readers.<br><br>It may be helpful to think that after the end of chapter 10, Yahweh spoke to Moses immediately, before he actually left Pharaoh’s presence (v. [1](../11/01.md)-[2](../11/02.md)). [Verse 3](../11/03.md) is a comment suggesting that the Egyptians will be willing to do as the Israelites are told to ask them to do in [v. 2](../11/02.md). In verses [4](../11/04.md)-[7](../11/07.md) Moses gives Pharaoh and his officials a message from Yahweh that Yahweh is giving to Moses right at that moment. At the end of [v. 8](../11/08.md) Moses leaves Pharaoh’s presence (completing the interaction from the [end of ch. 10](../10/28.md)). [Verse 9](../11/09.md) may either be Yahweh telling Moses what is going to happen, or it could be part of the summary that occurs in [v. 10](../11/10.md). Verse 10 summarizes what has happened in chs. 5-10 (especially the plagues in chs. 7-10) in preparation for the great last plague.<br><br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Pharaoh’s hard heart<br><br>Pharaoh’s heart is often described as hard in this chapter. This means that his heart was not open or willing to understand Yahweh’s instructions. When his heart was hardened, it became less and less receptive to Yahweh.<br><br>### Let my people go<br><br>In the previous chapters, Moses did not ask Pharaoh’s permission for the Hebrew people to leave. Instead, he demanded that Pharaoh free the Hebrew people. In this chapter, the same wording is used to refer to Pharaoh “allowing” the Hebrew people to leave Egypt.
EXO	11	1	6qgc	figs-quotemarks	אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֗ה	1		After this phrase, a direct quote begins that continues until the end of [11:2](../11/02.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	11	1	5ktt	grammar-connect-time-sequential	כְּ⁠שַׁ֨לְּח֔⁠וֹ…יְגָרֵ֥שׁ 	1		These verbs (**lets go** and **drive away**) are meant to immediately follow one another. When you translate, make sure they are almost simultaneous in time; the letting go happens and then immediately the driving away happens. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential]])
EXO	11	1	iocd		כָּלָ֕ה גָּרֵ֛שׁ יְגָרֵ֥שׁ	1		The wording here is very forceful. Use strong words, forms, or phrasing when you are translating.
EXO	11	1	i87h	figs-youdual	אֶתְ⁠כֶ֖ם…אֶתְ⁠כֶ֖ם	1	he will let you go from here	Each occurrence of the word **you** in this verse is plural and refers to Moses and the rest of the Israelites. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
EXO	11	2	2s6a	figs-aside	דַּבֶּר־נָ֖א בְּ⁠אָזְנֵ֣י הָ⁠עָ֑ם וְ⁠יִשְׁאֲל֞וּ אִ֣ישׁ׀ מֵ⁠אֵ֣ת רֵעֵ֗⁠הוּ וְ⁠אִשָּׁה֙ מֵ⁠אֵ֣ת רְעוּתָ֔⁠הּ כְּלֵי־כֶ֖סֶף וּ⁠כְלֵ֥י זָהָֽב	1		In this verse the author interjects a comment about the situation. Some translations choose to put the verse in parenthesis to indicate this. You may mark it in a way that is natural to your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-aside]])
EXO	11	2	t14c		נָ֖א	1		Here, **now** conveys urgency, indicating that Moses should speak soon, without delaying for other things. If you have a way of giving a command that shows that it is important for someone to do it quickly, it would be better to translate in that way than in a way that means “now” in a time sense (versus earlier or later).
EXO	11	2	nlsk		בְּ⁠אָזְנֵ֣י הָ⁠עָ֑ם	1		“so the people hear you” or “when all the people are listening”
EXO	11	2	0w6r		כְּלֵי־כֶ֖סֶף וּ⁠כְלֵ֥י זָהָֽב	1		These could be any sort of thing made from silver or gold (for instance: utensils, cups, pitchers, plates, candleholders), not just jewelry.
EXO	11	2	4l0a		וְ⁠יִשְׁאֲל֞וּ אִ֣ישׁ׀ מֵ⁠אֵ֣ת רֵעֵ֗⁠הוּ וְ⁠אִשָּׁה֙ מֵ⁠אֵ֣ת רְעוּתָ֔⁠הּ כְּלֵי־כֶ֖סֶף וּ⁠כְלֵ֥י זָהָֽב	1		[Exodus 3:22](../03/22.md) contains similar instructions; see how you translated there.
EXO	11	2	jyqa	figs-quotemarks	זָהָֽב	1		At the end of this verse, the direct quote of Yahweh that started in the previous verse ends. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with a closing first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the end of a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	11	3	hng9	figs-idiom	חֵ֥ן הָ⁠עָ֖ם בְּ⁠עֵינֵ֣י מִצְרָ֑יִם	1		Here, **in the eyes of the Egyptians** is an idiom for the Egyptian’s feelings or opinion. **Favor** means those feelings are positive. Taken together, this means that when the Egyptians see the Israelites leaving Egypt, they will gladly help them. (Because the Egyptians have suffered under Gods judgment, the Egyptians want so badly to see them leave). If your language has the same or a similar idiom, you can translate or use it. Otherwise, you can translate the meaning. See how you translated this in [3:21](../03/21.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	11	3	1et2	figs-idiom	בְּ⁠עֵינֵ֥י עַבְדֵֽי־פַרְעֹ֖ה וּ⁠בְ⁠עֵינֵ֥י הָ⁠עָֽם	1		Here, **in the eyes of the servants of Pharaoh and in the eyes of the people** is an idiom for their feelings or opinions. If your language has the same or a similar idiom, you can translate or use it. Otherwise, you can translate the meaning. See how you translated a similar idiom in [3:21](../03/21.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	11	3	12gp		 וַ⁠יִּתֵּ֧ן יְהוָ֛ה אֶת־חֵ֥ן הָ⁠עָ֖ם בְּ⁠עֵינֵ֣י מִצְרָ֑יִם	1		[Exodus 3:21](../03/21.md) contains a related phrase; see how you translated it there.
EXO	11	4	sewb	figs-quotemarks	וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר מֹשֶׁ֔ה	1		After this phrase, a direct quote begins that continues until the end of [11:8](../11/08.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	11	4	kpb5		כֹּ֖ה אָמַ֣ר יְהוָ֑ה	1	midnight	This quotation form is used to introduce commands from Yahweh. See [4:intro](../04/intro.md) for more information.
EXO	11	4	vyvr	figs-quotemarks	כֹּ֖ה אָמַ֣ר יְהוָ֑ה	1		After this phrase, a second-level direct quote begins which continues until the end of [11:7](../11/07.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening second-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	11	5	hv8k		בְּכוֹר֮ …מִ⁠בְּכ֤וֹר …בְּכ֣וֹר …בְּכ֥וֹר 	1	All the firstborn … the firstborn of Pharaoh … the firstborn of the slave girl … the firstborn of the cattle	The “firstborn” always refers to the oldest male offspring. 
EXO	11	5	k42h	figs-merism	מִ⁠בְּכ֤וֹר פַּרְעֹה֙ הַ⁠יֹּשֵׁ֣ב עַל־כִּסְא֔⁠וֹ עַ֚ד בְּכ֣וֹר הַ⁠שִּׁפְחָ֔ה אֲשֶׁ֖ר אַחַ֣ר הָ⁠רֵחָ֑יִם וְ⁠כֹ֖ל בְּכ֥וֹר בְּהֵמָֽה	1	who sits on his throne	This is a merism. First, two extremes are mentioned: the highest of society (**Pharaoh, who sits on his throne**) and the lowest (**the slave girl who is behind the mill**). Then the animals (**beasts**) are added making it a three- item list of parts of society and even economy to show the totality of the coming judgment. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
EXO	11	5	hr1x		אֲשֶׁ֖ר אַחַ֣ר הָ⁠רֵחָ֑יִם	1	who is behind the handmill grinding it	“who is grinding at the handmill” or “who is behind the handmill grinding grain”
EXO	11	6	hui7	figs-merism	אֲשֶׁ֤ר כָּמֹ֨⁠הוּ֙ לֹ֣א נִהְיָ֔תָה וְ⁠כָמֹ֖⁠הוּ לֹ֥א תֹסִֽף	1		This is a merism that uses the extremes of past and future to emphasize the concept of “never.” Alternate translation: “such as has never been and never will be” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
EXO	11	7	b60a	figs-idiom	לֹ֤א יֶֽחֱרַץ…לְשֹׁנ֔⁠וֹ	1		This means make an unfriendly noise. Alternate translation: “will not growl” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	11	7	t61i	figs-youdual	תֵּֽדְע֔וּ⁠ן 	1		Here, **you** is plural. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
EXO	11	7	fl78		אֲשֶׁר֙ יַפְלֶ֣ה יְהוָ֔ה בֵּ֥ין מִצְרַ֖יִם וּ⁠בֵ֥ין יִשְׂרָאֵֽל	1		See how you translated a similar phrase in [Exodus 9:4](../09/04.md).
EXO	11	7	wicm	figs-quotemarks	יִשְׂרָאֵֽל	1		After this phrase, the second-level direct quote ends. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with a closing second-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the end of a quotation within a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	11	8	9zor	translate-symaction	וְ⁠הִשְׁתַּֽחֲוּוּ־לִ֣⁠י	1		This does not mean to bow for worshiping. **They will bow to** Moses to beg him to leave. They will do this to show how desperate they will be for Moses and the Israelites to go. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
EXO	11	8	l678	figs-explicit	וְ⁠הִשְׁתַּֽחֲוּוּ־לִ֣⁠י	1		**They will bow to** Moses to beg him to leave. They will do this to show how desperate they will be for Moses and the Israelites to go. If this action would not mean the same thing in your culture, you may need to make the reason they are bowing explicit. Alternate translation: “and they will bow down to me to beg” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	11	8	4b8i	figs-metaphor	וְ⁠כָל־הָ⁠עָ֣ם אֲשֶׁר־בְּ⁠רַגְלֶ֔י⁠ךָ	1		Here, the people are figuratively pictured as below Moses, as his followers. The reference to **feet** also can mean they go the same place he goes, again, meaning “follower.” If your language uses a similar image to mean follower, you can translate the image; if not, you may use another image from your culture or translate the meaning. Alternate translation: “and all the people who are following you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	11	8	ria5	figs-explicit	וְ⁠אַחֲרֵי־כֵ֖ן אֵצֵ֑א	1	After that I will go out	This means that Moses and the Israelites will leave Egypt. Alternate translation: “After that I will leave here” or “After that I will go out from Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	11	8	awcj	figs-quotemarks	 אֵצֵ֑א	1		After this phrase, the direct quote ends. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with a closing first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the end of a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	11	8	76oj	figs-idiom	בָּ⁠חֳרִי־אָֽף	1		This is an idiom meaning that Moses is angry. Alternate translation: “enraged” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	11	9	xk4l	figs-quotemarks	לֹא־יִשְׁמַ֥ע אֲלֵי⁠כֶ֖ם פַּרְעֹ֑ה לְמַ֛עַן רְב֥וֹת מוֹפְתַ֖⁠י בְּ⁠אֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם	1		This is a direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	11	10	2cqt	writing-endofstory	וּ⁠מֹשֶׁ֣ה וְ⁠אַהֲרֹ֗ן עָשׂ֛וּ אֶת־כָּל־הַ⁠מֹּפְתִ֥ים הָ⁠אֵ֖לֶּה לִ⁠פְנֵ֣י פַרְעֹ֑ה וַ⁠יְחַזֵּ֤ק יְהוָה֙ אֶת־לֵ֣ב פַּרְעֹ֔ה וְ⁠לֹֽא־שִׁלַּ֥ח אֶת־בְּנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל מֵ⁠אַרְצֽ⁠וֹ	1		This verse is summarizing and wrapping up the story of the plagues. If your language has a way of summarizing information at the end of a story, try to translate this verse (and possibly verse 9 - see the the introductory notes to this chapter) in this way. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-endofstory]])
EXO	11	10	um4u	figs-metaphor	וַ⁠יְחַזֵּ֤ק יְהוָה֙ אֶת־לֵ֣ב פַּרְעֹ֔ה	1	Yahweh hardened Pharaoh’s heart	This means God made him stubborn. His stubborn attitude is spoken of as if his heart were strong. If heart is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. See how you translated this in [4:21](../04/21.md). Alternate translation: “But Yahweh caused Pharaoh to be stubborn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	12	intro	fd2f			0		# Exodus 12 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>The events of this chapter are known as the Passover. They are remembered in the celebration of Passover. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/passover]])<br>1. Instruction v. 1-28<br>   - v. 1-20: Yahweh gives instructions<br>      - v. 1-11: how to eat this Passover<br>      - v. 12-13: description of the plague<br>      - v. 14-20: directions for future celebration of Passover<br>   - v. 21-28: Moses repeats Yahweh’s instructions to Israelites<br>2. Narrative v. 29-42: Passover and Exodus<br>3. Instruction v. 43-49: which foreigners may eat Passover<br>4. Summary Narrative v. 50-51<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Unleavened bread<br>The concept of unleavened bread is introduced in this chapter. Its significance stems from its connection to the events in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/unleavenedbread]])<br><br>### Ethnic segregation<br>The Hebrew people were to be separate from the rest of the world. Because of this, they separated themselves from other people groups. At this time, these foreigners were looked upon as unholy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]])<br><br><br>## Potential translation issues:<br><br>### Passover<br><br><br>### Pronoun usage<br>In the long quotation (verses 3-20) that Yahweh tells Moses and Aaron to convey to the Israelites, he speaks of them in the third person (“they must”) in [verses 3](../12/03.md)–4 and [verses 7](../12/07.md)–8 and to them in the second person (“you must”) for all the rest of the instruction. Some languages may need to keep the pronoun person consistent throughout the quotation.<br><br><br>### You plural<br>In this chapter, almost every occurrence of “you” or “your” is plural. Each one refers to all the Israelites. Those that are not will be marked. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form throughout unless otherwise noted. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
EXO	12	2	z785	figs-quotemarks	הַ⁠חֹ֧דֶשׁ הַ⁠זֶּ֛ה לָ⁠כֶ֖ם רֹ֣אשׁ חֳדָשִׁ֑ים	1	For you, this month will be the start of months, the first month of the year to you	The start of this verse is the beginning of a direct quote which continues until the end of [verse 20](../12/20.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])<br>
EXO	12	2	gtgb	figs-parallelism	הַ⁠חֹ֧דֶשׁ הַ⁠זֶּ֛ה לָ⁠כֶ֖ם רֹ֣אשׁ חֳדָשִׁ֑ים רִאשׁ֥וֹן הוּא֙ לָ⁠כֶ֔ם לְ⁠חָדְשֵׁ֖י הַ⁠שָּׁנָֽה	1		These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize that the month in which the events of this chapter take place will be the beginning of their calendar year. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
EXO	12	3	8rfd	figs-youdual	דַּבְּר֗וּ	1		The command here is to both Moses and Aaron. If your language uses a different form if two are people addressed, use a dual form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
EXO	12	2	uy4w	translate-hebrewmonths	רִאשׁ֥וֹן הוּא֙ לָ⁠כֶ֔ם לְ⁠חָדְשֵׁ֖י הַ⁠שָּׁנָֽה	1	the first month of the year	The first month of the Hebrew calendar includes the last part of March and the first part of April on Western calendars. It marks when Yahweh rescued the Israelites from the Egyptians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]])
EXO	12	3	nu6r	figs-quotemarks	לֵ⁠אמֹ֔ר בֶּ⁠עָשֹׂ֖ר	1		After **saying**, a second level direct quotation begins which continues until the end of [verse 20](../12/20.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening second-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation within a quotation. **Saying** is used to mark the beginning of a quote. Many times it can be omitted in translation if the target language does not use a similar structure. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	12	3	jjw0		וְ⁠יִקְח֣וּ לָ⁠הֶ֗ם אִ֛ישׁ שֶׂ֥ה לְ⁠בֵית־אָבֹ֖ת שֶׂ֥ה לַ⁠בָּֽיִת	1		This seems to be indicating that if multiple families live in one house, the man who is the leader of the family group that lives there should take one lamb for that whole household. Alternate translation: “the father of each household must take a lamb for his household, one per household” 
EXO	12	3	d1f5		שֶׂ֥ה לַ⁠בָּֽיִת	1		“one lamb per house”
EXO	12	3	qzct		שֶׂ֥ה…שֶׂ֥ה	1		This word literally means, “of the flock,” and could also be translated as a sheep or a goat. Here, the ULT uses **lamb** (a young sheep), because [verse 5](../12/05.md) specifies that it must be one year old. “Kid” (a young goat) would be equally valid as verse 5 also says that it could be either a sheep or a goat. You may translate it as whatever would be most familiar of sheep or goat—preferably a word that means a young sheep or goat.
EXO	12	4	xzn3	figs-explicit	וְ⁠אִם־יִמְעַ֣ט הַ⁠בַּיִת֮ מִ⁠הְיֹ֣ת מִ⁠שֶּׂה֒	1	If the household is too small for a lamb	This means that there are not enough people in the family to eat an entire lamb. Alternate translation: “If there are not enough people in the household to eat an entire lamb” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	12	4	067d		וּ⁠שְׁכֵנ֛⁠וֹ הַ⁠קָּרֹ֥ב אֶל־בֵּית֖⁠וֹ בְּ⁠מִכְסַ֣ת נְפָשֹׁ֑ת	1		This phrase could either mean simply a neighbor that lives nearby or it could refer to a family of similar size, or of the right size to split a lamb with.
EXO	12	4	fu2g	figs-gendernotations	אִ֚ישׁ	1	the man and his next door neighbor	This refers to each person, whether man, woman, or child. Alternate translation: “each family member” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
EXO	12	6	lz76		בֵּ֥ין הָ⁠עַרְבָּֽיִם	1	twilight	This refers to the time of evening after the sun has set but while there is still some light.
EXO	12	7	cjt7		עַל־שְׁתֵּ֥י הַ⁠מְּזוּזֹ֖ת וְ⁠עַל־הַ⁠מַּשְׁק֑וֹף עַ֚ל הַ⁠בָּ֣תִּ֔ים	1	on the two side doorposts and on the tops of the doorframes of the houses	“on the sides and top of the way into the house”
EXO	12	8	uxn6		מְרֹרִ֖ים	1	bitter herbs	These are small plants that have a strong and usually bad taste.
EXO	12	9	ny3a		אַל־תֹּאכְל֤וּ מִמֶּ֨⁠נּוּ֙ נָ֔א	1	Do not eat it raw	“Do not eat the lamb or goat uncooked”
EXO	12	11	ks7d		חֲגֻרִ֔ים 	1	belt	**Belts** are strips of leather or fabric for tying around the waist.
EXO	12	11	nzw2		וַ⁠אֲכַלְתֶּ֤ם אֹת⁠וֹ֙ בְּ⁠חִפָּז֔וֹן	1	eat it hurriedly	“And you must eat it quickly”
EXO	12	11	r789	figs-explicit	פֶּ֥סַח ה֖וּא לַ⁠יהוָֽה	1	It is Yahweh’s Passover	Here the word **it** refers to eating the animal on the tenth day of the month. Alternate translation: “This observance is Yahweh’s Passover” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	12	12	sa5n	figs-abstractnouns	וּ⁠בְ⁠כָל־אֱלֹהֵ֥י מִצְרַ֛יִם אֶֽעֱשֶׂ֥ה שְׁפָטִ֖ים	1	I will bring punishment on all the gods of Egypt	This can be stated with a verbal form as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO	12	13	tywz	figs-abstractnouns	לְ⁠מַשְׁחִ֔ית	1		This can be stated with a verbal form as in the UST. Alternate translation: “to destroy you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO	12	13	3912	figs-activepassive	וְ⁠לֹֽא־יִֽהְיֶ֨ה בָ⁠כֶ֥ם נֶ֨גֶף֙ 	1		This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “and I will not put the plague on you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	12	13	ox3l	figs-metonymy	בְּ⁠אֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם	1		Yahweh is going to strike the people and animals who live in **the land of Egypt**. Alternate translation: “on everything living in the land of Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	12	14	4wsd		וְ⁠הָיָה֩ הַ⁠יּ֨וֹם הַ⁠זֶּ֤ה	1		Verses 14-[20](../12/20.md) are instructions for the Israelites’ future celebration of the Passover. If your language makes a distinction between near and far future events or between near and general commands, you may need to make clear that these verses primarily have a later application.
EXO	12	14	usns	translate-hebrewmonths	הַ⁠יּ֨וֹם הַ⁠זֶּ֤ה	1		**This day** means the tenth day of the first month of every year. On this day every year, they must celebrate the Passover. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]])
EXO	12	15	xsb9		אַ֚ךְ 	1		“Surely” or “Indeed”
EXO	12	15	i9n3	figs-metaphor	וְ⁠נִכְרְתָ֞ה הַ⁠נֶּ֤פֶשׁ הַ⁠הִוא֙ מִ⁠יִּשְׂרָאֵ֔ל	1	that person must be cut off from Israel	The metaphor **cut off** has at least three possible meanings. The following alternate translations express those: (1) “he must be sent away” or (2) “he will no longer be considered to be one of the people of Israel” or (3) “he must be killed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	12	15	88wc	figs-activepassive	וְ⁠נִכְרְתָ֞ה הַ⁠נֶּ֤פֶשׁ הַ⁠הִוא֙ מִ⁠יִּשְׂרָאֵ֔ל	1		The metaphor **cut off** has at least three possible meanings. They can be expressed in active form. Who will cut off that person is also not specified, it could be the Israelites or Yahweh. The following alternate translations express those: (1) “the people of Israel must send him away” or (2) “I will no longer consider him to be one of the people of Israel” or (3) “the people of Israel must kill him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	12	15	eqzu	grammar-collectivenouns	מִ⁠יִּשְׂרָאֵ֔ל	1		**Israel** is a collective noun referring to the nation or people group. Alternate translation: “from the Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
EXO	12	16	bzj6	figs-activepassive	וּ⁠בַ⁠יּ֤וֹם הָ⁠רִאשׁוֹן֙ מִקְרָא־קֹ֔דֶשׁ וּ⁠בַ⁠יּוֹם֙ הַ⁠שְּׁבִיעִ֔י מִקְרָא־קֹ֖דֶשׁ יִהְיֶ֣ה לָ⁠כֶ֑ם	1	an assembly that is set apart to me	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “And on the first day and on the seventh day, you shall have an assembly of holiness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	12	16	63ed	translate-ordinal	וּ⁠בַ⁠יּ֤וֹם הָ⁠רִאשׁוֹן֙…וּ⁠בַ⁠יּוֹם֙ הַ⁠שְּׁבִיעִ֔י	1		**First** and **seventh** are ordinal numbers. Alternate translation: “And on day one of the month ... and on day seven of the month” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
EXO	12	16	l7pj	figs-activepassive	כָּל־מְלָאכָה֙ לֹא־יֵעָשֶׂ֣ה בָ⁠הֶ֔ם	1	No work will be done on these days	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “You will do no work on these days” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	12	16	qr65	figs-activepassive	ה֥וּא לְ⁠בַדּ֖⁠וֹ יֵעָשֶׂ֥ה לָ⁠כֶֽם	1	That must be the only work that may be done by you	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that must be the only work that you do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	12	17	r3qj	translate-unknown	צִבְאוֹתֵי⁠כֶ֖ם	1	armed group by armed group	The term **hosts** refers to a large group of people, often organized into groups for war. See how you translated this in [Exodus 6:26](../06/26.md). Alternate translation: “your groups” or “your divisions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	12	18	7oat	translate-ordinal	בָּ⁠רִאשֹׁ֡ן בְּ⁠אַרְבָּעָה֩ עָשָׂ֨ר י֤וֹם לַ⁠חֹ֨דֶשׁ֙…עַ֠ד י֣וֹם הָ⁠אֶחָ֧ד וְ⁠עֶשְׂרִ֛ים לַ⁠חֹ֖דֶשׁ	1		**First**, **fourteenth**, and **twenty-first** are ordinal numbers. Alternate translation: “In month one, on day fourteen ... until day twenty-one of the month” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
EXO	12	18	l57q	translate-ordinal	בָּ⁠רִאשֹׁ֡ן בְּ⁠אַרְבָּעָה֩ עָשָׂ֨ר י֤וֹם לַ⁠חֹ֨דֶשׁ֙…עַ֠ד י֣וֹם הָ⁠אֶחָ֧ד וְ⁠עֶשְׂרִ֛ים לַ⁠חֹ֖דֶשׁ	1		 (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
EXO	12	18	m475	translate-hebrewmonths	בָּ⁠רִאשֹׁ֡ן בְּ⁠אַרְבָּעָה֩ עָשָׂ֨ר י֤וֹם לַ⁠חֹ֨דֶשׁ֙	1	the fourteenth day in the first month	This is the first month of the Hebrew calendar. The fourteenth day is near the beginning of April on Western calendars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]])
EXO	12	18	uss3	translate-hebrewmonths	י֣וֹם הָ⁠אֶחָ֧ד וְ⁠עֶשְׂרִ֛ים לַ⁠חֹ֖דֶשׁ	1	the twenty-first day of the month	This is near the middle of April on Western calendars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]])
EXO	12	19	aej1	figs-activepassive	שְׂאֹ֕ר לֹ֥א יִמָּצֵ֖א בְּ⁠בָתֵּי⁠כֶ֑ם	1	no yeast must be found in your houses	This can be stated in active form. Note that the UST is much more accurate to the meaning here as the alternate translation in this note could suggest to someone that you must simply hide the yeast very well. Alternate translation: “no one must be able to find any yeast in your houses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	12	19	vy72	figs-metaphor	וְ⁠נִכְרְתָ֞ה הַ⁠נֶּ֤פֶשׁ הַ⁠הִוא֙ מֵ⁠עֲדַ֣ת יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל	1	must be cut off from the community of Israel	The metaphor **cut off** has at least three possible meanings. The following alternate translations express those: (1) “that person must be sent away” or (2) “that person will no longer be considered to be one of the people of Israel” or (3) “that person must be killed” See how you translated **cut off** in [Exodus 12:15](../12/15.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	12	19	cwvs	figs-activepassive	וְ⁠נִכְרְתָ֞ה הַ⁠נֶּ֤פֶשׁ הַ⁠הִוא֙ מֵ⁠עֲדַ֣ת יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל	1		The metaphor **cut off** has at least three possible meanings. Who will cut off that person is also not specified, it could be the Israelites or Yahweh. They can be expressed in active form. See how you translated **cut off** in [Exodus 12:15](../12/15.md). The following alternate translations express those: (1) “the people of Israel must send that person away” or (2) “I will no longer consider that person to be one of the people of Israel” or (3) “the people of Israel must kill that person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	12	20	407n	figs-quotemarks	מַצּֽוֹת	1		After this phrase, the direct quote of Yahweh’s commands to Moses and Aaron for the Israelites ends (two levels). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with closing second-level and first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the end of quotations. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	12	21	y9qt	writing-newevent		1	summoned	A new scene begins at this verse, which may need to be marked in a certain way in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
EXO	12	21	4hw6	figs-quotemarks	וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר אֲלֵ⁠הֶ֑ם	1		After this phrase, a direct quote begins that continues until the end of [12:27](../12/27.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])<br>
EXO	12	22	qwv1	translate-unknown	אֲגֻדַּ֣ת אֵז֗וֹב	1	hyssop	**Hyssop** is a woody plant with small leaves that can be used for sprinkling liquids. If this plant is unknown, you can use a descriptor phrase. Alternate translation: “part of a plant with small branches and many leaves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	12	22	c1cf		אֶל־הַ⁠מַּשְׁקוֹף֙ וְ⁠אֶל־שְׁתֵּ֣י הַ⁠מְּזוּזֹ֔ת	1	the top of the doorframe and the two doorposts	“on the sides and top of the way into the house.” See how you translated a similar phrase in [Exodus 12:7](../12/07.md).
EXO	12	22	vdlj	figs-gendernotations	לֹ֥א…אִ֥ישׁ	1		Here, **man** includes women and children. Alternate translation: “no person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
EXO	12	23	uu61	figs-synecdoche	וּ⁠פָסַ֤ח יְהוָה֙ עַל־הַ⁠פֶּ֔תַח	1	pass over your door	Here the word **door** implies the entire house. This means that God will spare the Israelites in houses with blood on the door frames. Alternate translation: “and Yahweh will pass over the house” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
EXO	12	23	onpu		עַל־הַ⁠מַּשְׁק֔וֹף וְ⁠עַ֖ל שְׁתֵּ֣י הַ⁠מְּזוּזֹ֑ת	1		“on the sides and top of the way into the house” See how you translated a similar phrase in [Exodus 12:7](../12/07.md).
EXO	12	24	v7z5		הַ⁠דָּבָ֣ר הַ⁠זֶּ֑ה	1	this event	These words refer to the Passover or Festival of Unleavened Bread. Observing the Passover was an act of worshiping Yahweh.
EXO	12	24	bzm0	figs-youcrowd	לְ⁠ךָ֥ וּ⁠לְ⁠בָנֶ֖י⁠ךָ	1		Here, **you** and **your** are singular but they refer to the whole nation. You may need to continue to use a plural form of “you,” if your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd]])
EXO	12	24	ch73	figs-gendernotations	וּ⁠לְ⁠בָנֶ֖י⁠ךָ	1		Here, **sons** includes everyone. Alternate translation: see UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
EXO	12	25	l8ls		הָ⁠עֲבֹדָ֥ה הַ⁠זֹּֽאת	1	this act of worship	These words refer to the Passover or Festival of Unleavened Bread. Observing the Passover was an act of worshiping Yahweh.
EXO	12	26	9bx1	figs-gendernotations	בְּנֵי⁠כֶ֑ם	1		This refers to all children, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
EXO	12	26	odj0	figs-quotesinquotes	אֲלֵי⁠כֶ֖ם…מָ֛ה הָ⁠עֲבֹדָ֥ה הַ⁠זֹּ֖את לָ⁠כֶֽם	1		After **you**, a second-level quotation begins. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with second-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation within a quotation.<br>However, you may want to translate this as an indirect quotation in order to reduce the layers of quotations in this passage. Alternative translation: “to you what this ritual means to you,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]])
EXO	12	27	qft1	figs-quotemarks	זֶֽבַח־פֶּ֨סַח ה֜וּא לַֽ⁠יהוָ֗ה אֲשֶׁ֣ר פָּ֠סַח עַל־בָּתֵּ֤י בְנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ בְּ⁠מִצְרַ֔יִם בְּ⁠נָגְפּ֥⁠וֹ אֶת־מִצְרַ֖יִם וְ⁠אֶת־בָּתֵּ֣י⁠נוּ הִצִּ֑יל	1		This is a direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	12	27	t779	figs-explicit	וְ⁠אֶת־בָּתֵּ֣י⁠נוּ הִצִּ֑יל	1	He set our households free	This means that Yahweh spared the Israelites’ firstborn sons. Alternate translation: “He did not kill the firstborn sons in our houses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	12	28	r5cj		כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֨ר צִוָּ֧ה יְהוָ֛ה אֶת־מֹשֶׁ֥ה וְ⁠אַהֲרֹ֖ן כֵּ֥ן עָשֽׂוּ	1	as Yahweh had commanded Moses and Aaron	“everything that Yahweh told Moses and Aaron to do”
EXO	12	29	rvg9			1		The next few verses are the climax of this part of Exodus. A number of literary features mark it out. First, it is specially introduced with **and so it happened,** which is used to mark major breaks in the narrative. Second, it uses repetition: **firstborn** is repeated four times in verse 29 so that the reader cannot possibly miss what is happening. **Night** is repeated in verse 29, 30, and 31.  **Got up/get up** is repeated in verse 30 and 31. In verses 31 and 32 “also” occurs five times (it is translated as “both” once in the ULT). Third, the places of both **Pharaoh** and **the captive** are elaborated on to slow the pace and create a vivid mental image for the reader. In verse 30 there is the listing of sorts of people who got up;  note the use of the double negative for emphasis. Your translation should attempt to use the same or similar literary features of your own language that slow down the pace, create vivid imagery, and emphasize that this is a climax point.
EXO	12	29	zm1l	figs-merism	מִ⁠בְּכֹ֤ר פַּרְעֹה֙ הַ⁠יֹּשֵׁ֣ב עַל־כִּסְא֔⁠וֹ עַ֚ד בְּכ֣וֹר הַ⁠שְּׁבִ֔י אֲשֶׁ֖ר בְּ⁠בֵ֣ית הַ⁠בּ֑וֹר וְ⁠כֹ֖ל בְּכ֥וֹר בְּהֵמָֽה	1	at midnight	This is a merism used to indicate that there was no person or household excluded from Yahweh’s judgment. It both speaks of extreme parts of society and then makes this into a list by including the animals. Alternate translation: “the firstborn of Pharaoh who sits on the throne and the firstborn of the captive who was in the house of the pit and the firstborn of everyone in between was struck; even all the firstborn of the beasts were struck” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
EXO	12	29	uj6u		בְּכוֹר֮…מִ⁠בְּכֹ֤ר…בְּכ֣וֹר…בְּכ֥וֹר	1	all the firstborn in the land of Egypt…all the firstborn of cattle	In theses usages, **firstborn** always refers to the oldest male offspring. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Exodus 11:5](../11/05.md).
EXO	12	29	g9z1		עַ֚ד בְּכ֣וֹר הַ⁠שְּׁבִ֔י אֲשֶׁ֖ר בְּ⁠בֵ֣ית הַ⁠בּ֑וֹר	1	the firstborn of the person in prison	“to the firstborn of people in the house of the pit” This refers to prisoners in general and not to a specific person in prison.
EXO	12	30	gt4w	figs-doublenegatives	כִּֽי־אֵ֣ין בַּ֔יִת אֲשֶׁ֥ר אֵֽין־שָׁ֖ם מֵֽת׃	1	for there was not a house where there was not someone dead	This double negative emphasizes the positive. Alternate translation: “because someone was dead in every house” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
EXO	12	31	j8k5	figs-youdual	אַתֶּ֖ם…כְּ⁠דַבֶּרְ⁠כֶֽם	1		Here, Pharaoh speaking is to both Moses and Aaron. If your language uses a different form if two are people addressed, use a dual form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
EXO	12	33	j5u4	figs-explicit	כֻּלָּ֥⁠נוּ מֵתִֽים	1	We will all die	The Egyptians were afraid that they would die if the Israelites did not leave Egypt. Alternate translation: “We will all die if you do not leave” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	12	34	diw8	figs-activepassive	מִשְׁאֲרֹתָ֛⁠ם צְרֻרֹ֥ת בְּ⁠שִׂמְלֹתָ֖⁠ם עַל־שִׁכְמָֽ⁠ם	1	Their kneading bowls were already tied up in their clothes and on their shoulders	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “They tied up their bread- making bowls in their clothes and placed them on their shoulders” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	12	36	679h	figs-idiom	אֶת־חֵ֥ן הָ⁠עָ֛ם בְּ⁠עֵינֵ֥י מִצְרַ֖יִם	1		Here, **in the eyes of the Egyptians** is an idiom for the Egyptian’s feelings or opinion. **Favor** means that those feelings are positive. Taken together, this means that when the Egyptians saw the Israelites leaving Egypt, they gladly helped them (because they wanted them to leave so badly due to the Egyptians suffering under God’s judgment). If your language has the same or a similar idiom, you can translate or use it. Otherwise, you can translate the meaning. See how you translated this in [3:21](../03/21.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	12	37	n1ha	translate-names	מֵ⁠רַעְמְסֵ֖ס 	1	Rameses	**Rameses** was a major Egyptian city where grain was stored. See how you translated this in [Exodus 1:11](../01/11.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	12	37	u81l	translate-numbers	כְּ⁠שֵׁשׁ־מֵא֨וֹת אֶ֧לֶף	1	They numbered about 600,000 men	“about six hundred thousand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EXO	12	39	pva6	figs-activepassive	כִּֽי־גֹרְשׁ֣וּ מִ⁠מִּצְרַ֗יִם	1	they had been driven out of Egypt	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “because the Egyptians had driven them out of Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	12	40	qsi5	translate-numbers	שְׁלֹשִׁ֣ים…וְ⁠אַרְבַּ֥ע מֵא֖וֹת	1	430 years	“four hundred thirty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EXO	12	41	d8yh	translate-numbers	שְׁלֹשִׁ֣ים…וְ⁠אַרְבַּ֥ע מֵא֖וֹת	1	430 years	“four hundred thirty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EXO	12	41	xlf4	translate-unknown	צִבְא֥וֹת 	1	Yahweh’s armed groups	The term **hosts** refers to a large group of people, often organized into groups for war. See how you translated this in [Exodus 6:26](../06/26.md). Alternate translation: “your groups” or “your divisions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) 
EXO	12	42	w6mj		לַֽ⁠יהוָ֔ה שִׁמֻּרִ֛ים לְ⁠כָל־בְּנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל לְ⁠דֹרֹתָֽ⁠ם	1	all the Israelites throughout their people’s generations	You could combine **for all the sons of Israel to observe for Yahweh throughout their generations** into one noun phrase as subject. Alternate translation: “for all the sons of Israel throughout their generations to observe for Yahweh”
EXO	12	43	zwac	figs-quotemarks	וְ⁠אַהֲרֹ֔ן	1		After this phrase, a direct quote begins that continues until the end of [12:49](../12/49.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	12	44	n9wn		וְ⁠כָל־עֶ֥בֶד אִ֖ישׁ	1	every Israelite’s slave	“But any slave of an Israelite”
EXO	12	44	7fp2	grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical	וּ⁠מַלְתָּ֣ה אֹת֔⁠וֹ אָ֖ז	1		This is a hypothetical situation. You will need to use whatever form your language uses to mark something as potentially true. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]])
EXO	12	44	70e8	figs-yousingular	וּ⁠מַלְתָּ֣ה	1		Here **you** is singular. It refers to a specific man and his slave. It might make more sense to use the third person here. Alternate translation: “if he circumcised” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
EXO	12	46	j242	figs-activepassive	בְּ⁠בַ֤יִת אֶחָד֙ יֵאָכֵ֔ל	1	The food must be eaten in one house	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “You must eat it in one house” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	12	46	iovj	figs-youcrowd	לֹא־תוֹצִ֧יא	1		Here, **you** is singular, however it is used to address a crowd, so you may need to translate it using a plural form if your languages uses one. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd]])
EXO	12	48	j7ob	grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical	וְ⁠כִֽי־יָג֨וּר אִתְּ⁠ךָ֜ גֵּ֗ר וְ⁠עָ֣שָׂה פֶסַח֮ לַ⁠יהוָה֒	1		This is a two-part hypothetical situation. It describes the circumstance and desire of the sojourner, the next portion says what he must do. You will need to use whatever form your language uses to mark something as potentially true. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]])
EXO	12	48	9dh9	figs-youcrowd	אִתְּ⁠ךָ֜	1		Here, **you** is singular, however it is used to address a crowd, so you may need to translate it using a plural form if your languages uses one. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd]])
EXO	12	48	h7k9	figs-activepassive	הִמּ֧וֹל ל֣⁠וֹ כָל־זָכָ֗ר	1	all his male relatives must be circumcised	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “someone must circumcise all males in his household” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	12	48	n3fz	grammar-connect-logic-goal	הִמּ֧וֹל ל֣⁠וֹ כָל־זָכָ֗ר וְ⁠אָז֙ יִקְרַ֣ב לַ⁠עֲשֹׂת֔⁠וֹ	1		The sojourner will be circumcised in order to **draw near to keep** the Passover. Some languages may need to place the purpose clause first. Alternate translation: “in order draw near to keep it all his males must be circumcised” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
EXO	12	48	hi4z	figs-metonymy	כְּ⁠אֶזְרַ֣ח הָ⁠אָ֑רֶץ 	1	the people who were born in the land	Here, **land** refers to Canaan—which is the land that the Israelites will soon live in. The expression **a native of the land** means a person who is a native Israelite. Alternate translation: “those who are Israelites by birth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	12	48	f9ti	figs-doublenegatives	וְ⁠כָל־עָרֵ֖ל לֹֽא־יֹ֥אכַל בּֽ⁠וֹ	1	no uncircumcised person may eat	This can be stated in positive terms. Alternate translation: “And only a circumcised person may eat it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
EXO	12	51	e3z3		וַ⁠יְהִ֕י בְּ⁠עֶ֖צֶם הַ⁠יּ֣וֹם הַ⁠זֶּ֑ה	1	It came about	This phrase is used here to mark an important event in the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here.
EXO	12	51	tyj3	translate-unknown	צִבְאֹתָֽ⁠ם	1	by their armed groups	The term **hosts** refers to a large group of people often organized into groups for war. See how you translated this in [Exodus 6:26](../06/26.md). Alternate translation: “your groups” or “your divisions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) 
EXO	13	intro	g9qi			0		# Exodus 13 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>1. Instruction v. 1-2: First mention of setting apart the firstborn v. 3-10: Reiteration of the Passover instructions from [12:14-20](../12/14.md) and [24-27](../12/24.md), with a focus on telling to Yahweh’s deeds to the future generations of Israelites v. 11-13: More details on setting apart the firstborn v. 14-16: Reiteration of purpose: telling to future generations<br>2. Narrative v. 17-22: Some details of the exodus<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>*   There are several concepts that will be important to understand and translate with care (some have already been encountered in Exodus). They are: set apart, sign, symbol, redemption, and sacrifice.<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>*   There are a number of names of people groups and places in this chapter. However, many have been translated in earlier passages.<br>*   Transporting the bones of Joseph may be an unknown concept in some places.<br>*   It may take some time to decide on a good translation for the pillars of fire and  cloud that lead the Israelites.
EXO	13	2	de3u	figs-quotemarks	קַדֶּשׁ־לִ֨⁠י כָל־בְּכ֜וֹר פֶּ֤טֶר כָּל־רֶ֨חֶם֙ בִּ⁠בְנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל בָּ⁠אָדָ֖ם וּ⁠בַ⁠בְּהֵמָ֑ה לִ֖⁠י הֽוּא	1	Set apart to me…every firstborn male	This entire verse is a direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	13	3	8jzb	figs-quotemarks	אֶל־הָ⁠עָ֗ם	1		After this phrase, a direct quote begins that continues until the end of [verse 16](../13/16.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	13	3	en1s	figs-metaphor	מִ⁠בֵּ֣ית עֲבָדִ֔ים	1	the house of slavery	Moses speaks of Egypt as if it were a house where people keep slaves. Alternate translation: “the place where you were slaves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	13	3	yjy5	figs-metonymy	בְּ⁠חֹ֣זֶק יָ֔ד	1	Yahweh’s strong hand	Here, **hand** refers to power. See how you translated “strong hand” in [Exodus 6:1](../06/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	13	3	c6ee	figs-activepassive	וְ⁠לֹ֥א יֵאָכֵ֖ל חָמֵֽץ	1	No bread with yeast may be eaten	This can be stated in active form, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	13	4	y1f3	translate-hebrewmonths	הָ⁠אָבִֽיב	1	the month of Aviv	This is the name of the first month of the Hebrew calendar. Aviv is during the last part of March and the first part of April on Western calendars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]])
EXO	13	4	76uy	translate-names	הָ⁠אָבִֽיב	1		**Aviv** is the name of the first month of the Hebrew calendar. Aviv is during the last part of March and the first part of April on Western calendars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	13	5	x89s		וְ⁠הָיָ֣ה כִֽי־יְבִֽיאֲ⁠ךָ֣ יְהוָ֡ה אֶל־אֶ֣רֶץ…וְ⁠עָבַדְתָּ֛ אֶת־הָ⁠עֲבֹדָ֥ה הַ⁠זֹּ֖את בַּ⁠חֹ֥דֶשׁ הַ⁠זֶּֽה	1	you must observe this act of worship	When the Israelites live in Canaan, they must celebrate the Passover on this day each year. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Exodus 12:25](../12/25.md).
EXO	13	5	u37l	figs-metaphor	לַ⁠אֲבֹתֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙	1		Here, **fathers** figuratively means “ancestors.” Alternate translation: “to your ancestors” (See:[[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	13	5	6287		אֶ֛רֶץ זָבַ֥ת חָלָ֖ב וּ⁠דְבָ֑שׁ	1		The same description occurs in [Exodus 3:8](../03/08.md). See how you translated it there and in the several notes for it. 
