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Reference ID Tags SupportReference Quote Occurrence Note front:intro spe4 0 # Introduction to Proverbs\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of Proverbs\n\n1. Introduction and purpose for Proverbs (1:1–7)\n2. A father teaches his son about wisdom (1:8–9:18)\n3. Proverbs from Solomon (10:1–22:16)\n4. Sayings from wise men (22:17–24:22)\n5. More sayings from wise men (24:23–34)\n6. Hezekiah’s proverbs from Solomon (25:1–29:27)\n7. Sayings from Agur (30:1–33)\n8. Sayings from Lemuel (31:1–9)\n9. Description of a good and capable wife (31:10–31)\n\n### What is the book of Proverbs about?\n\nThe book of Proverbs is a collection of proverbs. A proverb is a saying that gives wise advice or teaches something that is generally true about life. Most societies have their own proverbs and may use specific language that indicates something is a proverb. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-proverbs]])\n\n### How should the title of this book be translated?\n\nThe title of this book is often translated as “Proverbs.” A more general translation would be “Sayings for Wise People,” “Wise Sayings,” or something similar.\n\n### Who wrote the book of Proverbs?\n\nProverbs begins with the words, “The Proverbs of Solomon, son of David and King of Israel.” However, Solomon did not write all of the proverbs in this book. Unnamed wise men wrote the proverbs in [22:17](../22/17.md)–[24:34](../24/34.md). Agur the son of Jakeh wrote the proverbs in [30:1–33](../30/01.md) and King Lemuel wrote the proverbs in [31:1–31](../31/01.md).\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### What is meant by “wisdom” in the book of Proverbs?\n\n“Wisdom” refers to understanding and doing what is true and morally right. A wise person understands and does what Yahweh considers to be right. Anyone living in this way will also learn to live well with other people and to make good practical decisions in life. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]])\n\n### What types of fools are mentioned in the book of Proverbs?\n\nProverbs contains three different Hebrew words for a person who lacks sense. Many Bible translations translate all three of these as “fool.” However, most scholars think there is a slight difference in meaning between each of these words, each one depicting a different degree of seriousness of the foolish condition. To reflect this difference, the ULT translates each of these Hebrew words with a different English word. For the most frequently occurring and perhaps mildest word in this group, such as in [1:22](../01/22.md), [8:5](../08/08.md), [29:20](../29/20.md), and many other places, the ULT uses forms of the word “stupid.” While a lack of intelligence may be implied by this word, in Proverbs it primarily refers to someone lacking common sense and morality. In Proverbs, a “stupid one” is someone who is lazy and thoughtless, but may be capable of learning to be wise. The next word refers to a condition of thoughtlessness that many scholars consider to be worse than “stupid.” For this, the ULT uses forms of “fool.” This word refers to someone who is insolent and stubbornly continues to act thoughtlessly and immorally, such as in [1:7](../01/07.md), [7:22](../07/22.md), and [29:9](../29/09.md). Lastly, the ULT uses the phrase “worthless one” for the most negative word in this group. This third term only occurs three times in Proverbs ([17:7](../17/07.md), [21](../17/21.md); [30:22](../30/22.md)) and refers to someone who is especially disgraceful and lacks any sense of morality whatsoever. This “worthless one” is someone who completely rejects God and refuses to do what pleases God ([Psalm 14:1](../psa/014/001.md)). The UST uses forms of the term “fool” for the two most frequently used terms and uses “worthless people” for the third term. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]])\n\n### My Son\n\nSeveral parts of Proverbs contain a series of proverbs addressed to “my son” or “sons” ([1:8](../01/08.md)–[9:18](../09/18.md); [19:27](../19/27.md); [23:15](../23/15.md)–[24:22](../24/22.md); [27:11](../27/11.md); [31:2](../31/02.md)–[31](../31/31.md)) This does not mean that all the lessons in those proverbs only apply to males. Rather, these phrases are forms used to pass on advice from a father to his son. Whenever the lesson of such proverbs is not specifically about common temptations of young men, the UST uses more general language that could refer to both male and female children. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])\n\n## Part 3: Important Translation Issues\n\n### Proverbs\n\nMost of this book consists of individual proverbs. A proverb is a short saying about something that is generally true in life. Proverbs often use parallelism and metaphors to teach a lesson by referring to something or some event that would be familiar to the readers. If possible, translate each proverb in a way that will be recognized as a proverb and be meaningful in your language and culture. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-proverbs]])\n\n### Parallelism\n\nMany proverbs have two parts that have a relationship to each other. The second part may strengthen the first part, give more details about the first part, or say something that is a contrast to the first part. The two parts are meant to be read as a whole so that together they say more about the subject than either part says by itself. Sometimes the second part seems to say the same thing again in different words. In this case, the second part reinforces the truth of the first part by repeating the message. It is not trying to say something different. Translators should also take into account that each proverb is also part of a larger group of proverbs. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])\n\n### Personification\n\nIn Proverbs, certain qualities such as wisdom and stupidity are often represented as if they were human. [Proverbs 1:20–33](../01/20.md), [3:15–18](../03/15.md), [4:6–9](../04/06.md), and [8:1](../08/01.md)–[9:12](../09/12.md) refer to wisdom as if it were a woman. [Proverbs 9:13–18](../09/13.md) might also refer to stupidity as if it were a woman. In languages where it is possible for a woman figure to represent these qualities, the translator should translate in this way. However, if direct translation is not possible in your language, you may translate these personifications as similes instead. In that case, wisdom or stupidity would be presented as being like a wise or stupid woman. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])\n\n### Generic Nouns\n\nProverbs contains many generic noun phrases that refer to people or things in general even though they may appear to refer to specific individuals or things. This type of noun occurs frequently in this book because proverbs tell about things that are true about people in general. Most of the cases of generic nouns will be addressed in the notes. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) 1:intro y4et 0 # Proverbs 1 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n1. Introduction and purpose for Proverbs (1:1–7)\n * Title (1:1)\n * The purpose of Proverbs (1:2–6)\n * Main theme: Fearing Yahweh is essential to being wise (1:7)\n2. A father teaches his son about wisdom (1:8–9:18)\n * Avoid evil companions (1:8–19)\n * Do not reject wisdom (1:20–33)\n\n## Translation Issues in This Chapter\n\n### Personification\n\nIn [1:20–33](../01/20.md), wisdom is referred to as if it were a woman. In languages where it is possible for a woman figure to represent an abstract concept like wisdom, the translator should translate the personification directly. However, if direct translation is not possible in your language, you may translate these personifications as similes instead. In that case, wisdom would be presented as being like a wise woman. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 1:1 ej1t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis מִ֭שְׁלֵי שְׁלֹמֹ֣ה 1 The author is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “These are the proverbs of Solomon” 1:1 q6pn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession מִ֭שְׁלֵי שְׁלֹמֹ֣ה 1 Here the author is using the possessive form to describe **proverbs** that were written by **Solomon**. If this is not clear in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “The proverbs that were written by Solomon” 1:2 sah7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis לָדַ֣עַת חָכְמָ֣ה וּמוּסָ֑ר 1 [1:2–6](../01/02.md) form one long sentence that lacks some of the words that a sentence in many languages would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “The purposes of these proverbs are to know wisdom and instruction” 1:2 i8k2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal לָדַ֣עַת & לְ֝הָבִ֗ין 1 **To know** and **to understand** here indicate two purposes for these proverbs. Use a natural way in your language to introduce purpose clauses. Alternate translation: “These proverbs are for the purpose of knowing … and they are for the purpose of understanding” 1:2 iaq1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חָכְמָ֣ה וּמוּסָ֑ר 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **wisdom** and **instruction**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “wise and instructive things” 1:2 rs3p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession אִמְרֵ֥י בִינָֽה 1 Here, the author is using the possessive form to describe **sayings** that give a person **understanding**. If this is not clear in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “sayings that give a person understanding” 1:3 ew1z rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal לָ֭קַחַת מוּסַ֣ר 1 Here, **to receive** indicates a third purpose for these proverbs. Use a natural way in your language to introduce a purpose clause. You may want to begin a new sentence. Alternate translation: “These proverbs are for the purpose of receiving instruction of” 1:3 aun5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns לָ֭קַחַת מוּסַ֣ר הַשְׂכֵּ֑ל צֶ֥דֶק וּ֝מִשְׁפָּ֗ט וּמֵישָׁרִֽים 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **instruction**, **insight**, **righteousness**, **justice**, and **integrity**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “to be instructed in ways that are insightful, righteous, just, and honest” 1:3 j1xg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession מוּסַ֣ר הַשְׂכֵּ֑ל צֶ֥דֶק וּ֝מִשְׁפָּ֗ט וּמֵישָׁרִֽים 1 Here, the author is using the possessive form to describe **instruction** that is characterized by **insight**, **righteousness**, **justice**, and **integrity**. If this is not clear in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “instruction in how to have insight, righteousness, justice, and integrity” 1:4 j62d rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal לָתֵ֣ת לִפְתָאיִ֣ם עָרְמָ֑ה 1 Here, **to give** indicates a fourth purpose for these proverbs. Use a natural way in your language to introduce a purpose clause. You may want to begin a new sentence. Alternate translation: “These proverbs are for the purpose of giving naive ones prudence” 1:4 p2ca rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns עָרְמָ֑ה & דַּ֣עַת וּמְזִמָּֽה 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **prudence**, **knowledge**, and **discretion**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “what is prudent … what he should know and how he can be discreet” 1:4 wxv5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations לְ֝נַ֗עַר 1 Although the term **young man** is masculine, these proverbs are beneficial for both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “to young men and women” 1:5 lrm2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background יִשְׁמַ֣ע חָ֭כָם וְי֣וֹסֶף לֶ֑קַח וְ֝נָב֗וֹן תַּחְבֻּל֥וֹת יִקְנֶֽה 0 This verse interrupts the list of purposes for the proverbs in [1:2–6](../01/02.md) to add the idea that those who are already wise might use these to add to their wisdom. If it would be helpful in your language, you could add parentheses, as in the ULT, or use a natural way in your language to indicate a parenthetical or background statement. 1:5 gagy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism יִשְׁמַ֣ע חָ֭כָם וְי֣וֹסֶף לֶ֑קַח וְ֝נָב֗וֹן תַּחְבֻּל֥וֹת יִקְנֶֽה 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first clause by repeating the same idea with different words. Hebrew poetry was based on this kind of repetition, so it would be good to show this to your readers by including both phrases in your translation rather than combining them. However, if it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “let a wise one hear and increase insight, yes, may an understanding one acquire guidance” 1:5 r7sn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis יִשְׁמַ֣ע חָ֭כָם 1 The author is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “let a wise one hear these proverbs” 1:5 sddg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit תַּחְבֻּל֥וֹת יִקְנֶֽה 1 The author implies that this person **will acquire guidance** from these proverbs. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “will acquire guidance from these proverbs” 1:5 ykul rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns תַּחְבֻּל֥וֹת יִקְנֶֽה 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **guidance**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “know how to live” 1:6 kp7t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism לְהָבִ֣ין מָ֭שָׁל וּמְלִיצָ֑ה דִּבְרֵ֥י חֲ֝כָמִ֗ים וְחִידֹתָֽם 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first clause by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word that indicates that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “to understand a proverb and a parable, yes, to understand the words of the wise ones and their riddles” 1:6 rcl9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal לְהָבִ֣ין מָ֭שָׁל וּמְלִיצָ֑ה 1 Here, **to** indicates a fifth purpose for these proverbs. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. You may want to begin a new sentence. Alternate translation: “These proverbs are for the purpose of understanding a proverb and a parable” 1:6 oalz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מָ֭שָׁל וּמְלִיצָ֑ה 1 Here, **a proverb** and **a parable** refer to these things in general, not to a specific proverb and parable. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any proverb and any parable” 1:6 h2dv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis דִּבְרֵ֥י חֲ֝כָמִ֗ים 1 The author is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the previous clause. Alternate translation: “to understand the words of the wise ones” 1:6 wlac rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy דִּבְרֵ֥י 1 Here, the author uses the term **words** to describe what **the wise ones** say by using **words**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the sayings of” 1:7 r9nd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession יִרְאַ֣ת יְ֭הוָה 1 Here, the author is using the possessive form to describe **fear** that a person should have for **Yahweh**. If this is not clear in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “The fear for Yahweh” 1:7 ga71 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit רֵאשִׁ֣ית דָּ֑עַת 1 Here, **beginning** refers to the basis of something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “is the prerequisite for acquiring knowledge” or “is what knowledge is based upon” 1:7 l9za rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns יִרְאַ֣ת יְ֭הוָה 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **fear**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “Being deeply respectful of Yahweh” or “Revering Yahweh” 1:7 hnje rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns רֵאשִׁ֣ית דָּ֑עַת 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **knowledge**, you could express the same idea in another way. See how you translated **knowledge** in [1:4](../01/04.md). Alternate translation: “is what enables you to know what is true” or “allows you to think wisely” 1:7 slyg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חָכְמָ֥ה וּ֝מוּסָ֗ר אֱוִילִ֥ים בָּֽזוּ 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **wisdom** and **instruction**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. See how you translated **wisdom** and **instruction** in [1:2](../01/02.md). Alternate translation: “But fools do not care about being wise or learning from others” 1:7 ooap rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast חָכְמָ֥ה וּ֝מוּסָ֗ר אֱוִילִ֥ים בָּֽזוּ 1 This clause is a strong contrast with the previous clause. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a contrast. It may be helpful to begin a new sentence. Alternate translation: “By contrast, fools despise wisdom and instruction” 1:8 v4em rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism שְׁמַ֣ע בְּ֭נִי מוּסַ֣ר אָבִ֑יךָ וְאַל־תִּ֝טֹּ֗שׁ תּוֹרַ֥ת אִמֶּֽךָ 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Hear, my son, the instruction of your father, yes, do not forsake the law of your mother” 1:8 p2x9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שְׁמַ֣ע בְּ֭נִי מוּסַ֣ר 1 **Hear** in the Bible often means “hear and obey.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language. Alternative translation: “Pay attention, my son, to the instruction of” 1:8 wp6b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בְּ֭נִי 1 Although the term **son** is masculine, Solomon is using the word in a generic sense that could refer to either a male or female child. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “my offspring” 1:8 f71k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מוּסַ֣ר 1 See how you translated **instruction** in [1:2](../01/02.md). 1:8 dqtr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person מוּסַ֣ר אָבִ֑יךָ 1 Solomon is speaking about himself in the third person. If this would not be natural in your language, you could use the first person form. Alternate translation: “the instruction of me, your father” 1:8 wzq0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives וְאַל־תִּ֝טֹּ֗שׁ 1 This is a double negative, consisting of the negative particle **not** and the negative word **forsake**. If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a positive expression to translate this. Alternate translation: “and heed” 1:8 liis rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns תּוֹרַ֥ת 1 Here, the word **law** is singular in form, but it refers to several laws as a group. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the rules of” 1:9 h55y rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּ֤י 1 **For** here indicates that what follows is a reason for the commands in the previous verse. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “Obey these instructions because” 1:9 esiw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism לִוְיַ֤ת חֵ֓ן הֵ֬ם לְרֹאשֶׁ֑ךָ וַ֝עֲנָקִ֗ים לְגַרְגְּרֹתֶֽיךָ 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “they are a garland of grace for your head, yes, even pendants for your neck” 1:9 lcw8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns הֵ֬ם 1 Here, the pronoun **they** refers to the instruction and teaching of one’s parents, as stated in the previous verse. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the instruction and law from your parents are” or “the things your parents taught you are” 1:9 qxp8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לִוְיַ֤ת חֵ֓ן הֵ֬ם לְרֹאשֶׁ֑ךָ וַ֝עֲנָקִ֗ים לְגַרְגְּרֹתֶֽיךָ 1 Here Solomon speaks of the rules and instructions that parents teach their children as if they were a **garland** or **pendants.** These two items make a person look more attractive to other people and may cause other people to respect that person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use similes. Alternate translation: “they make you look more beautiful and respectable” or “they are like a garland of grace for your head and like pendants for your neck” 1:9 b1ay rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession לִוְיַ֤ת חֵ֓ן 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **garland** that is characterized by **grace**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “are a gracious garland” 1:9 izhb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns לִוְיַ֤ת חֵ֓ן 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **grace**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “a gracious garland” or “an attractive garland” 1:10 agm6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בְּנִ֡י 1 See how you translated the same use of this phrase in [1:8](../01/08.md). 1:10 ucf5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical אִם־יְפַתּ֥וּךָ חַ֝טָּאִ֗ים 1 Solomon is using a hypothetical situation to help his readers understand how important it is to resist temptation from **sinners**. Use the natural form in your language for expressing a hypothetical situation. Alternate translation: “should it happen that sinners entice you” 1:10 y9bt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אִם־יְפַתּ֥וּךָ חַ֝טָּאִ֗ים אַל־תֹּבֵֽא 1 Solomon implies that the **sinners** would **entice** his **son** to sin with them. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “if sinners entice you to join them in sinning, do not consent to sin with them” 1:11 f89h rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical אִם־יֹאמְרוּ֮ 1 Solomon is using a hypothetical situation to help his readers understand how sinners might entice someone to join them in sinning. Use the natural form in your language for expressing a hypothetical situation. Alternate translation: “Suppose they say” 1:11 nvn9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns יֹאמְרוּ֮ 1 Here, the pronoun **they** refers to sinners, as mentioned in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “those sinners say” 1:11 kzhn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive אִ֫תָּ֥נוּ נֶאֶרְבָ֥ה & נִצְפְּנָ֖ה 1 By **us**, the sinners are referring to themselves but not other people, so use the exclusive form of that word in your translation if your language marks that distinction. 1:11 easr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism נֶאֶרְבָ֥ה & נִצְפְּנָ֖ה 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a word that shows the connection between these two phrases. Alternate translation: “Let us lie in wait … Yes, let us hide to ambush” 1:11 tbiw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לְדָ֑ם 1 Here, **blood** refers to violently murdering someone, which usually causes **blood** to come out of the person who is murdered. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “to shed blood” or “to murder someone” 1:11 qu4w rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal לְדָ֑ם נִצְפְּנָ֖ה 1 Here, **for** and **to** introduce the purposes for these actions. The purpose for lying in wait is to shed blood. The purpose for hiding is to ambush someone. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate purposes. Alternate translation: “for the purpose of shedding blood. Let us hide for the purpose of ambushing” 1:11 yxfk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun לְנָקִ֣י 1 The sinners are speaking of an **innocent** person in general, not of one particular **innocent one**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural phrase. Alternate translation: “some innocent person” 1:12 ohx2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive נִ֭בְלָעֵם 1 By **us**, the sinners are referring to themselves but not other people, so use the exclusive form of that word in your translation if your language marks that distinction. 1:12 w4w6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נִ֭בְלָעֵם 1 The sinners speak of murdering people as if they were swallowing them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Let us destroy them” 1:12 b8bq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism כִּשְׁא֣וֹל חַיִּ֑ים וּ֝תְמִימִ֗ים כְּי֣וֹרְדֵי בֽוֹר 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “the living ones, like Sheol, yes, the whole ones, like those going down to a pit” 1:12 uwk1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis כִּשְׁא֣וֹל 1 The sinners are leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “like Sheol swallows people” 1:12 cvaj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification כִּשְׁא֣וֹל 1 Here, **Sheol** is spoken of as if it were a living thing that could **swallow** someone. The idea of **Sheol** swallowing someone refers to how people are completely gone after they die and are buried. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “like Sheol completely covers people” 1:12 ewpx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וּ֝תְמִימִ֗ים 1 The sinners are leaving out some of the words that a clause would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the beginning of the verse. Alternate translation: “and let us swallow the whole ones” 1:12 kea4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ֝תְמִימִ֗ים 1 Here, **whole** refers to being completely healthy. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and the healthy ones” 1:12 ndi0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis כְּי֣וֹרְדֵי בֽוֹר 1 The sinners are leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “like those going down to a pit are swallowed” 1:12 ayt4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כְּי֣וֹרְדֵי בֽוֹר 1 The Israelites referred to dying as **going down to Sheol** or a **pit**. Here the sinners are saying that their victims are like **those going down to a pit** because those people will die. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “like those who die” 1:13 ls9y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive נִמְצָ֑א נְמַלֵּ֖א בָתֵּ֣ינוּ 1 In this verse, the sinners use **We** and **our** to refer to themselves but not other people. Use the exclusive form of those words in your translation if your language marks that distinction. 1:13 jh51 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole כָּל 1 The sinners say **all** here as a generalization for emphasis. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different way to express the emphasis. Alternate translation: “very much” 1:14 x2p6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom גּ֭וֹרָ֣לְךָ תַּפִּ֣יל בְּתוֹכֵ֑נוּ 1 This is an idiom. It refers to joining with a group of people that will share the same life or destiny. Alternate translation: “You must join us and share our destiny” 1:14 l56r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy כִּ֥יס אֶ֝חָ֗ד יִהְיֶ֥ה לְכֻלָּֽנוּ 1 Here, **purse** represents the contents of the purse, which would be money and valuables. They are saying that they will share equally whatever they steal. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “everything that we steal we will share equally” 1:14 ci4y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive בְּתוֹכֵ֑נוּ & לְכֻלָּֽנוּ 1 In this verse, the sinners use **our** to refer to themselves but not other people. However, they use **us** to include the person they are addressing. Use the appropriate form of those words in your translation if your language marks that distinction. 1:15 a6ll rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בְּנִ֗י 1 See how you translated the same use of this phrase in [1:8](../01/08.md). 1:15 vdao rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism אַל־תֵּלֵ֣ךְ בְּדֶ֣רֶךְ אִתָּ֑ם מְנַ֥ע רַ֝גְלְךָ֗ מִנְּתִיבָתָֽם 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases in a way that would show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “do not walk in the way with them; I am saying, restrain your foot from their path” 1:15 t25u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אַל־תֵּלֵ֣ךְ בְּדֶ֣רֶךְ אִתָּ֑ם מְנַ֥ע רַ֝גְלְךָ֗ מִנְּתִיבָתָֽם 1 Here Solomon speaks of walking with the sinners as a way to express associating with them, and he uses **way** and **path** to refer to the way that the sinners behave. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “have nothing to do with those sinners; keep yourself from behaving like them” 1:15 bcrz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche רַ֝גְלְךָ֗ 1 Solomon is using one part of a person, the **foot**, to represent the whole person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “yourself” 1:16 cdbr rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּ֣י 1 **For** here indicates that what follows is a reason for the commands in the previous verse. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “Do not walk with them because” 1:16 v6fc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche רַ֭גְלֵיהֶם & יָר֑וּצוּ 1 Here, “feet” represents the whole person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “they run” 1:16 vap2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor רַ֭גְלֵיהֶם לָרַ֣ע יָר֑וּצוּ 1 Here Solomon speaks of how eager the sinners are to do evil as if **their feet** were running to do it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “they are quick to do evil” 1:16 m7ui rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לִשְׁפָּךְ־דָּֽם 1 The phrase **pour out blood** refers to violently murdering people, which usually causes **blood** to come out of the people who are murdered. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “to kill others” 1:17 ll92 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive מְזֹרָ֣ה הָרָ֑שֶׁת 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “does someone spread out a net” 1:17 uzlj rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown מְזֹרָ֣ה הָרָ֑שֶׁת 1 A **net** is a trap made of woven rope or string that hunters use to catch animals. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of trap, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “is the trap set up” 1:17 v3ze rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּ֝עֵינֵ֗י 1 Here, **eyes** refers to what is seen with the **eyes**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in view of” or “in the sight of” 1:17 geds rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בַּ֥עַל כָּנָֽף 1 The phrase **owner of wing** refers to a bird. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly, as in the UST. 1:18 oexi rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast וְ֭הֵם 1 Here, **but** indicates a contrast between the bird mentioned in the previous verse and the sinners who speak in [1:11–14](../01/11.md). Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a contrast. You may want to start a new sentence. Alternate translation: “By contrast, they” 1:18 ulr3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ֭הֵם לְדָמָ֣ם יֶאֱרֹ֑בוּ יִ֝צְפְּנ֗וּ לְנַפְשֹׁתָֽם׃ 1 This verse compares the sinners to the birds being hunted in the previous verse. But here it speaks of the sinners as both the hunters and the hunted. Unlike a bird that is smart enough to avoid a net, these sinners destroy themselves by doing sinful things that cause them to be killed. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “but because they intend to kill others, they will be killed; their attempts to attack others will cost them their lives” 1:18 sise rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism וְ֭הֵם לְדָמָ֣ם יֶאֱרֹ֑בוּ יִ֝צְפְּנ֗וּ לְנַפְשֹׁתָֽם׃ 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a word that shows the connection between these two clauses. Alternate translation: “but they lie in wait for their blood; yes, they hide in ambush for their lives” 1:18 mlek rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וְ֭הֵם לְדָמָ֣ם יֶאֱרֹ֑בוּ יִ֝צְפְּנ֗וּ לְנַפְשֹׁתָֽם׃ 1 In this verse, the pronouns **they** and **their** refer to the sinners described in [1:10–16](../01/10.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “but those sinners lie in wait for their own blood; those sinners hide in ambush for their own lives” 1:18 b16m rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וְ֭הֵם לְדָמָ֣ם יֶאֱרֹ֑בוּ יִ֝צְפְּנ֗וּ לְנַפְשֹׁתָֽם 1 In this verse, **for** introduces the result of these actions. They **lie in wait** and **hide in ambush** and the result is that it costs them **their blood**and **their lives**. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate results. Alternate translation: “but they lie in wait, which costs them their blood; they hide in ambush, which costs them their lives” 1:18 vs5n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לְדָמָ֣ם 1 See how you translated **blood** in [1:11](../01/11.md). 1:19 fz7s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אָ֭רְחוֹת 1 Here Solomon uses **paths** to refer to the destiny of those sinners. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “are the destinies of” 1:19 cse7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj כָּל 1 Here Solomon uses the adjective **all** as a noun to mean “every person.” Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “all people” 1:19 abzw rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry בֹּ֣צֵֽעַ בָּ֑צַע 1 Here, **unjustly gain unjust gain** is an emphatic construction that uses a verb and its object that come from the same root. You may be able to use the same construction in your language to express the meaning here. Alternatively, your language may have another way of showing the emphasis. Alternate translation: “who are greedy for unjust gain” 1:19 zdvu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בָּ֑צַע 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **gain**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “what they gain unjustly” 1:19 jk1s rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns אֶת־נֶ֖פֶשׁ בְּעָלָ֣יו יִקָּֽח 1 Here, the pronouns **it** and **its** refer to the **unjust gain** that is mentioned in the previous clause. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “that unjust gain takes the life of the unjust gain’s owner” 1:19 su23 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification אֶת־נֶ֖פֶשׁ בְּעָלָ֣יו יִקָּֽח 1 Solomon speaks of **unjust gain** as if it were a person who could kill its **owner**. He means that the wicked things that sinful people do to **unjustly gain unjust gain** will cause them to die. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “unjust gain results in its owner dying” or “seeking unjust gain kills those who do it” or “it is as if unjust gain takes the life of its owner” 1:19 r7lc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אֶת־נֶ֖פֶשׁ & יִקָּֽח 1 Here, the phrase **takes the life of** means to kill someone. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “it kills” 1:20 kh97 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism חָ֭כְמוֹת בַּח֣וּץ תָּרֹ֑נָּה בָּ֝רְחֹב֗וֹת תִּתֵּ֥ן קוֹלָֽהּ 1 These two clauses and the two clauses of the next verse mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a word that shows the connection between these two clauses. Alternate translation: “Wisdom calls out outside, indeed, she gives forth her voice in the open places” 1:20 pj5i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification חָ֭כְמוֹת בַּח֣וּץ תָּרֹ֑נָּה בָּ֝רְחֹב֗וֹת תִּתֵּ֥ן קוֹלָֽהּ 1 In [1:20–33](../01/20.md), Solomon speaks of **Wisdom** as if it were a woman speaking to the people. See the discussion of this in the General Notes for this chapter. By saying that **Wisdom calls out** or **gives her voice**, he means that wisdom is available to all people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “Wisdom is available openly; it is available freely” or “Wisdom is like a woman who calls out outside, like a woman who gives forth her voice in the open” or “It is as if wisdom calls out outside; it is as if wisdom gives forth its voice in the town square” 1:20 lje6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חָ֭כְמוֹת 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **Wisdom** in [1:2](../01/02.md). 1:20 pj5v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בַּח֣וּץ 1 Here, **outside** refers to the public space **outside** of one’s house where there would be many people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “in the streets” 1:20 u7zc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom תִּתֵּ֥ן קוֹלָֽהּ 1 This is an idiom that means **she** spoke very loudly. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “she lifts her voice” or “she speaks with a loud voice” 1:20 njj7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בָּ֝רְחֹב֗וֹת 1 Here, **open areas** refers to large, outdoor public places where there would usually be many people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “in the marketplaces” or “in the plazas” 1:21 b47p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism בְּרֹ֥אשׁ הֹמִיּ֗וֹת תִּ֫קְרָ֥א בְּפִתְחֵ֖י שְׁעָרִ֥ים בָּעִ֗יר אֲמָרֶ֥יהָ תֹאמֵֽר 1 These two clauses and the two clauses of the previous verse mean basically the same thing. These two clauses emphasize the meaning of the first clause of the previous verse by repeating the same idea but naming different places in the city. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word that would show that these clauses are repeating the same idea from the previous verse, not saying something different. Alternate translation: “Yes, at the head of the tumultuous places she calls out; yes, at the opening of the gates in the city she says her sayings” 1:21 ggk1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּרֹ֥אשׁ 1 Here, **head** refers to the place where busy streets intersect. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “At the intersection of streets in” 1:21 jy0y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification תִּ֫קְרָ֥א & אֲמָרֶ֥יהָ תֹאמֵֽר 1 Here Solomon continues to speak of wisdom as if it were a woman who **calls out** or **says her sayings**. As in the previous verse, he means that wisdom is available to all people. Continue the strategy that you used in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “wisdom is available … it is available” or “it is as if wisdom calls out … it is as if wisdom says its sayings” 1:21 b1k3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּפִתְחֵ֖י שְׁעָרִ֥ים בָּעִ֗יר 1 Solomon’s readers would have understood that the **the opening of the gates in the city** was a crowded place where many people gathered. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “at the opening of the gates in the city, where many people gather,” 1:21 aeba rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry אֲמָרֶ֥יהָ תֹאמֵֽר 1 Here, **says her sayings** is an emphatic construction that uses a verb and its object that come from the same root. You may be able to use the same construction in your language to express the meaning here. Alternatively, your language may have another way of showing the emphasis. 1:22 atm2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations עַד־מָתַ֣י 1 [1:22–33](../01/22.md) are one long quotation that Solomon presents as if wisdom itself were speaking. Consider natural ways of introducing direct quotations in your language. Alternate translation: “She says, “Until when” or “It is as if Wisdom says, “Until when” 1:22 jk3x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion עַד־מָתַ֣י ׀ פְּתָיִם֮ תְּֽאֵהֲב֫וּ פֶ֥תִי וְלֵצִ֗ים לָ֭צוֹן חָמְד֣וּ לָהֶ֑ם וּ֝כְסִילִ֗ים יִשְׂנְאוּ־דָֽעַת 1 Wisdom is using the question form to emphasize that these types of people should stop acting the way that they do. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “For too long the naive ones have loved naiveté, and mockers have delighted in mockery for themselves, and stupid ones have hated knowledge!” 1:22 v3nj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns פֶ֥תִי & לָ֭צוֹן & דָֽעַת 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **naiveté**, **mockery**, and **knowledge**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. See how you translated **knowledge** in [1:4](../01/04.md). Alternate translation: “thinking naively … mocking … knowing things” 1:23 la68 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit תָּשׁ֗וּבוּ 1 **Turn** here implies turning one’s head in order to listen better to what someone is saying. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Turn your heads and listen” 1:23 uv1b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הִנֵּ֤ה 1 **Behold** is a term meant to focus the attention of the listener on what the speaker is about to say. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use some emphatic term or expression in your language that would have this same effect. Alternate translation: “Note this” or “Listen” 1:23 jw6o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism אַבִּ֣יעָה לָכֶ֣ם רוּחִ֑י אוֹדִ֖יעָה דְבָרַ֣י אֶתְכֶֽם 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word that would show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “I shall allow my spirit to gush forth to you, yes, I shall cause you to know my words” 1:23 c7ci rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor רוּחִ֑י 1 Here, **spirit** refers to a person’s thoughts. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “my thoughts” 1:23 t4c9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אַבִּ֣יעָה לָכֶ֣ם רוּחִ֑י 1 Wisdom telling the people what she thinks is spoken of as if her thoughts were a liquid that would come flowing out. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I shall freely tell you what I think” 1:23 e3c8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular לָכֶ֣ם & אֶתְכֶֽם 1 In this speech from verse 23 through verse 27, Wisdom addresses foolish people directly as a group. Therefore, use the plural forms of address in your translation if your language marks that distinction. 1:23 mwpx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy דְבָרַ֣י 1 Here, Wisdom uses the term **words** to describe what she says by using **words**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the things that I have to say” 1:24 rpx7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result יַ֣עַן 1 **Because** here indicates that what follows in this verse and the next verse is the reason for the result, which is stated in [1:26–27](../01/26.md). Use the most natural way in your language to state a reason. If you divide [1:24–27](../01/24.md) into two sentences, then you could either remove **Because** here and add a word to express result at the beginning of [1:26](../01/26.md) as in the UST, or you could add the word “because” to each of the clauses of 1:24-25. Alternate translation: “Since” 1:24 p5wg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism קָ֭רָאתִי וַתְּמָאֵ֑נוּ נָטִ֥יתִי יָ֝דִ֗י וְאֵ֣ין מַקְשִֽׁיב 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word that would show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “I have called and you have refused, yes, I have stretched out my hand and there was no one listening attentively” or “I have called and you have refused, because I have stretched out my hand and there was no one listening attentively” 1:24 e734 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַתְּמָאֵ֑נוּ 1 Wisdom implies that people **refused** to listen to what she said. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and you have refused to listen to me” 1:24 i835 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom נָטִ֥יתִי יָ֝דִ֗י 1 This phrase **stretched out my hand** is an idiom that refers to beckoning someone or inviting a person to come. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I stretched out my hand to beckon you” or “I beckoned you” 1:25 h2ki rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism וַתִּפְרְע֥וּ כָל־עֲצָתִ֑י וְ֝תוֹכַחְתִּ֗י לֹ֣א אֲבִיתֶֽם 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. Both of these clauses continue the reason that was begun in verse 24 with the word “because.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** or you could add the word “because” to each of the clauses. Alternate translation: “and you have ignored all my counsel, yes, my rebuke you did not accept” or “and because you have ignored all my counsel and because my rebuke you did not accept” 1:25 l0le rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns עֲצָתִ֑י וְ֝תוֹכַחְתִּ֗י 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **counsel** and **rebuke**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “that I have counseled, and what I said to rebuke you” 1:26 r8lx rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result גַּם־אֲ֭נִי 1 [1:26–27](../01/26.md) state the result of what was stated in [1:24–25](../01/24.md). If you divided [1:24–27](../01/24.md) into two sentences and removed **Because** from [1:24](../01/24.md), then you will need to add a word here to express the result of the reasons given in [1:24–25](../01/24.md). Alternate translation: “As a result, I too” or “So, I too” 1:26 sl5u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism גַּם־אֲ֭נִי בְּאֵידְכֶ֣ם אֶשְׂחָ֑ק אֶ֝לְעַ֗ג בְּבֹ֣א פַחְדְּכֶֽם 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word that shows that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “I too shall laugh at your calamity, yes, I shall mock when your dread comes” 1:26 rfi6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit גַּם־אֲ֭נִי 1 The phrase translated as **I too** shifts the focus from the foolish people mentioned in [1:24–25](../01/24.md) to the person speaking, who represents wisdom. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation,n: “I, in turn,” or “I, for my part” 1:26 p97h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְּאֵידְכֶ֣ם & בְּבֹ֣א פַחְדְּכֶֽם 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **calamity** and **dread**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “when you suffer … when you are scared” 1:26 jucu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification בְּבֹ֣א פַחְדְּכֶֽם 1 Here, wisdom speaks of experiencing **dread** as if it were a person who **comes** to someone. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “when you experience dread” 1:27 efxq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification בְּבֹ֤א & פַּחְדְּכֶ֗ם 1 See how you translated this phrase in the previous verse. 1:27 qn3z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns פַּחְדְּכֶ֗ם וְֽ֭אֵידְכֶם 1 See how you translated **dread** and **calamity** in the previous verse. 1:27 kd9m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כשאוה & כְּסוּפָ֣ה 1 Here, Wisdom compares the manner in which **dread** and **calamity** will happen to the sudden, destructive power of a **storm** or **whirlwind**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “powerfully … suddenly” 1:27 uy59 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּבֹ֥א עֲ֝לֵיכֶ֗ם צָרָ֥ה וְצוּקָֽה 1 Here, wisdom speaks of experiencing **distress and anguish** as if they were objects that could **come upon** someone. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “when you experience distress and anguish” 1:27 xrk8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns צָרָ֥ה וְצוּקָֽה 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **distress** and **anguish**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “distressing things that make you anguished” 1:27 z9ga rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet צָרָ֥ה וְצוּקָֽה 1 The terms **distress** and **anguish** mean similar things. The two terms are used together here for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “distressing events” 1:28 m9t9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism אָ֣ז יִ֭קְרָאֻנְנִי וְלֹ֣א אֶֽעֱנֶ֑ה יְ֝שַׁחֲרֻ֗נְנִי וְלֹ֣א יִמְצָאֻֽנְנִי 1 These two sentences mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the sentences with a word that shows that the second sentence is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Then they will call out to me, but I will not answer. Yes, they will diligently seek me, but they will not find me” 1:28 g5w7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns יִ֭קְרָאֻנְנִי & יְ֝שַׁחֲרֻ֗נְנִי וְלֹ֣א יִמְצָאֻֽנְנִי 1 In this verse, the pronoun **they** refers to the foolish people who ignored wisdom, as described in [1:22–27](../01/22.md). If it would be clearer in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “those who ignored me will call out to me … those people will diligently seek me, but they will not find me” 1:28 zous rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יִ֭קְרָאֻנְנִי 1 Here, **call out** implies crying out for help. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “they will call out to me for help” 1:29 ty8c rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result תַּ֭חַת כִּי 1 This phrase indicates that what follows in this verse and the next verse are the reasons why the foolish people will not find wisdom, as stated in the previous verse. Use the most natural way in your language to express reasons. Alternate translation: “because” 1:29 xk1e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns דָ֑עַת 1 See how you translated **knowledge** in [1:4](../01/04.md). 1:29 iu3z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וְיִרְאַ֥ת יְ֝הֹוָ֗ה 1 See how you translated **the fear of Yahweh** in [1:7](../01/07.md). 1:30 q2mi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism לֹא־אָב֥וּ לַעֲצָתִ֑י נָ֝אֲצ֗וּ כָּל־תּוֹכַחְתִּֽי 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “they did not want my counsel, yes, they despised my every rebuke” 1:30 jhg8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns לֹא־אָב֥וּ & נָ֝אֲצ֗וּ 1 In this verse, the pronoun **they** refers to the foolish people who ignored wisdom, as described in [1:22–27](../01/22.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “those who ignored me did not want … and those people despised” 1:30 h1ds rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns לַעֲצָתִ֑י & כָּל־תּוֹכַחְתִּֽי 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **counsel** and **rebuke** in [1:25](../01/25.md). 1:31 nr9k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism וְֽ֭יֹאכְלוּ מִפְּרִ֣י דַרְכָּ֑ם וּֽמִמֹּעֲצֹ֖תֵיהֶ֣ם יִשְׂבָּֽעוּ 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “And they will eat from the fruit of their way, yes, from their plans they will be satisfied” 1:31 wkf7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְֽ֭יֹאכְלוּ מִפְּרִ֣י דַרְכָּ֑ם 1 Here, people suffering the consequences of their behavior are spoken of as if they were eating **the fruit of their way**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a similar idiom from your language or express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And they will experience the consequences of their behavior” 1:31 c1jc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וּֽמִמֹּעֲצֹ֖תֵיהֶ֣ם יִשְׂבָּֽעוּ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and their plans will satisfy them” 1:31 bk2c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וּֽמִמֹּעֲצֹ֖תֵיהֶ֣ם יִשְׂבָּֽעוּ 1 Here, the word translated as **satisfied** means “to be made full of.” This word can have either a positive or negative meaning, but here the meaning is negative. It means that these foolish people will suffer the full consequences of **their** foolish **plans**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “they will experience the consequences of their plans” 1:32 t8af rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases כִּ֤י 1 **For** here indicates that what follows in [1:32–33](../01/32.md) is the conclusion to what Wisdom stated in [1:22–31](../01/22.md). Alternate translation: “In conclusion,” 1:32 bxu4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism מְשׁוּבַ֣ת פְּתָיִ֣ם תַּֽהַרְגֵ֑ם וְשַׁלְוַ֖ת כְּסִילִ֣ים תְּאַבְּדֵֽם 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “the turning away of the naive ones will slay them, yes, false security will lead stupid ones to ruin” 1:32 bwme rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification מְשׁוּבַ֣ת פְּתָיִ֣ם תַּֽהַרְגֵ֑ם 1 Here, **turning away** is spoken of as if it were a person who could **slay** someone. This expression means that **the naive ones** will die because of their **turning away**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “the naive ones will die because of their turning away” or “the turning away of the naive ones is like someone who will slay them” 1:32 s7ln rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מְשׁוּבַ֣ת פְּתָיִ֣ם 1 Here, refusing to listen to wisdom is spoken of as **turning away** from the one who is speaking. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the refusing to listen of the naive ones” 1:32 le64 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וְשַׁלְוַ֖ת 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **false security**, you could express the same idea with a different expression. Alternate translation: “wrongly feeling secure” 1:32 cmi9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification וְשַׁלְוַ֖ת כְּסִילִ֣ים תְּאַבְּדֵֽם 1 Here, **false security** is spoken of as if it were a person who could **lead** someone. This expression means that **stupid ones** will die because of their **false** sense of **security**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “and stupid ones will be ruined because of their false security” or “false security of stupid ones is like someone who will ruin them” 1:33 pspz rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast וְשֹׁמֵ֣עַֽ 1 **But** here indicates a strong contrast between **the one who listens** and “the naive ones,” who were mentioned in the previous verse. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a contrast. Alternate translation: “However, the one who listens” 1:33 kho1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession מִפַּ֥חַד רָעָֽה 1 Here, the possessive form describes **dread** that a person has for **evil**. If this is not clear in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “from dreading evil” 1:33 zjk2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מִפַּ֥חַד רָעָֽה 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **dread** in [1:26](../01/26.md) and **evil** in [1:16](../01/16.md). 2:intro wr6i 0 # Proverbs 2 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n2. A father teaches his son about wisdom (1:8–9:18)\n * Avoid evil companions (1:8–19)\n * Do not reject wisdom (1:20–33)\n * Wisdom prevents people from committing crimes or adultery (2:1–22)\n\n## Religious and Cultural Concepts in This Chapter\n\n### My Son\n\nOccasionally, Solomon addresses a series of proverbs to “my son” or “sons.” This does not mean that those proverbs only apply to males. Instead, these phrases are forms used to pass on advice from a father to his son, and the kind of advice in these proverbs is about common temptations of young men. 2:1 ku26 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בְּ֭נִי 1 See how you translated the same use of this phrase in [1:8](../01/08.md). 2:1 fkcl rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical אִם 1 Here, **if** indicates the beginning of a conditional sentence that extends from this verse to [2:5](../02/05.md). This is the first of three **if** clauses in this long sentence. If it would be clearer in your language, you could divide this long sentence into shorter sentences and indicate the condition along with the result in [2:5](../02/05.md), as in the UST. 2:1 jh3i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ֝מִצְוֺתַ֗י תִּצְפֹּ֥ן אִתָּֽךְ 1 Valuing the father’s **commandments** is spoken of as if the **commandments** were a treasure and the person were a safe place to store that treasure. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and consider my commandments to be as valuable as a treasure” 2:2 hiva rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לְהַקְשִׁ֣יב לַֽחָכְמָ֣ה אָזְנֶ֑ךָ תַּטֶּ֥ה לִ֝בְּךָ֗ לַתְּבוּנָֽה 1 The word translated as **to** here indicates that what follows in this verse explains the means by which a person can receive the sayings and commandments mentioned in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “by causing your ear to be attentive to wisdom, and by inclining your heart to understanding” 2:2 an5c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom לְהַקְשִׁ֣יב & אָזְנֶ֑ךָ 1 This phrase is an idiom that refers to forcing oneself to listen carefully. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “force yourself to listen carefully” 2:2 w1il rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns לַֽחָכְמָ֣ה & לַתְּבוּנָֽה 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **wisdom** and **understanding** in [1:2](../01/02.md). 2:2 ibaf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy תַּטֶּ֥ה לִ֝בְּךָ֗ לַתְּבוּנָֽה 1 Here Solomon uses **heart** to refer a person’s inner being or mind. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “incline your inner being to understanding” or “incline your mind to understanding” 2:2 gme3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom תַּטֶּ֥ה לִ֝בְּךָ֗ לַתְּבוּנָֽה 1 The phrase **incline your heart** is an idiom that refers to fully committing one’s mind to doing something. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “fully commit yourself to gaining understanding” 2:3 j5n7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism אִ֣ם לַבִּינָ֣ה תִקְרָ֑א לַ֝תְּבוּנָ֗ה תִּתֵּ֥ן קוֹלֶֽךָ 1 These two phrases mean similar things. The author is using repetition to emphasize the idea that the phrases express. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could combine the phrases and express the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “if for perceptive understanding you lift up your voice to call out” 2:3 ntaj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification לַבִּינָ֣ה & לַ֝תְּבוּנָ֗ה 1 Here Solomon speaks of calling out to receive **understanding** and **perception** as if they were people whom someone could summon. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to receive understanding … to receive perception” 2:3 v4y2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns לַבִּינָ֣ה 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **understanding** in the previous verse. 2:3 cda0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns לַ֝תְּבוּנָ֗ה 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **perception**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “for what should be perceived” 2:3 q192 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom תִּתֵּ֥ן קוֹלֶֽךָ 1 This phrase is an idiom that refers to speaking loudly. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you speak with a loud voice” 2:4 ci1k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism אִם־תְּבַקְשֶׁ֥נָּה כַכָּ֑סֶף וְֽכַמַּטְמוֹנִ֥ים תַּחְפְּשֶֽׂנָּה 1 These two phrases mean similar things. The author is using repetition to emphasize the idea that the phrases express. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could combine the phrases and express the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “if you diligently search for it like a valuable hidden treasure” 2:4 mvqx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis אִם־תְּבַקְשֶׁ֥נָּה כַכָּ֑סֶף וְֽכַמַּטְמוֹנִ֥ים תַּחְפְּשֶֽׂנָּה 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “if you seek it as if it were silver and search for it as if it were hidden treasures” or “if you seek it as you would seek silver and search for it as you would search for hidden treasures” 2:4 sm8u rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns תְּבַקְשֶׁ֥נָּה & תַּחְפְּשֶֽׂנָּה 1 In this verse, the pronoun **it** refers to wisdom. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “you seek wisdom … search for wisdom” 2:4 ll3n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile אִם־תְּבַקְשֶׁ֥נָּה כַכָּ֑סֶף וְֽכַמַּטְמוֹנִ֥ים תַּחְפְּשֶֽׂנָּה 1 Solomon is saying that wisdom is like **silver** and **hidden treasures** because those are items that people value greatly and work very hard to find. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “if you seek it diligently, like one seeks silver, and search for it diligently, like one searches for hidden treasures” 2:5 y8la rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result אָ֗ז 1 Here, **then** indicates that what follows is the result of meeting the conditions that are stated in [2:1–4](../02/01.md). If you divided this long sentence in [2:1–5](../02/01.md) into shorter sentences, then you will need to indicate the condition before the result here in this new sentence, as in the UST. Alternate translation: “If you do so, then the result will be that” 2:5 ngzm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession יִרְאַ֣ת יְהוָ֑ה 1 See how you translated this phrase in [1:7](../01/07.md). 2:5 h49h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְדַ֖עַת אֱלֹהִ֣ים תִּמְצָֽא 1 Obtaining **the knowledge of God** is spoken of as if **the knowledge of God** were an object that a person can **find** by searching for it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and you will have the knowledge of God” 2:5 vknk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וְדַ֖עַת אֱלֹהִ֣ים תִּמְצָֽא 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe knowing **God**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and you will find how to know God” 2:6 cq0z rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּֽי 1 **For** here indicates that what follows is the reason why what Solomon stated in [2:1–4](../02/01.md) is true. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “This is due to the fact that” 2:6 ab3j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חָכְמָ֑ה & דַּ֣עַת וּתְבוּנָֽה 1 See how you translated **wisdom** in [1:2](../01/02.md) and **knowledge** and **understanding** in the previous verse. 2:6 g5bj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche מִ֝פִּ֗יו דַּ֣עַת וּתְבוּנָֽה 1 Here, **mouth** represents Yahweh himself or what he says. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “from Yahweh comes knowledge and understanding” 2:7 jn6b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וצפן לַ֭יְשָׁרִים תּוּשִׁיָּ֑ה 1 Yahweh possessing **sound wisdom** that he gives to people is spoken of as if **sound wisdom** were an item that Yahweh **stores up**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And he has sound wisdom to provide for the upright ones” 2:7 dv7k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns תּוּשִׁיָּ֑ה 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **sound wisdom**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “soundly wise things” 2:7 m2mi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מָ֝גֵ֗ן לְהֹ֣לְכֵי תֹֽם 1 Yahweh protecting his people is spoken of as if he were a **shield**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he shields those walking with integrity” 2:7 u4zr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לְהֹ֣לְכֵי תֹֽם 1 Here, **walking** refers to how people behave. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “who conduct themselves with integrity” 2:7 xk74 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns תֹֽם 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **integrity** in [1:3](../01/03.md). 2:8 ajdo rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal לִ֭נְצֹר 1 Here, **to** indicates that what follows is the purpose for Yahweh giving “sound wisdom” and being a “shield,” as stated in the previous verse. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a purpose. You may need to start a new sentence. Alternate translation: “Yahweh does these things for the purpose of guarding” 2:8 qt7r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אָרְח֣וֹת מִשְׁפָּ֑ט 1 Here, **paths** could refer to: (1) the behavior of people, in which case the meaning is similar to the next clause in the verse. Alternate translation: “those who behave justly” (2) **justice** itself, as if it were **paths**. Alternate translation: “the path that is justice” or “justice” 2:8 t2qd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְדֶ֖רֶךְ חֲסִידָ֣יו יִשְׁמֹֽר 1 Here Solomon speaks of the lives of God’s **faithful ones** as if they were a **way** or road. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and he will preserve the lives of his faithful ones” 2:9 qn9x rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result אָ֗ז 1 **Then** here indicates that what follows is another result of meeting the conditions stated in [2:1–4](../02/01.md). Use the most natural way in your language to indicate the result of meeting conditions. Alternate translation: “If you do those things, then the result will be that” 2:9 hh3z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns צֶ֣דֶק וּמִשְׁפָּ֑ט וּ֝מֵישָׁרִ֗ים 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **righteousness**, **justice**, and **integrity** in [1:3](../01/03.md). 2:9 ex8y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor כָּל־מַעְגַּל־טֽוֹב 1 Here Solomon speaks of wise behavior as if it were a **good track**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “every good way of living” 2:10 ftxt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חָכְמָ֣ה & וְ֝דַ֗עַת 1 See how you translated **wisdom** in [1:2](../01/02.md) and **knowledge** in [1:4](../01/04.md). 2:10 sjsp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְלִבֶּ֑ךָ 1 See how you translated the same use of **heart** in [2:2](../02/02.md). 2:10 kf4i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom תָב֣וֹא & בְלִבֶּ֑ךָ 1 This phrase is an idiom that refers to fully knowing something. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will be fully known by you” or “will be fully in your mind” 2:10 z4e2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לְֽנַפְשְׁךָ֥ יִנְעָֽם 1 Here, **soul** refers to the whole person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will be pleasant to you” 2:11 oo4b 1 [2:11–17](../02/11.md) are one long sentence. If you divide these verses into multiple sentences, as the UST does, then you may need to repeat some phrases in order to make the meaning clear. 2:11 q2th rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism מְ֭זִמָּה תִּשְׁמֹ֥ר עָלֶ֗יךָ תְּבוּנָ֥ה תִנְצְרֶֽכָּה 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Discretion will preserve over you, yes, understanding will protect you” 2:11 jbm7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification מְ֭זִמָּה תִּשְׁמֹ֥ר עָלֶ֗יךָ תְּבוּנָ֥ה תִנְצְרֶֽכָּה 1 Here Solomon speaks of **discretion** and **understanding** as if they were people who could **protect** someone else. He means that someone who has **discretion** and **understanding** will be safe. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “If you have discretion, you will be safe; if you have understanding, you will be secure” 2:11 dnu8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מְ֭זִמָּה & תְּבוּנָ֥ה 1 See how you translated **Discretion** in [1:4](../01/04.md) and **understanding** in [1:2](../01/02.md). 2:12 ix2e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification לְ֭הַצִּ֣ילְךָ 1 Here Solomon speaks of “discretion” and “understanding” as if they were people who could **rescue** someone. He means that people who have “discretion” and “understanding” will **rescue** themselves from harm. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to rescue yourselves” 2:12 w9je rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal לְ֭הַצִּ֣ילְךָ 1 Here, **to** indicates that what follows is the purpose for “discretion” and “understanding” protecting a person, as stated in the previous verse. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a purpose. Alternate translation: “Discretion and understanding will protect you for the purpose of rescuing you” 2:12 xcem rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession מִדֶּ֣רֶךְ רָ֑ע 1 This phase **the way of evil** could refer to: (1) the **way** of an **evil** person. This interpretation fits the context of the descriptions of evil people given in [2:12–17](../02/12.md). Alternate translation: “from the way of an evil person” (2) a **way** that is characterized by **evil**. Alternate translation: “from the evil way” 2:12 vs4c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מִדֶּ֣רֶךְ 1 Here Solomon uses **way** to refer to how people behave. See how you translated this use of **way** in [1:15](../01/15.md). 2:12 ekbf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns רָ֑ע 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **evil** in [1:16](../01/16.md). 2:12 utj7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis מֵ֝אִ֗ישׁ 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and to rescue you from a man” 2:12 vund rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מֵ֝אִ֗ישׁ 1 The word **man** here represents a type of person in general, not one particular **man**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “from any person” 2:13 i8sk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification הַ֭עֹ֣זְבִים 1 See how you translated the same use of **forsake** in [1:8](../01/08.md). 2:13 a5k8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אָרְח֣וֹת יֹ֑שֶׁר 1 Here, **the paths of straightness** refers to behaving in a right manner. The word **paths** refers to human behavior, and **straightness** refers to being righteous. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “doing what is right” or “acting rightly” 2:13 tc6p rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal לָ֝לֶ֗כֶת 1 Here, **to** introduces the purpose for forsaking **the paths of straightness**. Use a natural way in your language to indicate purpose. Alternate translation: “for the purpose of walking” 2:13 q9by rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom לָ֝לֶ֗כֶת בְּדַרְכֵי־חֹֽשֶׁךְ 1 This phrase refers to behaving in an evil manner. The biblical authors often use **walk** to refer to how someone behaves and they use **darkness** to refer to evil. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to do what is evil” or “to behave in an evil manner” 2:14 e571 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns רָ֑ע & רָֽע 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **evil** in [1:16](../01/16.md). 2:14 t4yz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בְּֽתַהְפֻּכ֥וֹת רָֽע 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe **perverse things** that are characterized by **evil**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “evil perverse things” 2:15 ei69 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism אֲשֶׁ֣ר אָרְחֹתֵיהֶ֣ם עִקְּשִׁ֑ים וּ֝נְלוֹזִ֗ים בְּמַעְגְּלוֹתָֽם 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word other than **and** that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “whose paths are crooked, yes, who go astray in their tracks” 2:15 jpq2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אָרְחֹתֵיהֶ֣ם עִקְּשִׁ֑ים & בְּמַעְגְּלוֹתָֽם 1 Here Solomon refers to human behavior as if it were **paths** and **tracks** that people walk on. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “behavior is crooked … in their behavior” 2:15 lsl5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עִקְּשִׁ֑ים & וּ֝נְלוֹזִ֗ים 1 Here Solomon uses the phrases **are crooked** and **go astray** to refer to being deceptive. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “are deceptive and who are deceptive” 2:16 p5k9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal לְ֭הַצִּ֣ילְךָ 1 Here, **to** indicates that what follows is another purpose for “discretion” and “understanding” guarding a person, as stated in the [2:11](../02/11.md). Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a purpose. If you divided up the long sentence in [2:11–17](../02/11.md) into shorter sentences, then here, beginning a new sentence, you will need to repeat some information from [2:11](../02/11.md). Alternate translation: “Discretion and understanding will guard you for the additional purpose of rescuing you” 2:16 wotd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מֵאִשָּׁ֣ה זָרָ֑ה מִ֝נָּכְרִיָּ֗ה 1 Here Solomon refers to an immoral and adulterous **woman** as if she were a stranger or foreigner. God considers such a **woman** to be **strange** or **foreign** because her sinful acts have caused her to be alienated from God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly, as in the UST. 2:16 dtaw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מֵאִשָּׁ֣ה זָרָ֑ה מִ֝נָּכְרִיָּ֗ה 1 Solomon is speaking of any women who do these things, not of one particular **woman**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “from any strange woman, from any foreign woman” 2:16 yvpb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis מִ֝נָּכְרִיָּ֗ה 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and to rescue you from a foreign woman” 2:16 zrdj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֲמָרֶ֥יהָ הֶחֱלִֽיקָה 1 Here Solomon speaks of this woman speaking seductively as if she were making what she says **smooth**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “who makes her sayings seductive” 2:17 c2iu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אַלּ֣וּף 1 Here, **companion** refers to the husband of the adulterous woman mentioned in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the husband of” 2:17 on5o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession אַלּ֣וּף נְעוּרֶ֑יהָ 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe **the companion** whom this woman married while she was in **her youth**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the companion whom she married in her youth” 2:17 omt2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns נְעוּרֶ֑יהָ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **youth**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “the time when she was young” 2:17 awb4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בְּרִ֖ית אֱלֹהֶ֣יהָ 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe **the covenant** that this woman made with **her God.** If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the covenant that she made with her God” 2:17 yeit rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּרִ֖ית 1 Here, **covenant** refers specifically to the **covenant** that a man and woman made with each other and God when they married. This **covenant** included promising not to commit adultery. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the covenant that she made with her God when she married her husband” 2:18 i084 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּ֤י 1 **For** here indicates that what follows is the reason why “discretion” and “understanding” rescue a man from an adulterous woman, as stated in [2:16](../02/16.md). Use the most natural way in your language to state a reason. Alternate translation: “Discretion and understanding will rescue you from her because” 2:18 v1ud rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism שָׁ֣חָה אֶל־מָ֣וֶת בֵּיתָ֑הּ וְאֶל־רְ֝פָאִ֗ים מַעְגְּלֹתֶֽיהָ 1 These two phrases mean similar things. The author is using repetition to emphasize the idea that the phrases express. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could combine the phrases and express the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “involvement with her will totally destroy you” 2:18 dn9d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בֵּיתָ֑הּ 1 Here, **house** could refer to: (1) going to the adulterous woman’s **house**. Alternate translation: “going to her house” (2) the adulterous activity that takes place in her house. Alternate translation: “what she does in her house” 2:18 hbh4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שָׁ֣חָה אֶל־מָ֣וֶת 1 Here Solomon speaks of a man doing something that would result in his death as if he were going on a path or to a **house** that **sinks down**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “results in a man dying” or “causes a man to die” 2:18 rkj1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וְאֶל־רְ֝פָאִ֗ים מַעְגְּלֹתֶֽיהָ 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause. Alternate translation: “and her tracks sink down to the spirits of the dead” or “and her tracks lead to the spirits of the dead” 2:18 g44z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מַעְגְּלֹתֶֽיהָ 1 Here, **tracks** could refer to: (1) the path that leads to the adulterous woman. Alternate translation: “the path that leads to her” (2) how she behaves, which is how **tracks** is used in [2:15](../02/15.md). Alternate translation: “her behavior” 2:18 hwl4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy רְ֝פָאִ֗ים 1 Here, **the spirits of dead ones** refers to the place where people’s spirits go when they die, which was called “Sheol” in [1:12](../01/12.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the place where the spirits of dead people dwell” or “the place of the dead” 2:19 n7tg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism בָּ֭אֶיהָ 1 Here, **enter** refers to someone having sex with another person. This is a polite way of referring to something that is offensive or embarrassing in some cultures. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different polite way of referring to this act or you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “those who have sex with her” or “those who sleep with her” 2:19 wzqj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לֹ֣א יְשׁוּב֑וּן 1 Here, **return** could refer to: (1) those people coming back to life, as suggested by the references to death in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “will not become alive again” (2) those people returning to a joyful or prosperous life. Alternate translation: “will not return to living well” 2:19 zg4r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְלֹֽא־יַ֝שִּׂ֗יגוּ אָרְח֥וֹת חַיִּֽים 1 This could mean: (1) those people will not be able to come back to life, as suggested by the references to death in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “and they will not return to the land of the living” (2) those people will not be able to enjoy a good life again. Alternate translation: “and they will never live a happy life again” 2:20 ts71 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result לְמַ֗עַן 1 **So** here indicates that what follows is the result of what was stated in [2:11–19](../02/11.md) being true. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate result. Alternate translation: “Because this is true,” 2:20 kzax rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism תֵּ֭לֵךְ בְּדֶ֣רֶךְ טוֹבִ֑ים וְאָרְח֖וֹת צַדִּיקִ֣ים תִּשְׁמֹֽר 1 These two phrases mean similar things. The author is using repetition to emphasize the idea that the phrases express. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could combine the phrases and express the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “you shall keep the path of the righteous ones as you walk the way of the good ones” 2:20 hp7d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative תֵּ֭לֵךְ בְּדֶ֣רֶךְ טוֹבִ֑ים וְאָרְח֖וֹת צַדִּיקִ֣ים תִּשְׁמֹֽר 1 Solomon is using a future statement to give an instruction or command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command or instruction form. Alternate translation: “walk in the way of the good ones and keep the paths of the righteous ones” 2:20 fiw6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor תֵּ֭לֵךְ בְּדֶ֣רֶךְ & וְאָרְח֖וֹת & תִּשְׁמֹֽר 1 The phrases **walk in the way of** and **keep the paths of** both refer to how people behave or live their lives. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you shall behave like … and you shall behave like” 2:21 wou9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּֽי 1 **For** here indicates that what follows in [2:21–22](../02/21.md) is the conclusion to what was stated in [2:11–20](../02/11.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. See how you translated a similar use of **For** in [1:32](../01/32.md). Alternate translation: “In conclusion,” 2:21 uy6e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism יְשָׁרִ֥ים יִשְׁכְּנוּ אָ֑רֶץ וּ֝תְמִימִ֗ים יִוָּ֥תְרוּ בָֽהּ 1 These two phrases mean similar things. The author is using repetition to emphasize the idea that the phrases express. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could combine the phrases and express the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “the blameless, upright ones will remain to dwell in the land” 2:21 bqn1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יִשְׁכְּנוּ אָ֑רֶץ & יִוָּ֥תְרוּ בָֽהּ 1 Here, **the land** and **it** could refer to: (1) the **land** of Israel, which God had given to the Jewish people and which Solomon was ruling over when he wrote these proverbs. Alternate translation: “will dwell in the land of Israel … will remain in Israel” or “will dwell in our land … will remain in our land” (2) the earth in general, in which case this would refer to staying alive. Alternate translation: “will dwell on the earth … will remain alive on the earth” 2:21 p0cw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וּ֝תְמִימִ֗ים 1 Here, **blameless ones** refers to people whom Yahweh does not blame for acting wickedly. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and the ones whom Yahweh rightly does not blame” 2:22 nyod rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast וּ֭רְשָׁעִים 1 Here, **but** indicates a strong contrast between the **wicked** and **treacherous** people and the “upright” and “blameless” people, who were mentioned in the previous verse. See how you translated a similar strong contrast in [1:33](../01/33.md). 2:22 mnw9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יִכָּרֵ֑תוּ &יִסְּח֥וּ 1 If your language does not use these passive forms, you could express the ideas in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The context indicates that Yahweh will do the action. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will cut off … Yahweh will tear away” 2:22 r5sm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִכָּרֵ֑תוּ & יִסְּח֥וּ 1 Solomon speaks of Yahweh removing people from **the land** as if he were cutting those people off, like a person cuts a branch from a tree, or as if he were tearing those people away, like a person violently pulls someone off of something. Solomon does not state if these people are removed by being killed or by being forced to leave **the land**, so it is best to use general expressions for these phrases. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will be removed … will be taken away” 2:22 w94m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מֵאֶ֣רֶץ & מִמֶּֽנָּה 1 See how you translated **the land** and **it** in the previous verse. 3:intro a94e 0 # Proverbs 3 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n2. A father teaches his son about wisdom (1:8–9:18)\n * Avoid evil companions (1:8–19)\n * Do not reject wisdom (1:20–33)\n * Wisdom prevents people from committing crime or adultery (2:1–22)\n * Humbly trust Yahweh (3:1–12)\n * The value of wisdom (3:13–20)\n * Do not act wickedly (3:21–35)\n\n## Religious and Cultural Concepts in This Chapter\n\n### My Son\n\nOccasionally, Solomon addresses a series of proverbs to “my son” or “sons.” This does not mean that those proverbs only apply to males. Instead, these phrases are forms used to pass on advice from a father to his son, and the kind of advice in these proverbs is about common temptations of young men.\n\n## Translation Issues in This Chapter\n\n### Personification\n\nIn [3:15–18](../03/15.md), wisdom is referred to as if it were a woman. In languages where it is possible for a woman figure to represent an abstract concept like wisdom, the translator should translate the personification directly. However, if direct translation is not possible in your language, you may translate these personifications as similes instead. In that case, wisdom would be presented as being like a wise woman. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 3:1 tjcg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בְּ֭נִי 1 See how you translated the same use of this phrase in [1:8](../01/08.md). 3:1 p6r4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism תּוֹרָתִ֣י אַל־תִּשְׁכָּ֑ח וּ֝מִצְוֺתַ֗י יִצֹּ֥ר לִבֶּֽךָ 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “do not forget my law, yes, my commandments let your heart guard” 3:1 jvym rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes אַל־תִּשְׁכָּ֑ח 1 Solomon is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, **not**, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning positively, as in the UST. 3:1 ji5p rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns תּוֹרָתִ֣י 1 Here, the word **law** is singular in form, but it refers to several laws as a group. See how you translated this use of **law** in [1:8](../01/08.md). 3:1 f5cv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וּ֝מִצְוֺתַ֗י 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **commandments** in [2:1](../02/01.md). 3:1 n273 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy יִצֹּ֥ר לִבֶּֽךָ 1 See how you translated the same use of **heart** in [2:2](../02/02.md). 3:1 g7i5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification יִצֹּ֥ר לִבֶּֽךָ 1 Here Solomon speaks of a person’s **heart** as if it were a person who could **guard** something, and he speaks of **commandments** as if they were things that could be guarded. He means that he wants his son to remember these **commandments** in order to obey them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “remember to obey” 3:2 e1jx rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּ֤י 1 **For** here indicates that what follows is a reason for the commands in the previous verse. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “Remember my commandments because” 3:2 yp9h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure אֹ֣רֶךְ יָ֭מִים וּשְׁנ֣וֹת חַיִּ֑ים וְ֝שָׁל֗וֹם יוֹסִ֥יפוּ לָֽךְ 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could change the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “they will add to you length of days and years of life and peace” 3:2 fmbi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אֹ֣רֶךְ יָ֭מִים 1 Here, **length of days** is an idiom that means “a long life.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a long life” 3:2 r3ia rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וּשְׁנ֣וֹת חַיִּ֑ים 1 Here, **years of life** is an idiom that means “a long and fulfilling life.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and a fulfilling life” or “and years of fulfilling life” 3:2 jl5c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וְ֝שָׁל֗וֹם 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **peace**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “and a peaceful life” 3:2 f1ut rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns יוֹסִ֥יפוּ 1 Here, the pronoun **they** refers to the law and commandments mentioned in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “my law and commandments will add” 3:2 rplu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יוֹסִ֥יפוּ לָֽךְ 1 Here Solomon speaks of his commandments as if they could **add length** to a person’s life. He means that obeying his commandments will enable a person to live a long life. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “obeying them will add to you” or “by obeying them you will add to yourself” 3:3 s6k5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism חֶ֥סֶד וֶאֱמֶ֗ת אַֽל־יַעַ֫זְבֻ֥ךָ קָשְׁרֵ֥ם עַל־גַּרְגְּרוֹתֶ֑יךָ כָּ֝תְבֵ֗ם עַל־ל֥וּחַ לִבֶּֽךָ 1 These three clauses mean basically the same thing. The second and third clauses emphasize the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a word that shows the connection between these three clauses. Alternate translation: “Do not let covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness leave you, yes, bind them on your throats, indeed, write them on the tablet of your heart” 3:3 w5in rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification חֶ֥סֶד וֶאֱמֶ֗ת אַֽל־יַעַ֫זְבֻ֥ךָ 1 Here Solomon speaks of **covenant faithfulness** and **trustworthiness** as if they were people who could **leave** someone. He means that a person should not stop being faithful and trustworthy. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Do not stop being faithful and trustworthy” 3:3 jx0f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes חֶ֥סֶד וֶאֱמֶ֗ת אַֽל־יַעַ֫זְבֻ֥ךָ 1 Solomon is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, **not**, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning positively. Alternate translation: “Retain covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness” 3:3 v4wt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חֶ֥סֶד וֶאֱמֶ֗ת 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **covenant faithfulness** and **trustworthiness**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “being faithful and trustworthy” 3:3 xj6j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor קָשְׁרֵ֥ם עַל־גַּרְגְּרוֹתֶ֑יךָ 1 Here Solomon speaks of **covenant faithfulness** and **trustworthiness** as if they were objects that a person could **tie** around his **neck** like a necklace. He means that these are valuable qualities that people should display outwardly by their behavior. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “show them outwardly by how you behave” or “display them like one would wear a necklace” 3:3 i4pt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy כָּ֝תְבֵ֗ם עַל־ל֥וּחַ לִבֶּֽךָ 1 See how you translated the same use of **heart** in [2:2](../02/02.md). 3:3 i8u6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor כָּ֝תְבֵ֗ם עַל־ל֥וּחַ לִבֶּֽךָ 1 Here Solomon speaks of the **heart** as if it were a **tablet** upon which someone could **write covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness**. He means that people should always remember to behave with **covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “keep these things in your mind” or “always remember them, as if you had written them permanently on a tablet” 3:4 xajl rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וּמְצָא־חֵ֖ן 1 Here the word **and** introduces the result of obeying the commands stated in the previous verse. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate results. You may need to start a new sentence. Alternate translation: “If you do these things, then you will find favor” or “This will result in you finding favor” 3:4 uwqy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּמְצָא־חֵ֖ן וְשֵֽׂכֶל־ט֑וֹב 1 Here Solomon speaks of **favor and good insight** as if they were objects that a person could find. He means that **God and man** will show **favor** and **good insight** to the person who does what Solomon commanded in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and you will experience favor and good insight” 3:4 g3fy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּעֵינֵ֖י 1 Here, **eyes** refers to seeing, and seeing is a metaphor for knowledge, notice, attention, or judgment. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in the judgment of” 3:4 i2ke rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun וְאָדָֽם 1 Solomon is speaking of people in general, not of one particular **man**. If it would be helpful in your language, use a more natural phrase. Alternate translation: “and others” 3:5 w345 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לִבֶּ֑ךָ 1 See how you translated **heart** in [2:2](../02/02.md). 3:5 m1v4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְאֶל־בִּֽ֝ינָתְךָ֗ אַל־תִּשָּׁעֵֽן 1 Here Solomon speaks of relying on one’s own **understanding** as if **understanding** were an object that a person could **lean on**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “do not rely on your own understanding” 3:5 xos0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בִּֽ֝ינָתְךָ֗ 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **understanding** in [1:2](../01/02.md). 3:6 c7br rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּכָל־דְּרָכֶ֥יךָ & אֹֽרְחֹתֶֽיךָ 1 Here Solomon speaks of a person’s actions as if they were **ways** or **paths** on which that person walks. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “In all that you do … how you live” 3:6 ftuh rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וְ֝ה֗וּא יְיַשֵּׁ֥ר 1 Here, **and** introduces the result of obeying the commands stated in the previous verse and the beginning of this verse. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate results. You may need to start a new sentence. Alternate translation: “If you do these things, then he himself will straighten” or “This will result in he himself straightening” 3:6 vunk rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וְ֝ה֗וּא יְיַשֵּׁ֥ר 1 For emphasis, Solomon is stating the pronoun **himself**, whose meaning is already stated as **he**. If your language can state implied pronouns explicitly for emphasis, you may want to use that construction in your translation. Other languages may have other ways of bringing out this emphasis. The ULT does so by using the intensive pronoun **himself**. Alternate translation: “he indeed will straighten” 3:6 m1v6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ֝ה֗וּא יְיַשֵּׁ֥ר אֹֽרְחֹתֶֽיךָ 1 Here Solomon speaks of Yahweh showing people what they should do as if Yahweh were removing obstacles and smoothing out **paths** that people walk on. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and he himself will make clear to you what you should do” or “and he himself will guide your actions” 3:7 y6is rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּעֵינֶ֑יךָ 1 Here Solomon speaks of a person’s opinion as if that person were seeing something with his **eyes**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in your own opinion” 3:7 dgv0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast יְרָ֥א אֶת־יְ֝הוָ֗ה וְס֣וּר מֵרָֽע 1 This clause is a strong contrast with the previous clause. While the previous clause said what a person should not do, this clause says what that person should do instead. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a contrast. You may need to start a new sentence. Alternate translation: “Rather, fear Yahweh and turn from evil” 3:7 au5s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְס֣וּר מֵרָֽע 1 Here Solomon speaks of refusing to do **evil** actions as if a person were turning away **from evil**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and do not commit evil” 3:7 fwf0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מֵרָֽע 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **evil** in [1:16](../01/16.md). 3:8 yl6z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism רִ֭פְאוּת תְּהִ֣י לְשָׁרֶּ֑ךָ וְ֝שִׁקּ֗וּי לְעַצְמוֹתֶֽיךָ 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “It will be healing for your navel, yes, refreshment for your bones” 3:8 du95 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns תְּהִ֣י 1 The pronoun **It** here refers to following the commands that Solomon stated in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Obeying these commands will be” 3:8 dtw6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לְשָׁרֶּ֑ךָ & לְעַצְמוֹתֶֽיךָ 1 Solomon is using parts of a person, the **navel** and **bones**, to represent a person’s whole body. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “for your body … for your whole body” 3:8 tca5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וְ֝שִׁקּ֗וּי לְעַצְמוֹתֶֽיךָ 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and it will be refreshment for your bones” 3:8 ghf9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וְ֝שִׁקּ֗וּי לְעַצְמוֹתֶֽיךָ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **refreshment**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “and will cause your bones to be refreshed” 3:9 j8au rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis מֵהוֹנֶ֑ךָ וּ֝מֵרֵאשִׁ֗ית כָּל־תְּבוּאָתֶֽךָ 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “by giving from your wealth and by giving from the first of all your produce” 3:9 thp2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וּ֝מֵרֵאשִׁ֗ית 1 Here, **first** refers to the **first** crops that were harvested at harvest time. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and from the first crops harvested of” 3:10 z9am rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וְיִמָּלְא֣וּ אֲסָמֶ֣יךָ שָׂבָ֑ע 1 Here, **and** introduces the result of obeying the command stated in the previous verse. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate result. You may need to start a new sentence. Alternate translation: “If you do these things, then your storehouses will be full with plenty” or “This will result in your storehouses being full with plenty” 3:10 ti7b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וְיִמָּלְא֣וּ אֲסָמֶ֣יךָ שָׂבָ֑ע 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and your store houses will become full of plenty” or “and Yahweh will fill your storehouses with plenty” 3:10 y7db rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown אֲסָמֶ֣יךָ 1 The word **storehouses** refers to buildings or rooms where crops are stored after farmers have harvested them. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of storage place, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “your place for storing harvested crops” 3:10 b6gn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שָׂבָ֑ע 1 Here, **plenty** refers to a plentiful amount of harvested crops. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “a plentiful amount of harvested crops” 3:10 vtx6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown וְ֝תִיר֗וֹשׁ יְקָבֶ֥יךָ יִפְרֹֽצוּ 1 The word **vats** refers to large containers in which the juice of grapes called **new wine** was processed into **wine**. If a very large amount of **new wine** was put in the **vat**, it could flow out and spill over the top of the **vat**. If your readers would not be familiar with **wine** or the way it is produced, you could refer to something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “and your storage containers will become so extremely full that they break open” 3:11 f4sx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מוּסַ֣ר & בְּתוֹכַחְתּֽוֹ 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **correction** and **rebuke**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “Being corrected by … being rebuked by him” 3:11 qf59 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בְּנִ֣י 1 See how you translated the same use of this phrase in [1:8](../01/08.md). 3:12 vqzb rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּ֤י 1 **For** here introduces the reason for obeying the commands stated in the previous verse. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate reasons. You may need to start a new sentence. Alternate translation: “Do not do these things, because” 3:12 qsno rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וּ֝כְאָ֗ב אֶת־בֵּ֥ן יִרְצֶֽה 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and like a father, he rebukes a son he is pleased with” 3:12 gpk5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אֶת־בֵּ֥ן יִרְצֶֽה 1 The phrase **he is pleased with** refers to the father’s affection for his **son**. It does not mean that the father approves of his son’s behavior. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “a son in whom he delights” 3:12 oyvb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בֵּ֥ן 1 See how you translated the same use of **son** in [1:8](../01/08.md). 3:13 cg8z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis אַשְׁרֵ֣י אָ֭דָם מָצָ֣א חָכְמָ֑ה וְ֝אָדָ֗ם יָפִ֥יק תְּבוּנָֽה 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “Happy is a man who finds wisdom and happy is a man who obtains understanding” 3:13 cckc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism אַשְׁרֵ֣י אָ֭דָם מָצָ֣א חָכְמָ֑ה וְ֝אָדָ֗ם יָפִ֥יק תְּבוּנָֽה 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word other than **and** that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Happy is a man who finds wisdom, yes, happy is a man who obtains understanding” 3:13 g5fm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אָ֭דָם & וְ֝אָדָ֗ם 1 In this verse, **a man** represents a person in general, not one particular **man**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “is a person … and a person” 3:13 d1nq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מָצָ֣א חָכְמָ֑ה 1 Here Solomon speaks of attaining **wisdom** as if it were an object that a person **finds**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “who attains wisdom” 3:13 gdvg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חָכְמָ֑ה & תְּבוּנָֽה 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **wisdom** and **understanding** in [1:2](../01/02.md). 3:14 xyy7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּ֤י 1 **For** here indicates that what follows is the reason what was stated in the previous verse is true. Use the most natural way in your language to state a reason. Alternate translation: “This is due to the fact that” 3:14 jir1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וּ֝מֵחָר֗וּץ תְּבוּאָתָֽהּ 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and better than the produce of gold is its produce” 3:14 rcci rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism ט֣וֹב סַ֭חְרָהּ מִסְּחַר־כָּ֑סֶף וּ֝מֵחָר֗וּץ תְּבוּאָתָֽהּ 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word other than **and** that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “better {is} its profit than the profit of silver, yes, better than the produce of gold is its produce” 3:14 eetj rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns סַ֭חְרָהּ & תְּבוּאָתָֽהּ 1 In this verse, **its** refers to wisdom. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “is wisdom’s profit … wisdom’s produce” 3:14 jkcm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor סַ֭חְרָהּ מִסְּחַר־כָּ֑סֶף 1 Although the word **profit** usually refers to money that someone earns, Solomon uses it here to refer to a benefit in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is its benefit than the benefit of silver” 3:14 gy74 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession מִסְּחַר־כָּ֑סֶף 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe the monetary **profit** that one gains by selling or investing **silver**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “than the profit one can make from selling silver” 3:14 ssa3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ֝מֵחָר֗וּץ תְּבוּאָתָֽהּ 1 Although the word **produce** usually refers to harvested crops, Solomon uses it here to refer to a benefit in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and than gold, its benefit” 3:15 y2yl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification הִ֭יא & בָֽהּ 1 In [3:15–18](../03/15.md) Solomon speaks of wisdom as if it were a woman. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See the discussion of this in the General Notes for this chapter. Alternate translation: “It … with it” 3:15 vxz8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown יְקָ֣רָה & מִפְּנִינִ֑ים 1 The word translated **corals** could also refer to precious stones called “rubies.” Either word refers to an item that is extremely valuable. If your readers would not be familiar with **corals** or rubies, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “is more precious than valuable stones” or “is more precious than something that is extremely valuable” 3:16 k6ir rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אֹ֣רֶךְ יָ֭מִים 1 See how you translated this idiom in [3:2](../03/02.md). 3:16 e88d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification בִּֽימִינָ֑הּ בִּ֝שְׂמֹאולָ֗הּ 1 In this verse, **her** refers to wisdom as if it were a woman. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is in wisdom’s right hand, in wisdom’s left hand” 3:16 p6g3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בִּֽימִינָ֑הּ בִּ֝שְׂמֹאולָ֗הּ עֹ֣שֶׁר 1 Here Solomon speaks of wise people receiving **length of days**, **riches**, and **honor** as if they were objects received from the **right** and **left** hands of wisdom. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is received by those who have wisdom; those who have wisdom receive riches” 3:16 yu0r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וְכָבֽוֹד 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **honor**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “and being honored” 3:17 dpuo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification דְּרָכֶ֥יהָ & נְתִ֖יבוֹתֶ֣יהָ 1 **Her** and **her** here refer to wisdom as if it were a woman. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Wisdom’s ways … wisdom’s beaten paths” 3:17 t64o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism דְּרָכֶ֥יהָ דַרְכֵי־נֹ֑עַם וְֽכָל־נְתִ֖יבוֹתֶ֣יהָ שָׁלֽוֹם 1 These two phrases mean similar things. Solomon is using repetition to emphasize the idea that the phrases express. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could combine the phrases and express the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Her way of life is one of peaceful pleasantness” 3:17 a7ix rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דְּרָכֶ֥יהָ דַרְכֵי & נְתִ֖יבוֹתֶ֣יהָ שָׁלֽוֹם 1 In this verse, **ways** and **beaten paths** refer to how being wise guides a person’s behavior. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Wise behavior is behavior of … wise behavior brings peace” 3:17 l02t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession דַרְכֵי־נֹ֑עַם 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe **ways** that result in **pleasantness**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “are ways that lead to pleasantness” 3:17 aq1s rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result שָׁלֽוֹם 1 Here Solomon implies that **peace** is the result of following the **beaten paths**. Use a natural way in your language to indicate result. Alternate translation: “lead to being peaceful” or “result in living peacefully” 3:17 u5du rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns שָׁלֽוֹם 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **peace**, you could express the same idea in another Alternate translation: “are what is peaceful” 3:18 ac5p rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns הִ֭יא & בָּ֑הּ וְֽתֹמְכֶ֥יהָ 1 **She** and **her** here refer to wisdom. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Wisdom … of wisdom, and those who grasp wisdom” 3:18 l7hn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession עֵץ־חַיִּ֣ים 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **tree** with fruit that sustains **life**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “is a tree that gives life” or “is a tree with fruit that sustains life” 3:18 le9q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עֵץ־חַיִּ֣ים & לַמַּחֲזִיקִ֣ים בָּ֑הּ 1 Here Solomon speaks of wisdom as if it were a **tree** that gives **life** to those who eat its fruit. He means that wisdom causes a person to live a long and happy life. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “results in a good life for the ones who take hold of her” or “is like a tree that sustains the lives of the ones who take hold of her” 3:18 ka8x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לַמַּחֲזִיקִ֣ים בָּ֑הּ וְֽתֹמְכֶ֥יהָ 1 Here Solomon refers to people who persist in being wise as if they **take hold of** or **grasp** wisdom. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to the ones who obtain wisdom, and those who hold on to wisdom” 3:19 c1nf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יָֽסַד־אָ֑רֶץ 1 Here Solomon speaks of **Yahweh** creating **the earth** as if he were laying the foundation of a building. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “created the earth” 3:19 rkhr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְּחָכְמָ֥ה & בִּתְבוּנָֽה 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **wisdom** in [1:2](../01/02.md) and **understanding** in [2:2](../02/02.md). 3:20 ulw3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit תְּהוֹמ֣וֹת 1 Here, **depths** refers to bodies of water that were deep under the earth’s surface. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the underground bodies of water” 3:20 aov5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit נִבְקָ֑עוּ 1 Here, **broke open** could refer to: (1) the water from **the depths** bursting out from under the ground to form rivers, which best fits the discussion of creation in [3:19–20](../03/19.md). Alternate translation: “burst forth water that formed rivers” (2) the water from **the depths** bursting out during the global flood of Noah’s time, as described in [7:11](../07/11.md). Alternate translation: “burst forth flood waters” 3:21 gh75 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בְּ֭נִי 1 See how you translated the same use of this phrase in [1:8](../01/08.md). 3:21 t2j4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure אַל־יָלֻ֣זוּ מֵעֵינֶ֑יךָ נְצֹ֥ר תֻּ֝שִׁיָּ֗ה וּמְזִמָּֽה 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could reverse the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “guard prudence and discretion, do not let them depart from your eyes” 3:21 xa9f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אַל־יָלֻ֣זוּ מֵעֵינֶ֑יךָ 1 Here Solomon speaks of not forgetting something as if someone were always able to see that thing with his **eyes**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “do not forget them” 3:21 p05r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נְצֹ֥ר 1 Here Solomon speaks of **prudence** and **discretion** as if they were things that could be guarded. He means that he wants his son to remember these qualities in order to practice them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “remember to practice” 3:21 g4b2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns תֻּ֝שִׁיָּ֗ה וּמְזִמָּֽה 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **prudence** and **discretion** in [1:4](../01/04.md). 3:22 c7za rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וְיִֽהְי֣וּ 1 Here, **and** introduces the result of obeying the commands stated in the previous verse. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate results. You may need to start a new sentence. Alternate translation: “and this will result in them being” or “If you do this, then they will be” 3:22 v7jn rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וְיִֽהְי֣וּ 1 Here, **they** refers to the “prudence” and “discretion” mentioned in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and prudence and discretion will be” 3:22 mr5l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לְנַפְשֶׁ֑ךָ 1 See how you translated the same use of **soul** in [2:10](../02/10.md). 3:22 aqnl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְיִֽהְי֣וּ חַיִּ֣ים לְנַפְשֶׁ֑ךָ 1 This phrase is an idiom that refers to having a long life. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and they will cause you to have a long life” 3:22 c3ab rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ֝חֵ֗ן לְגַרְגְּרֹתֶֽיךָ 1 Here, **grace** refers to something that looks graceful or attractive to others. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and graceful ornaments for your neck” 3:22 x4q3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ֝חֵ֗ן לְגַרְגְּרֹתֶֽיךָ 1 Here Solomon speaks of “prudence” and “discretion” as if they were objects that a person could wear around their **neck** like a necklace. The image suggests that these are valuable things that the person displays outwardly. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use similes. See how you translated a similar expression in [1:9](../01/09.md). Alternate translation: “and a gracious display, like a necklace around your neck” 3:23 lr2g rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result אָ֤ז תֵּלֵ֣ךְ 1 **Then** here introduces more results of obeying the commands stated in [3:21](../03/21.md). Use the most natural way in your language to indicate results. Alternate translation: “Because of having prudence and discretion, you will walk” 3:23 k64j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor תֵּלֵ֣ךְ לָבֶ֣טַח דַּרְכֶּ֑ךָ 1 Here Solomon speaks of living one’s life as if one were walking along a **way**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you will live your life in security” 3:23 hbrf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns לָבֶ֣טַח 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **security**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “confidently” 3:23 uxka rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche וְ֝רַגְלְךָ֗ 1 Here, the word “foot” represents the whole person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and you” 3:23 d5hd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ֝רַגְלְךָ֗ לֹ֣א תִגּֽוֹף 1 Here, **not stumble** could refer to: (1) a person not experiencing harm, which is similar to the idea in the previous clause. Alternate translation: “and you will not be harmed” (2) not sinning, for for which **stumble** is a common metaphor in other scriptures. Alternate translation: “and you will not sin” 3:24 f69h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit תִּשְׁכַּ֥ב & וְ֝שָׁכַבְתָּ֗ 1 In this verse, **lie down** implies lying down in order to sleep. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly, as in the UST. 3:25 dxf0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מִפַּ֣חַד פִּתְאֹ֑ם וּמִשֹּׁאַ֥ת 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **dread** and **devastation**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “of dreadful things that happen suddenly and of what devastates” 3:25 ds94 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וּמִשֹּׁאַ֥ת רְ֝שָׁעִ֗ים 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe **the devastation** that is experienced by **the wicked ones**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and of the wicked ones being devastated” 3:25 ri9q rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns תָבֹֽא 1 Here, **it** refers to **the devastation** mentioned earlier in the verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “that devastation comes” 3:26 zyov rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּֽי 1 **For** here indicates that what follows is a reason for the command in the previous verse. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “Do not be afraid of these things because” 3:26 aw88 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְכִסְלֶ֑ךָ 1 Here Solomon uses **confidence** to refer to the source of a person’s **confidence**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “your source of confidence” 3:26 gtf1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְכִסְלֶ֑ךָ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **confidence**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “the one who makes you confident” 3:26 z3ye rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche וְשָׁמַ֖ר רַגְלְךָ֣ מִלָּֽכֶד 1 Here, **foot** represents the whole person. See how you translated the similar use of **foot** in [1:15](../01/15.md). 3:26 jc7f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְשָׁמַ֖ר רַגְלְךָ֣ מִלָּֽכֶד 1 Here Solomon refers to someone experiencing “sudden dread” or “devastation” as if the person were captured in a trap. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and he will keep you from sudden dread or devastation” or “and he will keep you from harm” 3:27 yl8a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ט֥וֹב 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **good**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “something that is good” 3:27 yag5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מִבְּעָלָ֑יו 1 Here Solomon speaks of the **good** that people deserve as if they were **its owners**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “from those to whom it is due” 3:27 sqz5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בִּהְי֨וֹת לְאֵ֖ל יָדְךָ֣ 1 Here Solomon speaks of being able to do something as if doing something were **in the power of** one’s **hand**. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “when you have the ability” 3:28 taqg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אַל־תֹּ֘אמַ֤ר לְרֵֽעֲךָ֨ 1 Solomon implies that the **neighbor** needs something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “When your neighbor needs something, do not say to your neighbor” 3:28 r0kt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אֶתֵּ֗ן וְיֵ֣שׁ 1 In this verse, **it** refers to the thing that the **neighbor** needs. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “I will give you what you need, yet that thing is” 3:28 e1qg rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous וְיֵ֣שׁ 1 Here, **and** indicates that what follows is true at the same time as the speaker is speaking in the previous clause. This means that the person speaking refuses to give something to someone even though he has it with him. You can make this clear in your translation with an appropriate connecting word or phrase. Alternate translation: “when it is” 3:29 zok6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אַל־תַּחֲרֹ֣שׁ & רָעָ֑ה 1 Here, **plot evil** implies someone plotting to do **evil**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Do not scheme to do evil” 3:29 rdiz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns רָעָ֑ה 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **evil** in [1:16](../01/16.md). 3:29 yfoa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לָבֶ֣טַח 1 Here, **securely** implies that this person trusts **you** and does not expect to be harmed by **you**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “trustfully” 3:29 aheb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אִתָּֽךְ 1 Here, **with you** refers to being near someone. It does not mean these people dwell in the same house. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “near you” 3:30 h9r7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אָדָ֣ם & לֹ֖א גְמָלְךָ֣ 1 Here, **man** and **he** represent a person in general, not one particular **man**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “a person … that person has not done you” 3:30 ohzi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure חִנָּ֑ם אִם־לֹ֖א גְמָלְךָ֣ רָעָֽה 1 This clause gives the reason why the contention mentioned in the beginning of the sentence would be **without cause**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could change the sentence structure to show this explicitly. Alternate translation: “who has not done you evil when there is no reason to argue” 3:30 ykrq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns רָעָֽה 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **evil** in [1:16](../01/16.md). 3:31 p0vm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בְּאִ֣ישׁ חָמָ֑ס 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **man** who is characterized by **violence**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “of a violent man” 3:31 bqus rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun בְּאִ֣ישׁ 1 Here, **man** represents a person in general, not one particular **man**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “of any person of” 3:31 pae7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דְּרָכָֽיו 1 Here Solomon uses **ways** to refer to the behavior of **a man of violence**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the things he does” 3:31 k7bc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְאַל־תִּ֝בְחַ֗ר בְּכָל־דְּרָכָֽיו 1 Solomon assumes that his readers will understand that this command refers to choosing not to do something. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and do not choose to do anything he does” 3:32 pi68 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּ֤י 1 **For** here indicates that what follows is a reason for the command in the previous verse. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “Do not do these things because” 3:32 eu7k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns תוֹעֲבַ֣ת יְהוָ֣ה 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **abomination**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “an abominable person to Yahweh” 3:32 n8ed rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נָל֑וֹז 1 Here Solomon refers to someone who refuses to act righteously, instead deliberately doing what is wicked, as if that person **goes astray** from a path. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he who acts wickedly” 3:32 uy1e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְֽאֶת־יְשָׁרִ֥ים סוֹדֽוֹ 1 Here Solomon speaks of Yahweh giving **secret counsel** to people as if it were an object that could be **with** those people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but to the upright ones he gives his secret counsel” 3:32 bu8s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit סוֹדֽוֹ 1 The phrase **secret counsel** refers to confidential conversation between friends. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “his confidential conversation” 3:33 h6ns rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession מְאֵרַ֣ת יְ֭הוָה 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **curse** that comes from **Yahweh**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “The curse from Yahweh” 3:33 bsfg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּבֵ֣ית 1 Solomon speaks of the **curse of Yahweh** as if it were an object that he placed **on** top of the wicked person’s **house**. He means that Yahweh curses that **house**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is against the house of” 3:33 q866 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּבֵ֣ית & וּנְוֵ֖ה & יְבָרֵֽךְ 1 Here, the words **house** and **abode** represent the families who live in those houses. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is on the households of … but he blesses the households of” 3:33 hqxt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun רָשָׁ֑ע 1 Here, **the wicked one** refers to wicked people in general, not a specific **wicked** person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “any wicked person” 3:34 bb7k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns הֽוּא־יָלִ֑יץ 1 For emphasis, Solomon is stating the pronoun **himself**, the meaning of which is already stated as **he**. If your language can state implied pronouns explicitly for emphasis, you may want to use that construction in your translation. Other languages may have other ways of bringing out this emphasis. The ULT does so by using the intensive pronoun **himself**. Alternate translation: “he indeed mocks” 3:34 kb65 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִתֶּן־חֵֽן 1 The writer speaks of Yahweh favoring people as if his **favor** were an object that he gives to people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he acts favorably” or “he gives grace” 3:35 y7vz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִנְחָ֑לוּ 1 Here Solomon speaks of wise people receiving **honor** as if **honor** were property or wealth that they could **inherit** from a family member. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Wise ones will receive honor” 3:35 ly3i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor כָּ֭בוֹד & קָלֽוֹן 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **honor** and **dishonor**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. See how you translated **honor** in [3:16](../03/16.md). Alternate translation: “what is honorable … what is dishonorable” 3:35 b6jx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מֵרִ֥ים 1 Here Solomon speaks of **stupid** people being dishonored as if their **dishonor** was lifted up for everyone to see. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will receive” 4:intro z4ah 0 # Proverbs 4 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n2. A father teaches his son about wisdom (1:8–9:18)\n * Avoid evil companions (1:8–19)\n * Do not reject wisdom (1:20–33)\n * Wisdom prevents people from committing crime or adultery (2:1–22)\n * Humbly trust Yahweh (3:1–12)\n * The value of wisdom (3:13–20)\n * Do not act wickedly (3:21–35)\n * Wisdom will benefit you (4:1–9)\n * Behave wisely and avoid those who do not (4:10–19)\n * Live righteously (4:20–27)\n\n## Religious and Cultural Concepts in This Chapter\n\n### My son\n\nOccasionally, Solomon addresses a series of proverbs to “my son” or “sons.” This does not mean that those proverbs only apply to males. Instead, these phrases are forms used to pass on advice from a father to his son, and the kind of advice in these proverbs is about common temptations of young men.\n\n## Translation Issues in This Chapter\n\n### Personification\n\nIn [4:6–9](../04/06.md), wisdom is referred to as if it were a woman. In languages where it is possible for a woman figure to represent an abstract concept like wisdom, the translator should translate the personification directly. However, if direct translation is not possible in your language, you may translate these personifications as similes instead. In that case, wisdom would be presented as being like a wise woman. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 4:1 ik8v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom שִׁמְע֣וּ 1 See how you translated **Hear** in [1:8](../01/08.md). 4:1 hqv1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בָ֭נִים 1 Although the term **sons** is masculine, Solomon is using the word in a generic sense that could refer to both male and female children. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “offspring” 4:1 rao5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מ֣וּסַר & בִּינָֽה 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **instruction** and **understanding** in [1:2](../01/02.md). 4:1 zck6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person אָ֑ב 1 Here Solomon is speaking about himself in the third person. If this would not be natural in your language, you could use the first person form. Alternate translation: “me, your father” 4:2 s4lm rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּ֤י 1 **For** here indicates that what follows is a reason for the commands in the previous verse. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “Hear these instructions because” 4:2 paf3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you לָכֶ֑ם 1 Here, **you** is plural and refers to the “sons” referred to in the previous verse. 4:2 emym rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result תּֽ֝וֹרָתִ֗י אַֽל־תַּעֲזֹֽבוּ 1 This clause is the result of what came before in the previous clause. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a result of what came before. You may need to start a new sentence. Alternate translation: “this is why you must not forsake my law” 4:2 szcm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes אַֽל־תַּעֲזֹֽבוּ 1 See how you translated this phrase in [1:8](../01/08.md). 4:2 bzrs rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns תּֽ֝וֹרָתִ֗י 1 See how you translated the collective noun **law** in [1:8](../01/08.md). 4:3 y999 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit כִּי־בֵ֭ן הָיִ֣יתִי לְאָבִ֑י 1 **When** here indicates that what follows refers to the time when Solomon was a child and still lived under his father’s care. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “When I was still a boy learning from my father” 4:3 n5ke rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys רַ֥ךְ וְ֝יָחִ֗יד 1 This phrase expresses a single idea by using two words connected with **and**. The word **tender** tells what the **only one** was like. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this meaning with an equivalent phrase that does not use **and**. Alternate translation: “the tender only one” 4:3 ev51 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ֝יָחִ֗יד 1 Here, **only one** could mean: (1) he was his mother’s only child. Alternate translation: “and only child” (2) he was a unique child of his mother. Alternate translation: “and unique one” 4:3 wjy8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לִפְנֵ֥י אִמִּֽי 1 Here Solomon speaks of his **mother** considering him to be **the tender and only one** as if he were **before** her **face**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “according to my mother” or “in my mother’s estimation” 6:20 td2d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person אָבִ֑יךָ 1 See how you translated the same use of **your father** in [1:8](../01/08.md). 4:4 yg9r rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַיֹּרֵ֗נִי 1 Here, **he** refers to Solomon’s father. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly, as in the UST. 4:4 b7y3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לִבֶּ֑ךָ 1 See how you translated the same use of **heart** in [2:2](../02/02.md). 4:4 w8fa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִֽתְמָךְ & לִבֶּ֑ךָ 1 Here Solomon speaks of remembering **words** as if the **heart** were holding on tightly to them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Let your heart remember” 4:4 jcen rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy דְּבָרַ֥י 1 See how you translated the similar use of **my words** in [1:23](../01/23.md). 4:4 kgqa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מִצְוֺתַ֣י 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **commandments** in [2:1](../02/01.md). 4:4 f7zk rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וֶֽחְיֵֽה 1 Here, **and** introduces the result of obeying the command stated in the previous phrase. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate result. You may need to start a new sentence. Alternate translation: “and it will result in you living” 4:5 ft42 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חָ֭כְמָה & בִינָ֑ה 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **wisdom** and **understanding** in [1:2](../01/02.md). 4:5 m9r6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes אַל־תִּשְׁכַּ֥ח וְאַל־תֵּ֝֗ט מֵֽאִמְרֵי־פִֽי 1 Here, the phrases **do not forget** and **do not veer from** are figures of speech that express strongly positive meanings by using a negative word, **not**, together with expressions that are the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meanings. Alternate translation: “remember and keep going in the direction of the sayings of my mouth” 4:5 l92p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אַל־תִּשְׁכַּ֥ח וְאַל־תֵּ֝֗ט מֵֽאִמְרֵי־פִֽי 1 Here Solomon speaks of not forgetting something as if a person were not veering off of a path. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “do not forget and do not stop remembering the sayings of my mouth” 4:5 fb3y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet אַל־תִּשְׁכַּ֥ח וְאַל־תֵּ֝֗ט מֵֽאִמְרֵי־פִֽי 1 Here, the terms **forget** and **veer** mean similar things. Solomon is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “certainly do not forget the sayings of my mouth” 4:5 m3uv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche מֵֽאִמְרֵי־פִֽי 1 Here, **mouth** represents Solomon’s father himself. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “from my sayings” 4:6 vrf5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes אַל־תַּעַזְבֶ֥הָ 1 See how you translated **Do not forsake** in [1:8](../01/08.md). 4:6 xx1v rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וְתִשְׁמְרֶ֑ךָּ & וְתִצְּרֶֽךָּ 1 Both occurrences of **and** in this verse indicate that what follows are the results of the phrases that precede them. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate results. Alternate translation: “and it will result in her preserving you … and it will result in her guarding you” 4:6 zc73 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification אַל־תַּעַזְבֶ֥הָ וְתִשְׁמְרֶ֑ךָּ אֱהָבֶ֥הָ וְתִצְּרֶֽךָּ 1 In [4:6–9](../04/06.md) Solomon speaks of wisdom as if it were a woman. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. See the discussion of this in the General Notes for this chapter. Alternate translation: “Do not forsake wisdom, and wisdom will be like a woman who preserves you; love wisdom, and wisdom will be like a woman who guards you” 4:7 zu2p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit רֵאשִׁ֣ית חָ֭כְמָה 1 Here, **beginning** could refer to: (1) the most important thing. Alternate translation: “the most important thing is wisdom” or “wisdom is supreme” (2) the foundation or basis of something, as it means in [1:7](../01/07.md). Alternate translation: “the foundation of wisdom” or “the prerequisite for acquiring wisdom” 4:7 guq5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns קְנֵ֣ה חָכְמָ֑ה & קְנֵ֣ה בִינָֽה 1 See how you translated these phrases in [4:5](../04/05.md). 4:7 qcf1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns וּבְכָל־קִ֝נְיָנְךָ֗ 1 The word **acquisition** here is singular in form, but it refers to all of a person’s possessions as a group. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this plainly. Alternate translation: “And with all your acquisitions” or “And with everything that you acquire” 4:7 b9ip rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וּבְכָל־קִ֝נְיָנְךָ֗ 1 Here, **all your acquisition** implies the price of everything that someone has acquired. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “And with the price of all your acquisition” or “And with the price of all you possess” 4:8 pa2i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification סַלְסְלֶ֥הָ וּֽתְרוֹמְמֶ֑ךָּ תְּ֝כַבֵּ֗דְךָ כִּ֣י תְחַבְּקֶֽנָּה 1 In this verse, Solomon speaks of wisdom as if it were a woman. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. See the discussion of this in the General Notes for this chapter. Alternate translation: “Cherish wisdom and wisdom will be like a woman who raises you up; wisdom will be like a woman who honors you when you embrace her” 4:8 x13z rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result סַלְסְלֶ֥הָ וּֽתְרוֹמְמֶ֑ךָּ 1 Here, **and** introduces the result of obeying the command stated in the previous phrase. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate result. Alternate translation: “If you cherish her, then she will raise you up” or “Cherish her, and it will result in her raising you up” 4:8 k4fl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּֽתְרוֹמְמֶ֑ךָּ 1 Here Solomon speaks of a wise person receiving honor as if wisdom were raising that person **up**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and she will cause you to be honored” 4:8 oyxz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit תְּ֝כַבֵּ֗דְךָ 1 Here Solomon implies that wisdom will cause people to **honor** the person who embraces **her**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “she will cause people to honor you” 4:8 o4nx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification תְחַבְּקֶֽנָּה 1 Here Solomon speaks of someone valuing wisdom as if he were embracing a woman. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you value wisdom” 4:9 bft9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism תִּתֵּ֣ן לְ֭רֹאשְׁךָ לִוְיַת־חֵ֑ן עֲטֶ֖רֶת תִּפְאֶ֣רֶת תְּמַגְּנֶֽךָּ 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “She will give for your head a garland of grace; yes, with a crown of splendor she will cover you” 4:9 z38e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification תִּתֵּ֣ן לְ֭רֹאשְׁךָ לִוְיַת־חֵ֑ן עֲטֶ֖רֶת תִּפְאֶ֣רֶת תְּמַגְּנֶֽךָּ 1 In this verse, Solomon speaks of wisdom as if it were a woman. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. See the discussion of this in the General Notes for this chapter. Alternate translation: “Wisdom will be like a woman who gives a garland of grace for your head; wisdom will be like a woman who covers you with a crown of splendor” 4:9 beu8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession לִוְיַת־חֵ֑ן 1 See how you translated this phrase in [1:9](../01/09.md). 4:9 z184 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עֲטֶ֖רֶת תִּפְאֶ֣רֶת תְּמַגְּנֶֽךָּ 1 Here Solomon speaks of the honor that a person will have from gaining wisdom as if wisdom placed a **crown** upon that person’s head. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “wisdom will cause people to honor you” or “wisdom will be like someone who puts a crown of splendor on your head” 4:9 py0o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession עֲטֶ֖רֶת תִּפְאֶ֣רֶת 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **crown** that is characterized by **splendor**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “with a splendorous crown” 4:10 p1f4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom שְׁמַ֣ע 1 See how you translated the same use of **Hear** in [1:8](../01/08.md). 4:10 suyo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בְּ֭נִי 1 See how you translated the same use of this phrase in [1:8](../01/08.md). 4:10 ucq5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וְיִרְבּ֥וּ 1 Here, **and** introduces the result of obeying the commands stated in the previous clause. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate result. You may need to start a new sentence. Alternate translation: “If you do these things, then they will multiply” or “This will result in them multiplying” 4:10 l7bx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְיִרְבּ֥וּ לְ֝ךָ֗ שְׁנ֣וֹת חַיִּֽים 1 Here Solomon speaks of his **sayings** as if they were able to cause someone to live longer. He means that someone who obeys his **sayings** will live longer than if they did not do so. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and obeying my sayings will multiply for you the years of life” 4:10 t094 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession שְׁנ֣וֹת חַיִּֽים 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe the **years** that a person lives. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the years that you are alive” 4:11 h1ql rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בְּדֶ֣רֶךְ חָ֭כְמָה 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **way** that is characterized by **wisdom**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “In the wise way” 4:11 zzp9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּדֶ֣רֶךְ חָ֭כְמָה 1 Here, **the way** refers to how people behave or live their lives. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the wise behavior” or “how to behave wisely” 4:11 i8u1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession הִ֝דְרַכְתִּ֗יךָ בְּמַעְגְּלֵי־יֹֽשֶׁר 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe **tracks** that are characterized by **uprightness**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “I caused you to tread in the upright tracks” 4:11 m6c7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הִ֝דְרַכְתִּ֗יךָ בְּמַעְגְּלֵי־יֹֽשֶׁר 1 Here Solomon refers to how people behave or live their lives as if they **tread in the tracks** of a certain path. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I caused you to behave uprightly” 4:12 xxp4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism בְּֽ֭לֶכְתְּךָ לֹא־יֵצַ֣ר צַעֲדֶ֑ךָ וְאִם־תָּ֝ר֗וּץ לֹ֣א תִכָּשֵֽׁל 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “When you walk, your step will not be restricted; yes, if you run, you will not stumble” 4:12 dnyj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּֽ֭לֶכְתְּךָ לֹא־יֵצַ֣ר צַעֲדֶ֑ךָ וְאִם־תָּ֝ר֗וּץ לֹ֣א תִכָּשֵֽׁל 1 In this verse, Solomon refers to what people do as if they were walking or running along paths, and he refers to their success in what they do as if the paths were free of obstacles that might make the person **stumble**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “When you do something, you will not be hindered; and if you attempt to do something, you will not fail” 4:12 e986 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes לֹא־יֵצַ֣ר & לֹ֣א תִכָּשֵֽׁל 1 Solomon is using a figure of speech in these two phrases that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, **not**, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meaning. Alternate translation: “will be free … you will keep going” 4:13 d7gk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הַחֲזֵ֣ק בַּמּוּסָ֣ר אַל־תֶּ֑רֶף 1 Here Solomon speaks of a person remembering **instruction** as if it were an object that the person could **grasp** and **not let go**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated **grasp** in [3:18](../03/18.md). Alternate translation: “Keep on remembering instruction; do not forget it” 4:13 o3nx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בַּמּוּסָ֣ר 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **instruction** in [1:2](../01/02.md). 4:13 b1b6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes אַל־תֶּ֑רֶף 1 Solomon is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, **not**, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meaning. Alternate translation: “keep holding on” 4:13 vymy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נִ֝צְּרֶ֗הָ 1 Here Solomon speaks of **instruction** as if it were an object that someone should **guard**. He means that he wants his son to remember to do what he has taught him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated a similar use of **guard** in [3:21](../03/21.md). Alternate translation: “remember to practice it” 4:13 ljf9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy הִ֥יא חַיֶּֽיךָ 1 Here Solomon speaks of **instruction** preserving a person’s **life** as if instruction were that person’s **life** itself. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “it will preserve your life” 4:14 hyi4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism בְּאֹ֣רַח רְ֭שָׁעִים אַל־תָּבֹ֑א וְאַל־תְּ֝אַשֵּׁ֗ר בְּדֶ֣רֶךְ רָעִֽים 1 These two phrases mean similar things. Solomon is using repetition to emphasize the idea that the phrases express. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could combine the phrases and express the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Do not follow their ways, but rather, avoid the path of wicked, evil people” 4:14 gi8l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּאֹ֣רַח & בְּדֶ֣רֶךְ 1 See how you translated the similar use of “paths” and “ways” in [3:6](../03/06.md). 4:15 cr8d rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns פְּרָעֵ֥הוּ & בּ֑וֹ & מֵעָלָ֣יו 1 In this verse, the pronoun **it** refers to “the way of evil ones” mentioned in the previous verse. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Avoid the way of evil ones … that way … from that evil way” 4:15 hi51 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor פְּרָעֵ֥הוּ אַל־תַּעֲבָר־בּ֑וֹ שְׂטֵ֖ה מֵעָלָ֣יו וַעֲבֽוֹר 1 In this verse, Solomon speaks of behaving wickedly as if wicked behavior were a path that people could **pass through**, **veer from**, and **pass on**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Avoid acting evilly; do not try it; completely avoid doing evil and do not even think about it” 4:16 w2ac rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּ֤י 1 **For** here indicates that what follows are reasons why someone should avoid doing **evil**, as stated in the previous verse. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “Avoid acting wickedly because” 4:16 vx6n rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns לֹ֣א יִֽ֭שְׁנוּ אִם־לֹ֣א יָרֵ֑עוּ וְֽנִגְזְלָ֥ה שְׁ֝נָתָ֗ם אִם־לֹ֥א יַכְשִֽׁילוּ 1 In this verse, the pronoun **they** refers to the wicked people mentioned in [4:14](../04/14.md). If it would be clearer in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “wicked ones do not sleep if they do not do evil, and the sleep of wicked ones is robbed if those wicked ones do not cause stumbling” 4:16 n1jz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole לֹ֣א יִֽ֭שְׁנוּ אִם־לֹ֣א יָרֵ֑עוּ וְֽנִגְזְלָ֥ה שְׁ֝נָתָ֗ם אִם־לֹ֥א יַכְשִֽׁילוּ 1 In these two clauses, Solomon exaggerates to express how intensely these wicked people desire to do evil actions. Solomon did not mean that these people really did not **sleep** without doing **evil**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different way to express the emphasis. Alternate translation: “they desire to do evil so much that it is as if they would not be able to sleep unless they did evil” 4:16 md91 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְֽנִגְזְלָ֥ה שְׁ֝נָתָ֗ם 1 Here Solomon is speaking of not being able to **sleep** as if **sleep** were an object that someone could be **robbed** of. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and they are not able to sleep” 4:16 bvp7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אִם־לֹ֥א יַכְשִֽׁילוּ 1 Here Solomon speaks of causing harm to another person as if it were causing that person to **stumble**. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “if they do not harm someone” 4:17 ld87 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּ֣י 1 **For** here indicates that what follows are more reasons why someone should avoid doing evil, as commanded in [4:15](../04/15.md). Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “Avoid being one who acts wickedly, because” 4:17 w41y rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns לָ֭חֲמוּ & יִשְׁתּֽוּ 1 In this verse, the pronoun **they** refers to the wicked people mentioned in [4:14](../04/14.md). If it would be clearer in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “wicked ones eat … wicked ones drink” 4:17 vfi9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לָ֭חֲמוּ לֶ֣חֶם רֶ֑שַׁע וְיֵ֖ין חֲמָסִ֣ים יִשְׁתּֽוּ 1 These two clauses could mean: (1) these wicked people do acts of **wickedness** and **violence** as regularly as they **eat bread** and **drink wine**. Alternate translation: “wickedness is like the bread that they eat and violence is like the wine that they drink” or (2) these wicked people do acts of **wickedness** and **violence** in order to get their **bread** and **wine**. Alternate translation: “they eat bread that they obtain by doing wicked things and they drink wine that they obtain through violent acts” 4:18 w7hu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְאֹ֣רַח צַ֭דִּיקִים 1 Here, **the path** could refer to: (1) the things that people experience during their lives. Alternate translation: “But what the righteous ones experience” (2) how people behave, as it does in [1:15](../01/15.md). Alternate translation: “But the lifestyle of the righteous ones” 4:18 y8l4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit כְּא֣וֹר נֹ֑גַהּ 1 Here, **the light of brightness** refers to the first sunlight that appears in the morning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “is like the light of dawn” or “is like the first sunlight in the morning” 4:18 etf9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כְּא֣וֹר נֹ֑גַהּ 1 Here Solomon compares **the path of the righteous ones** to **the light** that appears at sunrise. He means that **righteous** people are safe because they understand what God wants them to do during their lives, just like people can walk safely on a path because **the light** enables them to see where they are going. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is safe” 4:18 jv88 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom הוֹלֵ֥ךְ וָ֝א֗וֹר עַד־נְכ֥וֹן הַיּֽוֹם 1 The phrase **the day is established** refers to the time of **day** when the sun shines the brightest. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “going and shining until the sun shines the brightest” or “going and shining brighter until full daylight” 4:18 i5k7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile הוֹלֵ֥ךְ וָ֝א֗וֹר עַד־נְכ֥וֹן הַיּֽוֹם 1 Here Solomon continues the comparison of **the path of the righteous ones** to **the light** at sunrise. Just like the sunlight shines increasingly brighter from sunrise until the middle of the day, so also **the righteous ones** will be safer and safer as they understand more and more of how God wants them to live. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “increasing in safety until they are completely safe” 4:19 bqj5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דֶּ֣רֶךְ 1 Here, **way** has the same meaning as “path” in the previous verse. See how you translated “path” there. 4:19 mj9l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כָּֽאֲפֵלָ֑ה 1 Here Solomon compares the **way of the wicked ones** to **darkness**. He means that the wicked people are always in danger, just like people who walk in darkness are in danger because they cannot see where they are going. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is dangerous” 4:19 m9yh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לֹ֥א יָ֝דְע֗וּ בַּמֶּ֥ה יִכָּשֵֽׁלוּ 1 Here Solomon speaks of people experiencing harm as if they were stumbling over an object in the path on which they were walking. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “they do not know why they experience harm” 4:20 dih7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בְּ֭נִי 1 See how you translated the same use of this phrase in [1:8](../01/08.md). 4:20 x1dn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism לִדְבָרַ֣י הַקְשִׁ֑יבָה לַ֝אֲמָרַ֗י הַט־אָזְנֶֽךָ 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “listen attentively to my words, yes, incline your ear to my sayings” 4:20 w8jd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לִדְבָרַ֣י 1 See how you translated **my words** in [1:23](../01/23.md). 4:20 kji2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom הַט־אָזְנֶֽךָ 1 The phrase **incline your ear** is an idiom that refers to listening carefully to what someone is saying as if the listener was turning his **ear** toward the person speaking. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “listen carefully” 4:21 zdv5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אַל־יַלִּ֥יזוּ מֵעֵינֶ֑יךָ 1 See how you translated this clause in [3:21](../03/21.md). 4:21 cb9d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy שָׁ֝מְרֵ֗ם בְּת֣וֹךְ לְבָבֶֽךָ 1 See how you translated the same use of **heart** in [2:2](../02/02.md). 4:21 a189 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שָׁ֝מְרֵ֗ם בְּת֣וֹךְ לְבָבֶֽךָ 1 Here Solomon speaks of remembering something as if someone were keeping it **in the midst of** his **heart**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “always remember them” 4:22 ihlw rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns הֵ֭ם לְמֹצְאֵיהֶ֑ם 1 In this verse, the pronouns **they** and **them** refer to the “sayings” mentioned in [4:20](../04/20.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “my sayings … to those who find my sayings” 4:22 jnu1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy חַיִּ֣ים הֵ֭ם לְמֹצְאֵיהֶ֑ם 1 Here Solomon speaks of his sayings as if they were the lives of those who remember them. He means that those who remember what he says will preserve their lives. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “they preserve the life of those who find them” or “they cause those who find them to keep living” 4:22 lby5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לְמֹצְאֵיהֶ֑ם 1 Here Solomon speaks of people remembering his sayings as if those people have found them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to those who remember them” 4:22 rxml rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche וּֽלְכָל־בְּשָׂר֥וֹ מַרְפֵּֽא 1 Here Solomon uses the word **flesh** to refer to a person’s whole body, which is made of flesh. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and healing to all of his body” 4:22 hqbe rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בְּשָׂר֥וֹ 1 Although **his** is masculine, here it refers to anyone who remembers Solomon’s sayings. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “a person’s flesh” 4:22 d57y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּֽלְכָל־בְּשָׂר֥וֹ מַרְפֵּֽא 1 Here Solomon speaks of his sayings as if they were **healing** for those who remember them. He means that those who remember what he says will have healthy bodies. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and they preserve their health” or “and they cause their bodies to stay healthy” 4:23 tgel rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נְצֹ֣ר לִבֶּ֑ךָ 1 Here Solomon speaks of a person being careful of what he thinks in his **heart** as if his **heart** were an object that could be guarded. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Protect what you think in your heart” 4:23 pf19 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לִבֶּ֑ךָ 1 See how you translated the same use of **heart** in [2:2](../02/02.md). 4:23 klv3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive מִֽכָּל־מִ֭שְׁמָר 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “more than all that you protect” 4:23 orad rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom מִֽכָּל־מִ֭שְׁמָר 1 This phrase is an idiom that means “with all diligence.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “with utmost diligence” 4:23 n8vd rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns מִ֝מֶּ֗נּוּ 1 Here, **it** refers to the **heart**, which refers to a person’s mind. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “from your heart” or “from your mind” 4:23 gmwo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מִ֝מֶּ֗נּוּ תּוֹצְא֥וֹת חַיִּֽים 1 Here Solomon speaks of the influence that a person’s **heart** has over what happens in that person’s life as if the **heart** were **sources** that produce **life**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “from your heart comes what will direct your life” or “your mind determines what your life will be like” 4:24 jv11 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism הָסֵ֣ר מִ֭מְּךָ עִקְּשׁ֣וּת פֶּ֑ה וּלְז֥וּת שְׂ֝פָתַ֗יִם הַרְחֵ֥ק מִמֶּֽךָּ 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Remove from you perversity of mouth, yes, the deviousness of lips put far away from you” 4:24 a2sw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom הָסֵ֣ר מִ֭מְּךָ עִקְּשׁ֣וּת פֶּ֑ה וּלְז֥וּת שְׂ֝פָתַ֗יִם הַרְחֵ֥ק מִמֶּֽךָּ 1 The phrases **perversity of mouth** and **deviousness of lips** both refer to someone using his **mouth** or **lips** to speak deceitfully. If these phrases do not have that meaning in your language, you could use idioms from your language that do have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Remove from you perverse speech, and devious speech put far away from you” 4:24 tdwn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הָסֵ֣ר מִ֭מְּךָ עִקְּשׁ֣וּת פֶּ֑ה וּלְז֥וּת שְׂ֝פָתַ֗יִם הַרְחֵ֥ק מִמֶּֽךָּ 1 In this verse, Solomon speaks of **perversity of mouth** and **the deviousness of lips** as if they were objects that someone could **Remove** or **put far away**. He means that a person should not speak deceitfully. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Do not speak perversely and do not speak deviously” 4:25 d1zl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism עֵ֭ינֶיךָ לְנֹ֣כַח יַבִּ֑יטוּ וְ֝עַפְעַפֶּ֗יךָ יַיְשִׁ֥רוּ נֶגְדֶּֽךָ 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Cause your eyes to gaze to the front, yes, cause your eyelids to be straight in front of you” 4:25 il8g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche עֵ֭ינֶיךָ לְנֹ֣כַח יַבִּ֑יטוּ וְ֝עַפְעַפֶּ֗יךָ יַיְשִׁ֥רוּ נֶגְדֶּֽךָ 1 In this verse, **eyes** and **eyelids** represent the person who is looking. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Cause yourself to gaze to the front, and cause yourself to look straight in front of you” 4:25 wkv8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עֵ֭ינֶיךָ לְנֹ֣כַח יַבִּ֑יטוּ וְ֝עַפְעַפֶּ֗יךָ יַיְשִׁ֥רוּ נֶגְדֶּֽךָ 1 In these two clauses, Solomon speaks of committing oneself to behaving wisely and righteously as if those qualities were always **in front** of the person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Keep yourself focused on doing what is right, and keep looking ahead to what is good” 4:26 mnhf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor פַּ֭לֵּס 1 Here Solomon speaks of being careful as if someone were making the ground in front of them flat for walking on it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Be careful with” or “Take heed to” 4:26 nt2z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche מַעְגַּ֣ל רַגְלֶ֑ךָ 1 Here, the word **foot** represents the whole person who is walking. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “your track” 4:26 g2a2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מַעְגַּ֣ל רַגְלֶ֑ךָ 1 Here, **track** refers to how someone behaves. See how you translated the same use of **track** in [2:9](../02/09.md). 4:26 uxsk rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וְֽכָל 1 Here, **and** introduces the result of obeying the command stated in the previous clause. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate result. You may need to start a new sentence. Alternate translation: “If you do this, then all” or “This will result in all” 4:26 xyn9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דְּרָכֶ֥יךָ 1 See how you translated the same use of **ways** in [3:6](../03/06.md). 4:26 gbd3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִכֹּֽנוּ 1 Here Solomon speaks of person’s life being successful as if that person were walking safely on solid ground. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will be successful” 4:27 h89u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism אַֽל־תֵּט־יָמִ֥ין וּשְׂמֹ֑אול 1 Here Solomon uses **right** and **left** to refer to going in any direction other than straight ahead. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Do not go in any direction other than straight ahead” 4:27 vmyt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor אַֽל־תֵּט־יָמִ֥ין וּשְׂמֹ֑אול הָסֵ֖ר רַגְלְךָ֣ מֵרָֽע 1 In this verse, Solomon continues to make an extended comparison between how a person behaves and a person walking on a path from which he should not **veer** or **turn away**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Do not stop behaving rightly; make yourself avoid doing evil” 4:27 j3tn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche רַגְלְךָ֣ 1 See how you translated the same use of **foot** in the previous verse. 4:27 jh5o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מֵרָֽע 1 See how you translated **from evil** in [3:7](../03/07.md). 5:intro jxf1 0 # Proverbs 5 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n2. A father teaches his son about wisdom (1:8–9:18)\n * Avoid evil companions (1:8–19)\n * Do not reject wisdom (1:20–33)\n * Wisdom prevents people from committing crime or adultery (2:1–22)\n * Humbly trust Yahweh (3:1–12)\n * The value of wisdom (3:13–20)\n * Do not act wickedly (3:21–35)\n * Wisdom will benefit you (4:1–9)\n * Behave wisely and avoid those who do not (4:10–19)\n * Live righteously (4:20–27)\n * Avoid temptation to commit adultery (5:1–23)\n\n## Religious and Cultural Concepts in This Chapter\n\n### My son\n\nOccasionally, Solomon addresses a series of proverbs to “my son” or “sons.” This does not mean that those proverbs only apply to males. Instead, these phrases are forms used to pass on advice from a father to his son, and the kind of advice in these proverbs is about common temptations of young men.\n\n### Adulterous women\n\nThis chapter repeatedly warns young men to avoid any adulterous woman, whom Solomon calls “strange” and “foreign.” (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/adultery]])## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n## Translation Issues in This Chapter\n\n### Euphemism\n\nIn [5:15–20](../05/15.md), Solomon uses several euphemisms to refer to sexual activity between a man and his wife or an adulterous woman. Although the UST expresses the meaning of these euphemisms plainly, only do so if sexual language would not be offensive in your culture. It is usually best to use a euphemism from your own language that means the same thing. 5:1 lh1j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism לְחָכְמָתִ֣י הַקְשִׁ֑יבָה לִ֝תְבוּנָתִ֗י הַט־אָזְנֶֽךָ 1 These two phrases mean similar things. Solomon is using repetition to emphasize the idea that the phrases express. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could combine the phrases and express the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “listen attentively to my wisdom, inclining your ear to my understanding” 5:1 vi27 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns לְחָכְמָתִ֣י & לִ֝תְבוּנָתִ֗י 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **wisdom** and **understanding** in [1:2](../01/02.md). 5:1 t72r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לְחָכְמָתִ֣י & לִ֝תְבוּנָתִ֗י 1 Here, **my wisdom** and **my understanding** refer to the wise lessons that Solomon teaches his **son** and what he tells his **son** to understand. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “to my wise lessons … to what I tell you to understand” 5:1 nl9h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom הַט־אָזְנֶֽךָ 1 See how you translated this idiom in [4:20](../04/20.md). 5:2 ntln rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לִשְׁמֹ֥ר מְזִמּ֑וֹת וְ֝דַ֗עַת & יִנְצֹֽרוּ 1 In this verse, Solomon speaks of **discretion** as if it were an object that someone should **keep**, and he speaks of **knowledge** as if it were an object that someone’s **lips** should **guard**. He means that he wants his son to preserve or remember what he has taught him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in order to remember discretion, and your lips may preserve knowledge” 5:2 cei4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מְזִמּ֑וֹת 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **discretion** in [1:4](../01/04.md). 5:2 la7f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche וְ֝דַ֗עַת שְׂפָתֶ֥יךָ יִנְצֹֽרוּ 1 Here, **lips** represents the person who speaks by moving his **lips**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and you may guard knowledge by what you say” 5:2 uilu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ֝דַ֗עַת 1 Here, **knowledge** refers to what the son has learned from his father. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and … what you have learned” 5:3 fyuw rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּ֤י 1 **For** here indicates that what follows is a reason why someone should obey the commands introduced in [5:1](../05/01.md). Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “Do what I say, because” 5:3 zxr9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy שִׂפְתֵ֣י זָרָ֑ה & חִכָּֽהּ 1 Here, **lips** and **palate** represent the words that the **strange woman** speaks. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “what words a strange woman says … is what she says” 5:3 dvhv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor זָרָ֑ה 1 See how you translated **strange woman** in [2:16](../02/16.md). 5:3 z9rm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy נֹ֣פֶת תִּ֭טֹּפְנָה & וְחָלָ֖ק מִשֶּׁ֣מֶן 1 Here Solomon speaks of the tempting words that the **strange woman** speaks is as if what she says is **fresh honey** and **oil**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “are delightful like fresh honey and more pleasant than oil” 5:4 p23o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וְֽ֭אַחֲרִיתָהּ 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe the **aftermath** of having a sexual relationship with an adulterous woman. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but the aftermath of having a sexual relationship with her” 5:4 m3sn rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown כַֽלַּעֲנָ֑ה 1 The word **wormwood** refers to a plant that tastes bitter. People made medicine out of it, but they also believed that it was poisonous in some amounts. If your readers would not be familiar with this plant, you could use the name of a bitter-tasting plant in your area, or you could use a general expression. Alternate translation: “like a bitter-tasting plant” 5:4 pd3g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile מָרָ֣ה כַֽלַּעֲנָ֑ה 1 Here Solomon compares the harm that comes from having a relationship with an adulterous woman to tasting bitter **wormwood**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “is harmful like bitter-tasting wormwood” 5:4 j9aa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis חַ֝דָּ֗ה כְּחֶ֣רֶב פִּיּֽוֹת 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “her aftermath is sharp like a sword of mouths” 5:4 fcsc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor חַ֝דָּ֗ה כְּחֶ֣רֶב פִּיּֽוֹת 1 The phrase **sword of mouths** refers to a **sword** with a blade that is sharpened on both sides. Each side can cut a person like a mouth that bites. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “sharp like a sword with a blade that is sharpened on both sides” 5:4 jy84 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor חַ֝דָּ֗ה כְּחֶ֣רֶב פִּיּֽוֹת 1 Here Solomon speaks of the pain that the adulteress will cause to the one who has a relationship with her as if it were a **sharp sword** that cuts the person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “it wounds a person, as if it were a sharp sword of mouths” 5:5 uyhc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism רַ֭גְלֶיהָ יֹרְד֣וֹת מָ֑וֶת שְׁ֝א֗וֹל צְעָדֶ֥יהָ יִתְמֹֽכוּ 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Her feet are going down to death; yes, her steps take hold of Sheol” 5:5 kc88 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor רַ֭גְלֶיהָ יֹרְד֣וֹת מָ֑וֶת שְׁ֝א֗וֹל צְעָדֶ֥יהָ יִתְמֹֽכוּ 1 Here the phrases **her feet** and **her steps** could refer to: (1) the behavior of the adulterous woman as if she were walking along a path. Alternate translation: “Her lifestyle goes down to death; her way of living takes hold of Sheol” (2) the adulterous woman. Alternate translation: “She goes down to death; she takes hold of Sheol” 5:5 u7m0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יֹרְד֣וֹת מָ֑וֶת 1 Here Solomon speaks of the behavior of the adulterous woman causing her death and the death of whoever commits adultery with her as if they were going on a path that leads **down to death**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “lead to death” or “cause them to die” 5:5 g7qf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification שְׁ֝א֗וֹל & יִתְמֹֽכוּ 1 Here Solomon speaks of the behavior of the adulterous woman causing her death and the death of whoever commits adultery with her as if they were taking **hold of Sheol**, which is the place where people’s spirits go when they die. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “result in death” or “cause them to die” 5:6 yot0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אֹ֣רַח חַ֭יִּים פֶּן־תְּפַלֵּ֑ס 1 **Lest** here implies that the adulterous woman has an aversion to **the path of life**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “She refuses to observe the path of life” 5:6 nxc1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֹ֣רַח חַ֭יִּים פֶּן־תְּפַלֵּ֑ס 1 Here Solomon speaks of behavior that results in living a long **life** as if it were a **path** that leads to **life** and can be observed. If it would be helpful for your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Lest she cares about behavior that leads to life” 5:6 iki3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מַ֝עְגְּלֹתֶ֗יהָ 1 See how you translated the same use of **tracks** in [2:15](../02/15.md). 5:7 dwp8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases וְעַתָּ֣ה 1 **And now** here indicates a transition from the description of the adulterous woman in [5:3–6](../05/03.md) to the call to pay attention, which follows. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a transition. Alternate translation: “Next” 5:7 ry9i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism וְעַתָּ֣ה בָ֭נִים שִׁמְעוּ־לִ֑י וְאַל־תָּ֝ס֗וּרוּ מֵאִמְרֵי־פִֽי 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word other than **and** that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “And now, sons, listen to me; yes, do not turn aside from the sayings of my mouth” 5:7 lt5l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בָ֭נִים 1 See how you translated the same use of **sons** in [4:1](../04/01.md). 5:7 e4q8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְאַל־תָּ֝ס֗וּרוּ מֵאִמְרֵי־פִֽי 1 Here Solomon speaks of someone not listening to someone else as if the person physically turned **away** from what he was saying. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “do not stop listening to the sayings of my mouth” 5:7 zb82 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes וְאַל־תָּ֝ס֗וּרוּ מֵאִמְרֵי־פִֽי 1 Solomon is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, **not**, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning positively. Alternate translation: “and listen to the sayings of my mouth” 5:7 ih1h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche מֵאִמְרֵי־פִֽי 1 See how you translated **the sayings of my mouth** in [4:5](../04/05.md). 5:8 y32e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הַרְחֵ֣ק מֵעָלֶ֣יהָ דַרְכֶּ֑ךָ 1 Here, **way** represents the person and their daily activities. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Keep yourself far away from her” 5:8 rv57 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns מֵעָלֶ֣יהָ & בֵּיתָֽהּ 1 In this verse, **her** refers to the adulterous woman described in [5:3–6](../05/03.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “from an adulteress … the house of an adulteress” 5:8 jw5h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go וְאַל־תִּ֝קְרַ֗ב 1 In a context such as this, your language might say “go” instead of **come**. Alternate translation: “and do not go near” 5:9 pl7u rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases פֶּן 1 **Lest** here indicates that what follows in this verse is what would happen to people if they do not obey the commands in the previous verse. Use a natural form in your language for connecting this statement to the previous one. Alternate translation: “If you do this, then” 5:9 b54w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor תִּתֵּ֣ן לַאֲחֵרִ֣ים הוֹדֶ֑ךָ 1 Here, **splendor** could refer to: (1) everything that a person achieves during the time in a person’s life when he is the strongest, which would be the same meaning as **your years** in the next clause. Alternate translation: “you give to others your vigor” or “you give to others your achievements from your vigorous time of life” (2) a person’s reputation, in which case this clause would refer to a person getting a bad reputation. Alternate translation: “you will lose your good reputation with others” 5:9 bc5b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וּ֝שְׁנֹתֶ֗יךָ 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and lest you give your years” 5:9 bqa1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וּ֝שְׁנֹתֶ֗יךָ 1 Here, **your years** could refer to: (1) everything that a person achieves during the time in a person’s life when he is his healthiest and strongest. Alternate translation: “and all you have achieved in the best years of your life” (2) the **years** that a person is alive, meaning that **a cruel one** would kill this person. Alternate translation: “and your life” 5:9 dtlx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לְאַכְזָרִֽי 1 Here, **a cruel one** could refer to: (1) one person, possibly the husband of the adulterous woman. Alternate translation: “a cruel person” or “a cruel man” (2) a group of **cruel** people who are called **others** in the previous clause. Alternate translation: “to cruel people” 5:10 j1mn rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases פֶּֽן 1 **Lest** here indicates that what follows in this verse is what would happen to people if they do not obey the commands in [5:8](../05/08.md). Use a natural form in your language for connecting this statement to the previous one. Alternate translation: “If you do this, then” 5:10 d9br rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יִשְׂבְּע֣וּ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language, as in the UST. 5:10 nxjm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy כֹּחֶ֑ךָ 1 Here, **your strength** refers to everything that a person achieves during the time in a person’s life when he has the most **strength**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “with what you achieved when you were strong” 5:10 iftp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וַ֝עֲצָבֶ֗יךָ 1 Here, **your toils** refers to everything that a person earns by working hard. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and what you gain from toiling” 5:10 ksf3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּבֵ֣ית נָכְרִֽי 1 Here, **house** could refer to: (1) the **house** where the **foreigner** keeps the things he takes from this person, as in the UST. (2) the people who live in **the house of a foreigner**. Alternate translation: “be with the household or a foreigner” 5:10 auzu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit נָכְרִֽי 1 Here, **a foreigner** could refer to: (1) one person, possibly the adulterous woman or her husband. Alternate translation: “a foreign person” (2) a group of **foreign** people who are called **strangers** in the previous clause. Alternate translation: “to foreign people” 5:11 i4yh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism בְאַחֲרִיתֶ֑ךָ בִּכְל֥וֹת בְּ֝שָׂרְךָ֗ וּשְׁאֵרֶֽךָ 1 Here Solomon is referring to dying in a polite way by using the word **end** and the phrase **your body and your flesh are finished**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a polite way of referring to death in your language, or you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “at the time of your death, when your flesh and your body die” 5:11 la5h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet בְּ֝שָׂרְךָ֗ וּשְׁאֵרֶֽךָ 1 The words **flesh** and **body** mean basically the same thing and represent the whole person. Solomon is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “you yourself” 5:12 x4di rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism שָׂנֵ֣אתִי מוּסָ֑ר וְ֝תוֹכַ֗חַת נָאַ֥ץ לִבִּֽי 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first clause by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “I hated correction, yes, my heart despised rebuke” 5:12 m4gr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations אֵ֭יךְ שָׂנֵ֣אתִי מוּסָ֑ר 1 “How” here is an exclamation that emphasizes how much he **hated correction**. Use an exclamation that would communicate that meaning in your language. Alternate translation: “I hated correction so very much” 5:12 pm48 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מוּסָ֑ר וְ֝תוֹכַ֗חַת 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **correction** and **rebuke** in [3:11](../03/11.md). 5:12 b7lf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לִבִּֽי 1 See how you translated the same use of **heart** in [2:2](../02/02.md). 5:13 t507 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism וְֽלֹא־שָׁ֭מַעְתִּי בְּק֣וֹל מוֹרָ֑י וְ֝לִֽמְלַמְּדַ֗י לֹא־הִטִּ֥יתִי אָזְנִֽי 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first clause by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “And I did not listen to the voice of my teachers, no, to my instructors I did not incline my ear” 5:13 n7o7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְֽלֹא־שָׁ֭מַעְתִּי בְּק֣וֹל 1 The phrase **listen to the voice of** is an idiom that refers to obeying someone. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And I did not obey the instructions of” 5:13 kvf5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom לֹא־הִטִּ֥יתִי אָזְנִֽי 1 See how you translated this idiom in [4:20](../04/20.md). 5:14 kne6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְכָל־רָ֑ע 1 Here, the adulterous man speaks of experiencing complete disgrace as if **all evil** were a location he was **in**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “experiencing total disgrace” 5:14 he4c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet בְּת֖וֹךְ קָהָ֣ל וְעֵדָֽה 1 The terms **assembly** and **congregation** mean the same thing and refer to the man’s community. The man is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “in the midst of the entire assembly” 5:15 f76j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism שְׁתֵה־מַ֥יִם מִבּוֹרֶ֑ךָ וְ֝נֹזְלִ֗ים מִתּ֥וֹךְ בְּאֵרֶֽךָ 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first clause by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Drink water from your cistern, yes, drink flowing waters from the midst of your well” 5:15 w3lx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis שְׁתֵה־מַ֥יִם מִבּוֹרֶ֑ךָ וְ֝נֹזְלִ֗ים מִתּ֥וֹךְ בְּאֵרֶֽךָ 1 Solomon is leaving out a word in the second clause that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply this word from the first clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “Drink water from your cistern, and drink flowing waters from the midst of your well” 5:15 t8av rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism שְׁתֵה־מַ֥יִם מִבּוֹרֶ֑ךָ וְ֝נֹזְלִ֗ים מִתּ֥וֹךְ בְּאֵרֶֽךָ 1 In both of these clauses, Solomon is referring in a polite way to a man satisfying his sexual desire with his own wife. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more normal polite way of referring to this in your language, or you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Sleep with your own wife only and satisfy yourself only with her” or “Satisfy your sexual desire only with your wife, yes, satisfy your sexual desire only with her” 5:16 pe1s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion יָפ֣וּצוּ מַעְיְנֹתֶ֣יךָ ח֑וּצָה בָּ֝רְחֹב֗וֹת פַּלְגֵי־מָֽיִם 1 Solomon is using the question form to emphasize that a man should not commit adultery. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “Your springs should not overflow outside, channels of water in the open areas!” 5:16 vww6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis יָפ֣וּצוּ מַעְיְנֹתֶ֣יךָ ח֑וּצָה בָּ֝רְחֹב֗וֹת פַּלְגֵי־מָֽיִם 1 Solomon is leaving out some words in the second clause that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the first clause if it would be clearer in your language. You may need to make a new sentence. Alternate translation: “Should your springs overflow outside? Should your channels of water overflow in the open areas?” 5:16 u3ua rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism יָפ֣וּצוּ מַעְיְנֹתֶ֣יךָ ח֑וּצָה בָּ֝רְחֹב֗וֹת פַּלְגֵי־מָֽיִם 1 In both clauses, Solomon is using a polite way to refer to a man having sex with women who are not his wife as if he were allowing his **springs** or **water** to flow in public places. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more polite way of referring to this in your language, or you could express the meaning plainly. See the discussion of euphemisms in the General Notes for this chapter. Alternate translation: “Should you sleep with other women, sleeping with them openly” 5:16 ss2w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ח֑וּצָה & בָּ֝רְחֹב֗וֹת 1 Here, **outside** and **open areas** refer to public places where there are many people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “out into public streets … in public places” 5:17 f7ge rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns יִֽהְיוּ 1 Here, **them** refers to the “springs” and “channels of water” mentioned in the previous verse, which are euphemisms for sexual activity. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. See how you translated those euphemisms in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “Let your sexual desires be” 5:17 s9wf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet לְךָ֥ לְבַדֶּ֑ךָ 1 The phrases **for you** and **for you alone** mean the same thing. Solomon is using the two phrases together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “only for you alone” or “for you and no one else” 5:18 eyoy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יְהִֽי־מְקוֹרְךָ֥ בָר֑וּךְ 1 This clause is a command like the command to **be glad** in the next clause. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Be blessed by your fountain” 5:18 xd81 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יְהִֽי־מְקוֹרְךָ֥ בָר֑וּךְ 1 Here Solomon speaks of his son’s wife as if she were a **fountain** by which his son should be **blessed**. Here the word **blessed** refers to experiencing joy or sexual pleasure. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “May you experience joy with your wife” 5:18 tz7f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession מֵאֵ֥שֶׁת נְעוּרֶֽךָ 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe the **wife** whom his son married while he was in his **youth**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “from the wife whom you married in your youth” 5:18 fcek rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns נְעוּרֶֽךָ 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **youth** in [2:17](../02/17.md). 5:19 n93j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אַיֶּ֥לֶת אֲהָבִ֗ים וְֽיַעֲלַ֫ת־חֵ֥ן 1 Here Solomon speaks of how beautiful the “wife of your youth” is as if she were a **doe of loves and a mountain goat of grace**. The Israelites considered these two animals to be symbols of physical beauty and graceful movements. If it would be helpful in your language or if it would not be appropriate in your language to compare a woman to an animal, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “She is as beautiful as a doe of loves and as graceful as a goat of grace” 5:19 dv45 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession אַיֶּ֥לֶת אֲהָבִ֗ים 1 Here Solomon uses the possessive form to describe a **doe** that is characterized by **loves**. The word **loves** is plural here for emphasis. If it would be helpful in your language, you could indicate this with a different expression. Alternate translation: “A very lovely doe” 5:19 krq7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וְֽיַעֲלַ֫ת־חֵ֥ן 1 Here Solomon uses the possessive form to describe a **mountain goat** that is characterized by **grace**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could indicate this with a different expression. Alternate translation: “a graceful mountain goat” 5:19 x1vq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דַּ֭דֶּיהָ יְרַוֻּ֣ךָ 1 Here Solomon speaks of a wife’s **breasts** satisfying her husband’s sexual desires as they would satisfy the thirst of a hungry baby. Here, **drench** refers to giving a baby a satisfying amount of milk. If it would be helpful in your language or if it would be offensive in your language to refer to **breasts**, then you could use a more general expression. Alternate translation: “may her bosom fill you with delight as a mother’s breasts fill her child with food” or “may she satisfy your sexual desires” 5:19 pb8m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor תִּשְׁגֶּ֥ה תָמִֽיד 1 Here Solomon speaks of the exhilarating delight of the love that a man should have for his wife as if he were staggering like an intoxicated person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “may you continually revel” 5:20 d78f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion וְלָ֤מָּה תִשְׁגֶּ֣ה בְנִ֣י בְזָרָ֑ה וּ֝תְחַבֵּ֗ק חֵ֣ק נָכְרִיָּֽה 1 Solomon is using the question form to emphasize that a man should not commit adultery. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “And you should not stagger, my son, with a strange woman, or embrace the bosom of a foreign woman!” 5:20 zuu8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וְלָ֤מָּה תִשְׁגֶּ֣ה בְנִ֣י בְזָרָ֑ה וּ֝תְחַבֵּ֗ק חֵ֣ק נָכְרִיָּֽה 1 Solomon is leaving out some words in the second clause that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the first clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “And why would you stagger, my son, with a strange woman, or why would you embrace the bosom of a foreign woman” 5:20 z71k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor תִשְׁגֶּ֣ה 1 See how you translated the same use of **stagger** in the previous verse. 5:20 x9gw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְזָרָ֑ה & נָכְרִיָּֽה 1 See how you translated **strange woman** and **foreign woman** in [2:16](../02/16.md). 5:21 bsb3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּ֤י 1 **For** here introduces the reason for obeying the commands stated in [5:15–20](../05/15.md). Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a reason. Alternate translation: “Do not commit adultery because” 5:21 jh86 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism נֹ֨כַח ׀ עֵינֵ֣י יְ֭הוָה דַּרְכֵי־אִ֑ישׁ וְֽכָל־מַעְגְּלֹתָ֥יו מְפַלֵּֽס 1 These two clauses mean similar things. Solomon is using repetition to emphasize the idea that they express. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could combine the clauses and express the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “seeing everything he does, God observes how a man lives” 5:21 mpi9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נֹ֨כַח ׀ עֵינֵ֣י יְ֭הוָה & מְפַלֵּֽס 1 Here Solomon speaks of **Yahweh** knowing what people do as if everything people do is **in front of** his **eyes** or is what **he observes**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is fully aware of … he is fully aware of” 5:21 p1ar rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דַּרְכֵי & מַעְגְּלֹתָ֥יו 1 See how you translated the same use of **ways** and **paths** in [3:6](../03/06.md). 5:21 y1w0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אִ֑ישׁ & מַעְגְּלֹתָ֥יו 1 Although the terms **man** and **his** are masculine, Solomon is using these words in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use phrases that make this clear. Alternate translation: “a person … that person’s paths” 5:22 agzw rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns עַֽווֹנוֹתָ֗יו יִלְכְּדֻנ֥וֹ אֶת־הָרָשָׁ֑ע וּבְחַבְלֵ֥י חַ֝טָּאת֗וֹ יִתָּמֵֽךְ 1 **His** in this verse refers to **the wicked one** mentioned in the first clause. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “The iniquities of the wicked one capture him, and by the cords of the wicked one’s sin, he is grasped” 5:22 yljv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations עַֽווֹנוֹתָ֗יו יִלְכְּדֻנ֥וֹ אֶת־הָרָשָׁ֑ע וּבְחַבְלֵ֥י חַ֝טָּאת֗וֹ יִתָּמֵֽךְ 1 Although the terms **His**, **him**, and **he** are masculine, Solomon is using these words in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use phrases that make this clear. Alternate translation: “The wicked person’s iniquities capture that person, and by the cords of that person’s sins that person is grasped” 5:22 u9ya rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification עַֽווֹנוֹתָ֗יו יִלְכְּדֻנ֥וֹ & וּבְחַבְלֵ֥י חַ֝טָּאת֗וֹ יִתָּמֵֽךְ 1 In this verse, Solomon speaks of a wicked person being unable to avoid the consequences of his **iniquities** and **sin** as if those **iniquities** and **sin** were people who could **capture** or grasp that person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “He will not escape being punished for his iniquities … and he is trapped because of the cords of his sin” 5:22 fmn8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns עַֽווֹנוֹתָ֗יו & חַ֝טָּאת֗וֹ 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **iniquities** and **sin**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “The iniquitous things he does … the sinful things he does” 5:22 ziey rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וּבְחַבְלֵ֥י חַ֝טָּאת֗וֹ יִתָּמֵֽךְ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and the cords of his sin grasp him” 5:22 he5d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וּבְחַבְלֵ֥י חַ֝טָּאת֗וֹ 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe **the cords** that are **sin**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “and by the cords, that is, his sin,” 5:23 w7f9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations ה֗וּא & וּבְרֹ֖ב אִוַּלְתּ֣וֹ יִשְׁגֶּֽה 1 Although the terms **He** and **his** are masculine, Solomon is using these words in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use phrases that make this clear. Alternate translation: “That person … and in the abundance of that person’s folly that person staggers” 5:23 x16k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְּאֵ֣ין מוּסָ֑ר וּבְרֹ֖ב אִוַּלְתּ֣וֹ 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **correction**, **abundance**, and **folly**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “because he is not corrected; and in how abundantly foolish he is” 5:23 n1a7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִשְׁגֶּֽה 1 Here Solomon speaks of a person behaving in a sinful manner that will cause him to die as if he were staggering like an intoxicated person who gets lost. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he loses his way” or “he behaves recklessly” 6:intro xq95 0 # Proverbs 6 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n2. A father teaches his son about wisdom (1:8–9:18)\n * Avoid evil companions (1:8–19)\n * Do not reject wisdom (1:20–33)\n * Wisdom prevents people from committing crime or adultery (2:1–22)\n * Humbly trust Yahweh (3:1–12)\n * The value of wisdom (3:13–20)\n * Do not act wickedly (3:21–35)\n * Wisdom will benefit you (4:1–9)\n * Behave wisely and avoid those who do not (4:10–19)\n * Live righteously (4:20–27)\n * Avoid temptation to commit adultery (5:1–23)\n * Practical warnings (6:1–19)\n * Adultery will be punished (6:20–35)\n\n## Religious and Cultural Concepts in This Chapter\n\n### My son\n\nOccasionally, Solomon addresses a series of proverbs to “my son” or “sons.” This does not mean that those proverbs only apply to males. Instead, these phrases are forms used to pass on advice from a father to his son, and the kind of advice in these proverbs is about common temptations of young men.\n\n### Adulterous women\n\nThis chapter repeatedly warns young men to avoid any adulterous woman, who is called “strange” and “foreign.” (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/adultery]])\n\n## Translation Issues in This Chapter\n\n### Rhetorical questions\n\nIn [6:9](../06/09.md), [27](../06/27.md), [28](../06/28.md), Solomon uses rhetorical questions to emphasize the importance of what he is saying. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])\n\n## Translation Issues in This Chapter\n\n### Animals used as examples\n\nIn this chapter, the gazelle, bird, and ant have certain characteristics which Solomon uses to teach about wisdom. If your language does not recognize those animals as being wise, you could add a footnote to explain or possibly substitute other animals from your culture that would help explain the same concept. 6:1 ewfe rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בְּ֭נִי 1 See how you translated the same use of this phrase in [1:8](../01/08.md). 6:1 rs3b rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical אִם 1 Here, **if** indicates that Solomon is using a hypothetical situation to teach his **son**. This verse and the next verse are one long, conditional sentence. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a situation that could happen. Alternate translation: “suppose” 6:1 sb1b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אִם־עָרַ֣בְתָּ לְרֵעֶ֑ךָ 1 Here Solomon implies that the **pledge** is a promise to pay back a loan of money for **your neighbor** if he is unable to pay back the loan himself. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “if you promise to pay back the loan for your neighbor when he is unable to pay it” 6:1 z256 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis תָּקַ֖עְתָּ לַזָּ֣ר כַּפֶּֽיךָ 1 Solomon is leaving out a word that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply the word from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “if you clasp your palms for a stranger” 6:1 p3wd rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction תָּקַ֖עְתָּ & כַּפֶּֽיךָ 1 The function of this action in this culture was to confirm a contractual agreement with someone. If there is a gesture with similar meaning in your culture, you could consider using it here in your translation, or you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you shake hands to confirm an agreement” or “you confirm an agreement” 6:2 aw5e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism נוֹקַ֥שְׁתָּ בְאִמְרֵי־פִ֑יךָ נִ֝לְכַּ֗דְתָּ בְּאִמְרֵי־פִֽיךָ 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “you are ensnared by the sayings of your mouth, yes, you are caught by the sayings of your mouth” 6:2 amo2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis נוֹקַ֥שְׁתָּ בְאִמְרֵי־פִ֑יךָ נִ֝לְכַּ֗דְתָּ בְּאִמְרֵי־פִֽיךָ 1 In both of these clauses, Solomon is leaving out a word that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply the word from the first clause of the previous verse if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “if you are ensnared by the sayings of your mouth, if you are caught by the sayings of your mouth” 6:2 eoxs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive נוֹקַ֥שְׁתָּ בְאִמְרֵי־פִ֑יךָ נִ֝לְכַּ֗דְתָּ בְּאִמְרֵי־פִֽיךָ 1 If your language does not use these passive forms, you could express the ideas in active forms or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the sayings of your mouth ensnared you, the sayings of your mouth caught you” 6:2 p9iu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נוֹקַ֥שְׁתָּ בְאִמְרֵי־פִ֑יךָ נִ֝לְכַּ֗דְתָּ בְּאִמְרֵי־פִֽיךָ 1 In these clauses, Solomon refers to someone getting into trouble because of what he said as if his **sayings** were a trap that could ensnare or catch him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “if you get into trouble by the sayings of your mouth, if you encounter difficulty by the sayings of your mouth” 6:2 qta7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche בְאִמְרֵי־פִ֑יךָ & בְּאִמְרֵי־פִֽיךָ 1 Here, **mouth** represents the **ensnared** or **caught** person himself. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “by your sayings … by your sayings” 6:3 d6yp rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result עֲשֵׂ֨ה זֹ֥את אֵפ֪וֹא 1 Here, **then** indicates that what follows is what someone should do if the hypothetical conditions stated in the previous two verses take place. Use the most natural way to express this in your language. Alternate translation: “then do this in response” 6:3 qqa1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בְּנִ֡י 1 See how you translated the same use of this phrase in [1:8](../01/08.md). 6:3 f6je rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal וְֽהִנָּצֵ֗ל 1 Here, **and** indicates that what follows is the purpose for doing what Solomon commands his son to do in this verse. Use a connector in your language that indicates a purpose. Alternate translation: “for the purpose of rescuing yourself” 6:3 s2sb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְֽהִנָּצֵ֗ל 1 Here Solomon implies that his **son** should **rescue** himself from his obligation to fulfill the promise referred to in [6:1–2](../06/01.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could say this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and rescue yourself from your obligation” 6:3 zn5u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בָ֤אתָ בְכַף־רֵעֶ֑ךָ 1 Here Solomon speaks of his **son** being controlled by his **neighbor** as if he had **come into the palm** of his **neighbor**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “your neighbor has power over you” 6:3 mzx9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּרְהַ֥ב 1 Here Solomon speaks of his **son** begging his **neighbor** as if he were pressing him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and plead with” 6:3 bc7l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וּרְהַ֥ב רֵעֶֽיךָ 1 Here Solomon implies that his **son** should **press** his **neighbor** to free him from his obligation to fulfill the promise referred to in [6:1–2](../06/01.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and press your neighbor to release you from your obligation” 6:4 ul9q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis אַל־תִּתֵּ֣ן שֵׁנָ֣ה לְעֵינֶ֑יךָ וּ֝תְנוּמָ֗ה לְעַפְעַפֶּֽיךָ 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words in the second clause that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the first clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “Do not give sleep to your eyes and do not give slumber to your eyelids” 6:4 be5i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism אַל־תִּתֵּ֣ן שֵׁנָ֣ה לְעֵינֶ֑יךָ וּ֝תְנוּמָ֗ה לְעַפְעַפֶּֽיךָ 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word other than **and** that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Do not give sleep to your eyes, yes, do not give slumber to your eyelids” 6:4 t2dt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אַל־תִּתֵּ֣ן שֵׁנָ֣ה לְעֵינֶ֑יךָ וּ֝תְנוּמָ֗ה לְעַפְעַפֶּֽיךָ 1 Here Solomon is speaking of allowing oneself to **sleep** and **slumber** as if they were objects that one could **give** to oneself. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Do not let your eyes sleep or your eyelids slumber” 6:4 q1t2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אַל־תִּתֵּ֣ן שֵׁנָ֣ה 1 Solomon implies that this person should not allow himself to **sleep** until he goes to his neighbor to get out of the agreement. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Until you rescue yourself from this problem, do not give sleep” 6:4 n831 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לְעֵינֶ֑יךָ & לְעַפְעַפֶּֽיךָ 1 Here Solomon is using **eyes** and **eyelids** to refer to one’s whole body. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to yourself … to yourself” 6:5 j8za rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis הִ֭נָּצֵל כִּצְבִ֣י מִיָּ֑ד וּ֝כְצִפּ֗וֹר מִיַּ֥ד יָקֽוּשׁ 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “Rescue yourself like a gazelle would rescue itself from a hand, and rescue yourself like a bird would rescue itself from the hand of the trapper” 6:5 xjb3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism הִ֭נָּצֵל כִּצְבִ֣י מִיָּ֑ד וּ֝כְצִפּ֗וֹר מִיַּ֥ד יָקֽוּשׁ 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word other than **and** that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Rescue yourself like a gazelle from a hand, yes, rescue yourself like a bird from the hand of the trapper” 6:5 lcv3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כִּצְבִ֣י & וּ֝כְצִפּ֗וֹר 1 Solomon is saying that the person should act like a **gazelle** and a **bird** because both of those animals are wise and quick enough to escape from hunters. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “quickly, like a gazelle … and quickly, like a bird” 6:5 r5ir rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown כִּצְבִ֣י 1 A **gazelle** is a land animal that is known for running quickly and gracefully. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of animal, you could use the name of something similar in your area, or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “like an animal that runs swiftly” 6:6 il7a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לֵֽךְ־אֶל־נְמָלָ֥ה 1 **Go** here implies going for the purpose of looking at **the ant**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Go and observe the ant” 6:6 nd7f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun נְמָלָ֥ה 1 The word **ant** represents ants in general, not one particular **ant**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “ants” 6:6 xh1r rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown נְמָלָ֥ה 1 An **ant** is a small insect that lives underground in large groups. Ants are known for diligently working together to collect food and maintain their nests. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of insect, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “the hard-working insect” 6:6 vpy8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit רְאֵ֖ה 1 **See** here means to observe for the purpose of learning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “See and learn” 6:6 uze2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דְרָכֶ֣יהָ 1 See how you translated the same use of **ways** in [3:6](../03/06.md). 6:6 vmwn rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal וַחֲכָֽם 1 Here, **and** indicates that what follows is the purpose for doing what Solomon commands his son to do in this verse. Use a connector in your language that indicates a purpose. Alternate translation: “for the purpose of becoming wise” 6:7 tmb7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet קָצִ֗ין שֹׁטֵ֥ר וּמֹשֵֽׁל 1 These three words mean basically the same thing and are used to emphasize that no one commands ants to work diligently. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “any ruler whatsoever” 6:8 d2rl rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast תָּכִ֣ין 1 The idea in this verse is contrary to what one would expect after knowing the information in the previous verse. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a contrast. Alternate translation: “but prepares” 6:8 w9jc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism תָּכִ֣ין בַּקַּ֣יִץ לַחְמָ֑הּ אָגְרָ֥ה בַ֝קָּצִ֗יר מַאֲכָלָֽהּ 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “prepares its bread in the summer; yes, it gathers its food in the harvest” 6:8 r349 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit תָּכִ֣ין & אָגְרָ֥ה 1 Here, **prepares** and **gathers** refer to collecting and storing food for winter, which is the time when food is scarce. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “acquires … it stockpiles” 6:8 ifjh rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns לַחְמָ֑הּ אָגְרָ֥ה & מַאֲכָלָֽהּ 1 In this verse, **its** refers to “the ant” mentioned in [6:7](../06/07.md), which is a collective word for ants in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the ant’s bread … the ant gathers its food” or “the ants’ bread … the ants gather their food” 6:8 c8we rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בַּקַּ֣יִץ & בַ֝קָּצִ֗יר 1 In the location where this book was written, **summer** is the time of year when people **harvest** crops. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “in the time for harvesting crops … in the harvesting time” 6:9 r6u4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion עַד־מָתַ֖י עָצֵ֥ל ׀ תִּשְׁכָּ֑ב מָ֝תַ֗י תָּק֥וּם מִשְּׁנָתֶֽךָ 1 Solomon is using the question form twice in this verse for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “You should stop lying down! You should rise from your sleep!” 6:9 woeb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit תִּשְׁכָּ֑ב 1 The phrase **lie down** implies that the person has been lying on a bed to sleep. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “will you sleep in your bed” 6:9 qdlj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor תָּק֥וּם מִשְּׁנָתֶֽךָ 1 Here Solomon refers to waking up as if a person were rising up from **sleep**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will you wake up” 6:10 q6ab rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks מְעַ֣ט שֵׁ֭נוֹת מְעַ֣ט תְּנוּמ֑וֹת מְעַ֓ט ׀ חִבֻּ֖ק יָדַ֣יִם לִשְׁכָּֽב 1 This verse is a quotation of what the “lazy one” might say. If it would be helpful in your language, you could indicate this with quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. 6:10 kye3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis מְעַ֣ט שֵׁ֭נוֹת מְעַ֣ט תְּנוּמ֑וֹת 1 The lazy person is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “Let me have a little more sleep; let me have a little more slumber” 6:10 f9h7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet מְעַ֣ט שֵׁ֭נוֹת מְעַ֣ט תְּנוּמ֑וֹת 1 These two phrases mean the same thing. The lazy person is using them together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “Just a little more sleep” 6:10 c54p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מְעַ֓ט ׀ חִבֻּ֖ק יָדַ֣יִם לִשְׁכָּֽב 1 This phrase refers to an action that people often do in order to rest more comfortably when they **lie down** to sleep. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “a little folding of the hands comfortably to lie down and sleep” 6:11 fcrn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וּבָֽא־כִמְהַלֵּ֥ךְ רֵאשֶׁ֑ךָ וּ֝מַחְסֹֽרְךָ֗ כְּאִ֣ישׁ מָגֵֽן 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and your poverty will come like one who walks and your need will come like a man of shield” 6:11 vvx1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism וּבָֽא־כִמְהַלֵּ֥ךְ רֵאשֶׁ֑ךָ וּ֝מַחְסֹֽרְךָ֗ כְּאִ֣ישׁ מָגֵֽן 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word other than **and** that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “and your poverty will come like one who walks, yes, your need will come like a man of shield” 6:11 qm7m rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וּבָֽא & רֵאשֶׁ֑ךָ 1 Here, **and** introduces the result of what the lazy person does and says in the two previous verses. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate results. Alternate translation: “and all this will cause your poverty to come” 6:11 msvl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns רֵאשֶׁ֑ךָ וּ֝מַחְסֹֽרְךָ֗ 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **poverty** and **need**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “you being poor … and you being needy” 6:11 lkuz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification וּבָֽא & רֵאשֶׁ֑ךָ 1 Here Solomon speaks of experiencing **poverty** as if it were a person who could **come** to someone. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and you will experience poverty” 6:11 i2rb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom כִמְהַלֵּ֥ךְ 1 Here, the phrase **one who walks** refers to a robber. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “like a robber” 6:11 zz4v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כִמְהַלֵּ֥ךְ 1 Here Solomon speaks of how suddenly a lazy person becomes poor as if **poverty** were a robber who unexpectedly steals everything the person owns. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “abruptly” 6:11 ajxy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom כְּאִ֣ישׁ 1 Here, the phrase **a man of shield** refers to a robber with weapons. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “like a robber with weapons” or “like an armed man” 6:11 r7za rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כְּאִ֣ישׁ מָגֵֽן 1 Here Solomon speaks of how suddenly a lazy person becomes needy as if **need** were a robber with weapons who steals everything the person owns. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “abruptly” 6:12 sk3y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet אָדָ֣ם בְּ֭לִיַּעַל אִ֣ישׁ אָ֑וֶן 1 The phrases **man of worthlessness** and **man of iniquity** mean the same thing. Solomon is using them together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “A completely useless man” 6:12 dfsx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession אָדָ֣ם בְּ֭לִיַּעַל אִ֣ישׁ אָ֑וֶן 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **man** that is characterized by **worthlessness** and **iniquity**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “A worthless man, an iniquitous man” 6:12 wtik rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אָדָ֣ם & אִ֣ישׁ 1 Although the term **man** is masculine, Solomon is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “A person of … a person of” 6:12 q9ly rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ה֝וֹלֵ֗ךְ 1 See how you translated the similar use of “walking” in [2:7](../02/07.md). 6:12 fxq7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom עִקְּשׁ֥וּת פֶּֽה 1 See how you translated this phrase in [4:24](../04/24.md). 6:13 dcgf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis קֹרֵ֣ץ בְּ֭עֵינָו מֹלֵ֣ל בְּרַגְלָ֑ו מֹ֝רֶ֗ה בְּאֶצְבְּעֹתָֽיו 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous verse if it would be clearer in your language. You may need to start a new sentence. Alternate translation: “He is one who winks with his eye, one who rubs with his foot, and one who points with his fingers” 6:13 ghua rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations קֹרֵ֣ץ בְּ֭עֵינָו מֹלֵ֣ל בְּרַגְלָ֑ו מֹ֝רֶ֗ה בְּאֶצְבְּעֹתָֽיו 1 Although the term **his** is masculine, Solomon is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that make this clear. Alternate translation: “one who winks with one’s eye, one who rubs with one’s foot, one who points with one’s fingers” 6:13 b2zu rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction קֹרֵ֣ץ בְּ֭עֵינָו מֹלֵ֣ל בְּרַגְלָ֑ו מֹ֝רֶ֗ה בְּאֶצְבְּעֹתָֽיו 1 These three clauses refer to actions that someone uses when deceiving people. If this would not be clear to your readers, you could explain the significance of these actions in the text or in a footnote. Alternate translation: “one who winks with his eye, rubs with his foot, and points with his fingers to deceive people” 6:14 oqcy rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous תַּֽהְפֻּכ֨וֹת ׀ בְּלִבּ֗וֹ חֹרֵ֣שׁ רָ֣ע בְּכָל־עֵ֑ת 1 These two clauses are describing two situations that are occurring at the same time. You can make this clear in your translation with an appropriate connecting word or phrase. Alternate translation: “Perverse things are in his heart while he plots evil on every occasion” 6:14 za5w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בְּלִבּ֗וֹ & יְשַׁלֵּֽחַ 1 Although the terms **his** and **he** are masculine, Solomon is using the words in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use phrases that make this clear. Alternate translation: “are in that person’s heart … that person sends forth” 6:14 bbx6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּלִבּ֗וֹ 1 See how you translated the same use of **heart** in [2:2](../02/02.md). 6:14 zud5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns רָ֣ע 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **evil** in [1:16](../01/16.md). 6:14 lq43 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מדנים יְשַׁלֵּֽחַ 1 Here Solomon speaks of **quarrels** as if they were objects that a person **sends forth**. He means that this person causes other people to quarrel. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he causes people to quarrel” 6:15 q038 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אֵיד֑וֹ & יִ֝שָּׁבֵ֗ר 1 Although the terms **his** and **he** are masculine, Solomon is using the words in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use phrases that make this clear. Alternate translation: “that person’s calamity … that person will be broken” 6:15 csdg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns אֵיד֑וֹ 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **calamity** in [1:26](../01/26.md). 6:15 fz64 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification יָב֣וֹא 1 Here Solomon speaks of **calamity** occurring as if it were a person who could **come** to someone else. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will occur” 6:15 j5gd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יִ֝שָּׁבֵ֗ר 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “his calamity will cause him to be broken” 6:15 qzeh וְאֵ֣ין מַרְפֵּֽא 1 Alternate translation: “and he will not heal” 6:16 it1e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism שֶׁשׁ־הֵ֭נָּה שָׂנֵ֣א יְהוָ֑ה וְ֝שֶׁ֗בַע תועבות נַפְשֽׁוֹ 1 To make a comprehensive statement, Solomon is using a rhetorical device in which the speaker names a number that should be sufficient to illustrate his point and then increases that number by one for emphasis. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Yahweh absolutely hates these seven things, and they are abominations to his self” 6:16 akh6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj שֶׁשׁ & וְ֝שֶׁ֗בַע 1 Here Solomon is using the adjectives **Six** and **seven** as nouns to mean **six** and **seven** things. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “Six things … and seven things” 6:16 zqfk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns תועבות 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **abominations**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “are abominable to” 6:16 f9x2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy נַפְשֽׁוֹ 1 Here, **self** refers to **Yahweh** himself. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “him” 6:17 zib9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy עֵינַ֣יִם רָ֭מוֹת 1 Here Solomon refers to pride as **uplifted eyes**, which is a characteristic facial expression of proud people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “pride” 6:17 c99k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession לְשׁ֣וֹן שָׁ֑קֶר 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **tongue** that is characterized by **falsehood**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “a false tongue” or “lying” or “telling lies” 6:17 kpi4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לְשׁ֣וֹן שָׁ֑קֶר 1 Here, **tongue** represents what a person says. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “telling lies” 6:17 cip3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche וְ֝יָדַ֗יִם 1 Here, **hands** refers to the whole person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and people” 6:17 vy22 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy שֹׁפְכ֥וֹת דָּם־נָקִֽי 1 See how you translated a similar phrase in [1:16](../01/16.md). 6:18 jq4t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לֵ֗ב & רַגְלַ֥יִם 1 Here, **heart** and **feet** refer to a whole person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “people … people” 6:18 ex5v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession מַחְשְׁב֣וֹת אָ֑וֶן 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe **plans** that are characterized by **iniquity**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “iniquitous plans” or “sinful plans” 6:18 jmu9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns אָ֑וֶן & לָֽרָעָה 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **iniquity** in [6:12](../06/12.md) and **evil** in [1:16](../01/16.md). 