EXO	13	6	vwy9	translate-numbers	שִׁבְעַ֥ת	1	For seven days	“7” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EXO	13	6	mde6	translate-ordinal	הַ⁠שְּׁבִיעִ֔י	1		“7th” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
EXO	13	7	n41m	figs-activepassive	מַצּוֹת֙ יֵֽאָכֵ֔ל	1	Bread without yeast must be eaten	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “You must eat unleavened bread” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	13	7	zm8p	translate-numbers	שִׁבְעַ֣ת	1		“7” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EXO	13	7	le33	figs-activepassive	וְ⁠לֹֽא־יֵרָאֶ֨ה לְ⁠ךָ֜ חָמֵ֗ץ	1	no bread with yeast may be seen among you	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you may not have any bread with yeast among you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	13	7	c9kr	figs-activepassive	וְ⁠לֹֽא־יֵרָאֶ֥ה לְ⁠ךָ֛ שְׂאֹ֖ר 	1	No yeast may be seen with you	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “You may not have any yeast” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	13	7	dmv1		בְּ⁠כָל־גְּבֻלֶֽ⁠ךָ	1	within any of your borders	“inside any of the borders of your land”
EXO	13	8	qum9	figs-quotesinquotes	בַּ⁠יּ֥וֹם הַ⁠ה֖וּא לֵ⁠אמֹ֑ר בַּ⁠עֲב֣וּר זֶ֗ה עָשָׂ֤ה יְהוָה֙ לִ֔⁠י בְּ⁠צֵאתִ֖⁠י מִ⁠מִּצְרָֽיִם	1	On that day you are to say to your children, ‘This is because of what Yahweh did for me when I came out of Egypt.’	The quotation can be stated as an indirect quote. Alternate translation: “on that day that this is because of what Yahweh did for you when you came out of Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]])
EXO	13	9	p21h	figs-parallelism	וְ⁠הָיָה֩ לְ⁠ךָ֨ לְ⁠א֜וֹת עַל־יָדְ⁠ךָ֗ וּ⁠לְ⁠זִכָּרוֹן֙ בֵּ֣ין עֵינֶ֔י⁠ךָ	1	This will be a reminder for you on your hand, and a reminder on your forehead	These are two different types of physical reminders so people will not forget something important. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
EXO	13	9	s7zg	figs-metaphor	לְ⁠ךָ֨ לְ⁠א֜וֹת עַל־יָדְ⁠ךָ֗	1	a reminder for you on your hand	Moses speaks of celebrating the festival as if it were an object one could tie around their hands to remind them of what Yahweh had done.  Alternate translation: “like something you tie around your hand as a reminder” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	13	9	mru4	figs-metaphor	⁠לְ⁠זִכָּרוֹן֙ בֵּ֣ין עֵינֶ֔י⁠ךָ	1	a reminder on your forehead	Moses speaks of celebrating the festival as if it were an object one could tie on their foreheads to remind them of what Yahweh had done.  Alternate translation: “like something you tie around your head as a reminder” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	13	9	b6ny	figs-metonymy	לְמַ֗עַן תִּהְיֶ֛ה תּוֹרַ֥ת יְהוָ֖ה בְּ⁠פִ֑י⁠ךָ	1	so the law of Yahweh may be in your mouth	Here, **in your mouth** refers to the words that they speak. Alternate translation: “so you may always be speaking of the law of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	13	9	w5rm	figs-metonymy	בְּ⁠יָ֣ד חֲזָקָ֔ה	1	strong hand	Here, **hand** refers to power. See how you translated “strong hand” in [Exodus 6:1](../06/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	13	10	rxel	figs-merism	מִ⁠יָּמִ֖ים יָמִֽימָ⁠ה	1		“for all time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
EXO	13	11	e886	figs-metaphor	וְ⁠לַֽ⁠אֲבֹתֶ֑י⁠ךָ	1		Here, **fathers** figuratively means “ancestors.” Alternate translation: “to your ancestors” (See:[[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	13	11	iqh5		וּ⁠נְתָנָ֖⁠הּ לָֽ⁠ךְ	1	when he gives the land to you	“when he gives the land of the Canaanites to you”
EXO	13	12	mqgs		וְ⁠הַעֲבַרְתָּ֥	1		This is a deliberate word-play with [Exodus 12:12](../12/12.md) and [Exodus 12:23](../12/23.md) because these memorial sacrifices are to be reminders of what happened at the first Passover. It would be good to make a similar word-play in your translation, if possible, but following the meaning as in the UST is fine.
EXO	13	13	lwv5	figs-explicit	בְ⁠שֶׂ֔ה…וַ⁠עֲרַפְתּ֑⁠וֹ	1	Every firstborn of a donkey	You may need to make explicit that either the **lamb** or **donkey** must be killed, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	13	13	0xw3		לֹ֥א תִפְדֶּ֖ה	1		“you do not ransom the donkey”
EXO	13	14	s8cm	figs-quotesinquotes	כִּֽי־יִשְׁאָלְ⁠ךָ֥ בִנְ⁠ךָ֛ מָחָ֖ר לֵ⁠אמֹ֣ר מַה־זֹּ֑את וְ⁠אָמַרְתָּ֣ אֵלָ֔י⁠ו	1	When your son asks you later, ‘What does this mean?’ then you are to tell him	The first quotation can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “when your son asks you later what this means, then you are to tell him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]])
EXO	13	14	qr7q	figs-metonymy	בְּ⁠חֹ֣זֶק יָ֗ד	1	strong hand	Here, **hand** represents God’s actions or works. See how you translated this in [Exodus 6:1](../06/01.md). Alternate translation: “With his powerful works” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	13	14	rcz7	figs-metaphor	מִ⁠בֵּ֥ית עֲבָדִֽים	1	the house of slavery	Moses speaks of Egypt as if it were a house where people keep slaves. See how you translated this in [Exodus 13:3](../13/03.md). Alternate translation: “from the place where you were slaves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	13	15	fgvg	figs-metaphor	כִּֽי־הִקְשָׁ֣ה פַרְעֹה֮ לְ⁠שַׁלְּחֵ⁠נוּ֒	1		This means he was stubborn. His stubborn attitude is spoken of as if he were hard. Alternate translation: “that when Pharaoh resisted letting us go” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	13	15	atxz	figs-merism	מִ⁠בְּכֹ֥ר אָדָ֖ם וְ⁠עַד־בְּכ֣וֹר בְּהֵמָ֑ה	1		This is a figure of speech used to emphasize the extent of the plague. Alternate translation: “whether he was a person or an animal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
EXO	13	16	bse4	figs-parallelism	וְ⁠הָיָ֤ה לְ⁠אוֹת֙ עַל־יָ֣דְ⁠כָ֔ה וּ⁠לְ⁠טוֹטָפֹ֖ת בֵּ֣ין עֵינֶ֑י⁠ךָ	1	become a reminder on your hands, and a reminder on your forehead	This expresses two ways to remember the importance of the passover event. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Exodus 13:9](./09.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
EXO	13	16	3kt7	figs-metonymy	בְּ⁠חֹ֣זֶק יָ֔ד	1		Here, **hand** represents God’s actions or works. See how you translated this in [Exodus 6:1](../06/01.md). Alternate translation: “with his powerful works” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	13	17	92x6	writing-newevent	וַ⁠יְהִ֗י 	1		This marks the transition from instruction to narrative. You should mark the resumption of the narrative in a natural way in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
EXO	13	17	pum6	grammar-connect-condition-contrary	וְ⁠לֹא־נָחָ֣⁠ם אֱלֹהִ֗ים דֶּ֚רֶךְ אֶ֣רֶץ פְּלִשְׁתִּ֔ים כִּ֥י קָר֖וֹב ה֑וּא	1		The route on which God took the Israelites was not the expected route. In some languages you may need to put the portion that describes the expectation first. Alternate translation: “although it was nearby, God did not lead them by way of the land of the Philistines.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-contrary]])
EXO	13	17	upop	grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical	פֶּֽן־יִנָּחֵ֥ם הָ⁠עָ֛ם בִּ⁠רְאֹתָ֥⁠ם מִלְחָמָ֖ה וְ⁠שָׁ֥בוּ מִצְרָֽיְמָ⁠ה	1		In some languages you may need to put the reason before the hypothetical result. Alternate translation: “When they see war, they may repent and return to Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]])
EXO	13	17	5vck		יִנָּחֵ֥ם	1		“turn back”
EXO	13	18	c4tw		וַ⁠חֲמֻשִׁ֛ים	1		The meaning of this term (**by fives**) is uncertain. Many English translations opt for something like “prepared for battle” because this seems to be the meaning in Numbers 32:17 and the related verses in Joshua 1:14 and 4:12. Because of what the previous verse said about war, it may mean that they went out in formation—like an army would march—but perhaps not armed. Alternate translation: “And … in formation like an army”
EXO	13	19	cxyk		וַ⁠יִּקַּ֥ח מֹשֶׁ֛ה אֶת־עַצְמ֥וֹת יוֹסֵ֖ף עִמּ֑⁠וֹ	1		See Joshua 24:32 regarding the burial of Jospeh’s bones.
EXO	13	19	dnlp		פָּקֹ֨ד יִפְקֹ֤ד אֱלֹהִים֙ אֶתְ⁠כֶ֔ם וְ⁠הַעֲלִיתֶ֧ם אֶת־עַצְמֹתַ֛⁠י מִ⁠זֶּ֖ה אִתְּ⁠כֶֽם	1		This is an almost exact quote of what Joseph said in Genesis 50:25; reference your translation there when translating this.
EXO	13	20	7v94		מִ⁠סֻּכֹּ֑ת וַ⁠יַּחֲנ֣וּ בְ⁠אֵתָ֔ם	1		“from a place named Succoth and they camped at a place named Etham”
EXO	13	20	xq5d	translate-names	בְ⁠אֵתָ֔ם	1	camped at Etham	Etham was possibly located south of the route heading towards the Philistines, at the border of the wilderness. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	13	21	yi2p	figs-metonymy	וַֽ⁠יהוָ֡ה הֹלֵךְ֩ לִ⁠פְנֵי⁠הֶ֨ם	1		Here, **before their faces** means “in front of the people.” Alternate translation: “And Yahweh led them by going in front of them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	13	21	jnv8		בְּ⁠עַמּ֤וּד עָנָן֙…בְּ⁠עַמּ֥וּד אֵ֖שׁ	1	pillar of cloud…pillar of fire	“in a cloud in the shape of a column … in a fire in the shape of a column”
EXO	13	21	6pzk		לְ⁠הָאִ֣יר לָ⁠הֶ֑ם	1		“to be light for them”
EXO	13	21	i7yl	grammar-connect-logic-result	אֵ֖שׁ לְ⁠הָאִ֣יר לָ⁠הֶ֑ם לָ⁠לֶ֖כֶת יוֹמָ֥ם וָ⁠לָֽיְלָה	1		They could travel by either day or night because God provided light at night. You could reorder the cause and effect if that is more natural in your language. Alternate translation: “fire. They could go by day or by night because he was light to them.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])<br><br><br>
EXO	13	22	iiuj		עַמּ֤וּד הֶֽ⁠עָנָן֙ יוֹמָ֔ם וְ⁠עַמּ֥וּד הָ⁠אֵ֖שׁ לָ֑יְלָה	1		“the pillar of cloud by day or the pillar of fire by night”
EXO	13	22	qxks	figs-metonymy	לִ⁠פְנֵ֖י הָ⁠עָֽם	1		Here, **from the face of the people** means “from in front of the people” where they could see it. Alternate translation: “from where they could see it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	14	intro	jq4u			0		# Exodus 14 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter contains an important event in the history of Israel known as the “parting of the sea of reeds (Red Sea).”<br>Throughout this chapter and chapter 15, the word “sea” is used. The context shows that this is the sea of reeds (Red Sea). Since the text does not explicitly say that though, the ULT will only say “sea.” In your translation, it may help people to be more specific than the text, if just using “sea” is confusing.<br><br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Pharaoh’s hard heart<br><br>Pharaoh’s heart is often described as hard in this chapter. This means that his heart was not open or willing to understand Yahweh’s instructions. When his heart was hardened, it became less and less receptive to Yahweh.<br><br>### Pharaoh’s chariots<br>These chariots were a fighting force. Pharaoh took an army to kill the Hebrew people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Rhetorical Questions<br>The Israelites asked a few rhetorical questions of Moses. These questions were not really directed at Moses, but at Yahweh. This showed their lack of faith in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])
EXO	14	2	5f0c	figs-quotemarks	דַּבֵּר֮ 	1		This verse begins a direct quote which continues into [verse 4](../13/04.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	14	2	mb4e	translate-names	פִּ֣י הַחִירֹ֔ת…מִגְדֹּ֖ל…בַּ֣עַל צְפֹ֔ן	1	Pi Hahiroth…Migdol…Baal Zephon	These are locations on Egypt’s eastern border. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	14	2	74vg	figs-quotations	בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵל֒ וְ⁠יָשֻׁ֗בוּ וְ⁠יַחֲנוּ֙ לִ⁠פְנֵי֙ פִּ֣י הַחִירֹ֔ת בֵּ֥ין מִגְדֹּ֖ל וּ⁠בֵ֣ין הַ⁠יָּ֑ם לִ⁠פְנֵי֙ בַּ֣עַל צְפֹ֔ן	1		The portion after **that** could be translated as a direct quotation. That would make a second-level direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with second-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation within a quotation. Alternate translation: “the sons of Israel, ‘Turn and camp before the face of Pi Hahiroth, between Migdol and the sea, before the face of Baal Zephon.’ ” <br>(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
EXO	14	2	c9r8	figs-youdual	תַחֲנ֖וּ 	1	You are to camp	Here, **you** is plural and refers to Moses and the Israelites. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
EXO	14	3	c81b	figs-quotations	וְ⁠אָמַ֤ר פַּרְעֹה֙ לִ⁠בְנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל נְבֻכִ֥ים הֵ֖ם בָּ⁠אָ֑רֶץ סָגַ֥ר עֲלֵי⁠הֶ֖ם הַ⁠מִּדְבָּֽר	1	Pharaoh will say about the Israelites, ‘They are wandering in the land. The wilderness has closed in on them.’	This can be stated as an indirect quote. Alternate translation: “Pharaoh will say that the Israelites are confused in the land and the wilderness has closed in on them” <br>(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
EXO	14	3	tz6j	figs-personification	סָגַ֥ר עֲלֵי⁠הֶ֖ם הַ⁠מִּדְבָּֽר	1	The wilderness has closed in on them	Pharaoh speaks of **the wilderness** as a person who has trapped the Israelites. If this might be confusing for your readers, you could express this meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “It is as if the wilderness is closing in on them.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
EXO	14	4	dv62	figs-metaphor	וְ⁠חִזַּקְתִּ֣י אֶת־לֵב־פַּרְעֹה֮	1	I will harden Pharaoh’s heart	This means God will make him stubborn. His stubborn attitude is spoken of as if his heart were strong. If the heart is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. See how you translated this in [4:21](../04/21.md). Alternate translation: “But I will cause Pharaoh to be stubborn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	14	4	tw2m		וְ⁠רָדַ֣ף אַחֲרֵי⁠הֶם֒	1	he will pursue them	“and Pharaoh will pursue the Israelites”
EXO	14	4	d5x1	figs-activepassive	וְ⁠אִכָּבְדָ֤ה 	1	I will get honor	If it would be clearer in your language, you could say this with an active form.  Alternate translation: “And people will glorify me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	14	4	a7m2	figs-ellipsis	וְ⁠אִכָּבְדָ֤ה בְּ⁠פַרְעֹה֙ וּ⁠בְ⁠כָל־חֵיל֔⁠וֹ	1		Yahweh is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be clearer in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “And I will be glorified because of what I do to Pharaoh and to all his army” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
EXO	14	4	dms1	figs-explicit	וַ⁠יַּֽעֲשׂוּ־כֵֽן	1	So the Israelites camped as they were instructed	This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “So the Israelites turned and camped as Yahweh had instructed them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	14	5	t4cn	figs-activepassive	וַ⁠יֻּגַּד֙ לְ⁠מֶ֣לֶךְ מִצְרַ֔יִם	1	When the king of Egypt was told	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Then someone told the king of Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	14	5	it5s		בָרַ֖ח	1	had fled	“had run away”
EXO	14	5	k67b	figs-metonymy	וַ֠⁠יֵּהָפֵךְ לְבַ֨ב פַּרְעֹ֤ה וַ⁠עֲבָדָי⁠ו֙ אֶל־הָ⁠עָ֔ם	1	the minds of Pharaoh and his servants turned against the people	Here, **heart** refers to their attitudes towards the Israelites. Alternate translation: “and Pharaoh and his servants changed their attitude about the people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	14	5	go8u	figs-activepassive	וַ֠⁠יֵּהָפֵךְ לְבַ֨ב פַּרְעֹ֤ה וַ⁠עֲבָדָי⁠ו֙ אֶל־הָ⁠עָ֔ם	1		If it would be clearer in your language, you could say this with an active form. Alternate translation: “and Pharaoh and his servants turned their hearts to the people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	14	5	wljw		אֶל־הָ⁠עָ֔ם	1		“against the Israelites”
EXO	14	5	v236	figs-rquestion	מַה־זֹּ֣את עָשִׂ֔ינוּ כִּֽי־שִׁלַּ֥חְנוּ אֶת־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל מֵ⁠עָבְדֵֽ⁠נוּ	1	What have we done? We have released Israel from serving us.	They asked this question to show they thought they had done a foolish thing. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “We should not have let the Israelites go free from working for us!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
EXO	14	5	2juz	figs-quotemarks	מַה־זֹּ֣את עָשִׂ֔ינוּ כִּֽי־שִׁלַּ֥חְנוּ אֶת־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל מֵ⁠עָבְדֵֽ⁠נוּ	1		This is a direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	14	5	9075	grammar-collectivenouns	יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל 	1		This is a collective singular noun. If your language would not refer to a group of people in this way, you may need to translate it as plural. Alternate translation: “the Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
EXO	14	7	ry11	translate-numbers	וַ⁠יִּקַּ֗ח שֵׁשׁ־מֵא֥וֹת רֶ֨כֶב֙ בָּח֔וּר	1	He took six hundred chosen chariots	“He took 600 of his best chariots” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EXO	14	7	74cg		וְ⁠שָׁלִשִׁ֖ם	1		The precise meaning of this term is not known. Alternate translations: “and officers” or “and shield-bearers” or “and three men”
EXO	14	8	a1r1	figs-metaphor	וַ⁠יְחַזֵּ֣ק יְהֹוָ֗ה אֶת־לֵ֤ב פַּרְעֹה֙	1	Yahweh hardened the heart of Pharaoh	This means God made him stubborn. His stubborn attitude is spoken of as if his heart were strong. If the heart is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. See how you translated this in [4:21](../04/21.md). Alternate translation: “And Yahweh caused Pharaoh to be stubborn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	14	8	3bki		בְּ⁠יָ֥ד רָמָֽה	1		“boldly” or “defiantly”
EXO	14	9	929n		כָּל־סוּס֙ רֶ֣כֶב פַּרְעֹ֔ה וּ⁠פָרָשָׁ֖י⁠ו וְ⁠חֵיל֑⁠וֹ	1		It is unclear exactly what the groupings here are. **Horses of the chariots** (probably meaning “horse-drawn chariots”) and **horsemen** could be two groups or two references to the same group. **Army** could mean another group, perhaps on foot (see [15:19](../15/19.md)), or it could be a summary grouping. Furthermore, most translations render **horses of the chariots** as “horses and chariots,” suggesting four total groups (possibly because of [v. 23](../14/23.md)). Alternate translation: “all the horse-drawn chariots of Pharaoh, and his horsemen, and his foot soldiers”
EXO	14	9	q0jo		⁠יַּשִּׂ֤יגוּ אוֹתָ⁠ם֙ חֹנִ֣ים	1		“the Israelites as they were camping”
EXO	14	9	sb7x	translate-names	פִּי֙ הַֽחִירֹ֔ת…בַּ֥עַל צְפֹֽן	1	Pi Hahiroth…Baal Zephon	These are places on Egypt’s eastern border. See how you translated them in [Exodus 14:2](../14/02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	14	10	s1xa	figs-synecdoche	וּ⁠פַרְעֹ֖ה הִקְרִ֑יב	1	When Pharaoh came close	Here, **Pharaoh** represents the entire Egyptian army. Alternate translation: “Then Pharaoh and his army approached” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
EXO	14	10	vyp9		וַ⁠יִּשְׂאוּ֩ בְנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֨ל אֶת־עֵינֵי⁠הֶ֜ם	1		“and the sons of Israel looked up” or “and the sons of Israel looked back”
EXO	14	10	qcy1		וְ⁠הִנֵּ֥ה	1	they were terrified	**Behold** is used to draw attention to surprising information that follows. Use a word, phrase, or structure in your language that indicates that the next information is very surprising.
EXO	14	11	vzw5	figs-rquestion	הַֽ⁠מִ⁠בְּלִ֤י אֵין־קְבָרִים֙ בְּ⁠מִצְרַ֔יִם לְקַחְתָּ֖⁠נוּ לָ⁠מ֣וּת בַּ⁠מִּדְבָּ֑ר	1	Is it because there were no graves in Egypt, that you have taken us away to die in the wilderness?	The Israelites ask this question to express their frustration and fear of dying. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “There were plenty of graveyards in Egypt for us to be buried in. You did not have to take us into the wilderness to die!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
EXO	14	11	x4n2	figs-rquestion	מַה־זֹּאת֙ עָשִׂ֣יתָ לָּ֔⁠נוּ לְ⁠הוֹצִיאָ֖⁠נוּ מִ⁠מִּצְרָֽיִם	1	Why have you treated us like this, bringing us out of Egypt?	The Israelites ask this question to rebuke Moses for bringing them to the desert to die. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You should not have treated us like this by bringing us out of Egypt!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
EXO	14	12	itb2	figs-rquestion	הֲ⁠לֹא־זֶ֣ה הַ⁠דָּבָ֗ר אֲשֶׁר֩ דִּבַּ֨רְנוּ אֵלֶ֤י⁠ךָ בְ⁠מִצְרַ֨יִם֙	1	Is this not what we told you in Egypt?	The Israelites ask this question to emphasize that this is what they had told Moses. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “This is exactly what we told you while we were in Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
EXO	14	12	ix25	figs-quotations	בְ⁠מִצְרַ֨יִם֙ לֵ⁠אמֹ֔ר חֲדַ֥ל מִמֶּ֖⁠נּוּ וְ⁠נַֽעַבְדָ֣ה אֶת־מִצְרָ֑יִם	1	We said to you, ‘Leave us alone, so we can work for the Egyptians.’	The portion following **saying** can be stated as an indirect quote. Alternate translation: “in Egypt? We told you to leave us alone so we could work for the Egyptians.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
EXO	14	13	phy1	figs-abstractnouns	וּ⁠רְאוּ֙ אֶת־יְשׁוּעַ֣ת יְהוָ֔ה אֲשֶׁר־יַעֲשֶׂ֥ה לָ⁠כֶ֖ם הַ⁠יּ֑וֹם	1		If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **salvation** with a verb. Alternate translation: “and see that Yahweh will save you, he will do that for you today” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO	14	13	5j05	figs-quotemarks	אֶל־הָ⁠עָם֮	1		After this phrase, a direct quote begins that continues until the end of [verse 14](../14/14.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	14	13	rrd4		לֹ֥א תֹסִ֛יפוּ לִ⁠רְאֹתָ֥⁠ם ע֖וֹד עַד־עוֹלָֽם	1	provide for you	This statement is very extended for emphasis on its certainty. Alternate translation: “you will not see them again forever”
EXO	14	14	vcdc	figs-rpronouns	יְהוָ֖ה יִלָּחֵ֣ם	1		The form **Yahweh himself** is reflexive, emphasizing what Yahweh will do in contrast to what the Israelites will do. Alternate translation: “As for Yahweh, he will fight” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
EXO	14	14	0r44		תַּחֲרִישֽׁוּ⁠ן	1		Here, **silent** could mean “still.” The Israelites’ lack of action is in contrast to Yahweh’s fighting. It is not a total lack of motion or sound. Alternate translation: “you will not fight” 
EXO	14	15	zsgk	figs-quotemarks	אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֔ה	1	Why are you, Moses, continuing to call out to me?	After this phrase, a direct quote begins that continues until the end of [verse 18](../14/18.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	14	15	a727	figs-rquestion	מַה־תִּצְעַ֖ק אֵלָ֑⁠י	1	Why are you, Moses, continuing to call out to me?	Moses apparently had been praying to God for help, so God uses this question to compel Moses to act. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Do not call out to me any longer, Moses.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
EXO	14	16	stla		הָרֵ֣ם אֶֽת־מַטְּ⁠ךָ֗ וּ⁠נְטֵ֧ה אֶת־יָדְ⁠ךָ֛	1	divide it in two	See note in the [introduction to chapter 8](../08/intro.md) regarding **hand** and **staff**.
EXO	14	16	t3e4		וּ⁠בְקָעֵ֑⁠הוּ	1	divide it in two	“and divide the sea into two parts”
EXO	14	17	z5ub		וַ⁠אֲנִ֗י הִנְ⁠נִ֤י	1	Be aware	**Behold** is a term meant to focus the attention of the listener on what the speaker is about to say. In this case Yahweh is drawing attention to his next actions. Alternate translation: “Look at what I will do”
EXO	14	17	qd3l	figs-metaphor	מְחַזֵּק֙ אֶת־לֵ֣ב מִצְרַ֔יִם	1	I will harden the Egyptians’ hearts	This means God will make them stubborn. Their stubborn attitude is spoken of as if their hearts were strong. If the heart is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. See how you translated this in [4:21](../04/21.md). Alternate translation: “I will cause the Egyptians to be stubborn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	14	17	asz9		וְ⁠יָבֹ֖אוּ אַחֲרֵי⁠הֶ֑ם	1	so they will go after them	“so that the Egyptians will go into the sea after the Israelites”
EXO	14	17	hjyh	figs-ellipsis	וְ⁠אִכָּבְדָ֤ה בְּ⁠פַרְעֹה֙ וּ⁠בְ⁠כָל־חֵיל֔⁠וֹ בְּ⁠רִכְבּ֖⁠וֹ וּ⁠בְ⁠פָרָשָֽׁי⁠ו	1	so they will go after them	Yahweh is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be clearer in your language, you could supply these words from the context. See how you translated a similar phrase in [verse 4](../14/04.md) Alternate translation: “And I will be glorified because of what I do to Pharaoh, all his army, his chariots, and his horsemen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
EXO	14	17	5bbz	figs-activepassive	וְ⁠אִכָּבְדָ֤ה	1	so they will go after them	If it would be clearer in your language, you could say this with an active form.  Alternate translation: “And people will glorify me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	14	18	ytnm	figs-activepassive	בְּ⁠הִכָּבְדִ֣⁠י 	1	so they will go after them	If it would be clearer in your language, you could say this with an active form.  Alternate translation: “when I cause people to glorify me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	14	18	cji1	figs-ellipsis	בְּ⁠הִכָּבְדִ֣⁠י בְּ⁠פַרְעֹ֔ה בְּ⁠רִכְבּ֖⁠וֹ וּ⁠בְ⁠פָרָשָֽׁי⁠ו	1	so they will go after them	Yahweh is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be clearer in your language, you could supply these words from the context. See how you translated a similar phrase in [verse 4](../14/04.md) Alternate translation: “when I get glory because of what I do to Pharaoh, his chariots, and his horsemen” or “when I show my glory by what I do to Pharaoh, his chariots, and his horsemen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
EXO	14	19	hsih	figs-metonymy	לִ⁠פְנֵי֙ מַחֲנֵ֣ה…מִ⁠פְּנֵי⁠הֶ֔ם	1	so they will go after them	Here, **face** means “front.” Alternate translation: “in front of the camp of … from in front of them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	14	19	ysv9	grammar-collectivenouns	יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל	1	so they will go after them	This is a collective singular noun. If your language would not refer to a group of people in this way, you may need to translate it as plural. Alternate translation: “the Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
EXO	14	20	jyz2	grammar-collectivenouns	יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל 	1	so one side did not come near the other	This is a collective singular noun. If your language would not refer to a group of people in this way, you may need to translate it as plural. Alternate translation: “the Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
EXO	14	20	c4u5		וַ⁠יְהִ֤י הֶֽ⁠עָנָן֙ וְ⁠הַ⁠חֹ֔שֶׁךְ וַ⁠יָּ֖אֶר אֶת־הַ⁠לָּ֑יְלָה	1	so one side did not come near the other	“and the cloud became dark and light all night”
EXO	14	21	qbzp		וַ⁠יֵּ֨ט מֹשֶׁ֣ה אֶת־יָד⁠וֹ֮ עַל־הַ⁠יָּם֒	1	east wind	See note in the [introduction to chapter 8](../08/intro.md) regarding the hand and staff.
EXO	14	21	dfx5		בְּ⁠ר֨וּחַ קָדִ֤ים	1	east wind	An **east wind** originates in the east and blows towards the west.
EXO	14	21	f9zh	figs-activepassive	וַ⁠יִּבָּקְע֖וּ הַ⁠מָּֽיִם	1	the waters were divided	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “And Yahweh divided the waters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	14	24	iz9t	translate-unknown	בְּ⁠אַשְׁמֹ֣רֶת הַ⁠בֹּ֔קֶר	1	He caused panic among the Egyptians	This is the last third of the night. It is approximately the three hours before sunrise. Alternate translation: “very early in the morning” or “in the time before the sun rises” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	14	24	1ljq		מַחֲנֵ֣ה מִצְרַ֔יִם…מַחֲנֵ֥ה מִצְרָֽיִם	1	He caused panic among the Egyptians	“the army of the Egyptians … the army of the Egyptians”
EXO	14	25	qdp8	figs-quotemarks	אָנ֨וּסָה֙ מִ⁠פְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל כִּ֣י יְהוָ֔ה נִלְחָ֥ם לָ⁠הֶ֖ם בְּ⁠מִצְרָֽיִם	1	Their chariot wheels were clogged	This is a direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	14	25	qzkw	figs-metonymy	מִ⁠פְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל	1	Their chariot wheels were clogged	Here, **the face of Israel** means the presence of Israel. See UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	14	26	dfg1	figs-quotemarks	נְטֵ֥ה אֶת־יָדְ⁠ךָ֖ עַל־הַ⁠יָּ֑ם וְ⁠יָשֻׁ֤בוּ הַ⁠מַּ֨יִם֙ עַל־מִצְרַ֔יִם עַל־רִכְבּ֖⁠וֹ וְ⁠עַל־פָּרָשָֽׁי⁠ו	1	Yahweh said to Moses, “Reach out with your hand…and their horsemen.”	This is a direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	14	26	p5ds	figs-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר יְהוָה֙ אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֔ה נְטֵ֥ה אֶת־יָדְ⁠ךָ֖ עַל־הַ⁠יָּ֑ם וְ⁠יָשֻׁ֤בוּ הַ⁠מַּ֨יִם֙ עַל־מִצְרַ֔יִם עַל־רִכְבּ֖⁠וֹ וְ⁠עַל־פָּרָשָֽׁי⁠ו׃	1	Yahweh said to Moses, “Reach out with your hand…and their horsemen.”	This can be stated as an indirect quote. Alternate translation: “Yahweh told Moses to reach out with his hand over the sea so that the waters would come back onto the Egyptians, their chariots, and their horsemen.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
EXO	14	26	pw8g		נְטֵ֥ה אֶת־יָדְ⁠ךָ֖ עַל־הַ⁠יָּ֑ם	1	Yahweh said to Moses, “Reach out with your hand…and their horsemen.”	See note in the [introduction to chapter 8](../08/intro.md) regarding the hand and staff.
EXO	14	26	d46y	writing-pronouns	עַל־רִכְבּ֖⁠וֹ וְ⁠עַל־פָּרָשָֽׁי⁠ו	1	Yahweh said to Moses, “Reach out with your hand…and their horsemen.”	Here, **his** refers to Pharaoh, king of Egypt. Alternate translation: “on Pharaoh’s chariots, and on Pharaoh’s horsemen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
EXO	14	27	wn3q		וַ⁠יֵּט֩ מֹשֶׁ֨ה אֶת־יָד֜⁠וֹ עַל־הַ⁠יָּ֗ם	1	The Egyptians fled into the sea	See note in the [introduction to chapter 8](../08/intro.md) regarding the hand and staff.
EXO	14	27	1klz	figs-metonymy	לִ⁠פְנ֥וֹת בֹּ֨קֶר֙	1	The Egyptians fled into the sea	Here, **before the face of** means “before the occurrence of.” Alternate translation: “before it was morning” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	14	27	h64r	figs-metaphor	וַ⁠יְנַעֵ֧ר יְהוָ֛ה אֶת־מִצְרַ֖יִם בְּ⁠ת֥וֹךְ הַ⁠יָּֽם	1	Yahweh drove the Egyptians	Here, Yahweh is pictured as acting towards the Egyptians as if they were dirt or dust on his clothing that he shakes to be rid of them. Alternate translation: “and Yahweh threw the Egyptians back into the middle of the sea” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	14	28	o9qo	figs-litotes	לֹֽא־נִשְׁאַ֥ר בָּ⁠הֶ֖ם עַד־אֶחָֽד	1	Yahweh drove the Egyptians	This negative statement is meant to strongly convey the idea that all the Egyptians were gone. Alternate translation: “Every one of them was gone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
EXO	14	30	zvbe	grammar-collectivenouns	יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל	1	out of the hand of the Egyptians	This is a collective singular noun. If your language would not refer to a group of people in this way, you may need to translate it as plural. Alternate translation: “the Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
EXO	14	30	e2lf	figs-metonymy	מִ⁠יַּ֣ד מִצְרָ֑יִם	1	out of the hand of the Egyptians	Here, **hand** refers to power. Alternate translation: “from the Egyptians’ power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	14	30	p5zw		עַל־שְׂפַ֥ת הַ⁠יָּֽם	1	on the seashore	“on the land along the edge of the sea”
EXO	14	31	o1oc	grammar-collectivenouns	יִשְׂרָאֵ֜ל	1	on the seashore	This is a collective singular noun. If your language would not refer to a group of people in this way, you may need to translate it as plural. Alternate translation: “the Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
EXO	14	31	np6s	figs-metonymy	אֶת־הַ⁠יָּ֣ד הַ⁠גְּדֹלָ֗ה	1	on the seashore	Here, **hand** refers to power. Alternate translation: “the great power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	15	intro	ni4b			0		# Exodus 15 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Verses 1b-18 and 21b of chapter 15 verses are poetry. They are a song of praise to Yahweh because he defeated and destroyed the Egyptian army ([Exodus 14:26-28](../14/26.md).). Translating poetry should be done by someone who is a skilled poet in the target language. Because the forms of poetry are so different in different languages, a translation that is good poetry in the target language may seem very different from the original poem. The structure may look quite different. The poet will be well served by looking at the entire poem from multiple perspectives. He will need to know the meaning of the poem, the themes and discourse structure of the poem, and the feelings that the poem is supposed to create in the reader at each point (UST, tNotes). He will need to understand how that was accomplished by the original form and structure (ULT). Then he will need to compose the translated poem using forms and structures that have the same or similar meaning, themes, discourse elements, and feelings.<br><br>### Structure<br><br>This song follows a basic AB structure which is given to us in verse 1b-c and 21b-c:<br><br>*   A - praise to Yahweh - he is magnificent (expressed in various words)<br>*   B - because he defeats our enemies<br><br>The song can be divided into three major sections, each of which is patterned as: AB(a)b. Each section starts with an AB portion which is characterized by fewer verbs (or participles, how to express) (especially the A portion). The section then elaborates on each. Note that there are other possible analyses of the structure of the poem.<br><br>Here is an outline of the structure according to this model:<br><br>*   Section 1 (see alternate breakdown below):<br>    *   1b: A “Let me sing to Yahweh, for he has triumphantly triumphed;”<br>    *   1c: B “the horse and the one riding it he threw into the sea.”<br>    *   2-3: a<br>    *   4-5: b<br>*   Section 2:<br>    *   6a: A<br>    *   6b: B<br>    *   7a: a “And in the abundance of your majesty”<br>    *   7a-10: b  “you overthrow those who rise up against you…”<br>*   Section 3:<br>    *   11: A<br>    *   12: B<br>    *   13a: a (possibly) “In your covenant loyalty”<br>    *   13a-17: b<br>*   18: finale<br><br>Alternate breakdown of section 1: it is possible to view 1b-c as the introduction and divide verse 2 such that:<br><br>*   2a: A “Yah is my strength and my song”<br>*   2b: B “and he has become my salvation”<br>*   2c-3: a<br>*   4-5: b<br><br>### Themes:<br><br>There are several images and themes that are throughout the song as well as some that are throughout an individual section.<br><br>*   “High” versus “low”: Yahweh is high, while his enemies are low.<br>    *   The following words are all related to the idea of being high or rising up: **triumph** ([v1](../15/01.md)), **exalt** ([v2](../15/02.md)), **majestic** ([v6](../15/06.md), [v11](../15/11.md)), **majesty** ([v7](../15/07.md)), and **the mountain of** \[Yahweh’s\] **possession** ([v17](../15/17.md)). In the last case Yahweh’s people are brought to a high place with him.<br>    *   In contrast, his enemies are low. Note in [verse 7](../15/07.md), Yahweh overthrows those who **rise up against** \[him\]. Ideas of being low are as follows: **sank** ([v4](../15/04.md), [v10](../15/19.md)), **deeps** ([v5](../15/05.md)), **descended into the depths** ([v5](../15/05.md)), **melted away** ([v15](../15/15.md)), and **fall on them** ([v16](../15/16.md)).<br>*   The strength of Yahweh in [verses 2](../15/02.md), [6](../15/06.md), and [13](../15/13.md).<br>*   The effectiveness of Yahweh’s hand versus the enemy's hand. Yahweh’s hand (and arm) is effective in [verses 6](../15/06.md), [12](../15/12.md), [16](../15/16.md), and [17](../15/17.md) but the enemy’s hand is ineffective despite his boasting in [verse 9](../15/09.md).<br>*   There is parallel imagery near the end of each section. The enemy is compared three times by simile to a heavy, inert object. In [verses 5](../15/05.md) and [16](../15/16.md) that is a **stone**, in [verse 10](../15/10.md) that is **lead**.<br>*   More parallel imagery occurs at the end of sections one ([v5](../15/05.md)) and two ([v10](../15/10.md)): that of the enemy sinking in the water and being covered by it.<br>*   In sections two and three the water ([v8](../15/08.md)) and the other peoples ([v16](../15/16.md)) are made still by Yahweh.<br>*   Section two begins and ends with **majestic** ([v6](../15/06.md), [v10](../15/10.md)) and that word is picked up in the beginning of section three ([v11](../15/11.md)).<br>*   In section two ([v9](../15/09.md)), the enemies seek to **dispossess** (or disinherit) the Israelites; in section three ([v16](../15/16.md)), the Israelites come to live in the land of Yahweh’s **possession** (or inheritance).<br>*   In [verse 11](../15/11.md), three themes for the third section are introduced. These are each expanded on in that section.  <br>    *   **Holiness** occurs again in [verses 13](../15/13.md) and [16](../15/16.md)<br>    *   **Fear** is vividly described in [verses 14-16](../15/14.md) (shake, terror, panic, trembling, melted away, dread)<br>    *   Yahweh **does miracles** to protect and build a home for his people<br>* [Verses 14](../15/14.md)-16a are a chiasm, a complex parallel structure where concepts are repeated in reverse order:<br>    * A: 14a: peoples (nations) *become* afraid<br>    * B: 14b: *inhabitants* of Philistia are afraid<br>    * C: 15a: *rulers* of Edom are afraid<br>    * C': 15b: *rulers* of Moab are afraid<br>    * B': 15c: *inhabitants* of Canaan are afraid<br>    * A': 16a: people *become* afraid<br>* In section three, there is another parallel structure:<br>    *   [v13](../15/13.md): you led this people => [v16](../15/16.md): your people pass by<br>    *   v13: this people you redeemed => v16: this people you acquired (or purchased or ransomed)<br>    *   v13: you led them to the home => [v17](../15/17.md): you will bring them … \[to\] the place … you made<br>    *   v13: of your holiness => v17: the holy place<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### The Israelite’s discontent<br>In [verse 24](../15/24.md) the word **murmur** is introduced for the first time. This is a very strong term for “grumble” or “complain” that is used to describe the Israelites’ attitude throughout their time in the wilderness. It occurs several times in Exodus and Numbers.<br><br>### Yahweh’s laws<br><br>In verses [24-26](../15/24.md), there is an introductory revelation of the requirement that Israel keep the covenant by obeying the law of Moses. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reveal]])
EXO	15	1	kw29	figs-explicit	גָאֹ֣ה גָּאָ֔ה	1	he has triumphed gloriously	It can be stated explicitly over whom Yahweh triumphed. Alternate translation: “he has achieved a glorious victory over the army of Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	15	1	bpyj		גָאֹ֣ה גָּאָ֔ה	1	he has triumphed gloriously	“he is highly exalted” or “he is extremely high” or “he is exaltedly exalted”
EXO	15	1	f6ue	figs-metaphor	ס֥וּס וְ⁠רֹכְב֖⁠וֹ רָמָ֥ה בַ⁠יָּֽם	1	the horse and its rider he has thrown into the sea	Moses sang about God causing the sea to cover and drown the horse and rider as if God had thrown them into the sea. Alternate translation: “he has made the horse and rider drown in the sea” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	15	1	cr5u	figs-genericnoun	ס֥וּס וְ⁠רֹכְב֖⁠וֹ	1	the horse and its rider	This refers to all or many of the Egyptian horses and riders that were chasing the Israelites. Alternate translation: “the horses and their riders” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
EXO	15	1	ex3p		וְ⁠רֹכְב֖⁠וֹ	1	rider	Here, **rider** could either refer to a person who sits on a horse or who travels in a chariot that a horse is pulling.
EXO	15	2	pb23	figs-metonymy	עָזִּ֤⁠י…יָ֔הּ	1	Yahweh is my strength	Possible meanings are (1) “Yahweh is the one who gives me strength” or (2) “Yahweh is the strong one who protects me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	15	2	vk6l	figs-metonymy	וְ⁠זִמְרָת֙ יָ֔הּ	1	song	Moses calls Yahweh his song because Yahweh is the one he sings about. Alternate translation: “the one I sing about” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	15	2	kbv7	figs-metonymy	וַֽ⁠יְהִי־לִ֖⁠י לִֽ⁠ישׁוּעָ֑ה	1	he has become my salvation	Moses calls Yahweh his salvation because Yahweh saved him. Alternate translation: “he has saved me” or “he is the one who saves me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	15	2	rgtu	figs-parallelism	זֶ֤ה אֵלִ⁠י֙ וְ⁠אַנְוֵ֔⁠הוּ אֱלֹהֵ֥י אָבִ֖⁠י וַ⁠אֲרֹמְמֶֽ⁠נְהוּ	1	he has become my salvation	These lines are expressing very similar ideas for emphasis. If that is a normal way to make an emphatic (poetic) statement or if it would be understood in your language you can translate in a similar way. If, however, repetition like this would create a different meaning, find a structure in your language that would fit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
EXO	15	3	p1d5	figs-metaphor	יְהוָ֖ה אִ֣ישׁ מִלְחָמָ֑ה	1	Yahweh is a warrior	Moses calls Yahweh a **man of war** because he powerfully fought against the Egyptians and won. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is like a warrior” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	15	4	pc8d	figs-parallelism	מַרְכְּבֹ֥ת פַּרְעֹ֛ה וְ⁠חֵיל֖⁠וֹ יָרָ֣ה בַ⁠יָּ֑ם וּ⁠מִבְחַ֥ר שָֽׁלִשָׁ֖י⁠ו טֻבְּע֥וּ בְ⁠יַם־סֽוּף	1	He has thrown Pharaoh’s chariots and army into the sea	These lines are synonymous parallels where the second strengthens what is said in the first. Alternate translation: “He threw all of Pharaoh’s army into the sea, including the chariots; even his chosen officers sank in the sea of reeds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
EXO	15	4	p8w6	figs-metaphor	מַרְכְּבֹ֥ת פַּרְעֹ֛ה וְ⁠חֵיל֖⁠וֹ יָרָ֣ה בַ⁠יָּ֑ם	1	He has thrown Pharaoh’s chariots and army into the sea	Moses sings about Yahweh causing the sea to cover Pharaoh’s chariots and army as if Yahweh had thrown them into the sea. Alternate translation: “He has made Pharaoh’s chariot riders and army drown in the sea” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	15	5	5dlx	figs-parallelism	תְּהֹמֹ֖ת יְכַסְיֻ֑⁠מוּ יָרְד֥וּ בִ⁠מְצוֹלֹ֖ת כְּמוֹ־אָֽבֶן׃	1	they went down into the depths like a stone	These lines are synonymous parallels where the second clarifies what is said in the first. Alternate translation: “The deeps covered them; because they had descended into the depths like a stone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
EXO	15	5	nqe4	figs-simile	יָרְד֥וּ בִ⁠מְצוֹלֹ֖ת כְּמוֹ־אָֽבֶן	1	they went down into the depths like a stone	Just ***like a stone*** does not float but sinks to the bottom of the sea, the enemy soldiers sank to the bottom of the sea. Alternate translation: “they went down into the deep water like a stone sinking to the bottom of the sea” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
EXO	15	6	5es4	figs-parallelism	יְמִֽינְ⁠ךָ֣ יְהוָ֔ה נֶאְדָּרִ֖י בַּ⁠כֹּ֑חַ יְמִֽינְ⁠ךָ֥ יְהוָ֖ה תִּרְעַ֥ץ אוֹיֵֽב׃	1	Your right hand, Yahweh, is glorious in power	These lines are synonymous parallels where the second takes the abstract idea in the first and makes it concrete (though still with poetic imagery). Alternate translation: “Yahweh, you show how majestic in power your right hand is by shattering the enemy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
EXO	15	6	x1fz	figs-metonymy	יְמִֽינְ⁠ךָ֣ יְהוָ֔ה נֶאְדָּרִ֖י בַּ⁠כֹּ֑חַ	1	Your right hand, Yahweh, is glorious in power	Moses speaks of Yahweh as if Yahweh had hands. The **right hand** refers to Yahweh’s power or the things Yahweh does powerfully. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, your power is glorious” or “Yahweh, what you do is gloriously powerful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	15	6	p1u6	figs-metonymy	יְמִֽינְ⁠ךָ֥ יְהוָ֖ה תִּרְעַ֥ץ אוֹיֵֽב	1	your right hand, Yahweh, has shattered the enemy	Moses speaks of Yahweh as if Yahweh had hands. The **right hand** refers to Yahweh’s power. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, your power has shattered the enemy” or “Yahweh, by your power you have shattered the enemy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	15	6	rmd4	figs-metaphor	תִּרְעַ֥ץ אוֹיֵֽב	1	has shattered the enemy	Moses speaks of the enemy as if it were fragile and could be **shattered** like glass or pottery. Alternate translation: “completely destroys the enemy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	15	7	i2x4	figs-parallelism	תַּהֲרֹ֣ס קָמֶ֑י⁠ךָ תְּשַׁלַּח֙ חֲרֹ֣נְ⁠ךָ֔ יֹאכְלֵ֖⁠מוֹ כַּ⁠קַּֽשׁ	1	those who rose up against you	These lines are synonymous parallels where the second takes the abstract idea in the first portion (**you overthrow those who rise up against you**) and makes it concrete (though still with poetic imagery). Alternate translation: “you overthrow those who rise up against you by sending out your heat to devour them like stubble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
EXO	15	7	kmv4	figs-abstractnouns	וּ⁠בְ⁠רֹ֥ב גְּאוֹנְ⁠ךָ֖	1	those who rose up against you	If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract nouns **abundance** and **majesty** as an adverb and adjective respectively. Alternate translation: “You are abundantly majestic and” or "Because you are abundantly majestic” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO	15	7	nd3t	figs-metaphor	קָמֶ֑י⁠ךָ 	1	those who rose up against you	Rebelling against Yahweh is spoken of as rising up against him. Alternate translation: “those who rebel against you” or “your enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	15	7	kst4		חֲרֹ֣נְ⁠ךָ֔	1	You sent out your wrath	“your wrath” or “your fury”
EXO	15	7	glq7	figs-personification	תְּשַׁלַּח֙ חֲרֹ֣נְ⁠ךָ֔	1	You sent out your wrath	Moses speaks of Yahweh’s wrath (literally **heat**) as if it were a servant that Yahweh sent out to do something. Alternate translation: “You show your wrath” or “You acted according to your wrath” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
EXO	15	7	a5x7	figs-metaphor	יֹאכְלֵ֖⁠מוֹ כַּ⁠קַּֽשׁ׃	1	it consumed them like stubble	Moses speaks of God’s wrath as if it were fire that could completely burn up things. His enemies were completely destroyed like stubble in a fire. Alternate translation: “it completely destroys your enemies like a fire that burns up straw” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	15	7	guap	figs-simile	יֹאכְלֵ֖⁠מוֹ כַּ⁠קַּֽשׁ	1	By the blast of your nostrils	Here the enemies (or **those who rise up against** Yahweh) are pictured as if they were a highly flammable piece of dried grass. Alternate translation: “it devoured the enemy as if they were stubble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
EXO	15	8	ic8v	figs-personification	וּ⁠בְ⁠ר֤וּחַ אַפֶּ֨י⁠ךָ֙	1	By the blast of your nostrils	Moses speaks of God as if God had a nose, and he speaks of the wind as if God blew the wind from his nose. Alternate translation: “You blew on the sea and” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
EXO	15	8	qg9g	figs-activepassive	וּ⁠בְ⁠ר֤וּחַ אַפֶּ֨י⁠ךָ֙ נֶ֣עֶרְמוּ מַ֔יִם נִצְּב֥וּ כְמוֹ־נֵ֖ד נֹזְלִ֑ים	1	By the blast of your nostrils	This can be expressed with an active form. Alternate translation: “The blast of your nostrils piled the waters up and made the flowing waters stand upright in a heap” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	15	8	467e	figs-parallelism	נֶ֣עֶרְמוּ מַ֔יִם נִצְּב֥וּ כְמוֹ־נֵ֖ד נֹזְלִ֑ים קָֽפְא֥וּ תְהֹמֹ֖ת בְּ⁠לֶב־יָֽם	1	By the blast of your nostrils	These lines are synonymous parallels where each line means basically the same thing, but each gives the reader a different poetic image. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
EXO	15	8	uevt	figs-metaphor	בְּ⁠לֶב־יָֽם	1	By the blast of your nostrils	The center or deepest part of the sea is spoken of as if the sea had a **heart**. Alternate translation: “in the center of the sea” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	15	9	d8nk	figs-activepassive	תִּמְלָאֵ֣⁠מוֹ נַפְשִׁ֔⁠י	1	my desire will be satisfied on them	This can be expressed with an active form. Alternate translation: “I will satisfy my desire on them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	15	9	lu0e		תּוֹרִישֵׁ֖⁠מוֹ יָדִֽ⁠י	1	my hand will destroy them	The meaning of this phrase is unclear. The word translated **dispossess** could also mean ”possess” or ”inherit.” What seems clear is that the Egyptians plan to use their power to prevent the Israelites from possessing good things. Whether this is a reference back to **plunder** earlier in the verse, or to recapturing them as slaves, or to taking over the Israelites’ place in the land of Goshen, or of keeping them from reaching the promised land (of Yahweh’s possession, see [verse 17](../15/17.md) regarding where Yahweh will bring his people), or something else is not so clear. **Dispossess** was chosen rather than another term because the verb is in a causative form here. Alternate translation: “my hand will possess them” or “my hand will inherit them”
EXO	15	9	sm77	figs-metonymy	תּוֹרִישֵׁ֖⁠מוֹ יָדִֽ⁠י	1	my hand will destroy them	Here **hand** is used figuratively of the Egyptians’ power (that is, their military strength). Alternate translation: “my power will dispossess them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	15	10	yrj5	figs-metaphor	נָשַׁ֥פְתָּ בְ⁠רוּחֲ⁠ךָ֖	1	But you blew with your wind	Moses spoke about God making the wind blow as if God blew the wind through his nose or mouth. Alternate translation: “But you made the wind blow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	15	10	f7d3	figs-simile	צָֽלֲלוּ֙ כַּֽ⁠עוֹפֶ֔רֶת בְּ⁠מַ֖יִם אַדִּירִֽים	1	sank like lead in the mighty waters	**Lead** is a heavy metal that is commonly used to make things sink in water. It is used here to show how fast God’s enemies were destroyed. Alternate translation: “sank as fast as a heavy piece of metal in the deep turbulent waters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
EXO	15	11	wq2s	figs-rquestion	מִֽי־כָמֹ֤⁠כָה בָּֽ⁠אֵלִם֙ יְהוָ֔ה	1	Who is like you, Yahweh, among the gods?	Moses uses this question to show how great God is. Alternate translation: “O Yahweh, no one is like you among the gods!” or “Yahweh, none of the gods is like you!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
EXO	15	11	pp57	figs-rquestion	מִ֥י כָּמֹ֖⁠כָה נֶאְדָּ֣ר בַּ⁠קֹּ֑דֶשׁ נוֹרָ֥א תְהִלֹּ֖ת עֹ֥שֵׂה פֶֽלֶא	1	Who is like you,…doing miracles?	Moses uses this question to show how great God is. Alternate translation: “No one is like you. No one is majestic in holiness as you are, no one is honored in praises as you are, and no one does miracles as you do!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
EXO	15	12	cid8	figs-metonymy	יְמִ֣ינְ⁠ךָ֔ 	1	with your right hand	The phrase **right hand** represents the strong power of God. Alternate translation: “with your strong power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	15	12	bkg2	figs-metaphor	נָטִ֨יתָ֙ יְמִ֣ינְ⁠ךָ֔	1	You reached out with your right hand	Moses speaks about God causing something to happen as if God reached out with his hand. Alternate translation: “With your strong power you made it happen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	15	12	g7bv	figs-personification	תִּבְלָעֵ֖⁠מוֹ אָֽרֶץ	1	the earth swallowed them	Moses personifies the earth as if it could swallow or devour with it’s mouth. Alternate translation: “the earth devoured them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
EXO	15	13	cvea	figs-parallelism	נָחִ֥יתָ בְ⁠חַסְדְּ⁠ךָ֖ עַם־ז֣וּ גָּאָ֑לְתָּ נֵהַ֥לְתָּ בְ⁠עָזְּ⁠ךָ֖	1	the earth swallowed them	These lines are structural parallels where the lines are saying similar things but the parallelism is more in the construction of the lines. **In your** is repeated and the concepts of **led** and **guided** are very similar to one another. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
EXO	15	14	qlpy	figs-parallelism		1	tremble	Verses 14-16a form a complex parallel structure where things are repeated in reverse. (See the [introduction to chapter 15](../15/intro.md) and  [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
EXO	15	14	zi1m		יִרְגָּז֑וּ⁠ן 	1	tremble	This means to shake because you are afraid.
EXO	15	14	uqf7	figs-personification	חִ֣יל אָחַ֔ז יֹשְׁבֵ֖י פְּלָֽשֶׁת	1	terror will seize the inhabitants of Philistia	Moses speaks of **terror** as if it were a person that could forcefully grab hold of someone and make them extremely afraid. Alternate translation: “the inhabitants of Philistia will be afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
EXO	15	15	qyix	figs-personification	אֵילֵ֣י מוֹאָ֔ב יֹֽאחֲזֵ֖⁠מוֹ רָ֑עַד	1	terror will seize the inhabitants of Philistia	Moses speaks of **trembling** as if it were a person that could forcefully grab hold of someone and make them extremely afraid. Alternate translation: “the leaders of Moab will be afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
EXO	15	15	ya48	figs-metaphor	נָמֹ֕גוּ 	1	will melt away	Moses uses the phrase, **melted away,** to speak of people becoming weak because of their fear. Alternate translation: “became weak from fear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	15	16	nk67	figs-doublet	תִּפֹּ֨ל עֲלֵי⁠הֶ֤ם אֵימָ֨תָ⁠ה֙ וָ⁠פַ֔חַד	1	Terror and dread will fall on them	**Terror and dread** form a doublet meaning “very afraid.” Alternate translation: “They will become very afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
EXO	15	16	kbt5	figs-metaphor	תִּפֹּ֨ל עֲלֵי⁠הֶ֤ם אֵימָ֨תָ⁠ה֙ וָ⁠פַ֔חַד	1	Terror and dread will fall on them	**Terror and dread** are pictured as physical objects that could **fall on** people. The image might be of them crushing people or being a heavy weight that people struggle under (however, the image is not specified). It means that the people will feel the emotions of terror and dread very strongly. Alternate translation: “They will be overwhelmed with feelings of terror and dread” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	15	16	t2yp	figs-metonymy	בִּ⁠גְדֹ֥ל זְרוֹעֲ⁠ךָ֖	1	Because of your arm’s power	God’s arm represents his great strength. Alternate translation: “Because of your great strength” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	15	16	umm7	figs-simile	יִדְּמ֣וּ כָּ⁠אָ֑בֶן	1	they will become as still as a stone	Possible meanings are (1) “They will be silent like stone” or (2) “They will be motionless as stone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
EXO	15	17	n5i5	figs-explicit	תְּבִאֵ֗⁠מוֹ וְ⁠תִטָּעֵ֨⁠מוֹ֙	1	You will bring them	Where God would bring them can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “You will take your people to Canaan and plant them there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	15	17	u26j	figs-go	תְּבִאֵ֗⁠מוֹ	1	You will bring them	Since Moses was not already in Canaan, some languages would use “take” rather than **bring.** Alternate translation: “You will take them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
EXO	15	17	t6wg	figs-metaphor	וְ⁠תִטָּעֵ֨⁠מוֹ֙ בְּ⁠הַ֣ר	1	plant them on the mountain	Moses speaks about God giving his people the land to live in as if they were a plant that God was planting. Alternate translation: “settle them on the mountain of” or “let them live on the mountain of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	15	17	p7kb		בְּ⁠הַ֣ר נַחֲלָֽתְ⁠ךָ֔	1	the mountain of your inheritance	This refers to Mount Zion in the land of Canaan.
EXO	15	17	ie26	figs-metaphor	בְּ⁠הַ֣ר נַחֲלָֽתְ⁠ךָ֔	1	of your inheritance	Moses speaks about God promising to give his people **the mountain** forever as if he were giving it to them as an inheritance. Alternate translation: “on the mountain that you have given them as an inheritance” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	15	17	ytz3	figs-metonymy	כּוֹנְנ֥וּ יָדֶֽי⁠ךָ׃	1	that your hands have built	The phrase **your hands** refers to God’s power. Alternate translation: “that you have built by your power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	15	18	4t2l		יְהוָ֥ה׀ יִמְלֹ֖ךְ לְ⁠עֹלָ֥ם וָ⁠עֶֽד	1	that your hands have built	“Yahweh reigns forever and ever”
EXO	15	20	g7s6	translate-names	מִרְיָ֨ם 	1	Miriam…Aaron	Miriam was the older sister of Moses and Aaron. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	15	20	gam2	translate-unknown	הַ⁠תֹּ֖ף …בְּ⁠תֻפִּ֖ים 	1	tambourine	This is a musical instrument like a small drum that also has pieces of metal around the side that make a sound when shaken. Alternate translation: “timbrel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	15	20	4f9k	figs-hyperbole	וַ⁠תֵּצֶ֤אןָ כָֽל־הַ⁠נָּשִׁים֙ אַחֲרֶ֔י⁠הָ בְּ⁠תֻפִּ֖ים וּ⁠בִ⁠מְחֹלֹֽת	1	tambourine	Here, **all** may be a generalization, it may not have been every woman. It could be better to translate as a restrictive clause as in the UST. Alternate translation: “and every woman who went out after her had a tambourine and danced” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
EXO	15	21	f6m3	figs-explicit	גָאֹ֣ה גָּאָ֔ה	1	he has triumphed gloriously	It can be stated explicitly over whom Yahweh triumphed. See how you translated this in [Exodus 15:1](../15/01.md). Alternate translation: “he has achieved a glorious victory over the army of Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	15	21	hvu1	figs-metaphor	ס֥וּס וְ⁠רֹכְב֖⁠וֹ רָמָ֥ה בַ⁠יָּֽם	1	The horse and his rider he has thrown into the sea	Miriam sang about God causing the sea to cover and drown the horse and rider as if God had thrown them into the sea. See how you translated this in [Exodus 15:1](../15/01.md). Alternate translation: “he has made the horse and rider drown in the sea” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	15	22	iw9n	grammar-collectivenouns	יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ 	1	Moses led Israel	The word **Israel** represents the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “Moses led the Israelite people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
EXO	15	22	c7pe	translate-names	מִדְבַּר־שׁ֑וּר	1	wilderness of Shur	We do not know the exact locations of this place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	15	23	a9pv	translate-names	מָרָ֔תָ⁠ה 	1	Marah	We do not know the exact locations of this place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	15	24	n64m		וַ⁠יִּלֹּ֧נוּ הָ⁠עָ֛ם עַל־מֹשֶׁ֥ה	1	complained to Moses and said	**Murmur** is a very strong term for “grumble” or “complain” that is used to describe the Israelites’ attitude throughout their time in the wilderness. It occurs several times in Exodus and Numbers. Alternate translation: “And the people were unhappy and told Moses” or “And the people angrily told Moses”
EXO	15	26	l2hx	figs-123person	לְ⁠ק֣וֹל׀ יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֶ֗י⁠ךָ	1	the voice of Yahweh your God	Yahweh is speaking about his own voice. Alternate translation: “to my voice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
EXO	15	26	86p8	figs-metonymy	לְ⁠ק֣וֹל׀ יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֶ֗י⁠ךָ	1	the voice of Yahweh your God	Yahweh’s voice represents what he says. Alternate translation: “to what I say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	15	26	sq5x	figs-metaphor	וְ⁠הַ⁠יָּשָׁ֤ר בְּ⁠עֵינָי⁠ו֙ תַּעֲשֶׂ֔ה	1	do what is right in his eyes	The eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. Alternate translation: “and do what Yahweh considers to be right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	15	26	4e63	figs-metaphor	וְ⁠הַֽאֲזַנְתָּ֙ לְ⁠מִצְוֺתָ֔י⁠ו	1	do what is right in his eyes	The **ear** represents listening and listening represents obeying. Alternate translation: “and you carefully obey his commands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	15	26	m4cn	figs-metaphor	כָּֽל־הַ⁠מַּֽחֲלָ֞ה אֲשֶׁר־שַׂ֤מְתִּי בְ⁠מִצְרַ֨יִם֙ לֹא־אָשִׂ֣ים עָלֶ֔י⁠ךָ	1	I will put on you none of the diseases	God speaks of causing people to have diseases as putting diseases on them. Alternate translation: “I will not cause any of you to have the diseases that I cause the Egyptians to have” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	15	27	did8	translate-names	אֵילִ֔מָ⁠ה 	1	Elim	This is an oasis in the desert, a place with water and shade trees. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	15	27	ark9	translate-numbers		1	twelve	“twelve” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EXO	15	27	p64y	translate-numbers	וְ⁠שִׁבְעִ֣ים 	1	seventy	“and seventy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EXO	16	intro	nkd7			0		# Exodus 16 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Complaints<br>After complaining about the water, the Israelites complained that they had less food than in Egypt. This is intended to show their ungratefulness and their sinful view of Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])<br><br>### Prohibition against storing food<br>The people were not allowed to store the food, called manna, that Yahweh provided to them. This is because they were to trust in Yahweh to provide for their needs every day. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])<br><br>### Sabbath<br>This is the first recorded celebration of the Sabbath rest. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sabbath]])<br><br>## Possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Bread as food<br>Yahweh speaks of the food that he will send as if it were bread. The manna he gave them was perhaps not literally bread. The Israelites would eat this food every day, just as they had eaten bread every day before this. Alternate translations: “food” or “food like bread” (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/bread]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])<br><br>### Chronology<br>[Verses 34](../../exo/16/34.md)-36 are written from a much later perspective. Translators will need to find a way to show that this portion gives background information from a much later point (at least 40 years).<br><br>### Ark of the covenant<br>Related to the chronology issue, although the covenant has not yet been made, it is referenced in [Exodus 16:34](../../exo/16/34.md). This is probably an editorial comment made after these events. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])<br><br>### Wilderness of Sin<br>Sin is the name of a part of the Sinai Wilderness. It is the description of a place, and it has nothing to do with sinning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	16	1	gw67	translate-names	סִ֔ין 	1	wilderness of Sin	The word **Sin** here is the Hebrew name of the wilderness. It is not the English word “sin.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	16	1	h44x	translate-hebrewmonths	בַּ⁠חֲמִשָּׁ֨ה עָשָׂ֥ר יוֹם֙ לַ⁠חֹ֣דֶשׁ הַ⁠שֵּׁנִ֔י	1	on the fifteenth day of the second month	This time coincides with the end of April and the beginning of May on Western calendars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]])
EXO	16	1	u2aq	translate-ordinal	בַּ⁠חֲמִשָּׁ֨ה עָשָׂ֥ר יוֹם֙ לַ⁠חֹ֣דֶשׁ הַ⁠שֵּׁנִ֔י	1	on the fifteenth day of the second month	“on day 15 of the second month” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
EXO	16	2	h938	figs-hyperbole	וַיִּלּ֜וֹנוּ כָּל־עֲדַ֧ת בְּנֵי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֛ל	1	The whole community of Israelites complained	Here, **all** is a generalization. Alternate translation: “And many of the community of the sons of Israel murmured” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
EXO	16	2	nx6f		וַיִּלּ֜וֹנוּ	1	complained	“And … were angry and spoke”
EXO	16	3	nwy6	figs-hypo	מִֽי־יִתֵּ֨ן מוּתֵ֤⁠נוּ	1	If only we had died	This is a way of saying that they wished that they had died. It is a hypothetical past statement. Alternate translation: “We wish that we had died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
EXO	16	3	g1n1	figs-metonymy	בְ⁠יַד־יְהוָה֙	1	by Yahweh’s hand	The phrase **the hand of Yahweh** represents Yahweh’s action. Alternate translation: “by Yahweh’s action” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	16	4	kls5	figs-metaphor	מַמְטִ֥יר לָ⁠כֶ֛ם לֶ֖חֶם מִן־הַ⁠שָּׁמָ֑יִם	1	I will rain down bread from heaven for you	God speaks of food coming down from heaven as if it were rain. Alternate translation: “make bread come down from heaven like rain” or “make bread fall to you from the sky” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	16	4	yew5		בְּ⁠תוֹרָתִ֖⁠י 	1	my law	“in my instruction”
EXO	16	5	p1f6		וְ⁠הָיָה֙ בַּ⁠יּ֣וֹם הַ⁠שִּׁשִּׁ֔י וְ⁠הֵכִ֖ינוּ	1	It will come about on the sixth day, that they	“It will happen on the sixth day that they will prepare” or “On the sixth day they will prepare”
EXO	16	5	cl74	translate-ordinal	בַּ⁠יּ֣וֹם הַ⁠שִּׁשִּׁ֔י	1	on the sixth day	“on day 6” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
EXO	16	5	t5il		מִשְׁנֶ֔ה 	1	twice	two times
EXO	16	7	zb21	figs-rquestion	וְ⁠נַ֣חְנוּ מָ֔ה כִּ֥י תלונו עָלֵֽי⁠נוּ	1	Who are we for you to complain against us?	Moses and Aaron used this question to show the people that it was foolish to complain against them. Alternate translation: “We are not powerful enough for you to complain against us.” or “It is foolish to complain against us, because we cannot do what you want.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
EXO	16	8	pn4e	figs-rquestion	וְ⁠נַ֣חְנוּ מָ֔ה	1	Who are Aaron and I?	Moses used this question to show the people that he and Aaron did not have the power to give them what they wanted. Alternate translation: “Aaron and I cannot give you what you want.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
EXO	16	8	vdr8	figs-explicit	וְ⁠נַ֣חְנוּ מָ֔ה לֹא־עָלֵ֥י⁠נוּ תְלֻנֹּתֵי⁠כֶ֖ם כִּ֥י עַל־יְהוָֽה	1	Your complaints are not against us; they are against Yahweh	The people were complaining against Moses and Aaron, who were Yahweh’s servants. So by complaining against them, the people were really complaining against Yahweh. Alternate translation: “Your complaints are not really against us; they are against Yahweh, because we are his servants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	16	9	7jpf	figs-quotesinquotes	וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר מֹשֶׁה֙ אֶֽל־אַהֲרֹ֔ן אֱמֹ֗ר אֶֽל־כָּל־עֲדַת֙ בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל קִרְב֖וּ	1	Your complaints are not against us; they are against Yahweh	There are two layers of quotes here. You may want to translate one or the other as an indirect quotation in order to reduce the layers of quotations in this passage. Alternative translation: “And Moses told Aaron to tell all of the congregation of the sons of Israel, “Approach” or “And Moses told Aaron, “Tell all of the congregation of the sons of Israel to approach” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]])
EXO	16	10	q4ax		וַ⁠יְהִ֗י 	1	It came about	This phrase is used here to mark an important event in the story. The important event here is the people seeing Yahweh’s glory. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here.
EXO	16	10	b6rp		וְ⁠הִנֵּה֙ 	1	behold	The word **behold** here shows that the people saw something interesting.
EXO	16	13	aas8		וַ⁠יְהִ֣י	1	It came about…that	This phrase is used here to mark an important part of the events. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here.
EXO	16	13	eu1x	translate-unknown	הַ⁠שְּׂלָ֔ו 	1	quails	These are small, plump birds. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	16	14	k5lb	translate-unknown	כַּ⁠כְּפֹ֖ר	1	like frost	Frost is frozen dew that forms on the ground. It is very fine. (See:  [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	16	14	jern	figs-simile	כַּ⁠כְּפֹ֖ר	1	like frost	The original readers knew what frost is like, so this phrase would help them understand what the flakes were like.  Alternate translation: “that looked like frost” or “that was fine like frost” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
EXO	16	16	gotf		אִ֖ישׁ לְ⁠פִ֣י אָכְל֑⁠וֹ	1	omer	“according to how much each will eat”
EXO	16	16	fqp9	translate-bvolume	עֹ֣מֶר 	1	omer	2 liters (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume]])
EXO	16	16	mnwy		עֹ֣מֶר לַ⁠גֻּלְגֹּ֗לֶת מִסְפַּר֙ נַפְשֹׁ֣תֵי⁠כֶ֔ם אִ֛ישׁ לַ⁠אֲשֶׁ֥ר בְּ⁠אָהֳל֖⁠וֹ תִּקָּֽחוּ	1	omer	“take an omer per person according to how many people are in the gatherer’s tent”
EXO	16	20	itjo		וַ⁠יָּ֥רֻם תּוֹלָעִ֖ים	1	omer	“and it decayed with worms”
EXO	16	21	jd5t		אִ֖ישׁ כְּ⁠פִ֣י אָכְל֑⁠וֹ	1	omer	“everyone according to how much they would eat” or “everyone according to how many people they had to feed”
EXO	16	22	nrx8	writing-newevent	וַ⁠יְהִ֣י	1	It came about that	This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of a new part of the story. Verses 16:22-30 tell about what the people did concerning the manna on the sixth and seventh days of the week. If your language has a way for marking this as a new part of the story, you could consider using it here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
EXO	16	22	xk6x	translate-ordinal	בַּ⁠יּ֣וֹם הַ⁠שִּׁשִּׁ֗י	1	on the sixth day	“on day 6” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
EXO	16	22	zj1u		מִשְׁנֶ֔ה 	1	twice	“two times as much”
EXO	16	22	f4j9		לֶ֨חֶם֙ 	1	bread	This refers to the bread that appeared as thin flakes on the ground each morning.
EXO	16	23	wc4a		שַׁבָּת֧וֹן שַׁבַּת־קֹ֛דֶשׁ לַֽ⁠יהוָ֖ה	1	a solemn rest	“is a day to stop working completely and dedicate to Yahweh”
EXO	16	24	y4d9		וְ⁠לֹ֣א הִבְאִ֔ישׁ	1	did not become foul	“And it did not smell rotten”
EXO	16	25	pr1p		כִּֽי־שַׁבָּ֥ת הַ⁠יּ֖וֹם לַ⁠יהוָ֑ה	1	today is a day reserved as a Sabbath to honor Yahweh	“today is a Sabbath, a day to honor Yahweh by not working”
EXO	16	26	jv77	translate-ordinal	וּ⁠בַ⁠יּ֧וֹם הַ⁠שְּׁבִיעִ֛י	1	but the seventh day	“but on day seven” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
EXO	16	27	qf14		וְ⁠לֹ֖א מָצָֽאוּ	1	they found none	“but they did not find any manna”
EXO	16	28	e1vx	figs-rquestion	עַד־אָ֨נָה֙ מֵֽאַנְתֶּ֔ם לִ⁠שְׁמֹ֥ר מִצְוֺתַ֖⁠י וְ⁠תוֹרֹתָֽ⁠י	1	How long will you refuse to keep my commandments and my laws?	God used this question to scold the people because they did not obey his laws. Alternate translation: “You people still do not keep my commandments and laws!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
EXO	16	28	q41d	figs-youcrowd	מֵֽאַנְתֶּ֔ם 	1	General Information:	Yahweh speaks to Moses, but the word **you** refers to the people of Israel in general. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd]])
EXO	16	28	vnq7		לִ⁠שְׁמֹ֥ר מִצְוֺתַ֖⁠י וְ⁠תוֹרֹתָֽ⁠י	1	to keep my commandments and my laws	“to obey my commandments and my laws”
EXO	16	29	p22l	figs-metaphor	כִּֽי־יְהוָה֮ נָתַ֣ן לָ⁠כֶ֣ם הַ⁠שַּׁבָּת֒	1	Yahweh has given you the Sabbath	Yahweh speaks about teaching people to rest on the Sabbath as if the Sabbath were a gift. Alternate translation: “I, Yahweh, have taught you to rest on the Sabbath” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	16	29	dt58	translate-ordinal	בַּ⁠יּ֥וֹם הַ⁠שִּׁשִּׁ֖י…בַּ⁠יּ֥וֹם הַ⁠שְּׁבִיעִֽי	1	sixth day…two days…seventh day	“on day 6 … on day 7” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
EXO	16	29	y8wf		לֶ֣חֶם 	1	bread	This refers to the bread that appeared as thin flakes on the ground each morning.
EXO	16	29	5i2z		יוֹמָ֑יִם	1	bread	“for 2 days”
EXO	16	31	r1a5	translate-unknown	כְּ⁠זֶ֤רַע גַּד֙ לָבָ֔ן	1	coriander seed	**Coriander** is an herb also known as cilantro. People eat both the leaves and seeds. People dry the seeds and grind them into a powder and put it in food to give it flavor. Alternate translation: “like a small white seed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	16	31	vrl4		כְּ⁠צַפִּיחִ֥ת 	1	wafers	**Wafers** are very thin biscuits or crackers.
EXO	16	33	7lup	figs-metonymy	לִ⁠פְנֵ֣י יְהוָ֔ה	1	wafers	Here, **face** figuratively represents the presence of Yahweh. Alternate translation: “in the presence of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])<br>
EXO	16	34	x9vr	writing-background		1	wafers	Verses 34-36 provide a later commentary on the chapter. If your language has a way of marking background information you may want to use it starting from verse 34 or verse 35. You may want to leave verse 34 more connected to verse 33 even though it references the **Covenant** which has not been given yet. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
EXO	16	34	jzcz	figs-metonymy	לִ⁠פְנֵ֥י הָ⁠עֵדֻ֖ת	1	wafers	Here, **face** figuratively represents being near the **Covenant.** Alternate translation: “near the Covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	16	36	g8ns	translate-bvolume	וְ⁠הָ⁠עֹ֕מֶר עֲשִׂרִ֥ית הָ⁠אֵיפָ֖ה הֽוּא	1	Now an omer is a tenth of an ephah	An omer and an ephah are both containers for measuring volume. The original readers would have known how much an ephah was. This sentence would help them know how much an omer was.(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume]])
EXO	16	36	a9uh	translate-fraction	וְ⁠הָ⁠עֹ֕מֶר עֲשִׂרִ֥ית הָ⁠אֵיפָ֖ה הֽוּא	1	Now an omer is a tenth of an ephah	For languages that do not use fractions, this can be reworded. Alternate translation: “Now ten omers equal one ephah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]])
EXO	17	intro	f12q			0		# Exodus 17 General Notes<br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Rhetorical Questions<br>Moses uses several rhetorical questions in this chapter. The purpose of these questions is to convince people of their sin. Likewise, the people’s rhetorical question showed their ignorance. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Wilderness of Sin<br>Sin is the name of a part of the Sinai Wilderness. It is not the description of a place, and it has nothing to do with sinning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])<br><br><br>### Naming<br>As in the last couple of chapters, places and things are named for what happens in that location. In this chapter is Massah (which means “test”), Meribah (“arguing”), and an alter named “Yahweh is my Banner” because Yahweh will be at war with the Amalekites forever.
EXO	17	1	jzz5	writing-newevent	וַ֠⁠יִּסְעוּ כָּל־עֲדַ֨ת בְּנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֧ל	1	wilderness of Sin	A new scene begins here, which may need to be marked in a certain way in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
EXO	17	1	h1li	translate-names	סִ֛ין 	1	wilderness of Sin	The word “Sin” here is the Hebrew name of the wilderness. It is not the English word “sin.” See how you translated this in [Exodus 16:1](../16/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	17	1	e7jv	figs-metonymy	עַל־פִּ֣י יְהוָ֑ה	1	wilderness of Sin	Here, **mouth** is a refers figuratively to Yahweh’s commands (that is, what he says to do). Alternate translation: “at the command of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	17	1	j1fm	translate-names	בִּ⁠רְפִידִ֔ים 	1	Rephidim	**Rephidim** means “the resting place,” a place to rest on long journeys through the wilderness. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	17	2	hr9b	figs-rquestion	מַה־תְּרִיבוּ⁠ן֙ עִמָּדִ֔⁠י מַה־תְּנַסּ֖וּ⁠ן אֶת־יְהוָֽה	1	Why do you quarrel with me? Why do you test Yahweh?	Moses uses these questions to scold the people. Alternate translation: “You should not quarrel with me! You should not test Yahweh!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
EXO	17	3	cz24	figs-rquestion	לָ֤⁠מָּה זֶּה֙ הֶעֱלִיתָ֣⁠נוּ מִ⁠מִּצְרַ֔יִם לְ⁠הָמִ֥ית אֹתִ֛⁠י וְ⁠אֶת־בָּנַ֥⁠י וְ⁠אֶת־מִקְנַ֖⁠י בַּ⁠צָּמָֽא	1	To kill us and our children and our cattle with thirst?	The people use this question to accuse Moses of wanting to kill them. Alternate translation: “You only brought us out here to kill us and our children and cattle by not letting us have any water to drink!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
EXO	17	6	nspc	figs-metonymy	לְ⁠פָנֶ֨י⁠ךָ	1	To kill us and our children and our cattle with thirst?	Here, **before your face** means “in front of”. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])<br>
EXO	17	7	x5an	translate-names	מַסָּ֖ה 	1	Massah	**Massah** is a place in the desert whose name means “testing” in Hebrew. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	17	7	hw7y	translate-names	וַ⁠יִּקְרָא֙ 	1	Meribah	**Meribah** is a place in the desert whose name means “complaining” in Hebrew. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	17	7	m55e		אִם־אָֽיִן	1	Meribah	In some languages it may be unnatural to explicitly have the negative option included in this question or to have it at the end. It may be omitted or relocated in the question if that is the case.
EXO	17	8	nyt1	writing-newevent	וַ⁠יָּבֹ֖א עֲמָלֵ֑ק 	1	Rephidim	A new scene begins here, which may need to be marked in a certain way in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])<br><br>
EXO	17	8	hi3u	grammar-collectivenouns	עֲמָלֵ֑ק…יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל	1	Rephidim	**Amalek** and **Israel** are both collective nouns that refer to the nations (people groups) descended from that individual. Alternate translation: “the Amalekites … the Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
EXO	17	8	srdq	writing-participants	עֲמָלֵ֑ק 	1	Rephidim	**Amalek** or the Amalekites are a completely new participant in the story which you may need to point out in your translation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
EXO	17	8	rv14	translate-names	בִּ⁠רְפִידִֽם	1	Rephidim	**Rephidim** was the name of a place in the desert. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	17	9	iktn	translate-names	יְהוֹשֻׁ֨עַ֙ 	1	Rephidim	This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	17	9	0oi0	writing-participants	יְהוֹשֻׁ֨עַ֙ 	1	Rephidim	**Joshua** is a completely new participant in the story which you may need to point out in your translation. He is a major character. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
EXO	17	10	ca3g	figs-synecdoche	וַ⁠יַּ֣עַשׂ יְהוֹשֻׁ֗עַ כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֤ר אָֽמַר־ל⁠וֹ֙ מֹשֶׁ֔ה לְ⁠הִלָּחֵ֖ם בַּ⁠עֲמָלֵ֑ק	1	So Joshua fought Amalek	**Joshua** represents himself and the Israelites that he led into battle. Alternate translation: “And, as Moses instructed, Joshua and the men he chose fought against the Amalekites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
EXO	17	10	wy51	translate-names	וְ⁠ח֔וּר 	1	Hur	Hur was a friend of Moses and Aaron. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	17	10	itcx	writing-participants	וְ⁠ח֔וּר 	1	Hur	**Hur** is a new participant in the story which you may need to point out in your translation. However, he is a very minor character. He only appears in this passage and once much later in the book, so you may not need to highlight him at all. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
EXO	17	11	x5ex	figs-synecdoche	וְ⁠גָבַ֣ר יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל…וְ⁠גָבַ֥ר עֲמָלֵֽק	1	Israel was winning…Amalek would begin to win	The words “Israel” and “Amalek” represent the fighters from those groups. Alternate translation: “the Israelite fighters were winning … the Amalekite fighters would begin to win” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
EXO	17	12	hxt8	figs-metonymy	וִ⁠ידֵ֤י מֹשֶׁה֙ כְּבֵדִ֔ים	1	hands became heavy	The author writes of Moses’ arms becoming tired as if his hands became heavy. Alternate translation: “And Moses’ arms became tired” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	17	12	js2p		מִ⁠זֶּ֤ה אֶחָד֙ וּ⁠מִ⁠זֶּ֣ה אֶחָ֔ד	1	hands became heavy	“one on one side, and one on the other”
EXO	17	13	plp3	figs-metonymy	לְ⁠פִי־חָֽרֶב	1	with the sword	The sword represents battle. Alternate translation: “in the battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	17	14	c5rl	figs-metaphor	מָחֹ֤ה אֶמְחֶה֙ אֶת־זֵ֣כֶר עֲמָלֵ֔ק	1	I will completely blot out the memory of Amalek	God speaks of destroying Amalek as if he were removing people’s memory of Amalek. When a group of people is completely destroyed, there is nothing to remind people about them. Alternate translation: “I will completely destroy Amalek” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	17	14	jm77	figs-metonymy	עֲמָלֵ֔ק 	1	Amalek	This refers to the Amalekites. Alternate translation: Amalekites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	17	14	n42j	figs-metonymy	מִ⁠תַּ֖חַת הַ⁠שָּׁמָֽיִם	1	Amalek	This phrase is used to represent all people everywhere. Alternate translation: “from all people every where” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	17	15	fneg		נִסִּֽ⁠י	1	Amalek	**Banner** is something lifted up high, perhaps like a flag, that people can see from a distance and follow. Alternate translation: “is my military standard” or “is my guidon”
EXO	17	16	lr14		כִּֽי־יָד֙ עַל־כֵּ֣ס יָ֔הּ	1	Amalek	The Hebrew here is very difficult and there are a variety of opinions regarding the meaning. Questions include: 1) Whose hand is referred to? Amalek’s, Yahweh’s, or Moses’? 2) What is the hand on (or against)? Yahweh’s throne or banner? 3) What is the meaning of the preposition meaning on, against, or above? What does that signify? Rebellion, or taking an oath, or holding onto a symbol of power? If there is another translation in your region, it may be best to simply follow the interpretation it gives. Alternate translation: “Because a hand was on the throne of Yah” or “Because a hand was on the banner of Yah”
EXO	17	16	sw1q		מִלְחָמָ֥ה לַ⁠יהוָ֖ה בַּֽ⁠עֲמָלֵ֑ק	1	Amalek	This phrase has no verbs in Hebrew. You may need to translate the noun **war** as a verb. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will make war with Amalek” or “Yahweh will war against Amalek”
EXO	18	intro	t8g2			0		# Exodus 18 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Leadership lessons<br>Jethro taught Moses an important leadership lesson in this chapter. Many scholars look at this chapter for important leadership lessons. Moses delegated some of his responsibilities to other godly men so that he would not become worn out by all the demands made of him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]])<br><br><br>## Possible translation difficulties<br>### Order of events<br>The timing of the events in [verse 2](../18/02.md) is not clear and whatever their timing, may be difficult to translate. The question is: Is Jethro’s **taking** Zipporah related to the past event of Moses sending her back to him at some otherwise unmentioned point in time, or is Jethro’s **taking** related to his coming to meet Moses in [verse 5](../18/05.md). <br><br>### Verse 11<br>[Verse 11](../18/11.md) is difficult in the original and requires interpretation.<br><br>### God and Yahweh<br>For this chapter God, who is named Yahweh, is mostly referred to as God instead by his name as is usual in much of the rest of the book. Translations should not suggest that they are not different beings.<br><br>### Kinship: Father-in-law<br>Jethro is the father of Moses’ wife. Some languages may make a distinction between that and a woman’s father-in-law. If that is the case, note it in verses: 1-2, 5-8, 12, 14-15, 17, 24, and 27. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-kinship]])<br><br><br>### Participant reference<br>Jethro is often referred to simply as the father-in-law of Moses in this chapter. He is also named explicitly an unusually high number of times (it would be more usual to have more pronouns referring to him). This is likely to emphasize his familial ties and authority (or honored status). Some languages may need to use alter the way he is referred to for naturalness or to convey the same sense of familial ties and authority (or honored status).
EXO	18	1	nl86	figs-kinship	חֹתֵ֣ן מֹשֶׁ֔ה	1	Moses’ father-in-law	This refers to the father of the wife of Moses. Some languages may have a different term for a man’s father-in-law than for a woman’s. Note also in verses: 2, 5-8, 12, 14-15, 17, 24, and 27. Alternate translation: “the father of the wife of Moses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-kinship]])
EXO	18	2	zw6h		וַ⁠יִּקַּ֗ח יִתְרוֹ֙ חֹתֵ֣ן מֹשֶׁ֔ה אֶת־צִפֹּרָ֖ה אֵ֣שֶׁת מֹשֶׁ֑ה	1	took Zipporah, Moses’ wife	Possible meanings are (1) Jethro took Zipporah to Moses, or (2) Jethro had earlier welcomed back Zipporah.
EXO	18	2	chy6	figs-explicit	אַחַ֖ר שִׁלּוּחֶֽי⁠הָ	1	after he had sent her home	This is something Moses had done earlier. The full meaning of the can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “after Moses had sent her home to her father” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	18	3	khs1		וְ⁠אֵ֖ת שְׁנֵ֣י בָנֶ֑י⁠הָ	1	and her two sons	This is the ending of the sentence that begins with the words **Jethro…took Zipporah** in [verse 2](../18/02.md). Possible meanings are (1) Jethro took Zipporah and her two sons to Moses, or (2) Jethro had earlier welcomed back Zipporah and her two sons.