6:18 l6zj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מְ֝מַהֲר֗וֹת לָר֥וּץ לָֽרָעָה 1 Here Solomon speaks of being eager to do **evil** as if **evil** were a place that a person could **run to**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “eager to do evil” 6:19 d68t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession עֵ֣ד שָׁ֑קֶר 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **witness** that is characterized by **falsehood**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “a false witness” 6:19 g2tz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יָפִ֣יחַ כְּ֭זָבִים 1 Here Solomon speaks of someone who lies easily as if that person **breathes out lies**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “who easily lies” 6:19 avm1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּמְשַׁלֵּ֥חַ מְ֝דָנִ֗ים 1 See how you translated **sends forth quarrels** in [6:14](../06/14.md). 6:19 k9xh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אַחִֽים 1 Although the term **brothers** is masculine, Solomon is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “family members” 6:20 rk2n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism נְצֹ֣ר בְּ֭נִי מִצְוַ֣ת אָבִ֑יךָ וְאַל־תִּ֝טֹּ֗שׁ תּוֹרַ֥ת אִמֶּֽךָ 1 These two clauses mean similar things. Solomon is using repetition to emphasize the idea that the clauses express. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could combine them and express the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Be careful, son, to remember to follow the important instructions both of your parents taught you” 6:20 tplj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נְצֹ֣ר 1 Here Solomon speaks of a **commandment** as if it were an object that someone should **Guard**. He means that he wants his son to remember to do what he has commanded him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated a similar use of guard in [3:21](../03/21.md). Alternate translation: “Remember to practice” 6:20 ejdg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בְּ֭נִי 1 See how you translated the same use of this phrase in [1:8](../01/08.md). 6:20 u11d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes וְאַל־תִּ֝טֹּ֗שׁ תּוֹרַ֥ת אִמֶּֽךָ 1 See how you translated this clause in [1:8](../01/08.md). 6:21 y710 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism קָשְׁרֵ֣ם עַל־לִבְּךָ֣ תָמִ֑יד עָ֝נְדֵ֗ם עַל־גַּרְגְּרֹתֶֽךָ 1 These two phrases mean similar things. Solomon is using repetition to emphasize the idea that the phrases express. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could combine the phrases and express the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Keep them very close to you at all times” 6:21 qz2z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor קָשְׁרֵ֣ם עַל־לִבְּךָ֣ 1 Here Solomon is speaking of remembering his commands as if they were objects that people could **bind** on their **hearts**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Remember them” 6:21 b76k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עָ֝נְדֵ֗ם עַל־גַּרְגְּרֹתֶֽךָ 1 Here Solomon is speaking of remembering his commands as if they were objects that people could **tie around** their **necks**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “remember them” or “keep them close to you” 6:22 r61q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification בְּהִתְהַלֶּכְךָ֨ ׀ תַּנְחֶ֬ה אֹתָ֗ךְ בְּֽ֭שָׁכְבְּךָ תִּשְׁמֹ֣ר עָלֶ֑יךָ וַ֝הֲקִיצ֗וֹתָ הִ֣יא תְשִׂיחֶֽךָ 1 In this verse, Solomon speaks of the lessons he called “the command” and “the teaching” in [6:20](../06/20.md) as if they were a person who could **guide**, **preserve**, and **converse with** a person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use similes. Alternate translation: “When you walk about, it will enable you to know what to do; when you lie down, it will enable you to be safe; and you will wake up, it will be advice for you” or “When you walk about, it will be like a guide for you; when you lie down, it will be like someone who preserves you; and you will wake up, it will be like someone who converses with you” 6:22 bvpr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּהִתְהַלֶּכְךָ֨ 1 Here, **walk about** refers to doing one’s daily activities. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “When you do your daily activities” 6:22 krtg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּֽ֭שָׁכְבְּךָ 1 See how you translated the same use of **lie down** in [3:24](../03/24.md). 6:23 d41x rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּ֤י 1 **For** here indicates that what follows is a reason for what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “This is because” 6:23 u5p1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism נֵ֣ר מִ֭צְוָה וְת֣וֹרָה א֑וֹר 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word other than **and** that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “the commandment is a lamp, yes, the law is a light” 6:23 itt0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מִ֭צְוָה וְת֣וֹרָה 1 Here, **the commandment** and **the law** could refer to: (1) the commands of the father and mother, which were referred to in the previous two verses. Alternate translation: “my commandments … and your mother’s law” (2) good commandments and laws in general. Alternate translation: “what people command … and the rules people make” 6:23 p2mx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מִ֭צְוָה 1 Solomon is speaking of commandments in general, and he is not speaking of one particular **commandment**. If it would be helpful in your language, use a more natural phrase. Alternate translation: “the commandments” 6:23 lk32 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מִ֭צְוָה 1 See how you translated the abstract noun “commandments” in [2:1](../02/01.md). 6:23 s8lq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נֵ֣ר & א֑וֹר 1 Here Solomon refers to the **commandment** and **law** enabling people to understand how to live as if they were a **lamp** and a **light** that shows people the path in front of them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “enables one to understand … enables one to perceive” 6:23 bjz1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns וְת֣וֹרָה 1 See how you translated this use of **law** in [1:8](../01/08.md). 6:23 llas rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns תּוֹכְח֥וֹת מוּסָֽר 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns “rebuke” in [1:25](../01/25.md) and **instruction** in [1:2](../01/02.md). 6:23 n5j2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession תּוֹכְח֥וֹת מוּסָֽר 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe **rebukes** that are included in the **instruction** process. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the rebukes that come from instruction” 6:23 wxd6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וְדֶ֥רֶךְ חַ֝יִּ֗ים 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe **the way** that results in **life**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “and … the way that results in life” 6:23 ywhm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְדֶ֥רֶךְ 1 Here Solomon uses **way** to refer to how people behave. See how you translated this use of **way** in [1:15](../01/15.md). 6:24 p7az rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal לִ֭שְׁמָרְךָ 1 Here, **to** indicates that what follows is the purpose for the “commandments,” “law,” and “rebukes of instruction” referred to in the previous verse. Use a connector in your language that indicates a purpose. Alternate translation: “for the purpose of keeping you” 6:24 sjp3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession מֵאֵ֣שֶׁת רָ֑ע 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **woman** who is characterized by **evil**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “from an evil woman” 6:24 sw14 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מֵֽ֝חֶלְקַ֗ת לָשׁ֥וֹן 1 Here Solomon refers to the seductive speech of an adulterous woman as if it were **the smoothness of the tongue**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the seductive speech of” 6:24 ae9n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נָכְרִיָּֽה 1 See how you translated the same use of **foreign woman** in [2:16](../02/16.md). 6:25 ty32 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns יָ֭פְיָהּ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **beauty**, you could express the same idea in another way, as in the UST. 6:25 rx3p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בִּלְבָבֶ֑ךָ 1 See how you translated the same use of **heart** in [2:2](../02/02.md). 6:25 m7d2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְאַל־תִּ֝קָּֽחֲךָ֗ 1 Here Solomon refers to a woman seducing a man as if she could **take** him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and do not let her tempt you” 6:25 f4km rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּעַפְעַפֶּֽיהָ 1 This phrase refers to a woman using her **eyelashes** to look more attractive and seduce a man. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly or use an expression that has the same meaning in your language. Alternate translation: “by glancing seductively” 6:26 o5j1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּ֤י 1 **For** here indicates that what follows is a reason for the commands in the previous verse. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “Do not do those things because” 6:26 xrol rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בְעַד־אִשָּׁ֥ה זוֹנָ֗ה 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to refer to **the price** that a person pays to have sex with **a prostitute woman**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly or use a euphemism for this idea. Alternate translation: “the price to sleep with a prostitute woman” 6:26 p3jv rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown כִּכַּ֫ר לָ֥חֶם 1 In this culture, **a loaf of bread** was inexpensive daily food. A **loaf of bread** is a lump of flour dough that a person has shaped and baked. If your readers would not be familiar with **bread** should could use the name of an inexpensive food that is commonly eaten in your country or you could use a general expression. Alternate translation: “inexpensive food” 6:26 iizq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְאֵ֥שֶׁת אִ֑ישׁ 1 Here Solomon implies that this **wife of a man** is an adulterous woman. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “but a married woman who commits adultery” 6:26 k5fu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נֶ֖פֶשׁ יְקָרָ֣ה תָצֽוּד 1 Here Solomon speaks of a adulterous woman causing the man she commits adultery with to die as if she **hunts** him the way a hunter **hunts** an animal. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “kills a precious life” 6:27 gzh2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֲיַחְתֶּ֤ה אִ֓ישׁ אֵ֬שׁ בְּחֵיק֑וֹ וּ֝בְגָדָ֗יו לֹ֣א תִשָּׂרַֽפְנָה 1 Solomon is using the question form to emphasize the truth of what he is saying. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “Surely a man could not carry a fire on his chest and his clothes not be burned!” 6:27-28 s1ud rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism הֲיַחְתֶּ֤ה אִ֓ישׁ אֵ֬שׁ בְּחֵיק֑וֹ וּ֝בְגָדָ֗יו לֹ֣א תִשָּׂרַֽפְנָה׃ & אִם־יְהַלֵּ֣ךְ אִ֭ישׁ עַל־הַגֶּחָלִ֑ים וְ֝רַגְלָ֗יו לֹ֣א תִכָּוֶֽינָה׃ 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Could a man carry a fire on his chest and his clothes not be burned? Indeed, if a man walks on coals then will his feet not be scorched?” 6:27 f8ut rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo הֲיַחְתֶּ֤ה אִ֓ישׁ אֵ֬שׁ בְּחֵיק֑וֹ וּ֝בְגָדָ֗יו לֹ֣א תִשָּׂרַֽפְנָה 1 Here Solomon is referring to the negative consequences of committing adultery as if a man were burning himself with **fire**. Since this comparison is explained in [6:29](../06/29.md), you do not need to explain its meaning further here. 6:27 t3xy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אִ֓ישׁ & בְּחֵיק֑וֹ וּ֝בְגָדָ֗יו 1 Here, **a man** and **his** do not refer to a specific **man**. They refer to any person who does this thing. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any person … on that person’s chest and that person’s clothes” 6:27 sew8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וּ֝בְגָדָ֗יו לֹ֣א תִשָּׂרַֽפְנָה 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and the fire not burn his clothes” 6:27 pt18 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וּ֝בְגָדָ֗יו 1 Here, **clothes** refers to the person who is wearing those **clothes**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and he” or “and that person” 6:28 r98z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion אִם־יְהַלֵּ֣ךְ אִ֭ישׁ עַל־הַגֶּחָלִ֑ים וְ֝רַגְלָ֗יו לֹ֣א תִכָּוֶֽינָה 1 Solomon is using the question form to emphasize the truth of what he is saying. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “Surely if a man walks on coals, then his feet will be scorched!” 6:28 tw8h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo אִם־יְהַלֵּ֣ךְ אִ֭ישׁ עַל־הַגֶּחָלִ֑ים וְ֝רַגְלָ֗יו לֹ֣א תִכָּוֶֽינָה 1 Here Solomon is referring to the negative consequences of committing adultery as if a man were burning himself with **coals**. Since this comparison is explained in [6:29](../06/29.md), you do not need to explain its meaning further here. 6:28 fy6m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אִ֭ישׁ & וְ֝רַגְלָ֗יו לֹ֣א תִכָּוֶֽינָה 1 Here, **a man** and **his** do not refer to a specific **man**. They refer to any person who does this thing. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any person … then will that person’s feet not be scorched” 6:28 kf2l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הַגֶּחָלִ֑ים 1 Here, **coals** refers to small pieces of burning wood that are often used for cooking. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “burning wood pieces” 6:29 xlmj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כֵּ֗ן 1 **So** here indicates that what follows explains the meaning of the statements made in the previous two verses. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a fuller expression. Alternate translation: “In the same situation” 6:29 gh7k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism הַ֭בָּא אֶל & הַנֹּגֵ֥עַ בָּֽהּ 1 Here, **going to** and **touches** both refer to someone having sex with another person. This is a polite way of referring to something that is offensive or embarrassing in some cultures. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different polite way of referring to this act or you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the same use of “enter” in [2:19](../02/19.md). Alternate translation: “is the one who has sexual relations with … one who has sexual relations with her” or “is the one who sleeps with … one who sleeps with her” 6:29 vc2l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes לֹ֥א יִ֝נָּקֶ֗ה 1 Solomon is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, **not**, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning positively. Alternate translation: “will certainly be guilty” 6:29 cmmu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לֹ֥א יִ֝נָּקֶ֗ה 1 Here Solomon uses **not remain blameless** to refer to the outcome of not being **blameless**, which is being punished for being guilty. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will not avoid punishment” or “will not remain unpunished” 6:30 fwq5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns לֹא־יָב֣וּזוּ 1 **They** here refers to people in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “People” 6:30 zfch rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun לַ֭גַּנָּב & יִגְנ֑וֹב &נַ֝פְשׁ֗וֹ & יִרְעָֽב 1 Here, **the thief**, **he**, and **his** do not refer to a specific **thief**, but any person who steals. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “thieves … they steal … their appetites … they are hungry” 6:30 i4y9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis יִגְנ֑וֹב 1 Solomon is leaving out a word that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply this word from the context, as in the UST. 6:30 kzru rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns נַ֝פְשׁ֗וֹ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **appetite**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “his desire for food” 6:31 jnq4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun וְ֭נִמְצָא יְשַׁלֵּ֣ם & בֵּית֣וֹ יִתֵּֽן 1 Here, **he** and **his** refer to any person who steals, as indicated in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “But if someone is found … that person must repay … that person’s house that person must give” 6:31 ugyl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ֭נִמְצָא 1 Here. **found** implies not only discovering the thief but also catching him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “But if he is caught” 6:31 n1t7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וְ֭נִמְצָא 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “But if someone finds him” or “But if someone catches him” 6:31 scwc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יְשַׁלֵּ֣ם שִׁבְעָתָ֑יִם 1 This clause implies that the thief **must repay** seven times the amount of what he stole to those to whom he stole it from. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “he must repay sevenfold the amount of things that he stole to those people he stole them from” 6:31 b9ns rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom כָּל־ה֖וֹן בֵּית֣וֹ 1 This phrase is an idiom that refers to everything that someone owns. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “all that he owns” 6:32 nu7m rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast נֹאֵ֣ף 1 This verse says something that is in contrast to what was said about the thief in the previous two verses. Use a natural way in your language to express a strong contrast. Alternate translation: “However, one who commits adultery” 6:32 s8mh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns נֹאֵ֣ף 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **adultery**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “One who acts adulterously” 6:32 zker rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy חֲסַר־לֵ֑ב 1 Here Solomon uses **heart** to refer to a person’s ability to think. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is lacking the ability to think” 6:32 jhbb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure מַֽשְׁחִ֥ית נַ֝פְשׁ֗וֹ ה֣וּא יַעֲשֶֽׂנָּה 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could change the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “he does what results in destroying his life” 6:32 a1pq rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result מַֽשְׁחִ֥ית נַ֝פְשׁ֗וֹ 1 This clause is the result of what is described in the next clause. Use a natural way in your language to indicate a result. Alternate translation: “what will result in destroying his life” 6:32 r8fx rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns ה֣וּא יַעֲשֶֽׂנָּה 1 Here, the pronoun **it** refers to **adultery**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “he commits adultery” 6:33 mv0l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit נֶֽגַע־וְקָל֥וֹן יִמְצָ֑א וְ֝חֶרְפָּת֗וֹ לֹ֣א תִמָּחֶֽה 1 Solomon implies that these things will happen to the adulterous man because he committed adultery. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Because he committed adultery, he will find a wound and disgrace and his shame will not be wiped out” 6:33 m2lu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נֶֽגַע־וְקָל֥וֹן יִמְצָ֑א 1 Here Solomon speaks of the adulterous man receiving **a wound and disgrace** as if they were objects that a person would **find**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “He will receive a wound and disgrace” or “He will become wounded and disgraced” 6:33 t4bo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וְקָל֥וֹן & וְ֝חֶרְפָּת֗וֹ 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **disgrace** and **shame**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “and be disgraced, and how shameful he is” 6:33 xhjy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive לֹ֣א תִמָּחֶֽה 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “he will never wipe out” 6:33 c8nh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes לֹ֣א תִמָּחֶֽה 1 Solomon is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, **not**, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meaning. Alternate translation: “will always remain” 6:33 wuyt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לֹ֣א תִמָּחֶֽה 1 Here Solomon refers to the adulterous man’s **shame** never ceasing as if **shame** were a stain that could **not be wiped** away. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will not cease” 6:34 lyk4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּֽי 1 **For** here indicates that what follows is the reason why what Solomon stated in in the previous verse is true. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “This is due to the fact that” 6:34 q8d2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns קִנְאָ֥ה & נָקָֽם 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **jealousy** and **vengeance**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “being jealous … being avenged” 6:34 w6nf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy חֲמַת־גָּ֑בֶר 1 Here, **heat** refers to extreme anger, which causes the angry person’s body to become hot. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is the rage of a man” 6:34 htuv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit גָּ֑בֶר וְלֹֽא־יַ֝חְמ֗וֹל 1 Here, **man** and **he** refer to the husband who has just found out that his wife has committed adultery. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “a husband of an adulterous woman, and that husband will not spare” 6:34 qsy2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes וְלֹֽא־יַ֝חְמ֗וֹל 1 Solomon is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, **not**, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meaning. Alternate translation: “and he will be merciless” 6:34 f6oy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וְלֹֽא־יַ֝חְמ֗וֹל 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and he will not spare the man who slept with his wife” 6:34 rc71 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בְּי֣וֹם נָקָֽם 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe **the day** when **vengeance** occurs. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “when vengeance occurs” 6:35 b2ym rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns לֹא־יִ֭שָּׂא & וְלֹֽא־יֹ֝אבֶ֗ה 1 In this verse, the pronoun **he** refers to the man who has just found out that his wife has committed adultery. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “The husband of an adulterous wife will not lift up … and that husband will not be willing” 6:35 fly2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom לֹא־יִ֭שָּׂא פְּנֵ֣י 1 Here, the phrase **lift up the face of** is an idiom that means “regard.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “He will not regard” 6:35 pc8x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit כֹּ֑פֶר & שֹֽׁחַד 1 Here, the words **ransom** and **bribe** refer to money that a man would give to the husband of the woman he has committed adultery with in order to avoid harm or stop the man from being angry. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “money offered to appease him … that money” 6:35 w09z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וְלֹֽא־יֹ֝אבֶ֗ה 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and he will not be willing to be appeased” or “and he will not stop being angry” 7:intro pk5f 0 # Proverbs 7 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n2. A father teaches his son about wisdom (1:8–9:18)\n * Avoid evil companions (1:8–19)\n * Do not reject wisdom (1:20–33)\n * Wisdom prevents people from committing crime or adultery (2:1–22)\n * Humbly trust Yahweh (3:1–12)\n * The value of wisdom (3:13–20)\n * Do not act wickedly (3:21–35)\n * Wisdom will benefit you (4:1–9)\n * Behave wisely and avoid those who do not (4:10–19)\n * Live righteously (4:20–27)\n * Avoid temptation to commit adultery (5:1–23)\n * Practical warnings (6:1–19)\n * Adultery will be punished (6:20–35)\n * The Story of an Adulterer (7:1–27)\n\n## Religious and Cultural Concepts in This Chapter\n\n### My son\n\nOccasionally Solomon addresses a series of proverbs to “my son” or “sons.” This does not mean that those proverbs only apply to males. Instead, these phrases are forms used to pass on advice from a father to his son, and the kind of advice in these proverbs is about common temptations of young men.\n\n### Adulterous women\n\nThis chapter continues the theme about adulterous women and warns young men to avoid any adulterous woman, who is called “strange” and “foreign.” (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/adultery]])\n\n## Translation Issues in This Chapter\n\n### The historic present\n\nTo call attention to developments in the story, Solomon uses the present tense in past narration in [7:8–13](../07/08.md) and [21–22](../07/21.md). If it would not be natural to do that in your language, you could use the past tense in your translation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-tense]]) 7:1 at6w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor תִּצְפֹּ֥ן 1 See how you translated the same use of **store up** in [2:1](../02/01.md). 7:1 e0if rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וּ֝מִצְוֺתַ֗י 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **commandments** in [2:1](../02/01.md). 7:2 a8m4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns שְׁמֹ֣ר מִצְוֺתַ֣י וֶחְיֵ֑ה 1 See how you translated the same clause in [4:4](../04/04.md). 7:2 mzcb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וְ֝תוֹרָתִ֗י כְּאִישׁ֥וֹן עֵינֶֽיךָ 1 Solomon is leaving out a word that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply the word from the first clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and keep my law as the pupil of your eyes” 7:2 sxxs rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns וְ֝תוֹרָתִ֗י 1 See how you translated **law** in [1:8](../01/08.md). 7:2 xfb2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom כְּאִישׁ֥וֹן עֵינֶֽיךָ 1 Here Solomon refers to his **law** as if it were **the pupil of your eyes**. He means that people should value wise rules as much as they value their ability to see and protect their eyes. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “as your most valuable possession” 7:3 g5jv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor קָשְׁרֵ֥ם עַל־אֶצְבְּעֹתֶ֑יךָ 1 Here Solomon speaks of always remembering something as if what should be remembered were an object tied to the person’s fingers. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Remember them at all times” 7:3 wszl rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns קָשְׁרֵ֥ם & כָּ֝תְבֵ֗ם 1 In this verse, **them** refers to “my commandments,” which are referred to in the previous two verses. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Tie my commandments … write my commandments” 7:3 c4yy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor כָּ֝תְבֵ֗ם עַל־ל֥וּחַ לִבֶּֽךָ 1 See how you translated this clause in [3:3](../03/03.md). 7:4 zi3r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism אֱמֹ֣ר לַֽ֭חָכְמָה אֲחֹ֣תִי אָ֑תְּ וּ֝מֹדָ֗ע לַבִּינָ֥ה תִקְרָֽא 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Say to wisdom, ‘You {are} my sister,’ yes, call to understanding, ‘Kinsman,’” 7:4 hv4f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations אֱמֹ֣ר לַֽ֭חָכְמָה אֲחֹ֣תִי אָ֑תְּ וּ֝מֹדָ֗ע לַבִּינָ֥ה תִקְרָֽא 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could express these two clauses as indirect quotations. Alternate translation: “Say to wisdom than she is your sister, and call to understanding that she is your kinsman” 7:4 b9wf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns לַֽ֭חָכְמָה & לַבִּינָ֥ה 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **wisdom** and **understanding** in [1:2](../01/02.md). 7:4 jn44 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification אֱמֹ֣ר לַֽ֭חָכְמָה אֲחֹ֣תִי אָ֑תְּ 1 Here Solomon speaks of **wisdom** as if it were a person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Value wisdom as if it were a woman to whom you would say, ‘You are my sister,’” 7:4 z4x8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification וּ֝מֹדָ֗ע לַבִּינָ֥ה תִקְרָֽא 1 Here Solomon speaks of **understanding** as if it were a person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and value understanding as if it were someone to whom you would call, ‘Kinsman,’” 7:4 j17k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations וּ֝מֹדָ֗ע לַבִּינָ֥ה תִקְרָֽא 1 Although the term **Kinsman** is masculine, Solomon is using the word in a generic sense that could refer to any close relative. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “and call to understanding, ‘Family member,’” 7:5 xkl2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מֵאִשָּׁ֣ה זָרָ֑ה 1 See how you translated **strange woman** in [2:16](../02/16.md). 7:5 y9gh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis מִ֝נָּכְרִיָּ֗ה 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “to keep you from the foreign woman” 7:5 s251 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מִ֝נָּכְרִיָּ֗ה אֲמָרֶ֥יהָ הֶחֱלִֽיקָה 1 See how you translated the same clause in [2:16](../02/16.md). 7:6 bs2w rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases כִּ֭י 1 **For** here introduces a story that Solomon tells in [7:6–23](../07/06.md) in order to warn his son against committing adultery. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different word or phrase that introduces a story. Alternate translation: “There was a time when” 7:6 qhy6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּחַלּ֣וֹן בֵּיתִ֑י 1 Solomon implies that he was standing **at the window** while looking out of it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly, as in the UST. 7:6 orkg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בְּחַלּ֣וֹן בֵּיתִ֑י 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **window** that is in the side of his **house**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “at the window that is in the side of my house” 7:6 v7n1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown אֶשְׁנַבִּ֣י 1 A **lattice** consists of thin strips of wood that cross one another in a slanted pattern and are placed over a **window** to partially cover it. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of **window** covering, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “the window screen” or “the covering on the window” 7:6 ad5w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit נִשְׁקָֽפְתִּי 1 Here Solomon implies that he was standing at a location that was higher than the street outside. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “I looked down at the street outside” 7:7 ie51 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וָאֵ֤רֶא בַפְּתָאיִ֗ם 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the next clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “And I saw a young man among the naive ones” 7:7 il3p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בַבָּנִ֗ים 1 Here, **sons** refers to young men. It does not specifically refer to Solomon’s **sons**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “among the young men” 7:7 cwb9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy חֲסַר־לֵֽב 1 See how you translated this phrase in [6:32](../06/32.md). 7:8 i1kl rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns פִּנָּ֑הּ & בֵּיתָ֣הּ 1 In this verse, **her** refers to an adulterous woman, as referred to in [7:5](../07/05.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the corner of an adulterous woman … that woman’s house” 7:8 v7v4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit פִּנָּ֑הּ 1 Here, **corner** refers to the place where two roads intersect. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “her place at the intersection of two streets” 7:8 az9m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וְדֶ֖רֶךְ בֵּיתָ֣הּ יִצְעָֽד 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **way** that leads to **her house**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and he steps in the way that leads to her house” 7:8 ek8n rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-tense יִצְעָֽד 1 Here Solomon uses the present tense in past narration in order to call attention to a development in the story. If it would not be natural to do that in your language, you could use the past tense. Alternate translation: “he stepped in” 7:9 ttvd rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background בְּנֶֽשֶׁף־בְּעֶ֥רֶב י֑וֹם בְּאִישׁ֥וֹן לַ֝֗יְלָה וַאֲפֵלָֽה 1 In this verse, Solomon provides this background information about the time period when the young man went to the adulterous woman’s house. Use the natural form in your language for expressing background information. You may need to start a new sentence. Alternate translation: “Now it was the time of the twilight breeze, in the evening of day, in the pupil of the night and darkness” 7:9 ho8x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּנֶֽשֶׁף־בְּעֶ֥רֶב י֑וֹם בְּאִישׁ֥וֹן לַ֝֗יְלָה וַאֲפֵלָֽה 1 The phrases **twilight breeze** and **evening of day** refer to the time when **evening** begins, but **the pupil of the night and darkness** refers to the time later in the **night**. Together these phrases indicate that it was getting progressively darker as the young man went to the adulterous woman’s house. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “in the twilight breeze, in the evening of day, and even in the pupil of the night and darkness” 7:9 zn5n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּאִישׁ֥וֹן לַ֝֗יְלָה 1 Here, the middle of **the night** is referred to as a **pupil** because the **pupil** is the darkest part of the eye. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in the middle of the night” 7:10 g5f8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-tense וְהִנֵּ֣ה 1 Here Solomon uses the present tense in past narration in order to call attention to a development in the story. If it would not be natural to do that in your language, you could use the past tense. Alternate translation: “And behold, there is” 7:10 gfjz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְהִנֵּ֣ה 1 Here, **behold** is a term meant to focus the attention of the reader on what is about to happen next in the story. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use some emphatic term or expression in your language that would have this same effect. Alternate translation: “And pay attention to this: there was” 7:10 m3bj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis לִקְרָאת֑וֹ 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “who came out to meet him” 7:10 bu68 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וּנְצֻ֥רַת לֵֽב 1 The phrase **guarded of heart** is an idiom that refers to hiding one’s intentions or plans from other people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use an idiom from your language. Alternate translation: “and she planned to deceive someone” or “and being wily of heart” 7:11-12 vkd8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background 1 In these two verses, Solomon provides background information about the adulterous woman. In your translation, present this information in a way that makes it clear that this is background information. 7:11 p460 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-tense הֹמִיָּ֣ה & לֹא־יִשְׁכְּנ֥וּ 1 Here Solomon uses the present tense in past narration in order to call attention to a development in the story. If it would not be natural to do that in your language, you could use the past tense. Alternate translation: “was a loud … did not stay” 7:11 es4s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche בְּ֝בֵיתָ֗הּ לֹא־יִשְׁכְּנ֥וּ רַגְלֶֽיהָ 1 Solomon is using one part of a person, the **feet**, to represent the whole person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “she did not stay in her house” 7:12 akyj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure פַּ֤עַם ׀ בַּח֗וּץ פַּ֥עַם בָּרְחֹב֑וֹת וְאֵ֖צֶל כָּל־פִּנָּ֣ה תֶאֱרֹֽב 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could change the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “She lies in wait at one time in the street, at another time in the open areas, and beside every corner” 7:12 uo9h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun בַּח֗וּץ 1 The word **street** represents streets in general, not one particular street. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “in the streets” 7:12 hiss rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit פִּנָּ֣ה 1 See how you translated **corner** in [7:8](../07/08.md). 7:12 dezc rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-tense תֶאֱרֹֽב 1 Here Solomon uses the present tense in past narration in order to call attention to a development in the story. If it would not be natural to do that in your language, you could use the past tense. Alternate translation: “she lay in wait” 7:12 h64f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor תֶאֱרֹֽב 1 Here Solomon speaks of the adulterous woman looking for a man to persuade to have sex with her as if she were preparing to attack someone by surprise. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “she waited to find someone she could persuade to have sex with her” 7:13 l1ic rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential וְהֶחֱזִ֣יקָה 1 **And** here indicates that what follows is the continuation of the narrative from [7:10](../07/10.md), which Solomon had interrupted with background information in [7:11–12](../07/11.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could show reference to earlier events by translating this relationship by using a fuller phrase. Alternate translation: “After she meets him, she grabs” 7:13 lfso rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-tense וְהֶחֱזִ֣יקָה & וְנָ֣שְׁקָה & הֵעֵ֥זָה & וַתֹּ֣אמַר 1 Here Solomon uses the present tense in past narration in order to call attention to a development in the story. If it would not be natural to do that in your language, you could use the past tense. Alternate translation: “And she grabbed … and kissed … she strengthened … and said” 7:13 vef7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom הֵעֵ֥זָה פָ֝נֶ֗יהָ 1 Here, **strengthens her face** means that the woman had a facial expression that showed how shameless or impudent she was. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a similar expression from your language or express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “she had a brazen face” or “with a shameless expression on her face” 7:14 sa2m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit זִבְחֵ֣י שְׁלָמִ֣ים עָלָ֑י 1 The woman implies that she has meat to eat at her home because someone who made **peace offerings** was allowed to keep some of the meat that was offered to Yahweh in the temple (see [Leviticus 7:11–17](../lev/07/11.md) and [1 Samuel 9:11–13](../1sa/09/11.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “I have leftover meat from the sacrifices of peace offerings I made to Yahweh in the temple” 7:14 ei2g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הַ֝יּ֗וֹם שִׁלַּ֥מְתִּי נְדָרָֽי 1 Here, **vows** refers to the **sacrifices of peace offerings** that the woman promised to sacrifice to God. According to [Leviticus 7:16](../lev/07/16.md), the woman would have to eat the meat leftover from paying her **vows** by the end of the next day. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “today I made the sacrifices I promised to give to God” 7:15 zhni rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis לְשַׁחֵ֥ר 1 The woman is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “I came out to diligently seek” 7:15 fys2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche פָּ֝נֶ֗יךָ 1 Here, **face** refers to being in the presence of the whole person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “your presence” or “where you were” 7:16 k6lt rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown עַרְשִׂ֑י 1 Here, **couch** refers to a platform that wealthy people would sit or lie on in order to rest or sleep. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of furniture, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “my place for resting” 7:16 bi4j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מַ֭רְבַדִּים & חֲ֝טֻב֗וֹת אֵט֥וּן מִצְרָֽיִם 1 Here, the woman describes the **coverings** as being **colored linen of Egypt**, which is expensive and luxurious fabric. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “with coverings, which are luxurious colored linen of Egypt” 7:17 g7k4 נַ֥פְתִּי מִשְׁכָּבִ֑י 1 Alternate translation: “I have scattered on my bed” 7:17 ibk7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown מֹ֥ר אֲ֝הָלִ֗ים וְקִנָּמֽוֹן 1 This mixture of **myrrh**, **aloes**, and **cinnamon** consisted of pleasant-smelling substances that were mixed together and used like perfume. If your readers would not be familiar with these substances, you could use a general expression. Alternate translation: “with pleasant-smelling substances” 7:18 w7yl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נִרְוֶ֣ה דֹ֭דִים 1 The word translated **drench** refers to giving a baby a satisfying amount of milk. Here, the woman speaks about satisfying one’s sexual desires as if one were satisfying the thirst of a hungry baby. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a more general expression. Alternate translation: “let us satisfy our sexual desires” or “let us satisfy ourselves with lusts as a mother’s breasts fill her child with food” 7:18 h91x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit דֹ֭דִים & בָּאֳהָבִֽים 1 The words **lusts** and **loves** are plural here for emphasis. In this verse, both words refer to passionate sexual activity. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “intense lust … with intense love” 7:19 ykvp rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּ֤י 1 **For** here indicates that what follows is the reason why the woman thinks that it is safe for the young man to come with her, as she told him in the previous verse. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a reason. Alternate translation: “We can do this because” 7:19 vc42 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הָאִ֣ישׁ 1 Here, **the man** refers to the woman’s husband. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the man whom I married” 7:19 jib6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּבֵית֑וֹ 1 Here, the woman speaks of the **house** that she lives in with her husband as if it were **his house**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “in our house” 7:19 lzod rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּדֶ֣רֶךְ מֵרָחֽוֹק 1 Here, **road** refers to a journey that would include traveling on a **road**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “on a journey to a faraway place” 7:20 v65w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit צְֽרוֹר־הַ֭כֶּסֶף לָקַ֣ח בְּיָד֑וֹ 1 This clause implies that the woman’s husband will be gone for a long time because he took a lot of money with him when he left. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “He will be gone for a long time because he took the bag of the silver in his hand” 7:20 aop7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession צְֽרוֹר־הַ֭כֶּסֶף 1 Here, the woman is using the possessive form to describe a **bag** that is full of **silver**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the bag full of silver” 7:20 zw96 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הַ֝כֵּ֗סֶא 1 The phrase **full moon** refers to the **moon** when it looks like a perfectly round disk in the sky, shining at its brightest. This occurs at the middle of each month. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the moon shining its brightest” 7:20 hel0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בֵיתֽוֹ 1 See how you translated this phrase in the previous verse. 7:21 rcm0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-tense הִ֭טַּתּוּ & תַּדִּיחֶֽנּוּ 1 Here Solomon uses the present tense in past narration in order to call attention to a development in the story. If it would not be natural to do that in your language, you could use the past tense. Alternate translation: “She led him astray … she compelled him” 7:21 ev91 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns הִ֭טַּתּוּ & לִקְחָ֑הּ & שְׂ֝פָתֶ֗יהָ תַּדִּיחֶֽנּוּ 1 **She** and **her** in this verse refer to the adulterous woman who was spoke in [7:14–20](../07/14.md) and **him** refers to the young man whom she is seducing. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “The adulterous woman led the young man astray … that woman’s teaching … that woman’s lips she compels that man” 7:21 ptg3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הִ֭טַּתּוּ 1 Here Solomon speaks of the woman persuading the young man to do something as if she were causing him to change the direction in which he was walking. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “She persuaded him” 7:21 lq2h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בְּרֹ֣ב לִקְחָ֑הּ 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to refer to an abundant amount of **teaching**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “with her abundant amount of teaching” 7:21 l3nt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּחֵ֥לֶק שְׂ֝פָתֶ֗יהָ 1 Here Solomon refers to the seductive speech of the adulterous woman as if it were **the smoothness of her lips**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “with her seductive speech” 7:21 c6k6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit תַּדִּיחֶֽנּוּ 1 Here Solomon implies that the adulterous woman compelled the young man to commit adultery with her. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “she compelled him to go with her” or “she compelled him to have sex with her” 7:22 sscq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis כְּ֭שׁוֹר אֶל־טָ֣בַח 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “like an ox that is going to slaughter” 7:22 rvi9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כְּ֭שׁוֹר אֶל־טָ֣בַח יָב֑וֹא 1 Solomon compares the young man who does not know that he was going to die to **an ox** that was unknowingly going to be slaughtered. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “he unknowingly goes to be killed” 7:22 qxqd rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-tense יָב֑וֹא 1 Here Solomon uses the present tense in past narration in order to call attention to a development in the story. If it would not be natural to do that in your language, you could use the past tense. Alternate translation: “he went” 7:22 pk4m rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants וּ֝כְעֶ֗כֶס אֶל־מוּסַ֥ר אֱוִֽיל 1 The ULT is a translation of the Hebrew text for this clause. However, some ancient translations of this clause read “and like a deer to a trap.” If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to use the reading that it uses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to use the reading of the ULT. 7:22 tal5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ֝כְעֶ֗כֶס אֶל־מוּסַ֥ר אֱוִֽיל 1 Here Solomon compares the man not being able to escape his death as if he were a **fool** who could not escape **correction** because he had a **chain** around his **ankle**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the language plainly. Alternate translation: “and he will inevitably die” 7:22 qrn6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מוּסַ֥ר 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **correction** in [3:11](../03/11.md). 7:23 t5u4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יְפַלַּ֪ח חֵ֡ץ כְּֽבֵד֗וֹ 1 Here, **liver** refers to an organ in one’s body that one needs in order to remain alive. Solomon means that the **arrow** will kill whomever it strikes. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “an arrow pierces his vital organs” or “an arrow kills him” 7:23 r6zr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כְּמַהֵ֣ר צִפּ֣וֹר אֶל־פָּ֑ח 1 Solomon compares the young man who is quickly doing something that will kill him to **a bird rushing into a trap**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and he quickly goes to be killed” 7:23 qgxo rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns הֽוּא 1 The pronoun **it** here refers to committing adultery. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “committing adultery” or “having sex with a married woman” 7:23 zvp5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בְנַפְשׁ֥וֹ הֽוּא 1 This phrase is an idiom that means that this person will die as a result of what he did. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an idiom with the same meaning from your language or you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “it would cost him his life” or “it would kill him” 7:24 wen3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases וְעַתָּ֣ה בָ֭נִים שִׁמְעוּ־לִ֑י 1 **And now** here indicates a transition from the story of the adulterous woman and young man in [7:6–23](../07/06.md) to the call to pay attention that follows. See how you translated the same clause in [5:7](../05/07.md). 7:24 mtq9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases לְאִמְרֵי־פִֽי 1 See how you translated this phrase in [4:5](../04/05.md). 7:25 l3s9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism אַל־יֵ֣שְׂטְ אֶל־דְּרָכֶ֣יהָ לִבֶּ֑ךָ אַל־תֵּ֝תַע בִּנְתִיבוֹתֶֽיהָ 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Do not let your heart turn aside to her ways; yes, do not wander into her tracks” 7:25 gk8c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אַל־יֵ֣שְׂטְ אֶל־דְּרָכֶ֣יהָ לִבֶּ֑ךָ אַל־תֵּ֝תַע בִּנְתִיבוֹתֶֽיהָ 1 Here Solomon speaks of behaving like an adulterous woman as if one were turning **aside** to go on **her ways** or wandering **into her tracks**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated **ways** in [3:6](../03/06.md) and **tracks** in [2:15](../02/15.md). Alternate translation: “Do not let your heart want to do the things that the adulterous woman does; do not do anything that she does” 7:25 wm1h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לִבֶּ֑ךָ 1 See how you translated the same use of **heart** in [2:2](../02/02.md). 7:26 ncnb rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּֽי 1 **For** here indicates that what follows is a reason for the commands in the previous verse. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “Do not do those things because” 7:26 umha rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun הִפִּ֑ילָה & הֲרֻגֶֽיהָ 1 In this verse, **she** and **her** refer to any adulterous woman, not one specific adulterous wife. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “an adulterous woman has caused … to fall … ones slain by such a woman” 7:26 xx9k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy חֲלָלִ֣ים 1 Here, **pierced ones** refers to people who have been killed, since people were often killed by being **pierced** by spears or arrows. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “dead ones” 7:26 hewm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הִפִּ֑ילָה 1 Here Solomon uses **fall** to refer to dying. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “she has caused … to die” 7:26 xb2q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive הֲרֻגֶֽיהָ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the ones whom she has slain” 7:27 h6jn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בֵּיתָ֑הּ 1 See how you translated the same use of **Her house** in [2:18](../02/18.md). 7:27 cs4s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit דַּרְכֵ֣י שְׁא֣וֹל 1 Although **ways** here is plural, it refers to the singular **house** at the beginning of this verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use the singular form here. Alternate translation: “is the way of Sheol” 7:27 g21s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession דַּרְכֵ֣י שְׁא֣וֹל 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe **ways** that result in someone going to **Sheol**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “is the way that leads to Sheol” or “is the way that causes one to go to Sheol” 7:27 ayvy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דַּרְכֵ֣י 1 See how you translated the same use of **ways** in [3:6](../03/06.md). 7:27 ry42 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יֹ֝רְד֗וֹת אֶל־חַדְרֵי־מָֽוֶת 1 Here Solomon speaks of a man doing something that would result in his death as if he were going on a path that is **descending to the rooms of death**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “results in a man dying” or “causes a man to die” 7:27 fvmk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy חַדְרֵי־מָֽוֶת 1 This phrase refers to the place where people’s spirits go when they die, which was called **Sheol** in the previous clause. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the place where the spirits of dead people dwell” or “the place of the dead” 8:intro z8jj 0 # Proverbs 8 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n2. A father teaches his son about wisdom (1:8–9:18)\n * Avoid evil companions (1:8–19)\n * Do not reject wisdom (1:20–33)\n * Wisdom prevents people from committing crime or adultery (2:1–22)\n * Humbly trust Yahweh (3:1–12)\n * The value of wisdom (3:13–20)\n * Do not act wickedly (3:21–35)\n * Wisdom will benefit you (4:1–9)\n * Behave wisely and avoid those who do not (4:10–19)\n * Live righteously (4:20–27)\n * Avoid temptation to commit adultery (5:1–23)\n * Practical warnings (6:1–19)\n * Adultery will be punished (6:20–35)\n * The Story of an Adulterer (7:1–27)\n * Wisdom benefits the wise (8:1–36)\n\n## Religious and Cultural Concepts in This Chapter\n\n### Wisdom calls out\n\nIn this chapter and the next chapter, wisdom is referred to as if it were a woman who calls out for all to learn from her; she was with God when he created the universe. In languages where it is possible for something like wisdom to be spoken of as if it were a person who speaks, the translator should translate in this way. However, if direct translation is not possible in your language, you may translate the personification as similes instead,. In that case, wisdom would be presented as being like a wise woman. When wisdom speaks in [8:4–36](../08/04.md), the notes will use the proper noun “Wisdom” to indicate that the personification of wisdom is speaking. See how you translated similar references to wisdom in [1:20–33](../01/20.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 8:1 v9h5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֲלֹֽא־חָכְמָ֥ה תִקְרָ֑א וּ֝תְבוּנָ֗ה תִּתֵּ֥ן קוֹלָֽהּ 1 Solomon is using the question form to emphasize that **wisdom** is available to everyone. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “Surely wisdom calls out, and understanding gives her voice!” 8:1 yywn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis הֲלֹֽא־חָכְמָ֥ה תִקְרָ֑א וּ֝תְבוּנָ֗ה תִּתֵּ֥ן קוֹלָֽהּ 1 Solomon is leaving out some words in the second clause that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply the word from the first clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “Does not Wisdom call out, and does not understanding give her voice” 8:1 qsc7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism הֲלֹֽא־חָכְמָ֥ה תִקְרָ֑א וּ֝תְבוּנָ֗ה תִּתֵּ֥ן קוֹלָֽהּ 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Does not Wisdom call out, yes, does not understanding give her voice” or “Surely Wisdom calls out, yes, surely understanding gives her voice!” 8:1 meo7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חָכְמָ֥ה & וּ֝תְבוּנָ֗ה 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **Wisdom** and **understanding** in [1:2](../01/02.md). 8:1 i9hu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification תִקְרָ֑א & תִּתֵּ֥ן קוֹלָֽהּ 1 In this verse, **Wisdom** and **understanding** are spoken of as if they were women. See the discussion of such personification in the General Notes for this chapter. Alternate translation: “call out as if it were a woman … give her voice as if it were a woman” 8:1 k4ug rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom תִּתֵּ֥ן קוֹלָֽהּ 1 See how you translated this phrase in [1:20](../01/20.md). 8:2 co6l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure בְּרֹאשׁ־מְרוֹמִ֥ים עֲלֵי־דָ֑רֶךְ בֵּ֖ית נְתִיב֣וֹת נִצָּֽבָה 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could change the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “She stations herself at the head of the heights beside the road, the house of the paths” 8:2 gpgq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּרֹאשׁ־מְרוֹמִ֥ים עֲלֵי־דָ֑רֶךְ בֵּ֖ית נְתִיב֣וֹת 1 The phrases **the head of the heights beside the road** and **the house of the paths** both refer to the same place, which is a place where there would be many people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “At the public place at the head of the heights beside the road, the house of the paths” 8:2 a8s0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּרֹאשׁ־מְרוֹמִ֥ים 1 The phrase **the head of the heights** refers to the top of a hill or elevated place. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “At the top of hill” or “At the highest place” 8:2 meix rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בֵּ֖ית נְתִיב֣וֹת 1 This phrase refers to the place where roads intersect. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “where roads intersect” or “the crossroads” 8:2 qbmv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification נִצָּֽבָה 1 Here, **she** refers to wisdom as if it were a woman. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “wisdom stations herself” or “wisdom stations itself as if it were a woman” 8:3 kbb0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure לְיַד־שְׁעָרִ֥ים לְפִי־קָ֑רֶת מְב֖וֹא פְתָחִ֣ים תָּרֹֽנָּה 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could change the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “She cries out at the hand of the gates, at the mouth of the city, the entrance of the openings” 8:3 knp4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לְיַד־שְׁעָרִ֥ים לְפִי־קָ֑רֶת מְב֖וֹא פְתָחִ֣ים 1 The phrases **the hand of the gates**, **the mouth of the city**, and **the entrance of the openings** all refer to the same place, which is inside the main gate of the city where there would be many people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “At the public place at the hand of the gates, at the mouth of the city, the entrance of the openings” 8:3 z73y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification לְיַד 1 Here, **hand** refers to the place beside **the gates**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “At the side of” 8:3 htxz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification לְפִי־קָ֑רֶת 1 Here, **mouth** refers to the entrance to **the city**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly, as in the UST. 8:3 q3hb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun קָ֑רֶת 1 The word **city** represents cities in general, not one particular **city**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “any city” 8:3 mwys rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession מְב֖וֹא פְתָחִ֣ים 1 This phrase refers to the main **entrance** into the city, which had **gates**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the main entrance” 8:3 nkc9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification תָּרֹֽנָּה 1 Here, **she** refers to wisdom as if it were a woman. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “wisdom cries out” or “wisdom cries out as if it were a woman” 8:4 f4h9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אִישִׁ֣ים 1 Although **men** is masculine, here it refers to people in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “people” 8:4 jxm5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ֝קוֹלִ֗י 1 Here, **voice** refers to what wisdom is saying. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and what I am saying” 8:4 j5l1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בְּנֵ֥י אָדָֽם 1 Although **sons** and **man** are masculine, this phrase refers to all human beings. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “humankind” 8:5 er9q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns עָרְמָ֑ה 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **prudence** in [1:4](../01/04.md). 8:5 bg5r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לֵֽב 1 Here, **heart** refers to discernment. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “discernment” 8:6 a3zk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וּמִפְתַּ֥ח שְׂ֝פָתַ֗י 1 Here, **the opening of my lips** refers to what is said when Wisdom opens her **lips** to speak. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “when I open my mouth to speak” 8:7 s9bj rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּֽי 1 **For** here indicates that what follows in [8:7–9](../08/07.md) are additional reasons why people should listen to Wisdom, as commanded in the previous verse. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows are reasons. Alternate translation: “Listen because” 8:7 juy2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche חִכִּ֑י & שְׂפָתַ֣י 1 Here, **palate** and **lips** refer to the person who is speaking. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I … me” 8:7 f6mp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns אֱ֭מֶת & וְתוֹעֲבַ֖ת & רֶֽשַׁע 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **truth**, **wickedness**, and **abomination**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. See how you translated **wickedness** in [4:17](../04/17.md) and **abomination** in [3:32](../03/32.md). Alternate translation: “true things, and wicked things are abominable to” 8:8 m1kf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אִמְרֵי 1 See how you translated the similar use of **words** in [1:23](../01/23.md). 8:8 am3k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche פִ֑י 1 Here, **mouth** refers to the person who is speaking. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “mine” 8:8 k4ps rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis בְּצֶ֥דֶק 1 Wisdom is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “are spoken in righteousness” or “are spoken righteously” 8:8 btx5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נִפְתָּ֥ל וְעִקֵּֽשׁ 1 Here, Wisdom speaks of something that is false as if it were **twisted**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “untrue” 8:8 jbcr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְעִקֵּֽשׁ 1 See how you translated the same use of **crooked** in [2:15](../02/15.md). 8:8 byoi rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns בָּ֝הֶ֗ם 1 Here, **them** refers to **the words of my mouth** stated in the previous clause. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “in those words” or “in what I say” 8:9 nn5r rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns כֻּלָּ֣ם 1 See how you translated **them** in the previous verse. 8:9 ga8o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וִֽ֝ישָׁרִ֗ים 1 Wisdom is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and all of them are upright things” 8:9 jyh4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לְמֹ֣צְאֵי דָֽעַת 1 Here, Wisdom speaks of acquiring **knowledge** as if it were something that people find. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “for people who acquire knowledge” 8:9 f1c2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns דָֽעַת 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **knowledge** in [1:4](../01/04.md). 8:10 w8ks rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis קְחֽוּ־מוּסָרִ֥י וְאַל־כָּ֑סֶף וְ֝דַ֗עַת מֵחָר֥וּץ נִבְחָֽר 1 Solomon is leaving out a word in the second clause that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply this word from the first clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “Take my instruction and not silver, and take knowledge rather than choice gold” 8:10 siva rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism קְחֽוּ־מוּסָרִ֥י וְאַל־כָּ֑סֶף וְ֝דַ֗עַת מֵחָר֥וּץ נִבְחָֽר 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first clause by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Take my instruction and not silver, yes, take knowledge rather than choice gold” 8:10 y385 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor קְחֽוּ 1 Here, Wisdom speaks of acquiring **instruction** and **knowledge** as if they were objects that a person can **Take**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Acquire” 8:10 z0vl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מוּסָרִ֥י & וְ֝דַ֗עַת 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **instruction** in [1:2](../01/02.md) and **knowledge** in [1:4](../01/04.md). 8:10 ls6l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְאַל־כָּ֑סֶף 1 Here, **and not** means the same as **rather than** in the next clause. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “rather than silver” 8:10 v5jl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מֵחָר֥וּץ נִבְחָֽר 1 Here, **choice gold** refers to **gold** that is the best quality. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “rather than the best gold” 8:11 wl6p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person חָ֭כְמָה & בָֽהּ 1 Here, **Wisdom**, personified as a woman, speaks about herself in the third person. If this would not be natural in your language, you could use the first-person form. Alternate translation: “I … with me” 8:11 ph7f rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown מִפְּנִינִ֑ים 1 See how you translated **corals** in [3:15](../03/15.md). 8:12 mj24 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification שָׁכַ֣נְתִּי עָרְמָ֑ה 1 Here, **Wisdom** speaks of being associated with **prudence** as if **prudence** were a person whom **Wisdom** dwells with. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “What is wise is associated with what is prudent” or “I dwell with prudence like two people live in the same house” 8:12 w6pq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חָ֭כְמָה & עָרְמָ֑ה וְדַ֖עַת מְזִמּ֣וֹת 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **Wisdom** in [1:2](../01/02.md), and **prudence**, **knowledge**, and **discretion** in [1:4](../01/04.md). 8:12 m5lo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וְדַ֖עַת מְזִמּ֣וֹת 1 Here, Wisdom is using the possessive form to describe a **knowledge** that is about **discretion**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “and knowledge about discretion” 8:12 jk94 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְדַ֖עַת מְזִמּ֣וֹת אֶמְצָֽא 1 Here, **Wisdom** speaks of enabling people to have **knowledge of discretion** as if they were objects that one could **find**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I enable you to acquire knowledge of discretion” or “What is wise enables you to acquire knowledge of discretion” 8:13 gp8g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession יִֽרְאַ֣ת יְהוָה֮ 1 See how you translated the **fear of Yahweh** in [1:7](../01/07.md). 8:13 v5jj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns רָ֥ע גֵּ֘אָ֤ה וְגָא֨וֹן 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **evil**, **Pride**, and **arrogance**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. See how you translated **evil** in [1:16](../01/16.md). Alternate translation: “evil things … Being proud and arrogant” 8:13 mixv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְדֶ֣רֶךְ רָ֭ע 1 See how you translated this use of **way** in [1:15](../01/15.md). 8:13 kjg4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וּפִ֨י תַהְפֻּכ֬וֹת 1 Here, Wisdom is using the possessive form to describe a **mouth** that speaks **perverse things**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “and the mouth that speaks perverse things” 8:13 cnc2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche וּפִ֨י 1 Here, **mouth** represents the person speaking **perverse things**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and the person who speaks” 8:14 guc9 עֵ֭צָה וְתוּשִׁיָּ֑ה & בִ֝ינָ֗ה & גְבוּרָֽה 1 See how you translated **Counsel** in [1:25](../01/25.md), **wisdom** and ** understanding** in [1:2](../01/02.md), and **strength** in [5:10](../05/10.md). 8:14 sne9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לִֽי־עֵ֭צָה וְתוּשִׁיָּ֑ה & לִ֣י גְבוּרָֽה 1 Here, Wisdom speaks of enabling people to have **Counsel**, **sound wisdom**, and **strength** as if they were objects that belong to Wisdom. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I enable you to acquire counsel and sound wisdom … I enable you to acquire strength” or “What is wise enables you to acquire counsel and sound wisdom … what is wise enables you to acquire strength” 8:15 dewa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וְ֝רוֹזְנִ֗ים יְחֹ֣קְקוּ צֶֽדֶק 1 Wisdom is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and by me dignitaries decree righteousness” or “and by what is wise dignitaries decree righteousness” 8:15 sajw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns צֶֽדֶק 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **righteousness** in [1:3](../01/03.md). 8:16 yk59 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וּ֝נְדִיבִ֗ים 1 Wisdom, the speaker, is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and by me nobles rule” or “and by what is wise, nobles rule” 8:16 qn4w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish וּ֝נְדִיבִ֗ים כָּל־שֹׁ֥פְטֵי צֶֽדֶק 1 This phrase is making a distinction between **nobles** who are **judges of righteousness** and those who are not. It is not giving us further information about the **nobles**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the relationship between these phrases more clear. Alternate translation: “and nobles, that is, all those nobles who are judges of righteousness” 8:16 hg7e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession שֹׁ֥פְטֵי צֶֽדֶק 1 Here, Wisdom is using the possessive form to describe **judges** who are characterized by **righteousness**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “righteous judges” 8:17 e3jr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns אֲ֭נִי & אֵהָ֑ב 1 Wisdom uses the word **myself** to emphasize how significant it is that wisdom is like a woman who loves those who love her. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this significance. Alternate translation: “Even I love” 8:17 kpvv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification אֲ֭נִי אֹהֲבַ֣י אֵהָ֑ב 1 Here, wisdom is depicted as if it were a person who can **love** and be loved by people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “Wisdom benefits those who value it” or “It is as if wisdom were a woman who loves those who love her” 8:17 xz9h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification וּ֝מְשַׁחֲרַ֗י יִמְצָאֻֽנְנִי 1 Here, people trying to be wise and succeeding is spoken of as if wisdom were a person whom people can **seek** and **find**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and those who diligently try to become wise will become wise” 8:18 k7hf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עֹֽשֶׁר־וְכָב֥וֹד אִתִּ֑י 1 Here, Wisdom speaks of enabling people to have **Riches**, **honor**, **surpassing wealth**, and **righteousness** as if they were objects that were **with** Wisdom. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I enable you to have riches, honor, surpassing wealth, and righteousness” or “What is wise enables you to have riches, honor, surpassing wealth, and righteousness” 8:18 a275 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis ה֥וֹן עָ֝תֵ֗ק וּצְדָקָֽה 1 Wisdom is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “surpassing wealth and righteousness are with me” or “surpassing wealth and righteousness are with what is wise” 8:18 q481 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וְכָב֥וֹד & וּצְדָקָֽה 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **honor** in [3:16](../03/16.md) and **righteousness** in [1:3](../01/03.md). 8:19 eyc2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ט֣וֹב פִּ֭רְיִי 1 Here, **fruit** refers to the benefits that a person receives from having wisdom. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “My benefits are better” or “The benefits I can give you are better” 8:19 hudk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet מֵחָר֣וּץ וּמִפָּ֑ז 1 The terms **gold** and **refined gold** mean similar things. Wisdom is using them together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “than the finest gold” 8:19 rqy3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ֝תְבוּאָתִ֗י 1 Here, **produce** refers to the benefits that a person receives from having wisdom. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and my benefits” or “and the benefits I can give you” 8:19 dzjk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis מִכֶּ֥סֶף נִבְחָֽר 1 Wisdom is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “is better than choice silver” 8:19 i7wp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מִכֶּ֥סֶף נִבְחָֽר 1 Here, **choice silver** refers to **silver** that is the best quality. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “than the best silver” 8:20 tks1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּאֹֽרַח־צְדָקָ֥ה אֲהַלֵּ֑ך 1 Here Wisdom speaks of behaving righteously as if she were walking on a **path**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I behave righteously” 8:20 wask rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בְּאֹֽרַח־צְדָקָ֥ה 1 Here, Wisdom is using the possessive form to describe **the path** that is characterized by **righteousness**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the righteous path” 8:20 ax2e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis בְּ֝ת֗וֹךְ נְתִיב֥וֹת מִשְׁפָּֽט 1 Wisdom is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “I walk in the midst of the beaten paths of justice” 8:20 rg74 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession נְתִיב֥וֹת מִשְׁפָּֽט 1 Here, Wisdom is using the possessive form to describe **the beaten paths** that are characterized by **justice**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the just, beaten paths” 8:21 kx1e rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal לְהַנְחִ֖יל אֹהֲבַ֥י 1 Here, **to** indicates that what follows is the purpose for what Wisdom does in the previous verse. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose. You may want to begin a new sentence. Alternate translation: “I do that for the purpose of causing those who love me to inherit” 8:21 mg4q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְאֹצְרֹ֖תֵיהֶ֣ם 1 The word **treasuries** refers to buildings or rooms where people store valuable things. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and their buildings where they store precious things” 8:22 f91m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis יְֽהוָ֗ה קָ֭נָנִי רֵאשִׁ֣ית דַּרְכּ֑וֹ קֶ֖דֶם מִפְעָלָ֣יו מֵאָֽז 1 Wisdom is leaving out a word in the second clause that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply this word from the first clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh possessed me at the beginning of his way; Yahweh possessed me before his works from then” 8:22 eias rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism יְֽהוָ֗ה קָ֭נָנִי רֵאשִׁ֣ית דַּרְכּ֑וֹ קֶ֖דֶם מִפְעָלָ֣יו מֵאָֽז 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first clause by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word that shows that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Yahweh possessed me at the beginning of his way, yes, Yahweh possessed me before his works from then” 8:22 ucgn rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants קָ֭נָנִי 1 Some scholars believe that the word translated as **possessed** could also mean “created.” Either way, the point is that **Yahweh** had wisdom before he created the universe. If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to use the reading that it uses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to use the reading of the ULT. 8:22 xu3p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit דַּרְכּ֑וֹ & מִפְעָלָ֣יו 1 The phrases **his way** and **his works** both refer to Yahweh creating the universe. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “his creating … his creative works” 8:22 g6hj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מֵאָֽז 1 Here, **then** refers to **the beginning** mentioned in the previous clause, which refers to when **Yahweh** started creating the universe. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “from the beginning” 8:23 hkmu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure מֵ֭עוֹלָם נִסַּ֥כְתִּי מֵרֹ֗אשׁ מִקַּדְמֵי־אָֽרֶץ 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could change the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “I was poured out from eternity, from the head, from the ancient times of the earth” 8:23 mh2d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מֵ֭עוֹלָם 1 Here, **eternity** refers to the distant past. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Very long ago” 8:23 swag rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive נִסַּ֥כְתִּי 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The context implies that Yahweh did the action. Alternate translation: “Yahweh poured me out” 8:23 vhov rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נִסַּ֥כְתִּי 1 Here, Wisdom speaks of being established as if she were a liquid that was **poured out**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I was established” 8:23 v4tq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מֵרֹ֗אשׁ 1 Here, **head** refers to the first in a series of something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “at the first” 8:23 mth7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מִקַּדְמֵי־אָֽרֶץ 1 The phrase **the ancient times of the earth** refers to the time when the earth was made. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “from when God created the earth” 8:24 oijk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure בְּאֵין־תְּהֹמ֥וֹת חוֹלָ֑לְתִּי בְּאֵ֥ין מַ֝עְיָנ֗וֹת נִכְבַּדֵּי־מָֽיִם 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could change the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “I was brought forth when there were no watery depths and when there were no springs heavy with water” 8:24 erhg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive חוֹלָ֑לְתִּי 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The context implies that Yahweh did the action. Alternate translation: “Yahweh brought me forth” 8:24 jo9p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit חוֹלָ֑לְתִּי 1 Here, Wisdom speaks of starting to exist as if it were something that was **brought forth**, which is an idiomatic way to say “born.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I started to exist” 8:24 el5o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מַ֝עְיָנ֗וֹת נִכְבַּדֵּי־מָֽיִם 1 Here, Wisdom speaks of **springs** being full of **water** that flows out as if they were **heavy with water**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “springs full of flowing water” 8:25 u2m1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure בְּטֶ֣רֶם הָרִ֣ים הָטְבָּ֑עוּ לִפְנֵ֖י גְבָע֣וֹת חוֹלָֽלְתִּי 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could change the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “I was brought forth before the mountains were sunk and before the face of the hills” 8:25 z5y4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive הָרִ֣ים הָטְבָּ֑עוּ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh sunk the mountains” 8:25 ryrx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הָרִ֣ים הָטְבָּ֑עוּ 1 Here Wisdom speaks of the creation of **the mountains** as if their foundations **were sunk** in the earth. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the mountains were created” 8:25 f9dm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification לִפְנֵ֖י גְבָע֣וֹת 1 Here, **face** represents the existence of **the hills** as if they were a person with a **face**. Wisdom is referring to the time **before the hills** existed. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “before the existence of the hills” 8:25 asn5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor חוֹלָֽלְתִּי 1 See how you translated this phrase in the previous verse. 8:26 r8jv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure עַד־לֹ֣א עָ֭שָׂה אֶ֣רֶץ וְחוּצ֑וֹת וְ֝רֹ֗אשׁ עָפְר֥וֹת תֵּבֵֽל 1 This verse continues the sentence that began in the previous verse. If you divide the previous verse and this verse into separate sentences, then you will need to repeat the main clause from the previous verse. Alternate translation: “I was brought forth before he made the earth or the outside places or the head of the loose soil of the world” 8:26 y533 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְחוּצ֑וֹת 1 Here, **outside places** refers to the fields in the countryside. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “open spaces of the countryside” 8:26 tb6t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ֝רֹ֗אשׁ 1 Here, **the head** refers to the first part of something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “or the first of” 8:27 t648 This verse is the beginning of a sentence that continues through [8:29](../08/29.md). If you make each of these verses a separate sentence, then you will need to repeat **I was there** in each of those verses. 8:27 nk15 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure בַּהֲכִינ֣וֹ שָׁ֭מַיִם שָׁ֣ם אָ֑נִי 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could change the order of these phrases. This verse is the beginning of a sentence that continues through [8:29](../08/29.md). If you make each verse a separate sentence, then you will need to repeat the main clause of this verse in each of those verses. Alternate translation: “I was there when he established the heavens” 8:27 b5db rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּח֥וּקוֹ ח֝֗וּג עַל־פְּנֵ֥י תְהֽוֹם 1 This clause refers to Yahweh forming the horizon between the sky and ocean as if he were drawing a **circle** on the ocean’s surface. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “when he made the horizon between the heavens and the surface of the ocean” 8:28 wnj8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּאַמְּצ֣וֹ שְׁחָקִ֣ים 1 Here, Wisdom speaks of God forming **the clouds** as if he made them **firm**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “when he created the clouds” 8:28 z2v2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification בַּ֝עֲז֗וֹז עִינ֥וֹת תְּהוֹם 1 Here Wisdom speaks of the **springs** flowing with much water as if they were people who **became strong**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “when the springs of the watery deep flowed strongly” 8:28 ii3s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession עִינ֥וֹת תְּהוֹם 1 Here Wisdom is using the possessive form to describe **the springs** that supply water to **the watery deep**, which refers to the bottom of the ocean. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the springs that fill the watery deep” 8:29 titz rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns בְּשׂ֘וּמ֤וֹ & פִ֑יו & בְּ֝חוּק֗וֹ 1 In this verse, **he** and **his** refer to Yahweh. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “when Yahweh set up … Yahweh’s mouth … when Yahweh inscribed” 8:29 pd76 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor חֻקּ֗וֹ 1 Here, **its statute** refers to the limit or boundary of **sea**, where the **sea** ends and the dry land begins. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “its limit” 8:29 vk7f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy פִ֑יו 1 Here, **mouth** refers to God’s **statute** that was mentioned in the previous clause as if it were a command spoken by God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “his command” or “that limit” 8:29 f3j9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּ֝חוּק֗וֹ 1 This clause refers to Yahweh designating **the foundations of the earth** as if he were drawing them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “when he designated” or “when he decreed” 8:29 j9sa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מ֣וֹסְדֵי אָֽרֶץ 1 This phrase could refer to: (1) the limits of the land, which were considered to be the bottoms of the mountains (see [Micah 6:2](../mic/06/02.md)). Alternate translation: “the limits of the land” (2) where Yahweh placed **the earth**, which was spoken as if **the earth** were resting on top of **foundations**. Alternate translation: “where the earth would be placed” 8:30 ph2f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification וָֽאֶהְיֶ֥ה אֶצְל֗וֹ אָ֫מ֥וֹן 1 Here Yahweh using Wisdom to create the universe is spoken of as if Wisdom were **a skilled worker** who was **beside him**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “Then he used Wisdom skillfully” or “Then I was like a skilled worker beside him” 8:30 ky7x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns שַׁ֭עֲשֻׁעִים 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **delight**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “delightful” 8:30 a22n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מְשַׂחֶ֖קֶת 1 Here, **frolicking** refers to dancing or playing in a way that expresses great joy. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “acting joyfully” 8:30 mhxo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לְפָנָ֣יו 1 Here, **face** refers to Yahweh’s presence. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in his presence” 8:31 bf8t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מְ֭שַׂחֶקֶת 1 See how you translated this word in the previous verse. 8:31 pw91 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בְּתֵבֵ֣ל אַרְצ֑וֹ 1 The phrase **world of his earth** could refer to: (1) the whole **world**. Alternate translation: “his entire world” (2) the inhabited part of the **world**. Alternate translation: “his inhabited world” 8:31 tpzd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וְ֝שַׁעֲשֻׁעַ֗י 1 See how you translated “delight” in the previous verse. 8:31 wnq9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בְּנֵ֥י אָדָֽם 1 See how you translated this phrase in [8:4](../08/04.md) 8:32 ly1a rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases וְעַתָּ֣ה 1 **And now** here indicates a transition from what Wisdom said in [8:4–31](../08/04.md) to the call to pay attention that follows. See how you translated the same clause in [5:7](../05/07.md) and [7:24](../07/24.md). 8:32 mgid rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בָ֭נִים 1 See how you translated the same use of **sons** in [4:1](../04/01.md). 8:32 hwt3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וְ֝אַשְׁרֵ֗י 1 Here, **and** introduces the reason for obeying the command stated in the previous clause. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a reason. Alternate translation: “since happy” 8:32 m6ib rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דְּרָכַ֥י יִשְׁמֹֽרוּ 1 Here, **ways** refers to behavior. See how you translated the similar use of **keep** and “paths” in [2:20](../02/20.md). Alternate translation: “are they who behave like me” 8:33 uqpl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מוּסָ֥ר 1 See how you translated **instruction** in [1:2](../01/02.md). 8:33 ky6l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes וְאַל־תִּפְרָֽעוּ 1 Wisdom is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, **not**, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meaning. Alternate translation: “be sure to pay attention to me” or “be sure to follow me” 8:34 ao5a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אָדָם֮ 1 The word **man** represents a person in general, not one particular **man**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “is the person” 8:34 i55j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism לִשְׁקֹ֣ד עַל־דַּ֭לְתֹתַי י֤וֹם ׀ י֑וֹם לִ֝שְׁמֹ֗ר מְזוּזֹ֥ת פְּתָחָֽי 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “keeping vigil over my doors day by day, yes, keeping watch over the doorposts of my entrances” 8:34 vj3r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לִשְׁקֹ֣ד עַל־דַּ֭לְתֹתַי י֤וֹם ׀ י֑וֹם לִ֝שְׁמֹ֗ר מְזוּזֹ֥ת פְּתָחָֽי 1 Here Wisdom speaks of someone being eager to listen to her as if that person was vigilantly waiting at the door to her house. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “being eager to listen to me” or “being eager to listen to me as if one were keeping vigil over my doors day by day, keeping watch over the doorposts of my entrances” 8:34 rlm0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לִשְׁקֹ֣ד עַל־דַּ֭לְתֹתַי י֤וֹם ׀ י֑וֹם לִ֝שְׁמֹ֗ר מְזוּזֹ֥ת פְּתָחָֽי 1 Here, **doors** and **doorposts of my entrances** implies that Wisdom has a house. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “keeping vigil over the doors of my house day by day, keeping watch over the doorposts of the entrances of my house” 8:35 z6lm rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּ֣י 1 **For** here indicates that what follows is a reason why someone who listens to Wisdom will be happy, as stated in the previous verse. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “That man will be happy because” 8:35 hfn9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification מֹצְאַי 1 Here, learning wisdom is spoken of as if wisdom were a person whom someone could find. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated a similar phrase in [3:13](../03/13.md) and [8:17](../08/17.md). Alternate translation: “those who attain wisdom” or “those who become wise” 8:35 i5ov rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification מֹצְאֵי חַיִּ֑ים 1 Having a long **life** is spoken of as if **life** were an object that a person can find by searching for it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “are those who will have long lives” 8:35 du0q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations וַיָּ֥פֶק 1 Although the term **he** is masculine, Wisdom is using the word in a generic sense that could refer to either a man or woman. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “and that person obtains” 8:35 qybq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns רָ֝צ֗וֹן 1 See how you translated **favor** in [3:4](../03/04.md). 8:36 gfoj rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants וְֽ֭חֹטְאִי 1 The phrase translated **a sinner against me** could also be translated as “one who misses me,” which has the idea of failing to “find” wisdom. If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to use the reading that it uses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to use the reading of the ULT. 8:36 hmls rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification וְֽ֭חֹטְאִי 1 Here, Wisdom is spoken of as if it were a person whom people could sin **against**. This phrase refers to people who sin by rejecting wisdom. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “But someone who sins by rejecting me” or “But someone who sins by rejecting Wisdom” 8:36 yl6t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חֹמֵ֣ס & מָֽוֶת 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **violence** in [3:31](../03/31.md) and **death** in [2:18](../02/18.md). 8:36 w73k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy נַפְשׁ֑וֹ 1 Here, **life** refers to the person himself. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “himself” 8:36 tttn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole אָ֣הֲבוּ מָֽוֶת 1 This phrase is an exaggeration that emphasizes that people who hate wisdom choose to live in a way that will cause them to die. It does not mean that people who hate wisdom actually **love death**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “show by their actions that they choose to die” or “act as if they love death” 9:intro y75r 0 # Proverbs 9 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n2. A father teaches his son about wisdom (1:8–9:18)\n * Avoid evil companions (1:8–19)\n * Do not reject wisdom (1:20–33)\n * Wisdom prevents people from committing crime or adultery (2:1–22)\n * Humbly trust Yahweh (3:1–12)\n * The value of wisdom (3:13–20)\n * Do not act wickedly (3:21–35)\n * Wisdom will benefit you (4:1–9)\n * Behave wisely and avoid those who do not (4:10–19)\n * Live righteously (4:20–27)\n * Avoid temptation to commit adultery (5:1–23)\n * Practical warnings (6:1–19)\n * Adultery will be punished (6:20–35)\n * The Story of an Adulterer (7:1–27)\n * Wisdom benefits the wise (8:1–36)\n * Wisdom and folly (9:1–18)\n\n## Religious and Cultural Concepts in This Chapter\n\n### Wisdom calls out\n\nIn this chapter and the previous chapter, wisdom is referred to as if it were a woman who prepares a meal and calls out for all to come and learn from her. In languages where it is possible for something like wisdom to be spoken of as if it were a person who speaks, the translator should translate in this way. However, if direct translation is not possible in your language, you may translate the personification as similes instead. In that case, wisdom would be presented as being like a wise woman. When wisdom speaks in [9:4–12](../09/04.md), the notes will use the proper noun “Wisdom” to indicate that the personification of wisdom is speaking. See how you translated similar references to wisdom in [1:20–33](../01/20.md) and [8:4–36](../08/04.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 9:1 m12a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification חָ֭כְמוֹת בָּנְתָ֣ה בֵיתָ֑הּ חָצְבָ֖ה עַמּוּדֶ֣יהָ שִׁבְעָֽה 1 In [9:1–12](../09/01.md), **Wisdom** is spoken of as if it were a woman. See the discussion of this in the General Notes for this chapter. Alternate translation: “It is as if wisdom were a woman who has built her house and has hewn out her seven pillars” 9:1 s64d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit חָצְבָ֖ה עַמּוּדֶ֣יהָ שִׁבְעָֽה 1 This clause refers to part of the process of building the **house** that was mentioned in the previous clause. A **house** with **seven pillars** would have been very large. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “she has hewn out seven pillars to support the roof of her house” 9:2 zr00 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification טָבְחָ֣ה טִ֭בְחָהּ מָסְכָ֣ה יֵינָ֑הּ אַ֝֗ף עָֽרְכָ֥ה שֻׁלְחָנָֽהּ 1 In this verse, wisdom is spoken of as if it were a woman. See the discussion of such personification in the General Notes for this chapter. Alternate translation: “It is as if wisdom were a woman who has slaughtered her slaughter, mixed her wine, and arranged her table” 9:2 hk6e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit טָבְחָ֣ה טִ֭בְחָהּ מָסְכָ֣ה יֵינָ֑הּ אַ֝֗ף עָֽרְכָ֥ה שֻׁלְחָנָֽהּ 1 All three of these clauses refer to parts of the process of preparing a special meal for guests. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “She has prepared a meal for guests by slaughtering her slaughter, mixing her wine, and arranging her table” 9:2 x5sw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy טָבְחָ֣ה טִ֭בְחָהּ 1 Here, **slaughter** refers to the animals that Wisdom has **slaughtered** so that their meat may be eaten at a meal. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “She has slaughtered the animals so that their meat may be eaten at the meal” 9:2 ywr6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מָסְכָ֣ה יֵינָ֑הּ 1 In ancient Israel, people often prepared **wine** for drinking by mixing it with water. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “she has prepared her wine by mixing it with water” 9:2 h2zm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עָֽרְכָ֥ה שֻׁלְחָנָֽהּ 1 This phrase refers to putting the food and eating utensils on a table in order to prepare for a meal. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “she has prepared her table for people to eat a meal” 9:3 p6e2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification שָֽׁלְחָ֣ה נַעֲרֹתֶ֣יהָ תִקְרָ֑א 1 In this verse, wisdom is spoken of as if it were a wealthy woman who has servants and **calls out** in public. See the discussion of such personification in the General Notes for this chapter. Alternate translation: “It is as if wisdom were a woman who has sent out her young women and calls out” 9:3 akl3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שָֽׁלְחָ֣ה נַעֲרֹתֶ֣יהָ 1 Solomon implies that the **young women** were **sent out** in order to invite people to the meal that Wisdom had prepared. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “She has sent out her young women to invite people to the meal” 9:3 n6ha rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עַל־גַּ֝פֵּ֗י מְרֹ֣מֵי 1 See how you translated the similar phrase “the head of the heights” in [8:2](../08/02.md). 9:4 vxav rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure מִי־פֶ֭תִי יָסֻ֣ר הֵ֑נָּה חֲסַר־לֵ֝֗ב אָ֣מְרָה לּֽוֹ 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could reverse the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “She says to him lacking of heart, ‘Whoever is naive, let him turn aside here,’” 9:4-5 dv2y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor מִי־פֶ֭תִי יָסֻ֣ר הֵ֑נָּה חֲסַר־לֵ֝֗ב אָ֣מְרָה לּֽוֹ & לְ֭כוּ לַחֲמ֣וּ בְֽלַחֲמִ֑י וּ֝שְׁת֗וּ בְּיַ֣יִן מָסָֽכְתִּי 1 In these two verses, Wisdom speaks of people acquiring wisdom as they were turning **aside** from a path to enter Wisdom’s house, **eat** Wisdom’s **bread**, and **drink** Wisdom’s **wine**. Just as **bread** and **wine**are good and keep people alive, so wisdom also is good and something that enables people to live for a long time. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explain the comparison. Alternate translation: “She says to him lacking of heart, ‘Whoever is naive, benefit your lives by acquiring wisdom. Doing so is like turning aside here, coming to me, eating my bread, and drinking the wine I have mixed” 9:4 s4da rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יָסֻ֣ר הֵ֑נָּה 1 Here, Wisdom implies that the **naive** person should **turn aside** and come to her house. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “let him leave his path and come to my house” 9:4 bjtb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations יָסֻ֣ר & לּֽוֹ 1 Although **him** is masculine, here it refers to any **naive** person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “let that person turn aside … to that person” 9:4 ea5r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy חֲסַר־לֵ֝֗ב 1 See how you translated the same use of this phrase in [7:7](../07/07.md). 9:5 h6ck rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche בְֽלַחֲמִ֑י 1 Here, **bread** is used to refer to food in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or express the meaning plainly, as in the UST. 9:5 n3eu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you לְ֭כוּ לַחֲמ֣וּ & וּ֝שְׁת֗וּ 1 All three of these commands are plural because Wisdom is addressing all the “naive” people at the same time. 9:5 stm9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּיַ֣יִן מָסָֽכְתִּי 1 See how you translated the similar phrase in [9:2](../09/02.md). 9:6 b9ma rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you עִזְב֣וּ & וִֽחְי֑וּ וְ֝אִשְׁר֗וּ 1 All three of these commands are plural because Wisdom is addressing all the **naive** people at the same time. 9:6 ejw3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification עִזְב֣וּ פְתָאיִ֣ם 1 Here, Wisdom tells people to stop doing **naive things** as if those **things** were people whom a person could **Forsake**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Stop your naive behavior” or “Stop doing naive things” 9:6 f53k rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal וִֽחְי֑וּ 1 Here, **and** indicates that what follows is the purpose for doing what Wisdom commands people to do earlier in this verse. Use a connector in your language that indicates a purpose. Alternate translation: “for the purpose of living” 9:6 d5j8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וִֽחְי֑וּ 1 Here, **live** refers to living a long life. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and live a long life” 9:6 lpn8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ֝אִשְׁר֗וּ בְּדֶ֣רֶךְ בִּינָֽה 1 Here, Wisdom speaks of a people behaving in a manner that will enable them to acquire **understanding** as if they were striding on a path. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and behave in a manner that will enable you to acquire understanding” 9:6 ycu8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בִּינָֽה 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **understanding** in [1:2](../01/02.md). 9:7 xm8y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun יֹ֤סֵ֨ר ׀ לֵ֗ץ לֹקֵ֣חַֽ ל֣וֹ קָל֑וֹן וּמוֹכִ֖יחַ לְרָשָׁ֣ע מוּמֽוֹ 1 Here, the terms **The instructor**, **a mocker**, **himself**, **the rebuker**, **a wicked one**, and **his** do not refer to specific people, but refer to types of people in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any instructor of any mocker receives disgrace for that person, and any rebuker of any wicked one, that person’s injury” 9:7 k7j1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יֹ֤סֵ֨ר ׀ לֵ֗ץ 1 Since **a mocker** does not accept instruction, this phrase implies that someone attempted to be an **instructor of a mocker**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “The one who attempts to instruct a mocker” 9:7 x5sc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לֹקֵ֣חַֽ ל֣וֹ קָל֑וֹן 1 Here, Wisdom speaks of **disgrace** as if it were an object that a person **receives**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will himself be disgraced” 9:7 oad5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns קָל֑וֹן 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **disgrace** in [6:33](../06/33.md). 9:7 vif7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וּמוֹכִ֖יחַ לְרָשָׁ֣ע מוּמֽוֹ 1 Wisdom is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and the rebuker of a wicked one receives his injury” 9:7 k4b9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מוּמֽוֹ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **injury**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “his being injured” 9:8 fpc4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result אַל־תּ֣וֹכַח 1 This clause states what Wisdom wants people to do as a result of what Wisdom said in the previous verse. Use the most natural way to express an intended result in your language. Alternate translation: “Therefore, do not rebuke” 9:8 mjq3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun לֵ֭ץ פֶּן־יִשְׂנָאֶ֑ךָּ & לְ֝חָכָ֗ם וְיֶאֱהָבֶֽךָּ 1 Here, **a mocker**, **he**, and **a wise one** do not refer to specific people, but refer to types of people in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any mocker, lest that person hate you … any wise one, and that person will love you” 9:8 g1qu rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast הוֹכַ֥ח לְ֝חָכָ֗ם 1 This clause says something that is in contrast to what was said in the previous clause. Use a natural way in your language to express a strong contrast. Alternate translation: “By contrast, rebuke a wise one” 9:8 rpxq rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וְיֶאֱהָבֶֽךָּ 1 Here, **and** introduces the result of obeying the command stated in the previous phrase. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate result. Alternate translation: “and it will result in him loving you” 9:9 y95j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis תֵּ֣ן 1 Wisdom is leaving out a word that a clause would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply this word from the context. Alternate translation: “Give instruction” or “Give what is wise” 9:9 c8r2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun לְ֭חָכָם וְיֶחְכַּם־ע֑וֹד & לְ֝צַדִּ֗יק וְי֣וֹסֶף 1 Here, **a wise one**, **he**, and **a righteous one** do not refer to specific people but refer to these types of people in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “to any wise one, and that person will become more wise … any righteous one, and that person will increase” 9:10 zryv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession תְּחִלַּ֣ת 1 See how you translated the same use of **beginning** in [1:7](../01/07.md). 9:10 oxjy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חָ֭כְמָה & וְדַ֖עַת & בִּינָֽה 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **wisdom** and **understanding** in [1:2](../01/02.md) and **knowledge** in [1:4](../01/04.md). 9:10 l6yl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession יִרְאַ֣ת יְהוָ֑ה 1 See how you translated this phrase in [1:7](../01/07.md). 9:11 xbl2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases כִּי 1 **For** here indicates that Wisdom is emphasizing what follows in this verse. Use a connector in your language that makes that emphasis clear. Alternate translation: “Truly” 9:11 uv8i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִרְבּ֣וּ יָמֶ֑יךָ 1 Here Wisdom speaks of people living for a long time as if the **days** that they are alive were something that could **increase** in number. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you will live many more days” 9:11 jt1z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְיוֹסִ֥יפוּ לְּ֝ךָ֗ שְׁנ֣וֹת חַיִּֽים 1 Here Wisdom speaks of people living for a long time as if the **years** that they are alive were something that could **be added** to their lives. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and you will live many more years” 9:11 wpx5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom שְׁנ֣וֹת חַיִּֽים 1 See how you translated this idiom in [3:2](../03/02.md). 9:11 u5qf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וְיוֹסִ֥יפוּ לְּ֝ךָ֗ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and … I will add to you” 9:12 z3ez rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לָּ֑ךְ 1 Here, **for** implies that being **wise** is for the benefit of the **wise** person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “for the benefit of yourself” 9:12 sr5q rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast וְ֝לַ֗צְתָּ 1 Here, **and** indicates that what follows is a strong contrast to what was stated in the previous clause. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a contrast. Alternate translation: “however, if you mock” 9:12 zei6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לְֽבַדְּךָ֥ תִשָּֽׂא 1 Here, Wisdom speaks of someone experiencing the consequences of one’s bad behavior as if **it** were a heavy object that one had to carry on one’s back. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you alone will experience the consequences” 9:13 ix9a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession אֵ֣שֶׁת כְּ֭סִילוּת הֹֽמִיָּ֑ה פְּ֝תַיּ֗וּת וּבַל־יָ֥דְעָה מָּֽה 1 The phrase **woman of insolence** could refer to: (1) a **woman** who is characterized by **stupidity**, in which case this phrase would refer to stupid women in general. Alternate translation: “A stupid woman is loud, naive, and she does not know anything” or “Stupid women are loud, naive, and do not know anything” (2) **stupidity** as if it were a **woman**, which is how wisdom was spoken of in the previous part of this chapter. Alternate translation: “Lady Stupidity is loud, naive, and she does not know anything” 9:13 lbv9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole וּבַל־יָ֥דְעָה מָּֽה 1 This phrase is an exaggeration that Solomon uses to emphasize how ignorant this **woman** is. It does not mean that **she does not know anything** at all. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and she does not know much” or “and she knows very little” 9:14 tk38 וְֽ֭יָשְׁבָה לְפֶ֣תַח בֵּיתָ֑הּ עַל־כִּ֝סֵּ֗א מְרֹ֣מֵי קָֽרֶת 1 If you translated the phrase “woman of stupidity” as a plural form in the previous verse, then you should use plural forms in this verse. Alternate translation: “And they sit at the opening of their houses, on seats by the heights of the city” 9:14 h74g לְפֶ֣תַח בֵּיתָ֑הּ 1 See how you translated this phrase in [5:8](../05/08.md). 9:14 mz9x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עַל־כִּ֝סֵּ֗א 1 This clause could refer to: (1) the specific location of **the opening of her house**. Alternate translation: “which is on a seat” (2) a second location where **she sits**. Alternate translation: “or on a seat” 9:14 sqcz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מְרֹ֣מֵי קָֽרֶת 1 See how you translated this phrase in [9:3](../09/03.md). 9:15 zygf rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal לִקְרֹ֥א 1 Here, **to** indicates that what follows is the purpose for the “woman of stupidity” sitting in a public place, as stated in the previous verse. Use a natural way in your language to express a purpose. Alternate translation: “for the purpose of calling” 9:15 tcdj לְעֹֽבְרֵי־דָ֑רֶךְ 1 Alternate translation: “to those walking by on the road” 9:15 cqd1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom הַֽ֝מְיַשְּׁרִ֗ים אֹֽרְחוֹתָֽם 1 This clause is an idiom that describes people who are only thinking of their own affairs. If this clause does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the ones minding their own business” or “the ones only thinking about their own affairs” 9:16 ck1n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מִי־פֶ֭תִי יָסֻ֣ר הֵ֑נָּה וַחֲסַר־לֵ֝֗ב וְאָ֣מְרָה לּֽוֹ 1 See how you translated the nearly identical clauses in [9:4](../09/04.md). 9:17 gr7d rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result מַֽיִם־גְּנוּבִ֥ים יִמְתָּ֑קוּ 1 The stupid woman implies that what she says in this verse is the reason why the “naive” should “turn aside” to her. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Turn aside here because stolen waters are sweet” 9:17 jsi6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מַֽיִם־גְּנוּבִ֥ים יִמְתָּ֑קוּ וְלֶ֖חֶם סְתָרִ֣ים יִנְעָֽם 1 In this verse, the foolish woman refers to the pleasure of having sex with someone to whom one is not married as if it were as **sweet** as **stolen waters** or as **pleasant** as **bread of secrecies**. Water and food are also used as euphemisms for sexual activity in [5:15–19](../05/15.md) and [30:20](../30/20.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile: “Having sex with me is truly enjoyable” or “Having sex with me is as enjoyable as drinking stolen waters or eating bread of secrecies” 9:17 v8z3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וְלֶ֖חֶם סְתָרִ֣ים 1 The phrase **bread of secrecies** could refer to: (1) **bread** that a person secretly eats by himself. Alternate translation: “and bread that is eaten in secrecy” (2) **bread** that one obtains through secret deeds, which implies stealing the **bread**. Alternate translation: “and bread obtained secretly” or “and stolen bread” 9:18 kjuw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun וְֽלֹא־יָ֭דַע 1 Here, **he** refers to any naive man to whom the stupid woman calls. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “But any naive man does not know” 9:18 kg4h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor רְפָאִ֣ים שָׁ֑ם 1 Here Solomon speaks of those men who died because they went to the stupid woman’s house as if their dead **spirits** were **there**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “that the men who have gone to her house are now dead” 9:18 m5oj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive קְרֻאֶֽיהָ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the ones whom she called” 9:18 k1fh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit קְרֻאֶֽיהָ 1 This phrase refers to the men who went to the stupid woman’s house to commit adultery with her in response to her calling them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the men whom she called and they accepted her call” or “the men who went to her house after she called them” 10:intro fhy5 0 # Proverbs 10 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n### Outline of Proverbs\n\n3. Proverbs from Solomon (10:1–22:16)\n\nChapter 10 starts a new section of the book, which is mainly filled with short, individual proverbs that were written by Solomon.\n\n## Translation Issues in This Chapter\n\n### Contrasting parallelism\n\nExcept for [10:10](../10/10.md), [18](../10/18.md), [22](../10/22.md), [26](../10/26.md), all the proverbs in this chapter consist of two parallel clauses that contrast with each other. 10:1 tab7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis מִשְׁלֵ֗י שְׁלֹ֫מֹ֥ה 1 See how you translated this phrase in [1:1](../01/01.md). 10:1 sank rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בֵּ֣ן חָ֭כָם יְשַׂמַּח־אָ֑ב וּבֵ֥ן כְּ֝סִ֗יל תּוּגַ֥ת אִמּֽוֹ 1 Although the terms **son** and **his** are masculine, Solomon is using these words in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use phrases that make this clear. Alternate translation: “Any wise person gladdens that person’s father, but any stupid person is the grief of that person’s mother” 10:1 a6oo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אָ֑ב 1 Here, **father** refers specifically to the **father** of the **son** mentioned earlier in the sentence. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly, as in the UST. 10:1 msr4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns תּוּגַ֥ת אִמּֽוֹ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **grief**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “grieves his mother” 10:2 ffz8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession אוֹצְר֣וֹת רֶ֑שַׁע 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe **Treasures** that someone gained by **wickedness**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “Treasures gained in wicked ways” or “Treasures obtained by wicked means” 10:2 xnh7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis לֹא־י֭וֹעִילוּ 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “do not profit those who possess them” 10:2 iavl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וּ֝צְדָקָ֗ה & מִמָּֽוֶת 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **righteousness** in [1:3](../01/03.md) and **death** in [2:18](../02/18.md). 10:2 kdl3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis תַּצִּ֥יל 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “delivers a person” 10:3 df3m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche נֶ֣פֶשׁ צַדִּ֑יק 1 Here **life** refers to the whole person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the righteous person” 10:3 u9iu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יֶהְדֹּֽף 1 Here Solomon speaks of **Yahweh** preventing **the wicked ones** from getting what they **desire** as if that **desire** were an object that **Yahweh thrusts away**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he thwarts” 10:4 e3ef rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche כַף־רְמִיָּ֑ה וְיַ֖ד חָרוּצִ֣ים 1 Here, **palm** and **hand** represent the whole person, who works by using a **palm** or **hand**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “A person unwilling to work … but people who work diligently” 10:4 yly7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns רָ֗אשׁ 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **poverty** in [6:11](../06/11.md). 10:5 o7c1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אֹגֵ֣ר & בֵּ֣ן & נִרְדָּ֥ם & בֵּ֣ן 1 **One who gathers**, **a son**, and **one who keeps** refer to types of people in general, not specific people or sons. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who gathers … is any son … but any person who sleeps … is any son” 10:5 i51x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אֹגֵ֣ר בַּ֭קַּיִץ & בַּ֝קָּצִ֗יר 1 See how you translated the same use of **gathers**, **summer**, and **harvest** in [6:8](../06/08.md). 10:5 mwm2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis אֹגֵ֣ר 1 Solomon is leaving out a word that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply the word from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “One who gathers food” 10:5 o82h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מַשְׂכִּ֑יל 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **insight** in [1:3](../01/03.md). 10:6 k7j2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לְרֹ֣אשׁ צַדִּ֑יק 1 Here, **head** represents the whole person. In Solomon’s culture people would place their hands on top of the **head** of the person whom they were blessing. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “are given to the righteous person” 10:6 y4mb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וּפִ֥י רְ֝שָׁעִ֗ים 1 Here, **mouth** could refer to: (1) what **the wicked ones** say. Alternate translation: “but the speech of the wicked ones” (2) **the wicked ones** themselves. Alternate translation: “but the wicked ones themselves” 10:6 todb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy יְכַסֶּ֥ה 1 Here, Solomon refers to someone concealing **violence** as if it were an object that someone **covers**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “conceals” 10:6 k4dp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חָמָֽס 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **violence** in [3:31](../03/31.md). 10:7 k8ro rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession זֵ֣כֶר צַ֭דִּיק לִבְרָכָ֑ה 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe the **memory** that other people have about **the righteous one**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “The righteous one will be remembered for a blessing” 10:7 gzif rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun צַ֭דִּיק 1 Although **righteous one** here is singular, it refers to all **righteous** people in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “any righteous person” 10:7 nmda rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לִבְרָכָ֑ה 1 This phrase indicates that people will be blessed when they remember **the righteous one**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “will be a blessing to others” or “will bless others” 10:7 edf9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun וְשֵׁ֖ם 1 Although **name** here is singular, it refers to the names of all the **wicked ones** in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “but the names of” 10:7 e1w8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְשֵׁ֖ם 1 Here, **name** refers to a person’s reputation. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but the reputation of” or “but what people think of” 10:7 s7ja rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִרְקָֽב 1 Here Solomon speaks of people forgetting **the name of the wicked ones** as if that **name** is an object that rots and disappears. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “will be forgotten” or “will be forgotten like something that rots away” 10:8 m4yh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom חֲכַם־לֵ֭ב 1 This phrase refers to a person who thinks wisely. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “A wise thinker” 10:8 q33f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִקַּ֣ח מִצְוֺ֑ת 1 Here Solomon refers to obeying **commands** as if they were objects that a person **receives**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “obeys commands” 10:8 vu21 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מִצְוֺ֑ת 1 Solomon implies that **wise** people obey good **commands**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “good commands” 10:8 lays rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וֶאֱוִ֥יל שְׂ֝פָתַ֗יִם 1 Here, **the one stupid of lips** refers to someone who speaks foolishly. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a similar expression in your language or express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but a chattering fool” or “but one who speaks stupidly” 10:8 bmhd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יִלָּבֵֽט 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “will throw themselves down” 10:8 e725 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִלָּבֵֽט 1 Here Solomon refers to a person’s life becoming ruined or destroyed as if that person were **thrown down** on the ground. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will be destroyed” or “will be made useless” 10:9 ps6l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הוֹלֵ֣ךְ בַּ֭תֹּם 1 See how you translated the similar phrase “walking with integrity” in [2:7](../02/07.md). 10:9 e1m3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יֵ֣לֶךְ בֶּ֑טַח 1 See how you translated a similar use of **walk** in [3:23](../03/23.md). 10:9 f151 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּמְעַקֵּ֥שׁ דְּ֝רָכָ֗יו 1 See how you translated the similar use of “paths” and **crooked** in [2:15](../02/15.md). 10:9 oc4h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יִוָּדֵֽעַ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “people will know” or “God will know” 10:9 xw85 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יִוָּדֵֽעַ 1 Here, **known** refers to the **one who causes his ways to be crooked** being discovered or found out. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “will be discovered” or “will be found out” 10:10 mi1k rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction קֹ֣רֵֽץ עַ֭יִן 1 See how you translated a similar phrase is [6:13](../06/13.md). 10:10 zlfb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִתֵּ֣ן עַצָּ֑בֶת 1 Here Solomon speaks of causing people to feel **pain** or grief as if **pain** were an object that someone **gives** to someone else. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “causes pain” 10:10 p957 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וֶאֱוִ֥יל שְׂ֝פָתַ֗יִם יִלָּבֵֽט 1 See how you translated the nearly identical clause in [10:8](../10/08.md). 10:11 tv58 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession מְק֣וֹר חַ֭יִּים 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **fountain** that gives **life**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “A fountain that gives life” 10:11 uifo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מְק֣וֹר חַ֭יִּים 1 Here Solomon is speaking of **the mouth of the righteous one** as if it were a **fountain of life**. He means that what a **righteous** person says is beneficial to a person’s **life**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Something that benefits a person’s life” 10:11 f47s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy פִּ֣י 1 In this verse, **mouth** refers to what a person says by using his **mouth**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is the speech of” 10:11 bz8g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּפִ֥י רְ֝שָׁעִ֗ים יְכַסֶּ֥ה חָמָֽס 1 See how you translated the identical clause in [10:6](../10/06.md). 10:12 t8a8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification שִׂ֭נְאָה תְּעוֹרֵ֣ר מְדָנִ֑ים 1 Here Solomon speaks of **Hatred** as if it were a living thing that could cause **quarrels**. He means that people who hate cause such **quarrels**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Being hateful causes one to stir up quarrels” 10:12 ph1a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification וְעַ֥ל כָּל־פְּ֝שָׁעִ֗ים תְּכַסֶּ֥ה אַהֲבָֽה 1 Here Solomon speaks of **love** as if it were a living thing that could cover over **transgressions**. He means that people who love forgive **transgressions**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but being hateful causes one to forgive transgressions” 10:12 rrwo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns פְּ֝שָׁעִ֗ים 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **transgressions**, you could express the same idea in another way. Here, **transgressions** refers to crimes committed against people. Alternate translation: “that people do to harm others” 10:13 n8pk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּשִׂפְתֵ֣י נָ֭בוֹן 1 Here Solomon refers to what a **discerning** person says as if it were an object on that person’s **lips**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “In what a discerning person says” 10:13 i0xo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor תִּמָּצֵ֣א חָכְמָ֑ה 1 Here Solomon refers to the existence of **wisdom** as if it were an object that could be found. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “wisdom exists” or “there is wisdom” 10:13 xjnm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חָכְמָ֑ה 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **wisdom** in [1:2](../01/02.md). 10:13 ww93 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ֝שֵׁ֗בֶט לְגֵ֣ו 1 The phrase **rod for the back** refers to a form of punishment that involved beating a person on **the back** with a **rod**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a general expression for physical punishment. Alternate translation: “but physical punishment is for” 10:13 qqcn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy חֲסַר־לֵֽב 1 See how you translated **lacking of heart** in [6:32](../06/32.md). 10:14 m077 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִצְפְּנוּ 1 See how you translated the same use of **store up** in [2:1](../02/01.md). 10:14 gzs8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns דָ֑עַת 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **knowledge** in [1:4](../01/04.md). 10:14 ej72 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וּפִֽי 1 See how you translated the same use of **mouth** in [10:11](../10/11.md). 10:14 u04u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מְחִתָּ֥ה קְרֹבָֽה 1 Here Solomon speaks of what a **fool** says causes **ruin** as if that fool’s **mouth** was **near ruin**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “causes ruin” 10:15 ip06 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom קִרְיַ֣ת עֻזּ֑וֹ 1 The phrase **city of his strength** is an idiom that refers to a **city** with walls that protect the people inside the **city**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is a walled city” or “is a city with strong walls” 10:15 fd3s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor קִרְיַ֣ת עֻזּ֑וֹ 1 Here Solomon refers to **wealth** enabling its owners to be safe as if it were a strong **city** that protects them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is his protection” 10:15 izlm rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast מְחִתַּ֖ת דַּלִּ֣ים רֵישָֽׁם 1 This clause is in strong contrast to the previous clause. In your translation, indicate this strong contrast in a way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “by contrast, the ruin of lowly ones is their poverty” 10:15 wgyj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דַּלִּ֣ים 1 The phrase **lowly ones** refers to poor people as if they were located in a place that is lower than that of people who are not poor. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “people who are poor” 10:15 xiq7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns רֵישָֽׁם 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **poverty** in [6:11](../06/11.md). 10:16 im19 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor פְּעֻלַּ֣ת 1 Here Solomon speaks of the reward that **the righteous one** receives as if it were a **wage** that someone pays. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “The reward for” 10:16 rya2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun צַדִּ֣יק & רָשָׁ֣ע 1 The phrases **the righteous one** and **the wicked one** represent types of people in general, not one particular **righteous one** or **wicked one**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any righteous person … any wicked person” 10:16 pxqo rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result לְחַיִּ֑ים & לְחַטָּֽאת 1 In this verse, the phrase **is for** indicates that what follows is the result of what was previous stated. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate result. Alternate translation: “leads to life … leads to sin” or “results in life … results in sin” 10:16 y9vo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לְחַיִּ֑ים 1 Here, **life** refers to a long **life**. If it would be helpful in your family, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “is to a long life” “is to living a long time” 10:16 arpw rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast תְּבוּאַ֖ת רָשָׁ֣ע לְחַטָּֽאת 1 This clause is a strong contrast with the previous clause. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a contrast. Alternate translation: “by contrast, the income of the wicked one is to sin” 10:16 m318 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor תְּבוּאַ֖ת 1 Here Solomon speaks of the recompense or punishment that **the wicked one** receives as if it were **income**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the recompense for” 10:16 y0f9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לְחַטָּֽאת 1 Here, **sin** could refer to: (1) the punishment that someone receives for **sin**, which is suggested by the contrasting parallelism between this clause and the previous clause. Alternate translation: “is for punishment for sin” (2) **sin** itself. Alternate translation: “is to sin more” 10:17 k6n3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֹ֣רַח 1 See how you translated the same use of **path** in [8:20](../08/20.md). 10:17 whb1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result לְ֭חַיִּים 1 Here, **to** indicates that what follows is the result of keeping **instruction**. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate result. Alternate translation: “that leads to life” or “that results in life” 10:17 uz9m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מוּסָ֑ר & תּוֹכַ֣חַת 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **instruction** in [1:2](../01/02.md) and **rebuke** in [1:25](../01/25.md). 10:17 st2j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification וְעוֹזֵ֖ב 1 See how you translated the same use of “forsake” in [1:8](../01/08.md). 10:17 w1bh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מַתְעֶֽה 1 Here Solomon refers to someone deliberately doing wicked things that will result in that person’s destruction as if that person were wandering away from a road. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “does what will result in that person’s destruction” 10:18 b97z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מְכַסֶּ֣ה 1 See how you translated the same use of **covers** in [10:6](../10/06.md). 10:18 yvue rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession שִׂפְתֵי־שָׁ֑קֶר 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe **lips** that are characterized by **falsehood**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “has false lips” 10:18 d6bj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy שִׂפְתֵי 1 Here, **lips** refers to what people say by moving their **lips**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “tells” 10:18 hrop rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations ה֣וּא 1 Although the term **he** is masculine, Solomon is using the word in a generic sense that could refer to either a man or woman. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “that person” 10:19 zfsi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּרֹ֣ב דְּ֭בָרִים 1 Here Solomon implies that someone is speaking **a multitude of words**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “When someone speaks a multitude of words” 10:19 gn9t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns פָּ֑שַׁע 1 See how you translated “transgressions” in [10:12](../10/12.md). 10:19 zc3a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes לֹ֣א יֶחְדַּל 1 Solomon is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, **not**, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning, forsake. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meaning. Alternate translation: “continues” 10:19 bemw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְחֹשֵׂ֖ךְ שְׂפָתָ֣יו 1 This phrase is an idiom that refers to someone who stops himself from speaking. If it would be helpful, you could use an equivalent idiom from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but one who keeps his mouth shut” or “but one who prevents himself from speaking” 10:20 f3ev rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor כֶּ֣סֶף נִ֭בְחָר 1 Here Solomon speaks of the value of what righteous people say as if it were the best quality **silver**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “Extremely valuable” or “Like choice silver” 10:20 h1pz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לְשׁ֣וֹן 1 See how you translated the same use of **tongue** in [6:17](../06/17.md). 10:20 hqr6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun לְשׁ֣וֹן צַדִּ֑יק 1 See how you translated **the righteous one** in [10:16](../10/16.md). 10:20 j8nh rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast לֵ֖ב רְשָׁעִ֣ים כִּמְעָֽט 1 This clause is a strong contrast with the previous clause. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a contrast. Alternate translation: “by contrast, the heart of the wicked ones is like little” 10:20 pvj4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לֵ֖ב 1 See how you translated the same use of **heart** in [2:2](../02/02.md). 10:20 np2p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כִּמְעָֽט 1 Here, **like little** refers to having **little** value. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “has little value” or “is not valuable” 10:21 h4rr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy שִׂפְתֵ֣י 1 Here, **lips** refers to what people say by moving their **lips**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “The sayings of” 10:21 zs7h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun צַ֭דִּיק 1 See how you translated this phrase in [10:16](../10/16.md). 10:21 kp6k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification יִרְע֣וּ 1 Here Solomon speaks of what **righteous** people say benefitting people as if their words were shepherding the hearers. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “help” 10:21 p2vv rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result בַּחֲסַר־לֵ֥ב יָמֽוּתוּ 1 Here, **by** indicates that what follows is the reason why **fools die**. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a reason. Alternate translation: “die as a result of lacking heart” 10:21 hxdd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לֵ֥ב 1 See how you translated the same use of **heart** in [6:32](../06/32.md). 10:22 es92 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants וְלֹֽא־יוֹסִ֖ף עֶ֣צֶב עִמָּֽהּ 1 The word translated as **pain** can also mean “toil.” Some scholars think this word is the subject of the phrase **does not add**. If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to use the reading that it uses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to use the reading of the ULT. Alternate translation: “and toil does not add to it” or “and hard work does not add more riches to it” 10:23 ipb2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כִּשְׂח֣וֹק לִ֭כְסִיל עֲשׂ֣וֹת זִמָּ֑ה 1 Solomon is saying that **doing a wicked plan** is like **laughter** because **a stupid one** enjoys it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “Doing a wicked plan is as much fun as laughing for a stupid one” 10:23 s120 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וְ֝חָכְמָ֗ה לְאִ֣ישׁ תְּבוּנָֽה 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words in this clause that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “but wisdom is like laughter for a man of understanding” 10:23 xso2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וְ֝חָכְמָ֗ה & תְּבוּנָֽה 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **wisdom** and **understanding** in [1:2](../01/02.md). 10:23 a7he rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations לְאִ֣ישׁ תְּבוּנָֽה 1 Although **man** is masculine, here it refers to any person with **understanding**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “for a person of understanding” 10:23 l951 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession לְאִ֣ישׁ תְּבוּנָֽה 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **man** who is characterized by **understanding**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “for an understanding man” or “for a person who has understanding” 10:24 xai5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מְגוֹרַ֣ת 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **terror**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “That which terrifies” 10:24 vsxc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun רָ֭שָׁע הִ֣יא תְבוֹאֶ֑נּוּ 1 In this verse, **the wicked one** and **him** refer to **wicked** people in general. See how you translated **the wicked one** in [3:33](../03/33.md). Alternate translation: “any wicked person, it will come to that person” 10:24 qvlu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification הִ֣יא תְבוֹאֶ֑נּוּ 1 Here Solomon speaks of someone experiencing **terror** as if **terror** were a living thing that could **come** to someone. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “it will happen to him” 10:24 o37f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis יִתֵּֽן 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “will be given to them” 10:24 t4gc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יִתֵּֽן 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The context implies that Yahweh will do the action. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will give” 10:25 ba1i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor כַּעֲב֣וֹר ס֭וּפָה 1 This could refer to: (1) any destructive event. Alternate translation: “At the occurring of a disaster” or “When a disaster occurs” (2) a storm. Alternate translation: “When a storm occurs” 10:25 ci43 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous וְאֵ֣ין רָשָׁ֑ע 1 The word translated **and** here indicates that the event it introduces took place at the same time as the event stated in the previous clause. Use a natural form in your language for introducing an event that happened at the same time as another event. Alternate translation: “at that time there is no wicked one” 10:25 fhvg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְאֵ֣ין רָשָׁ֑ע 1 Here Solomon implies that the **whirlwind** blew away every **wicked one**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and there is no wicked one because the whirlwind blew them away” 10:25 lf8h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun וְ֝צַדִּ֗יק 1 Solomon is speaking of **righteous** people in general, not of one particular **righteous** person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural phrase. Alternate translation: “but any righteous person” 10:25 v58h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יְס֣וֹד עוֹלָֽם 1 Here Solomon refers to **a righteous one** being able to endure disasters as if that person were the **foundation** of a building that storms do not damage. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “endures to eternity” or “remains forever” 10:25 a7e2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession יְס֣וֹד עוֹלָֽם 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **foundation** that lasts to **eternity**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “is an eternal foundation” or “is a foundation that lasts to eternity” 10:26 fk5l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כַּחֹ֤מֶץ ׀ לַשִּׁנַּ֗יִם וְכֶעָשָׁ֥ן לָעֵינָ֑יִם 1 Solomon is saying that **the lazy one** is like **vinegar to the teeth and smoke to the eyes** because **vinegar** irritates **teeth** and **smoke** irritates **eyes**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “Like vinegar is irritating to teeth and smoke is irritating to eyes” 10:26 i1xh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun הֶ֝עָצֵ֗ל לְשֹׁלְחָֽיו 1 In this verse, **the lazy one** and **him** refer to **lazy** people in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “is any lazy person to one who sends that person” 10:26 t15r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לְשֹׁלְחָֽיו 1 Here Solomon implies that **the lazy one** was sent to do some errand for the person who sent him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “to one who sends him to do an errand” 10:27 rv8w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession יִרְאַ֣ת יְ֭הוָה 1 See how you translated the **fear of Yahweh** in [1:7](../01/07.md). 10:27 s8vi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor תּוֹסִ֣יף יָמִ֑ים 1 Here Solomon speaks of the **fear of Yahweh** as if it could **add days** to a person’s life. He means that fearing **Yahweh** will enable a person to live a long life. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will result in days being added” 10:27 ubhw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit תּוֹסִ֣יף יָמִ֑ים 1 Here Solomon implies that **days** are added to the length of a person’s life. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “will add days to the length of a person’s life” 10:27 qdwt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּשְׁנ֖וֹת רְשָׁעִ֣ים 1 Here Solomon uses **years** to refer to the length of time that a person lives. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but the lifetimes of the wicked ones” 10:28 pds2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns תּוֹחֶ֣לֶת & שִׂמְחָ֑ה 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **hope** and **joy**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “What is hoped by … is what is joyful” 10:28 rrjz rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result שִׂמְחָ֑ה 1 This could mean: (1) the **hope** results in **joy**. Alternate translation: “results in joy” (2) **joy** is what **the righteous ones** hope for, as in the ULT. 10:28 zqr5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְתִקְוַ֖ת רְשָׁעִ֣ים תֹּאבֵֽד 1 Here Solomon speaks of **the wicked ones** having unfulfilled expectations as if their **expectation will perish**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but the expectation of the wicked ones will remain unfulfilled” 10:29 gey1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מָע֣וֹז 1 Here Solomon refers to **the way of Yahweh** protecting people as if it were a **stronghold**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Protection” 10:29 xa49 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns לַ֭תֹּם & אָֽוֶן 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **integrity** in [1:3](../01/03.md) and **iniquity** in [6:12](../06/12.md). 10:29 m9nr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy דֶּ֣רֶךְ יְהוָ֑ה 1 Here, **way** refers to what **Yahweh** does, or his behavior. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is what Yahweh does” or “is the behavior of Yahweh” 10:29 e60k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וּ֝מְחִתָּ֗ה 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “but the way of Yahweh is ruin” 10:30 url1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun צַדִּ֣יק 1 See how you translated the same phrase in [9:9](../09/09.md). 10:30 ub25 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes בַּל־יִמּ֑וֹט 1 Solomon is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, **not**, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meaning. Alternate translation: “will be secure” 10:30 fpnl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אָֽרֶץ 1 See how you translated the same use of **the land** in [2:21](../02/21.md). 10:31 f7hy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy פִּֽי־צַ֭דִּיק 1 See how you translated this phrase in [10:11](../10/11.md). 10:31 h789 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יָנ֣וּב חָכְמָ֑ה 1 Here Solomon refers to a **righteous** person saying wise things as if **wisdom** were a **fruit** that a plant **bears**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “speaks wisdom” or “speaks wisdom like a plant bears fruit” 10:31 amx2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וּלְשׁ֥וֹן 1 See how you translated the same use of **tongue** in [6:17](../06/17.md). 10:31 p9y1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive תִּכָּרֵֽת 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The context implies that Yahweh will do the action. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will cut off” 10:31 s2vb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole תִּכָּרֵֽת 1 Here Solomon speaks of **the perverse ones** not being permitted to speak as if someone **cut off** their tongues. He does not mean that someone would literally **cut off** their tongues. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will not be allowed to speak” or “will be stopped” 10:32 y79y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy שִׂפְתֵ֣י צַ֭דִּיק 1 See how you translated this phrase in [10:21](../10/21.md). 10:32 gn3b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification יֵדְע֣וּן רָצ֑וֹן 1 Here Solomon speaks of a **righteous** person saying pleasing things as if that person’s **lips** were people who **know favor**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “express favor” 10:32 bx51 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns רָצ֑וֹן 1 See how you translated **favor** in [3:4](../03/04.md). 10:32 scfp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וּפִ֥י רְ֝שָׁעִ֗ים תַּהְפֻּכֽוֹת 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “but the mouth of the wicked ones speaks perverse things” or “but the mouth of the wicked ones expresses perverse things” 10:32 ay8q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וּפִ֥י רְ֝שָׁעִ֗ים 1 See how you translated this phrase in [10:6](../10/06.md). 11:intro uk6v 0 # Proverbs 11 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nChapter 11 continues the section of the book written by Solomon that is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.\n\n## Translation Issues in This Chapter\n\n### Contrasting parallelism\n\nExcept for [11:7](../11/07.md), [10](../11/10.md), [22](../11/22.md), [25](../11/25.md), and [11:29–31](../11/29.md), all the proverbs in this chapter consist of two parallel clauses that contrast with each other. 11:1 nux3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מֹאזְנֵ֣י & וְאֶ֖בֶן שְׁלֵמָ֣ה 1 Solomon does not mean that **Yahweh** actually hates these **Scales** or has **delight** in this **whole stone**. Rather, he means that **Yahweh** hates people using these **Scales** and has **delight** in people using **a whole stone**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “The use of scales of … but the use of a whole stone” 11:1 wl8y rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown מֹאזְנֵ֣י מִ֭רְמָה 1 **Scales** describes an instrument for determining the weight of an object or comparing the weight of two objects. It consists of a central post with a crossbar from which two pans are hung. An object may be placed in one pan and known weights placed in the other pan until the crossbar remains level, indicating that both pans contain an equal weight. Or one object may be placed in one pan and a different object in the other pan; the pan that hangs lower contains the heavier object. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of weighing instrument, you could use the name of something similar in your area, or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “a balancing scale of deceit” or “a weighing instrument of deceit” 11:1 qsoh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession מֹאזְנֵ֣י מִ֭רְמָה 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe **Scales** that are used for **deceit**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “Scales used to deceive people” or “Scales people use to deceive others” 11:1 g3jt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns תּוֹעֲבַ֣ת יְהוָ֑ה 1 See how you translated **an abomination to Yahweh** in [3:32](../03/32.md). 11:1 pe2q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְאֶ֖בֶן שְׁלֵמָ֣ה 1 Here, **whole stone** refers to a **stone** people use as a weight on a pair of **Scales** that accurately weighs the **whole** amount that people expect it to weigh. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but an accurate weight” or “but a stone that weighs the correct weight” 11:1 x8n5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns רְצוֹנֽוֹ 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **delight** in [8:30](../08/30.md). 11:2 fofi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification בָּֽא־זָ֭דוֹן וַיָּבֹ֣א קָל֑וֹן 1 Here Solomon speaks of a person acting with **presumptuousness** and experiencing **disgrace** as if **presumptuousness** and **disgrace** were living things that come to someone. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “When someone acts with presumptuousness, then that person experiences disgrace” 11:2 zylz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns זָ֭דוֹן 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **presumptuousness**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “being presumptuous” 11:2 xgro rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential וַיָּבֹ֣א קָל֑וֹן 1 The word translated **then** at the beginning of this phrase indicates that this event happened after the event described in the previous phrase. Use a natural form in your language for introducing the next event in a sequence of events. Alternate translation: “disgrace comes afterward” 11:2 n8ow rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns קָל֑וֹן & חָכְמָֽה 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **disgrace** in [6:33](../06/33.md) and **wisdom** in [1:2](../01/02.md). 11:3 bg97 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification תֻּמַּ֣ת יְשָׁרִ֣ים תַּנְחֵ֑ם 1 Here Solomon speaks of **integrity** as if it were a living thing that could **guide** a person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “When upright ones act with integrity, doing so will enable them to know what to do” or “The integrity of the upright ones is like a guide for them” 11:3 rj24 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns תֻּמַּ֣ת 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **integrity** in [1:3](../01/03.md). 11:3 k9jr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification וְסֶ֖לֶף בּוֹגְדִ֣ים יְשָׁדֵּֽם 1 Here Solomon speaks of **crookedness** as if it were a living thing that could **destroy** a person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use similes. Alternate translation: “but when treacherous ones act with crookedness, doing so will destroy them” or “but the crookedness of the treacherous ones is like a person who destroys them” 11:3 cq7k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְסֶ֖לֶף 1 See how you translated a similar use of “crooked” in [2:15](../02/15.md). 11:4 wqkk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis לֹא־יוֹעִ֣יל ה֭וֹן בְּי֣וֹם עֶבְרָ֑ה וּ֝צְדָקָ֗ה תַּצִּ֥יל מִמָּֽוֶת 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages both of these clauses would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “Wealth will not profit you in the day of rage, but righteousness will deliver you from death” or “Wealth will not profit people in the day of rage, but righteousness will deliver people from death” 11:4 sgq1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לֹא־יוֹעִ֣יל 1 See how you translated the same use of **profit** in [3:14](../03/14.md). 11:4 r538 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּי֣וֹם עֶבְרָ֑ה 1 Here, **the day of rage** refers to a time when God will judge wicked people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “in the day of Yahweh’s judgment” 11:4 fc86 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification וּ֝צְדָקָ֗ה תַּצִּ֥יל מִמָּֽוֶת 1 Here Solomon speaks of **righteousness** enabling a person to escape **death** as if “righteousness** were a living thing that could **deliver** that person **from death**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “but righteousness will enable someone to be delivered from death” or “but righteousness is like someone who delivers a person from death” 11:4 zlmx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וּ֝צְדָקָ֗ה & מִמָּֽוֶת 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **righteousness** in [1:3](../01/03.md) and **death** in [2:18](../02/18.md). 11:5 lc4r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns צִדְקַ֣ת & וּ֝בְרִשְׁעָת֗וֹ 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **righteousness** in [1:3](../01/03.md) and **wickedness** in [4:17](../04/17.md). 11:5 ytaf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun תָּ֭מִים 1 The phrase **a blameless one** represents **blameless** people in general, not one particular **blameless one**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “any blameless person” 11:5 aqrm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit תָּ֭מִים 1 Here, **a blameless one** refers to someone whom Yahweh does not blame for acting wickedly. See how you translated the same use of “blameless ones” in [2:21](../02/21.md). 11:5 d5mr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor תְּיַשֵּׁ֣ר דַּרְכּ֑וֹ 1 Here Solomon refers to enabling someone to know what that person should do as making that person’s **way straight**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated a similar idea in [3:6](../03/06.md). Alternate translation: “will cause that person to know what to do” 11:5 lmxk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun רָשָֽׁע 1 See how you translated this phrase in [9:7](../09/07.md). 11:5 vhe9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִפֹּ֥ל 1 Here Solomon speaks of someone experiencing disaster as if that person were falling down. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will experience disaster” 11:6 v49j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns צִדְקַ֣ת 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **righteousness** in [1:2](../01/02.md). 11:6 av1p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification צִדְקַ֣ת יְ֭שָׁרִים תַּצִּילֵ֑ם 1 Here Solomon speaks of **righteousness** enabling a person to escape something as if **righteousness** were a person who could **deliver** that person from harm. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. See how you translated a similar expression in [11:4](../11/04.md). Alternate translation: “The righteousness of the upright ones will enable them to be delivered” or “The righteousness of the upright ones is like someone who delivers them” 11:6 koj4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns יִלָּכֵֽדוּ 1 The pronoun **they** here refers to **the treacherous ones**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “those treacherous ones will be captured” 11:6 b5vy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יִלָּכֵֽדוּ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “someone will capture them” 11:7 zn33 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְּמ֤וֹת אָדָ֣ם רָ֭שָׁע 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **death**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “When a wicked man dies” 11:7 jaln rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אָדָ֣ם רָ֭שָׁע 1 Although the term **man** is masculine, Solomon is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “a wicked person” 11:7 snm5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification תֹּאבַ֣ד & אָבָֽדָה 1 In this verse, Solomon speaks of **expectation** and **hope** remaining unfulfilled as if they were living things that could **perish**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use similes. Alternate translation: “will remain unfulfilled … remains unfulfilled” or “will be like someone who perishes … is like someone who perishes” 11:7 dz8x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וְתוֹחֶ֖לֶת 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **hope** in [10:28](../10/28.md). 11:7 modb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אוֹנִ֣ים 1 Here, **strong ones** could refer to: (1) people who rely on their own strength to get what they hope for. Alternate translation: “those who rely on their own strength” (2) people who rely on their wealth to get what they hope for. Alternate translation: “those who rely on their wealth” 11:8 rh97 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun צַ֭דִּיק & רָשָׁ֣ע 1 See how you translated **A righteous one** in [9:9](../09/09.md) and **a wicked one** in [9:7](../09/07.md). 11:8 q5ed rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor צַ֭דִּיק מִצָּרָ֣ה נֶחֱלָ֑ץ וַיָּבֹ֖א רָשָׁ֣ע תַּחְתָּֽיו 1 In this verse, Solomon speaks of avoiding and experiencing **distress** as if **distress** were a place that someone could be **drawn away from** or enter. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “A righteous one is prevented from experiencing distress, but a wicked one experiences distress instead of him” 11:8 z4am rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive צַ֭דִּיק & נֶחֱלָ֑ץ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The context implies that Yahweh does the action. Alternate translation: “Yahweh draws away a righteous one” 11:8 dt68 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מִצָּרָ֣ה 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **distress** in [1:27](../01/27.md). 11:8 u873 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וַיָּבֹ֖א רָשָׁ֣ע 1 Solomon is leaving out a word that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply this word from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “but a wicked one enters distress” 11:9 r7vl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּפֶ֗ה 1 See how you translated the same use of **mouth** in [10:11](../10/11.md). 11:9 ekbj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun חָ֭נֵף 1 The phrase **a godless one** represents **godless** people in general, not one particular **godless one**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “any godless person” 11:9 d00a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit חָ֭נֵף 1 Here, **a godless one** refers to any person who rebels against God or behaves as if God did not exist. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “a person who rebels against God” 11:9 p5y0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations רֵעֵ֑הוּ 1 Although the term **his** is masculine, Solomon is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “that person’s neighbor” 11:9 p5mk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וּ֝בְדַ֗עַת 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **knowledge** in [1:4](../01/04.md). 11:9 cyae rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וּ֝בְדַ֗עַת צַדִּיקִ֥ים יֵחָלֵֽצוּ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “but knowledge will deliver righteous ones” 11:10 f28a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בְּט֣וּב צַ֭דִּיקִים 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe **the good** things that happen to **the righteous ones**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “In the good things that happen to righteous ones,” or “When good things happen to the righteous ones,” 11:10 hkq7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy תַּעֲלֹ֣ץ קִרְיָ֑ה 1 Here, **city** refers to the people who live in a **city**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the people of a city exult” 11:10 mdln rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וּבַאֲבֹ֖ד רְשָׁעִ֣ים רִנָּֽה 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and when wicked ones perish, there is a shout of joy” or “and when wicked ones perish, a city gives a shout of joy” 11:11 mx3p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive בְּבִרְכַּ֣ת יְ֭שָׁרִים תָּר֣וּם קָ֑רֶת וּבְפִ֥י רְ֝שָׁעִ֗ים תֵּהָרֵֽס 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The blessing of the upright ones raises up a city, but the mouth of the wicked ones tears down a city” 11:11 eeiz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בְּבִרְכַּ֣ת יְ֭שָׁרִים 1 Here, **the blessing of the upright ones** could refer to: (1) **the blessing** that **the upright ones** give to **a city**. Alternate translation: “With the blessing given by the upright ones” (2) **the blessing** that God gives **the upright ones**. Alternate translation: “With the blessing God gives the upright ones” 11:11 sim1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor תָּר֣וּם קָ֑רֶת 1 Here Solomon refers to **a city** becoming great as if it were **raised up**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a city is made great” 11:11 p4sd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וּבְפִ֥י 1 See how you translated the same use of **mouth** in [10:11](../10/11.md). 11:11 d0z9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy תֵּהָרֵֽס 1 Here Solomon uses **a city** being **torn down** to refer to it being destroyed, which could include tearing **down** its walls and buildings. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a city is destroyed” 11:12 z5t5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בָּז־לְרֵעֵ֥הוּ 1 Contrasting this clause with the second clause indicates that Solomon is referring to someone who **despises his neighbor** by what he says. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “One who vocally despises his neighbor” or “One who despises his neighbor in what he says” 11:12 l0yt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations לְרֵעֵ֥הוּ & וְאִ֖ישׁ תְּבוּנ֣וֹת 1 Although **he** and **man** are masculine, Solomon is using these words in a generic sense that could refer to either a man or woman. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use phrases that make this clear. Alternate translation: “that person’s neighbor … but a person of understanding” 11:12 dj0z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy חֲסַר־לֵ֑ב 1 See how you translated this phrase in [6:32](../06/32.md). 11:12 wdiz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וְאִ֖ישׁ תְּבוּנ֣וֹת 1 See how you translated **a man of understanding** in [10:23](../10/23.md). 11:13 yb2c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj רָ֭כִיל 1 Here Solomon is using the adjective **gossip** as a noun to mean “someone who gossips.” Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “Someone who gossips” 11:13 en2e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מְגַלֶּה 1 Here Solomon refers to revealing **secret** information as if that information were a hidden object that people were **uncovering**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “revealing” 11:13 s2og rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וְנֶאֱמַן־ר֝֗וּחַ 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe someone who is characterized by being **faithful**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “but a faithful one” 11:13 ot6x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מְכַסֶּ֥ה 1 See how you translated the same use of **covers** in [10:6](../10/06.md). 11:14 xqvv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְּאֵ֣ין תַּ֭חְבֻּלוֹת & וּ֝תְשׁוּעָ֗ה בְּרֹ֣ב יוֹעֵֽץ 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **directions**, **salvation**, **abundance**, and **counsel**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. See how you translated **abundance** in [5:23](../05/23.md) and **counsel** in [1:25](../01/25.md). Alternate translation: “When no one directs … but many people counseling someone will save that person” 11:14 tw7g rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns עָ֑ם 1 In this verse, the word **people** is singular in form, but it refers to multiple people as a group that could also be called a “nation” or “country.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could say this plainly. Alternate translation: “a group of people” or “a nation” 11:14 j012 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִפָּל 1 See how you translated the same use of “fall” in [11:5](../11/05.md). 11:14 a9wq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ֝תְשׁוּעָ֗ה בְּרֹ֣ב יוֹעֵֽץ 1 Here Solomon is speaking of **salvation** as if it were an object that could be found **in an abundance of counsel**. He means that **an abundance of counsel** can result in **salvation**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but salvation is the result of an abundance of counsel” 11:15 ir1y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations עָ֣רַב 1 Although the term **he** is masculine, Solomon is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “one pledged for” or “that person pledges for” 11:15 j2ce rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עָ֣רַב 1 See how you translated the same use of “pledge” in [6:1](../06/01.md). 11:15 z46f rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction תֹקְעִ֣ים 1 The function of this action in this culture was to confirm a contractual agreement between people. If there is a gesture with a similar meaning in your culture, you could consider using it here in your translation, or you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the similar phrase “clasp your palms” in [6:1](../06/01.md). Alternate translation: “shaking hands to confirm an agreement” or “confirming an agreement” 11:16 uqha rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אֵֽשֶׁת־חֵ֭ן 1 Here, **woman** refers to a type of **woman** in general, not one particular **woman**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “Any woman of grace” 11:16 bvh9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession אֵֽשֶׁת־חֵ֭ן 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **woman** who is characterized by **grace**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “A woman who is gracious” 11:16 qm22 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor תִּתְמֹ֣ךְ & יִתְמְכוּ 1 Here Solomon speaks of people obtaining **honor** and **riches** as if they were objects that someone could **grasp**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will obtain … will obtain” 11:16 h7rd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns כָּב֑וֹד 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **honor** in [3:16](../03/16.md). 11:16 ojz8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יִתְמְכוּ־עֹֽשֶׁר 1 Solomon contrasts this clause with the previous clause in order to imply that **riches** are not as important as **honor**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “will merely grasp riches” 11:17 du8b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations גֹּמֵ֣ל נַ֭פְשׁוֹ אִ֣ישׁ חָ֑סֶד & שְׁ֝אֵר֗וֹ 1 Although **man** and **his** are masculine, Solomon is using the words in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use phrases that make this clear. Alternate translation: “A person of covenant faithfulness deals fully with that person’s soul … that person’s flesh” 11:17 b60p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession אִ֣ישׁ חָ֑סֶד 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **man** who is characterized by **covenant faithfulness**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “A man who has covenant faithfulness” 11:17 dxp9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom גֹּמֵ֣ל 1 Here, the phrase **deals fully** refers to rewarding or benefiting someone. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “rewards” 11:17 acrd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche נַ֭פְשׁוֹ & שְׁ֝אֵר֗וֹ 1 Here, **soul** and **flesh** refer to people, who have a **soul** and **flesh**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly, as in the UST. 11:17 ehrk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אַכְזָרִֽי 1 The phrase **a cruel one** represents cruel people in general, not one particular person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “any cruel person” 11:18 c37s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun רָשָׁ֗ע 1 See how you translated this phrase in [9:7](../09/07.md). 11:18 fjg0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession פְעֻלַּת־שָׁ֑קֶר & שֶׂ֣כֶר אֱמֶֽת 1 In this verse, Solomon is using possessive forms to describe a **wage** that is characterized by **falsehood** and to describe a **wage** that is characterized by **truth**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use different expressions. Alternate translation: “a false wage … a true wage” 11:18 k8u1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor פְעֻלַּת־שָׁ֑קֶר & שֶׂ֣כֶר אֱמֶֽת 1 Here Solomon speaks of results or rewards as if they were a **wage** someone receives. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a false reward … a true reward” 11:18 rfix rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וְזֹרֵ֥עַ צְ֝דָקָ֗ה שֶׂ֣כֶר אֱמֶֽת 1 Solomon is leaving out a word that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply this word from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “makes a wage of truth” 11:18 imr8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְזֹרֵ֥עַ צְ֝דָקָ֗ה 1 Here Solomon refers to doing righteous deeds as if one were sowing seeds in a field. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but one who does righteous deeds” 11:19 ibb6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis כֵּן־צְדָקָ֥ה 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words in this clause that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the next clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “Pursuing veritable righteousness” or “Behaving with veritable righteousness” 11:19 w39m rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result לְחַיִּ֑ים & לְמוֹתֽוֹ 1 In this verse, **is to** indicates that what follows is the result of the preceding phrase. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate result. Alternate translation: “leads to life … leads him to his death” 11:19 s86d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לְחַיִּ֑ים 1 See how you translated the same use of **life** in [10:16](../10/16.md). 11:19 un2d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּמְרַדֵּ֖ף רָעָ֣ה 1 Here Solomon refers to someone who eagerly does **evil** as if that person were pursuing it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but one who eagerly does evil” 11:19 ey2s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns לְמוֹתֽוֹ 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **death** in [2:18](../02/18.md). 11:20 r5lt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns תּוֹעֲבַ֣ת יְ֭הוָה 1 See how you translated this phrase in [3:32](../03/32.md). 11:20 rvki rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עִקְּשֵׁי 1 See how you translated the same use of **crooked** in [2:15](../02/15.md). 11:20 vxth rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לֵ֑ב 1 See how you translated the same use of **heart** in [2:2](../02/02.md). 11:20 spnb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וּ֝רְצוֹנ֗וֹ 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **delight** in [8:30](../08/30.md). 11:20 rrdd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession תְּמִ֣ימֵי דָֽרֶךְ 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **way** that is characterized by being **blameless**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “is those whose way is blameless” 11:20 p8r5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דָֽרֶךְ 1 See how you translated the same use of **way** in [1:15](../01/15.md). 11:21 gum3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom יָ֣ד לְ֭יָד 1 This phrase is an idiom that refers to something being certain. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “As sure as the sun comes up” or “Assuredly” 11:21 kwnz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun רָּ֑ע 1 See how you translated this phrase in [9:7](../09/07.md). 11:21 gh2a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes לֹא־יִנָּ֣קֶה 1 See how you translated this phrase in [6:29](../06/29.md). 11:21 ckyd rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns וְזֶ֖רַע 1 Here, the word **seed** is singular in form, but it refers to all seeds as a group. If it would be helpful in your language, you could say this plainly. Alternate translation: “but the seeds of” 11:21 kk9p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְזֶ֖רַע 1 Here Solomon refers to the descendants of **the righteous ones** as if they were **the seed** of a plant. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but the descendants of” 11:21 cqgr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit נִמְלָֽט 1 Here Solomon implies **escape** from punishment. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “will escape punishment” or “will not be punished” 11:22 qn7y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure נֶ֣זֶם זָ֭הָב בְּאַ֣ף חֲזִ֑יר אִשָּׁ֥ה יָ֝פָ֗ה וְסָ֣רַת טָֽעַם 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could reverse the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “A beautiful woman that turns away from discretion is a ring of gold in the nose of a pig” 11:22 y2me rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נֶ֣זֶם זָ֭הָב בְּאַ֣ף חֲזִ֑יר אִשָּׁ֥ה יָ֝פָ֗ה וְסָ֣רַת טָֽעַם 1 In this verse, Solomon speaks of how inappropriate it is for a **beautiful woman** not to have **discretion**. He speaks as if that **woman** were a **ring of gold** in a pig’s **nose**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a simile. Alternate translation: “A beautiful woman that turns away from discretion is inappropriate, like a ring of gold in the nose of a pig” 11:22 lnjp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor חֲזִ֑יר 1 A **pig** is an animal that is considered to be unclean and disgusting by Jews and many cultures of the Ancient Near East. It would be very inappropriate for a **pig** to have **a ring of gold** in its **nose**. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of animal, you could use the name of a disgusting animal in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “a disgusting animal” 11:22 fe2p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְסָ֣רַת טָֽעַם 1 Here Solomon speaks of refusing to act with **discretion** as if someone were turning **away** from it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “that does not act with discretion” 11:22 utzq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns טָֽעַם 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **discretion** in [1:4](../01/04.md). 11:23 rzak rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit תַּאֲוַ֣ת צַדִּיקִ֣ים אַךְ־ט֑וֹב תִּקְוַ֖ת רְשָׁעִ֣ים עֶבְרָֽה 1 This verse could mean: (1) **The desire** of **righteous** people results in what is **good**, but **the expectation** of **wicked** people results in **rage**. Alternate translation: “The desire of the righteous ones leads only to good; the expectation of the wicked ones leads to rage” (2) **righteous** people **only desire** what is **good**, but **wicked** people expect anger. Alternate translation: “The righteous ones only desire good; the wicked ones expect rage” 11:23 bqva rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast תִּקְוַ֖ת רְשָׁעִ֣ים עֶבְרָֽה 1 This clause is a strong contrast with the previous clause. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a contrast. Alternate translation: “by contrast, the expectation of the wicked ones is rage” 11:23 wwdu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עֶבְרָֽה 1 Here, **rage** could refer to: (1) Yahweh’s wrath. Alternate translation: “is the wrath of Yahweh” (2) the wrath of other people. Alternate translation: “is the wrath of other people” 11:23 unoz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns עֶבְרָֽה 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **rage**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “is being enraged” or “enrages” 11:24 wlh2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis יֵ֣שׁ מְ֭פַזֵּר וְנוֹסָ֥ף ע֑וֹד 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. The context is about a person sharing what they have with others. Alternate translation: “There is one who scatters what he has and adds more to what he has” 11:24 vwny rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מְ֭פַזֵּר & וְחוֹשֵׂ֥ךְ 1 In this verse, **one** refers to **one** type of person. It does not mean that there is only **one** person who does each of these two things. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “a type of person who scatters … but a type of person who withholds” 11:24 o9r8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וְנוֹסָ֥ף ע֑וֹד 1 Here, **and** introduces the result of what was stated in the previous clause. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a result. Alternate translation: “and it results in that person having more” 11:24 x97i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וְחוֹשֵׂ֥ךְ מִ֝יֹּ֗שֶׁר 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. The context is about a person not sharing what they have with others. Alternate translation: “but one who withholds from those in need more of what he has than is right” 11:24 p1q7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result אַךְ־לְמַחְסֽוֹר 1 Here, **for** introduces the result of what was stated earlier in the clause. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a result. Alternate translation: “will only lack as a result” 11:25 xagi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun נֶֽפֶשׁ & וּ֝מַרְוֶ֗ה & ה֥וּא 1 In this verse, **A life**, **the one**, and **he** refer to types of people in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any life of … and any person who drenches, that person” 11:25 q9vb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession נֶֽפֶשׁ־בְּרָכָ֥ה 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **life** that is characterized by **blessing**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “A life that blesses” 11:25 azqr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy נֶֽפֶשׁ 1 Here, **life** refers to the person himself. See how you translated the same use of **life** in [8:36](../08/36.md). 11:25 isim rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּרָכָ֥ה 1 Here Solomon implies that the **blessing** is given to other people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “blessing other people” 11:25 lf1i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive תְדֻשָּׁ֑ן & יוֹרֶֽא 1 If your language does not use these passive forms, you could express the ideas in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The context implies that Yahweh will do the action. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will fatten … Yahweh will drench” 11:25 xmj0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor תְדֻשָּׁ֑ן 1 Here Solomon refers to a person becoming prosperous as if they were **fattened**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will become prosperous” 11:25 sglx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ֝מַרְוֶ֗ה גַּם־ה֥וּא יוֹרֶֽא 1 Here Solomon refers to someone giving and receiving a generous amount of water as if that person were drenching others with water and being **drenched**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning carefully. Alternate translation: “and the one who freely gives water to others will also freely receive water” 11:26 eb69 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מֹ֣נֵֽעַ & יִקְּבֻ֣הוּ & מַשְׁבִּֽיר 1 In this verse, **One**, **him**, and **the seller** refer to types of people in general. They do not refer to specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who withholds … will curse that person … any seller” 11:26 fuax rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מֹ֣נֵֽעַ בָּ֭ר 1 Here Solomon implies that this person selfishly **withholds grain** in order to sell it later for a greater profit. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “One who selfishly withholds grain from the sale of it” 11:26 h1qp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche וּ֝בְרָכָ֗ה לְרֹ֣אשׁ 1 See how you translated the similar expression in [10:6](../10/06.md). 11:26 dvu5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מַשְׁבִּֽיר 1 Here Solomon implies that **the seller** sells **grain**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the one who sells grain” 11:27 gt1o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun שֹׁ֣חֵֽר & וְדֹרֵ֖שׁ & תְבוֹאֶֽנּוּ 1 In this verse, **One who diligently seeks**, **one who searches for**, and **him** refer to types of people in general. They do not refer to specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who diligently seeks … but any person who searches for … it will come to that person” 11:27 k983 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שֹׁ֣חֵֽר & וְדֹרֵ֖שׁ 1 In this verse, Solomon refers to people trying to do **good** and trying to do **evil** as if **good** and **evil** were objects that someone **seeks** or **searches for**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “One who diligently tries to do good … but one who tries to do evil” 11:27 k6ug rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ט֭וֹב & רָצ֑וֹן & רָעָ֣ה 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **good**, **favor**, and **evil**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “what is good … to be favored … what is evil” 11:27 z1tk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יְבַקֵּ֣שׁ רָצ֑וֹן 1 Solomon implies that the one **who diligently seeks good** also **seeks favor** and receives it from Yahweh and other people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “finds favor from Yahweh and people” 11:27 vzfw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification תְבוֹאֶֽנּוּ 1 Here Solomon speaks of someone experiencing **evil** as if **evil** were a person who could **come** to that person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly Alternate translation: “he will experience it” or “it will happen to him” 11:28 c636 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun בּוֹטֵ֣חַ בְּ֭עָשְׁרוֹ ה֣וּא יִפֹּ֑ל 1 **One**, **his**, and **he** in this verse refer to a type of person in general. They do not refer to a specific person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who trusts in that person’s own riches, that person will fall” 11:28 kny5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns ה֣וּא יִפֹּ֑ל 1 Solomon uses the word **himself** to emphasize who **will fall**. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this emphasis. Alternate translation: “that very person will fall” 11:28 q218 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ה֣וּא יִפֹּ֑ל 1 See how you translated the same use of **fall** in [11:5](../11/05.md). 11:28 p1e2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile וְ֝כֶעָלֶ֗ה צַדִּיקִ֥ים יִפְרָֽחוּ 1 Solomon is saying that **righteous ones** are like **a leaf** that sprouts out of a plant because they prosper and thrive. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “but righteous ones prosper like a leaf sprouts and grows” 11:28 mf6v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ֝כֶעָלֶ֗ה 1 Here Solomon refers to a green **leaf** that is growing, rather than a fallen or withered **leaf**. If it would be helpful in your language, or if you language uses different words for a fresh or withered **leaf**, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “but like a healthy leaf,” 11:29 qggj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun עוֹכֵ֣ר בֵּ֭יתוֹ 1 **One** and **his** in this verse refer to a type of person in general. They do not refer to a specific person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “Any person who troubles that person’s own house” 11:29 f3z5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בֵּ֭יתוֹ 1 Here, **house** represents the family who lives in **his house**. See how you translated the same use of **house** in [3:33](../03/33.md). 11:29 p1pb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִנְחַל־ר֑וּחַ 1 Here Solomon speaks of **wind** as if it were property that someone could **inherit**. He means that someone **who troubles his house** will not **inherit** anything. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will inherit nothing” 11:29 n7ak rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom לַחֲכַם־לֵֽב 1 See how you translated **wise of heart** in [10:8](../10/08.md). 11:30 q7ul rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession פְּֽרִי־צַ֭דִּיק 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe **fruit** that is produced by **the righteous one**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “The fruit produced by the righteous one” 11:30 wt50 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor פְּֽרִי 1 Here Solomon refers to what **righteous** people do as if it were **fruit** that they produced. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “The deeds of” 11:30 bcng rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun צַ֭דִּיק & וְלֹקֵ֖חַ נְפָשׂ֣וֹת 1 In this verse, **the righteous one** and **the taker of souls** refer to types of people in general. They do not refer to specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. See how you translated **the righteous one** in [10:3](../10/03.md). Alternate translation: “any righteous person … and any person who takes souls” 11:30 hlz7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עֵ֣ץ חַיִּ֑ים 1 See how you translated this phrase in [3:18](../03/18.md). 11:30 azis rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants וְלֹקֵ֖חַ נְפָשׂ֣וֹת חָכָֽם 1 Some ancient translations translate this clause as “and the one who takes away lives is violent.” That would be indicating that this clause refers to violent people who kill others, which is in contrast with the type of person described in the previous clause. If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to use the reading that it uses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to use the reading of ULT. 11:30 b3eo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְלֹקֵ֖חַ נְפָשׂ֣וֹת 1 Here, **taker of souls** refers to someone who influences other people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and the one who influences others” 11:31 s8p9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הֵ֣ן 1 See how you translated the same use of **Behold** in [1:23](../01/23.md). 11:31 vmnq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun צַ֭דִּיק & רָשָׁ֥ע וְחוֹטֵֽא 1 In this verse, **a righteous one**, **a wicked one**, and **a sinner** refer to types of people in general. They do not refer to specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. See how you translated **a righteous one** in [9:9](../09/09.md) and **a wicked one** in [9:7](../09/07.md). Alternate translation: “any righteous person … any wicked person and any sinner” 11:31 q0g2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בָּאָ֣רֶץ 1 Here, **the land** refers to the earth in general. It does not refer to the land of Israel, as it does in [2:21–22](../02/21.md) and [10:30](../10/30.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “in the earth” 11:31 leti rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יְשֻׁלָּ֑ם 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The context implies that Yahweh will do the action. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will repay” 11:31 x6ww rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יְשֻׁלָּ֑ם 1 Here Solomon refers to people receiving what they deserve for their actions as if they were being **repaid** for what they have done. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will receive what is due to them” 11:31 wlsw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis אַ֝֗ף כִּֽי־רָשָׁ֥ע וְחוֹטֵֽא 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “how much more will a wicked one and a sinner be repaid” 12:intro x2lg 0 # Proverbs 12 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nChapter 12 continues the section of the book written by Solomon that is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.\n\n## Translation Issues in This Chapter\n\n### Contrasting parallelism\n\nExcept for [12:7](../12/07.md), [14](../12/14.md), [28](../12/28.md), all the proverbs in this chapter consist of two parallel clauses that contrast with each other. 12:1 ktr2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מ֭וּסָר & דָּ֑עַת & תוֹכַ֣חַת 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **correction** in [3:11](../03/11.md), **knowledge** in [1:4](../01/04.md), and **rebuke** in [1:25](../01/25.md). 12:2 rz0a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun ט֗וֹב 1 **A good one** here does not refer to a specific person, but refers to this type of person in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural phrase. Alternate translation: “Any good person” 12:2 b11m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns רָ֭צוֹן 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **favor** in [3:4](../03/04.md). 12:2 z6x0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations וְאִ֖ישׁ 1 Although the term **man** is masculine, Solomon is using the word in a generic sense that could refer to either a man or woman. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “but a person of” 12:2 yy0n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וְאִ֖ישׁ מְזִמּ֣וֹת 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **man** who makes **schemes**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “but a man who schemes” 12:3 jf61 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אָדָ֣ם 1 Although the term **man** is masculine, Solomon is using the word in a generic sense that could refer to either a man or woman. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “A person” 12:3 nly2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive לֹא־יִכּ֣וֹן & בַּל־יִמּֽוֹט 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “will not establish himself … nobody will shake” 12:3 h4n3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לֹא־יִכּ֣וֹן 1 Here the word translated as **established** refers to having a stable and secure life. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “will not be made secure” 12:3 qpmv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְּרֶ֑שַׁע 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **wickedness** in [4:17](../04/17.md). 12:3 md5p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְשֹׁ֥רֶשׁ צַ֝דִּיקִ֗ים בַּל־יִמּֽוֹט 1 Here Solomon refers to someone’s life remaining secure as if that person’s security were a **root** that could **not be shaken**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but the security of the righteous ones will not end” or “but the security of the righteous ones will remain” 12:4 n7wf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession אֵֽשֶׁת־חַ֭יִל 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **wife** that is characterized by **worth**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “A worthy wife” 12:4 wh4l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עֲטֶ֣רֶת בַּעְלָ֑הּ 1 Here Solomon refers to a woman causing her husband to be honored as if she were his **crown**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “is a sign of great honor for her husband” or “honors her husband as if she were his crown” 12:4 ced6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile וּכְרָקָ֖ב בְּעַצְמוֹתָ֣יו מְבִישָֽׁה 1 Solomon is saying that a woman **who causes shame** for her husband is like **rottenness in his bones** because she gradually ruins his life. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “but she who causes shame is what makes his life miserable” 12:4 n1gd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וּכְרָקָ֖ב בְּעַצְמוֹתָ֣יו 1 Here, **rottenness** refers to a disease like cancer that slowly destroys a person’s body. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “is like cancer in his bones” 12:4 bdlp rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns בְּעַצְמוֹתָ֣יו 1 Here, the pronoun **his** refers to the husband of the woman **who causes shame**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “in her husband’s bones” 12:5 ncfg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מִשְׁפָּ֑ט 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **justice** in [1:3](../01/03.md). 12:5 mrn0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast תַּחְבֻּל֖וֹת רְשָׁעִ֣ים מִרְמָֽה 1 This clause is a strong contrast with the previous clause. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a contrast. Alternate translation: “by contrast, the directions of the wicked ones are deceit” 12:6 sw3s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy דִּבְרֵ֣י & וּפִ֥י 1 See how you translated the same use of **words** in [1:23](../01/23.md) and **mouth** in [10:11](../10/11.md). 12:6 n6s7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification אֱרָב־דָּ֑ם 1 Here Solomon refers to **the wicked ones** saying things that will cause other people to die as if what they say is a person who waits to ambush someone on the road. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. See how you translated this phrase in [1:11](../01/11.md). Alternate translation: “result in people dying” or “are like someone who lies in wait to murder someone” 12:6 au1h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification יַצִּילֵֽם 1 Here Solomon refers to **the upright ones** rescuing themselves from trouble through what they say as if what they say were a person who could **deliver them**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will result in them delivering themselves” 12:7 qw8f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive הָפ֣וֹךְ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The word **overthrown** here refers to being ruined or destroyed. Alternate translation: “Wicked people experience destruction” 12:7 t5c3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וּבֵ֖ית 1 See how you translated the same use of **house** in [3:33](../03/33.md). 12:7 krk8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יַעֲמֹֽד 1 Here Solomon refers to the families of **the righteous ones** continuing to exist as if they were a **house** that would continue to **stand**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will remain” or “will keep on existing” 12:8 fxg8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom לְֽפִי 1 **For the mouth of** is an idiom that means “According to.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “In proportion to” 12:8 wa5p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations שִׂ֭כְלוֹ & אִ֑ישׁ 1 Although **his** and **man** are masculine, Solomon is using these words in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use phrases that make this clear. Alternate translation: “that person’s insight that person” 12:8 z31b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns שִׂ֭כְלוֹ 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **insight** in [1:3](../01/03.md). 12:8 hfu6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יְהֻלַּל־אִ֑ישׁ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “people will praise that man” 12:8 hq69 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְנַעֲוֵה־לֵ֝֗ב 1 Here Solomon is speaking of people who think wrongly, as if they have a **twisted heart**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but one who thinks wrongly” 12:8 eq1i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יִהְיֶ֥ה לָבֽוּז 1 Here Solomon implies that people will have **contempt** for this type of person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “will be held in contempt” or “will be despised by people” 12:9 k522 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive נִ֭קְלֶה 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the one whom others dishonor” 12:9 v47i rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast וְעֶ֣בֶד ל֑וֹ & וַחֲסַר־לָֽחֶם 1 In both of these phrases, **and** indicates that what follows is in contrast to what precedes it. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a contrast. Alternate translation: “but has a servant … but is lacking of bread” 12:9 d86j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לָֽחֶם 1 See how you translated the same use of **bread** in [9:5](../09/05.md). 12:10 uxx4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun צַ֭דִּיק 1 See how you translated this phrase in [9:9](../09/09.md). 12:10 wni1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יוֹדֵ֣עַ & נֶ֣פֶשׁ 1 Here, the phrase **knows the life** refers to being concerned with the wellbeing of one’s **animal**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “is concerned with the wellbeing of” or “cares about the life of” 12:10 mmog rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בְּהֶמְתּ֑וֹ 1 Although the term **his** is masculine, Solomon is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “that person’s animal” 12:10 mqot rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וְֽרַחֲמֵ֥י רְ֝שָׁעִ֗ים 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **compassion**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “but something compassionate that wicked people do” 12:11 wl9h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לָ֑חֶם 1 See how you translated the same use of **bread** in [9:5](../09/05.md). 12:11 dd6f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עֹבֵ֣ד אַ֭דְמָתוֹ 1 This phrase refers to a farmer who plants, cultivates, and harvests crops on **his ground**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly or you could use a general expression for working hard. Alternate translation: “a farmer who cultivates his land” or “someone who works hard at their job” 12:11 xsga rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אַ֭דְמָתוֹ 1 Although the term **his** is masculine, Solomon is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “that person’s ground” 12:11 ipcr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor רֵיקִ֣ים 1 Here Solomon refers to worthless things that people do as if they were **empty** containers. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “worthless activities” 12:11 a0v1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy חֲסַר־לֵֽב 1 See how you translated **lacking of heart** in [6:32](../06/32.md). 12:12 b6y1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun רָ֭שָׁע 1 See how you translated this phrase in [9:7](../09/07.md). 12:12 hy7e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מְצ֣וֹד 1 Here Solomon refers to what **the evil ones** catch in a **snare** as if it were the **snare** itself. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the plunder of” 12:12 j853 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְשֹׁ֖רֶשׁ צַדִּיקִ֣ים 1 See how you translated this phrase in [12:3](../12/03.md). 12:12 npcz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יִתֵּֽן 1 Here Solomon uses **give** to refer to producing something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “will produce fruit” or “will be productive” 12:13 rwf3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בְּפֶ֣שַׁע שְׂ֭פָתַיִם 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe **lips** that are characterized by **transgression**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “In the lips that speak transgression” 12:13 fmze rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy שְׂ֭פָתַיִם 1 See how you translated the same use of **lips** in [10:18](../10/18.md). 12:13 ak1y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מוֹקֵ֣שׁ רָ֑ע 1 Here Solomon refers to the disasters that **the evil one** experiences because of what he says as if it were a **snare** he was trapped in. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is what destroys an evil one” 12:13 dwqo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun רָ֑ע & צַדִּֽיק 1 See how you translated **the righteous one** in [10:16](../10/16.md) and **the wicked one** in [3:33](../03/33.md). 12:13 s16y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וַיֵּצֵ֖א מִצָּרָ֣ה צַדִּֽיק 1 Here Solomon refers to avoiding **distress** as if it were a place that one could **go out from**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but the righteous one will avoid distress” 12:13 nuzm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מִצָּרָ֣ה 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **distress** in [1:27](../01/27.md). 12:14 owwa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מִפְּרִ֣י פִי־אִ֭ישׁ 1 Here Solomon refers to what a person says as if it were **fruit** that was produced by that person’s **mouth**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “From what a man says” 12:14 vkix rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אִ֭ישׁ יִשְׂבַּע & אָ֝דָ֗ם יָשִׁ֥יב לֽוֹ 1 Although **a man**, **he**, and **him** are masculine, Solomon is using the words in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use phrases that make this clear. Alternate translation: “a person will that person be satisfied with … a person will return to that person” 12:14 kaag rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive מִפְּרִ֣י פִי־אִ֭ישׁ יִשְׂבַּע־ט֑וֹב 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The fruit of the mouth of a man will satisfy that him with good” 12:14 mxho rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ט֑וֹב 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **good** in [11:27](../11/27.md). 12:14 z5v9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וּגְמ֥וּל יְדֵי־אָ֝דָ֗ם 1 Here Solomon refers to what a person accomplishes through physical labor as if it were the **accomplishment** of that person’s **hands**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and what a man accomplishes through physical labor” 12:14 xt3t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification יָשִׁ֥יב לֽוֹ 1 Here Solomon refers to the benefits that a person receives as a result of working hard as if that **accomplishment** were a person who could **return to him**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will benefit him” 12:15 g1od rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דֶּ֣רֶךְ 1 See how you translated this use of **way** in [1:15](../01/15.md). 12:15 lr2l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יָשָׁ֣ר בְּעֵינָ֑יו 1 See how you translated the same use of **eyes** in [3:7](../03/07.md). 12:15 wlp9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns לְעֵצָ֣ה 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **counsel** in [1:25](../01/25.md). 12:16 xpnt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations כַּעְס֑וֹ 1 Although the term **his** is masculine, Solomon is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “that person’s anger” 12:16 ydmg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns כַּעְס֑וֹ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **anger**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “when he is angry,” 12:16 n8pr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יִוָּדַ֣ע 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “people know” 12:16 gfvd בַּ֭יּוֹם 1 Alternate translation: “on the same day” or “right away” 12:16 e5k5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְכֹסֶ֖ה 1 See how you translated the same use of **covers** in [10:6](../10/06.md). 12:16 f1gx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns קָל֣וֹן 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **dishonor** in [3:35](../03/35.md). 12:17 oy5d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations יָפִ֣יחַ 1 Although the term **He** is masculine, Solomon is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “A person who breathes out” 12:17 zuz3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יָפִ֣יחַ 1 See how you translated the same use of **breathes out** in [6:19](../06/19.md). 12:17 azjn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns אֱ֭מוּנָה יַגִּ֣יד צֶ֑דֶק & שְׁקָרִ֣ים מִרְמָֽה 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **faithfulness** and **righteousness**, **falsehoods**, and **deceit**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “what is faithful tells what is righteous … false things, what is deceitful” 12:17 r0fd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וְעֵ֖ד שְׁקָרִ֣ים מִרְמָֽה 1 Solomon is leaving out a word in this clause that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply this word from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “but a witness of falsehoods tells deceit” 12:17 mtnz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun וְעֵ֖ד שְׁקָרִ֣ים 1 Although**a witness** here is singular, it refers to any **witness of falsehoods** in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different form. Alternate translation: “but any witness of falsehoods” 12:17 n20u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וְעֵ֖ד שְׁקָרִ֣ים 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **witness** who speaks **falsehoods**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “but a witness who speaks falsehoods” 12:18 xuou rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun בּ֭וֹטֶה 1 Here, **one** refers to a type of person. It does not mean that there is only **one** person who does this thing. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “a type of person who speaks thoughtlessly” 12:18 k26n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כְּמַדְקְר֣וֹת חָ֑רֶב 1 Solomon is saying that what people who speak **thoughtlessly** say is **like the thrusts of a sword** because it hurts people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “and hurt others as if he stabbed them with a sword” 12:18 keo3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun וּלְשׁ֖וֹן 1 The word **tongue** represents tongues in general, not one particular **tongue**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “but the tongues of” 12:18 gzdu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וּלְשׁ֖וֹן 1 See how you translated the same use of **tongue** in [6:17](../06/17.md). 12:19 wm6n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun שְֽׂפַת 1 Here, the word **lip** represents lips in general, not one particular **lip**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “Lips of” 12:19 vhel rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy שְֽׂפַת 1 Here, **lip** refers to what people say by moving their lips. See how you translated the same use of “lips” in [10:18](../10/18.md). 12:19 dsad rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession שְֽׂפַת־אֱ֭מֶת 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **lip** that speaks **truth**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “A lip that speaks truth” or “True sayings” 12:19 r5ql rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive תִּכּ֣וֹן 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “will exist” 12:19 rlc8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns לָעַ֑ד 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **perpetuity**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “perpetually” 12:19 opmz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וְעַד־אַ֝רְגִּ֗יעָה לְשׁ֣וֹן שָֽׁקֶר 1 Solomon is leaving out a word in this clause that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply this word from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “but a tongue of falsehood will be established for as long as I would blink” or “but a tongue of falsehood will exist for as long as I would blink” 12:19 ftu0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לְשׁ֣וֹן שָֽׁקֶר 1 See how you translated this phrase in [6:17](../06/17.md). 12:19 e5v9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְעַד־אַ֝רְגִּ֗יעָה 1 The phrase **as long as I would blink** is an idiom that refers to a short amount of time, such as the time it takes to **blink** an eye. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but … in the blink of an eye” or “but … for a brief time” 12:20 xs9w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מִ֭רְמָה & רָ֑ע & שָׁל֣וֹם שִׂמְחָֽה 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **Deceit** in [11:1](../11/01.md), **evil** in [1:16](../01/16.md), **joy** in [10:28](../10/28.md), and **peace** in [3:1](../03/01.md). 12:20 o3fw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּלֶב 1 See how you translated the same use of **heart** in [2:2](../02/02.md). 12:20 l6zw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וּֽלְיֹעֲצֵ֖י שָׁל֣וֹם שִׂמְחָֽה 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe **advisers** who advise others to do what results in **peace**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “but joy is for people who advise others to do what will result in peace” 12:21 d4zt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אָ֑וֶן 1 Here, **iniquity** refers to harm that someone might experience as a result of **iniquity**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “harm” 12:21 m6wp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive לֹא־יְאֻנֶּ֣ה 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will not allow to happen” 12:21 rfa5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun לַצַּדִּ֣יק 1 See how you translated **the righteous one** in [10:16](../10/16.md). 12:21 t0jj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מָ֣לְאוּ רָֽע 1 The phrase **full of evil** could mean: (1) the **wicked ones** experience much evil. Alternate translation: “experience much evil” (2) the **wicked ones** do much evil. Alternate translation: “do much evil” 12:21 jc9l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy רָֽע 1 Here, **evil** refers to trouble that someone might experience as a result of **evil**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “trouble” 12:22 x3ha rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns תּוֹעֲבַ֣ת יְ֭הוָה 1 See how you translated this phrase in [3:32](../03/32.md). 12:22 b9zs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession שִׂפְתֵי־שָׁ֑קֶר 1 See how you translated this phrase in [10:18](../10/18.md). 12:22 qwxv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns אֱמוּנָ֣ה רְצוֹנֽוֹ 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **faithfulness** in [12:17](../12/17.md) and **delight** in [8:30](../08/30.md). 12:23 eeau rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אָדָ֣ם עָ֭רוּם 1 Although **man** is masculine, here it refers to any **prudent** person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “A prudent person” 12:23 qi9m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor כֹּ֣סֶה 1 See how you translated the same use of **covers** in [10:6](../10/06.md). 12:23 v32y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns דָּ֑עַת & אִוֶּֽלֶת 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **knowledge** in [1:4](../01/04.md) and **folly** in [5:23](../05/23.md). 12:23 frtb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche וְלֵ֥ב כְּ֝סִילִ֗ים 1 Here, **heart** refers to the whole person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but the stupid one” 12:24 j53h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche יַד־חָרוּצִ֥ים 1 See how you translated the same phrase in [10:4](../10/04.md). 12:24 ymw6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun ו֝רְמִיָּ֗ה 1 Although **an idle one** here is singular, it refers to all **idle** people in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “any idle person” 12:25 qts2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns דְּאָגָ֣ה 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **Concern**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “That which is concerning” 12:25 vuie rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְלֶב 1 See how you translated the same use of **heart** in [2:2](../02/02.md). 12:25 bd10 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אִ֣ישׁ 1 Although **man** is masculine, here it refers to any person in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “a person” 12:25 n82f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יַשְׁחֶ֑נָּה 1 Here Solomon refers to **Concern** making a person depressed as if it were something that **weighs down** a person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “causes the heart of a man to become sad” 12:25 z6n9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְדָבָ֖ר ט֣וֹב 1 Here Solomon uses the phrase **good word** to describe something kind that someone says by using words. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but a kind word that someone speaks” 12:26 ujm8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun צַדִּ֑יק 1 See how you translated this phrase in [9:9](../09/09.md). 12:26 aku2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יָתֵ֣ר מֵרֵעֵ֣הוּ 1 This could mean: (1) **A righteous one** guides **his neighbor**. Alternate translation: “guides his neighbor” (2) **A righteous one** carefully examines a person before choosing that person to be **his neighbor**. Alternate translation: “examines carefully whom he chooses to be his neighbor” 12:26 dh4u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations מֵרֵעֵ֣הוּ 1 Although the term **his** is masculine, Solomon is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “from that person’s neighbor” 12:26 d18w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְדֶ֖רֶךְ רְשָׁעִ֣ים 1 See how you translated **the way of the wicked ones** in [4:19](../04/19.md). 