EXO	18	3	k4mb	translate-names	גֵּֽרְשֹׁ֔ם	1	Gershom	This is a son of Moses and Zipporah, whose name means “foreigner.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	18	4	xi35	translate-names	אֱלִיעֶ֑זֶר 	1	Eliezer	This is a son of Moses and Zipporah, whose name means “God is the one who helps me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	18	4	z2km	figs-metonymy	מֵ⁠חֶ֥רֶב פַּרְעֹֽה	1	Pharaoh’s sword	This represents being killed by Pharaoh or Pharaoh’s army. Alternate translation: “from being killed by Pharaoh” or “from being killed by Pharaoh’s army” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	18	5	203e		וּ⁠בָנָ֥י⁠ו 	1	where he was camped	“with his sons”
EXO	18	7	s5p2	translate-symaction	וַ⁠יִּשְׁתַּ֨חוּ֙ וַ⁠יִּשַּׁק־ל֔⁠וֹ	1	bowed down, and kissed him	These symbolic acts were the normal way that people showed great respect and devotion in that culture. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
EXO	18	8	rkq2	figs-metonymy	עַ֖ל אוֹדֹ֣ת יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל	1	for Israel’s sake	The word **Israel** represents the Israelite people. Alternate translation: “in order to help the Israelite people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	18	8	a1ra	figs-metaphor	כָּל־הַ⁠תְּלָאָה֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר מְצָאָ֣תַ⁠ם	1	all the hardships that had come to them	Moses writes of hardships happening to them as if hardships had come to them. Alternate translation: “all the hardships that had happened to them” or “how they had many hard experiences” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	18	9	wp1p	figs-metonymy	מִ⁠יַּ֥ד מִצְרָֽיִם	1	the hand of the Egyptians	The hand represents the power of someone to do something. Alternate translation: “the power of the Egyptians” or “from what the Egyptians were doing to them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	18	10	nrv7	figs-metonymy	מִ⁠יַּ֥ד מִצְרַ֖יִם וּ⁠מִ⁠יַּ֣ד פַּרְעֹ֑ה…מִ⁠תַּ֖חַת יַד־מִצְרָֽיִם	1	the hand of the Egyptians…the hand of Pharaoh	The hand represents the power of someone to do something. Alternate translation: “from the power of the Egyptians and from the power of Pharaoh … from the power of the Egyptians” or “from what the Egyptians and Pharaoh were doing to you … from what the Egyptians were doing to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	18	11	kmk7		כִּ֣י בַ⁠דָּבָ֔ר	1	the hand of the Egyptians…the hand of Pharaoh	**Because of the matter** probably refers back to Yahweh’s rescue of Israel. Alternate translation: “because of what he did”
EXO	18	11	ljj6		אֲשֶׁ֥ר זָד֖וּ עֲלֵי⁠הֶֽם	1	the hand of the Egyptians…the hand of Pharaoh	The most natural referent for **they** is **the gods**, who, perhaps through their agents (Pharaoh and the Egyptians), fought against Yahweh and oppressed the Israelites. This would connect back to [Exodus 12:12](../12/12.md) where Yahweh declares that he is bring judgment on the gods of Egypt. You may need to make some part of this explicit. Alternate translation: “in which they proudly fought Yahweh by oppressing Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	18	12	voi9	figs-metonymy	לִ⁠פְנֵ֥י הָ⁠אֱלֹהִֽים	1	the hand of the Egyptians…the hand of Pharaoh	Here, **face** figuratively represents the presence of God. In this case it likely means that this was a worship event. Alternate translation: “in the presence of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	18	13	4plh	writing-newevent	וַ⁠יְהִי֙ מִֽ⁠מָּחֳרָ֔ת	1	the hand of the Egyptians…the hand of Pharaoh	A new scene begins here, which may need to be marked in a certain way in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
EXO	18	13	ano2	translate-symaction	וַ⁠יֵּ֥שֶׁב מֹשֶׁ֖ה לִ⁠שְׁפֹּ֣ט	1	the hand of the Egyptians…the hand of Pharaoh	Sitting was symbolic of having a position of authority. Alternate translation: “Moses sat down as a judge” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
EXO	18	13	wzea		מִן־הַ⁠בֹּ֖קֶר עַד־הָ⁠עָֽרֶב	1	the hand of the Egyptians…the hand of Pharaoh	“all day”
EXO	18	14	bax5	figs-rquestion	מָֽה־הַ⁠דָּבָ֤ר הַ⁠זֶּה֙ אֲשֶׁ֨ר אַתָּ֤ה עֹשֶׂה֙ לָ⁠עָ֔ם	1	What is this that you are doing with the people?	Jethro uses this question to show Moses that what he was doing was not good. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You should not be doing all of this for the people!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
EXO	18	14	b5wj	figs-rquestion	מַדּ֗וּעַ אַתָּ֤ה יוֹשֵׁב֙ לְ⁠בַדֶּ֔⁠ךָ וְ⁠כָל־הָ⁠עָ֛ם נִצָּ֥ב עָלֶ֖י⁠ךָ מִן־בֹּ֥קֶר עַד־עָֽרֶב	1	Why is it that you sit alone…from morning until evening?	Jethro used this question to show Moses that he was doing too much. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You should not sit alone, and all the people position themselves next to you from morning till evening!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
EXO	18	14	cfd1	figs-metonymy	אַתָּ֤ה יוֹשֵׁב֙ לְ⁠בַדֶּ֔⁠ךָ	1	you sit alone	The word **sit** here is a metonym for “judge.” Judges would sit while they listened to people’s complaints. Alternate translation: “do you judge alone” or “are you the only one who judges the people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	18	14	tiqs	figs-explicit	נִצָּ֥ב עָלֶ֖י⁠ךָ	1	you sit alone	The people came to be near Moses so that they could get a chance for him to hear their petitions. You could state that explicitly if it would be more clear. Alternate translation: “petition you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	18	18	jtd2		נָבֹ֣ל תִּבֹּ֔ל	1	You will surely wear yourselves out	“You will surely make yourself very tired”
EXO	18	18	h91b	figs-metaphor	כָבֵ֤ד מִמְּ⁠ךָ֙	1	This burden is too heavy for you	Jethro speaks of the hard work that Moses is doing as if it were a physical burden that Moses was carrying. Alternate translation: “is too hard for you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	18	19	pug7		אִיעָ֣צְ⁠ךָ֔	1	you advice	“I will guide you” or “I will instruct you”
EXO	18	19	v8i9	figs-metaphor	וִ⁠יהִ֥י אֱלֹהִ֖ים עִמָּ֑⁠ךְ	1	God will be with you	Jethro speaks of God helping Moses as if God would be with Moses. Alternate translation: “God will help you” or “God will give you wisdom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	18	19	w4r8	figs-metaphor	וְ⁠הֵבֵאתָ֥ אַתָּ֛ה אֶת־הַ⁠דְּבָרִ֖ים אֶל־הָ⁠אֱלֹהִֽים	1	you bring their disputes to him	Jethro speaks of Moses telling God about their disputes as if they were something that Moses was bringing to God. Alternate translation: “and you tell God about their disputes” or and “you tell God what they are arguing about” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	18	20	w3vf	figs-metaphor	וְ⁠הוֹדַעְתָּ֣ לָ⁠הֶ֗ם אֶת־הַ⁠דֶּ֨רֶךְ֙ יֵ֣לְכוּ בָ֔⁠הּ	1	You must show them the way to walk	Jethro speaks of living or behaving like walking. Alternate translation: “You must show them how to live” or “You must show them how to behave” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	18	21	p5ap		וְ⁠אַתָּ֣ה תֶחֱזֶ֣ה	1	Furthermore, you must choose	“As for you, search out” or “You must also search out”
EXO	18	21	n936	figs-metaphor	וְ⁠שַׂמְתָּ֣ עֲלֵ⁠הֶ֗ם	1	You must put them over people	Jethro speaks of giving them authority over people as putting them over people. Alternate translation: “You must give them authority over people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	18	21	8vv7	writing-pronouns	וְ⁠שַׂמְתָּ֣ עֲלֵ⁠הֶ֗ם	1	You must put them over people	Here, **them** refers to the Israelites. Moses is placing the good men in charge of groups of Israelites. Alternate translation: “And you must appoint these men over the Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
EXO	18	21	d2hv	translate-numbers	שָׂרֵ֤י אֲלָפִים֙ שָׂרֵ֣י מֵא֔וֹת שָׂרֵ֥י חֲמִשִּׁ֖ים וְ⁠שָׂרֵ֥י עֲשָׂרֹֽת	1	leaders in charge of thousands, hundreds, fifties, and of tens	Possible meanings are (1) these numbers represent the exact amount of people in each group. Alternate translation: “leaders in charge of groups of 1,000 people, groups of 100 people, groups of 50 people, and groups of 10 people” or (2) these numbers are not exact, but represent groups of people of various sizes. Alternate translation: “leaders in charge of very small groups, small groups, large groups, and very large groups” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EXO	18	22	y5n2	figs-metaphor	כָּל־הַ⁠דָּבָ֤ר הַ⁠גָּדֹל֙ יָבִ֣יאוּ אֵלֶ֔י⁠ךָ	1	the difficult cases they will bring to you	Jethro speaks of telling Moses about the difficult cases as bringing him the difficult cases. Alternate translation: “the difficult cases they will tell you about” or “when there are difficult cases, they will tell you about them so you can judge them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	18	22	vnvh		וְ⁠הָקֵל֙ מֵֽ⁠עָלֶ֔י⁠ךָ	1	the difficult cases they will bring to you	This is a command. Alternate translation: “Make your work less” or “Lessen your work”
EXO	18	22	u42p	figs-metaphor	וְ⁠הָקֵל֙ מֵֽ⁠עָלֶ֔י⁠ךָ וְ⁠נָשְׂא֖וּ אִתָּֽ⁠ךְ	1	they will carry the burden with you	Jethro speaks of the hard work that they would do as if it were something that they would carry and make lighter for Moses by helping him. Alternate translation: “Lessen your work by having them do the hard work with you” or “Make your work easier by having them help you do the hard work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	18	23	wyq4		וְ⁠יָֽכָלְתָּ֖ עֲמֹ֑ד	1	endure	“then you will not wear yourself out”
EXO	18	23	bt5p		⁠גַם֙ כָּל־הָ⁠עָ֣ם הַ⁠זֶּ֔ה עַל־מְקֹמ֖⁠וֹ יָבֹ֥א בְ⁠שָׁלֽוֹם	1	endure	Here, getting **to their place** could mean each person’s home tent or it could mean the whole group gets to the promised land. If you cannot leave it ambiguous it would be best to indicate something like “harmony in the camp.” Alternate translation: “all these people will live in harmony”
EXO	18	25	n2ws	figs-metaphor	רָאשִׁ֖ים עַל־הָ⁠עָ֑ם	1	heads over the people	Moses writes of the leaders of people as if they were the head of a body. Alternate translation: “leaders over the people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	18	25	tb18	figs-explicit	אַנְשֵׁי־חַ֨יִל֙	1	capable men	What sort of ability they had can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “men who were able to lead” or “men who were able to judge” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	18	25	iqn8	translate-numbers	שָׂרֵ֤י אֲלָפִים֙ שָׂרֵ֣י מֵא֔וֹת שָׂרֵ֥י חֲמִשִּׁ֖ים וְ⁠שָׂרֵ֥י עֲשָׂרֹֽת	1	leaders in charge of thousands, hundreds, fifties, and tens	Possible meanings are (1) these numbers represent the exact amount of people in each group. Alternate translation: “leaders in charge of groups of 1,000 people, groups of 100 people, groups of 50 people, and groups of 10 people” or (2) these numbers are not exact, but represent groups of people of various sizes. Alternate translation: “leaders in charge of very small groups, small groups, large groups, and very large groups” See how you translated this in [Exodus 18:21](../18/21.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EXO	18	26	abx4		וְ⁠שָׁפְט֥וּ אֶת־הָ⁠עָ֖ם בְּ⁠כָל־עֵ֑ת	1	judged the people in normal circumstances	“They judged the people most of the time” or “They judged the people in all regular circumstances”
EXO	18	26	z7j4	figs-metaphor	אֶת־הַ⁠דָּבָ֤ר הַ⁠קָּשֶׁה֙ יְבִיא֣וּ⁠ן אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֔ה	1	The difficult cases they brought to Moses	The author writes of telling Moses about the difficult cases as bringing him the difficult cases. Alternate translation: “They told Moses about the difficult cases” or “When there were difficult cases, they told Moses about them so that he would judge them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	18	26	ve8h		הַ⁠דָּבָ֥ר הַ⁠קָּטֹ֖ן	1	the small cases	“easy case”
EXO	19	intro	ck7e			0		# Exodus 19 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### “A kingdom of priests”<br>The function of the priests was to intercede for the people. The Levites were the only priests in Israel; this is a metaphor indicating that the nation was to intercede for the world as a whole. They were also to be holy, or set apart, from the rest of the world. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]])<br><br>### Revealing the Law<br>The events of this chapter are concerned with preparing the people to receive the law of Moses. The people go through all of this to prepare themselves for the law, which shows the great importance of this event for Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])<br><br><br>### Boundaries between Yahweh and the people<br>Moses is told to make the people holy in preparation for meeting Yahweh, then boundaries are set up to keep the people separate from Yahweh, then the priests are told to make themselves holy. The theme of a holy separation is beginning to be developed that will become much of the law code. 
EXO	19	1	r5tj	translate-hebrewmonths	בַּ⁠חֹ֨דֶשׁ֙ הַ⁠שְּׁלִישִׁ֔י…בַּ⁠יּ֣וֹם הַ⁠זֶּ֔ה	1	In the third month…on the same day	This means they arrived at the wilderness on the first day of the month just as they left Egypt on the first day of the month. The first day of the third month on the Hebrew calendar is near the middle of May on Western calendars. Alternate translation: “In the third month…on the first day of the month” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
EXO	19	2	nk51	translate-names	מֵ⁠רְפִידִ֗ים	1	Rephidim	**Rephidim** is an area on the edge of the wilderness of Sinai where the people of Israel had been camping. See how you translated this name in [Exodus 17:1](../17/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	19	3	kgev	figs-parallelism	תֹאמַר֙ לְ⁠בֵ֣ית יַעֲקֹ֔ב וְ⁠תַגֵּ֖יד לִ⁠בְנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל	1	the house of Jacob, the people of Israel	These two phrases have exactly the same meaning. This may be for poetic effect as Yahweh’s statement here through [verse 6](../19/06.md) is somewhat artfully crafted. You may need to use a strategy other than parallelism to achieve a similar poetic effect in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
EXO	19	4	z9i6	figs-you	 אַתֶּ֣ם רְאִיתֶ֔ם	1	You have seen	The word **you** here refers to the Israelites. Yahweh is telling Moses what to tell the Israelites. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
EXO	19	4	l1do	figs-quotemarks		1	You have seen	A second-level direct quotation begins with this verse and continues until the middle of [verse 6](../19/06.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with second-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation within a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	19	4	b7ph	figs-metaphor	וָ⁠אֶשָּׂ֤א אֶתְ⁠כֶם֙ עַל־כַּנְפֵ֣י נְשָׁרִ֔ים	1	I carried you on eagles’ wings	God speaks of caring for his people while they traveled as if he were an eagle and carried them on his wings. Alternate translation: “I helped you travel like an eagle that carries her babies on her wings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	19	5	th35			1	obediently listen to my voice	Obediently can be expressed as a verb. Alternate translation: “listen to my voice and obey me”
EXO	19	5	c767	figs-metonymy	בְּ⁠קֹלִ֔⁠י	1	my voice	God’s voice represents what he says. Alternate translation: “to what I say” or “to my words” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	19	5	fh8e		וּ⁠שְׁמַרְתֶּ֖ם אֶת־בְּרִיתִ֑⁠י	1	keep my covenant	“and do what my covenant requires you to do”
EXO	19	5	ifv6		סְגֻלָּה֙	1	special possession	“treasure”
EXO	19	6	gm9s	figs-metaphor	לִ֛⁠י מַמְלֶ֥כֶת כֹּהֲנִ֖ים	1	a kingdom of priests	God speaks of his people as if they were priests. Alternate translation: “my kingdom of people who are like priests” or “my kingdom of people who do what priests do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	19	7	c5tq	figs-metaphor	וַ⁠יָּ֣שֶׂם לִ⁠פְנֵי⁠הֶ֗ם אֵ֚ת כָּל־הַ⁠דְּבָרִ֣ים	1	set before them all these words	The author writes of Moses telling people things as if he were setting the words before them. Alternate translation: “And he told them all these words” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	19	7	8t24	figs-metonymy	לִ⁠פְנֵי⁠הֶ֗ם	1	set before them all these words	**Face** means the person. Alternate translation: “before them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	19	7	zqk1		כָּל־הַ⁠דְּבָרִ֣ים הָ⁠אֵ֔לֶּה אֲשֶׁ֥ר צִוָּ֖⁠הוּ יְהוָֽה	1	all these words that Yahweh had commanded him	“all that Yahweh had commanded him”
EXO	19	8	ljf5	figs-explicit	וַ⁠יָּ֧שֶׁב מֹשֶׁ֛ה אֶת־דִּבְרֵ֥י הָ⁠עָ֖ם	1	Moses came to report	Where Moses went can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “Moses went back up the mountain to report the words of the people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	19	8	rwx6	figs-metonymy	אֶת־דִּבְרֵ֥י הָ⁠עָ֖ם	1	the people’s words	**Words** refers to what the people said. Alternate translation: “what the people said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	19	9	ih2h	figs-metonymy	אֶת־דִּבְרֵ֥י הָ⁠עָ֖ם	1	the people’s words	**Words** refers to what the people said. Alternate translation: “what the people said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	19	10	ie7y		וְ⁠קִדַּשְׁתָּ֥⁠ם 	1	you must set them apart to me	This may mean instruct the people, or it may mean Moses will have a role as well. Alternate translation: “and tell them to dedicate themselves to me” or “and help them to purify themselves for me”
EXO	19	11	tdg9	figs-metonymy	לְ⁠עֵינֵ֥י 	1	Be ready	**Before the eyes** means “so they can see.” Alternate translation: see UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	19	12	d48p		וְ⁠הִגְבַּלְתָּ֤	1	set boundaries	The **boundary** was either a mark or some kind of barrier.
EXO	19	12	hhv5	figs-quotesinquotes	לֵ⁠אמֹ֔ר הִשָּׁמְר֥וּ לָ⁠כֶ֛ם	1	set boundaries	A second-level direct quotation begins with **watch**. It is not clear where this command that Moses is to give the Israelites ends. Most English translations end it in [verse 13](../19/13.md) before the last sentence. For that reason, it may be most helpful to translate the instruction as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “telling them to watch themselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]])
EXO	19	12	xct0		הִשָּׁמְר֥וּ לָ⁠כֶ֛ם עֲל֥וֹת בָּ⁠הָ֖ר וּ⁠נְגֹ֣עַ בְּ⁠קָצֵ֑⁠הוּ	1	set boundaries	Here, the negative command is implied from the **watch yourselves** command. Alternate translation: “Watch yourselves against climbing on the mountain or touching on its edge”
EXO	19	12	kis1	figs-activepassive	ל־הַ⁠נֹּגֵ֥עַ בָּ⁠הָ֖ר מ֥וֹת יוּמָֽת׃	1	Whoever touches the mountain will surely be put to death	This can be stated with an active form. Alternate translation: “You must surely put to death any person who touches the mountain” or “You must surely kill anyone who touches the mountain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	19	13	l9ak	figs-metonymy	בּ֜⁠וֹ	1	such a person	Here, **hand** is a metonym for any part of a person. Alternate translation: “a person who does that” or “a person who touches the mountain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	19	13	k35k	figs-activepassive	סָק֤וֹל יִסָּקֵל֙ אוֹ־יָרֹ֣ה יִיָּרֶ֔ה	1	he must certainly be stoned or shot	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you must certainly stone or shoot him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	19	13	vw19		יָרֹ֣ה יִיָּרֶ֔ה	1	shot	This refers to being killed by someone who shoots arrows from a bow or stones from a slingshot.
EXO	19	13	7ufy	figs-go	יַעֲל֥וּ 	1	shot	If you translate this with come or go, consider which would be the correct perspective for your language and the text context. Yahweh is speaking, so perhaps it would be best to say “come up,” however the people will be the ones moving so maybe it should be “go up.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
EXO	19	15	bw2p	figs-euphemism	אַֽל־תִּגְּשׁ֖וּ אֶל־אִשָּֽׁה	1	do not go near your wives	This is a polite way of talking about sexual relations. Alternate translation: “do not sleep with your wives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
EXO	19	15	z0aq		אִשָּֽׁה	1	do not go near your wives	This word means both “woman” and “wife.” Context dictates the correct translation. Since wife would make it a narrower command, **woman** was chosen here.
EXO	19	18	m1b5		יָרַ֥ד …יְהוָ֖ה 	1	Yahweh descended	“Yahweh came down”
EXO	19	18	a8p7	figs-simile	כְּ⁠עֶ֣שֶׁן הַ⁠כִּבְשָׁ֔ן	1	like the smoke of a furnace	This shows that it was a very large amount of smoke. Alternate translation: “like the smoke from a very large fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
EXO	19	19	m8ae		הוֹלֵ֖ךְ וְ⁠חָזֵ֣ק מְאֹ֑ד	1	grew louder and louder	“continued to become louder and louder”
EXO	19	19	f5e6	figs-metonymy	בְ⁠קֽוֹל	1	in a voice	The word **voice** here refers to a sound that God made. Possible meanings are (1) “by speaking loudly like thunder” or (2) “by speaking” or (3) “by causing thunder to sound” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	19	20	zx5p	figs-go	וַ⁠יֵּ֧רֶד…וַ⁠יַּ֥עַל	1	in a voice	You may need to consider your language’s rules for perspective regarding going or coming up or down in this verse. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
EXO	19	21	d2qm	figs-metaphor	פֶּן־יֶהֶרְס֤וּ	1	not to break through	God spoke about walking past the boundary as if they might break down a barrier and walk through it. See how you translated “set bounds” in [Exodus 19:12](../19/12.md). Alternate translation: “not to go beyond the boundary” or “not to go through the barrier”(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	19	21	oht2	figs-euphemism	וְ⁠נָפַ֥ל	1	not to break through	**Fall** is a euphemism for dying. Alternate translation: see UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
EXO	19	22	pq8j	figs-metaphor	יִפְרֹ֥ץ בָּ⁠הֶ֖ם יְהוָֽה	1	not to break through	Yahweh’s anger and judgement are pictured as something that will burst through a boundary. Alternate translation: “Yahweh kills them in anger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	19	23	3duo	figs-quotesinquotes	בָּ֨⁠נוּ֙ לֵ⁠אמֹ֔ר הַגְבֵּ֥ל אֶת־הָ⁠הָ֖ר וְ⁠קִדַּשְׁתּֽ⁠וֹ	1	not to break through	This quoted command could be translated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “us to set boundaries on the mountain to keep it separate” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]])
EXO	19	24	w8lx		לֶךְ־רֵ֔ד	1	get down	“go down”
EXO	19	24	bk6p	figs-metaphor	אַל־יֶֽהֶרְס֛וּ	1	break through the barrier	God spoke about walking past the boundary as if they might break down a barrier and walk through it. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Exodus 19:21](../19/21.md). Alternate translation: “must not go beyond the boundary” or “must not go through the barrier” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	19	24	p1yq	figs-metaphor	יִפְרָץ־בָּֽ⁠ם	1	break through the barrier	Yahweh’s anger and judgement are pictured as something that will burst through a boundary. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Exodus 19:22](../19/22.md). Alternate translation: “he kill them in anger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	20	intro	x7vt			0		# Exodus 20 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>The instructions recorded in this chapter are commonly known as the “ten commandments.”<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Covenant<br>Yahweh’s covenant faithfulness is now based on the covenant he made with Abraham as well as the covenant he is making with Moses. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenantfaith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])<br><br><br>### Form of you<br>The singular form of you is used in the commandments, however, the commandments applied to the whole Israelite community. There is both a singular and a corporate aspect to them. You may need to choose between singular and plural if you language makes that distinction. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd]])
EXO	20	2	qg71	figs-metaphor	מִ⁠בֵּ֥ית עֲבָדִֽים	1	house of slavery	Moses speaks of Egypt as if it were a house where people keep slaves. See how you translated this in [Exodus 13:3](../13/03.md). Alternate translation: “from the place where you were slaves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	20	3	r9h3		לֹֽ֣א יִהְיֶֽה־לְ⁠ךָ֛ אֱלֹהִ֥ים אֲחֵרִ֖ים עַל־פָּנָֽ⁠יַ	1	You must have no other gods before me	“You must not worship any other gods besides me”
EXO	20	4	rkn1		וְ⁠כָל־תְּמוּנָ֔ה	1	nor the likeness	“nor anything looking like something”
EXO	20	5	ka3i	writing-pronouns	לָ⁠הֶ֖ם 	1	You must not bow down to them or worship them	The word **them** refers to carved figures or idols. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
EXO	20	5	s2ia	translate-ordinal	ל־שִׁלֵּשִׁ֥ים וְ⁠עַל־רִבֵּעִ֖ים	1	to the third and the fourth generation	“to generations 3 and 4.” This refers to the grandchildren and great-grandchildren. Alternate translation: “even on the grandchildren and great-grandchildren (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
EXO	20	5	hx93	figs-ellipsis	ל־שִׁלֵּשִׁ֥ים וְ⁠עַל־רִבֵּעִ֖ים	1	to the third and the fourth generation	“Generation” is implied by **sons**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
EXO	20	6	u9nc	figs-abstractnouns	חֶ֖סֶד	1	I show covenant faithfulness to thousands of those who love me	The abstract noun **faithfulness** can be stated as “faithfully” or “faithful.” Alternate translation: “I am faithful to the covenant with thousands of those who love me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO	20	6	oyh7	figs-ellipsis		1	to the third and the fourth generation	“Generation” is implied by the previous verse. However, this may not be the case, therefore two notes following deal with either possibility. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
EXO	20	6	k52w		לַ⁠אֲלָפִ֑ים 	1	to the third and the fourth generation	“to the thousandth generation” or “for a thousand generations”
EXO	20	6	19bm	figs-hyperbole	לַ⁠אֲלָפִ֑ים 	1	to the third and the fourth generation	Option 1: This large number is used to mean “forever” or “to all descendants forever.” Alternate translation: “for every generation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
EXO	20	6	yw38	figs-metonymy	לַ⁠אֲלָפִ֑ים לְ⁠אֹהֲבַ֖⁠י	1	to thousands of those who love me	Option 2: The word **thousands** is a metonym for a number too many to count. Alternate translation: “forever to innumerable people who love me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	20	7	o96b		תִשָּׂ֛א …יִשָּׂ֥א 	1	take the name of Yahweh your God	To **lift up**, take, or use the name of Yahweh (with emptiness, i.e. improperly) covers many sorts of speaking or invoking his name, or making a claim to him, or attempting to manipulate him, or misrepresenting him. A broad word should be used in translation of this term.
EXO	20	7	t3k2		לֹ֥א תִשָּׂ֛א אֶת־שֵֽׁם־יְהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֶ֖י⁠ךָ	1	take the name of Yahweh your God	“You must not use the name of Yahweh your God”
EXO	20	7	gcz2		לַ⁠שָּׁ֑וְא …לַ⁠שָּֽׁוְא	1	in vain	“carelessly” or “without proper respect”
EXO	20	7	sl6g	figs-doublenegatives	לֹ֤א יְנַקֶּה֙ 	1	I will not hold guiltless	This double-negative can be stated as a positive. Alternate translation: “I will certainly consider guilty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
EXO	20	8	kwn7		לְ⁠קַדְּשֽׁ⁠וֹ	1	set it apart	“to make it holy to me” or “to consecrate it to me”
EXO	20	9	sad1		מְלַאכְתֶּֽ⁠ךָ	1	do all your work	“your occupation” or “your livelihood”
EXO	20	10	t1ky	figs-metonymy	בִּ⁠שְׁעָרֶֽי⁠ךָ	1	within your gates	Cities often had walls around them to keep out enemies, and gates for people to go in and out. Alternate translation: “within your community” or “inside your city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	20	11	vw1f	translate-ordinal	בַּ⁠יּ֣וֹם הַ⁠שְּׁבִיעִ֑י	1	on the seventh day	“on day seven.” Here “seventh” is the ordinal number for “7.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
EXO	20	14	wyv9		לֹ֖א תִּנְאָֽף	1	You must not commit adultery	“You must not have sex with anyone other than your spouse”
EXO	20	16	zix8		לֹֽא־תַעֲנֶ֥ה בְ⁠רֵעֲ⁠ךָ֖ עֵ֥ד שָֽׁקֶר	1	must not give false testimony	“You must not speak a false report against your neighbor”
EXO	20	17	vt9t		לֹ֥א תַחְמֹ֖ד 	1	must not covet	“You must not strongly want to have” or “You must not want to take”
EXO	20	18	nm52		הָ⁠הָ֖ר עָשֵׁ֑ן	1	the mountain smoking	“the smoky mountain”
EXO	20	18	lmt5		וַ⁠יָּנֻ֔עוּ 	1	they trembled	“they shook with fear”
EXO	20	18	h53m		וַ⁠יַּֽעַמְד֖וּ מֵֽ⁠רָחֹֽק	1	stood far off	“stood far away”
EXO	20	20	slb8		וּ⁠בַ⁠עֲב֗וּר תִּהְיֶ֧ה יִרְאָת֛⁠וֹ עַל־פְּנֵי⁠כֶ֖ם לְ⁠בִלְתִּ֥י תֶחֱטָֽאוּ	1	so that the honor of him may be in you, and so that you do not sin	“so that you will honor him and not sin”
EXO	20	20	hocw	figs-metaphor	תִּהְיֶ֧ה יִרְאָת֛⁠וֹ עַל־פְּנֵי⁠כֶ֖ם 	1	so that the honor of him may be in you, and so that you do not sin	Here, **fear** is spoken of as something that could be on their faces. It may mean they would have such a fear that their attitude could be seen on their faces. Alternate translation: “reverence for him will show on your faces” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	20	21	lts1		וּ⁠מֹשֶׁה֙ נִגַּ֣שׁ	1	Moses approached	“and Moses went closer to”
EXO	20	22	ayom	figs-quotemarks	אַתֶּ֣ם רְאִיתֶ֔ם	1	Moses approached	A second-level direct quotation begins here that continues until the [end of the chapter](../20/26.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with second-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation within a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
EXO	20	23	qm44		אֱלֹ֤הֵי כֶ֨סֶף֙ וֵ⁠אלֹהֵ֣י זָהָ֔ב	1	gods of silver or gods of gold	“gods made out of silver or gold” or “idols made out of silver or gold”
EXO	20	24	pf1i		מִזְבַּ֣ח אֲדָמָה֮	1	earthen altar	An altar made of materials from the ground, such as stone, soil, or clay.
EXO	20	24	ge89	figs-metonymy	אַזְכִּ֣יר אֶת־שְׁמִ֔⁠י	1	cause my name to be honored	Here, **name** is a metonym for God’s being. Alternate translation: “I cause myself to be remembered” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	20	24	zmc4	figs-activepassive	אַזְכִּ֣יר אֶת־שְׁמִ֔⁠י	1	cause my name to be honored	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “choose for you to remember me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	20	26	qm1b	figs-explicit	וְ⁠לֹֽא־תַעֲלֶ֥ה בְ⁠מַעֲלֹ֖ת עַֽל־מִזְבְּחִ֑⁠י	1	You must not go up to my altar on steps	If you need to connect this statement more explicitly to the previous statements regarding building the alter you could add a phrase about building steps. Alternate translation: “Do not build steps up to the altar and go up to it on those steps” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	20	26	e28y	figs-activepassive	אֲשֶׁ֛ר לֹֽא־תִגָּלֶ֥ה עֶרְוָתְ⁠ךָ֖ עָלָֽי⁠ו	1	You must not go up to my altar on steps	This could be stated in an active manner. Alternate translation: “so that you do not expose your nakedness over it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	20	26	h2qd		עֶרְוָתְ⁠ךָ֖ 	1	your nakedness	“your private parts”
EXO	21	intro	dnd3			0		# Exodus 21 General Notes<br><br>This chapter begins to give the Israelite civil case law, that is, the explanation of how to apply the principles condensed in the ten commandments.<br><br>## Structure:<br>- 1: Introduction<br>- 2-6: Laws regarding male slaves<br>- 7-11: Laws regarding female slaves<br>- 12-17: Capital crimes<br>- 18-36: Liability laws<br>    - 18-27: Regarding human violence<br>    - 28-36: Regarding damage done by or to animals<br><br>## Translation issues in this chapter<br><br>### Hypothetical situations<br>Throughout the case law a hypothetical situation is introduced with “when” or “if,” then there is a description of the situation, then there is the penalty or action to be taken in those situations. A hypothetical person may be introduced with “anyone” or “whoever.” Most verses for the next several chapters will have these hypothetical situations. See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]] Translators familiar with Hebrew may want to notice that, generally, major divisions are introduced by כִּי (ki) and minor divisions within a topic are introduced by אִם (’im).<br><br><br>### Passive construction<br>Many portions of these situations are written in the passive voice. Some languages may have to change all or some of these to active voice. See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]].<br><br><br>### Daughters sold as servants<br>The section from [verses 7-11](../21/07.md) may be some what confusing because a daughter that is sold as a servant is seamlessly connected to her becoming someone’s wife.<br><br>### Ransom payment<br>In [verse 30](../21/30.md) a man whose bull killed someone may evade the death penalty by paying a ransom price, but the conditions for that happening are not clear. 
EXO	21	1	xxf4			1	you must set before them	Yahweh continues speaking to Moses. There is no quote break between chapters.
EXO	21	1	hhf7		תָּשִׂ֖ים 	1	you must set before them	“you must give” or “you must tell”
EXO	21	1	ddql	figs-metonymy	לִ⁠פְנֵי⁠הֶֽם	1	you must set before them	Here, **faces** figuratively represents the presence of the nation. Alternate translation: “before them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	21	2	di5z			1	General Information:	Yahweh tells Moses his laws for the people of Israel.
EXO	21	2	wj0e	grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical	כִּ֤י תִקְנֶה֙ עֶ֣בֶד עִבְרִ֔י	1	General Information:	This is the first of many hypothetical situations, introduced by “when” or **if,** which you will encounter over the next several chapters. See the [introduction to chapter 21](../21/intro.md). You will need to translate these consistently in a manner that expresses that these situations have not happened. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]])
EXO	21	3	ln3r	figs-explicit	אִם־בְּ⁠גַפּ֥⁠וֹ יָבֹ֖א בְּ⁠גַפּ֣⁠וֹ יֵצֵ֑א	1	If he came by himself, he must go free by himself	What “by himself” means can be stated clearly. Some languages require that the additional condition, that he marries while a slave, be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “If he became a slave while he had no wife, and if he marries while he is a slave, the master need only free the man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	21	3	pfn3		בְּ⁠גַפּ֥⁠וֹ …בְּ⁠גַפּ֣⁠וֹ 	1	by himself	“alone” or “without a wife”
EXO	21	3	e467		אִם־בַּ֤עַל אִשָּׁה֙ ה֔וּא	1	if he is married	“if he was married when he became a slave” or “if he came as a married man”
EXO	21	5	yj8x		אָמֹ֤ר יֹאמַר֙	1	plainly says	“makes a statement”
EXO	21	5	jqh4		לֹ֥א אֵצֵ֖א חָפְשִֽׁי	1	I will not go out free	“I do not want my master to set me free”
EXO	21	6	vnjk	figs-metonymy	הָ֣⁠אֱלֹהִ֔ים	1	bore his ear through	The word for **God** at its most literal means “great ones.” Here it may have this basic meaning and refer to human judges or other leaders in Israel. It may also be a metonym and refer to the judges because they represent God to the people and have his authority. Texts other than the standard Hebrew text support this reading. See [Exodus 22:8-9](../22/08.md) for another example of this. Alternate translation: “the judges” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	21	6	z8x1		וְ⁠רָצַ֨ע … אֶת־אָזְנ⁠וֹ֙	1	bore his ear through	“will put a hole in his ear”
EXO	21	6	xpd3		בַּ⁠מַּרְצֵ֔עַ 	1	awl	a pointed tool used to make a hole
EXO	21	6	k6ev		לְ⁠עֹלָֽם	1	for life	“until the end of his life” or “until he dies”
EXO	21	8	lpqh			1	has designated	This verse is the first of three possible situations between a master and his female slave.
EXO	21	8	p8se		יְעָדָ֖⁠הּ 	1	has designated	“has chosen”
EXO	21	8	t2zf	figs-activepassive	וְ⁠הֶפְדָּ֑⁠הּ 	1	he must let her be bought back	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “he must allow her father to buy her back” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	21	8	h7f7		בְּ⁠בִגְד⁠וֹ־בָֽ⁠הּ	1	he has treated her deceitfully	“since he has deceived her”
EXO	21	9	h9ni			1	he has treated her deceitfully	This verse is the second of three possible situations between a master and his female slave.
EXO	21	9	w99z		לִ⁠בְנ֖⁠וֹ יִֽיעָדֶ֑⁠נָּה	1	designates her as a wife for his son	“he decides that she is the one who will be his son’s wife”
EXO	21	9	suz0		כְּ⁠מִשְׁפַּ֥ט הַ⁠בָּנ֖וֹת יַעֲשֶׂה־לָּֽ⁠הּ	1	designates her as a wife for his son	“he must do to her according to the manner that daughters are customarily treated”
EXO	21	10	i0xh			1	designates her as a wife for his son	This verse and the next are the third of three possible situations between a master and his female slave.
EXO	21	10	rxk4	figs-doublenegatives	שְׁאֵרָ֛⁠הּ כְּסוּתָ֥⁠הּ וְ⁠עֹנָתָ֖⁠הּ לֹ֥א יִגְרָֽע	1	he must not diminish her food, clothing, or her marital rights	This can be stated in a positive form. Alternate translation: “he must give the first wife the same food, clothing, and marital rights she had before” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
EXO	21	10	np9b	figs-euphemism	וְ⁠עֹנָתָ֖⁠הּ 	1	or her marital rights	This term only occurs here in the Bible. It probably means things that a husband must do for his wife. Most commentators believe it specifically means having sexual relations with her, possibly so that she can bear children. Alternate translation: “or her right to intimacy” or “or her childbearing rights” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
EXO	21	12	gks4		מַכֵּ֥ה אִ֛ישׁ	1	strikes a man	“Whoever attacks a man”
EXO	21	12	su6b	figs-activepassive	מ֥וֹת יוּמָֽת	1	that person must surely be put to death	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you must certainly execute that person” or “you must certainly kill that person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	21	13	h4ka		וַ⁠אֲשֶׁר֙ לֹ֣א צָדָ֔ה	1	did not do it with premeditation	“but if he did not plan to do it” or “but if he did not do it on purpose”
EXO	21	13	gme9	figs-explicit	וְ⁠שַׂמְתִּ֤י לְ⁠ךָ֙ מָק֔וֹם אֲשֶׁ֥ר יָנ֖וּס שָֽׁמָּ⁠ה	1	I will fix a place to where he can flee	The purpose of choosing a place can be stately clearly here. Alternate translation: “I will choose a place that he can run away to be safe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	21	14	st5h		בְ⁠עָרְמָ֑ה 	1	according to a cunning plan	“after thinking carefully about it”
EXO	21	14	abx6		תִּקָּחֶ֖⁠נּוּ 	1	must take him	The word “him” refers to the one who killed his neighbor.
EXO	21	14	293e		לָ⁠מֽוּת	1	must take him	“to execute him”
EXO	21	15	y3hd	figs-activepassive	וּ⁠מַכֵּ֥ה אָבִ֛י⁠ו וְ⁠אִמּ֖⁠וֹ מ֥וֹת יוּמָֽת	1	Whoever hits his father or mother must surely be put to death	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “If anyone hits his father or mother, you must surely put him to death” or “You must surely kill anyone who hits his father or mother” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	21	15	qh2j		מ֥וֹת 	1	must surely	“must certainly”
EXO	21	16	iu81	figs-activepassive	מ֥וֹת יוּמָֽת	1	that kidnapper must be put to death	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you must kill that kidnapper” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	21	17	h8qf	figs-activepassive	וּ⁠מְקַלֵּ֥ל אָבִ֛י⁠ו וְ⁠אִמּ֖⁠וֹ מ֥וֹת יוּמָֽת	1	Whoever curses his father or his mother must surely be put to death	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “You must surely kill anyone who curses his father or his mother” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	21	17	kvbc		וּ⁠מְקַלֵּ֥ל 	1	Whoever curses his father or his mother must surely be put to death	The word translated **acts contemptuously** means the opposite of “honor” (as in the commandment to honor one’s parents). Alternate translation: “Whoever acts dishonorably towards”
EXO	21	19	c7rv		יָק֞וּם	1	he recovers	“he gets better”
EXO	21	19	54rb		וְ⁠נִקָּ֣ה 	1	he recovers	“then … is innocent”
EXO	21	19	xg6c	figs-explicit	שִׁבְתּ֛⁠וֹ 	1	the loss of his time	This refers to a situation when someone cannot work to earn money. You can express this clearly in the translation. Alternate translation: “for the time he could not work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	21	19	ws14		וְ⁠רַפֹּ֥א יְרַפֵּֽא	1	pay for his complete recovery	“and for his medical costs” or “and for his costs for healing”
EXO	21	20	te41		תַּ֣חַת יָד֑⁠וֹ	1	as a result of the blow	“because of the injury” or “because his master hit him”
EXO	21	20	h4eg	figs-activepassive	נָקֹ֖ם יִנָּקֵֽם	1	that man must surely be punished	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you must certainly punish that man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	21	21	r65u	figs-explicit	כִּ֥י כַסְפּ֖⁠וֹ הֽוּא	1	for he will have suffered the loss of the servant	A common view is that the loss of the valuable property, the slave, is itself a punishment. It may be that the master loses the slave for a time and also has to pay for his healing, or it may be that the slave dies after a few days. You can express clearly in the translation that the servant was valuable to his master. Alternate translation: “because he has already lost his servant who was valuable to him” or “because he has already lost his servant’s work for a time and had to pay for his healing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	21	22	a6av		וְ⁠יָצְא֣וּ יְלָדֶ֔י⁠הָ וְ⁠לֹ֥א יִהְיֶ֖ה אָס֑וֹן	1	she miscarries	It is not clear in the passage what happens to the child. The text is simply as in the ULT. Some have taken it to mean that the child dies because of premature birth and the **serious injury** only relates to the woman. In this case, a fine is imposed for the loss of the child. However, the text could also mean that the child is born at least mostly safely. A fine is still imposed because of the great danger to the two lives. Then the next few verses give consequences for any injury either to mother or child.
EXO	21	22	w4p3		אָס֑וֹן 	1	she miscarries	“hurt”
EXO	21	22	cn4h	figs-activepassive	עָנ֣וֹשׁ יֵעָנֵ֗שׁ	1	the guilty man must surely be fined	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you must certainly fine the guilty man” or “the guilty man must pay a fine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	21	22	v5ye		בִּ⁠פְלִלִֽים	1	as the judges determine	“what the judges decide”
EXO	21	23	2utf	figs-explicit	וְ⁠נָתַתָּ֥ה נֶ֖פֶשׁ תַּ֥חַת נָֽפֶשׁ	1	as the judges determine	This means that if someone is hurt, the person who caused the hurt must be hurt in the same way. Alternate translation: “you must take the killer’s life for the murdered person’s life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	21	24	c5bq	figs-explicit	עַ֚יִן תַּ֣חַת עַ֔יִן	1	an eye for an eye	This means that if someone is hurt, the person who caused the hurt must be hurt in the same way. Alternate translation: “the striker’s eye for the injured person’s eye” (and etc throughout this and the next verse) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	21	26	i8cg		אִ֜ישׁ	1	If a man	Here, **man** refers to the owner of a slave.
EXO	21	26	bmc1		תַּ֥חַת 	1	in compensation	“as payment for”
EXO	21	28	sp6w		יִגַּ֨ח שׁ֥וֹר	1	an ox gores	“an ox injures with its horns”
EXO	21	28	qk3u	figs-activepassive	סָק֨וֹל יִסָּקֵ֜ל הַ⁠שּׁ֗וֹר	1	the ox must surely be stoned	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you must surely stone the ox to death” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	21	28	q2gv	figs-activepassive	וְ⁠לֹ֤א יֵאָכֵל֙ אֶת־בְּשָׂר֔⁠וֹ	1	its flesh must not be eaten	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “and you must not eat its flesh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	21	29	3h5d	figs-activepassive	וְ⁠הוּעַ֤ד בִּ⁠בְעָלָי⁠ו֙	1	its owner also must be put to death	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “and someone warned its owner” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	21	29	x2y0	figs-explicit	וְ⁠הוּעַ֤ד בִּ⁠בְעָלָי⁠ו֙	1	its owner also must be put to death	The content of the warning could be made explicit. Alternate translation: “and its owner was warned that it gores” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	21	29	nzn1	figs-activepassive	וְ⁠גַם־בְּעָלָ֖י⁠ו יוּמָֽת	1	its owner also must be put to death	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you must also kill its owner” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	21	30	t5rs	figs-explicit	אִם־כֹּ֖פֶר יוּשַׁ֣ת עָלָ֑י⁠ו וְ⁠נָתַן֙ פִּדְיֹ֣ן נַפְשׁ֔⁠וֹ כְּ⁠כֹ֥ל אֲשֶׁר־יוּשַׁ֖ת עָלָֽי⁠ו	1	If a payment is required for his life	The text does not specify who will impose a ransom on the ox’s owner. Since other texts indicate that justice is retributive and performed by the dead person’s family, that is one option. Another is that the judges will impose it. One of these can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: see UST (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	21	30	5a0v	figs-activepassive	אִם־כֹּ֖פֶר יוּשַׁ֣ת עָלָ֑י⁠ו…יוּשַׁ֖ת עָלָֽי⁠ו	1	If a payment is required for his life	These statements can be made active rather than passive. However, you must make a decision regarding who is imposing the ransom, or use an unspecified pronoun if that is possible in your language (this second option would not make sense in English). Alternate translation: “If the judges impose a ransom on him … they impose on him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	21	31	kg25		יִגָּ֖ח …יִגָּ֑ח 	1	has gored	“it injures with its horns … it injures with its horns”
EXO	21	31	to8k	writing-pronouns	לּֽ⁠וֹ	1	has gored	Here, **him** probably refers to the ox’s owner. Alternate translation: “to the owner” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
EXO	21	32	qzv3	translate-bmoney		1	thirty shekels of silver	A shekel weighed eleven grams. Alternate translation: “330 grams of silver” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]])
EXO	21	32	qy0g	figs-explicit	אִם־עֶ֛בֶד יִגַּ֥ח הַ⁠שּׁ֖וֹר	1	thirty shekels of silver	Because they are to kill the ox, the slave must have died. You can make this explicit. Alternate translation: “If an ox kills a male servant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	21	32	wm9a	figs-activepassive	וְ⁠הַ⁠שּׁ֖וֹר יִסָּקֵֽל	1	the ox must be stoned	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you must kill the ox by stoning it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	21	33	fd4p		יִפְתַּ֨ח…בּ֗וֹר 	1	opens a pit	“uncovers a hole in the ground” or “takes a cover off a hole in the ground”
EXO	21	34	b48a	figs-explicit	כֶּ֖סֶף יָשִׁ֣יב לִ⁠בְעָלָ֑י⁠ו	1	repay the loss	The owner must be paid for the loss of his animal. Alternate translation: “he must pay the owner for the dead animal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	21	34	ip1n		יְשַׁלֵּ֔ם 	1	repay the loss	“must make restitution”
EXO	21	34	j8qz	figs-explicit	וְ⁠הַ⁠מֵּ֖ת יִֽהְיֶה־לּֽ⁠וֹ	1	will become his	The one who paid for the loss of the animal will become the owner of the dead animal and can do what he wants with it. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “will belong to the owner of the pit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	21	35	z9ug		וְ⁠חָצ֣וּ אֶת־כַּסְפּ֔⁠וֹ	1	divide its price	“and divide the money” or “and divide the money they receive”
EXO	21	36	fkx2	figs-activepassive	א֣וֹ נוֹדַ֗ע	1	if it was known	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: see UST (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	21	36	v64b		נַגָּ֥ח הוּא֙ מִ⁠תְּמ֣וֹל שִׁלְשֹׁ֔ם	1	a habit of goring in time past	“had gored other animals before”
EXO	21	36	ix8h	figs-explicit	⁠לֹ֥א יִשְׁמְרֶ֖⁠נּוּ בְּעָלָ֑י⁠ו	1	its owner has not kept it in	This means that the owner did not keep his ox safely where it could not wander to hit other animals. This can be clearly stated in the translation. Alternate translation: “and its owner did not keep it inside a fence” or “and its owner did not tie it securely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	21	36	dcv2	figs-explicit	שַׁלֵּ֨ם יְשַׁלֵּ֥ם שׁוֹר֙ תַּ֣חַת הַ⁠שּׁ֔וֹר	1	he must surely pay ox for ox	The owner of the ox that killed must give an ox to the man who lost his ox. This can be stated clearly in the translation. Alternate translation: “the owner of the ox that killed must surely give a living ox to the owner of the ox that died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	22	intro	f9vb			0		# Exodus 22 General Notes<br><br>## Structure<br>This chapter continues the list of case laws for Israel. Any attempt to outline structure would have almost as many sections as there are verses.<br><br>## Translation issues in this chapter<br><br>### Hypothetical situations<br>Throughout the case law a hypothetical situation is introduced with “when” or “if,” then there is a description of the situation, then there is the penalty or action to be taken in those situations. A hypothetical person may be introduced with “anyone” or “whoever.” Most verses for the next several chapters will have these hypothetical situations. See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]] Translators familiar with Hebrew may want to notice that, generally, major divisions are introduced by כִּי (ki) and minor divisions within a topic are introduced by אִם (’im).<br><br><br>### Passive construction<br>Many portions of these situations are written in the passive voice. Some languages may have to change all or some of these to active voice. See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]].
EXO	22	1	syx5			1	General Information:	Yahweh continues telling Moses his laws for the people of Israel.
EXO	22	1	onm0	grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical	כִּ֤י יִגְנֹֽב־אִישׁ֙ שׁ֣וֹר אוֹ־שֶׂ֔ה וּ⁠טְבָח֖⁠וֹ א֣וֹ מְכָר֑⁠וֹ	1	General Information:	This is the first of many hypothetical situations in this chapter, introduced by “when” or **if,** which you will encounter over the next several chapters. See the [introduction](../22/intro.md). You will need to translate these consistently in a manner that expresses that these situations have not happened. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]])
EXO	22	1	bc03	translate-numbers	חֲמִשָּׁ֣ה …וְ⁠אַרְבַּע	1	General Information:	5 … 4 (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EXO	22	2	mt43	figs-activepassive	אִם־בַּ⁠מַּחְתֶּ֛רֶת יִמָּצֵ֥א הַ⁠גַּנָּ֖ב	1	If a thief is found	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “If anyone finds a thief while he is breaking in” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	22	2	e98x		בַּ⁠מַּחְתֶּ֛רֶת	1	breaking in	“while using force to come into a house”
EXO	22	2	gt5f	figs-activepassive	וְ⁠הֻכָּ֣ה וָ⁠מֵ֑ת	1	if he is struck so that he dies	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “if anyone strikes the thief so that he dies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	22	2	fq57		אֵ֥ין ל֖⁠וֹ דָּמִֽים	1	no guilt for murder will attach to anyone on his account	“no one will be guilty of murdering him”
EXO	22	3	vym5		אִם־זָרְחָ֥ה הַ⁠שֶּׁ֛מֶשׁ עָלָ֖י⁠ו	1	if the sun has risen before he breaks in	“if it is light before he breaks in” or “if he breaks in and it is after sunrise”
EXO	22	3	c5yl	figs-activepassive	וְ⁠נִמְכַּ֖ר בִּ⁠גְנֵבָתֽ⁠וֹ	1	he must be sold for his theft	This can be stated in an active form. Alternate translation: “you must sell him as a slave in order to pay for what he stole” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	22	4	k926	figs-activepassive	אִֽם־הִמָּצֵא֩ תִמָּצֵ֨א בְ⁠יָד֜⁠וֹ הַ⁠גְּנֵבָ֗ה…חַיִּ֑ים 	1	If the stolen animal is found alive in his possession	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “If they find that he still has the live animal that he stole” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	22	4	g5kg		שְׁנַ֖יִם יְשַׁלֵּֽם	1	pay back double	The meaning of **compensate double** is not entirely clear. Most interpretations follow the UST, that is, two animals total must be given, the stolen one and one more. Some interpret double to mean the thief must pay two animals for every animal that he took, so three total. It would be best to leave double as ambiguous as possible. Alternate translation: “he must compensate twice what he stole”
EXO	22	5	j24t		יַבְעֶר…וּ⁠בִעֵ֖ר	1	If a man grazes his livestock	“causes to eat plants … and it eats plants”
EXO	22	5	nlxc	grammar-collectivenouns	בְּעִיר֔וֹ	1	If a man grazes his livestock	**Livestock** is a collective singular noun that could refer to cows, goats, sheep, or basically any domesticated animals. In some languages you will need to translate it as a plural. Alternate translation: see UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
EXO	22	5	jrb3		יְשַׁלֵּֽם	1	he must make restitution	“he must pay back the owner of that field”
EXO	22	6	x6aj	figs-activepassive	כִּֽי־תֵצֵ֨א אֵ֜שׁ וּ⁠מָצְאָ֤ה קֹצִים֙ וְ⁠נֶאֱכַ֣ל	1	If a fire breaks out and spreads in thorns	**Breaks out** and **consumes** can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “If someone starts a fire and it spreads in thorns and it consumes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	22	6	i4ma		וּ⁠מָצְאָ֤ה קֹצִים֙	1	spreads in thorns	“and moves along the ground through dry plants”
EXO	22	6	u1pa	translate-unknown	גָּדִ֔ישׁ 	1	stacked grain	This is grain that has been cut and tied in bundles. Alternate translation: “bundled grain” or “harvested grain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	22	6	r2cf	translate-unknown	הַ⁠קָּמָ֖ה 	1	standing grain	This is grain that has not been cut, but it is ready to be harvested. Alternate translation: “the grain still in the field” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	22	7	jw3v		לִ⁠שְׁמֹ֔ר 	1	for safe keeping	“to watch over it” or “to keep it safe”
EXO	22	7	na9h	figs-activepassive	וְ⁠גֻנַּ֖ב 	1	if it is stolen	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “if someone steals it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	22	7	x2sh	figs-activepassive	אִם־יִמָּצֵ֥א הַ⁠גַּנָּ֖ב	1	if the thief is found	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “if you find the thief” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	22	8	lwg5			1	come before the judges to see whether	“come before the judges so that they can find out if”
EXO	22	8	c812	figs-metonymy	הָֽ⁠אֱלֹהִ֑ים 	1	come before the judges to see whether	The word for **God** at its most literal means “great ones.” Here and in the [next verse](../22/09.md) it may have this basic meaning and refer to human judges or other leaders in Israel. It may also be a metonym and refer to the judges because they represent God to the people and have his authority. See [Exodus 21:6](../21/06.md) for another example of this. Alternate translation: “the judges” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	22	8	f774	figs-metonymy	שָׁלַ֛ח יָד֖⁠וֹ בִּ⁠מְלֶ֥אכֶת רֵעֵֽ⁠הוּ	1	has put his own hand on his neighbor’s property	This is an idiom. If you have a way of saying this in your language, you can use it here. Alternate translation: “has stolen his neighbor’s property” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) revisit
EXO	22	9	p7ab		דְּבַר…דְּבַר	1		“dispute”
EXO	22	9	fgz1		כִּי־ה֣וּא זֶ֔ה	1	the claim of both parties must come before the judges	“This is mine” or “This is my missing property”
EXO	22	9	m31k	figs-metonymy	הָֽ⁠אֱלֹהִ֔ים …אֱלֹהִ֔ים 	1	the claim of both parties must come before the judges	The word for **God** at its most literal means “great ones.” Here and in the [previous verse](../22/08.md) it may have this basic meaning and refer to human judges or other leaders in Israel. It may also be a metonym and refer to the judges because they represent God to the people and have his authority. See [Exodus 21:6](../21/06.md) for another example of this. Alternate translation: “the judges” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	22	10	9rut	figs-activepassive	נִשְׁבַּ֥ר אוֹ־נִשְׁבָּ֖ה	1	the claim of both parties must come before the judges	These can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: see UST (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	22	10	hzow		נִשְׁבָּ֖ה 	1	the claim of both parties must come before the judges	This means something more like a wild animal takes the ox or sheep away (to eat) than someone stealing it. See [verse 12](../22/12.md) for cases where the animal is stolen while in another’s care.
EXO	22	11	gl7t	figs-activepassive	שְׁבֻעַ֣ת יְהוָ֗ה תִּהְיֶה֙ בֵּ֣ין שְׁנֵי⁠הֶ֔ם… וְ⁠לָקַ֥ח בְּעָלָ֖י⁠ו	1	an oath to Yahweh must be taken by them both	Only the man who is accused of stealing the animal must swear the oath. The owner of the lost animal must accept the oath that has been sworn. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the man who was caring for the animal must swear an oath before Yahweh … and the owner must accept that oath” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	22	12	yw3w	figs-activepassive	וְ⁠אִם־גָּנֹ֥ב יִגָּנֵ֖ב מֵ⁠עִמּ֑⁠וֹ	1	But if it was stolen from him	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “But if someone stole the animal from him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	22	13	b313	figs-activepassive	אִם־טָרֹ֥ף יִטָּרֵ֖ף	1	If an animal was torn in pieces	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “But if a wild beast tore the animal in pieces” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	22	14	h8yw		שַׁלֵּ֥ם יְשַׁלֵּֽם	1	must surely make restitution	“must certainly repay with another animal” or “must certainly pay the owner for the animal”
EXO	22	14	wu3u	figs-activepassive	וְ⁠נִשְׁבַּ֣ר אוֹ־מֵ֑ת	1	must surely make restitution	These can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: see UST (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	22	15	g3zw	figs-activepassive	אִם־שָׂכִ֣יר	1	if the animal was hired	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “if someone rented the animal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	22	15	r792	figs-explicit	בָּ֖א בִּ⁠שְׂכָרֽ⁠וֹ	1	it will be paid for by its hiring fee	The one who borrowed the animal will not have to pay the owner anything more than the hiring or rental fee. This fee will pay for the loss of the animal. This can be stated clearly in the translation. Alternate translation: “the money that someone paid to rent the animal will cover the loss of the animal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	22	15	f9w9		בִּ⁠שְׂכָרֽ⁠וֹ	1	hiring fee	“for its rental fee” or “for the money paid to rent the animal”
EXO	22	16	a8s8		וְ⁠כִֽי־יְפַתֶּ֣ה אִ֗ישׁ בְּתוּלָ֛ה אֲשֶׁ֥ר לֹא־אֹרָ֖שָׂה	1	a man seduces a virgin who is not engaged	“a man persuades a virgin who is not engaged that she wants to sleep with him”
EXO	22	16	th2m		לֹא־אֹרָ֖שָׂה	1	not engaged	“not promised to be married”
EXO	22	16	g24h	figs-euphemism	וְ⁠שָׁכַ֣ב	1	if he lies with her	Lying with someone is a euphemism for having sex. Alternate translation: “if he has sex with her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
EXO	22	16	x33y		מָהֹ֛ר יִמְהָרֶ֥⁠נָּה	1	bride wealth	The **bride price** was money paid to the family to compensate for the loss of their daughter.
EXO	22	17	y2xz	writing-pronouns	ל֑⁠וֹ…יִשְׁקֹ֔ל	1	him, he	These pronouns refer back to the man who seduced the virgin. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
EXO	22	19	y3qy	figs-euphemism	כָּל־שֹׁכֵ֥ב עִם־בְּהֵמָ֖ה	1	Whoever lies with an animal	This is a euphemism. Alternate translation: “Whoever has sexual relations with an animal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
EXO	22	19	b807	figs-activepassive	כָּל־שֹׁכֵ֥ב עִם־בְּהֵמָ֖ה מ֥וֹת יוּמָֽת	1	Whoever lies with an animal	**Be put to death** can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “You must surely execute whoever lies with an animal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	22	20	n4nh	figs-activepassive	יָֽחֳרָ֑ם …לְ⁠בַדּֽ⁠וֹ	1	Yahweh must be completely destroyed	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “alone, you must completely destroy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	22	21	kr35		לֹא־תוֹנֶ֖ה	1	wrong a foreigner	“You must not mistreat a foreigner” or “You must not cheat a foreigner”
EXO	22	21	eoa5	figs-explicit	כִּֽי־גֵרִ֥ים הֱיִיתֶ֖ם בְּ⁠אֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם	1	wrong a foreigner	The Israelites are called to remember their previous condition, that they lived as foreign guests in Egypt. They came first to avoid the famine in Jacob and Joseph’s time and were dependent on the Egyptian hospitality. Later they were wronged and oppressed and they are not to do that to those who sojourn with them. You may need to make this explicit. Alternate translation: “for you were wronged and oppressed as sojourners in the land of Egypt” or “for you also depended on hospitality while you lived as sojourners in Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	22	22	djh3	figs-doublenegatives	כָּל־אַלְמָנָ֥ה וְ⁠יָת֖וֹם לֹ֥א תְעַנּֽוּ⁠ן׃	1	You must not mistreat any widow or fatherless child	This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “You must treat all widows and fatherless children fairly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
EXO	22	22	v3i8		אַלְמָנָ֥ה 	1	widow	“woman whose husband has died”
EXO	22	22	l2ih		וְ⁠יָת֖וֹם 	1	fatherless child	“or child with no parents”
EXO	22	24	zszz	figs-idiom	וְ⁠חָרָ֣ה אַפִּ֔⁠י	1	fatherless child	This is an idiom meaning that Yahweh will be angry. Alternate translation: “and I will became very angry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	22	24	sx9h	figs-metonymy	בֶּ⁠חָ֑רֶב 	1	I will kill you with the sword	To be killed **with the sword** is a metonym that means a person will die violently, or perhaps fighting in a war. Alternate translation: “you will die a violent death” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	22	25	v5je		כְּ⁠נֹשֶׁ֑ה	1	a moneylender	“like one who lends money”
EXO	22	25	g3ry		לֹֽא־תְשִׂימ֥וּ⁠ן עָלָ֖י⁠ו נֶֽשֶׁךְ	1	charge him interest	“you must not charge him extra money for borrowing” or “you must not charge him extra money for the loan”
EXO	22	27	wi2m		כְסוּתוֹ֙ לְ⁠בַדָּ֔⁠הּ 	1	only covering	“is his only coat” or “is his only garment to keep him warm”
EXO	22	27	x7zb	figs-rquestion	בַּ⁠מֶּ֣ה יִשְׁכָּ֔ב	1	What else can he sleep in?	This question adds emphasis. You can translate it as a strong statement. Alternate translation: “He will have nothing to wear while he sleeps!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
EXO	22	28	eel2		אֱלֹהִ֖ים לֹ֣א תְקַלֵּ֑ל	1	You must not blaspheme me, God	“Do not insult God” or “Do not speak evil about God”
EXO	22	28	tdj6		וְ⁠נָשִׂ֥יא בְ⁠עַמְּ⁠ךָ֖ לֹ֥א תָאֹֽר	1	nor curse a ruler	“and do not ask God to do bad things to a ruler”
EXO	22	29	p8nk	figs-doublenegatives	לֹ֣א תְאַחֵ֑ר	1	You must not hold back offerings	This can be stated in a positive form. Alternate translation: “You must bring all of your offerings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
EXO	22	30	j345	translate-numbers	שִׁבְעַ֤ת 	1	For seven days	This can be written as a numeral. Alternate translation: “7” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EXO	22	30	m4wq	translate-ordinal	בַּ⁠יּ֥וֹם הַ⁠שְּׁמִינִ֖י	1	the eighth day	This can be written as a numeral. Alternate translation: “on day number 8” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
EXO	23	intro	hk5t			0		# Exodus 23 General Notes<br><br>## Structure<br>This chapter continues the list of case laws for Israel. It also touches on the patterns of life regarding the Sabbaths ([verses 10-12](../23/10.md)) and Festivals ([verses 14-19](../23/14.md)). At [verse 20](../23/20.md) Yahweh begins telling them about their future as they go to and live in the promised land.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Celebrations of feasts and festivals<br>The people of Israel were required to celebrate certain feasts and festivals. These were part of the law of Moses and some are described in this chapter. Their purpose was to worship Yahweh and to remember the great things Yahweh has done for them.
EXO	23	1	we1y			1	General Information:	Yahweh continues telling Moses his laws for the people of Israel.
EXO	23	1	eeoc	figs-abstractnouns	לֹ֥א תִשָּׂ֖א שֵׁ֣מַע שָׁ֑וְא	1	dishonest witness	This could be translated differently to avoid the abstract nouns **report** and **emptiness.** Alternate translation: “You must not report emptily” or “You must not report falsely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO	23	1	0qjm	figs-idiom	אַל־תָּ֤שֶׁת יָֽדְ⁠ךָ֙ עִם־רָשָׁ֔ע	1	dishonest witness	Here, to **put your hand with the wicked** means to support the lies that he is telling in order to harm someone else. The image is of putting out your hand to help him, to make him stronger than he would be on his own. Alternate translation: “You must not assist the wicked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	23	1	l4xr		שֵׁ֣מַע שָׁ֑וְא	1	General Information:	“a false testimony”
EXO	23	1	y1a3	figs-metonymy	עֵ֥ד חָמָֽס	1	dishonest witness	Here, **violence** can also mean “wrong.” Either way, it means to harm another person by committing injustice (violence to justice) by lying. Alternate translation: “a false witness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	23	2	nqz9		⁠לֹא־תַעֲנֶ֣ה	1	nor may you bear witness	“and you also must not speak”
EXO	23	2	z6ej	figs-metaphor	לֹֽא־תִהְיֶ֥ה אַחֲרֵֽי־רַבִּ֖ים לְ⁠רָעֹ֑ת	1	siding with the crowd	This is a metaphor that describes one’s agreeing with a group of people as if he actually walked behind that group. Alternate translation: “You must not do the evil that the crowd wants” or “You must not agree with the majority for evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	23	2	nuag	figs-ellipsis	לִ⁠נְטֹ֛ת…לְ⁠הַטֹּֽת	1	siding with the crowd	“From justice” is omitted but should be understood. Alternate translation: “to turn aside from justice … that turns aside from justice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
EXO	23	2	tnv2		לִ⁠נְטֹ֛ת…לְ⁠הַטֹּֽת	1	pervert justice	This means to do illegal or immoral actions that result in a unjust ruling. Alternate translation: “to pervert justice … that perverts justice”
EXO	23	6	z2al		לֹ֥א תַטֶּ֛ה מִשְׁפַּ֥ט אֶבְיֹנְ⁠ךָ֖ בְּ⁠רִיבֽ⁠וֹ	1	Do not thrust aside justice for your poor in his lawsuit	“Do not decide to treat a poor man unjustly in legal matters”
EXO	23	6	vh76		בְּ⁠רִיבֽ⁠וֹ	1	lawsuit	Here, this refers to any matter that a court decides.
EXO	23	7	ljdw	figs-metaphor	מִ⁠דְּבַר־שֶׁ֖קֶר תִּרְחָ֑ק	1	I will not acquit the wicked	Here, distance is used figuratively to tell the Israelites to have no part in deception. Alternate translation: “Do not speak deceptively” or “Do not join a false matter” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	23	7	c6xl	figs-doublet	וְ⁠נָקִ֤י וְ⁠צַדִּיק֙	1	I will not acquit the wicked	These two terms mean very similar things, both of which contrast with “the wicked” later in the verse. Alternate translation: “person who has not done anything wrong or the person who always does what is right” or “person who does right and not wrong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
EXO	23	7	mf4w		לֹא־אַצְדִּ֖יק רָשָֽׁע	1	I will not acquit the wicked	“I will not find the wicked not guilty” or “I will not say that a wicked person is innocent”
EXO	23	8	gh3v	figs-personification	כִּ֤י הַ⁠שֹּׁ֨חַד֙ יְעַוֵּ֣ר פִּקְחִ֔ים וִֽ⁠יסַלֵּ֖ף דִּבְרֵ֥י צַדִּיקִֽים	1	bribe blinds…perverts	Here a “bribe” is described as if it could take action itself that negatively affects justice. Alternate translation: “for if you do, an evil person can give money to blind the clear-sighted and to pervert the words of the righteous ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
EXO	23	8	ai37	figs-metaphor	כִּ֤י הַ⁠שֹּׁ֨חַד֙ יְעַוֵּ֣ר פִּקְחִ֔ים וִֽ⁠יסַלֵּ֖ף דִּבְרֵ֥י צַדִּיקִֽים	1	bribe blinds…perverts	To **blind the clear-sighted** is a metaphor that means causing those who know what is right to act like they do not. And **pervert the words of the righteous** could mean causing those who would speak the truth (in court) to lie or causing the judge to give an evil judgement or causing those listening to **the words of the righteous** to choose to act as if they had heard something different. Alternate translation: “for a bribe causes those who understand the right thing to do not to do it and causes good men to speak lies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	23	9	mzu9		אֶת־נֶ֣פֶשׁ הַ⁠גֵּ֔ר	1	the life of a foreigner	“the feelings of the foreigner”
EXO	23	10	rt7h		תְּבוּאָתָֽ⁠הּ	1	its produce	“the food its plants produce”
EXO	23	10	6yd4	translate-numbers	וְ⁠שֵׁ֥שׁ 	1	its produce	“And 6” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EXO	23	11	vr1l			1	unplowed	uncultivated, untilled
EXO	23	11	waxp	translate-ordinal	וְ⁠הַ⁠שְּׁבִיעִ֞ת 	1	unplowed	“And the 7th” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
EXO	23	11	b5q6		תִּשְׁמְטֶ֣⁠נָּה וּ⁠נְטַשְׁתָּ֗⁠הּ	1	fallow	in its natural state, not used for to grow food, unplowed, unplanted
EXO	23	11	s4wv	figs-explicit	וְ⁠אָֽכְלוּ֙ אֶבְיֹנֵ֣י עַמֶּ֔⁠ךָ	1	so that the poor among your people may eat	The poor can eat any food that grows on its own in a field that is not cultivated. This can be stated clearly in the translation. Alternate translation: “so the poor among your people may harvest and eat any food that grows on its own in that field” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	23	12	ij92		שֽׁוֹרְ⁠ךָ֙ וַ⁠חֲמֹרֶ֔⁠ךָ	1	your ox and your donkey	“your work animals”
EXO	23	12	tajk	translate-numbers	שֵׁ֤שֶׁת 	1	any foreigner may rest and be refreshed	“6” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EXO	23	12	u07q	translate-ordinal	הַ⁠שְּׁבִיעִ֖י 	1	any foreigner may rest and be refreshed	“the 7th” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
EXO	23	12	gpu1	figs-activepassive	וְ⁠יִנָּפֵ֥שׁ בֶּן־אֲמָתְ⁠ךָ֖ וְ⁠הַ⁠גֵּֽר	1	any foreigner may rest and be refreshed	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “and the son of your female slave and the sojourner may refresh himself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	23	13	ldn8		תִּשָּׁמֵ֑רוּ 	1	Pay attention to	“Do” or “Obey”
EXO	23	13	va2j	figs-parallelism	וְ⁠שֵׁ֨ם אֱלֹהִ֤ים אֲחֵרִים֙ לֹ֣א תַזְכִּ֔ירוּ לֹ֥א יִשָּׁמַ֖ע עַל־פִּֽי⁠ךָ	1	mention the names of other gods	These two instructions mean almost the same thing. It may be more clear to combine them in some languages. Alternate translation: “Be sure never to speak the names of other gods” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
EXO	23	13	x5tf	figs-metonymy	וְ⁠שֵׁ֨ם אֱלֹהִ֤ים אֲחֵרִים֙ לֹ֣א תַזְכִּ֔ירוּ לֹ֥א יִשָּׁמַ֖ע עַל־פִּֽי⁠ךָ	1	mention the names of other gods	This probably means praying to other gods. Alternate translation: “Do not pray to other gods” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	23	13	apnw	figs-metonymy	לֹ֥א יִשָּׁמַ֖ע עַל־פִּֽי⁠ךָ	1	mention the names of other gods	To be **on your mouth** means to speak. Alternate translation: “nor speak them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	23	13	s86p	figs-activepassive	לֹ֥א יִשָּׁמַ֖ע עַל־פִּֽי⁠ךָ	1	mention the names of other gods	You could translate this in an active manner. Also see previous note. Alternate translation: “nor speak them so someone could hear them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	23	14	ezgh	translate-numbers	שָׁלֹ֣שׁ 	1	mention the names of other gods	“3” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EXO	23	15	bu7n	translate-hebrewmonths	הָֽ⁠אָבִ֔יב 	1	Aviv	This is the name of the first month of the Hebrew calendar. Aviv is during the last part of March and the first part of April on Western calendars. See how you translated this in [Exodus 13:4](../13/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	23	15	i88n	translate-numbers	שִׁבְעַ֣ת 	1	Aviv	“7” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EXO	23	15	tx1v	figs-doublenegatives	וְ⁠לֹא־יֵרָא֥וּ פָנַ֖⁠י רֵיקָֽם	1	not appear before me empty-handed	Here understatement is used to emphasize that the Israelites must bring a suitable offering to Yahweh. Alternate translation: “come to me without a proper offering” or “always bring an offering to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
EXO	23	16	pnx4		וְ⁠חַ֤ג הָֽ⁠אָסִף֙	1	Festival of Ingathering	This festival celebrated the final harvesting of all the crops for the year. Alternate translation: “And the Festival of the Ingathering”
EXO	23	17	t5xj	figs-metonymy	יֵרָאֶה֙ 	1	All your males must appear before the Lord Yahweh	Here to **appear to the face of the Lord Yahweh** means to gather to worship. **To the face** is a metonym for Yahweh’s presence, referring to worship. Alternate translation: “must come to worship the Lord Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	23	20	bssx	figs-metonymy	לְ⁠פָנֶ֔י⁠ךָ	1		This means “in front of you.” Alternate translation: “in front of you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	23	21	mpfy	figs-metonymy	הִשָּׁ֧מֶר מִ⁠פָּנָ֛י⁠ו	1	Be attentive to him	This means to respect him. **From his face** refers to his person. Alternate translation: “Show respect to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	23	21	pm7x	figs-activepassive	הִשָּׁ֧מֶר מִ⁠פָּנָ֛י⁠ו	1	Be attentive to him	You could state this in an active manner. Alternate translation: “Pay attention to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	23	21	p5y3	grammar-connect-logic-result	אַל־תַּמֵּ֣ר בּ֑⁠וֹ כִּ֣י לֹ֤א יִשָּׂא֙ לְ⁠פִשְׁעֲ⁠כֶ֔ם כִּ֥י שְׁמִ֖⁠י בְּ⁠קִרְבּֽ⁠וֹ׃	1	Do not provoke him, for he will not pardon	There are two reasons given for the instruction **do not cause bitterness in him**. They are chained together such that you could say: “Because my name is within him, he will not forgive your transgressions, therefore do not cause bitterness in him.” The relation of the **name** and **forgiveness** is not explicit. Alternate translation: “If you provoke him, he will not pardon your sins for my name is within him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
EXO	23	21	p4jv	figs-metonymy	שְׁמִ֖⁠י בְּ⁠קִרְבּֽ⁠וֹ	1	My name is on him	Here **name** refers to God’s authority. Alternate translation: “He has my authority” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	23	21	gt76	figs-metonymy	וּ⁠שְׁמַ֥ע בְּ⁠קֹל֖⁠וֹ	1	If you indeed obey his voice	Here, **voice** represents what the angel says. Alternate translation: “and obey what he says” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	23	22	z1gn	figs-metonymy	אִם־שָׁמֹ֤עַ תִּשְׁמַע֙ בְּ⁠קֹל֔⁠וֹ	1	If you indeed obey his voice	Here, **voice** represents what the angel says. Alternate translation: “if you carefully obey what he says” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	23	22	y9bm	figs-parallelism	וְ⁠אָֽיַבְתִּי֙ אֶת־אֹ֣יְבֶ֔י⁠ךָ וְ⁠צַרְתִּ֖י אֶת־צֹרְרֶֽי⁠ךָ	1	an enemy to your enemies and an adversary to your adversaries	These two phrases mean the same thing and are used for emphasis. Alternate translation: see UST(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
EXO	23	23	0dre	figs-metonymy	לְ⁠פָנֶי⁠ךָ֒	1		This means “in front of you.” Alternate translation: “in front of you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	23	24	a1d5	figs-explicit	וְ⁠לֹ֥א תַעֲשֶׂ֖ה כְּ⁠מַֽעֲשֵׂי⁠הֶ֑ם	1	You must not…do as they do	The Israelites must not live as the people who worship other gods. Alternate translation: “You must not…live as the people who worship those gods” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	23	25	t3ir	figs-merism	וּ⁠בֵרַ֥ךְ אֶֽת־לַחְמְ⁠ךָ֖ וְ⁠אֶת־מֵימֶ֑י⁠ךָ	1	he will bless your bread and water	This is a merism that means food and drink. Alternate translation: “he will bless your food and drink” or “he will bless you by giving you food and drink” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
EXO	23	25	ydl4	figs-123person	וּ⁠בֵרַ֥ךְ 	1	he will bless…I will remove	Yahweh switched between the first and third pronoun to refer to himself. Here both “he” and “I” refer to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
EXO	23	26	q4gz	figs-doublenegatives	לֹ֥א תִהְיֶ֛ה מְשַׁכֵּלָ֥ה וַ⁠עֲקָרָ֖ה	1	No woman will be barren or will miscarry her young in your land	This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “Every woman will be able to become pregnant and give birth to healthy babies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
EXO	23	26	i1r9		מְשַׁכֵּלָ֥ה 	1	miscarry	to have a pregnancy end early and unexpectedly
EXO	23	26	geqg	figs-idiom	אֶת־מִסְפַּ֥ר יָמֶ֖י⁠ךָ אֲמַלֵּֽא	1	miscarry	This is an idiom that means to live a long time. Alternate translation: “I will give you a long life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	23	27	yps8	figs-metonymy	לְ⁠פָנֶ֔י⁠ךָ 	1	miscarry	This means “ahead of you.” Alternate translation: “before you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	23	27	q901	figs-idiom	וְ⁠נָתַתִּ֧י אֶת־כָּל־אֹיְבֶ֛י⁠ךָ אֵלֶ֖י⁠ךָ עֹֽרֶף	1	miscarry	This is an idiom meaning that the enemies will turn and run away (showing the Israelites the backs of their necks). Alternate translation: “and I will make all of your enemies flee” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	23	28	0via	figs-metonymy	לְ⁠פָנֶ֑י⁠ךָ …מִ⁠לְּ⁠פָנֶֽי⁠ךָ	1	miscarry	This means “ahead of you.” Alternate translation: “before you … from before you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	23	28	cg7i	translate-unknown	הַ⁠צִּרְעָ֖ה 	1	hornets	This is a flying insect that can sting people and cause pain. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	23	28	oocw	grammar-collectivenouns	הַ⁠צִּרְעָ֖ה … וְ⁠גֵרְשָׁ֗ה 	1	hornets	Here, **hornet** is used in the singular but refers to a large group of the flying, stinging insects. **It** agrees in number with **hornet**. It may be necessary to translate as a plural. Alternate translation: “hornets … and they will drive out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
EXO	23	29	wfdi	figs-metonymy	מִ⁠פָּנֶ֖י⁠ךָ 	1	miscarry	This means “ahead of you.” Alternate translation: “from before you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	23	29	i9aq	figs-explicit	פֶּן־תִּהְיֶ֤ה הָ⁠אָ֨רֶץ֙ שְׁמָמָ֔ה	1	or the land would become abandoned	You could make the rest of the idea explicit if it would help. Alternate translation: “lest the land become desolate because no one would be living in the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	23	30	mne7	figs-metonymy	מִ⁠פָּנֶ֑י⁠ךָ 	1	miscarry	This means “ahead of you.” Alternate translation: “from before you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	23	31	my2e	figs-metonymy	מִ⁠פָּנֶֽי⁠ךָ	1	miscarry	This means “ahead of you.” Alternate translation: “from before you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	23	33	d1fp	figs-metaphor	כִּֽי־יִהְיֶ֥ה לְ⁠ךָ֖ לְ⁠מוֹקֵֽשׁ	1	this will surely become a trap for you	This means worshiping other gods will lead the people of Israel to certain destruction as if they were an animal caught in a hunter’s trap. It could also be saying that leaving the other people around will make it so that the Israelites see the other people’s worship and are lured (like in a trap) into worshipping the other gods, which is a sin against Yahweh. See UST. Alternate translation: “worshipping them will surely destroy you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	24	intro	b83l			0		# Exodus 24 General Notes<br>## Structure<br>1. Yahweh summons Moses v. 1-2<br>2. Moses reads the covenant and the people accept it, this is ritually marked by sacrifice and sprinkling of blood v. 3-8<br>3. Moses and Israelite elders go up the mountain, see God and eat v. 9-11<br>4. Yahweh summons Moses further up the mountain without the other elders and he goes v. 12-15<br>5. Description of Yahweh's glory and Moses is at the top of the mountain v. 16-18<br><br>## Potential translation issues<br>- there are a number of similes used to describe people's encounter with God<br>- “covenant” appears in a variety of ways<br>- the mountain, the mountain of God, and Mount Sinai are all the same location<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Moses’ covenant<br>The people of Israel promise to obey the covenant Yahweh made with Moses. Their continued blessings were contingent upon their obedience to this covenant. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])<br><br>### God’s holiness<br>Because Yahweh is perfectly holy, he can only be approached in a certain way. Because of this, only Moses was allowed near Yahweh. This is also why Yahweh is described as a “devouring fire.” (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]])
EXO	24	1	hji6	writing-newevent		1	Nadab…Abihu	A new scene begins here, which may need to be marked in a certain way in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
EXO	24	1	c97i	translate-names	נָדָ֣ב וַ⁠אֲבִיה֔וּא 	1	Nadab…Abihu	These are men’s names. See how you translated these names in [Exodus 6:23](../06/23.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	24	1	zukb	figs-123person	אֶל־יְהוָ֗ה	1	Nadab…Abihu	Yahweh refers to himself in the third person, you may change it to first person if it would be unclear in your language. Alternate translation: “to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
EXO	24	1	nm3t	translate-numbers	וְ⁠שִׁבְעִ֖ים	1	seventy of Israel’s elders	“and 70” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EXO	24	1	ymip	figs-explicit	וְ⁠הִשְׁתַּחֲוִיתֶ֖ם 	1	seventy of Israel’s elders	Here, “to me” is implied, you may make it explicit if it would be unclear in your language. Alternate translation: “and you shall bow down to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	24	2	p06o	writing-pronouns	וְ⁠הֵ֖ם 	1	seventy of Israel’s elders	This refers to all the other people mentioned in [verse 1](../24/01.md). Alternate translation: “and Aaron, Nadab, Abihu, and the elders” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
EXO	24	2	dqnp	figs-123person	אֶל־יְהוָ֔ה	1	seventy of Israel’s elders	Yahweh refers to himself in the third person, you may change it to first person if it would be unclear in your language. Alternate translation: “to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
EXO	24	3	sbc3	writing-newevent		1	with one voice	Verses 3-8 are a different scene than the rest of the chapter, which may need to be marked in a certain way in your language. It seems that there were some preparations needed before Moses and the elders could go up to meet Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
EXO	24	3	nuqr			1	with one voice	See [Exodus 19:8](../19/08.md) for how you translated a very similar event.
EXO	24	3	cg32	figs-idiom	ק֤וֹל אֶחָד֙	1	with one voice	This is an idiom that means the people were in complete agreement. Alternate translation: “together” or “in agreement” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	24	4	h7gg		תַּ֣חַת הָ⁠הָ֑ר	1	foot of the mountain	“at the base of the mountain”
EXO	24	4	uipf	translate-numbers	וּ⁠שְׁתֵּ֤ים עֶשְׂרֵה֙…לִ⁠שְׁנֵ֥ים עָשָׂ֖ר	1	foot of the mountain	“and 12 … according to the 12” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EXO	24	7	1bje	translate-unknown	סֵ֣פֶר הַ⁠בְּרִ֔ית	1	foot of the mountain	Here, **book** does not mean something in our modern format. It was likely a piece of papyrus (an early form of paper made from reeds) or animal skin that rolled up. Alternate translation: “the Covenant he had written down” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	24	8	h9ff	figs-explicit	הַ⁠דָּ֔ם 	1	Then Moses took the blood	This refers to the blood that Moses had put into the bowls. This can be stated clearly. See UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	24	8	juxf	figs-explicit	עַ֥ל כָּל־הַ⁠דְּבָרִ֖ים הָ⁠אֵֽלֶּה׃	1	Then Moses took the blood	**These words** refers to what Moses just read aloud, that is, Yahweh’s commands. You can make this more clear. Alternate translation: “which I just read aloud to you and you agreed to” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	24	9	2zl5	writing-newevent		1	Nadab…Abihu	A new scene begins with this verse, which may need to be marked in a certain way in your language. Here the narrative is connected to [verse 2](../24/02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
EXO	24	9	uz7y		וַ⁠יַּ֥עַל 	1	Nadab…Abihu	These are men’s names. See how you translated these names in [Exodus 6:23](../06/23.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	24	9	8fbu	figs-explicit	וַ⁠יַּ֥עַל 	1	Nadab…Abihu	The men **went up** the mountain. You can state this clearly. See UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	24	10	ic4s	figs-personification	וְ⁠תַ֣חַת רַגְלָ֗י⁠ו	1	Under his feet	This speaks of God as if he had human feet. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
EXO	24	10	q8sn		לִבְנַ֣ת 	1	pavement	a hard surface for walking or riding
EXO	24	10	pm87	translate-unknown	הַ⁠סַּפִּ֔יר 	1	sapphire stone	This is a gemstone that is blue in color. If there is a blue gemstone that your people are familiar with you may use it here as the exact gemstone is not certain. You may also describe it. Alternate translation: “a blue gemstone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	24	10	zd6u	figs-simile	וּ⁠כְ⁠עֶ֥צֶם הַ⁠שָּׁמַ֖יִם לָ⁠טֹֽהַר	1	as clear as the sky itself	This is a simile. Alternate translation: “and it was blue like the sky” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
EXO	24	11	jds6	figs-metonymy	וְ⁠אֶל־אֲצִילֵי֙ בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל לֹ֥א שָׁלַ֖ח יָד֑⁠וֹ	1	God did not lay a hand on the Israelite leaders	This means that God did not harm the leaders. Alternate translation: “God did not harm the Israelite leaders” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	24	11	725f	grammar-connect-condition-contrary	וְ⁠אֶל־אֲצִילֵי֙ בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל לֹ֥א שָׁלַ֖ח יָד֑⁠וֹ	1	God did not lay a hand on the Israelite leaders	What would be expected is if they saw God they would die. The Israelite elders ability to see God and live is unexpected, be sure your translation conveys that. Alternate translation: “However, he did not send out his hand to the leaders of the sons of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-contrary]])
EXO	24	12	dx4f	figs-explicit	לְ⁠הוֹרֹתָֽ⁠ם	1	tablets of stone and the law and commandments	This means so that Moses and the other Israelite leaders could teach the laws and commandments to the Israelite people. You may need to make this clear. See UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	24	13	gv5e		וִ⁠יהוֹשֻׁ֖עַ מְשָׁרְת֑⁠וֹ	1	with his assistant Joshua	The word translated **servant** here is usually associated with a higher position, like a government minister. Avoid using a word that implies a lower class serving role. Alternate translation: “with Joshua who assisted him” or “with Joshua who helped him”
EXO	24	13	2p7m	writing-participants	וִ⁠יהוֹשֻׁ֖עַ 	1	with his assistant Joshua	**Joshua** is introduced here again, if your language marks new participants in the narrative in a certain way, use that form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
EXO	24	14	mhvj	grammar-connect-time-sequential	וְ⁠אֶל־הַ⁠זְּקֵנִ֤ים אָמַר֙	1	wait for us	The structure of the Hebrew indicates but does not require that this speech by Moses happened before [verse 13](../24/13.md) (hence **had said**). The ULT takes this view, however, for languages where it is hard to express events out of order, the UST reflects the other grammatical possibility and says in [24:13](../24/13.md) that Moses started up the mountain and in [24:15](../24/15.md) that he went the rest of the way up the mountain. Following this you can view this verse as if Moses paused and gave these final instructions as he was leaving the elders behind, keeping a sequential structure. Either approach is permissible by the text, but the approach of the ULT is preferred if possible. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential]])
EXO	24	14	qiy4		לָ֣⁠נוּ 	1	wait for us	“Joshua and me”
EXO	24	14	uc7r	translate-names	וְ⁠חוּר֙ 	1	Hur	**Hur** was a man who was a friend of Moses and Aaron. See how you translated this name in [Exodus 17:10](../17/10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	24	14	jyh8		וְ⁠הִנֵּ֨ה 	1	Hur	**Behold** is used to draw attention to important information that Moses is about to tell them. It is frequently omitted, if your language uses a statement to draw attention to important information you should consider using it here. Alternate translation: “Remember”
EXO	24	14	dqhj	figs-idiom	מִי־בַ֥עַל דְּבָרִ֖ים	1	Hur	This is an idiom that means that someone has a legal dispute or complaint. Alternate translation: “Whoever has a legal claim” or “Anyone with a law case” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	24	16	j2s5	figs-metonymy	כְּבוֹד־יְהוָה֙	1	Yahweh’s glory	This was the brilliant light of Yahweh’s presence. Alternate translation: “the brilliant light showing Yahweh’s presence” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	24	16	sb1o	translate-numbers	שֵׁ֣שֶׁת 	1	Yahweh’s glory	“6” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EXO	24	16	27l1	translate-ordinal	בַּ⁠יּ֥וֹם הַ⁠שְּׁבִיעִ֖י	1	Yahweh’s glory	“on day number 7” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
EXO	24	17	e4n6	figs-simile	כְּ⁠אֵ֥שׁ אֹכֶ֖לֶת	1	like a devouring fire	This means the glory of Yahweh was very large and seemed to burn brightly like a fire. Alternate translation: “like a big fire burning” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
EXO	24	17	k5lj	figs-metaphor	לְ⁠עֵינֵ֖י בְּנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל	1	in the eyes of the Israelites	Their eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents their thoughts or judgment about they saw. Alternate translation: “to the Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	24	18	h1wy	translate-numbers	אַרְבָּעִ֣ים י֔וֹם וְ⁠אַרְבָּעִ֖ים לָֽיְלָה	1	forty days and forty nights	“40 days and 40 nights” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EXO	25	intro	t23a			0		# Exodus 25 General Notes<br>## Structure:<br>- v. 1-7: Instructions for gifts the Israelites may give to help build the place they will worship God<br>- v. 8-9: Introductory building instructions<br>- v. 10-22: Instructions for building the Box of the Testimony<br>- v. 23-30: Instructions for building the table<br>- v. 31-39: Instructions for building the lampstand<br>- v. 40: Summary instruction<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br>- The tent of meeting and Box of the Testimony are introduced in this chapter.<br>- Translators will need to take care translating the concept of atonement.<br><br><br>## Potential translation issues in this chapter:<br>- There are many unfamiliar items in this chapter. Fortunately they are mostly all physical items. Translators will have to try to understand what each item is and translate it into the closest equivalent in their culture. It may be helpful for translators to try to find images depicting some of the items the Israelites were to make.<br>- There are some biblical weights and measurements that translators may not have encountered before.<br><br>
EXO	25	2	tktu	figs-quotations	דַּבֵּר֙ אֶל־בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל וְ⁠יִקְחוּ־לִ֖⁠י תְּרוּמָ֑ה	1	who is motivated by a willing heart	In some languages you may have to make **and they shall take a contribution for me** a direct quote. Note that this will make it a second-level quotation and you will need to mark it with second-level quotation marking if your language uses them. Alternate translation: “Say to the sons of Israel, ‘You shall take a contribution for me.’ ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
EXO	25	2	r5yr	figs-idiom	אֲשֶׁ֣ר יִדְּבֶ֣⁠נּוּ לִבּ֔⁠וֹ	1	who is motivated by a willing heart	This is an idiom that indicates a person’s desire to give an offering. Alternate translation: “who wants to give one” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	25	2	k78q	figs-youdual	תִּקְח֖וּ 	1	You must receive	The word **you** is plural and refers to Moses and the leaders. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
EXO	25	4	c1qn	figs-explicit	וּ⁠תְכֵ֧לֶת וְ⁠אַרְגָּמָ֛ן וְ⁠תוֹלַ֥עַת שָׁנִ֖י	1	blue, purple, and scarlet material	Possible meanings are (1) “material that is dyed blue, purple, and scarlet,” probably wool yarn, or (2) “blue, purple and scarlet dye” to dye the linen. The original audience would have known what was meant. This material seems to have been used for embroidery later, so “yarn” or ”thread” may be the best understanding. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	25	4	c958	translate-unknown	וְ⁠תוֹלַ֥עַת שָׁנִ֖י	1	scarlet	A bright red color for dying cloth was extracted from these worms. Alternate translation: “and bright red” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	25	5	ayup	translate-unknown	מְאָדָּמִ֛ים 	1	scarlet	When animal skins are tanned (processed into usable leather) they become reddish. It is not clear if these hides are dyed red or simply reddened in the tanning process. Alternate translation: “tanned” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	25	5	1po6	translate-unknown	תְּחָשִׁ֖ים 	1	scarlet	The meaning of this word is not known, it may refer to some water mammal that has skin that can be made into a high-quality leather. [Sea cows on Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirenia) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	25	5	d4fa	translate-unknown	שִׁטִּֽים	1	scarlet	A small tree with spreading foliage and durable wood. [See on Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shittah_tree) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	25	6	i6gp	translate-unknown	בְּשָׂמִים֙ 	1	spices	dried plants that people grind into a powder and put in oil or food to give it a nice smell or flavor (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	25	7	mg4f	translate-unknown	אַבְנֵי־שֹׁ֕הַם	1	onyx	An **onyx stone** is a valuable stone that has layers of white and black, red or brown. If this stone is unknown to your people, consider translating using a word for a familiar stone with a similar pattern if possible. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	25	7	c3hk		וְ⁠אַבְנֵ֖י	1	precious stones	“and valuable gems for” or “ and treasured gems for”
EXO	25	9	m1np	figs-you	אוֹתְ⁠ךָ֔ 	1	show you in the plans	Here **you** is singular and refers to Moses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
EXO	25	9	w4sc		כֵּלָ֑י⁠ו 	1	tabernacle	Here, **utensils** is a general term that you could translate by a broad term that could encompass all of the things used in the tabernacle as described in this and the several following chapters. Alternate translation: “its implements”
EXO	25	9	c9qe	figs-youdual	תַּעֲשֽׂוּ	1	You must make it	Here **you** is plural and refers to Moses and the people of Israel. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here.(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
EXO	25	9	tc2k	figs-123person	תַּעֲשֽׂוּ	1	You must make it	Since Moses does not construct these items himself you may consider shifting the instructions to the third person if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “they shall make it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
EXO	25	10	o8dl	translate-unknown	שִׁטִּ֑ים 	1	two and a half cubits…one cubit and a half	A small tree with spreading foliage and durable wood. See how you translated this in [25:5](../25/05.md). [See on Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shittah_tree) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	25	10	cs23	translate-bdistance	אַמָּתַ֨יִם וָ⁠חֵ֜צִי…וְ⁠אַמָּ֤ה וָ⁠חֵ֨צִי֙…וְ⁠אַמָּ֥ה וָ⁠חֵ֖צִי	1	two and a half cubits…one cubit and a half	You can convert these lengths to a measurement system familiar to your people if that is the style of translation that you are using. A **cubit** is approximately 46cm. For your reference, a more precise conversion to metric is: 115cm … 69cm … 69cm (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]])
EXO	25	10	74nh	translate-fraction	וָ⁠חֵ֜צִי …וָ⁠חֵ֨צִי֙ …וָ⁠חֵ֖צִי 	1	two and a half cubits…one cubit and a half	The word **half** means one part out of two equal parts. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]])
EXO	25	12	wbq8	translate-unknowns	וְ⁠יָצַ֣קְתָּ לּ֗⁠וֹ אַרְבַּע֙ טַבְּעֹ֣ת זָהָ֔ב	1	cast four rings of gold	Casting was a process in which gold was melted, poured into a mold that was in the shape of a ring, and then allowed to harden. If this sort of metal working process is unknown to your people you may simply use a word meaning “make” as the UST does or describe it. The UST approach is preferred as the creation process is not in focus here and it would be cumbersome to include the description in the text. You could use a word meaning “make” and include the description in a footnote if you are including those and your team feels it is important to understand.  Alternate translation: “You shall make four rings of gold by melting the gold and pouring it into molds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknowns]])
EXO	25	13	77xm	translate-unknowns	שִׁטִּ֑ים 	1	cast four rings of gold	A small tree with spreading foliage and durable wood. See how you translated this in [25:5](../25/05.md). [See on Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shittah_tree) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	25	15	k67p	figs-parallelism	בְּ⁠טַבְּעֹת֙ הָ⁠אָרֹ֔ן יִהְי֖וּ הַ⁠בַּדִּ֑ים לֹ֥א יָסֻ֖רוּ מִמֶּֽ⁠נּוּ	1	General Information:	These two phrases mean similar things. Yahweh is saying basically the same thing twice to emphasize how important this command is. If it is confusing for your readers to repeat both phrases, you can combine them and show the emphasis in a different way. Alternate translation: “The poles belong in the rings of the ark, never anyone anyone to remove them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
EXO	25	15	6j01	figs-activepassive	בְּ⁠טַבְּעֹת֙ הָ⁠אָרֹ֔ן יִהְי֖וּ הַ⁠בַּדִּ֑ים לֹ֥א יָסֻ֖רוּ מִמֶּֽ⁠נּוּ	1	General Information:	You can translate this in active form. See UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	25	17	ast8	translate-bdistance	אַמָּתַ֤יִם וָ⁠חֵ֨צִי֙…וְ⁠אַמָּ֥ה וָ⁠חֵ֖צִי	1	two and a half cubits…a cubit and a half	You can convert these lengths to a measurement system familiar to your people if that is the style of translation that you are using. A **cubit** is approximately 46cm. For your reference, a more precise conversion to metric is: 115cm … 69cm … 69cm (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]])
EXO	25	17	468p	translate-fraction	וָ⁠חֵ֨צִי֙ …וָ⁠חֵ֖צִי 	1	two and a half cubits…a cubit and a half	The word **half** means one part out of two equal parts. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]])
EXO	25	19	b4l9		מִן־הַ⁠כַּפֹּ֛רֶת תַּעֲשׂ֥וּ אֶת־הַ⁠כְּרֻבִ֖ים עַל־שְׁנֵ֥י קְצוֹתָֽי⁠ו	1	They must be made	This seems to indicate that the cherubim should be formed out of the same piece of gold as the rest of the lid. It may, however, mean that at the end they should be one piece, so the gold should be heated to melting and the lid and cherubim joined together. Alternate translation: “You shall join the cherubim to the atonement lid on its two ends”
EXO	25	22	zu9u	figs-you	לְ⁠ךָ֮ …אִתְּ⁠ךָ֜ …אוֹתְ⁠ךָ֖ 	1	It is at the ark that I will meet with you	Here, **you** is singular and refers to Moses. If you have been using a plural you for Yahweh’s commands which have been to give to others, make sure you use singular here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
EXO	25	23	t312	translate-bdistance	שִׁטִּ֑ים אַמָּתַ֤יִם אָרְכּ⁠וֹ֙ וְ⁠אַמָּ֣ה רָחְבּ֔⁠וֹ וְ⁠אַמָּ֥ה וָ⁠חֵ֖צִי קֹמָתֽ⁠וֹ	1	two cubits…one cubit…a cubit and a half	You can convert these lengths to a measurement system familiar to your people if that is the style of translation that you are using. A **cubit** is approximately 46cm. For your reference, a more precise conversion to metric is: 115cm … 46cm … 69cm (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]])
EXO	25	23	a2o9	translate-fraction	וָ⁠חֵ֖צִי 	1	two cubits…one cubit…a cubit and a half	The word **half** means one part out of two equal parts. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]])
EXO	25	24	f20e			1	two cubits…one cubit…a cubit and a half	This verse is almost identical to [25:11](../25/11.md). 
EXO	25	25	awi7	translate-bdistance	טֹ֖פַח 	1	one handbreadth wide	You can convert this length to a measurement system familiar to your people if that is the style of translation that you are using. A **handbreath** is approximately 8cm. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]])
EXO	25	25	bit8		לּ֥⁠וֹ 	1	frame for it	“for the table”
EXO	25	27	jdh4	figs-idiom	לְ⁠בָתִּ֣ים 	1	The rings must be attached	Here, **to house** means that the rings will hold the poles. Since they are where the poles belong for use, they are figuratively their **house.** If you have a similar idiom meaning “place of belonging” you may use it or you may translate the idea. Alternate translation: “to be a place for” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	25	28	l4fk	figs-activepassive	וְ⁠נִשָּׂא־בָ֖⁠ם אֶת־הַ⁠שֻּׁלְחָֽן	1	so that the table may be carried with them	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “And you shall carry the table with them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	25	29	54jx	translate-unknown	קְּעָרֹתָ֜י⁠ו וְ⁠כַפֹּתָ֗י⁠ו וּ⁠קְשׂוֹתָי⁠ו֙ וּ⁠מְנַקִּיֹּתָ֔י⁠ו	1	to be used to pour out drink offerings	We do not know precisely what these dishes were. The **plates** were probably mostly flat dishes for holding the bread that would be on the table; the **pans** may have been shallow bowls or deep plates for holding incense or they may have been something more like a ladle or spoon; the **pitchers** probably held wine to be poured into the **bowls** for the drink offerings. You will need to translate using the closest word for each such item in your culture. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	25	29	v78d	figs-activepassive	אֲשֶׁ֥ר יֻסַּ֖ךְ בָּ⁠הֵ֑ן	1	to be used to pour out drink offerings	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that the priests will pour out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	25	30	uth7	figs-metonymy	לֶ֥חֶם פָּנִ֖ים	1	bread of the presence	Here, **face** figuratively represents the presence of Yahweh. This bread represented the presence of God. Alternate translation: “the Bread of the Presence” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	25	30	kh7c	figs-metonymy	לְ⁠פָנַ֥⁠י 	1	bread of the presence	Here, **face** figuratively represents the presence of Yahweh. Alternate translation: “in front of me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	25	31	kc3q		מִקְשָׁ֞ה 	1	hammered gold	“of beaten gold” See how you translated this in [Exodus 25:18](../25/18.md).
EXO	25	31	g25l	figs-activepassive	תֵּעָשֶׂ֤ה 	1	The lampstand is to be made	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “You shall make” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	25	33	i7bh	translate-unknown	מְֽשֻׁקָּדִ֞ים 	1	almond blossoms	An almond blossom is a white or pink flower that has five petals. (An almond is a kind of nut.) You may want to include a short description as a foot note or in the text (if that is your translation style) the first time this is encountered. Alternate translation: “shaped like the five petaled almond flower” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	25	35	lk10		וְ⁠כַפְתֹּ֡ר תַּחַת֩ שְׁנֵ֨י הַ⁠קָּנִ֜ים מִמֶּ֗⁠נָּה וְ⁠כַפְתֹּר֙ תַּ֣חַת שְׁנֵ֤י הַ⁠קָּנִים֙ מִמֶּ֔⁠נָּה וְ⁠כַפְתֹּ֕ר תַּחַת־שְׁנֵ֥י הַ⁠קָּנִ֖ים מִמֶּ֑⁠נָּה לְ⁠שֵׁ֨שֶׁת֙ הַ⁠קָּנִ֔ים הַ⁠יֹּצְאִ֖ים מִן־הַ⁠מְּנֹרָֽה	1	made as one piece with it	“There must be a leafy base under the first pair of branches—made as one piece with it, and a leafy base under the second pair of branches—also made as one piece with it. In the same way there must be a leafy base under the third pair of branches, made as one piece with it. It must be the same for all six branches extending out from the lampstand.”
EXO	25	36	r7yz		מִקְשָׁ֥ה 	1	made as one piece with it	“of beaten gold” See how you translated this in [Exodus 25:18](../25/18.md).
EXO	25	37	dfn6	figs-metonymy	וְ⁠הֵאִ֖יר עַל־עֵ֥בֶר פָּנֶֽי⁠הָ	1	for them to give light from it	Here, **face** figuratively represents the location of the lampstand. Alternate translation: “so they shine light near it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	25	39	ff5p	translate-bweight	כִּכָּ֛ר 	1	one talent	You can convert this weight to a measurement system familiar to your people if that is the style of translation that you are using. A talent weighs about thirty-three kilograms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]])
EXO	25	40	4tyr	figs-explicit	וּ⁠רְאֵ֖ה וַ⁠עֲשֵׂ֑ה	1	you are being shown on the mountain	All the items described in this chapter are implied as what Moses is told to **see and make**. You could make that explicit in your translation if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “See and make everything I have described” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	25	40	gyte	figs-metonymy	וּ⁠רְאֵ֖ה וַ⁠עֲשֵׂ֑ה	1	you are being shown on the mountain	Here, **see** relates to observing or overseeing, essentially Yahweh is telling Moses to be careful as he observes the pattern on the mountain and as he sees the craftsmen of Israel working on these items so that they are made correctly. Alternate translation: “Watch carefully so you can make these things well” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	25	40	l7je	figs-activepassive	אַתָּ֥ה מָרְאֶ֖ה	1	you are being shown on the mountain	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I am showing you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	26	intro	emw7			0		# Exodus 26 General Notes<br><br><br>- The sacred tent has four layers (from inside to out): linen, goats’ hair, tanned rams’ skins, and fine leather.<br>- There are multiple different curtains described using three different Hebrew words: one sort to make the walls of the tent ([verses 1-13](../26/01.md)), another to separate the holy and most holy places ([verses 31-34](../26/31.md)), and another for the entrance of the sacred tent ([verses 36-37](../26/36.md)). If there are words in your language that would make a distinction between these sorts of hanging cloths, it would be appropriate to make a distinction in your translation.<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter is a continuation of the material in the previous chapter.<br>- v. 1-30: Instructions for constructing the exterior of the sacred tent<br>    - v. 1-6: Inner covering<br>    - v. 7-14: Outer covering layers<br>    - v. 15-30: Wooden framework<br>- v. 31-35: Instructions for arranging the interior of the sacred tent<br>- v. 36-37: Instructions for hanging the entrance curtain<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br><br>### The tent of meeting<br>This chapter gives specific instructions regarding the building of a tent where Moses would meet Yahweh and the ark would be stored. This would eventually become the tabernacle. Note: “tabernacle” is simply an English word transcribed from the Latin for “tent” which translates the Hebrew for “dwelling place” that has taken on religious significance via the KJV. Tabernacle and tent should be considered interchangeable. It was to be considered a very holy place. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/tabernacle]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]])
EXO	26	1	ks8r	figs-you	תַּעֲשֶׂ֖ה 	1	You must make	Yahweh is speaking to Moses, so the word **you** is singular. Yahweh probably expected Moses to tell someone else to do the actual work, but Moses would be the one responsible for seeing that the work was done correctly. “Tell a craftsman to make” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
EXO	26	1	iww4	translate-unknown	יְרִיעֹ֑ת 	1	curtains	These were large, heavy sections of woven cloth that were used to form the covering and dividing walls of the tabernacle. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	26	1	5fgj		וּ⁠תְכֵ֤לֶת וְ⁠אַרְגָּמָן֙ וְ⁠תֹלַ֣עַת שָׁנִ֔י	1	curtains	Possible meanings are (1) “material that is dyed blue, purple, and scarlet,” probably wool yarn, or (2) “blue, purple and scarlet dye” to dye the linen. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Exodus 25:4](../25/04.md).
EXO	26	1	xvs7	translate-unknown	וְ⁠תֹלַ֣עַת שָׁנִ֔י	1	scarlet wool	A bright red color for dying cloth was extracted from these worms. Alternate translation: “and bright red” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	26	1	n2vm		חֹשֵׁ֖ב 	1	craftsman	a person who is skilled in making beautiful objects by hand
EXO	26	2	dkr6	translate-bdistance	שְׁמֹנֶ֤ה וְ⁠עֶשְׂרִים֙ בָּֽ⁠אַמָּ֔ה…אַרְבַּ֣ע בָּ⁠אַמָּ֔ה	1	twenty-eight cubits…four cubits	You can convert these lengths to a measurement system familiar to your people if that is the style of translation that you are using. A **cubit** is approximately 46cm. For your reference, a more precise conversion to metric is: 12.9m … 184cm (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]])
EXO	26	3	ba6w	figs-activepassive	חֲמֵ֣שׁ הַ⁠יְרִיעֹ֗ת תִּֽהְיֶ֨יןָ֙ חֹֽבְרֹ֔ת אִשָּׁ֖ה אֶל־אֲחֹתָ֑⁠הּ וְ⁠חָמֵ֤שׁ יְרִיעֹת֙ חֹֽבְרֹ֔ת אִשָּׁ֖ה אֶל־אֲחֹתָֽ⁠הּ	1	Five curtains must be joined to each other…must also be joined to each other	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Join five of the curtains each to another, and join five of the curtains each to another.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	26	4	ghz8		תְּכֵ֗לֶת 	1	one set	“blue yarn” or “blue cloth”
EXO	26	4	wdum	translate-ordinals	הָ⁠אֶחָ֔ת … הַ⁠שֵּׁנִֽית	1	one set	 (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinals]])
EXO	26	4	d0sl		בַּ⁠חֹבָ֑רֶת 	1	one set	“in one set of five curtains”
EXO	26	4	gjt1		בַּ⁠מַּחְבֶּ֖רֶת הַ⁠שֵּׁנִֽית	1	one set	“in the other set of five curtains”
EXO	26	6	sns4		וְ⁠עָשִׂ֕יתָ חֲמִשִּׁ֖ים קַרְסֵ֣י זָהָ֑ב וְ⁠חִבַּרְתָּ֨ אֶת־הַ⁠יְרִיעֹ֜ת אִשָּׁ֤ה אֶל־אֲחֹתָ⁠הּ֙	1	clasps	The clasps fit into the loops (verses 4 and 5) to hold the curtains together.
EXO	26	6	b242		אֶחָֽד	1	clasps	“as though it were one piece”
EXO	26	7	jeaz		לְ⁠אֹ֖הֶל 	1	eleven	This refers to a outer tent over the sacred tent. Alternate translation: “for a outer tent”
EXO	26	7	t7t3	translate-numbers	עַשְׁתֵּי־עֶשְׂרֵ֥ה	1	eleven	“eleven” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EXO	26	8	p423	translate-numbers		1	thirty…four	“thirty …4 … eleven” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EXO	26	8	v7i1	translate-bdistance	שְׁלֹשִׁים֙ בָּֽ⁠אַמָּ֔ה…אַרְבַּ֣ע בָּ⁠אַמָּ֔ה	1	cubits	You can convert these lengths to a measurement system familiar to your people if that is the style of translation that you are using. A **cubit** is approximately 46cm. For your reference, a more precise conversion to metric is: 13.8m … 184cm (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]])
EXO	26	9	9yyr	figs-metonymy	אֶל־מ֖וּל פְּנֵ֥י הָ⁠אֹֽהֶל	1	cubits	Here, **face** is probably referring to the entrance of the tent. The opening for the protective tent and the sacred tent would have been coordinated so they were in the same place. Alternate translation: “in front of the entrance of the tent” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	26	9	73r7		הָ⁠אֹֽהֶל	1	cubits	As in [verse 7](../26/07.md) this refers to the outer tent over the sacred tent. Alternate translation: “the outer tent”
EXO	26	10	etf7			1	loops	See how you translated these in [Exodus 26:4](./04.md).
EXO	26	11	cq36			1	clasps	The clasps fit into the loops to hold the curtains together. See how you translated this in [Exodus 26:6](./06.md).
EXO	26	12	hftk	translate-fraction	חֲצִ֤י 	1	clasps	The word **half** means one part out of two equal parts. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]])
EXO	26	13	k4ci	translate-bdistance	וְ⁠הָ⁠אַמָּ֨ה…וְ⁠הָ⁠אַמָּ֤ה 	1	cubit	You can convert these lengths to a measurement system familiar to your people if that is the style of translation that you are using. A **cubit** is approximately 46cm. For your reference, a more precise conversion to metric is: 46cm (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]])
EXO	26	14	kii8	translate-unknown	תְּחָשִׁ֖ים 	1	a covering of ram skins dyed red, and another covering of fine leather	The meaning of this word is not known, it may refer to some water mammal that has skin that can be made into a high-quality leather. [Sea cows on Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirenia) See how you translated a similar phrase in [Exodus 25:5](../25/05.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) 
EXO	26	14	yz3v	translate-unknown	מְאָדָּמִ֑ים 	1	dyed red	When animal skins are tanned (processed into usable leather) they become reddish. It is not clear if these hides are dyed red or simply reddened in the tanning process. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Exodus 25:5](../25/05.md). Alternate translation: “tanned” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	26	15	y85l	translate-unknown	הַ⁠קְּרָשִׁ֖ים 	1	frames	This refers to frames or panels that they made by joining together smaller pieces of wood. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	26	15	tw2h	translate-unknown	שִׁטִּ֖ים 	1	frames	A small tree with spreading foliage and durable wood. See how you translated this in [25:5](../25/05.md). [See on Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shittah_tree) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	26	16	k4b7	translate-numbers		1	ten cubits…one and a half cubits	“10 cubits…1.5 cubits” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EXO	26	16	z2rv	translate-bdistance	עֶ֥שֶׂר אַמּ֖וֹת…וְ⁠אַמָּה֙ וַ⁠חֲצִ֣י הָֽ⁠אַמָּ֔ה	1	ten cubits…one and a half cubits	You can convert these lengths to a measurement system familiar to your people if that is the style of translation that you are using. A **cubit** is approximately 46cm. For your reference, a more precise conversion to metric is: 4.6m … 69cm (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]])
EXO	26	16	41gf	translate-fraction	וַ⁠חֲצִ֣י 	1	ten cubits…one and a half cubits	The word **half** means one part out of two equal parts. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]])
EXO	26	17	zwfj	translate-unknown	יָד֗וֹת 	1	ten cubits…one and a half cubits	This means a part of the wood sticking out from the rest of the frame so that it can be put into a hole in another object. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	26	19	c9id		אַדְנֵי־כֶ֔סֶף	1	silver bases	These were silver blocks that had a slot in them to keep the board in place and off the ground.
EXO	26	19	o357	figs-explicit	שְׁנֵ֨י אֲדָנִ֜ים תַּֽחַת־הַ⁠קֶּ֤רֶשׁ הָ⁠אֶחָד֙ לִ⁠שְׁתֵּ֣י יְדֹתָ֔י⁠ו וּ⁠שְׁנֵ֧י אֲדָנִ֛ים תַּֽחַת־הַ⁠קֶּ֥רֶשׁ הָ⁠אֶחָ֖ד לִ⁠שְׁתֵּ֥י יְדֹתָֽי⁠ו	1	silver bases	The effect of this is to start a list and the hearer will assume it should be completed. Try to translate this in the way that a speaker of your language would give instructions that are meant to be carried out on a whole group of objects. This same phrasing occurs again in [verse 21](../26/21.md) and [verse 25](../26/25.md).  Alternate translation: “two bases under the first frame for its two tenons, and then two bases under the next frame for its two tenons, and so for all the frames” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	26	21	rlcf	figs-explicit	שְׁנֵ֣י אֲדָנִ֗ים תַּ֚חַת הַ⁠קֶּ֣רֶשׁ הָֽ⁠אֶחָ֔ד וּ⁠שְׁנֵ֣י אֲדָנִ֔ים תַּ֖חַת הַ⁠קֶּ֥רֶשׁ הָ⁠אֶחָֽד	1	silver bases	The effect of this is to start a list and the hearer will assume it should be completed. Try to translate this in the way that a speaker of your language would give instructions that are meant to be carried out on a whole group of objects. See how you translated this in [Exodus 26:19](../26/19.md).  Alternate translation: “two bases under the first frame, and then two bases under the next frame, and so for all the frames” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	26	25	0p52	figs-explicit	שְׁנֵ֣י אֲדָנִ֗ים תַּ֚חַת הַ⁠קֶּ֣רֶשׁ הָ⁠אֶחָ֔ד וּ⁠שְׁנֵ֣י אֲדָנִ֔ים תַּ֖חַת הַ⁠קֶּ֥רֶשׁ הָ⁠אֶחָֽד	1	silver bases	The effect of this is to start a list and the hearer will assume it should be completed. Try to translate this in the way that a speaker of your language would give instructions that are meant to be carried out on a whole group of objects. See how you translated this in [Exodus 26:19](../26/19.md).  Alternate translation: “two bases under the first frame, and then two bases under the next frame, and so for all the frames” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	26	25	p2wu	translate-unknown	וְ⁠אַדְנֵי⁠הֶ֣ם …אֲדָנִ֑ים …אֲדָנִ֗ים …אֲדָנִ֔ים 	1	silver bases	These were silver blocks that had a slot in them to keep the frame in place. See how you translated this in [Exodus 26:19](../26/19.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	26	26	fc8p	translate-unknown	בְרִיחִ֖ם 	1	crossbars	These are horizontal support beams that give stability to the structure. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	26	29	ji1j		בָּתִּ֖ים לַ⁠בְּרִיחִ֑ם	1	for them to serve as holders for the crossbars	“which will hold the crossbars” or “because they will hold the crossbars”
EXO	26	29	nq3m		לַ⁠בְּרִיחִ֑ם 	1	crossbars	These are horizontal support beams that give stability to the structure. See how you translated this in [Exodus 26:26](../26/26.md).
EXO	26	30	csf9	figs-activepassive	הָרְאֵ֖יתָ בָּ⁠הָֽר	1	you were shown on the mountain	This can be stated in active form. See UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	26	31	yqi6			1	General Information:	See how you translated very similar text in [Exodus 26:1](../26/01.md).
EXO	26	33	p2yq	translate-unknown	הַ⁠קְּרָסִים֒ 	1	clasps	The clasps fit into the loops to hold the curtains together. See how you translated these in [Exodus 26:6](./06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	26	35	lv9e		הַ⁠שֻּׁלְחָן֙ …הַ⁠מְּנֹרָה֙ 	1	The table must be on the north side	This is the **table** Yahweh told Moses how to make in [25:23-30](../25/23.md) and the **lampstand** he told him how to make in [25:31-39](../25/31.md).
EXO	26	36	tiz7			1	The table must be on the north side	See how you translated very similar text in [Exodus 26:1](../26/01.md).
EXO	26	36	rr16		תְּכֵ֧לֶת וְ⁠אַרְגָּמָ֛ן וְ⁠תוֹלַ֥עַת שָׁנִ֖י	1	blue, purple, and scarlet material	Possible meanings are (1) “yarn that is dyed blue, purple, and scarlet,” probably wool yarn, or (2) “blue, purple, and scarlet dye” to dye the linen. See how you translated this in [Exodus 25:4](../25/04.md).
EXO	26	36	f6td	translate-unknown	וְ⁠שֵׁ֣שׁ מָשְׁזָ֑ר	1	fine twined linen	This was cloth made from fine linen threads that someone twisted together to make a stronger thread. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	26	36	r2fy	translate-unknown	רֹקֵֽם	1	an embroiderer	“a person who sews designs into cloth” or “a person who embroiders” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	26	37	av60			1	an embroiderer	See how you translated very similar instructions in [verse 32](../26/32.md).
EXO	27	intro	x4f7			0		# Exodus 27 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter is a continuation of the material in the previous chapter.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### The tent of meeting<br>This chapter gives specific instructions regarding the building of a tent where Moses would meet Yahweh and the ark would be stored. This would eventually become the tabernacle. It was to be considered a very holy place. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/tabernacle]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]])
EXO	27	1	hj65			1	General Information:	Yahweh continues to tell Moses what the people must do ([Exodus 25:1](../25/01.md)).
EXO	27	1	qj4j	translate-bdistance		1	five cubits long and five cubits wide	“2.2 meters long on each side” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]])
EXO	27	1	hbg9	translate-bdistance		1	The altar must be square and three cubits high	“The altar must be square and 1.3 meters high” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]])
EXO	27	1	s8qy	translate-bdistance		1	cubits	You can convert these lengths to a measurement system familiar to your people if that is the style of translation that you are using. A **cubit** is approximately 46cm. For your reference, a more precise conversion to metric is: 2.3m … 2.3m … 138cm (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]])
EXO	27	2	lr23			1	You must make extensions of its four corners shaped like ox horns	“You must make projections that look like ox horns on its four corners”
EXO	27	2	lek3	figs-activepassive		1	The horns will be made	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “You must make the horns” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	27	2	y4r2			1	must cover them	“must cover the altar and horns”
EXO	27	3	qn79			1	General Information:	Yahweh continues to tell Moses what the people must do.
EXO	27	3	m4wm			1	basins	bowls
EXO	27	3	z5ax			1	firepans	These were pans that held hot coals from the altar.
EXO	27	3	j5zt			1	utensils	These were any instrument, vessel, or tool that served a useful purpose.
EXO	27	4	fp9m			1	You must make a grate for the altar, a network of bronze	“You must make a bronze grate for the altar”
EXO	27	4	hsq3			1	grate	a frame of crossed bars for holding wood when burning
EXO	27	5	v6n4			1	General Information:	Yahweh continues to tell Moses what the people need to do.
EXO	27	5	c5em	figs-explicit		1	You must put the grate under the ledge of the altar	The grate was placed inside the altar. This can be stated clearly in the translation. Alternate translation: “You must put the grate under the rim of the altar, on the inside of the altar” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	27	5	xc2t			1	grate	This is a frame of crossed bars for holding wood when burning. See how you translated this in [Exodus 27:4](../27/04.md).
EXO	27	6	wki4	figs-explicit		1	You must make poles for the altar	These poles were used for carrying the altar. This can be stated clearly in the translation. Alternate translation: “You must make poles for carrying the altar” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	27	7	fb3t			1	General Information:	Yahweh continues to tell Moses what the people should do.
EXO	27	7	b3yx	figs-activepassive		1	The poles must be put into the rings, and the poles must be on the two sides of the altar, to carry it	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “You must put the poles into the rings and place them on each side of the altar to carry it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	27	8	xj8e			1	planks	a long, flat piece of wood that is thicker than a board
EXO	27	8	t5ey	figs-activepassive		1	you were shown on the mountain	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that I have shown to you here on this mountain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	27	9	y45x	figs-activepassive		1	There must be hangings…courtyard	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “You must place hangings…courtyard” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	27	9	id4k			1	hangings of fine twined linen	A “hanging” was a large curtain made of cloth. See how you translated this in [Exodus 26:36](../26/36.md)
EXO	27	9	v748			1	fine twined linen	“finely twisted linen.” This was cloth made from fine linen threads that someone twisted together to make a stronger thread
EXO	27	9	ce9a	translate-bdistance		1	one hundred cubits	You can convert these lengths to a measurement system familiar to your people if that is the style of translation that you are using. A **cubit** is approximately 46cm. For your reference, a more precise conversion to metric is: 46m (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]])
EXO	27	10	sfg8	figs-activepassive		1	There must also be hooks…posts	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “You must also attach hooks…posts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	27	10	k7rb			1	posts	a strong piece of wood set upright and used as a support
EXO	27	11	n95e			1	General Information:	Yahweh continues to tell Moses what the people must do.
EXO	27	11	gjg5			1	there must be hangings one hundred cubits long	See how you translated many similar words in [Exodus 27:9](./09.md).
EXO	27	11	x52h			1	there must be hangings	This could be stated as a command. Alternate translation: “you must make hangings”
EXO	27	11	nr77			1	with twenty posts, twenty bronze bases, hooks attached to the posts, and silver rods	See how you translated many similar words in [Exodus 27:10](./10.md).
EXO	27	12	p4u4			1	there must be a curtain	This could be stated as a command. Alternate translation: “you must make a curtain”
EXO	27	12	elw4			1	There must be ten posts	This could be stated as a command. Alternate translation: “You must make ten posts”
EXO	27	13	w2sg			1	The courtyard must also be fifty cubits long	This could be stated as a command. Alternate translation: “Make the courtyard fifty cubits long”
EXO	27	14	mzn5			1	General Information:	Yahweh continues to tell Moses what the people must do.
EXO	27	14	vy7r			1	The hangings	These were large curtains made of cloth. See how you translated this in [Exodus 26:36](../26/36.md).
EXO	27	14	z8n2			1	posts	These were strong pieces of wood set upright and used as supports. See how you translated these in [Exodus 27:10](../27/10.md).
EXO	27	14	gz7s			1	bases	These were metal blocks that had a slot in them to keep the board in place. See how you translated this in [Exodus 26:19](../26/19.md).
EXO	27	14	u8nm	translate-bdistance		1	fifteen cubits	about seven meters (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]])
EXO	27	16	wv46			1	The courtyard gate must be a curtain twenty cubits long	This could be stated as a command. Alternate translation: “You must make a curtain twenty cubits long to be the courtyard gate”
EXO	27	16	h4tw	figs-activepassive		1	The curtain must be made…fine twined linen, the work of an embroiderer	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “They must make the curtain…fine twined linen, the work of an embroiderer” or “Embroiderers must make the curtain…fine twined linen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	27	16	kn9u			1	blue, purple, and scarlet material and fine twined linen	Possible meanings are (1) “yarn that is dyed blue, purple, and scarlet,” probably wool yarn, or (2) “blue, purple, and scarlet dye” to dye the linen.
EXO	27	16	g5wi			1	an embroiderer	a person who sews designs into cloth
EXO	27	17	wal2			1	General Information:	Yahweh continues to tell Moses what the people must do.
EXO	27	18	wt7n	translate-bdistance		1	one hundred cubits	You can convert these lengths to a measurement system familiar to your people if that is the style of translation that you are using. A **cubit** is approximately 46cm. For your reference, a more precise conversion to metric is: 46m … 23m … 2.3m (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]])
EXO	27	18	j1zp			1	fine twined linen hangings	“finely twisted linen.” This was cloth made from fine linen threads that someone twisted together to make a stronger thread. See how you translated this in [Exodus 26:36](../26/36.md).
EXO	27	19	w5n8	figs-activepassive		1	all the tent pegs for the tabernacle and courtyard must be made of bronze	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “make all the tent pegs for the tabernacle and courtyard out of bronze” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	27	19	bs7c			1	tent pegs	sharp pieces of wood or metal used to secure the corners of a tent to the ground
EXO	27	20	wn9n			1	General Information:	Yahweh continues to tell Moses what the people must do.
EXO	27	21	ge7v			1	tent of meeting	This is another name for the tabernacle.
EXO	27	21	p7ru			1	ark of testimony	This is the chest that contains the sacred slabs of stone on which Yahweh had written his commandments.
EXO	27	21	vr7m			1	This requirement will be a lasting statute	“I require that the people do this as a lasting statute”
EXO	28	intro	r3yx			0		# Exodus 28 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Holy garments<br>Because Yahweh is holy, only the priests could approach him, and when they did they must be wearing specially made clothing. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]])
EXO	28	1	bsm1			1	General Information:	Yahweh continues telling Moses what the people must do ([Exodus 25:1](../25/01.md)).
EXO	28	1	e1xb	figs-you		1	Call to yourself	Here “yourself” refers to Moses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
EXO	28	2	tv9h	figs-you		1	You must make	Here **you** refers to the people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
EXO	28	2	t5gy	figs-activepassive		1	garments that are set apart to me	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “garments that you will set apart to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	28	4	re79			1	General Information:	Yahweh continues telling Moses what the people must do.
EXO	28	4	tr5e			1	a coat of woven work	“a coat with a design woven into it”
EXO	28	4	dz5h			1	turban	a tall head covering made from cloth wrapped around the head several times.
EXO	28	4	k184			1	sash	a piece of cloth that people wear around their waist or across their chest
EXO	28	6	yu8u			1	General Information:	Yahweh continues to tell Moses what the people must do.
EXO	28	6	u3rx			1	fine-twined linen	“finely-twisted linen.” This was cloth made from fine linen threads that someone twisted together to make a stronger thread. See how you translated this in [Exodus 26:36](../26/36.md).
EXO	28	6	k3bj			1	skillful craftsman	a person who can make beautiful objects by hand
EXO	28	8	w523	figs-activepassive		1	it must be made of one piece	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they must make it in one piece” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	28	9	c4ia	translate-unknown		1	onyx stones	These are valuable stones that have layers of white and black, red or brown. See how you translated this in [Exodus 25:7](../25/07.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	28	10	at1b			1	General Information:	Yahweh continues to tell Moses what the people must do.
EXO	28	11	dv8k			1	With the work of an engraver in stone, like the engraving on a signet	“In the same way a person engraves on a seal”
EXO	28	11	x1xc			1	engraver	a person who cuts designs into a hard material such as wood, stone, or metal
EXO	28	11	cm3f			1	signet	an engraved stone used to stamp a design into a wax seal
EXO	28	11	gh2r			1	settings	pieces of metal that hold the stone onto the ephod
EXO	28	13	hpc7			1	General Information:	Yahweh continues to tell Moses what the people must do.
EXO	28	13	pi4x			1	settings	These are pieces of metal that hold each stone onto the ephod. See how you translated this in [Exodus 28:11](../28/11.md).
EXO	28	14	e746			1	two braided chains of pure gold like cords	“two chains of pure gold that are braided like cords”
EXO	28	15	ta6b			1	General Information:	Yahweh continues telling Moses what the people must do.
EXO	28	15	sf8e			1	the work of a skillful workman, fashioned like the ephod	“a skillful workman will make it like the ephod”
EXO	28	16	cny4	translate-bdistance		1	span	A span is 22 centimeters. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]])
EXO	28	17	spd4			1	General Information:	Twelve kinds of stone are listed here. Scholars are not sure which kinds of stones the Hebrew words refer to. Some translations list different stones.
EXO	28	17	qp4t	translate-unknown		1	precious stones	“valuable gems” or “treasured gems.” See how you translated these in [Exodus 25:7](../25/07.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	28	17	n1ys	translate-unknown		1	ruby…topaz…garnet	These are precious stones. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	28	18	ga1v			1	emerald…diamond	These are precious stones.
EXO	28	18	a5rr			1	sapphire	This is a gemstone that is blue in color. See how you translated this in [Exodus 24:10](../24/10.md).
EXO	28	19	z17r			1	jacinth…agate…amethyst	These are precious stones
EXO	28	20	ul2e	translate-unknown		1	beryl…jasper	These are precious stones. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	28	20	rgf6	translate-unknown		1	onyx	This is a valuable stone that has layers of white and black, red or brown. See how you translated these in [Exodus 25:7](../25/07.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	28	20	pw5h	figs-activepassive		1	They must be mounted in gold settings	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “You must mount them in gold settings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	28	21	d6fa			1	General Information:	Yahweh continues to tell Moses what the people must do.
EXO	28	21	x4qn	figs-activepassive		1	The stones must be arranged	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “You must arrange the stones” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	28	21	z8mw			1	signet ring	A signet is an engraved stone used to stamp a design into a wax seal. Here the stone is mounted on a ring. See how you translated “signet” in [Exodus 28:11](../28/11.md).
EXO	28	22	m7yl			1	chains like cords, braided work of pure gold	“chains that are made of pure gold and are braided like cords.” See how you translated similar phrases in [Exodus 28:14](../28/14.md).
EXO	28	25	cd3a			1	General Information:	Yahweh continues to tell Moses what the people must do.
EXO	28	25	d8y3			1	braided chains	“chains braided like cords.” See how you translated this in [Exodus 28:14](../28/14.md).
EXO	28	25	a4lc	figs-explicit		1	to the two settings	These are two settings that enclose the stones. This can be clearly stated in the translation. Alternate translation: “to the two settings that enclose the stones” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	28	27	e385			1	General Information:	Yahweh continues to tell Moses what the people must do.
EXO	28	27	vw1w			1	finely-woven waistband	This was a cloth belt made from narrow linen threads that someone twisted together to make a stronger thread. See how you translated this in [Exodus 28:8](../28/08.md).
EXO	28	28	se56	figs-activepassive		1	so that it might be attached	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “so that they may attach it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	28	28	wf9v	figs-doublenegatives		1	the breastpiece might not become unattached from the ephod	This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “the breastpiece would stay attached to the ephod” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
EXO	28	29	k21k			1	General Information:	Yahweh continues to tell Moses what the people must do.
EXO	28	29	z1mz			1	he must carry the names of the people of Israel over his heart in the breastpiece	This refers to the names of the tribes engraved on the twelve stones the breastplate as described in [Exodus 28:17-21](./17.md).
EXO	28	29	cc97			1	over his heart	“over Aaron’s heart” or “on his chest”
EXO	28	30	f537			1	the Urim and the Thummim…the means for making decisions	The second phrase appears to refer to the Urim and Thummim and explain their purpose.
EXO	28	30	dgn9	translate-unknown		1	the Urim and the Thummim	It not clear what these are. They were objects, possibly stones, that the priest used to determine somehow the will of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	28	31	jl1d			1	General Information:	Yahweh continues to tell Moses what the people must do.
EXO	28	32	x42n			1	This must be the work of a weaver	This can be stated as a command. Alternate translation: “A weaver must make this robe”
EXO	28	32	rw96			1	a weaver	“a person who weaves” or “a person who creates cloth using thread”
EXO	28	33	v7gy			1	General Information:	Yahweh continues to tell Moses what the people do.
EXO	28	33	t9re	translate-unknown		1	pomegranates	A pomegranate is a round fruit with a red outer skin. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	28	34	kl55			1	a golden bell and a pomegranate	This phrase is repeated to show the pattern of the design on the robe.
EXO	28	35	de4m	figs-activepassive		1	The robe is to be on Aaron when he serves	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Aaron must wear the robe when he serves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	28	35	pf61	figs-activepassive		1	so that its sound can be heard	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “so that the bells make a sound” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	28	35	qtf9	figs-explicit		1	This is so that he does not die	It is implied that he would die because he did not obey Yahweh. This can be stated. Alternate translation: “As a result, he will not die because of disobeying my instructions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	28	36	e8qp			1	General Information:	Yahweh continues to tell Moses what the people must do.
EXO	28	36	nd2q			1	engrave on it, like the engraving on a signet	“write on it in the same way a person engraves on a seal.” See how you translated similar words in [Exodus 28:11](../28/11.md)
EXO	28	37	qka6			1	turban	This was a tall head covering made from cloth wrapped around the head several times. See how you translated this in [Exodus 28:4](../28/04.md).
EXO	28	38	ee65	figs-activepassive		1	It must be on Aaron’s forehead	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Aaron must wear it on his forehead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	28	38	u19w	figs-activepassive		1	The turban must be always on his forehead	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Aaron must always wear the turban on his forehead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	28	39	cp68			1	General Information:	God continues to tell Moses what the people must do.
EXO	28	39	t5vj			1	turban	This was a tall head covering made from cloth wrapped around the head several times. See how you translated this in [Exodus 28:4](../28/04.md).
EXO	28	39	yi1l			1	sash	A sash is a decorative piece of cloth that a person wears around his waist or across his chest. See how you translated this in [Exodus 28:4](../28/04.md).
EXO	28	39	i62z			1	the work of an embroiderer	An embroiderer is a person who sews designs into cloth. See how you translated this in [Exodus 26:36](../26/36.md).
EXO	28	40	sc7t			1	General Information:	God continues to tell Moses what the people must do.
EXO	28	40	pfs2			1	sashes	A sash is a decorative piece of cloth that a person wears around his waist or across his chest. See how you translated this in [Exodus 28:4](../28/04.md).
EXO	28	40	v2tj			1	headbands	A headband is a narrow, decorative strip of cloth that is worn around the head above the eyes.
EXO	28	41	xa75	figs-explicit		1	You must clothe Aaron your brother	Aaron was the older brother of Moses. You can state this clearly in the translation. Alternate translation: “Put these clothes on your older brother Aaron” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	28	42	vua7			1	General Information:	God continues to tell Moses what the people must do.
EXO	28	42	vz62			1	undergarments	These are underwear, clothing worn under the outer clothes, next to the skin.
EXO	28	43	s6n2			1	tent of meeting	This is another name for the tabernacle. See how you translated this in [Exodus 27:21](../27/21.md).
EXO	28	43	r7y7			1	a permanent law	“a law the will not end”
EXO	29	intro	xmd9			0		# Exodus 29 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Consecrating priests<br>This chapter records the process of consecrating priests. The priests were to be set apart from the rest of Israel because Yahweh is holy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/consecrate]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### “I will live among the Israelites”<br>As God, Yahweh is everywhere and cannot be limited to a single space. This phrase indicates that he permanently remains within Israel in a special way while they have the ark.
EXO	29	1	d6gk			1	Now	The word “now” marks a change in topic from garments for priests to consecrating priests.
EXO	29	1	z78h			1	you must do	Here **you** refers to Moses.
EXO	29	1	ld5s			1	to set them apart	“to set apart Aaron and his sons”
EXO	29	1	dq2c			1	serve me	Here “me” refers to Yahweh.
EXO	29	1	cgl2			1	one young bull	a male cow
EXO	29	2	ptm7	figs-activepassive		1	Also take wafers without yeast rubbed with oil	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Also take wafers without yeast and rub them with oil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	29	2	r449			1	bread…cakes…wafers	These are different kinds of food made from flour.
EXO	29	3	u713			1	General Information:	Yahweh continues to speak to Moses
EXO	29	3	gm58			1	You must put them	“You must put the bread, cake, and wafer”
EXO	29	3	cd6m	figs-explicit		1	present them with the bull and the two rams	Here “present” means to offer as a sacrifice. The full meaning of this can be translated clearly. Alternate translation: “offer them to me when you sacrifice the bull and the two rams” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	29	4	a6rz			1	tent of meeting	This is another name for the tabernacle. See how you translated this in [Exodus 27:21](../27/21.md).
EXO	29	5	va8b			1	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to Moses.
EXO	29	5	f7u7			1	coat	This was a coat with a design woven into it. See how you translated this in [Exodus 28:4](../28/04.md).
EXO	29	5	pr4i			1	finely-woven waistband	This was a cloth belt made from narrow linen threads that someone twisted together to make a stronger thread. See how you translated this in [Exodus 28:8](../28/08.md).
EXO	29	6	ap2x			1	turban	This was a tall head covering made from cloth wrapped around the head several times. See how you translated this in [Exodus 28:4](../28/04.md).
EXO	29	6	y59s			1	holy crown	This crown is described in [Exodus 29:6](../29/06.md) as being engraved with the words “dedicated to Yahweh” and made of pure gold.
EXO	29	8	s53c			1	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to Moses.
EXO	29	8	v46k			1	bring his sons	“bring Aaron’s sons”
EXO	29	8	jtc7			1	coats	These were coats with a design woven into them. See how you translated this in [Exodus 28:4](../28/04.md).
EXO	29	9	j3a8			1	sashes	A sash is a decorative piece of cloth that people wear around their waist or across their chest. See how you translated this word in [Exodus 28:4](../28/04.md).
EXO	29	9	bh2d			1	headbands	A headband is a narrow, decorative strip of cloth that is worn around the head above the eyes. See how you translated this in [Exodus 28:40](../28/40.md).
EXO	29	9	r1x4			1	The work of the priesthood	“the duty of being priests”
EXO	29	9	ze9l	figs-explicit		1	will belong to them	The duty of being priests will also belong to the descendants of Aaron’s sons. You can state this clearly in the translation. Alternate translation: “will belong to them and their descendants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	29	9	p7m9			1	permanent law	“a law the will not end.” See how you translated this in [Exodus 28:43](../28/43.md).
EXO	29	10	r782			1	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to Moses.
EXO	29	10	p996			1	tent of meeting	This is another name for the tabernacle. See how you translated this in [Exodus 27:21](../27/21.md).
EXO	29	11	bf2m			1	You must kill the bull	The bull offering was to be killed by Moses, not the priests, at the doorway, not inside the tent of meeting.
EXO	29	11	y6kp	figs-explicit		1	kill the bull	Since the following verses will tell what to do with the blood from the bull, use a term for “kill” that will imply a method similar to “slitting its throat and catch the blood in a bowl.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	29	12	uxh3			1	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to Moses.
EXO	29	12	c2ud			1	the horns	These were projections that looked like ox horns attached to the four corners of the altar. See how you translated this in [Exodus 27:2](../27/02.md).
EXO	29	12	xdl5			1	the rest of the blood	“the remaining blood”
EXO	29	13	x2c5			1	covers the inner parts	“covers the organs”
EXO	29	13	nsg6			1	liver…kidneys	These are organs in the body.
EXO	29	14	eza8			1	But as for the bull’s flesh, as well as its skin and dung	“But as for the remaining parts of the bull”
EXO	29	16	hd8i			1	You must kill the ram	For these consecration sacrifices for the priests, it was Moses, not Aaron or his sons, who had to kill the animals.
EXO	29	17	w2nb			1	the inner parts	“the organs.” See how you translated this in [Exodus 29:13](../29/13.md).
EXO	29	18	s68x			1	on the altar	Unlike the bull offering that was burned outside of the tent, the ram was to be burned on the inner altar.
EXO	29	19	x3iv			1	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to Moses.
EXO	29	20	j6b1	figs-explicit		1	Then you must kill the ram	The ram was killed by cutting its throat. This can be stated clearly in the translation. Alternate translation: “Then kill the ram by slitting its throat” or “Then kill the ram by cutting its throat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	29	21	saa8			1	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to Moses.
EXO	29	21	w1aa	figs-activepassive		1	Aaron will then be set apart for me	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “By doing this, you will dedicate Aaron to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	29	22	gj68			1	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to Moses.
EXO	29	22	i3dc			1	inner parts…liver…kidney	These refer to organs inside the body. See how you translated this in [Exodus 29:13](../29/13.md).
EXO	29	23	td8w			1	Take one loaf…before Yahweh	For 29:23 see how you translated similar words in [Exodus 29:2](../29/02.md).
EXO	29	23	i7vx			1	that is before Yahweh	“that you have placed before Yahweh”
EXO	29	24	wv9l			1	General Information:	God continues speaking to Moses.
EXO	29	24	b9bj			1	You must put these	Here “these” refers to the parts of the sacrifice mentioned in the previous verses.
EXO	29	25	wz3a	figs-activepassive		1	it will be an offering made to me by fire	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “burn it as an offering to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	29	26	acx5			1	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to Moses.
EXO	29	26	bf71			1	ram of dedication	“ram that you dedicated” or “ram that you killed”
EXO	29	26	c21f			1	Aaron’s ram of dedication	“the ram that you used to dedicate Aaron”
EXO	29	28	uc2d			1	This will be a perpetual share for Aaron and his sons	“This is what Aaron and his sons will always receive from the people”
EXO	29	29	la34			1	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to Moses.
EXO	29	29	qru8	figs-activepassive		1	The holy garments of Aaron must also be reserved for his sons after him	These garments belong to the priesthood and are not just Aaron’s personal clothing. Alternate translation: “Aaron must reserve the holy garments for his sons after him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	29	29	i5vz	figs-activepassive		1	They are to be anointed in them and ordained to me in them	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “They must wear the holy garments when you anoint his sons and ordain them to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	29	30	pe79			1	tent of meeting	This is another name for the tabernacle. See how you translated this in [Exodus 27:21](../27/21.md).
EXO	29	31	npz1			1	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to Moses.
EXO	29	31	l3xk			1	the ram for the installation of the priests	“the ram you killed when you installed the priests”
EXO	29	31	u9kl	figs-explicit		1	in a holy place	This is not the same as the holy place outside of the most holy place. This refers to a place within the courtyard. Alternate translation: “at the entrance to the tent of meeting” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	29	32	dp8h			1	tent of meeting	This is another name for the tabernacle. See how you translated this in [Exodus 27:21](../27/21.md).
EXO	29	33	qk8i	figs-activepassive		1	that were given	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that you sacrificed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	29	34	rhp7	figs-activepassive		1	It must not be eaten	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “No one must eat it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	29	34	lhi8	figs-activepassive		1	because it has been set apart to me	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “because you have set it apart to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	29	35	c2si			1	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to Moses.
EXO	29	35	g9pm			1	In this way, by following all that I have commanded you to do, you must treat Aaron and his sons	“I have commanded you to treat Aaron and his sons this way”
EXO	29	37	pq5d			1	Then the altar will be completely set apart to me	“Then the altar will be most holy”
EXO	29	37	qk5h			1	will be set apart to Yahweh	“will also be very holy”
EXO	29	38	e4r9			1	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to Moses.
EXO	29	38	sli9			1	You must regularly offer on the altar every day	“You must daily offer on the altar”
EXO	29	40	rt1f			1	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to Moses.
EXO	29	40	x6i4	translate-fraction		1	a tenth…the fourth part	“1/10…1/4” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]])
EXO	29	40	bwg1	translate-bvolume		1	ephah	An ephah is 22 liters. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume]])
EXO	29	40	vt6f	translate-bvolume		1	hin	A hin is 3.7 liters. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume]])
EXO	29	41	t1tt			1	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to Moses.
EXO	29	41	hgt9	figs-activepassive		1	it will be an offering made to me by fire	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “it will be a burnt offering to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	29	42	j8cg			1	throughout your generations	“through all the generations of your descendants.” See how you translated this in [Exodus 12:14](../12/14.md).
EXO	29	42	h5r7			1	tent of meeting	This is another name for the tabernacle. See how you translated this in [Exodus 27:21](../27/21.md).
EXO	29	43	f1t6			1	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to Moses.
EXO	29	43	ic8i	figs-activepassive		1	the tent will be set apart for me by my glory	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “My awesome presence will dedicate the tent to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	29	45	zcs1			1	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to Moses.
EXO	30	intro	z3yc			0		# Exodus 30 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Atonement<br>The atonement offered by the priests was very important in the religious life of Israel. In order to offer sacrifices, the priests had to maintain ritual cleanliness by washing themselves. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/atonement]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]])
EXO	30	1	r1f4			1	General Information:	Yahweh tells Moses how to build the worship equipment.
EXO	30	1	v8vb	figs-you		1	You must make	Here **you** refers to Moses and the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
EXO	30	2	w56e	figs-activepassive		1	Its horns must be made	These were projections that looked like ox horns attached to the four corners of the altar. See how you translated “horns” in [Exodus 27:2](../27/02.md). Alternate translation: “You must make its horns” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	30	3	d3uu			1	General Information:	Yahweh continues telling Moses what the people must do.
EXO	30	3	ddb2			1	the incense altar	“an altar to burn incense”
EXO	30	4	qyg4	figs-activepassive		1	to be attached to it	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “which you will attach to the altar” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	30	5	r61h			1	General Information:	Yahweh continues to tell Moses what the people must do.
EXO	30	6	h33c	figs-explicit		1	ark of the testimony	The ark is the chest that contains the commandments. This can be stated clearly in the translation. See how you translated this in [Exodus 26:33](../26/33.md). Alternate translation: “the chest containing the commandments” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	30	6	e52i			1	atonement lid	This is the lid that sits on top of the ark where the atonement offering was made. See how you translated this in [Exodus 25:17](../25/17.md).
EXO	30	6	vg6k	figs-you		1	where I will meet with you	Here **you** refers to Moses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
EXO	30	7	l2rl			1	General Information:	Yahweh continues telling Moses what the people must do.
EXO	30	8	qm7i			1	throughout your generations	“through all the generations of your descendants.” See how you translated this in [Exodus 12:14](../12/14.md).
EXO	30	9	ckf9			1	But you must offer	Though the word **you** is addressed to Moses, the instruction is given specifically to Aaron and his descendants as to when and what they are to offer on the altar of incense.
EXO	30	10	ez2s			1	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to Moses.
EXO	30	10	k6xk			1	horns	These were projections that looked like ox horns attached to the four corners of the altar. See how you translated this in [Exodus 27:2](../27/02.md).
EXO	30	10	san2			1	throughout your generations	“through all the generations of your descendants.” See how you translated this in [Exodus 12:14](../12/14.md).
EXO	30	12	s73c	figs-you		1	When you take	Possible meanings are (1) **you** refers to just Moses or (2) **you** refers to Moses and the leaders of Israel in future generations when they take a census. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
EXO	30	12	k5p1			1	a census of the Israelites	The leaders only counted the Israelite men.
EXO	30	13	s69s	figs-activepassive		1	Everyone who is counted	This can be stated in active form. They counted only the men. Alternate translation: “Everyone you count” or “Every man you count” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	30	13	i4wk	translate-bmoney		1	half a shekel of silver	“1/2 a shekel of silver.” Translators may use a unit of measure that people understand and a round number: “5.5 grams of silver” or “six grams of silver” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]])
EXO	30	13	nfp6			1	according to the weight of the shekel of the sanctuary	There were evidently shekels of more than one weight at the time. This specified which one was to be used.
EXO	30	13	id6d	translate-unknown		1	twenty gerahs	“20 gerahs.” A gerah is a unit that people used for measuring how much something very small weighed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EXO	30	14	k4h9	figs-metaphor		1	from twenty years old and up	Larger numbers are spoken of as being up or above smaller numbers. Alternate translation: “from twenty years old and more” or “who is twenty years old or older” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	30	15	r7fd			1	General Information:	Yahweh continues to tell Moses what the people must do.
EXO	30	15	rll6			1	the people	Only the men made this offering.
EXO	30	15	e8xa	translate-bmoney		1	the half shekel	Translators may use a unit of measure that people understand and a round number: “the 5.5 grams of silver” or “the 6 grams of silver.” See how you translated this in [Exodus 3:13](../03/13.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]])
EXO	30	16	z6tn			1	It must be a reminder to the Israelites before me, to make atonement for your lives	Possible meanings are (1) “It will remind the Israelites to make atonement for their lives” or (2) “It will remind the Israelites that they have made atonement for their lives.”
EXO	30	18	ye18	figs-you		1	You must also make	Here **you** refers to Moses and the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
EXO	30	18	v88y			1	bronze basin	“bronze bowl” or “bronze tub”
EXO	30	18	bh82			1	a bronze stand	This is what the basin would be put on.
EXO	30	18	iq8n			1	a basin for washing	This phrase explains what the priests were to use the large bronze basin for.
EXO	30	18	m5li			1	the altar	the altar of sacrifice
EXO	30	19	jq26			1	General Information:	Yahweh continues telling Moses what the people must do.
EXO	30	19	ivb1			1	water in it	“water in the basin”
EXO	30	21	hp35			1	for Aaron and his descendants throughout their people’s generations	“for Aaron and all the generations of his descendants.” See how you translated a similar phrase in [Exodus 12:14](../12/14.md).
EXO	30	22	p8n6			1	General Information:	Yahweh continues telling Moses what the people must do.
EXO	30	23	m9g7	translate-unknown		1	spices	dried plants that people grind into a powder and put in oil or food to give it a nice smell or flavor. See how you translated this in [Exodus 25:6](../25/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	30	23	zq43	translate-numbers		1	five hundred shekels…250 shekels	“500 shekels…two hundred and fifty shekels.” A shekel is about 11 grams. Translators may use units that people know and round numbers: “5.7 kilograms…11.4 kilograms” or “six kilograms…three kilograms” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]])
EXO	30	23	xga2	translate-unknown		1	cinnamon…cane	These are sweet spices. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	30	24	p9jh	translate-unknown		1	cassia	This is a sweet spice. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	30	24	n38f	translate-bweight		1	the weight of the shekel of the sanctuary	There were evidently shekels of more than one weight at the time. This specified which one was to be used. See how you translated this in [Exodus 30:13](../30/13.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]])
EXO	30	24	dv89	translate-bvolume		1	one hin	Translators may use units that people know and round numbers: “3.7 liters” or “four liters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]])
EXO	30	25	juf3			1	with these ingredients	“with these items”
EXO	30	25	k3s5			1	the work of a perfumer	Possible meanings are (1) Moses was to have a perfumer do the work or (2) Moses was to do the work himself the way a perfumer would do it.
EXO	30	25	yv9l			1	a perfumer	a person who is skilled in mixing spices and oils
EXO	30	26	f7k5			1	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to Moses.
EXO	30	26	u241	figs-you		1	You must anoint	Here **you** refers to Moses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
EXO	30	26	d4id	figs-explicit		1	ark of the testimony	The ark is the chest that contains the commandments. This can be stated clearly in the translation. See how you translated this in [Exodus 26:33](../26/33.md). Alternate translation: “the chest containing the commandments” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	30	28	v5mk			1	the altar for burnt offerings	“the altar on which offering were burnt”
EXO	30	29	a9hr			1	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to Moses.
EXO	30	29	np7g			1	set them apart	This refers to the items listed in [Exodus 30:26-28](./26.md).
EXO	30	31	k4s7			1	throughout your people’s generations	“all the generations of your descendants.” See how you translated this in [Exodus 12:14](../12/14.md).
EXO	30	32	w4dt			1	General Information:	Yahweh continues telling Moses what Moses must tell the people.
EXO	30	32	rlk4	figs-activepassive		1	It must not be applied to people’s skin	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “You must not put the anointing oil that is dedicated to Yahweh on a person’s skin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	30	32	v3br			1	with the same formula	“with the same ingredients” or “with the same items”
EXO	30	33	pa53	figs-metaphor		1	that person must be cut off from his people	The metaphor “cut off” has at least three possible meanings. They can be expressed in active form: (1) “I will no longer consider him to be one of the people of Israel” (2) “the people of Israel must send him away” or (3) “the people of Israel must kill him.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	30	34	r3j2			1	General Information:	Yahweh continues to tell Moses what to do. Yahweh gives the commands only to Moses: all instances of **you** are singular. However, the words “blended by a perfumer” might mean that Moses could have the perfumer take the spices, blend them, grind them, and give them to Moses so Moses could put part of the mixture in front of the ark, as in UST.
EXO	30	35	as9y	figs-activepassive		1	Make it into the form of incense, blended by a perfumer	The phrase with “blended” can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Make it into the form of incense that a perfumer has blended” or “A perfumer must blend it into a kind of incense” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	30	35	y8yj			1	blended by a perfumer	Possible meanings are (1) Moses was to have a perfumer do the work or (2) Moses was to do the work himself the way a perfumer would do it. See how you translated these words in [Exodus 30:25](../30/25.md).
EXO	30	36	nz2a	figs-you		1	You will grind it	“You will crush it.” Here **you** refers to Moses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
EXO	30	36	t8y9	figs-you		1	You will regard	Here **you** is plural and refers to Moses and all the people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
EXO	30	37	z4p5			1	General Information:	Yahweh continues to tell Moses what the people must do.
EXO	30	37	dq6c			1	you must not make any	The word **you** here refers to the people of Israel.
EXO	30	37	yv1y			1	with the same formula	“with the same ingredients” or “with the same items.” See how you translated this in [Exodus 30:32](../30/32.md).
EXO	30	37	wh25			1	It must be most holy to you	“You must consider it to be most holy”
EXO	30	38	xn6v			1	perfume	This is a pleasant smelling liquid a person puts on his or her body.
EXO	30	38	sa1m	figs-metaphor		1	must be cut off from his people	The metaphor “cut off” has at least three possible meanings. They can be expressed in active form: (1) “I will no longer consider him to be one of the people of Israel” (2) “the people of Israel must send him away” or (3) “the people of Israel must kill him.” See how you translated this in [Exodus 30:33](../30/33.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	31	intro	wfk7			0		# Exodus 31 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter is the end of Exodus’ recording of the law of Moses. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Sabbath<br>As described in this chapter, the Sabbath is more than just a day of worship or celebration. Its significance extends beyond a way to help people rest. It is a major part of the identity of the Hebrew people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sabbath]])
EXO	31	2	m8ju	figs-metonymy		1	I have called by name	God speaks of choosing specific people as calling them by name. Alternate translation: “I have chosen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	31	2	hf5r	translate-names		1	Bezalel…Uri…Hur	These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	31	3	ayb9			1	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to Moses.
EXO	31	3	f7sk	figs-metaphor		1	I have filled Bezalel with my Spirit	Yahweh speaks of giving Bezalel his Spirit as if Bezalel were a container and God’s Spirit were a liquid. Alternate translation: “I have given my Spirit to Bezalel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	31	3	r6i5	figs-abstractnouns		1	for all kinds of craftsmanship	The abstract noun “craftsmanship” can be translated as “making crafts” or “making things.” Alternate translation: “for making all kinds of crafts” or “so that he can make all kinds of things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO	31	6	qk4r			1	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to Moses.
EXO	31	6	jh61	translate-names		1	Oholiab…Ahisamak	These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	31	6	wcq7			1	I have put skill into the hearts of all who are wise	God speaks of making people able to make things as if he were putting the ability into their hearts. Alternate translation: “I have given skill to all who are wise” or “I have made all who are wise able to make things well”
EXO	31	7	jc78			1	tent of meeting	This is another name for the tabernacle. See how you translated this in [Exodus 27:21](../27/21.md).
EXO	31	7	m58b	figs-explicit		1	ark of the testimony	The ark is the chest that contains the commandments. This can be stated clearly in the translation. See how you translated this in [Exodus 26:33](../26/33.md). Alternate translation: “the chest containing the commandments” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	31	7	z5s4			1	atonement lid	This is the lid that sits on top of the ark where the atonement offering was made. See how you translated this in [Exodus 25:17](../25/17.md).
EXO	31	8	h84n			1	incense altar	“altar to burn incense.” See how you translated this in [Exodus 30:3](../30/03.md).
EXO	31	9	cvl7			1	altar for burnt offerings	“altar on which offering were burnt.” See how you translated this in [Exodus 30:28](../30/28.md).
EXO	31	10	hn88			1	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to Moses.
EXO	31	11	z1u2			1	These craftsmen	“These people who are skilled in making beautiful things”
EXO	31	13	i1lw	figs-metaphor		1	You must certainly keep Yahweh’s Sabbath days	God speaks of obeying his instructions about the Sabbath as keeping the Sabbath. Alternate translation: “You must certainly obey Yahweh’s instructions about the Sabbath” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	31	13	gw13			1	throughout your people’s generations	“through all the generations of your descendants.” See how you translated this in [Exodus 12:14](../12/14.md).
EXO	31	13	h75a	figs-metaphor		1	who sets you apart for himself	God speaks of choosing people to be his as setting them apart for himself. Alternate translation: “who has chosen you to be his people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	31	14	g83p	figs-activepassive		1	for it must be treated by you as holy	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “for you must treat it as holy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	31	14	mv4l	figs-metaphor		1	Everyone who defiles it	God speaks of treating the Sabbath with disrespect as defiling it. Alternate translation: “Everyone who treats the Sabbath with disrespect” or “Everyone who does not obey the laws about the Sabbath” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	31	14	plq5	figs-activepassive		1	must surely be put to death	“must surely be killed.” This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you must surely kill” or “you must surely execute” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	31	14	fz1g	figs-metaphor		1	must surely be cut off from his people	The metaphor “cut off” has at least three possible meanings. They can be expressed in active form: (1) “Yahweh will no longer consider him to be one of his people” (2) “you must surely send him away” or (3) “you must surely kill him.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	31	15	v4dv	translate-numbers		1	but the seventh day	“but day 7” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EXO	31	16	iv7a			1	General Information:	Yahweh continues telling Moses what he must tell the people of Israel.
EXO	31	16	t9hw	figs-metaphor		1	must keep the Sabbath	God speaks of obeying his instructions about the Sabbath as keeping the Sabbath. Alternate translation: “must obey Yahweh’s instructions about the Sabbath” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	31	16	n7q2			1	They must observe it throughout their people’s generations	“They and all the generations of their descendants must observe it.” See how you translated “throughout their people’s generations” in [Exodus 12:42](../12/42.md).
EXO	31	16	yef8			1	lasting covenant	“a covenant that will always exist.” See how you translated this in [Exodus 28:43](../28/43.md).
EXO	31	18	xc6h	figs-activepassive		1	written on by his own hand	This can be translated with an active verb. Alternate translation: “which Yahweh wrote on with his own hand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	32	intro	vv2w			0		# Exodus 32 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>The events of this chapter occur while Moses spoke with God and therefore happen at the same time as the events in chapters 20-31.<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 32:18.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Idolatry<br>The making of the golden calf was considered a form of idolatry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	32	1	cfk8	figs-metaphor		1	the people saw	Here understanding something is spoken of as if it were being seen. Alternate translation: “the people realized” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	32	1	k2i1			1	Come, make us an idol	The word “come” strengthens the force of the command following it. The people were demanding that Aaron make an idol for them.
EXO	32	1	mrb5			1	go before us	“lead us” or “be our leader”
EXO	32	2	p86s			1	bring them to me	The word “them” refers to the golden rings.
EXO	32	3	ckg2			1	All the people	This refers to all the people who rejected Moses as their leader and Moses’ God as their God.
EXO	32	4	uf9e			1	fashioned it with an engraving tool and he made a cast idol in the shape of a calf	Aaron melted the gold and poured it into a mold that had the shape of a calf. When the gold became hard, he removed the mold, and the hardened gold had the shape of a calf.
EXO	32	5	ztx4	figs-explicit		1	When Aaron saw this	You may need to make explicit what he saw. “When Aaron saw what the people did” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	32	6	as6u			1	to carouse in wild celebration	“to have a wild party.” The people likely behaved in sexually immoral ways at the party.
EXO	32	8	eua5	figs-metaphor		1	left the way that I commanded them	Here God speaks of the people disobeying what he commanded them as if he had told them to walk on a certain road and they left that road. Alternate translation: “stopped doing what I commanded them to do” or “have stopped obeying what I commanded them to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	32	9	bh7c	figs-metaphor		1	I have seen this people	Here Yahweh compares knowing the people to seeing them. Alternate translation: “I know this people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	32	9	ffe2	figs-metaphor		1	a stiff-necked people	Yahweh speaks of the people being stubborn as if they had stiff necks. Alternate translation: “a stubborn people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	32	10	fmk3			1	Now then	The word “now” is used here to mark a break in what Yahweh was telling Moses. Here Yahweh tells what he will do to the people.
EXO	32	10	sd9w	figs-metaphor		1	My anger will burn hot against them	Yahweh speaks of his anger as if it were a fire that could burn hot. Alternate translation: “My anger towards them will be terrible” or “I am extremely angry with them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	32	10	vc2u	figs-you		1	from you	The word **you** refers to Moses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
EXO	32	11	h62e	figs-metaphor		1	why does your anger burn against your people…a mighty hand?	Moses used this question to try to persuade Yahweh not to be so angry with his people. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Do not let your anger burn against your people…a mighty hand.” or “Do not be so angry with your people…a mighty hand.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
EXO	32	11	t2cv	figs-doublet		1	great power…mighty hand	These two phrases share similar meanings and are combined for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
EXO	32	11	ph43	figs-metonymy		1	a mighty hand	Here the word “hand” refers to the things Yahweh did. Alternate translation: “and the powerful things you did” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	32	12	k26p			1	General Information:	Moses continues to reason with God not to destroy Israel.
EXO	32	12	r8ij	figs-rquestion		1	Why should the Egyptians say, ‘He led them out…to destroy them from the face of the earth?’	Moses used this question to try to persuade God not to destroy his people. This rhetorical question can be translated with a statement. Alternate translation: If you destroy your people, the Egyptians might say, ‘He led them out…to destroy them from the face of the earth.’ (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
EXO	32	12	kzh7			1	face of the earth	“from the surface of the earth” or “from the earth”
EXO	32	12	fns1			1	Turn from your burning anger	“Stop your burning anger” or “Stop being so angry”
EXO	32	12	p1df	figs-metaphor		1	your burning anger	Moses speaks of God’s anger as if it were a fire that was burning. Alternate translation: “your terrible anger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	32	13	t9sa			1	Call to mind Abraham	“Remember Abraham” or “Think about Abraham”
EXO	32	13	p8jq			1	you swore	“you made an oath” or “you solemnly promised”
EXO	32	13	q1g1	figs-metaphor		1	They will inherit it forever	God speaks about them possessing the land as if they would inherit it. Alternate translation: “They will possess it forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	32	15	cx7z			1	tablets of the covenant decrees	These are the two stone slabs on which God had engraved his commandments.
EXO	32	16	w3ua	figs-parallelism		1	The tablets were God’s own work, and the writing was God’s own writing	These two phrases share similar meanings. The second explains how the tablets were “God’s own work.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
EXO	32	17	cua3	figs-explicit		1	he said to Moses	It is assumed that Joshua met Moses while Moses was going back to the camp. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	32	19	hr2j			1	the tablets	“the two stone slabs that Yahweh had written on”
EXO	32	21	du5l	figs-quotations		1	Then Moses said to Aaron, “What did this people…a great sin on them?”	This can be stated as an indirect quote. Alternate translation: “Then Moses asked Aaron what the people do to him, that he have brought such a great sin on them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
EXO	32	21	np73	figs-metaphor		1	you have brought such a great sin on them	Moses spoke of causing people to sin as if sin were an object and Aaron put it on them. Alternate translation: “you have caused them to sin so terribly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	32	22	z2ch	figs-metaphor		1	Do not let your anger burn hot	Aaron spoke of Moses’ anger as if it were a fire that could burn. “Do not be so angry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	32	22	vdy2	figs-metaphor		1	they are set on doing evil	Being determined to do evil is spoken of as being set on evil. Alternate translation: “they are determined to do what is evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	32	23	zn68			1	this Moses	People showed disrespect by putting the word “this” before his name, as if Moses were someone they did not know and could not trust.
EXO	32	24	yq7s	figs-quotations		1	So I said to them, ‘Whoever has any gold, let him take it off.’	This can be stated as an indirect quote. Alternate translation: “So I told them that whoever had any gold should take it off” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
EXO	32	24	b3l5			1	I threw it into the fire, and out came this calf	Instead of taking ownership for making the calf, Aaron claims the calf came out of the fire supernaturally.
EXO	32	25	ck1f			1	were running wild	“were behaving wildly” or “were not controlling themselves”
EXO	32	26	jis7	figs-quotations		1	Then Moses stood at the entrance…“Whoever is on Yahweh’s side, come to me.”	This can be stated as an indirect quote. Alternate translation: “Then Moses stood at the entrance to the camp and said that whoever was on Yahweh’s side should come to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
EXO	32	26	ryb5	figs-metaphor		1	Whoever is on Yahweh’s side	Moses speaks of being loyal to Yahweh as being on Yahweh’s side. Alternate translation: “Whoever is loyal to Yahweh” or “Whoever serves Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	32	27	xsl3			1	go back and forth from entrance to entrance	“go from side of the camp to the other, starting at one entrance to the camp and going to the entrance on the other side of the camp”
EXO	32	28	at4i	translate-numbers		1	three thousand of the people	“3000 of the people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EXO	32	29	jzp1			1	You have been placed into Yahweh’s service	This probably means “You have been chosen to serve Yahweh” or “You have become Yahweh’s servants.”
EXO	32	29	c6fg	figs-explicit		1	for each of you has taken action against his son and his brother	The fact that they did this in obedience to God can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “for you have obeyed Yahweh and killed your sons and your brothers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	32	30	r5fn			1	You have committed a very great sin	They worshiped an idol.
EXO	32	30	yi3e	figs-metaphor		1	Perhaps I can make atonement for your sin	Moses spoke of persuading God to forgive the people as if he could make atonement for their sin. Alternate translation: “Perhaps I can persuade Yahweh to forgive you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	32	32	c72y	figs-metonymy		1	blot me out of the book	The word “me” here refers to the name of Moses. Alternate translation: “erase my name from the book” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	32	32	ahb3	figs-explicit		1	the book that you have written	What God had written in the book can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “the book in which you have written the names of your people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	32	33	igb4	figs-metonymy		1	that person I will blot out of my book	The phrase “that person” represents “that person’s name.” Alternate translation: “I will erase that person’s name from my book” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	32	33	qwk9			1	my book	This refers to the book of Yahweh that Moses spoke of in [Exodus 32:32](../32/32.md).
EXO	32	34	xn8p			1	But on the day that I punish them, I will punish them	On the day that God decides to punish them, it will be clear that it is God who is judging them.
EXO	32	35	ddg6			1	Yahweh sent a plague on the people	This plague may have been a serious illness. Alternate translation: “Yahweh made the people very sick”
EXO	32	35	wv1v			1	they had made the calf, the one that Aaron made	Even though Aaron made the calf, the people were also guilty because they told Aaron to do it. Alternate translation: “they told Aaron to make the calf”
EXO	33	intro	g5k3			0		# Exodus 33 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Covenant<br>While the covenants Yahweh made may not be conditioned upon the obedience of Israel, it is clear that their conquering of the Promised Land was conditioned on their obedience to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])
EXO	33	1	p8xp			1	General Information:	Yahweh continues to tell Moses of his anger.
EXO	33	3	yyt4	figs-metonymy		1	that land, which is flowing with milk and honey	The land was good for raising livestock and growing crops. See how you translated this in [Exodus 3:8](../03/08.md). Alternate translation: “a land that is excellent for raising livestock and growing crops” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	33	3	y347			1	flowing with	“full of” or “with an abundance of”
EXO	33	3	ck4m	figs-metonymy		1	milk	Since milk comes from cows and goats, this represents food produced by livestock. Alternate translation: “food from livestock” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	33	3	a4ct	figs-metonymy		1	honey	Since honey is produced from flowers, this represents food from crops. Alternate translation: “food from crops” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	33	3	ah5t			1	a stubborn people	“people who refuse to change”
EXO	33	4	cf7g			1	jewelry	beautiful clothing as well as chains and rings with jewels in them
EXO	33	5	rzr5			1	a stubborn people	“people who refuse to change.” See how you translated this in [Exodus 33:3](../33/03.md).
EXO	33	9	yt4f	figs-metaphor		1	the pillar of cloud	The cloud had the shape of a pillar. See how you translated this in [Exodus 13:22](../13/22.md). Alternate translation: “the cloud shaped like a pillar” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	33	9	vam7	figs-explicit		1	would come down	Where it came down from can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “would come down from the sky” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	33	11	zrb8	figs-metaphor		1	Yahweh would speak to Moses face to face	Speaking directly rather than through dreams and visions, is spoken of as if Moses and God saw each other’s faces while they spoke. Alternate translation: “Yahweh would speak directly to Moses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	33	11	ika8			1	young man	Joshua was old enough to be a soldier, but he was much younger than Moses
EXO	33	12	unz8			1	See	“Look!” or “Listen!” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you”
EXO	33	12	w7fs	figs-idiom		1	I know you by name	To know someone by name is to know them well. Alternate translation: “I know you well” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	33	12	a7jr	figs-idiom		1	you have also found favor in my eyes	Here “found favor” is an idiom that means be approved of or that God is pleased with Moses. Here “eyes” are a metonym for sight, and sight is a metaphor representing God’s evaluation. Alternate translation: “I have evaluated you and approve” or “I am pleased with you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	33	13	e6vv	figs-idiom		1	Now if I have found favor in your eyes	Here “found favor” is an idiom that means be approved of or that God is pleased with Moses. Here “eyes” are a metonym for sight, and sight is a metaphor representing God’s evaluation. Alternate translation: “Now If you are pleased with me” or “Now if you approve of me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	33	13	zi7j			1	show me your ways	Possible meanings: (1) “show me what you are going to do in the future” or (2) “show me how people can do what pleases you.”
EXO	33	14	gh8q	figs-metonymy		1	My own presence will go	God’s presence represents himself. Alternate translation: “I will go” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	33	14	hl15	figs-you		1	go with you…give you	The word **you** here refers to Moses. It is singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
EXO	33	14	hc5n			1	I will give you rest	“I will let you rest”
EXO	33	16	d36k			1	For otherwise	“For if your presence does not go with us”
EXO	33	16	tu8e	figs-activepassive		1	how will it be known	This can be expressed with an active form. Alternate translation: how will people know” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	33	16	cgl8	figs-rquestion		1	how will it be known…people?	Moses used this question in order to emphasize that if God does not go with them, no one will know that Moses had found favor in God’s sight. Alternate translation: “no one will know…people.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
EXO	33	16	u82a			1	Will it not only be if	“Will it not only be known if”
EXO	33	17	aln2	figs-you		1	General Information:	When Yahweh uses the word **you** in this verse, it is singular and refers to Moses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
EXO	33	17	ln7y	figs-idiom		1	you have found favor in my eyes	Here “found favor” is an idiom that means that God is pleased with Moses. Here “eyes” are a metonym for sight, and sight is a metaphor representing his evaluation. See how you translated this in [Exodus 33:12](../33/12.md). Alternate translation: “I am pleased with you” or “I approve of you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	33	17	u2nv	figs-idiom		1	I know you by name	To know someone by name is to know them well. See how you translated this in [Exodus 33:12](../33/12.md). Alternate translation: “I know you well” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	33	19	sx1a	figs-metonymy		1	I will make all my goodness pass before you	God speaks of walking past Moses so that Moses can see his goodness as if only his goodness would go past Moses. Alternate translation: “I will move past you so that you may see my goodness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	33	21	s4iy			1	See	“Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you.”
EXO	33	23	fmu8			1	you will see my back	This is because Yahweh will be walking away from Moses.
EXO	33	23	gw1n	figs-activepassive		1	but my face will not be seen	This can be expressed in active form. Alternate translation: “but you will not see my face” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	34	intro	smp6			0		# Exodus 34 General Notes<br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### “He will bring the punishment for the fathers’ sin on their children”<br>This phrase does not mean that a child is necessarily punished for the sins of their parents. Many scholars believe that this passage indicates that a parent’s sins will have consequences that will affect their children and grandchildren. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
EXO	34	1	s1kv			1	tablets of stone	“flat slabs of stone.” See how you translated this in [Exodus 31:18](../31/18.md)
EXO	34	3	fk8z			1	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to Moses.
EXO	34	3	ck6d	figs-metonymy		1	Do not let anyone else be seen anywhere on the mountain	Being seen doing something represents doing that. Alternate translation: “Do not let anyone else be anywhere on the mountain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	34	3	x3rx			1	No flocks or herds are even to graze in front of the mountain	“Even flocks or herds are not allowed to come near the mountain to eat.”
EXO	34	5	sp7f			1	stood with Moses there	“stood with Moses on the mountain”
EXO	34	5	r9ey	figs-metonymy		1	he pronounced the name “Yahweh.”	Possible meanings are (1) “he spoke the name ‘Yahweh.’” or (2) “he proclaimed who Yahweh is.” For the second meaning, “name” would represent who God is. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	34	6	fz1q	figs-123person		1	Yahweh, Yahweh, God is merciful and gracious	God is speaking about himself. Alternate translation: “I, Yahweh, am God, and I am merciful and gracious” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
EXO	34	6	e1k3			1	abounding in covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness	“always showing covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness”
EXO	34	6	j7we	figs-abstractnouns		1	abounding in covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness	The abstract nouns “faithfulness” and “trustworthiness” can be stated as “faithful” and “trustworthy.” Alternate translation: “always being faithful to my covenant and always being trustworthy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO	34	7	lt2j	figs-abstractnouns		1	keeping covenant faithfulness for thousands of generations	The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be stated as “faithfully” or “faithful.” See how you translated a similar phrase in [Exodus 20:6](../20/06.md). Alternate translation: “faithfully loving thousands of generations” or “faithful to his covenant with thousands of generation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EXO	34	7	q7z8	figs-123person		1	But he will	Yahweh is speaking about himself. Alternate translation: “But I will” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
EXO	34	7	x397	figs-123person		1	he will by no means clear the guilty	Yahweh is speaking about himself. Alternate translation: “I will by no means clear the guilty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
EXO	34	7	ts1b			1	will by no means clear the guilty	“will certainly not clear the guilty” or “will certainly not say that the guilty are innocent” or “will certainly not free guilty people”
EXO	34	7	px85	figs-metaphor		1	He will bring the punishment for the fathers’ sin on their children	Punishing people is spoken of as if punishment were an object that someone could bring on people. Alternate translation: “He will punish the children for their fathers’ sin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	34	7	c3tb	figs-metonymy		1	their children	The word “children” represents descendants. Alternate translation: “their descendants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	34	9	mh3a	figs-idiom		1	If now I have found favor in your eyes	Here “found favor” is an idiom that means be approved of or that God is pleased with Moses. Here “eyes” are a metonym for sight, and sight is a metaphor representing his evaluation. See how you translated this in [Exodus 33:12](../33/12.md). Alternate translation: “Now If you are pleased with me” or “Now if you approve of me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	34	9	hw66	figs-doublet		1	our iniquity and our sin	The words “iniquity” and “sin” mean basically the same thing and are combined for emphasis. Alternate translation: “all our sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
EXO	34	9	n6e5	figs-metaphor		1	take us as your inheritance	Something that someone possesses forever is spoken of as if it were something that they had inherited. Alternate translation: “take us as the people that you possess forever” or “accept us as the people who belong to you forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	34	10	zdq6	figs-you		1	your people	Here “your” refers to Moses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
EXO	34	10	bj1a	figs-idiom		1	it is a fearful thing that I am doing with you	A fearful thing is a thing that causes people to be afraid. In this case, people will fear God when they see what he does. Alternate translation: “what I do for you will cause people to fear me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EXO	34	10	s7uz	figs-you		1	I am doing with you	Here **you** refers to Moses and the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
EXO	34	12	b459			1	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to Moses. Here he tells him what Moses and the people must do.
EXO	34	12	lxz8	figs-metaphor		1	they will become a trap among you	People who tempt others to sin are spoken of as if they were a trap. Alternate translation: “they will tempt you to sin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	34	14	vmx2	figs-metonymy		1	Yahweh, whose name is Jealous	The word “Jealous” here means that God is concerned to keep his honor. If his people worship other gods, he loses honor, because when his people do not honor him, other people also will not honor him. Alternate translation: “I, Yahweh, always guard my honor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	34	14	s5sd	figs-metonymy		1	whose name is Jealous,	The word “name” here represents God’s character. Alternate translation: “I, Yahweh, who am always jealous” or “I, Yahweh, am always jealous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	34	15	f1e3			1	Connecting Statement:	Yahweh continues to tell Moses how his people are to behave towards outsiders.
EXO	34	15	gtd8	figs-metaphor		1	for they prostitute themselves to their gods	God speaks of people worshiping other gods as if they were prostitutes going to other men. Alternate translation: “for they worship other gods” or “because they worship other gods like prostitutes who go to other men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	34	15	bj2i	figs-explicit		1	you will eat some of his sacrifice	The consequence of eating food that is sacrificed to another god can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “you will eat some of his sacrifice and become guilty of worshiping his gods” or “and you will prostitute yourself to his god by eating some of his sacrifice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	34	18	s1rr			1	General Information:	Yahweh continues to tell Moses what the people must do.
EXO	34	18	u5be	translate-numbers		1	seven days	“7 days” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EXO	34	18	i5ck	translate-hebrewmonths		1	in the month of Aviv	This is the name of the first month of the Hebrew calendar. Aviv is during the last part of March and the first part of April on Western calendars. See how you translated “Aviv” in [Exodus 13:4](../13/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	34	19	ly7d			1	General Information:	Yahweh continues telling Moses what the people must do.
EXO	34	20	yz8x			1	buy back	Firstborn sons and firstborn donkeys belonged to Yahweh, but Yahweh did not want them sacrificed to Him. Instead, the Israelites were to sacrifice a lamb in their place. This allowed the Israelites to buy the donkeys and sons back from Yahweh.
EXO	34	20	u2p5	figs-metonymy		1	No one may appear before me empty-handed	God speaks of the offering as if the person was to carry it in his hands. Alternate translation: “No one may come to me without an offering” or “Everyone who comes to me must bring me an offering” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	34	21	w9ed			1	General Information:	Yahweh continues telling Moses what the people must do.
EXO	34	21	swm8			1	Even at plowing time and in harvest	“Even when you are preparing the soil or gathering the crops”
EXO	34	22	d13l			1	Festival of Ingathering	This festival was also known as the Festival of Shelters or the Festival of Booths. The idea came from the practice of the farmers living in temporary booths, or huts, out in the fields to guard the crop as it ripened. The word “Ingathering” means when they harvest their crop.
EXO	34	23	zh58			1	General Information:	Yahweh continues telling Moses what the people must do.
EXO	34	25	zx2v			1	General Information:	Yahweh continues to tell Moses what the people must do.
EXO	34	25	e8v2	figs-explicit		1	the blood of my sacrifice	The fact that the blood is from an animal can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “the blood of an animal that you sacrifice to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	34	25	k2f7	figs-explicit		1	with any yeast	The fact that any yeast would be in bread can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “with bread that has yeast in it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	34	28	mm6l			1	Moses was there	“Moses was on the mountain”
EXO	34	28	j9t4	translate-numbers		1	forty days	“40 days” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EXO	34	28	wt1c			1	for forty days and nights	“for forty days, both day and night”
EXO	34	28	yun2			1	He wrote	“Moses wrote”
EXO	34	29	d9zk			1	had become radiant	“had started to shine”
EXO	34	31	jfb4			1	came up to him	“approached him” or “went to him.” They did not go up the mountain.
EXO	34	32	kt23	figs-metaphor		1	all the commands that Yahweh had given him	Telling commands is spoken of as if the commands were objects that could be given. Alternate translation: “all the commands that Yahweh had told him” or “everything that Yahweh had commanded them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	34	34	fzm1			1	he would remove	“Moses would remove”
EXO	34	34	m1sv	figs-activepassive		1	what he was commanded	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “what Yahweh had commanded him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	35	intro	lew9			0		# Exodus 35 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Sacrifice<br>All of the people offered sacrifices to Yahweh. This was a form of worship and a sign of repentance from making the golden calf idol. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/worship]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]])
EXO	35	2	c559	translate-ordinal		1	the seventh day	“day number seven” or “Saturday” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
EXO	35	2	zij9	figs-activepassive		1	Whoever does any work on that day must be put to death	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “You must kill anyone who does work on that day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	35	4	jdb8			1	General Information:	In Exodus 35:4-9, Moses tells the Israelites to make the things Yahweh commanded him in [Exodus 25:3-7](../25/03.md).
EXO	35	5	h5c8			1	General Information:	In Exodus 35:4-9, Moses tells the Israelites to make the things Yahweh commanded him in [Exodus 25:3-7](../25/03.md).
EXO	35	5	n2c8			1	Take an offering for Yahweh	“Take up a collection for Yahweh”
EXO	35	5	y2x6	figs-synecdoche		1	all of you who have a willing heart	Here “heart” refers to the person bringing the offering. Alternate translation: “everyone who is willing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
EXO	35	6	r12v			1	General Information:	In Exodus 35:4-9, Moses tells the Israelites to make the things Yahweh commanded him in [Exodus 25:3-7](../25/03.md).
EXO	35	7	nmv4			1	General Information:	In Exodus 35:4-9, Moses tells the Israelites to make the things Yahweh commanded him in [Exodus 25:3-7](../25/03.md).
EXO	35	7	l5bq			1	ram skins dyed red and fine leather hides	See how you translated similar phrases in [Exodus 25:5](../25/05.md).
EXO	35	8	ikm4			1	General Information:	In Exodus 35:4-9, Moses tells the Israelites to make the things Yahweh commanded him in [Exodus 25:3-7](../25/03.md).
EXO	35	9	f1dd			1	General Information:	In Exodus 35:4-9, Moses tells the Israelites to make the things Yahweh commanded him in [Exodus 25:3-7](../25/03.md).
EXO	35	10	c31r			1	General Information:	Moses continues telling the people what God commanded them to do.
EXO	35	10	dc4b			1	Every skilled man	“Every man with a skill”
EXO	35	11	j5t7			1	clasps	The clasps fit into the loops to hold the curtains together. See how you translated these in [Exodus 26:6](../26/06.md).
EXO	35	11	syn4			1	bases	These are heavy objects that rest on the ground and keep the object attached to them from moving. See how you translated this in [Exodus 25:31](../25/31.md).
EXO	35	12	rj7s			1	atonement lid	This is the lid that sits on top of the ark where the atonement offering was made. See how you translated this in [Exodus 25:17](../25/17.md).
EXO	35	13	x3tl			1	They brought	“The people of Israel brought”
EXO	35	13	l641			1	bread of the presence	This bread represented the presence of God. See how you translated this in [Exodus 25:30](../25/30.md).
EXO	35	16	h116			1	bronze grate	This is a frame of crossed bronze bars for holding wood when burning. See how you translated “grate” in [Exodus 27:4](../27/04.md).
EXO	35	17	h8zl			1	hangings	These were large curtains made of cloth. See how you translated this in [Exodus 26:36](../26/36.md).
EXO	35	17	x54f			1	posts	These were strong pieces of wood set upright and used as supports. See how you translated these in [Exodus 27:10](../27/10.md).
EXO	35	17	xtm8			1	bases	These were blocks that had a slot in them to keep the board in place. See how you translated this in [Exodus 26:19](../26/19.md).
EXO	35	18	n44r			1	tent pegs	sharp pieces of wood or metal used to secure the corners of a tent to the ground. See how you translated this in [Exodus 27:19](../27/19.md).
EXO	35	19	x1pc			1	finely-woven garments	This was clothing made from narrow linen threads that someone twisted together to make a stronger thread. See how you translated this in [Exodus 28:8](../28/08.md).
EXO	35	20	w6rg	figs-metonymy		1	all the tribes of Israel	This refers to the people in the tribes. Alternate translation: “the people from all the tribes of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EXO	35	21	b9wk	figs-synecdoche		1	whose heart stirred him up	Here “heart” refers to the person. The heart that responded to God is spoken of as if it were water stirred up by a storm. Alternate translation: “who responded to God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	35	21	be9z	figs-synecdoche		1	whom his spirit made willing	Here “spirit” refers to the person. Alternate translation: “who was willing” or “who wanted to” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
EXO	35	22	mwx8	figs-synecdoche		1	all who had a willing heart	Here “heart” refers to the person. Alternate translation: “everyone who was willing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
EXO	35	22	wwp2			1	brooches, earrings, rings, and ornaments	These are different kinds of jewelry.
EXO	35	23	s3ky			1	Everyone who had…brought them	For 35:23 see how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 25:4-5](../25/04.md).
EXO	35	25	ebm5			1	blue, purple, or scarlet wool	Possible meanings are (1) “material that is dyed blue, purple, and scarlet,” probably wool yarn, or (2) “blue, purple and scarlet dye” to dye the linen. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Exodus 25:4](../25/04.md).
EXO	35	26	k1gy	figs-synecdoche		1	whose hearts stirred them up	Here “hearts” refers to the women. The hearts of the women who responded to God are spoken of as if they were water stirred up by a storm. Alternate translation: “who responded to God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	35	27	f13n			1	The leaders brought…breastpiece	For 35:27 see how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 25:7](../25/07.md).
EXO	35	28	h3a1			1	they brought spices…fragrant incense	For 35:28 see how you translated many similar words in [Exodus 25:6](../25/06.md)
EXO	35	29	li5z	figs-synecdoche		1	whose heart was willing	Here “heart” refers to the people. Alternate translation: “who was willing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
EXO	35	30	z1e2			1	Bezalel son of Uri son of Hur, from the tribe of Judah	See how you translated this in [Exodus 31:2](../31/02.md)
EXO	35	31	gse9	figs-metaphor		1	He has filled Bezalel with his Spirit	God’s Spirit who gave Bezalel the ability to work is spoken of here as if he was something that filled up Bezalel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	35	31	zd74			1	filled Bezalel…craftsmanship	See how you translated many similar words in [Exodus 31:3](../31/03.md)
EXO	35	32	r7e3			1	to make artistic designs…bronze	See how you translated many similar words in [Exodus 31:4](../31/04.md)
EXO	35	33	fj6f			1	also to cut and set stones…craftsmanship	See how you translated many similar words in [Exodus 31:5](../31/05.md)
EXO	35	34	a1r8			1	General Information:	Moses continues speaking to the people.
EXO	35	34	xd67	figs-synecdoche		1	He has put it in his heart to teach	Here “heart” refers to Bezalel. The ability to teach is spoken of as if it something that could be placed in a heart. Alternate translation: “He gave Bezalel the ability to teach” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	35	34	ab2z	translate-names		1	Oholiab son of Ahisamak, from the tribe of Dan	“Oholiab” and “Ahisamak” are names of men. See how you translated these names in [Exodus 31:6](../31/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	35	35	rcv9	figs-metaphor		1	filled them with skill	Skill to create beautiful objects is spoken of as if it were something that could fill up a person. Alternate translation: “made them very skillful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	35	35	me14			1	engravers	a person who cuts designs into a hard material such as wood, stone, or metal
EXO	35	35	u7tf			1	embroiderers	people who sew designs into cloth
EXO	35	35	r8zk			1	craftsmen	people who are skilled in making beautiful objects by hand
EXO	35	35	cw3x			1	weavers	a person who creates cloth using thread
EXO	35	35	a6c3			1	artistic designers	a person who creates beauty with materials
EXO	36	intro	nz4n			0		# Exodus 36 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Tent of meeting<br>The tent of meeting, or tabernacle, mentioned in previous chapters is constructed in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/tabernacle]])
EXO	36	1	ubk2			1	General Information:	Moses continues speaking to the people.
EXO	36	1	ds99	translate-names		1	Bezalel	This is the name of a man. See how you translated this in [Exodus 31:2](../31/02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	36	1	tl5b	translate-names		1	Oholiab	This is the name of a man. See how you translated this in [Exodus 31:6](../31/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	36	1	tr3p	figs-metaphor		1	to whom Yahweh has given skill and ability	Here skill and ability are spoken of as if they are something that Yahweh can place inside a person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	36	1	mdi4			1	according to all that Yahweh has commanded	“just as Yahweh has commanded”
EXO	36	2	tgn2	translate-names		1	Bezalel	This is the name of a man. See how you translated this in [Exodus 31:2](../31/02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	36	2	wq6q	translate-names		1	Oholiab	This is the name of a man. See how you translated this in [Exodus 31:6](../31/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	36	2	tda7	figs-synecdoche		1	in whose mind Yahweh had given skill	Here “mind” refers to the person who was made skillful by Yahweh. Alternate translation: “to whom Yahweh had given skill” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
EXO	36	2	yuq8	figs-synecdoche		1	whose heart stirred within him	Here “heart” refers to the person. The heart that responded to God is spoken of as if it were water stirred up by a storm. Alternate translation: “who responded to God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	36	5	tni7	figs-quotations		1	The craftsmen told Moses…commanded us to do.”	The can be stated as an indirect quote. Alternate translation: “The craftsmen told Moses that the people were bringing much more than enough for doing the work that Yahweh has commanded them to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
EXO	36	5	pd95			1	The craftsmen told Moses	“The men working on the sanctuary told Moses”
EXO	36	8	kw33			1	General Information:	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 26:1](../26/01.md).
EXO	36	8	l7ub			1	ten curtains made from fine linen	These curtains are sheets of cloth woven and sewed together so that they can hang to form a wall or tent.
EXO	36	8	s2hu	translate-names		1	Bezalel	This is the name of a man. See how you translated this in [Exodus 31:2](../31/02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	36	9	p2mr			1	General Information:	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 26:2](../26/02.md).
EXO	36	10	z6sq			1	General Information:	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 26:3](../26/03.md).
EXO	36	11	yw91			1	General Information:	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 26:4](../26/04.md).
EXO	36	11	qh6e			1	He made	Here “he” refers to Bezalel, but it includes all the men working on the sanctuary.
EXO	36	11	y7vq			1	loops of blue	loops of blue cloth
EXO	36	11	i4ba			1	curtain	These were large, heavy sections of woven cloth that were used to form the covering and dividing walls of the tabernacle. See how you translated this in [Exodus 26:1](../26/01.md).
EXO	36	12	k1qq			1	General Information:	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 26:5](../26/05.md).
EXO	36	13	z2zi			1	General Information	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 26:6](../26/06.md).
EXO	36	13	j75x	translate-numbers		1	fifty gold clasps	“50 gold clasps” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EXO	36	14	m2ac			1	General Information:	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 26:7](../26/07.md).
EXO	36	14	us17	translate-numbers		1	made eleven	“made 11” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EXO	36	15	fa6i			1	General Information:	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 26:8](../26/08.md).
EXO	36	15	ret8	translate-numbers		1	thirty cubits	You can convert these lengths to a measurement system familiar to your people if that is the style of translation that you are using. A **cubit** is approximately 46cm. For your reference, a more precise conversion to metric is: 13.8m … 184cm (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]])
EXO	36	16	wwj6			1	General Information:	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 26:9](../26/09.md).
EXO	36	17	qt9b			1	General Information:	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 26:10](../26/10.md).
EXO	36	17	jm1l	translate-numbers		1	fifty loops	“50 loops” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EXO	36	18	mq1j			1	General Information:	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 26:11](../26/11.md).
EXO	36	18	a7mn	translate-numbers		1	fifty bronze clasps	“50 bronze clasps” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EXO	36	19	p3ke			1	General Information:	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 26:14](../26/14.md).
EXO	36	20	t739			1	General Information:	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 26:15](../26/15.md).
EXO	36	21	prx5			1	General Information:	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 26:16](../26/16.md).
EXO	36	21	gci3	translate-bdistance		1	ten cubits…one and a half cubits	You can convert these lengths to a measurement system familiar to your people if that is the style of translation that you are using. A **cubit** is approximately 46cm. For your reference, a more precise conversion to metric is: 4.6m … 69cm (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]])
EXO	36	22	l8yx			1	General Information:	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 26:17](../26/17.md).
EXO	36	22	vq4m			1	two wooden pegs for joining	A wooden peg is a small piece of wood sticking out beyond the end of the board so it can be secured.
EXO	36	23	ev65			1	General Information:	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 26:18](../26/18.md).
EXO	36	24	ln2x			1	General Information:	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 26:19](../26/19.md).
EXO	36	24	u5ue	translate-numbers		1	forty silver bases	“40 silver bases” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EXO	36	24	yx4b	translate-numbers		1	twenty frames	“20 frames” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EXO	36	25	w2wz			1	General Information:	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 26:20](../26/20.md).
EXO	36	26	gbm9			1	General Information:	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 26:21](../26/21.md).
EXO	36	26	b9dy			1	and so on	There will be two bases under each and every frame.
EXO	36	27	a7js			1	General Information:	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 26:22](../26/22.md).
EXO	36	27	m6ue			1	on the west	on the side that is on the west
EXO	36	28	hw9c			1	General Information:	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 26:23](../26/23.md).
EXO	36	28	ma1f			1	for the back corners	for the corners at the rear of the tabernacle
EXO	36	29	u396			1	General Information:	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 26:24](../26/24.md).
EXO	36	30	mu5n			1	General Information:	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 26:25](../26/25.md).
EXO	36	30	zls4	translate-numbers		1	sixteen bases in all	“16 bases in all” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EXO	36	30	r252			1	and so on	There will be two bases under each and every frame.
EXO	36	31	cf2p			1	General Information:	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 26:26](../26/26.md).
EXO	36	32	p4wd			1	General Information:	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 26:27](../26/27.md).
EXO	36	32	tc6s			1	to the west	on the west side
EXO	36	33	h94y			1	General Information:	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 26:28](../26/28.md).
EXO	36	33	lk9f			1	from end to end	from one side of the tabernacle to the other side
EXO	36	34	i17v			1	General Information:	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 26:29](../26/29.md).
EXO	36	35	pfc5			1	General Information:	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 26:31](../26/31.md).
EXO	36	36	hg2q			1	General Information:	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 26:32](../26/32.md).
EXO	36	37	r5ya			1	General Information:	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 26:36](../26/36.md).
EXO	36	37	vv61			1	He made	Here “he” refers to Bezalel and those working for him. “Bezalel and his men made”
EXO	36	37	neu2			1	a hanging	a curtain
EXO	36	38	pr67			1	General Information:	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 26:37](../26/37.md).
EXO	37	intro	mt99			0		# Exodus 37 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### The ark of the covenant<br>The ark, mentioned in previous chapters, is constructed in this chapter. There are other furnishings of the tabernacle that are also produced in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/tabernacle]])
EXO	37	1	byr3			1	General Information:	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 25:10](../25/10.md).
EXO	37	1	xz1t	translate-names		1	Bezalel	This is the name of a man. See how you translated this in [Exodus 31:2](../31/02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	37	1	ps6e	translate-bdistance		1	two and a half cubits…one cubit and a half	You can convert these lengths to a measurement system familiar to your people if that is the style of translation that you are using. A **cubit** is approximately 46cm. For your reference, a more precise conversion to metric is: 115cm … 69cm … 69cm (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]])
EXO	37	2	kb3s			1	General Information:	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 25:11](../25/11.md).
EXO	37	3	pb6v			1	General Information:	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 25:12](../25/12.md).
EXO	37	3	ut8d	figs-metaphor		1	its four feet	These four pieces of wood that supported the ark are spoken of as if they were human or animal feet. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	37	4	nr8y			1	General Information:	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 25:13](../25/13.md).
EXO	37	4	n9kr			1	He made	Though “he” refers to Bezalel, “he” may include all of the workers who assisted him.
EXO	37	5	v9j7			1	General Information:	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 25:14](../25/14.md).
EXO	37	6	liw8			1	General Information:	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 25:17](../25/17.md).
EXO	37	6	ba8a	translate-bdistance		1	two and a half cubits…one and a half cubits	You can convert these lengths to a measurement system familiar to your people if that is the style of translation that you are using. A **cubit** is approximately 46cm. For your reference, a more precise conversion to metric is: 115cm … 69cm (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]])
EXO	37	7	nhi3			1	General Information:	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 25:18](../25/18.md).
EXO	37	8	g96y			1	General Information:	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 25:19](../25/19.md).
EXO	37	8	y13s	figs-activepassive		1	They were made as one piece	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “He made them as one piece” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	37	9	e6na			1	General Information:	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 25:20](../25/20.md).
EXO	37	9	r7nm	figs-personification		1	The cherubim spread out their wings upward and overshadowed	Bezalel placed the statues of the cherubim as if they were real cherubim which were spreading their wings and overshadowing the atonement lid. Alternate translation: “They placed the winged creatures so that their wings touched each other and spread out over” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
EXO	37	9	zsq1			1	The cherubim faced one another and looked toward	“The faces of the cherubim were towards each other, and they looked toward”
EXO	37	10	ktf8			1	General Information:	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 25:23](../25/23.md).
EXO	37	10	fnt3	translate-bdistance		1	two cubits…one cubit…one and a half cubits	You can convert these lengths to a measurement system familiar to your people if that is the style of translation that you are using. A **cubit** is approximately 46cm. For your reference, a more precise conversion to metric is: 92cm … 46cm … 69cm (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]])
EXO	37	11	l2kv			1	General Information:	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 25:24](../25/24.md).
EXO	37	12	i1ba			1	General Information:	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 25:25](../25/25.md).
EXO	37	12	j4iq	translate-bdistance		1	handbreadth	This was the width of a man’s hand with fingers spread out. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]])
EXO	37	13	b56c			1	General Information:	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 25:26](../25/26.md).
EXO	37	13	k69z	figs-metaphor		1	the four feet	These four pieces of wood that supported the ark are spoken of as if they were human or animal feet. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EXO	37	14	tc3u			1	General Information:	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 25:27](../25/27.md).
EXO	37	14	b3ma	figs-activepassive		1	The rings were attached	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Bezalel attached the rings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	37	15	zkr8			1	General Information:	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 25:28](../25/28.md).
EXO	37	16	h598			1	General Information:	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 25:29](../25/29.md).
EXO	37	16	ui2r	figs-explicit		1	dishes, spoons, the bowls, and pitchers to be used to pour out the offerings	It is only the bowls and pitchers that are used to pour out the offerings. Alternate translation: “plates and cups, and also the jars and bowls which the priests will use for pouring out the offerings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	37	17	edx6			1	General Information:	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 25:31](../25/31.md).
EXO	37	17	wp6l			1	Connecting Statement:	Bezalel’s work crew continues to build the tabernacle and furniture.
EXO	37	17	s977	figs-activepassive		1	Its cups, its leafy bases, and its flowers were all made of one piece with it	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “He made the cups, its leafy bases, and its flowers as one piece with the lampstand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	37	18	kuh2			1	General Information:	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 25:32](../25/32.md).
EXO	37	19	g1y9			1	General Information:	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 25:33](../25/33.md).
EXO	37	19	j6vz	figs-activepassive		1	three cups made like almond blossoms	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “he made the 3 cups look like almond blossoms” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	37	19	cbe6			1	almond blossoms	An almond blossom is a white or pink flower with five petals that grows on an almond tree.
EXO	37	20	nl54			1	General Information:	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 25:34](../25/34.md).
EXO	37	20	bx63	figs-activepassive		1	there were four cups made like almond blossoms	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “there were 4 cups which Bezalel made to look like almond blossoms” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	37	21	x1u5			1	General Information:	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 25:35](../25/35.md).
EXO	37	21	v3c2	figs-activepassive		1	made as one piece with it	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “which he made as one piece with the lampstand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	37	22	ks9z			1	General Information:	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 25:36](../25/36.md).
EXO	37	23	b2jq			1	General Information:	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 25:37-38](../25/37.md).
EXO	37	23	r4y1			1	Connecting Statement:	Bezalel’s work crew continues to build the tabernacle and furniture.
EXO	37	23	njx7			1	tongs	This is a tool made from two sticks of wood or metal connected at one end and used for picking up objects.
EXO	37	24	uz5h			1	General Information:	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 25:39](../25/39.md).
EXO	37	24	arz1	translate-bweight		1	one talent	“33 kilograms” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]])
EXO	37	25	el8w			1	General Information:	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 30:1-2](../30/01.md).
EXO	37	25	li9d			1	Connecting Statement:	Bezalel’s work crew continues to build the tabernacle and furniture.
EXO	37	25	c8mg	translate-bdistance		1	cubit	You can convert these lengths to a measurement system familiar to your people if that is the style of translation that you are using. A **cubit** is approximately 46cm. For your reference, a more precise conversion to metric is: 46cm … 46cm … 92cm (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]])
EXO	37	25	xq8k	figs-activepassive		1	Its horns were made as one piece with it	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “He made the horns as one piece with the altar” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	37	26	ep66			1	General Information:	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 30:3](../30/03.md).
EXO	37	27	zez2			1	General Information:	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 30:4](../30/04.md).
EXO	37	27	d2v9			1	Connecting Statement:	Bezalel’s work crew continues to build the tabernacle and furniture.
EXO	37	27	p89d	figs-activepassive		1	to be attached to it	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “which they attached to the altar” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	37	28	hw37			1	General Information:	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 30:5](../30/05.md).
EXO	37	29	c992			1	General Information:	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 30:25](../30/25.md).
EXO	37	29	z685			1	fragrant incense	See how you translated this in [Exodus 25:6](../25/06.md).
EXO	37	29	akg9			1	the work of a perfumer	A perfumer is skilled in mixing spices and oils.
EXO	38	intro	hp86			0		# Exodus 38 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### The altar<br>The altar is constructed in this chapter. There are other furnishings of the tabernacle that are also produced in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/tabernacle]])<br><br>### Materials<br>The list of materials being used is intended to give the reader an understanding of the scale of the tabernacle. It should fill the reader with awe concerning the power of Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	38	1	r81c			1	General Information	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 27:1](../27/01.md).
EXO	38	1	gk19			1	Connecting Statement:	Bezalel’s work crew continues to build the tabernacle and furniture.
EXO	38	1	g5ex	translate-bdistance		1	cubits	You can convert these lengths to a measurement system familiar to your people if that is the style of translation that you are using. A **cubit** is approximately 46cm. For your reference, a more precise conversion to metric is: 2.3m … 2.3m … 138cm (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]])
EXO	38	2	g71x			1	General Information	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 27:2](../27/02.md).
EXO	38	2	se9l	figs-activepassive		1	The horns were made of one piece	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “He made the horns as one piece” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	38	3	v73t			1	General Information	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 27:3](../27/03.md).
EXO	38	4	rx7v			1	General Information:	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 27:4](../27/04.md) and [Exodus 27:5](../27/05.md).
EXO	38	4	nb1q			1	Connecting Statement:	Bezalel’s work crew continues to build the tabernacle and furniture.
EXO	38	4	g5rb	figs-activepassive		1	to be placed under the ledge	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “which they placed under the ledge” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	38	5	kp6w			1	General Information:	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 27:4](../27/04.md).
EXO	38	6	l258			1	General Information:	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 27:6](../27/06.md).
EXO	38	6	ihi9			1	Connecting Statement:	Bezalel’s work crew continues to build the tabernacle and furniture.
EXO	38	7	ys63			1	General Information:	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 27:7-8](../27/07.md).
EXO	38	7	wa8g			1	planks	a long, flat piece of wood that is thicker than a board
EXO	38	8	tqi9			1	Connecting Statement:	Bezalel’s work crew continues to build the tabernacle and furniture.
EXO	38	8	e6gd			1	large bronze basin with a bronze stand	The stand supported the bronze basin. See how you translated this in [Exodus 30:18](../30/18.md).
EXO	38	8	mdx9	figs-explicit		1	He made the basin out of mirrors	The bronze came from the mirrors. This can be stated clearly in the translation. Alternate translation: “The bronze for the basin came from the mirrors” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	38	8	e1wq			1	mirrors	A mirror is a piece of polished metal or glass that reflects an image.
EXO	38	9	clk6			1	General Information:	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 27:9](../27/09.md).
EXO	38	9	j2nq			1	Connecting Statement:	Bezalel’s work crew continues to build the tabernacle and furniture.
EXO	38	9	i24a	translate-numbers		1	one hundred	“100” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EXO	38	9	su7e	translate-bdistance		1	cubits	You can convert these lengths to a measurement system familiar to your people if that is the style of translation that you are using. A **cubit** is approximately 46cm. For your reference, a more precise conversion to metric is: 46m (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]])
EXO	38	10	nz6q			1	General Information	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 27:10](../27/10.md).
EXO	38	10	x9jn	translate-numbers		1	twenty	“20” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EXO	38	11	mp6n			1	General Information	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 27:11](../27/11.md).
EXO	38	11	kl3h	translate-numbers		1	one hundred…twenty	“100…20” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EXO	38	11	xl4c	translate-bdistance		1	cubits	You can convert these lengths to a measurement system familiar to your people if that is the style of translation that you are using. A **cubit** is approximately 46cm. For your reference, a more precise conversion to metric is: 46m (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]])
EXO	38	12	g5iz			1	General Information	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 27:12](../27/12.md).
EXO	38	12	vuw5	translate-numbers		1	fifty…ten	“50…10” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EXO	38	13	iju3			1	General Information	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 27:13](../27/13.md).
EXO	38	13	fw1k	translate-numbers		1	fifty	“50” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EXO	38	13	jl57	translate-bdistance		1	cubits	You can convert these lengths to a measurement system familiar to your people if that is the style of translation that you are using. A **cubit** is approximately 46cm. For your reference, a more precise conversion to metric is: 23m (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]])
EXO	38	14	n1xj			1	General Information	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 27:14](../27/14.md).
EXO	38	14	b85e	translate-numbers		1	fifteen…three	“15…3” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EXO	38	15	dlq7			1	General Information	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 27:15](../27/15.md).
EXO	38	16	s5zf	figs-activepassive		1	All the hangings around the courtyard were made of fine linen	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Bezalel and the workers made all the hangings around the courtyard with fine linen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	38	17	s5g5			1	General Information	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 27:17](../27/17.md).
EXO	38	17	r7g6	figs-activepassive		1	The bases for the posts were made of bronze	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Bezalel and the workers made the bases for the posts out of bronze” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	38	17	va1m	figs-activepassive		1	The hooks and rods for the posts were made of silver, and the covering for the tops of the posts was also made of silver	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “They made the hooks, the rods for the posts, and the covering for the tops of the posts out of silver” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	38	17	i3bf	figs-activepassive		1	All the courtyard posts were covered with silver	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “They covered the courtyard posts with silver” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	38	18	hmi5			1	General Information	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 27:16](../27/16.md).
EXO	38	18	h4ki	translate-numbers		1	twenty…five	“20…5” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EXO	38	18	yf6z	translate-bdistance		1	cubits	You can convert these lengths to a measurement system familiar to your people if that is the style of translation that you are using. A **cubit** is approximately 46cm. For your reference, a more precise conversion to metric is: 9.2m … 9.2m … 9.2m … 2.3m (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]])
EXO	38	18	trz5	figs-activepassive		1	The curtain was made of	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “They made the curtain out of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	38	19	fjw4			1	General Information	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 27:17](../27/17.md).
EXO	38	19	kqf3	translate-numbers		1	four	“4” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EXO	38	19	a2ix	figs-activepassive		1	The covering for their tops and its rods were made of silver	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “They made the covering for the tops of the posts and their rods out of silver” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	38	20	ye5c			1	General Information	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 27:19](../27/19.md).
EXO	38	20	p55d	figs-activepassive		1	All the tent pegs for the tabernacle and courtyard were made of bronze	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “They made all of the tent pegs for the tabernacle and courtyard out of bronze” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	38	21	wqi5			1	Connecting Statement:	Bezalel’s work crew continues to build the tabernacle and furniture.
EXO	38	21	k2ex	figs-activepassive		1	as it was taken	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “which Moses instructed the Levites to write down” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	38	21	ex1t	translate-names		1	Ithamar	This is the name of a man. See how you translated this name in [Exodus 6:23](../06/23.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	38	22	d86g	translate-names		1	Bezalel son of Uri son of Hur	“Bezalel” and “uri” are the name of men. See how you translated this in [Exodus 31:2](../31/02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	38	22	i4ha			1	Yahweh had commanded Moses	“everything that Yahweh told Moses to do”
EXO	38	23	f93b	translate-names		1	Oholiab son of Ahisamak	“Oholiab” and “Ahisamak” are names of men. See how you translated this in [Exodus 31:6](../31/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	38	23	wvw4			1	an engraver, as a skillful workman, and as an embroiderer	“as a skilled engraver and embroiderer”
EXO	38	24	tl4k	figs-activepassive		1	All the gold that was used for the project	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “All the gold that the people used for the project” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	38	24	y7hy	translate-numbers		1	twenty-nine talents	A talent is about 33 kilograms. Alternate translation: “29 talents” or “about 960 kilograms” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]])
EXO	38	24	tg3f	translate-numbers		1	730 shekels	A shekel is 11 grams. Alternate translation: “seven hundred and thirty shekels” or “about 8 kilograms.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]])
EXO	38	24	f6sq	translate-bweight		1	measured by the standard of the sanctuary shekel	There were evidently shekels of more than one weight at the time. This specified which one was to be used. See how you translated this in [Exodus 30:13](../30/13.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]])
EXO	38	25	ni5b	translate-numbers		1	one hundred talents	A talent is about 33 kilograms. Alternate translation: “100 talents” or “about 330 kilograms” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]])
EXO	38	25	gn9f	translate-numbers		1	1,775 shekels	A shekel is 11 grams. “one thousand seven hundred and seventy-five shekels” or “about 20 kilograms” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]])
EXO	38	25	egg4	figs-activepassive		1	The silver given by the community	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The silver which the community gave” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	38	26	t2gi	translate-bweight		1	one beka	A beka is 1/2 a shekel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]])
EXO	38	26	fyy5	translate-bweight		1	half a shekel	A shekel is 11 grams. Alternate translation: “1/2 a shekel” or “five and a half grams” or “5 1/2 grams” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]])
EXO	38	26	ll8b			1	This figure was reached on the basis of every person who was counted in the census	Every man who was 20 years old or older was included in the census and was required to give half a shekel.
EXO	38	26	c69c	translate-numbers		1	twenty years old	“20 years old” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EXO	38	27	p7r5	translate-bweight		1	One hundred talents of silver were cast	A talent is about 33 kilograms. Alternate translation: “The workers cast 100 talents of silver” or “The workers cast 3,300 kilograms of silver” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	38	27	n8z7	translate-numbers		1	One hundred talents	“100 talents” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EXO	38	28	k2fi	translate-numbers		1	1,775 shekels	“one thousand seven hundred and seventy-five shekels” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EXO	38	28	ii3y	translate-bmoney		1	shekels	A shekel is a unit of weight equal to about 11 grams. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]])
EXO	38	28	nxf5	translate-names		1	Bezalel	This is the name of a man. See how you translated this in [Exodus 31:2](../31/02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	38	29	p3mr	translate-numbers		1	seventy talents and 2,400 shekels	“70 talents and two thousand four hundred shekels.” This would be about 2,300 kilograms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]])
EXO	38	30	zfk8			1	General Information:	Bezalel’s work crew continues to build the tabernacle and furniture.
EXO	38	30	rck7			1	grate	This is a frame of crossed bars for holding wood when burning. See how you translated this in [Exodus 27:4](../27/04.md).
EXO	38	31	bvr9			1	tent pegs	These are sharp bronze stakes that were used to secure the corners of a tent to the ground. See how you translated this in [Exodus 27:19](../27/19.md).
EXO	39	intro	mll6			0		# Exodus 39 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### The holy clothing<br>The special, holy clothing mentioned in previous chapters is produced in this chapter to the correct specifications. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]])
EXO	39	1	s66r			1	General Information:	Bezalel’s work crew shifts to making the priestly garments.
EXO	39	1	ys6l			1	they made	The word “they” refers to Bezalel, Oholiab, and the other workmen.
EXO	39	1	h8kg			1	as Yahweh had commanded Moses	“just as Yahweh told Moses to do”
EXO	39	2	b9mg			1	General Information:	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 28:6](../28/06.md).
EXO	39	2	ain4			1	Connecting Statement:	Bezalel’s work crew continues to make the priestly garments.
EXO	39	2	p5xy	translate-names		1	Bezalel	This is the name of a man. See how you translated this in [Exodus 31:2](../31/02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	39	4	c7lu			1	General Information:	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 28:7](../28/07.md).
EXO	39	4	pq62			1	Connecting Statement:	Bezalel’s work crew continues to make the priestly garments.
EXO	39	5	g75w			1	General Information:	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 28:8](../28/08.md).
EXO	39	5	wf2i	figs-activepassive		1	it was made of one piece with the ephod, made of fine twined linen	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they made it as one piece with the ephod with fine twisted linen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	39	5	cc56			1	as Yahweh had commanded Moses	“just as Yahweh told Moses to do.” See how you translated this phrase in [Exodus 39:1](../39/01.md).
EXO	39	6	k7vw			1	General Information:	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 28:9](../28/09.md) and [Exodus 28:11](../28/11.md).
EXO	39	6	h1bz			1	Connecting Statement:	Bezalel’s work crew continues to make the priestly garments.
EXO	39	6	naa8			1	signet	This was an engraved stone that was used to stamp a design in a wax seal. See how you translated this in [Exodus 28:11](../28/11.md).
EXO	39	6	ajh3	translate-numbers		1	twelve sons	“12 sons” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
EXO	39	7	ize6			1	General Information:	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 28:12](../28/12.md).
EXO	39	7	d24m			1	as Yahweh had commanded Moses	“just as Yahweh told Moses to do.” See how you translated this phrase in [Exodus 39:1](../39/01.md).
EXO	39	8	mlf6			1	General Information:	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 28:15](../28/15.md).
EXO	39	8	gj9p			1	Connecting Statement:	Bezalel’s work crew continues to make the priestly garments.
EXO	39	8	k7b6			1	He made	“Bezalel made” or “Bezalel and the workers made”
EXO	39	9	lkt1			1	General Information:	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 28:16](../28/16.md).
EXO	39	9	f4ms	translate-bdistance		1	span	A span is 23 centimeters. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]])
EXO	39	10	xzb8			1	General Information:	Bezalel’s work crew continues to make the priestly garments.
EXO	39	10	m54c			1	They set in it	“The workers set in the breastpiece”
EXO	39	10	cmv1	translate-unknown		1	ruby, a topaz, and a garnet	Some languages may not have words for each of these stones. The important fact is that they were valuable and different from one another. See how you translated these in [Exodus 28:17](../28/17.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	39	11	qx96	translate-unknown		1	an emerald, a sapphire, and a diamond	Some languages may not have words for each of these stones. The important fact is that they were valuable and different from one another. See how you translated these in [Exodus 28:18](../28/18.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	39	12	kk8t	translate-unknown		1	a jacinth, an agate, and an amethyst	Some languages may not have words for each of these stones. The important fact is that they were valuable and different from one another. See how you translated these in [Exodus 28:19](../28/19.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	39	13	l9wa	translate-unknown		1	a beryl, an onyx, and a jasper	Some languages may not have words for each of these stones. The important fact is that they were valuable and different from one another. See how you translated these in [Exodus 28:20](../28/20.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
EXO	39	13	h3bw	figs-activepassive		1	The stones were mounted in gold settings	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “They mounted the stones in gold settings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	39	14	z5va			1	General Information:	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 28:21](../28/21.md).
EXO	39	14	a9bw			1	Connecting Statement:	Bezalel’s work crew continues to make the priestly garments.
EXO	39	14	yby8	figs-activepassive		1	The stones were arranged	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The workers arranged the stones” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	39	15	byz8			1	General Information:	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 28:22](../28/22.md).
EXO	39	16	b8m6			1	General Information:	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 28:23-24](../28/23.md).
EXO	39	17	w2s4			1	General Information:	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 28:24](../28/24.md).
EXO	39	17	v4i5			1	Connecting Statement:	Bezalel’s work crew continues to make the priestly garments.
EXO	39	17	lc2x			1	two braided chains	“chains that are made of pure gold and are braided like cords.” See how you translated this in [Exodus 28:14](../28/14.md).
EXO	39	18	bw76			1	General Information:	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 28:25](../28/25.md).
EXO	39	19	nd41			1	General Information:	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 28:26](../28/26.md).
EXO	39	19	del5			1	Connecting Statement:	Bezalel’s work crew continues to make the priestly garments.
EXO	39	20	w8wz			1	General Information:	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 28:27](../28/27.md).
EXO	39	20	l1dz			1	finely-woven waistband	This was a cloth belt made from narrow linen threads that someone twisted together to make a stronger thread. See how you translated this in [Exodus 28:8](../28/08.md).
EXO	39	21	zu91			1	General Information:	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 28:28](../28/28.md).
EXO	39	21	uq61			1	Connecting Statement:	Bezalel’s work crew continues to make the priestly garments.
EXO	39	21	h1yb	figs-activepassive		1	so that it might be attached	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “so they could attach it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	39	21	scn8	figs-doublenegatives		1	the breastpiece might not become unattached from the ephod	The double negative can be translated as a positive. Alternate translation: “the breastpiece would stay attached to the ephod” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
EXO	39	22	vdw1			1	General Information:	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 28:31-32](../28/31.md).
EXO	39	22	n25q			1	Connecting Statement:	Bezalel’s work crew continues to make the priestly garments.
EXO	39	22	p8nv	translate-names		1	Bezalel	This is the name of a man. See how you translated this in [Exodus 31:2](../31/02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EXO	39	23	cyc1			1	General Information:	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 28:32](../28/32.md).
EXO	39	24	eak6			1	General Information:	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 28:33](../28/33.md).
EXO	39	25	sx9b			1	General Information:	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 28:34-35](../28/34.md).
EXO	39	25	f8t3			1	Connecting Statement:	Bezalel’s work crew continues to make the priestly garments as commanded in [Exodus 28:34-35](../28/34.md).
EXO	39	25	x1ww			1	bells of pure gold	These were tiny bells.
EXO	39	26	gtg5			1	General Information:	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 28:34-35](../28/34.md).
EXO	39	27	pz63			1	General Information:	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 28:39](../28/39.md).
EXO	39	27	rp6p			1	Connecting Statement:	Bezalel’s work crew continues to make the priestly garments.
EXO	39	28	um4e			1	turban	This is a head covering worn by men made of a long strip of cloth wound around the head. See how you translated this in [Exodus 28:4](../28/04.md).
EXO	39	28	jex8			1	headbands	A headband is a narrow, decorative strip of cloth that is worn around the head above the eyes. See how you translated this in [Exodus 28:40](../28/40.md).
EXO	39	28	c4pr	figs-explicit		1	undergarments	This is clothing worn under the outer clothes, next to the skin. See how you translated this in [Exodus 28:42](../28/42.md). Alternate translation: “underwear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	39	29	hn5g			1	sash	This is a long piece of cloth worn over the shoulder or around the waist. See how you translated this word in [Exodus 28:4](../28/04.md)
EXO	39	30	kq33			1	General Information:	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 28:36](../28/36.md).
EXO	39	30	m6jj			1	Connecting Statement:	Bezalel’s work crew continues to make the priestly garments..
EXO	39	30	d85k			1	holy crown	This was an engraved crown made of pure gold. See how you translated this in [Exodus 29:6](../29/06.md).
EXO	39	31	fml2			1	General Information:	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 28:37](../28/37.md).
EXO	39	32	jh64			1	General Information:	The Israelites finish making the things Yahweh commanded in [Exodus 35:4-9](../35/04.md) and [Exodus 35:10-12](../35/10.md).
EXO	39	32	z1z7	figs-doublet		1	So the work on the tabernacle, the tent of meeting, was finished. The people of Israel did everything	The “tabernacle” and “tent of meeting” are the same thing. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “So the people of Israel finished all of the work on the tabernacle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	39	33	y9ym			1	clasps	The clasps fit into the loops to hold the curtains together. See how you translated these in [Exodus 26:6](../26/06.md).
EXO	39	33	b3q3			1	bases	These are heavy objects that rest on the ground and keep the object attached to them from moving. See how you translated this in [Exodus 25:31](../25/31.md).
EXO	39	34	z6r6			1	the covering of ram skins dyed red, the covering of fine leather	See how you translated similar phrases in this in [Exodus 25:5](../25/05.md).
EXO	39	35	i7d9			1	atonement lid	This is the lid that sits on top of the ark where the atonement offering was made. See how you translated this in [Exodus 25:17](../25/17.md).
EXO	39	36	lvq3			1	Connecting Statement:	Bezalel’s work crew continues to present all that they made to Moses.
EXO	39	36	knn8			1	bread of the presence	This bread represented the presence of God. See how you translated this in [Exodus 25:30](../25/30.md).
EXO	39	39	e755			1	grate	This is a frame of crossed bars that held wood while burning. See how you translated this in [Exodus 27:4](../27/04.md).
EXO	39	40	i8lm			1	Connecting Statement:	Bezalel’s work crew continues to present all that they made to Moses.
EXO	39	40	m3x9			1	They brought	“The people of Israel brought”
EXO	39	40	ajt4			1	the tabernacle, the tent of meeting	These refer to the same place.
EXO	39	42	ct6k			1	Thus the people	“And so the people”
EXO	39	43	t26m			1	behold	The word “behold” here draws attention to the information that follows.
EXO	39	43	z79s			1	As Yahweh had commanded, in that way they did it	“They did it in the way that Yahweh had commanded them”
EXO	40	intro	fa6e			0		# Exodus 40 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter is repetitive and should read as a series of instructions. It is repeated as well to show that Moses was obedient to every detail of Yahweh’s command.<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### “Yahweh’s glory filled the tabernacle”<br>This phrase indicates that Yahweh began to dwell within the tabernacle, among Israel, in a special way. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/glory]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/tabernacle]])
EXO	40	2	crr5	translate-hebrewmonths		1	the first day of the first month of the new year	The new year marks the time when God rescued his people from Egypt. This happens around the middle of March on Western calendars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
EXO	40	3	iv52			1	General Information:	Yahweh continues to tell Moses what the people must do.
EXO	40	3	l7fp			1	place the ark of the testimony in it	“place the ark of the covenant decrees in the sacred chest”
EXO	40	3	psu3			1	shield the ark with the curtain	“put the ark behind the curtain”
EXO	40	5	n4wx			1	General Information:	Yahweh continues to tell Moses what the people must do.
EXO	40	5	a4xe			1	ark of the testimony	This refers to the “sacred chest.”
EXO	40	8	zfl6			1	General Information:	Yahweh continues to tell Moses what the people must do.
EXO	40	9	ce7i			1	all its furnishings	“all the things that are a part of it”
EXO	40	12	yiq8			1	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to Moses.
EXO	40	12	j7ea			1	You are to bring	Moses will do these things himself.
EXO	40	13	bs4j	figs-activepassive		1	that are set apart to me	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that you have set apart to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	40	14	w7yw			1	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to Moses.
EXO	40	15	js17			1	throughout their people’s generations	“through all the generations of their descendants.” See how you translated a similar phrase in [Exodus 12:14](../12/14.md).
EXO	40	17	r6pc	figs-activepassive		1	So the tabernacle was set up	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “So the people set up the tabernacle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EXO	40	17	gzu5	translate-hebrewmonths		1	the first day of the first month	This refers to exactly one year after God rescued his people from Egypt. This happens around the middle of March on Western calendars. See how you translated this in [Exodus 40:2](../40/02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
EXO	40	17	wnh8	translate-ordinal		1	in the second year	This is the second year after Yahweh brought his people out of Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
EXO	40	18	kk4n	figs-explicit		1	Moses set up	Moses was the leader. The people helped him set up the tabernacle. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	40	18	c6rm			1	posts	a strong piece of wood set upright and used as a support
EXO	40	21	l31p			1	He brought	Moses was the leader. He had workers helping him.
EXO	40	21	n8r9			1	for it to shield	“in front of”
EXO	40	24	sw1w	figs-explicit		1	He put the lampstand into the tent of meeting	Moses instructed his workers to move the lampstand. This can be stated clearly in the translation. Alternate translation: “Moses’ workmen set the lampstand inside the sacred tent” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	40	26	i5gg	figs-explicit		1	in front of the curtain	This curtain separated the holy place from the very holy place. This can be stated clearly in the translation. Alternate translation: “in front of the curtain that separated the holy place from the very holy place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	40	31	bf9c	figs-explicit		1	washed their hands and their feet from the basin	They washed with water from the basin. This can be stated clearly in the translation. Alternate translation: “washed their hands and their feet with water from the basin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EXO	40	33	y62k		וַ⁠יְצַ֣ו	1	In this way	“And so”
EXO	40	34	ysd8		כָּל־הַ⁠בֵּ֣ן הַ⁠יִּלּ֗וֹד הַ⁠יְאֹ֨רָ⁠ה֙ תַּשְׁלִיכֻ֔⁠הוּ	1	Yahweh’s glory filled	“Yahweh’s awesome presence filled”
EXO	40	36	ak35	figs-activepassive	לֵ⁠אמֹ֑ר כָּל־הַ⁠בֵּ֣ן הַ⁠יִּלּ֗וֹד הַ⁠יְאֹ֨רָ⁠ה֙ תַּשְׁלִיכֻ֔⁠הוּ וְ⁠כָל־הַ⁠בַּ֖ת תְּחַיּֽוּ⁠ן	1	was taken up from over	- **saying, “You shall throw every new-born son into the river, but every daughter you shall let live.”** - A single level direct quote. While this particular instruction is very easy to rephrase as an indirect quote (in English), the use of **saying** in Hebrew suggests that this should be translated as a direct quotation if possible. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
EXO	40	37	s8y2	figs-activepassive	תַּשְׁלִיכֻ֔⁠הוּ תְּחַיּֽוּ⁠ן	1	that it was lifted up	- **you shall** - These are plural referring to all Pharaoh’s people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])