12:26 mr1w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification תַּתְעֵֽם 1 Here Solomon refers to **wicked ones** deliberately doing wicked things that will result in their destruction as if their behavior is a person who leads them **astray**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated a similar meaning for **astray** in [10:17](../10/17.md). Alternate translation: “will cause them to do what will result in their destruction” 12:27 t7lm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun רְמִיָּ֣ה 1 **A negligent one** here does not refer to a specific person, but refers to a type of person in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “Any negligent one” 12:27 gdt7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לֹא־יַחֲרֹ֣ךְ & צֵיד֑וֹ 1 Here, **game** refers to animals that someone has hunted and killed in order to eat their meat. And **roast** refers to cooking food over a fire. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “will not use fire to cook the meat from the animals he has hunted” 12:27 nepd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְהוֹן־אָדָ֖ם יָקָ֣ר חָרֽוּץ 1 This could mean: (1) **a diligent one** will acquire **precious wealth**. Alternate translation: “but a diligent one will acquire precious wealth” (2) **a diligent one** considers his **wealth** to be **precious**. Alternate translation: “but a diligent one’s wealth is precious to him” 12:27 vz9v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אָדָ֖ם & חָרֽוּץ 1 Here, **a man** and **a diligent one** do not refer to a specific person, but refer to a type of person in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any person … for any diligent person” 12:28 mogk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism בְּאֹֽרַח־צְדָקָ֥ה חַיִּ֑ים וְדֶ֖רֶךְ נְתִיבָ֣ה אַל־מָֽוֶת 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** that shows that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “In the path of righteousness is life, yes, the way of the beaten path is not death” 12:28 wiv0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּאֹֽרַח־צְדָקָ֥ה 1 See how you translated **the path of righteousness** in [8:20](../08/20.md). 12:28 cf0m rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result חַיִּ֑ים & אַל־מָֽוֶת 1 In this verse, **is** indicates that what follows is the result of the preceding phrase. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate result. Alternate translation: “results in life … results in no death” 12:28 ihyn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit חַיִּ֑ים 1 See how you translated the same use of **life** in [10:16](../10/16.md). 12:28 y24r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וְדֶ֖רֶךְ נְתִיבָ֣ה 1 Here Solomon uses the possessive form to indicate that **the way** is **the beaten path**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and the way that is the beaten path” 12:28 h4sg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְדֶ֖רֶךְ נְתִיבָ֣ה 1 Here, **the way of the beaten path** refers to **the path of righteousness** in the previous clause. Solomon refers to living righteously as if one were walking on a **beaten path** that is safe because it was made well. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and living righteously” 12:28 d3it rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אַל־מָֽוֶת 1 Here, **no death** could refer to: (1) a person not dying earlier than expected, which is the opposite way of saying the same idea used for **life** in the previous clause. Alternate translation: “is not dying early” (2) a person having immortality. Alternate translation: “is immortality” 13:intro nh7k 0 # Proverbs 13 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nChapter 13 continues the section of the book written by Solomon that is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.\n\n## Translation Issues in This Chapter\n\n### Contrasting parallelism\n\nExcept for [13:14](../13/14.md), all the proverbs in this chapter consist of two parallel clauses that contrast with each other. 13:1 ugs5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis בֵּ֣ן חָ֭כָם מ֣וּסַר אָ֑ב 1 Solomon is leaving a word that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “A wise son listens to the instruction of a father” 13:1 c2rk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בֵּ֣ן חָ֭כָם 1 See how you translated the same use of **son** in [1:8](../01/08.md). 13:1 au6w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מ֣וּסַר & גְּעָרָֽה 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **instruction** in [1:2](../01/02.md) and **rebuke** in [1:25](../01/25.md). 13:1 gk2w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun וְ֝לֵ֗ץ 1 Here, **a mocker** refers to this type of person in general, not a specific **mocker**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “but any mocker” 13:1 uwpq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אָ֑ב 1 Here, **father** refers to the **father** of the **son** mentioned earlier in the clause. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “his father” 13:2 zu98 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מִפְּרִ֣י פִי־אִ֭ישׁ 1 See how you translated the same phrase in [12:14](../12/14.md). 13:2 w883 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ט֑וֹב & וְנֶ֖פֶשׁ & חָמָֽס 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **good** in [11:27](../11/27.md), **appetite** in [6:30](../06/30.md), and **violence** in [3:31](../03/31.md). 13:2 mgn1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְנֶ֖פֶשׁ 1 Here Solomon refers to the desire of **the treacherous ones** as if it were their **appetite**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but the desire of” 13:3 o7lu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun נֹצֵ֣ר פִּ֭יו שֹׁמֵ֣ר נַפְשׁ֑וֹ פֹּשֵׂ֥ק שְׂ֝פָתָ֗יו מְחִתָּה־לֽוֹ 1 **One who guards his mouth**, **his**, **one who opens his lips**, and **him** here do not refer to specific people, but to types of people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Anyone who guards one’s mouth keeps one’s life; anyone who opens one’s lips is ruin for that person” 13:3 xb3d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom נֹצֵ֣ר פִּ֭יו 1 The phrase **guards his mouth** is an idiom that refers to being careful about what one says. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “One who speaks carefully” 13:3 f4rg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שֹׁמֵ֣ר נַפְשׁ֑וֹ 1 Here Solomon speaks of someone preserving one’s **life** as if one’s **life** were an object that one **keeps**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “preserves his life” 13:3 zq0o rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast פֹּשֵׂ֥ק שְׂ֝פָתָ֗יו מְחִתָּה־לֽוֹ 1 This clause is in strong contrast to the previous clause. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a contrast. Alternate translation: “on the contrary, one who opens his lips, ruin for him” 13:3 an2t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis פֹּשֵׂ֥ק שְׂ֝פָתָ֗יו מְחִתָּה־לֽוֹ 1 Solomon is leaving out a word that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply this word from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “one who opens his lips keeps ruin for himself” 13:3 bd6a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom פֹּשֵׂ֥ק שְׂ֝פָתָ֗יו 1 The phrase **opens his lips** is an idiom that could refer to: (1) speaking carelessly, which would be in contrast to the meaning of **guards his mouth** in the previous clause. Alternate translation: “one who talks without thinking” (2) speaking too much. Alternate translation: “one who talks too much” 13:3 qfrc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מְחִתָּה־לֽוֹ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **ruin**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “ruins himself” 13:4 ly1m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun נַפְשׁ֣וֹ עָצֵ֑ל 1 **A lazy one** and **his** do not refer to a specific person, put to a type of person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “Anyone who is lazy, that one’s appetite” 13:4 c7yc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns נַפְשׁ֣וֹ & וְנֶ֖פֶשׁ 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **appetite** in [6:30](../06/30.md). 13:4 mjxy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מִתְאַוָּ֣ה & נַפְשׁ֣וֹ 1 Here, **craving** describes the **appetite** of a **lazy** person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “he has a craving appetite” or “he craves” 13:4 z2sk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וָ֭אַיִן 1 Here Solomon implies that **there is nothing** to satisfy the **lazy** person’s **craving**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and there is nothing to satisfy that craving” 13:4 kakf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive תְּדֻשָּֽׁן 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “will become fat” 13:4 rj8j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification תְּדֻשָּֽׁן 1 Here Solomon refers to **the appetite of the diligent ones** being satisfied as if **the appetite** were a person who could be **fattened**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will be satisfied” 13:5 i9t2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun צַדִּ֑יק 1 See how you translated **A righteous one** in [9:9](../09/09.md). 13:5 xfcg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession דְּבַר־שֶׁ֭קֶר 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **word** that is characterized by **falsehood**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “a false word” 13:5 xrle rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy דְּבַר 1 See how you translated the similar use of **word** in [12:25](../12/25.md). 13:5 lygo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun וְ֝רָשָׁ֗ע 1 See how you translated **a wicked one** in [9:7](../09/07.md). 13:5 c74k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יַבְאִ֥ישׁ 1 Here Solomon refers to people causing others to feel disgust for them as if they smell bad. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “causes others to feel disgust for him” or “disgusts others” 13:6 iac2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns צְ֭דָקָה & וְ֝רִשְׁעָ֗ה 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **Righteousness** in [1:3](../01/03.md) and **wickedness** in [4:17](../04/17.md). 13:6 zhal rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification תִּצֹּ֣ר תָּם־דָּ֑רֶךְ 1 Here Solomon refers to people protecting themselves by acting righteously as if **Righteousness** were a person who **guards** them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “enables the blameless of way to be protected” or “protects those who live blamelessly” 13:6 df15 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession תָּם־דָּ֑רֶךְ 1 See how you translated this phrase in [11:20](../11/20.md). 13:6 r21h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification תְּסַלֵּ֥ף חַטָּֽאת 1 Here Solomon refers to people deliberately doing wicked things that will result in their destruction as if **wickedness** were a person who **leads** them **astray**. See how you translated the same use of **leads astray** in [12:16](../12/16.md). 13:7 z16h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun יֵ֣שׁ מִ֭תְעַשֵּׁר & מִ֝תְרוֹשֵׁ֗שׁ 1 The phrases **one who pretends to be rich** and **one who pretends to be poor** do not refer to specific people, but to types of people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “There are people who pretend to be rich … people who pretend to be poor” 13:7 z2e4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole וְאֵ֣ין כֹּ֑ל 1 Solomon says **nothing at all** here as a generalization for emphasis. He means either that this person has **nothing** valuable or has very few possessions. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different way to express the emphasis. Alternate translation: “but has nothing valuable at all” or “but truly does not have much wealth” 13:8 tjrj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession כֹּ֣פֶר נֶֽפֶשׁ־אִ֣ישׁ 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **ransom** that must be paid to redeem **the life of a man**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “The ransom that must be paid to redeem the life of a man” or “What a man must pay to buy back his own life” 13:8 q5kf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אִ֣ישׁ עָשְׁר֑וֹ 1 Although **a man** and **his** are masculine, Solomon is using these words in a generic sense that could refer to either **a man** or woman. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “a person is that person’s riches” 13:8 ccrr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun וְ֝רָ֗שׁ 1 Solomon is speaking of **poor** people in general, not of one particular **poor one**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “but any poor person” 13:8 xoce rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לֹא־שָׁמַ֥ע 1 Here Solomon refers to **a poor one** completely ignoring **a rebuke** as if that person didn’t even hear it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “ignores” or “ignores as if he did not even hear” 13:8 mq75 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit גְּעָרָֽה 1 Here, the word translated **rebuke** refers to a threat that someone makes against the life of **a poor one**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “a threat” 13:9 trqq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אוֹר & וְנֵ֖ר 1 **The light** and **the lamp** refer to lights and lamps in general, not one particular **light** and **lamp**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “The lights of … but the lamps of” 13:9 xs1o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אוֹר־צַדִּיקִ֥ים יִשְׂמָ֑ח 1 Here Solomon refers to the lives of **the righteous ones** being enjoyable as if their lives were a **light** that could be **glad**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “The lives of the righteous ones will be enjoyable” or “The lives of the righteous ones will be enjoyable like a brightly shining light” 13:9 upv1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְנֵ֖ר רְשָׁעִ֣ים יִדְעָֽךְ 1 Here Solomon refers to the death of **the wicked ones** as if their lives were lamps that stop burning to produce light. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “but the life of the wicked ones will end” or “but the life of the wicked ones is like a lamp that will be extinguished” 13:9 pbds rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יִדְעָֽךְ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “will stop shining” or “will stop producing light” 13:10 n32q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְּ֭זָדוֹן & מַצָּ֑ה & חָכְמָֽה 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **presumptuousness**, **contention**, and **wisdom**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. See how you translated **presumptuousness** in [11:2](../11/02.md) and **wisdom** in [1:2](../01/02.md). Alternate translation: “with being presumptuous … contending with others … being wise” 13:10 rxsw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וְאֶת־נ֖וֹעָצִ֣ים חָכְמָֽה 1 Solomon is leaving out a word that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply this word from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “but with those who are counseled comes wisdom” 13:10 ujq3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive נ֖וֹעָצִ֣ים 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “those whom people counsel” 13:11 u1q4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מֵהֶ֣בֶל 1 Here, **from emptiness** refers to obtaining something easily or without effort. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “obtained easily” or “that someone gains without effort” 13:11 db1v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun וְקֹבֵ֖ץ עַל־יָ֣ד 1 Solomon is speaking of people who gather **by hand** in general, not of one particular person **who gathers by hand**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “but any person who gathers by hand” 13:11 xlrs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְקֹבֵ֖ץ עַל־יָ֣ד 1 Here, **gathers by hand** could refer to: (1) working hard to gather something, as if one were using one’s hands to do the work. Alternate translation: “but one who gathers by laboring” (2) gathering something gradually in small amounts as if one were gathering it in one’s **hand**. Alternate translation: “but one who gathers gradually” 13:11 kmpo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis יַרְבֶּֽה 1 Solomon is leaving out a word that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply this word from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “will increase wealth” 13:12 jeiv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns תּוֹחֶ֣לֶת 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **hope** in [10:28](../10/28.md). 13:12 l1gc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive מְ֭מֻשָּׁכָה & בָאָֽה 1 If your language does not use these passive forms, you could express the ideas in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that does not yet become reality … that becomes reality” or “that is not yet realized … that is realized” 13:12 v8h6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom מַחֲלָה־לֵ֑ב 1 This phrase is an idiom that refers to someone despairing or feeling sad. If it would be helpful in you language, you could express the meaning plainly or use an equivalent idiom in your language. Alternate translation: “makes a person sad” or “breaks a person’s heart” 13:12 k7pf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְעֵ֥ץ חַ֝יִּ֗ים 1 See how you translated **a tree of life** in [3:18](../03/18.md). 13:13 gajo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun בָּ֣ז 1 Solomon is speaking of people who despise advice in general, not of one particular person **who despises**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “Anyone who despises” 13:13 k3tc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לְ֭דָבָר 1 Here, **word** refers to instructions or advice that people say by using words. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “instruction” or “people instructing him” 13:13 a5vy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יֵחָ֣בֶל ל֑וֹ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “must pay for it” 13:13 t75v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יֵחָ֣בֶל ל֑וֹ 1 Here Solomon refers to someone experiencing the negative consequences of despising **a word** as if he were paying money for doing so. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will experience the consequences for doing so” 13:13 fzbj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations וִירֵ֥א מִ֝צְוָ֗ה ה֣וּא יְשֻׁלָּֽם 1 Although the terms **he** and **himself** are masculine, Solomon is using these words in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “but someone with fear of a command, that one will be rewarded” 13:13 r1bk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ה֣וּא יְשֻׁלָּֽם 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God will reward that very person” 13:14 xmie rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor תּוֹרַ֣ת 1 **The law** here does not refer to a specific **law** but refers to lessons or instructions in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural phrase. Alternate translation: “The instruction of” 13:14 l87y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj חָ֭כָם 1 Here Solomon is using the adjective **wise** as a noun to mean **wise** people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “the wise ones” 13:14 uhi9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מְק֣וֹר חַיִּ֑ים 1 See how you translated this phrase in [10:11](../10/11.md). 13:14 po7m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לָ֝ס֗וּר מִמֹּ֥קְשֵׁי מָֽוֶת 1 Here Solomon speaks of someone avoiding dangerous situations that could result in that person dying as if that person were turning away from **the snares of death**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to avoid the snares of death” 13:14 qfy7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis לָ֝ס֗וּר 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “the law of the wise turns people away” 13:14 h871 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מִמֹּ֥קְשֵׁי מָֽוֶת 1 Here Solomon refers to dangerous situations that could result in someone dying as if they were **snares**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “from deadly situations” or “from dangers that are like traps that lead to death” 13:15 ztj7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification שֵֽׂכֶל־ט֭וֹב יִתֶּן־חֵ֑ן 1 Here Solomon speaks of a person receiving **favor** because that person has **Good insight** as if the **insight** were a person who could give **favor**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Good insight causes the person who has it to be favored by others” 13:15 up13 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns שֵֽׂכֶל & חֵ֑ן 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **insight** in [1:3](../01/03.md) and **favor** in [3:4](../03/04.md). 13:15 sp95 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְדֶ֖רֶךְ 1 See how you translated this use of **way** in [1:15](../01/15.md). 13:15 r4vi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אֵיתָֽן 1 Here the word translated **permanent** refers to something that is unrelenting. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “is unrelenting” or “does not relent” 13:15 vilf rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants אֵיתָֽן 1 Instead of **permanent**, some ancient translations read “their ruin.” If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to use the reading that it uses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to use the reading of the ULT. 13:16 n8lr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְדָ֑עַת & אִוֶּֽלֶת 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **knowledge** in [1:4](../01/04.md) and **folly** in [5:23](../05/23.md). 13:16 p3dc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִפְרֹ֥שׂ אִוֶּֽלֶת 1 Here Solomon refers to **a stupid one** displaying how foolish he is as if his **folly** were an object that he spreads out for other people to see. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “displays his folly” 13:16 n3ey rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יִפְרֹ֥שׂ אִוֶּֽלֶת 1 Here Solomon implies that **a stupid one spreads folly** by how he acts. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “spreads folly by what he says and does” 13:17 n29k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מַלְאָ֣ךְ רָ֭שָׁע 1 Here, **wicked messenger** specifically refers to a **messenger** who is unreliable. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “An unreliable messenger” 13:17 h4gr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִפֹּ֣ל בְּרָ֑ע 1 Here Solomon refers to someone experiencing **evil** as if it were a place into which that person **falls**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “experiences evil” 13:17 tmcp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּרָ֑ע 1 Here, **evil** refers to trouble that someone might experience as a result of **evil**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “into trouble” 13:17 pfh6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וְצִ֖יר אֱמוּנִ֣ים 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe an **envoy** that is characterized by **faithfulness**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “but a faithful envoy” 13:18 m4d7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns רֵ֣ישׁ וְ֭קָלוֹן & מוּסָ֑ר & תּוֹכַ֣חַת 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **Poverty** in [6:11](../06/11.md), **shame** in [6:33](../06/33.md), and **correction** and **rebuke** in [3:11](../03/11.md). 13:18 f6rv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun פּוֹרֵ֣עַ & וְשׁוֹמֵ֖ר 1 Here, **one who avoids** and **one who keeps** refer to people who do these things in general, but not to any specific **one**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “are for those who avoid … but those who keep” 13:18 b3wd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְשׁוֹמֵ֖ר 1 Here Solomon refers to someone accepting **a rebuke** from someone else as if **a rebuke** were an object that one **keeps**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but one who accepts” 13:18 owqo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יְכֻבָּֽד 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “people will honor” 13:19 h11i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לְנָ֑פֶשׁ 1 Here Solomon implies that **self** refers to the same person who has the **desire** mentioned earlier in the verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “to one’s self” 13:19 fv8k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וְתוֹעֲבַ֥ת & מֵרָֽע 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **abomination** in [3:32](../03/32.md) and **evil** in [1:16](../01/16.md). 13:19 j2fq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ס֣וּר מֵרָֽע 1 See how you translated “turn away from evil” in [3:7](../03/07.md). 13:20 rdzm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun הוֹלֵ֣ךְ & וְרֹעֶ֖ה 1 **One who walks** and **one who associates with** refer to people who do these things in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Those who walk … but those who associate with” 13:20 k77z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הוֹלֵ֣ךְ 1 See how you translated the same use of “walk” in [1:15](../01/15.md). 13:21 qnbp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns רָעָ֑ה & טֽוֹב 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **Evil** and **goodness**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. See how you translated **Evil** in [1:16](../01/16.md). Alternate translation: “What is evil … what is good” 13:21 s35w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification תְּרַדֵּ֣ף 1 Here Solomon refers to **sinners** experiencing **Evil** as if **Evil** were a person who could **pursue** them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will happen to” or “will be experienced by” 13:21 ovgd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification יְשַׁלֶּם 1 Here Solomon refers to **righteous ones** experiencing **goodness** as if **goodness** were a person who could **reward** them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will happen to” or “will be experienced by” 13:22 zohr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun ט֗וֹב & לַ֝צַּדִּ֗יק & חוֹטֵֽא 1 **A good one**, **a sinner**, and **the righteous one** refer to types of people in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any good one … any sinner … for any righteous person” 13:22 tull rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis יַנְחִ֥יל בְּנֵֽי־בָנִ֑ים 1 Solomon is leaving out words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the next clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “will cause sons of sons to inherit his wealth” 13:22 amv1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּנֵֽי־בָנִ֑ים 1 Here Solomon implies that **sons of sons** refers to the grandchildren of **A good one** mentioned earlier in the verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “his sons of sons” 13:22 fi9c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וְצָפ֥וּן לַ֝צַּדִּ֗יק חֵ֣יל חוֹטֵֽא 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “but the righteous one will receive the wealth that a sinner has stored up” 13:23 z3px rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown נִ֣יר 1 An **unplowed field** is a **field** that has not been prepared for growing crops. If your readers would not be familiar with plowing fields for farming, you could use the name of a similar farming practice in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “is in the field that is not prepared for food production” 13:23 bdzr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וְיֵ֥שׁ נִ֝סְפֶּ֗ה 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “but there is a being swept away of the poor ones’ food” 13:23 jv3c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive נִ֝סְפֶּ֗ה בְּלֹ֣א מִשְׁפָּֽט 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “no justice sweeping it away” 13:23 h46l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נִ֝סְפֶּ֗ה 1 Here, **swept away** refers to completely removing something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a removal” 13:23 vz3l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification בְּלֹ֣א מִשְׁפָּֽט 1 Here Solomon refers to **no justice** as if it were a person who causes the food of poor people to be **swept away**. He means that injustice results in poor people lacking food. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “because of injustice” or “because people act unjustly” 13:24 jp8a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun חוֹשֵׂ֣ךְ שִׁ֭בְטוֹ שׂוֹנֵ֣א בְנ֑וֹ וְ֝אֹהֲב֗וֹ שִֽׁחֲר֥וֹ מוּסָֽר׃ 1 Here the terms **One who withholds**, **his**, **one who loves**, and **him** do not refer to specific people, but refer to these types of people in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Those who withhold their rods hate their sons, but those who love them diligently seek them with discipline” 13:24 ksnf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole שׂוֹנֵ֣א 1 Solomon says **hates** here as an overstatement for emphasis. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different way to express the emphasis. Alternate translation: “acts unlovingly toward” 13:24 lqcu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בְנ֑וֹ & וְ֝אֹהֲב֗וֹ שִֽׁחֲר֥וֹ 1 Although the term **son** and **him** are masculine, Solomon is using those words in a generic sense that could refer to either a male or female child. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “his child, but one who loves that child diligently seeks that child” 13:24 yu2d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שִֽׁחֲר֥וֹ מוּסָֽר 1 Here Solomon refers to a parent **diligently** disciplining that parent’s child as if that parent were **diligently** seeking that child **with discipline**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “diligently disciplines him” 13:25 a593 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun צַדִּ֗יק & נַפְשׁ֑וֹ 1 **A righteous one** and**his** here do not refer to specific people, but refer to a type of person in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any righteous one … that person’s appetite” 13:25 wby5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun וּבֶ֖טֶן 1 The word **stomach** represents stomachs in general, not one particular **stomach**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “but the stomachs of” 13:25 azl9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וּבֶ֖טֶן רְשָׁעִ֣ים תֶּחְסָֽר 1 Here Solomon refers to **the wicked ones** always being hungry as if their stomachs **lack**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but the wicked ones can never eat enough” or “but the hunger of the wicked ones is never satisfied” 14:intro gbj2 0 # Proverbs 14 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nChapter 14 continues the section of the book written by Solomon that is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.\n\n## Translation Issues in This Chapter\n\n### Contrasting parallelism\n\nExcept for [14:7](../14/07.md), [10](../14/10.md), [13](../14/13.md), [17](../14/17.md), [26](../14/26.md), [27](../14/27.md), and [34](../14/34.md), all the proverbs in this chapter consist of two parallel clauses that contrast with each other. 14:1 r3rp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun חַכְמ֣וֹת נָ֭שִׁים בָּנְתָ֣ה בֵיתָ֑הּ 1 **The wisest of women** and **her** here do not refer to a specific person, but refer to a type of person in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Those women who are most wise build their houses” 14:1 zntm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בָּנְתָ֣ה בֵיתָ֑הּ 1 Here Solomon refers to a woman making her family prosper as if she were building a **house**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “causes her house to prosper” 14:1 hx7s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בֵיתָ֑הּ 1 Here, **house** represents the family who lives in the **house**. See how you translated the same use of **house** in [3:33](../03/33.md). 14:1 dmak rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun וְ֝אִוֶּ֗לֶת בְּיָדֶ֥יהָ תֶהֶרְסֶֽנּוּ 1 Here, **a foolish woman** and **her** do not refer to a specific person, but refer to a type of person in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “but those women who are foolish tear it down with their hands” 14:1 tv3l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor תֶהֶרְסֶֽנּוּ 1 Here Solomon refers to a woman ruining her family as if she were tearing **down** a house. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “harms it” or “destroys it” 14:1 l2y8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּיָדֶ֥יהָ 1 Here, **hands** refers to what a person does, which often involves using **hands**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “by her deeds” 14:2 qgn4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun הוֹלֵ֣ךְ בְּ֭יָשְׁרוֹ & וּנְל֖וֹז דְּרָכָ֣יו 1 **One who walks**, **his**, and **one who is crooked** refers to types of people in general, not to any specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “The person who walks in that person’s uprightness … but any person who is crooked in that person’s ways” 14:2 qnc4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הוֹלֵ֣ךְ בְּ֭יָשְׁרוֹ 1 Here Solomon refers to someone behaving in a upright manner as if that person **walks in his uprightness**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated a similar use of “walk” in [3:23](../03/23.md). Alternate translation: “One who conducts his life in an upright manner” 14:2 we9s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּנְל֖וֹז דְּרָכָ֣יו 1 Here Solomon uses the phrase **crooked in his ways** to refer to someone who acts deceptively. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the similar use of **crooked** in [2:15](../02/15.md). Alternate translation: “but one who is deceptive” 14:3 ht6u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּֽפִי־אֱ֭וִיל חֹ֣טֶר גַּאֲוָ֑ה 1 In this clause, Solomon refers to what **a fool** says with his **mouth** resulting in him being punished with **a rod** as if **a rod** were **in** his **mouth**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Because of what a fool says, he is punished for pride” or “A fool is punished because of the proud things he says” 14:3 ixb4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession חֹ֣טֶר גַּאֲוָ֑ה 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **rod** that is used to punish someone for having **pride**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “is a rod for punishing proud people” 14:3 c2ir rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְשִׂפְתֵ֥י 1 See how you translated the same use of **lips** in [10:21](../10/21.md). 14:3 gru7 תִּשְׁמוּרֵֽם 1 Alternate translation: “will keep them from harm” or “will keep them safe” 14:4 uqel rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession אֵב֣וּס בָּ֑ר 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **trough** that is characterized by **cleanness**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “is a clean trough” 14:4 w12s rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown אֵב֣וּס 1 A **trough** is a container that holds food for domesticated animals such as **cattle**. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of animal food container, you could use the name of something similar in your area, or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “is a food container of” 14:4 rd3o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וְרָב 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **abundance** in [5:23](../05/23.md). 14:4 e3k8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis בְּכֹ֣חַ שֽׁוֹר 1 Solomon is leaving out a word that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply this word from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “is produced by the strength of an ox” 14:4 diy9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּכֹ֣חַ שֽׁוֹר 1 Here, **strength** refers to the work **an ox** does that involves using **strength**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is by the work done by a strong ox” 14:4 huma rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun שֽׁוֹר 1 Here, the word **ox** represents oxen in general, not one particular **ox**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression, as in the UST. 14:5 ew9y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession עֵ֣ד אֱ֭מוּנִים 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **witness** who is characterized by **faithfulness**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “A faithful witness” 14:5 xtdm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession עֵ֣ד שָֽׁקֶר 1 See how you translated this phrase in [6:19](../06/19.md). 14:5 j6d2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְיָפִ֥יחַ כְּ֝זָבִ֗ים 1 See how you translated **breathes out lies** in [6:19](../06/19.md). 14:6 sfgf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun לֵ֣ץ & לְנָב֣וֹן 1 See how you translated **a mocker** in [9:7](../09/07.md) and **the understanding one** in [1:5](../01/05.md). 14:6 xavx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בִּקֶּשׁ 1 Here ,**wisdom** is described as if it were an object that people, trying to be wise, could “seek.” See how you translated the same use of **seeks** in [11:27](../11/27.md). 14:6 mc72 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חָכְמָ֣ה & וְדַ֖עַת 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **wisdom** in [1:2](../01/02.md) and **knowledge** in [1:4](../01/04.md). 14:6 wm35 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וָאָ֑יִן 1 Here Solomon means that **a mocker** cannot acquire **wisdom**, not that **wisdom** does not exist. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and he finds none” or “and there is no wisdom for him” 14:6 ek6h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וְדַ֖עַת 1 Solomon is leaving out a word that, in many languages, a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply this word from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “but finding knowledge” or “but acquiring knowledge” 14:7 mvxr מִ֭נֶּגֶד 1 Alternate translation: “from the presence of” 14:7 vk5h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession לְאִ֣ישׁ כְּסִ֑יל 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **man** who is characterized by **stupidity**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “a stupid man” 14:7 vhev rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun לְאִ֣ישׁ 1 Here, **a man** represents a type of people in general, not one particular **man**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “any person of” 14:7 va2c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּבַל־יָ֝דַ֗עְתָּ 1 Here Solomon refers to **you** not receiving **knowledge** from what a stupid person says as if **you** did **not know** such **knowledge**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “for you will not receive” 14:7 ud4w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy שִׂפְתֵי־דָֽעַת 1 Here, **lips** refers to what people say by moving their **lips**. Solomon is referring to words that express **knowledge**. See how you translated the same use of **lips** in [10:18](../10/18.md). Alternate translation: “words that express knowledge” 14:8 e2qn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חָכְמַ֣ת & וְאִוֶּ֖לֶת & מִרְמָֽה 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **wisdom** in [1:2](../01/02.md), **folly** in [5:23](../05/23.md), and **deceit** in [11:1](../11/01.md). 14:8 vug2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun עָ֭רוּם 1 See how you translated this phrase in [12:16](../12/16.md). 14:8 vp9q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דַּרְכּ֑וֹ 1 See how you translated the same use of **way** in [1:15](../01/15.md). 14:9 f44d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אָשָׁ֑ם 1 Mocking **the guilt offering** implies that **Fools mock** the need for people to offer **the guilt offering** in order to ask Yahweh to forgive them for sinning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “offering guilt offerings to Yahweh for forgiveness” 14:9 t24p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns רָצֽוֹן 1 See how you translated **favor** in [3:4](../03/04.md). 14:9 pui7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit רָצֽוֹן 1 Here Solomon implies that this **favor** is from Yahweh. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “is Yahweh’s favor” 14:10 xxe9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לֵ֗ב & נַפְשׁ֑וֹ & וּ֝בְשִׂמְחָת֗וֹ 1 **A heart**, **itself**, and **its** refer to the whole person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “A person … that person, and in that person’s joy,” 14:10 y94d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מָרַּ֣ת & וּ֝בְשִׂמְחָת֗וֹ 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **bitterness** and **joy**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “how bitter it is … and in its feeling joyful,” 14:11 c5yp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בֵּ֣ית & וְאֹ֖הֶל 1 In this verse, **house** and **tent** refer to the people who live in them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “The household of … but the household of” 14:11 bfxk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יִשָּׁמֵ֑ד 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will destroy” 14:11 d165 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יַפְרִֽיחַ 1 Here Solomon refers to a family prospering as if it were a plant with blooming flowers that **flourish**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will prosper” 14:12 ojy4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דֶּ֣רֶךְ 1 See how you translated the same use of **way** in [1:15](../01/15.md). 14:12 y8gw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לִפְנֵי־אִ֑ישׁ 1 Here, **before the face of** refers to what a person perceives. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “that a man perceives” 14:12 hslo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אִ֑ישׁ 1 The word **man** represents a person in general, not one particular **man**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “a person” 14:12 e0n4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ֝אַחֲרִיתָ֗הּ 1 Here, **end** refers to a final result. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “but its result” 14:12 o8df rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דַּרְכֵי־מָֽוֶת 1 Here Solomon uses **ways** to refer to the destiny of those people who live according to what they themselves think is **a right way**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is the destiny of death” 14:12 c1cp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession דַּרְכֵי־מָֽוֶת 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe **the ways** that are **death**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “is the ways that are death” or “is the destiny that is death” 14:13 j3ih rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בִּשְׂח֥וֹק יִכְאַב & שִׂמְחָ֣ה תוּגָֽה 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **laughter**, **pain**, **joy**, and **grief**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “when laughing … may feel painful … feeling joyful may be feeling sad” 14:13 a8j9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לֵ֑ב 1 Here, **heart** refers to the whole person. See how you translated the same use of **heart** in [14:10](../14/10.md). 14:14 ocu0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מִדְּרָכָ֣יו & ס֣וּג לֵ֑ב וּ֝מֵעָלָ֗יו אִ֣ישׁ טֽוֹב 1 **The turning away of heart**, **his**, and **a good man** each refer to types of people in general, not to specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person turning away of heart … from that person’s ways, but any good person from that person” 14:14 qe8k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ס֣וּג לֵ֑ב 1 Here Solomon refers to the person who has stopped behaving righteously and is now behaving wickedly as if that person’s **heart** is **turning away** from behaving righteously. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “The person who stops living righteously” 14:14 hiz5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יִ֭שְׂבַּע 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will fill” 14:14 jxno rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יִ֭שְׂבַּע 1 In this clause, the word translated **filled** implies that **the turning away of heart** will fully experience the negative consequences of **his ways**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “will experience all the consequences” or “will be fully repaid” 14:14 c5in rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מִדְּרָכָ֣יו 1 See how you translated the same use of **ways** in [3:6](../03/06.md). 14:14 tuqm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וּ֝מֵעָלָ֗יו אִ֣ישׁ טֽוֹב 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “but a good man will be filled from his ways” 14:15 i558 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun פֶּ֭תִי & וְ֝עָר֗וּם 1 **A naive one** and **a prudent one** refer to types of people in general, not to specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. See how you translated **a prudent one** in [12:16](../12/16.md). Alternate translation: “Any naive person … but any prudent person” 14:15 nkj9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy דָּבָ֑ר 1 See how you translated the same use of **word** in [12:25](../12/25.md). 14:15 h73m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לַאֲשֻׁרֽוֹ 1 Here, **step** refers to a person’s behavior. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “his behavior” or “his actions” 14:16 xojs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun חָכָ֣ם & וּ֝כְסִ֗יל 1 See how you translated **a wise one** in [1:5](../01/05.md) and **a stupid one** in [10:18](../10/18.md). 14:16 z79v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְסָ֣ר מֵרָ֑ע 1 See how you translated the similar phrase “turn away from evil” in [3:7](../03/07.md). 14:16 jexo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וּבוֹטֵֽחַ 1 Here, **confident** refers to the negative quality of being unreasonably self-confident or careless. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and is overly confident” or “and is careless” 14:17 a76z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom קְֽצַר־אַ֭פַּיִם 1 The phrase **short of nostrils** is an idiom that refers to a person who becomes angry quickly. The word **nostrils** means “anger” by association with the way that a person who is angry breathes heavily through his nose, causing his **nostrils** to open wide. Your language and culture may also associate anger with a particular part of the body. If so, you could use an expression involving that part of the body in your translation. You could also use plain language. Alternate translation: “One who easily vents his spleen” or “One who becomes angry quickly” 14:17 ndbc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun קְֽצַר־אַ֭פַּיִם & וְאִ֥ישׁ מְ֝זִמּ֗וֹת 1 **One short of nostrils** and **a man of schemes** refer to types of people in general, not to specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. See how you translated **a man of schemes** in [12:2](../12/02.md). Alternate translation: “Any person short of nostrils … and any person of schemes” or “Any person who gets angry quickly … and any person who schemes” 14:17 xri2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns אִוֶּ֑לֶת 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **folly** in [5:23](../05/23.md). 14:17 ib3s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וְאִ֥ישׁ מְ֝זִמּ֗וֹת 1 See how you translated **a man of schemes** in [12:2](../12/02.md). 14:17 erby rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יִשָּׂנֵֽא 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language, as in the UST. 14:18 c2ql rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy נָחֲל֣וּ & אִוֶּ֑לֶת 1 Here Solomon speaks of **Naive ones** becoming foolish as if **folly** were property or wealth that they could **inherit** from a family member. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the similar use of **inherit** in [3:35](../03/35.md). Alternate translation: “become foolish” 14:18 aj35 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns אִוֶּ֑לֶת & דָֽעַת 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **folly** in [5:23](../05/23.md) and **knowledge** in [1:4](../01/04.md). 14:18 spn1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יַכְתִּ֥רוּ דָֽעַת 1 Here Solomon speaks of people being rewarded with **knowledge** as if **knowledge** were a **crown** they **will wear**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “will be rewarded with knowledge” or “will be rewarded with knowledge as if it were a crown they wore” 14:19 b4i8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction שַׁח֣וּ 1 Bowing **down** is a symbolic action that shows humble respect or submission to someone. If it would be helpful in your language, you could explain the significance of this action in the text or in a footnote. Alternate translation: “will bow down to show respect” 14:19 mch0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לִפְנֵ֣י 1 Here, the word **face** represents the presence of a person by association with the way people can see the **face** of someone who is present. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in the presence of” 14:19 resy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וּ֝רְשָׁעִ֗ים עַֽל־שַׁעֲרֵ֥י צַדִּֽיק 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and wicked ones will bow down at the gates of the righteous one” 14:19 e892 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עַֽל־שַׁעֲרֵ֥י 1 Here, **gates** refers to the doorway of the house of **the righteous one**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “at the gates of the house of” 14:19 tt7h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun צַדִּֽיק 1 See how you translated the same use of this phrase in [10:3](../10/03.md). 14:20 lsnx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun לְ֭רֵעֵהוּ & רָ֑שׁ & עָשִׁ֣יר 1 The expressions **One who is poor**, **his neighbor**, and **the rich one** each refer to types of people in general, not to specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who is poor … by that person’s neighbors … any rich person” 14:20 h5ns rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive גַּם־לְ֭רֵעֵהוּ יִשָּׂ֣נֵא רָ֑שׁ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Even a poor person’s neighbor hates him” 14:21 fy3m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun בָּז־לְרֵעֵ֥הוּ חוֹטֵ֑א וּמְחוֹנֵ֖ן עניים אַשְׁרָֽיו 1 **One who sins**, **his neighbor**, **one who shows favor**, and **he** refer to types of people in general, not to specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who sins despises that person’s neighbors, but any person who shows favor to afflicted ones, happy is that person” 14:21 d4gp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וּמְחוֹנֵ֖ן 1 Here, **shows favor** refers to being kind to someone, not to favoring one person over another. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “but the one who is compassionate to” 14:22 m1cw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֲֽלוֹא־יִ֭תְעוּ חֹ֣רְשֵׁי רָ֑ע 1 Solomon is using the question form to emphasize what he is saying. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “Devisers of evil certainly go astray!” 14:22 ie8f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns רָ֑ע וְחֶ֥סֶד וֶ֝אֱמֶ֗ת & טֽוֹב 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **evil** in [1:16](../01/16.md), **covenant faithfulness** and **trustworthiness** in [3:3](../03/03.md), and **good** in [11:27](../11/27.md). 14:22 mmn3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הֲֽלוֹא־יִ֭תְעוּ 1 Here Solomon uses the phrase **go astray** to refer to being deceptive. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Are not … deceptive” 14:22 aqg9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit חֹ֣רְשֵׁי טֽוֹב 1 Here, **are for** indicates that **devisers of good** are those who will benefit from receiving the **covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness** of others. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “benefit devisers of good” 14:23 d7ni rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns עֶ֭צֶב & מוֹתָ֑ר & לְמַחְסֽוֹר 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns “toils” in [5:10](../05/10.md), **profit** in [3:14](../03/14.md), and **lack** in [6:11](../06/11.md). 14:23 dbn5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וּדְבַר־שְׂ֝פָתַ֗יִם 1 Here Solomon implies that this refers to **the words of lips** without any **toil**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “but the word of lips without toil” or “but the word of lips by itself” 14:23 vvln rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וּדְבַר־שְׂ֝פָתַ֗יִם 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe **the word** that is spoken with **lips**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “but the word spoken by lips” 14:23 r2lz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וּדְבַר 1 See how you translated the similar use of **word** in [12:25](../12/25.md). 14:23 a06s rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result אַךְ־לְמַחְסֽוֹר 1 Here, **is only** indicates that **lack** is the result of the preceding phrase. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate result. Alternate translation: “results only in lack” 14:24 dc97 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עֲטֶ֣רֶת 1 Here Solomon speaks of the reward of **the wise ones** as if it were a **crown** they wear. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. See how you translated the similar use of **crown** in [14:18](../14/18.md). Alternate translation: “The reward of” or “The reward that is like a crown of” 14:24 u3bw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns אִוֶּ֖לֶת כְּסִילִ֣ים 1 See how you translated this phrase in [14:8](../14/08.md). 14:24 gr0a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns אִוֶּ֖לֶת & אִוֶּֽלֶת 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **folly** in [5:23](../05/23.md). 14:25 xf3q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession עֵ֣ד אֱמֶ֑ת 1 See how you translated the same use of **A witness of** in [14:5](../14/05.md). 14:25 wkc7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְיָפִ֖חַ כְּזָבִ֣ים 1 See how you translated **breathes out lies** in [6:19](../06/19.md). 14:26 f120 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּיִרְאַ֣ת יְ֭הוָה מִבְטַח־עֹ֑ז 1 Here Solomon refers to someone having **confidence** because that person has **the fear of Yahweh** as if **the fear of Yahweh** were a location in which **confidence** resided. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “The fear of Yahweh is the source of the confidence of the strong one” or “The confidence of the strong one is because he has the fear of Yahweh” 14:26 tky7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בְּיִרְאַ֣ת יְ֭הוָה 1 See how you translated **the fear of Yahweh** in [1:7](../01/07.md). 14:26 zfgw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מִבְטַח 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **confidence** in [3:26](../03/26.md). 14:26 b73j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun עֹ֑ז וּ֝לְבָנָ֗יו יִהְיֶ֥ה 1 Here, **the strong one**, **his**, and **he** refer to a type of person in general, not to one specific person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any strong person, and for that person’s sons that person will be” 14:26 nbdi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations וּ֝לְבָנָ֗יו 1 Although the term **sons** is masculine, Solomon is using the word here in a generic sense that could refer to either male or female children. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “and for his children” 14:26 gyit rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִהְיֶ֥ה מַחְסֶֽה 1 Here Solomon refers to a person protecting **his** children as if he were **a refuge** for them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “he will provide protection” or “he will be like a refuge” 14:26 dh54 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מַחְסֶֽה 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **refuge**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “someone who protects” 14:27 n41g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession יִרְאַ֣ת יְ֭הוָה 1 See how you translated this phrase in [1:7](../01/07.md) and in the previous verse. 14:27 c8u2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מְק֣וֹר חַיִּ֑ים 1 See how you translated **a fountain of life** in [10:11](../10/11.md) and [13:14](../13/14.md). 14:27 r5t6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לָ֝ס֗וּר מִמֹּ֥קְשֵׁי מָֽוֶת 1 See how you translated the same clause in [13:14](../13/14.md). 14:28 vxf7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְּרָב־עָ֥ם הַדְרַת־מֶ֑לֶךְ 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **abundance** and **majesty**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “An abundant number of people is what makes a king majestic” 14:28 c3y9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מֶ֑לֶךְ & רָזֽוֹן 1 Here, **a king** and **the potentate** refer to types of people in general, not to specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any king … any potentate” 14:28 l6zi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וּבְאֶ֥פֶס 1 Here, **end** refers to a lack of people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “but with the decline of” 14:29 c6lj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אֶ֣רֶךְ אַ֭פַּיִם & וּקְצַר־ר֝֗וּחַ 1 **One long of nostrils** and **one short of spirit** refer to types of people in general, not to specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person long of nostrils … but any person short of spirit” 14:29 xc7n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אֶ֣רֶךְ אַ֭פַּיִם 1 The phrase **long of nostrils** is an idiom that refers to a type of person who does not become angry quickly. The word “nostrils” means “anger” by association with the way that a person who is angry breathes heavily through his nose, causing his nostrils to open wide. Your language and culture may also associate anger with a particular part of the body. If so, you could use an expression involving that part of the body in your translation. You could also use plain language. Alternate translation: “One who does not easily vent his spleen” or “One who does not become angry quickly” 14:29 hh4x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns תְּבוּנָ֑ה & אִוֶּֽלֶת 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **understanding** in [1:2](../01/02.md) and **folly** in [5:23](../05/23.md). 14:29 lf5u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וּקְצַר־ר֝֗וּחַ 1 The phrase **short of spirit** is an idiom that refers to a type of person who gets angry quickly. Your language and culture may also associate anger with a particular part of the body. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but a short-tempered person” or “but one who becomes angry quickly” 14:29 pd65 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מֵרִ֥ים 1 Here Solomon speaks of someone publicly showing **folly** as if **folly** were an object that someone **lifts up** for everyone to see. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “publicly displays” or “lets everyone observe” 14:30 o4ww rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession לֵ֣ב מַרְפֵּ֑א 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **heart** that is characterized by **healing**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “A healed heart” or “A sound heart” 14:30 e9g7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לֵ֣ב 1 Here Solomon uses **heart** to refer to a person’s inner being or mind. See how you translated the same use of **heart** in [2:2](../02/02.md). 14:30 bdfl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun בְ֭שָׂרִים לֵ֣ב 1 **A heart of healing** and **the body** refer to hearts and bodies in general, not to a specific **heart** and **body**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any heart of … any body” 14:30 e78q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit חַיֵּ֣י בְ֭שָׂרִים 1 Here, **life to the body** refers to a something being healthy for a person’s **body**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “is healthy for one’s body” or “causes one’s body to be healthy” 14:30 h3vt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּרְקַ֖ב עֲצָמ֣וֹת קִנְאָֽה 1 Here Solomon is saying that **envy** harms a person’s health like a disease that causes **the decay of bones**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “but envy ruins a person’s health” or “but envy harms one’s health like disease decays one’s bones” 14:30 l2al rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns קִנְאָֽה 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **envy**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “being envious” 14:31 k67r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun עֹ֣שֵֽׁק דָּ֭ל & עֹשֵׂ֑הוּ & חֹנֵ֥ן אֶבְיֽוֹן 1 **The oppressor**. **a lowly one**, **his**, **one showing favor**, and **a needy one** refer to types of people in general, not to specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any oppressor of any lowly person … that person’s maker … any person who shows favor to any needy person” 14:31 jij6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דָּ֭ל 1 The phrase **lowly one** refers to a poor person. See how you translated the same use of “lowly ones” in [10:15](../10/15.md). 14:31 xhv2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עֹשֵׂ֑הוּ 1 Here, **maker** refers to Yahweh. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “God, his maker” or “his maker, who is God” or “his Maker” 14:31 u5rq rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וּ֝מְכַבְּד֗וֹ 1 Here, **him** refers to Yahweh. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “but … honors Yahweh” 14:31 k2td rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit חֹנֵ֥ן 1 See how you translated the same use of “shows favor to” in [14:21](../14/21.md). 14:32 kw4c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun בְּֽ֭רָעָתוֹ & רָשָׁ֑ע & בְמוֹת֣וֹ צַדִּֽיק 1 Here, **his**, **the wicked one**, and **the righteous one** refer to types of people in general, not to specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. See how you translated **the wicked one** in [3:33](../03/33.md) and **the righteous one** in [10:16](../10/16.md). Alternate translation: “By the evil of any wicked person that person … any righteous person … in that person’s death” 14:32 nxxe rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְּֽ֭רָעָתוֹ & בְמוֹת֣וֹ 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **evil** in [1:16](../01/16.md) and **death** in [2:18](../02/18.md). 14:32 t8gr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יִדָּחֶ֣ה 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “thrusts himself down” 14:32 b0he rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִדָּחֶ֣ה 1 Here Solomon refers to a person’s life becoming ruined or destroyed as if that person were **thrust down**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the similar use of “thrown down” in [10:8](../10/08.md). Alternate translation: “is destroyed” 14:32 yk75 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְחֹסֶ֖ה & צַדִּֽיק 1 Here Solomon speaks of **refuge** as if it were an object that someone **finds**. He means that someone feels safe or protected. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but the righteous one feels protected” 14:32 qhzn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְמוֹת֣וֹ 1 Here Solomon speaks of the time when someone dies as if **death** were a place where that person enters. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “when dying” 14:33 gsbg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּלֵ֣ב נָ֭בוֹן תָּנ֣וּחַ חָכְמָ֑ה 1 Here Solomon refers to **the understanding one** thinking wisely as if **wisdom** were an object that **rests** inside that person’s **heart**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the same use of **heart** in [2:2](../02/02.md). Alternate translation: “The understanding one thinks with wisdom” 14:33 ip9w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun נָ֭בוֹן 1 See how you translated **the understanding one** in [1:5](../01/05.md). 14:33 sg1c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חָכְמָ֑ה 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **wisdom** in [1:2](../01/02.md). 14:33 r61l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive תִּוָּדֵֽעַ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “people will know her” 14:33 xi3x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification תִּוָּדֵֽעַ 1 Here, **she** refers to **wisdom** as if it were a woman. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “wisdom will be known” 14:34 ousu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns צְדָקָ֥ה & וְחֶ֖סֶד & חַטָּֽאת 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **Righteousness** in [1:3](../01/03.md), **sin** in [5:22](../05/22.md), and **shame** in [6:33](../06/33.md). 14:34 tavd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor תְרֽוֹמֵֽם־גּ֑וֹי 1 Here Solomon refers to a **nation** becoming great as if it were an object that **Righteousness raises** up. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. See how you translated the similar use of “raised up” in [11:11](../11/11.md). Alternate translation: “makes a nation great” 14:34 w56h rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns לְאֻמִּ֣ים 1 The plural use of **peoples** here refers to several groups of people that could also be called “nations” or “countries.” See how you translated “people” in [11:14](../11/14.md). 14:35 vi56 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns רְֽצוֹן & מַשְׂכִּ֑יל וְ֝עֶבְרָת֗וֹ 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **delight** in [8:30](../08/30.md), **insight** in [1:3](../01/03.md), and **rage** in [11:23](../11/23.md). 14:35 c522 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מֶ֭לֶךְ לְעֶ֣בֶד & וְ֝עֶבְרָת֗וֹ תִּהְיֶ֥ה מֵבִֽישׁ 1 Here, **a king**, **the servant**, **his**, and **one who acts shamefully** refer to types of people, not to specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any king is for any servant … but any king’s rage is for any person who acts shamefully” 15:intro l872 0 # Proverbs 15 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nChapter 15 continues the section of the book written by Solomon that is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.\n\n## Translation Issues in This Chapter\n\n### Contrasting parallelism\n\nExcept for [15:3](../15/03.md), [10–12](../15/10.md), [16–17](../15/16.md), [23–24](../15/23.md), [30–31](../15/30.md), and [33](../15/33.md), all the proverbs in this chapter consist of two parallel clauses that contrast with each other. 15:1 qcqk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מַֽעֲנֶה־רַּ֭ךְ יָשִׁ֣יב חֵמָ֑ה וּדְבַר־עֶ֝֗צֶב יַעֲלֶה־אָֽף 1 In this verse, Solomon implies that the **gentle answer** and **word of pain** are spoken to an angry person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “A gentle answer spoken to an angry person turns back that person’s heat, but a word of pain spoken to an angry person lifts up that person’s nose” 15:1 ydyg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מַֽעֲנֶה־רַּ֭ךְ & וּדְבַר־עֶ֝֗צֶב 1 **A gentle answer** and **a word of pain** refer to types of things people say, not to a specific **answer** or **word**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any gentle answer … but any word of pain” 15:1 jrxm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom יָשִׁ֣יב חֵמָ֑ה 1 The phrase is an idiom that refers to decreasing a person’s anger as if that anger were **heat** that someone **turns back**. The word **heat** means “anger” by association with the way that an angry person’s body increases in **heat**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “decreases anger” or “causes an angry person to become calm” 15:1 kv69 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּדְבַר־עֶ֝֗צֶב 1 The phrase **a word of pain** refers to something that is spoken harshly, as if what is spoken would cause **pain** to the listener. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but what is spoken harshly” or “a hurtful word” 15:1 w9mq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom יַעֲלֶה־אָֽף 1 The phrase is an idiom that refers to increasing a person’s anger. The word **nose** means “anger” by association with the way that a person who is angry breathes heavily through his **nose**. Your language and culture may also associate anger with a particular part of the body. If so, you could use an expression involving that part of the body in your translation. You could also use plain language. Alternate translation: “increases anger” or “causes an angry person to become angrier” 15:2 fgjl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun לְשׁ֣וֹן חֲ֭כָמִים & וּפִ֥י כְ֝סִילִ֗ים 1 **The tongue of the wise ones** and **the mouth of stupid ones** refer to what these types of people say in general, not to a specific **tongue** or **mouth**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “The tongues of wise ones … but the mouths of stupid ones” 15:2 w6ic rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לְשׁ֣וֹן חֲ֭כָמִים 1 See how you translated this phrase in [12:18](../12/18.md). 15:2 jwme rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit תֵּיטִ֣יב דָּ֑עַת 1 The phrase **makes knowledge good** refers to speaking **knowledge** in a way that **makes knowledge** pleasant or attractive to others. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “makes knowledge pleasing to others” 15:2 we31 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns דָּ֑עַת & אִוֶּֽלֶת 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **knowledge** in [1:4](../01/04.md) and **folly** in [5:23](../05/23.md). 15:2 ncr7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּפִ֥י כְ֝סִילִ֗ים יַבִּ֥יעַ אִוֶּֽלֶת 1 Here Solomon refers to **stupid** people always saying foolish things as if their mouths were places from which **folly gushes forth** like flowing water. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but the mouths of stupid ones are always speaking folly” 15:2 xupd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וּפִ֥י כְ֝סִילִ֗ים 1 See how you translated the same use of **the mouth of** in [10:6](../10/06.md). 15:3 w8rc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּֽכָל־מָ֭קוֹם עֵינֵ֣י יְהוָ֑ה 1 Here Solomon refers to Yahweh’s ability to see everything as if Yahweh had **eyes** that were located **in every place**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Yahweh sees what is happening everywhere” 15:4 lpvd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מַרְפֵּ֣א לָ֭שׁוֹן & וְסֶ֥לֶף בָּ֝֗הּ שֶׁ֣בֶר בְּרֽוּחַ 1 **A healing tongue**, **it**, and **a breaking in the spirit** do not refer to specific things but represent these things in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any healing tongue … but crookedness in any such tongue is what breaks spirits” 15:4 wt85 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מַרְפֵּ֣א לָ֭שׁוֹן 1 **A healing tongue** refers to what someone says that soothes the listener. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the similar use of **tongue** in [6:17](../06/17.md). Alternate translation: “The comforting thing someone says” 15:4 sutw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עֵ֣ץ חַיִּ֑ים 1 See how you translated **a tree of life** in [3:18](../03/18.md). 15:4 jib7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְסֶ֥לֶף בָּ֝֗הּ 1 Here Solomon refers to deceitful speech as if it were a crooked tongue. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but the deceitful thing someone says” 15:4 frhx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom שֶׁ֣בֶר בְּרֽוּחַ 1 The phrase **a breaking in the spirit** is an idiom that refers to making a person despair. If it would be helpful, you could use an equivalent idiom from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “makes a person feel down in the dumps” or “makes a person despair” 15:5 kapn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אֱוִ֗יל & אָבִ֑יו וְשֹׁמֵ֖ר תּוֹכַ֣חַת 1 **A fool**, **his**, and **one who keeps rebuke** do not refer to specific people but represent types of people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any fool … that fool’s father, but any person who keeps a rebuke” 15:5 kix4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מוּסַ֣ר & תּוֹכַ֣חַת 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **correction** in [3:11](../03/11.md) and **rebuke** in [1:25](../01/25.md). 15:5 x86t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְשֹׁמֵ֖ר תּוֹכַ֣חַת 1 See how you translated **one who keeps rebuke** in [13:18](../13/18.md). 15:6 w41m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun בֵּ֣ית צַ֭דִּיק & וּבִתְבוּאַ֖ת רָשָׁ֣ע 1 **The house of the righteous one** and **the produce of the wicked one** do not refer to specific things and people, but represent those things and types of people in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any house of righteous ones … but any produce of wicked ones” 15:6 j47b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וּבִתְבוּאַ֖ת 1 Here, **produce** refers to the income that is gained from selling **produce**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but in the income of” 15:6 vh44 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּבִתְבוּאַ֖ת רָשָׁ֣ע נֶעְכָּֽרֶת 1 Here Solomon refers to **the produce of the wicked one** causing **the wicked one** to be **troubled** as if **being troubled** were an object located **in the produce**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but the produce of the wicked one causes them trouble” 15:7 tk6t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy שִׂפְתֵ֣י חֲ֭כָמִים 1 See how you translated this phrase in [14:3](../14/03.md). 15:7 uatn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יְזָ֣רוּ דָ֑עַת 1 Here Solomon refers to teaching other people knowledge as if **knowledge** were the seeds that a farmer scatters to plant in a field. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “teach others knowledge” 15:7 xs5z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns דָ֑עַת 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **knowledge** in [1:4](../01/04.md). 15:7 j7fl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְלֵ֖ב כְּסִילִ֣ים 1 See how you translated **the heart of stupid ones** in [12:23](../12/23.md). 15:8 nz2i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun זֶ֣בַח & וּתְפִלַּ֖ת 1 **The sacrifice** and **the prayer** represent sacrifices and prayers in general, not one particular **sacrifice** or **prayer**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “The sacrifices of … but the prayers of” 15:8 a5ry rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns זֶ֣בַח רְ֭שָׁעִים & וּתְפִלַּ֖ת יְשָׁרִ֣ים 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **sacrifice** and **prayer**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “What the wicked ones sacrifice … but what the upright ones pray” 15:8 bzvy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns תּוֹעֲבַ֣ת יְהוָ֑ה 1 See how you translated **an abomination to Yahweh** in [3:32](../03/32.md). 15:8 fci9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns רְצוֹנֽוֹ 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **delight** in [11:1](../11/01.md). 15:9 ui9i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns תּוֹעֲבַ֣ת יְ֭הוָה 1 See how you translated this phrase in the previous verse. 15:9 i7dh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דֶּ֣רֶךְ 1 See how you translated the same use of **way** in [1:15](../01/15.md). 15:9 otm4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun רָשָׁ֑ע & וּמְרַדֵּ֖ף 1 Here, **the wicked one** and **a pursuer** represent types of people, not one particular **wicked one** or **pursuer**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “the wicked ones … but the pursuers of” 15:9 pj1l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּמְרַדֵּ֖ף צְדָקָ֣ה 1 Here Solomon refers to someone being diligent to live righteously as if that person were **a pursuer** of it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but someone who strives to be righteous” 15:9 w7vg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns צְדָקָ֣ה 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **righteousness** in [1:3](../01/03.md). 15:10 oz4u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מוּסָ֣ר & תוֹכַ֣חַת 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **discipline** in [13:24](../13/24.md) and **rebuke** in [1:25](../01/25.md). 15:10 ni0v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun לְעֹזֵ֣ב & שׂוֹנֵ֖א 1 Here, **one who forsakes** and **one who hates** represent types of people, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “is for any person who forsakes … any person who hates” 15:10 j3mw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לְעֹזֵ֣ב אֹ֑רַח 1 Here Solomon refers to a person who is no longer behaving righteously, but behaving wickedly, as if that person **forsakes** the righteous **path**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is for one who stops living righteously” 15:11 n1e2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet שְׁא֣וֹל וַ֭אֲבַדּוֹן 1 **Sheol** and **Abaddon** both refer to the place where people’s spirits go when they die. Solomon is using them together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. See how you translated **Sheol** in [1:12](../01/12.md). Alternate translation: “the place where the spirits of dead people dwell” or “the place of the dead” 15:11 ysty rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נֶ֣גֶד 1 Here Solomon refers to **Yahweh** knowing everything about **Sheol and Abaddon** as if they were in front of him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “are fully known by” 15:11 r3gz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לִבּ֥וֹת 1 See how you translated the same use of “heart” in [2:2](../02/02.md). 15:11 x6mt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בְּֽנֵי־אָדָֽם 1 See how you translated this phrase in [8:4](../08/04.md). 15:12 dksc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun לֵ֭ץ הוֹכֵ֣חַֽ ל֑וֹ & לֹ֣א יֵלֵֽךְ 1 **A mocker**, **one who rebukes**, **he**, and **him** represent types of people, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any mocker … any person who rebukes that person … that person will not go” 15:12 kaat rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes לֹ֣א יֶאֱהַב 1 Solomon is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, **not**, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meaning. Alternate translation: “really hates” 15:12 f5d9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לֹ֣א יֵלֵֽךְ 1 Here Solomon implies going **to the wise ones** in order to get advice from them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he will not go to receive their advice” 15:13 b4lv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לֵ֣ב שָׂ֭מֵחַ 1 Here Solomon uses **heart** to refer a person’s inner being or mind. See how you translated the same use of **heart** in [2:2](../02/02.md). 15:13 hbnx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification יֵיטִ֣ב פָּנִ֑ים 1 Here Solomon refers to someone smiling as if that person’s **face** were a person who is **glad**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “causes one to smile” 15:13 l2ya rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וּבְעַצְּבַת־לֵ֝ב 1 Here Solomon refers to a person who is feeling sad as if that person has **pain of heart**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but by feeling sad” 15:13 y5e6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ר֣וּחַ נְכֵאָֽה 1 Here Solomon refers to a person despairing as if that person’s **spirit** were hit or crushed by something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a person feels despair” 15:14 d9uh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun לֵ֣ב נָ֭בוֹן יְבַקֶּשׁ־דָּ֑עַת וּפִ֥י 1 **The heart**, **the understanding one**, and **the mouth** represent these things and type of people in general, not one particular **heart**, **understanding one**, or **mouth**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “The hearts of the understanding ones seek knowledge … but the mouths of” 15:14 xdul rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לֵ֣ב & וּפִ֥י 1 In this verse, **heart** and **mouth** refer to the whole person. See how you translated the same use of **heart** in [6:18](../06/18.md) and **mouth** in [4:5](../04/05.md). 15:14 wwrp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יְבַקֶּשׁ 1 See how you translated the same use of **seeks** in [11:27](../11/27.md). 15:14 qzhq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns דָּ֑עַת & אִוֶּֽלֶת 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **knowledge** in [1:4](../01/04.md) and **folly** in [5:23](../05/23.md). 15:14 k3ct rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִרְעֶ֥ה 1 Here Solomon refers to **stupid ones** being satisfied with **folly** as if **folly** were something they feed on like cattle feed on grass. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “are satisfied by” 15:15 m9lg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy כָּל־יְמֵ֣י עָנִ֣י 1 **All the days** here refers to what happens during the **days** that **the afflicted one** is alive. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “What happens during all the days that the afflicted one is alive” 15:15 ijbq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun עָנִ֣י & וְטֽוֹב־לֵ֝֗ב 1 Here, **the afflicted one** and **the good of heart** represent types of people, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any afflicted one … but any person who is good of heart” 15:15 xw56 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit רָעִ֑ים 1 Here, **evil** refers to what is miserable or troublesome. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “are troublesome ones” or “are troublesome” 15:15 en6x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְטֽוֹב־לֵ֝֗ב 1 Here, **the good of heart** refers to a person who feels cheerful. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but the one who feels cheerful” 15:15 dgon rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מִשְׁתֶּ֥ה תָמִֽיד 1 Here Solomon refers to a person enjoying life as if that person is always eating at a **feast**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a simile or express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “lives as if he is continually feasting” or “is always enjoying life” 15:16 qghs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis מְ֭עַט & מֵאוֹצָ֥ר רָ֝֗ב 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “is having a little … than having much treasure” 15:16 vujm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj מְ֭עַט 1 Here Solomon is using the adjective **little** as a noun to refer to a small amount of something. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “is having a small amount” 15:16 wyym rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּיִרְאַ֣ת יְהוָ֑ה 1 Here Solomon refers to fearing **Yahweh** as if that **fear** were an object that someone could have **with** even **a little** of whatever they have. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “while having fear of Yahweh” or “and fearing Yahweh” 15:16 rjza rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְּיִרְאַ֣ת יְהוָ֑ה 1 See how you translated **the fear of Yahweh** in [1:7](../01/07.md). 15:16 uuve rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּמְה֥וּמָה בֽוֹ 1 Here Solomon refers to feeling **anxiety** as if that **anxiety** were an object that someone could have **with much treasure**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and having anxiety” or “and having anxiety” 15:16 owmw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וּמְה֥וּמָה 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **anxiety**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “and being anxious” 15:17 ipjz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis אֲרֻחַ֣ת יָ֭רָק וְאַהֲבָה & מִשּׁ֥וֹר אָ֝ב֗וּס וְשִׂנְאָה 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “is having a portion of vegetables and having love … than having a fattened ox and having hatred” 15:17 via5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אֲרֻחַ֣ת יָ֭רָק 1 Here, **a portion of vegetables** refers to a small meal without much food. This kind of meal would be eaten by someone who cannot afford to buy meat. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is very little food” or “is a poor person’s meal” 15:17 ux23 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וְאַהֲבָה & וְשִׂנְאָה 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **love** and **hatred** in [10:12](../10/12.md). 15:17 i3b2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מִשּׁ֥וֹר אָ֝ב֗וּס 1 Here, **a fattened ox** refers to a large meal including meat such as **a fattened ox**. This kind of meal would be eaten by a wealthy person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “than very much food” or “than a wealthy person’s meal” 15:17 m9u4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְשִׂנְאָה־בֽוֹ 1 Here Solomon refers to feeling **hatred** as if that **hatred** were an object that someone could have **with a fattened ox**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “while having hatred” 15:18 u7qg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אִ֣ישׁ חֵ֭מָה 1 Although the term **man** is masculine, Solomon is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “A person of heat” 15:18 vi23 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אִ֣ישׁ חֵ֭מָה 1 **A man of heat** refers to someone who gets angry easily. Here, **heat** refers to extreme anger, which causes the angry person’s body to become hot. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the similar use of **heat** in [6:34](../06/34.md). Alternate translation: “A person who becomes angry easily” 15:18 oog0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יְגָרֶ֣ה 1 Here Solomon refers to starting **a quarrel** as if it were something that a person **stirs up**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “starts” or “causes” 15:18 tzzu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מָד֑וֹן & רִֽיב 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **quarrel** and **dispute**, you could express the same ideas in another way. See how you translated “quarrels” in [6:14](../06/14.md). Alternate translation: “quarreling … disputing” 15:18 b28g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מָד֑וֹן וְאֶ֥רֶך אַ֝פַּ֗יִם & רִֽיב 1 Here, **quarrel**, **the long of nostrils**, and **dispute** represent events and a type of person in general, not a specific event or person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “quarrels, but any person long of nostrils … disputes” 15:18 p4ji rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְאֶ֥רֶך אַ֝פַּ֗יִם 1 See how you translated **one long of nostrils** in [14:29](../14/29.md). 15:18 ecma rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יַשְׁקִ֥יט רִֽיב 1 Here Solomon refers to someone causing people who are arguing to become calm and stop arguing as if that person were causing the **dispute** to become **quiet**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will calm disputing people” 15:19 ai0e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun דֶּ֣רֶךְ עָ֭צֵל כִּמְשֻׂ֣כַת חָ֑דֶק וְאֹ֖רַח יְשָׁרִ֣ים סְלֻלָֽה׃ 1 **The way of the lazy one** and **the path** do not refer to specific things and people, but represent those things and types of people in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. See how you translated **the lazy one** in [10:26](../10/26.md). Alternate translation: “The ways of lazy ones are like a hedge of brier, but the paths of the upright ones are a built-up highway” 15:19 awv2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דֶּ֣רֶךְ & וְאֹ֖רַח 1 In this verse, Solomon uses **way** and **path** to refer to a person’s progress throughout that person’s lifetime. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “The life progress of … the life progress of” 15:19 gy92 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כִּמְשֻׂ֣כַת חָ֑דֶק 1 Here Solomon compares the difficult and unproductive lifestyle of a **lazy** person with a **hedge of brier** that prevents someone from walking down a path. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “is difficult” 15:19 lefw rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown כִּמְשֻׂ֣כַת חָ֑דֶק 1 The phrase **hedge of brier** refers to a dense group of bushes that contains sharp thorns. Because the **hedge** is thick and has thorns, people cannot walk through it. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of plant, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “is like a large thorn bush” or “is like a plant that blocks the way” 15:19 zqz8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor סְלֻלָֽה 1 Here Solomon refers to the productive lifestyle of **the upright ones** as if it were a **highway** that was well-made and easy to walk on. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is productive” 15:20 imhi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בֵּ֣ן חָ֭כָם יְשַׂמַּח־אָ֑ב 1 See how you translated this clause in [10:1](../10/01.md). 15:20 uira rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations וּכְסִ֥יל אָ֝דָ֗ם בּוֹזֶ֥ה אִמּֽוֹ 1 Although **a stupid man** and **his** are masculine, Solomon is using these words in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “but any stupid person despises that person’s mother” 15:21 q3mf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns אִ֭וֶּלֶת שִׂמְחָ֣ה & תְּ֝בוּנָ֗ה 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **Folly** in [5:23](../05/23.md), **joy** in [10:28](../10/28.md), and **understanding** in [1:2](../01/02.md). 15:21 ywh5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun לַחֲסַר־לֵ֑ב וְאִ֥ישׁ תְּ֝בוּנָ֗ה 1 See how you translated **the lacking of heart** in [9:16](../09/16.md) and **man of understanding** in [10:23](../10/23.md). 15:21 etw6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis יְיַשֶׁר־לָֽכֶת 1 Solomon is leaving out a word that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply this word from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “makes himself to go straight” 15:21 itu5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יְיַשֶׁר־לָֽכֶת 1 Here Solomon speaks of a person doing what is right as if he were walking **straight** ahead on a path. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “does what is right” 15:22 p1yb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive הָפֵ֣ר מַ֭חֲשָׁבוֹת 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Plans fail” 15:22 et1u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ס֑וֹד 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **counsel** in [1:25](../01/25.md). 15:22 re1s rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns תָּקֽוּם 1 The pronoun **it** refers to the **Plans** in the previous clause. If this is not clear for your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “those plans will stand” 15:22 q31z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification תָּקֽוּם 1 Here Solomon refers to **Plans** that are successful as if they were a person who would continue to **stand**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “they will be successful” 15:23 n4u3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שִׂמְחָ֣ה לָ֭אִישׁ בְּמַעֲנֵה־פִ֑יו 1 Here Solomon refers to a person feeling joyful because of **the answer** that person gave. Solomon uses a metaphor in which he refers to **Joy** as if it were an object that could be found **in the answer**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “The man has joy because of the answer of his mouth” 15:23 v8kk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun שִׂמְחָ֣ה לָ֭אִישׁ בְּמַעֲנֵה־פִ֑יו 1 Here, **the man**, **the answer**, and **his** refer to a type of people and answers in general, not a specific **man** or **answer**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person has joy because of an answer of that person’s mouth” 15:23 l86m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns שִׂמְחָ֣ה 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **joy** in [10:28](../10/28.md). 15:23 e60o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּמַעֲנֵה־פִ֑יו 1 The phrase **a word in its time** in the second clause implies that **the answer** in the first clause is a good or fitting **answer**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “in the good answer of his mouth” or “in the fitting reply of his mouth” 15:23 bamt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בְּמַעֲנֵה־פִ֑יו 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe an **answer** that someone says with **his mouth**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “in the good answer he says” or “in what he says well in reply” 15:23 jnm2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations וְדָבָ֖ר בְּעִתּ֣וֹ מַה־טּֽוֹב 1 This clause is a positive exclamation that emphasizes that something spoken at the right time is very good. If it would be helpful in your language, you could show this by making it a separate sentence and using a positive exclamation that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “A word in its time is very good!” 15:23 wg81 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְדָבָ֖ר בְּעִתּ֣וֹ מַה־טּֽוֹב 1 The phrase **a word in its time** refers to a **word** that is spoken at the appropriate time. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and how good is a word spoken at the appropriate time” 15:23 a1d9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְדָבָ֖ר & מַה־טּֽוֹב 1 See how you translated the similar use of **word** in [12:25](../12/25.md). 15:24 xb8a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אֹ֣רַח חַ֭יִּים לְמַ֣עְלָה לְמַשְׂכִּ֑יל 1 **The path of life** and **the insightful one** represent paths and insightful people in general, not a specific **path** or **insightful one**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “The paths of lives are upward for those who are insightful” 15:24 b9kb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֹ֣רַח חַ֭יִּים לְמַ֣עְלָה 1 Here Solomon speaks of a lifestyle that results in a long life as if it were a **path** that goes **upward**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “The lifestyle results in a long life” 15:24 uzup rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit חַ֭יִּים 1 Here, **life** refers to a long **life**. See how you translated the same use of **life** in [10:16](../10/16.md). 15:24 x359 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis לְמַ֥עַן ס֝֗וּר 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “in order for the insightful one to turn away” 15:24 pzkw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לְמַ֥עַן ס֝֗וּר מִשְּׁא֥וֹל 1 Here Solomon speaks of avoiding **Sheol** as if **Sheol** were a place that a person could **turn away from**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in order to avoid going to Sheol” 15:24 xagl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מִשְּׁא֥וֹל מָֽטָּה 1 The Israelites referred to dying as going down to **Sheol**, which is the place where people’s spirits go when they die. Here Solomon refers to **Sheol** as if it were **below** the place where living people are. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. See how you translated **Sheol** in [1:12](../01/12.md). Alternate translation: “from the place where the spirits of dead people dwell” or “from the place of the dead” 15:25 wip1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִסַּ֥ח 1 Here Solomon refers to Yahweh destroying **the house of the proud ones** as if he were tearing it **down**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will ruin” 15:25 n0a4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun בֵּ֣ית גֵּ֭אִים & גְּב֣וּל אַלְמָנָֽה 1 Here, **the house**, **the boundary**, and **the widow** refer to houses, boundaries, and widows in general, not one particular **house**, **boundary**, or **widow**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “the houses of the proud ones … the boundaries of the widows” 15:25 w73c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בֵּ֣ית 1 Here, **house** refers to both the building someone lives in and the items within that **house**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the property of” 15:25 jbdr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ֝יַצֵּ֗ב 1 Here Solomon refers to Yahweh protecting or maintaining **the boundary of the widow** as if it were an object that he **set up**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but he will protect” 15:25 an5t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy גְּב֣וּל 1 The word **boundary** refers to stones that were used to mark the borders of the land that a person owned. Here Solomon uses **boundary** to refer to all the land and possessions within the **boundary** of the land that **the widow** owns. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the property of” 15:25 h2dg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אַלְמָנָֽה 1 Solomon assumes that his readers will understand that **the widow** is helpless and poor because widows were some of the poorest people in ancient societies. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “the helpless widow” 15:26 w1qt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns תּוֹעֲבַ֣ת יְ֭הוָה 1 See how you translated **an abomination to Yahweh** in [3:32](../03/32.md). 15:26 o90x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession אִמְרֵי־נֹֽעַם 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe **words** that are characterized by **pleasantness**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “pleasant words” 15:26 hrdu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אִמְרֵי 1 See how you translated the same use of **words** in [1:23](../01/23.md). 15:27 u06f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun בֵּ֭יתוֹ בּוֹצֵ֣עַ & וְשׂוֹנֵ֖א 1 **One who unjustly gains**, **his**, and **one who hates** represent types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who unjustly gains … that person’s house, but any person who hates” 15:27 okhs rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry בּוֹצֵ֣עַ בָּ֑צַע 1 See how you translated the similar emphatic use of “unjustly gain unjust gain” in [1:19](../01/19.md). 15:27 rayg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בֵּ֭יתוֹ 1 See how you translated the same use of **house** in [3:33](../03/33.md). 15:27 sm83 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְשׂוֹנֵ֖א מַתָּנֹ֣ת 1 The phrase **one who hates bribes** refers to a person who refuses to receive **bribes** that someone else might offer them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “but one who refuses to accept bribes” 15:27 ctnz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יִחְיֶֽה 1 Here, **live** refers to living a long life. See how you translated the same use of **live** in [9:6](../09/06.md). 15:28 ikau rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun לֵ֣ב צַ֭דִּיק יֶהְגֶּ֣ה & וּפִ֥י רְ֝שָׁעִ֗ים יַבִּ֥יעַ 1 **The heart**, **the righteous one**, and **the mouth** represent things and a type of people in general, not a specific **heart**, **righteous one** or **mouth**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “The hearts of any righteous ones consider how … but the mouths of the wicked ones gush forth” 15:28 avu5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לֵ֣ב 1 Here, **heart** refers to the whole person. See how you translated the same use of **heart** in [6:18](../06/18.md). 15:28 zn2x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis לַעֲנ֑וֹת 1 Solomon is leaving out a word that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply this word from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “to answer a person” 15:28 m6cf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וּפִ֥י 1 See how you translated the same use of **the mouth of** in [10:6](../10/06.md). 15:28 zzd4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יַבִּ֥יעַ 1 See how you translated the same use of **gushes forth** in [15:2](../15/02.md). 15:28 zr4l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns רָעֽוֹת 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **evils**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “evil things” 15:29 nq5q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor רָח֣וֹק יְ֭הוָה מֵרְשָׁעִ֑ים 1 Here Solomon speaks of Yahweh not listening to **the wicked ones** as if he were physically **far** away from them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Yahweh does not heed wicked people” 15:29 q26p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun וּתְפִלַּ֖ת 1 The word **prayer** represents prayers in general, not one particular **prayer**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “but the prayers of” 15:29 s6ro rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וּתְפִלַּ֖ת 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **prayer** in [15:8](../15/08.md). 15:29 em15 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יִשְׁמָֽע 1 Here, **hears** implies that **Yahweh hears** and responds to what he **hears**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “he hears and responds” 15:30 um1l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מְֽאוֹר־עֵ֭ינַיִם יְשַׂמַּֽח־לֵ֑ב & עָֽצֶם 1 **The luminary**, **the heart**, and **the bone** represents those things in general, not one particular **luminary**, **heart**, or **bone**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Luminaries of the eyes gladdens hearts … bones” 15:30 xdfr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מְֽאוֹר־עֵ֭ינַיִם 1 Solomon assumes that his readers will understand that he is referring to someone seeing **The luminary of the eyes**. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “Seeing the luminary of the eyes” 15:30 msq2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מְֽאוֹר־עֵ֭ינַיִם 1 Here Solomon refers to a joyful facial expression as if the person’s **eyes** shined brightly like a **luminary** body, such as the Sun. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “A cheerful expression” 15:30 d2bg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לֵ֑ב 1 Here, **heart** refers to the whole person. See how you translated the same use of **heart** in [6:18](../06/18.md). 15:30 e7v1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שְׁמוּעָ֥ה ט֝וֹבָ֗ה 1 Solomon assumes that his readers will understand that he is referring to someone hearing **good news**. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “hearing good news” 15:30 w1t5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom תְּדַשֶּׁן־עָֽצֶם 1 Here Solomon refers to **good news** making people feel healthy as if it **fattens** their bones. The word **bone** here refers to a person’s whole body. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “causes people to feel healthy” 15:31 vet3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אֹ֗זֶן & תּוֹכַ֣חַת 1 **An ear** and **the rebuke** represent those things in general, not one particular **ear** or **rebuke**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Ears … the rebukes of” 15:31 kgsf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche אֹ֗זֶן 1 Here, **ear** refers to the whole person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “A person” 15:31 lmpa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession תּוֹכַ֣חַת חַיִּ֑ים 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **rebuke** that results in **life**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the rebuke that leads to life” 15:31 rsnj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns תּוֹכַ֣חַת 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **rebuke** in [1:25](../01/25.md). 15:31 k8b8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit תּוֹכַ֣חַת חַיִּ֑ים 1 Here, **life** refers to remaining alive. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the rebuke that keeps one alive” 15:31 o3rh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּקֶ֖רֶב חֲכָמִ֣ים תָּלִֽין 1 Here Solomon refers to a person being considered wise as if that person were dwelling with **the wise ones**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will be considered one of the wise ones” 15:32 eoi4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun פּוֹרֵ֣עַ & נַפְשׁ֑וֹ וְשׁוֹמֵ֥עַ 1 **One who avoids**, **his**, and **one who hears** represent types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who avoids … that person’s life, but any person who hears” 15:32 l9cd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מ֭וּסָר & תּ֝וֹכַ֗חַת 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **correction** in [3:11](../03/11.md) and **rebuke** in [1:25](../01/25.md). 15:32 u67i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole מוֹאֵ֣ס 1 Solomon says **rejects** here as an overstatement for emphasis. He means that someone who **avoids correction** is doing what will ruin **his life**, as if he actually despises **his life**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different way to express the emphasis. Alternate translation: “behaves as if he rejects” 15:32 y19w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche נַפְשׁ֑וֹ 1 Here, **his life** refers to the person himself. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “himself” 15:32 rzdx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לֵּֽב 1 Here Solomon uses **heart** to refer to a person’s ability to think. See how you translated the same use of **heart** in [6:32](../06/32.md). 15:33 nhk9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession יִרְאַ֣ת יְ֭הוָה 1 See how you translated this phrase in [1:7](../01/07.md). 15:33 t56g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מוּסַ֣ר חָכְמָ֑ה & כָב֣וֹד 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **wisdom** and **instruction** in [1:2](../01/02.md) and **honor** in [3:16](../03/16.md). 15:33 lbcz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession מוּסַ֣ר חָכְמָ֑ה 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe **instruction** that results in **wisdom**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “is instruction that results in wisdom” 15:33 atwb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification וְלִפְנֵ֖י כָב֣וֹד עֲנָוָֽה 1 Here Solomon refers to a person having **humility** before receiving **honor** as if **humility** were a person who stands **before the face of honor**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the same use of **before the face of** in [8:25](../08/25.md). Alternate translation: “and humility exists before the honor exists” or “and humility precedes honor” 15:33 w2h2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns עֲנָוָֽה 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **humility**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “is being humble” 16:intro mu2u 0 # Proverbs 16 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nChapter 16 continues the section of the book written by Solomon that is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.\n\n## Translation Issues in This Chapter\n\n### Parallelism\n\nChapters 10–15 mostly contain proverbs that consist of two parallel clauses that contrast with each other. Chapters 16–22 mostly contain proverbs in which the second of two parallel clauses completes, emphasizes, or qualifies the idea of the first clause. Chapter 16 also contains contrasting parallelism ([16:1](../16/01.md), [2](../16/02.md), [9](../16/09.md), [14](../16/14.md), [22](../16/22.md), [33](../16/33.md)) and parallelism in which both clauses have the same meaning for emphasis ([16:11](../16/11.md), [16](../16/16.md), [18](../16/18.md), [30](../16/30.md)). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 16:1 aoh9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun לְאָדָ֥ם מַֽעַרְכֵי־לֵ֑ב וּ֝מֵיְהוָ֗ה מַעֲנֵ֥ה לָשֽׁוֹן 1 Here, **the heart**, **a man's**, **the answer**, and **the tongue** refer to these things and people in general, not a specific thing or person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “The arrangements of the hearts are those people’s, but the answers of the tongues are from Yahweh” 16:1 lzbp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מַֽעַרְכֵי־לֵ֑ב & מַעֲנֵ֥ה לָשֽׁוֹן 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **arrangements** and **answer**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. See how you translated **answer** in [15:1](../15/01.md). Alternate translation: “Things that the heart arranges … what the tongue answers” 16:1 e2qs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מַֽעַרְכֵי־לֵ֑ב 1 **The arrangements of the heart** here could mean: (1) **arrangements** about what to say, which is suggested by the phrase **the answer of the tongue** in the next clause. Alternate translation: “The arrangements of the heart regarding what to say” (2) human **arrangements** in general. Alternate translation: “The arrangements of the heart about something” 16:1 bqu9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לֵ֑ב 1 See how you translated the same use of **heart** in [2:2](../02/02.md). 16:1 ynq4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession לְאָדָ֥ם 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe **arrangements** that are determined by the person who makes them. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “are determined by a man” or “are determined by those who make them” 16:1 hf8a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מַעֲנֵ֥ה לָשֽׁוֹן 1 Here, **the answer of the tongue** refers to **the answer** that someone speaks by using **the tongue**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the same use of **tongue** in [6:17](../06/17.md). Alternate translation: “what one says in reply” or “the spoken answer” 16:1 ggkx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מַעֲנֵ֥ה לָשֽׁוֹן 1 Here, **the answer of the tongue** could refer to: (1) an **answer** related to the **arrangements** in the previous clause. Alternate translation: “the answer of the tongue about those arrangements” (2) an **answer** in general. Alternate translation: “any answer of the tongue” 16:1 j1hu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וּ֝מֵיְהוָ֗ה 1 Here, the phrase **is from Yahweh** indicates that **Yahweh** is who determines **the answer of the tongue**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “is determined by Yahweh” 16:2 rtc8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דַּרְכֵי 1 See how you translated the same use of **ways** in [3:6](../03/06.md). 16:2 y7ag rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אִ֭ישׁ & בְּעֵינָ֑יו 1 Although the terms **man** and **his** are masculine, Solomon is using these words in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “any person … in that person’s eyes” 16:2 m6li rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּעֵינָ֑יו 1 See how you translated the same use of **eyes** in [3:4](../03/04.md). 16:2 g38w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְתֹכֵ֖ן & יְהוָֽה 1 Here, **examines** refers to judging or evaluating. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “but Yahweh judges” 16:2 cdo5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor רוּח֣וֹת 1 Here, **spirits** refers to the thoughts and motives of people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “people’s thoughts” 16:3 ejds rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor גֹּ֣ל אֶל־יְהוָ֣ה מַעֲשֶׂ֑יךָ 1 Here Solomon refers to people depending on Yahweh for the outcome of their **works** as if those **works** were objects that one could **Roll to Yahweh**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Depend on Yahweh for the outcome of your works” 16:3 x2z7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מַעֲשֶׂ֑יךָ & מַחְשְׁבֹתֶֽיךָ 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **works** in [8:22](../08/22.md) and **plans** in [1:31](../01/31.md). 16:3 ivq4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וְ֝יִכֹּ֗נוּ מַחְשְׁבֹתֶֽיךָ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and Yahweh will establish your plans” 16:3 rubi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ֝יִכֹּ֗נוּ 1 Here Solomon uses **established** to refer to something being achieved or successful. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and … will be successful” 16:4 oswg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj כֹּ֤ל & לַֽמַּעֲנֵ֑הוּ 1 Solomon is using the adjective **all** as a noun to mean everything that exists. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “all things for their own purposes” 16:4 xn40 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns לַֽמַּעֲנֵ֑הוּ & רָעָֽה 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **purpose** and **evil**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. See how you translated **evil** in [1:16](../01/16.md). Alternate translation: “for what they will accomplish … what is evil” 16:4 ccq1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וְגַם־רָ֝שָׁ֗ע 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and Yahweh has even made a wicked one” 16:4 opfb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun רָ֝שָׁ֗ע 1 See how you translated this phrase in [9:7](../09/07.md). 16:4 zekt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לְי֣וֹם רָעָֽה 1 Here, **the day of evil** could refer to a time when **wicked** people experience disaster. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “for the time of disaster” 16:5 zp0g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns תּוֹעֲבַ֣ת יְ֭הוָה 1 See how you translated this phrase in [3:32](../03/32.md). 16:5 lkb8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor גְּבַהּ־לֵ֑ב 1 Here Solomon refers to a proud person as if that person had a **heart** that was **high**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “one who is proud” or “arrogant one” 16:5 wh4a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom יָ֥ד לְ֝יָ֗ד 1 See how you translated this phrase in [11:21](../11/21.md). 16:5 ixub rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun לֹ֣א יִנָּקֶֽה 1 Although the term **he** is masculine, Solomon is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “that person will not remain blameless” 16:5 cq2g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes לֹ֣א יִנָּקֶֽה 1 See how you translated **will not remain blameless** in [11:21](../11/21.md). 16:6 uii6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis בְּחֶ֣סֶד וֶ֭אֱמֶת יְכֻפַּ֣ר עָוֺ֑ן 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “By having covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness, a person’s iniquity is atoned for” 16:6 t6t9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְּחֶ֣סֶד וֶ֭אֱמֶת & עָוֺ֑ן & מֵרָֽע 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **covenant faithfulness** and **trustworthiness** in [3:3](../03/03.md), **iniquity** in [6:12](../06/12.md), and **evil** in [1:16](../01/16.md). 16:6 qe14 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive בְּחֶ֣סֶד וֶ֭אֱמֶת יְכֻפַּ֣ר עָוֺ֑ן 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness atone for iniquity” 16:6 hi9v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וּבְיִרְאַ֥ת יְ֝הוָ֗ה 1 See how you translated **the fear of Yahweh** in [1:7](../01/07.md). 16:6 sn15 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ס֣וּר מֵרָֽע 1 See how you translated **turns away from evil** in [14:16](../14/16.md). 16:7 i6tc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דַּרְכֵי 1 See how you translated the same use of **ways** in [3:6](../03/06.md). 16:7 n3cb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אִ֑ישׁ גַּם־א֝וֹיְבָ֗יו & אִתּֽוֹ 1 Although **man**, **his**, and **him** are masculine, Solomon is using these words in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use phrases that make this clear. Alternate translation: “a person … even that person’s enemies … with that person” 16:8 zarx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis מְ֭עַט & מֵרֹ֥ב תְּ֝בוּא֗וֹת בְּלֹ֣א מִשְׁפָּֽט 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “is having a little … than having an abundance of produce without having justice” 16:8 u992 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj טוֹב־מְ֭עַט 1 See how you translated this phrase in [15:16](../15/16.md). 16:8 a4dx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בִּצְדָקָ֑ה 1 Here Solomon refers to being righteous as if that **righteousness** were an object that someone could have **with a little**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “while having righteousness” or “while being righteous” 16:8 kbzx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מֵרֹ֥ב תְּ֝בוּא֗וֹת בְּלֹ֣א מִשְׁפָּֽט 1 See how you translated **an abundance of produce** in [14:4](../14/04.md) and **no justice** in [13:23](../13/23.md). 16:8 m215 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּלֹ֣א מִשְׁפָּֽט 1 Here Solomon refers to a lack of **justice** as if **justice** were an object that someone did not have **with an abundance of produce**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and not having justice” or “while having no justice” 16:9 wyx2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לֵ֣ב 1 See how you translated the same use of **heart** in [2:2](../02/02.md). 16:9 e22o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אָ֭דָם & דַּרְכּ֑וֹ &צַעֲדֽוֹ 1 Although **man** and **his** are masculine, Solomon is using these words in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use phrases that make this clear. Alternate translation: “a person … that person’s way … that person’s step” 16:9 knxw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דַּרְכּ֑וֹ 1 Here Solomon refers to what a person wants to do as if it were a **way** he walks on. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “what he wants to do” 16:9 y8rt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יָכִ֥ין צַעֲדֽוֹ 1 Here Solomon speaks of Yahweh determining the individual events related to the working out of a person’s plans as if Yahweh were guiding that person where to **step**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “determines how that plan proceeds” 16:10 drmu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit קֶ֤סֶם ׀ עַֽל־שִׂפְתֵי־מֶ֑לֶךְ 1 **Divination** usually refers to the practice of trying to get information from spirits, which is a practice that Yahweh prohibited. However, Solomon uses the word here to refer to **a king** correctly communicating God’s decisions as God’s representative. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Divinely inspired decisions are on the lips of a king” 16:10 ibur rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns קֶ֤סֶם & בְּ֝מִשְׁפָּ֗ט 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **Divination** and **judgment**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “What someone discerns from God … when he judges” 16:10 ak2q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy שִׂפְתֵי 1 See how you translated the same use of **lips** in [10:21](../10/21.md). 16:10 bwly rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מֶ֑לֶךְ 1 This verse describes the traits of an ideal, righteous **king**, not any **king** in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “an ideal king” 16:10 bhie rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מֶ֑לֶךְ & פִּֽיו 1 Here, the words **king** and **his** represent righteous kings, not one particular **king**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any good king … that king’s mouth” 16:10 ul24 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy פִּֽיו 1 See how you translated the same use of **mouth** in [10:11](../10/11.md). 16:10 mh41 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification לֹ֣א יִמְעַל 1 Here Solomon refers to what a king says not being unjust as if **his mouth** were a person who **will not act unfaithfully**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will not be unjust” 16:10 gn12 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes לֹ֣א יִמְעַל 1 Solomon is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, **not**, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meaning by using positive words. Alternate translation: “will certainly act faithfully” 16:11 c4kd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit פֶּ֤לֶס ׀ וּמֹאזְנֵ֣י מִ֭שְׁפָּט לַֽיהוָ֑ה מַ֝עֲשֵׂ֗הוּ כָּל־אַבְנֵי־כִֽיס 1 The implication of the references to a **balance**, **scales**, and **stones** in this verse is that God wants people to be honest when selling or buying things. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “A balance and scales of justice are for Yahweh; all the stones of the bag are his work, so be honest” 16:11 fhps rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism פֶּ֤לֶס ׀ וּמֹאזְנֵ֣י מִ֭שְׁפָּט לַֽיהוָ֑ה מַ֝עֲשֵׂ֗הוּ כָּל־אַבְנֵי־כִֽיס 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “A balance and scales of justice are for Yahweh; yes, all the stones of the bag are his work” 16:11 o2bm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession פֶּ֤לֶס ׀ וּמֹאזְנֵ֣י מִ֭שְׁפָּט 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **balance and scales** that are characterized by **justice**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “A just balance and scales” 16:11 qzsp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet פֶּ֤לֶס ׀ וּמֹאזְנֵ֣י 1 Both of the terms **balance** and **scales** refer to instruments that are used for determining the weight of an object or comparing the weight of two objects. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could use a single phrase. See how you translated **scales** in [11:1](../11/01.md). Alternate translation: “Instruments for measuring weight of” 16:11 hb1i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לַֽיהוָ֑ה מַ֝עֲשֵׂ֗הוּ 1 In this verse, the phrases **are for Yahweh** and **are his work** indicate that accurate weighing instruments belong to **Yahweh** in that the idea of honest weighing instruments originated with him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “come from Yahweh … are his design” or “originated with Yahweh … are designed by him” 16:11 w1gk rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown כָּל־אַבְנֵי־כִֽיס 1 The phrase **stones of the bag** refers to the weights that were placed on the **scales** in order to determine the weight of an object. These **stones** were carried by merchants in a **bag**. The **scales** consisted of a central post with a crossbar from which two pans were hung. An object would be placed in one pan and these **stones** that had specific weights were placed in the other pan until the crossbar remained level, meaning that both pans contain an equal weight. If your readers would not be familiar with this method of determining weight, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “all the weights” or “all the stones used for determining weight” 16:12 qobz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns תּוֹעֲבַ֣ת & רֶ֑שַׁע & בִ֝צְדָקָ֗ה 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **abomination** in [3:32](../03/32.md), **wickedness** in [4:17](../04/17.md), and **righteousness** in [1:3](../01/03.md). 16:12 u9g5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מְ֭לָכִים 1 This verse describes the traits of ideal, righteous **kings**, not **kings** in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “ideal kings” 16:12 z6fm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive בִ֝צְדָקָ֗ה יִכּ֥וֹן כִּסֵּֽא 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “righteousness establishes a throne” 16:12 hqs7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יִכּ֥וֹן כִּסֵּֽא 1 Here, **established** refers to a king having stable and enduring authority over his people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “is a throne made secure” or “is a throne made to endure” 16:12 yr8j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy כִּסֵּֽא 1 Here, **throne** refers to a king’s authority, which is represented by the **throne** or royal chair upon which a king sits. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a king’s authority” 16:13 nnfm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism רְצ֣וֹן מְ֭לָכִים שִׂפְתֵי־צֶ֑דֶק וְדֹבֵ֖ר יְשָׁרִ֣ים יֶאֱהָֽב 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “The delight of kings are lips of righteousness, yes, he loves one who speaks upright things” 16:13 q2uj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns רְצ֣וֹן & צֶ֑דֶק 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **delight** in [14:35](../14/35.md) and **righteousness** in [8:20](../08/20.md). 16:13 sfa1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מְ֭לָכִים 1 This verse describes the traits of ideal, righteous **kings**, not any **kings** in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “ideal kings” 16:13 c0v0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession שִׂפְתֵי־צֶ֑דֶק 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe **lips** that are characterized by **righteousness**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “are righteous lips” 16:13 k2h7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy שִׂפְתֵי 1 Here, **lips** refers to what people say by moving their **lips**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “are sayings of” 16:13 c9xz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun יֶאֱהָֽב 1 Here, **he** refers to the **kings** in the previous clause, not one particular king. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “kings love” 16:13 t9or rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun וְדֹבֵ֖ר 1 Here, **one who speaks** refers to a type of person in general, not one particular person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “and … any person who speaks” 16:14 rn5t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy חֲמַת 1 See how you translated the same use of **heat** in [6:34](../06/34.md). 16:14 qy87 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מֶ֥לֶךְ & וְאִ֖ישׁ חָכָ֣ם 1 Here, **a king** and **a wise man** represent types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any king … but any wise man” 16:14 xdvk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession מַלְאֲכֵי־מָ֑וֶת 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe **messengers** who cause **death**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “is messengers who cause death” 16:14 lfm4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification מַלְאֲכֵי־מָ֑וֶת 1 Here Solomon speaks of an angry king causing people to die as if his anger were **messengers** whom he sends out to kill someone. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “puts people to death” or “causes death” 16:14 afh0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מָ֑וֶת 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **death** in [2:18](../02/18.md). 16:14 lsz0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יְכַפְּרֶֽנָּה 1 Here, **atone for it** refers to doing something that will cause an angry **king** to stop being angry. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “assuage the king’s anger” or “do what he can stop the king from being angry” 16:15 f1pr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּאוֹר־פְּנֵי־מֶ֥לֶךְ חַיִּ֑ים 1 Here Solomon refers to people staying alive as if **life** were an object that is located **In the light of the face of the king**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “The light of the face of the king causes people to stay alive” 16:15 av7j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּאוֹר־פְּנֵי 1 Here Solomon refers to **the king** smiling because he is happy as if it were **the light of the face**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “In the smile of” or “In the happiness of” 16:15 wigt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מֶ֥לֶךְ & וּ֝רְצוֹנ֗וֹ 1 The words **the king** and **his** represent kings in general, not one particular **king**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any king … and that king’s favor” 16:15 fnnl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וּ֝רְצוֹנ֗וֹ 1 See how you translated **favor** in [3:4](../03/04.md). 16:15 a5n5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כְּעָ֣ב מַלְקֽוֹשׁ 1 Here Solomon compares the king showing **favor** toward someone with a **cloud** that brings **rain** in the **spring** to enable the crops to grow. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “benefits a person” or “refreshes a person like clouds bring rain in springtime to refresh the crops” 16:16 rgj4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism קְֽנֹה־חָכְמָ֗ה מַה־טּ֥וֹב מֵחָר֑וּץ וּקְנ֥וֹת בִּ֝ינָ֗ה נִבְחָ֥ר מִכָּֽסֶף 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “How better it is to acquire wisdom than gold, yes, to acquire understanding is to be chosen more than silver” 16:16 ylp2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חָכְמָ֗ה & בִּ֝ינָ֗ה 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **wisdom** in [1:2](../01/02.md) and **understanding** in [2:2](../02/02.md). 16:16 bn5c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וּקְנ֥וֹת בִּ֝ינָ֗ה נִבְחָ֥ר 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and people should choose to acquire understanding” 16:17 ffx6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מְסִלַּ֣ת 1 Here Solomon speaks of **upright** behavior as if it were a well-built **highway** that is free of obstacles. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “The behavior of” 16:17 a2qn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ס֣וּר מֵרָ֑ע 1 See how you translated this phrase in [14:16](../14/16.md). 16:17 m87o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מֵרָ֑ע & נַ֝פְשׁ֗וֹ 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **evil** in [1:16](../01/16.md) and **life** in [10:16](../10/16.md). 16:17 t8nc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun שֹׁמֵ֥ר נַ֝פְשׁ֗וֹ נֹצֵ֥ר דַּרְכּֽוֹ 1 Here, **one who protects** and **his** refer to a type of person in general, not one particular person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “any person who protects that person’s life guards that person’s way” 16:17 a6l2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שֹׁמֵ֥ר נַ֝פְשׁ֗וֹ 1 Here Solomon speaks of a person who wants to stay alive as if **his life** were something that he **protects**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “one who keeps himself alive” 16:17 svdh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נֹצֵ֥ר דַּרְכּֽוֹ 1 Here Solomon refers to a person being careful about how he behaves as if his behavior were a **way** that he **guards**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the same use of **way** in [1:15](../01/15.md). Alternate translation: “behaves carefully” or “is careful in how he behaves” 16:18 k7sh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism לִפְנֵי־שֶׁ֥בֶר גָּא֑וֹן וְלִפְנֵ֥י כִ֝שָּׁל֗וֹן גֹּ֣בַהּ רֽוּחַ 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Before the face of breaking is pride; indeed, before the face of a stumbling is a height of spirit” 16:18 b9ws rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification לִפְנֵי־שֶׁ֥בֶר גָּא֑וֹן 1 Here Solomon refers to someone having **pride** before experiencing **breaking** as if **breaking** were a person with a **face** that **pride** could be in front of. See how you translated the same use of **Before the face of** in [8:25](../08/25.md). Alternate translation: “Pride exists before breaking” 16:18 l2gv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לִפְנֵי־שֶׁ֥בֶר גָּא֑וֹן 1 Here Solomon implies that **pride** results in **breaking**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Pride results in breaking” 16:18 fmx7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שֶׁ֥בֶר 1 Here Solomon refers to a person being destroyed as if they experience **breaking**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “destruction” or “being destroyed” 16:18 uxwn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns גָּא֑וֹן 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **pride** in [8:13](../08/13.md). 16:18 tfak rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification וְלִפְנֵ֥י כִ֝שָּׁל֗וֹן גֹּ֣בַהּ רֽוּחַ 1 Here Solomon refers to someone having **height of spirit** before experiencing **stumbling** as if **stumbling** were a person with a **face** that **height of spirit** could be in front of. See how you translated the same use of **before the face of** in the previous clause. Alternate translation: “a height of spirit exists before stumbling” 16:18 qw9r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְלִפְנֵ֥י כִ֝שָּׁל֗וֹן גֹּ֣בַהּ רֽוּחַ 1 Here Solomon implies that **a height of spirit** results in **stumbling**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and a height of spirit results in a stumbling” 16:18 ak0b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor כִ֝שָּׁל֗וֹן 1 Here Solomon refers to a person being destroyed as if they experience **stumbling**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “destruction” or “being destroyed” 16:18 qp3l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor גֹּ֣בַהּ רֽוּחַ 1 Here Solomon refers to a person being proud as if pride were **a height of spirit**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is pride” or “is being proud” 16:19 s4fk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שְׁפַל־ר֭וּחַ 1 Here Solomon refers to a person being humble as if humility were being **lowly of spirit**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to be humble” or “is being humble” 16:19 u04r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מֵֽחַלֵּ֥ק שָׁ֝לָ֗ל אֶת־גֵּאִֽים 1 Here Solomon uses **share** to imply that the one who is sharing **a portion of spoil** is also one of the **proud ones**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “than to be one of the proud ones and share a portion of their spoil” 16:19 xjkz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שָׁ֝לָ֗ל 1 The word **spoil** refers to things that victorious soldiers take from the enemies they have defeated. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “goods taken in battle” or “loot” 16:20 nuo9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מַשְׂכִּ֣יל & וּבוֹטֵ֖חַ & אַשְׁרָֽיו 1 **One who comprehends**, **one who trusts**, and **he** here represent types of people in general, not particular people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who comprehends … and any person who trusts … that person is happy” 16:20 tkio rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מַשְׂכִּ֣יל עַל־דָּ֭בָר 1 This phrase could refer to: (1) someone who acts wisely in various matters. Alternate translation: “One who acts sensibly” (2) someone who heeds instruction, in which case the word translated **matter** would refer to instruction. Alternate translation: “One who heeds instruction” 16:20 zg3i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִמְצָא־ט֑וֹב 1 Here Solomon refers to someone prospering as if they found **good**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will prosper” 16:21 hq6m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לֵ֭ב 1 See how you translated the same use of **heart** in [2:2](../02/02.md). 16:21 lrv9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive לַחֲכַם־לֵ֭ב יִקָּרֵ֣א נָב֑וֹן 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “people will call the wise of heart an understanding one” 16:21 cj0r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun נָב֑וֹן 1 See how you translated this phrase in [1:5](../01/05.md). 16:21 w5ly rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּמֶ֥תֶק שְׂ֝פָתַ֗יִם 1 Here Solomon speaks of kind or pleasant speech as if it were **sweetness** that comes from what people say by speaking with their **lips**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “pleasant speech” 16:21 f79y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy שְׂ֝פָתַ֗יִם 1 See how you translated the same use of **lips** in [10:18](../10/18.md). 16:22 y5ux rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מְק֣וֹר חַ֭יִּים 1 See how you translated this phrase in [10:11](../10/11.md). 16:22 c2nb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns שֵׂ֣כֶל & וּמוּסַ֖ר & אִוֶּֽלֶת 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **insight** in [1:3](../01/03.md), **instruction** in [1:2](../01/02.md), and **folly** in [5:23](../05/23.md). 16:22 ux8d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וּמוּסַ֖ר אֱוִלִ֣ים אִוֶּֽלֶת 1 This clause could mean: (1) **folly** causes punishment for **fools**, in which case the word translated **instruction** refers to discipline or punishment. Alternate translation: “but folly causes punishment for fools” (2) it is **foolish** to try to instruct **fools**. Alternate translation: “but instructing fools is folly” 16:23 rbc8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun לֵ֣ב חָ֭כָם יַשְׂכִּ֣יל פִּ֑יהוּ וְעַל־שְׂ֝פָתָ֗יו יֹסִ֥יף לֶֽקַח 1 **The heart of the wise**, **his**, and **it** here refer to these things and people in general, not a specific **heart** or **wise** person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “The hearts of wise people make their mouths insightful, and on their lips they increase learning” 16:23 ve5a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לֵ֣ב 1 See how you translated the same use of **heart** in [2:2](../02/02.md). 16:23 qa4q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy שְׂ֝פָתָ֗יו 1 See how you translated the same use of **mouth** in [10:11](../10/11.md) and **lips** in [10:18](../10/18.md). 16:23 i4qn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יֹסִ֥יף לֶֽקַח 1 Here Solomon implies that what **the wise** says **increases learning** of other people who hear what **the wise** say. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “it increases what other people learn” 16:24 rw56 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor צוּף־דְּ֭בַשׁ 1 Here Solomon is speaking of **words of pleasantness* as if they were **A dripping of honey**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “extremely pleasing” or “pleasing like a honeycomb” 16:24 spni rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אִמְרֵי־נֹ֑עַם 1 See how you translated **words of pleasantness** in [15:26](../15/26.md). 16:24 leud rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis מָת֥וֹק לַ֝נֶּפֶשׁ וּמַרְפֵּ֥א לָעָֽצֶם 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “those words are sweet to the soul and healing to the bone” 16:24 tse2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche מָת֥וֹק לַ֝נֶּפֶשׁ 1 Here, **soul** refers to the whole person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “pleasing to a person” 16:24 ye3n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche וּמַרְפֵּ֥א לָעָֽצֶם 1 Here, **bone** refers to a person’s whole body. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated a similar use of **bone** in [15:30](../15/30.md). Alternate translation: “healing to the body” 16:25 v8l9 יֵ֤שׁ דֶּ֣רֶךְ יָ֭שָׁר לִפְנֵי־אִ֑ישׁ וְ֝אַחֲרִיתָ֗הּ דַּרְכֵי־מָֽוֶת 1 See how you translated the identical sentence in [14:12](../14/12.md). 16:26 gu5u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun נֶ֣פֶשׁ עָ֭מֵל עָ֣מְלָה לּ֑וֹ כִּֽי־אָכַ֖ף עָלָ֣יו פִּֽיהוּ 1 **The appetite**, **the laborer**, **him**, and **his** here refer to appetites and laborers in general, not to any particular **appetite** or **laborer**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “The appetites of laborers labor for them, for their mouths press on them” 16:26 qgqh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns נֶ֣פֶשׁ 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **appetite** in [6:30](../06/30.md). 16:26 fc7p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification עָ֣מְלָה לּ֑וֹ 1 Here Solomon speaks of **The appetite of the laborer** benefitting **the laborer** as if **The appetite** were a person who **labors** on his behalf. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “benefits him” or “is like a person who helps him while he is working” 16:26 qj24 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy פִּֽיהוּ 1 Here, **mouth** refers to the desire to eat, which involves using one’s **mouth**. It has the same meaning as **appetite** in the previous clause. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “his hunger” or “his desire to eat” 16:26 gb4l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification אָכַ֖ף עָלָ֣יו פִּֽיהוּ 1 Here Solomon speaks of hunger motivating a **laborer** to continue working as if that laborer’s **mouth** were a person who **presses on him**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “being hungry makes him keep working” or “being hungry is like being nagged by a person who urges him to keep working” 16:27 sga2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession אִ֣ישׁ בְּ֭לִיַּעַל 1 See how you translated this phrase in [6:12](../06/12.md). 16:27 whee rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אִ֣ישׁ בְּ֭לִיַּעַל & שפתיו 1 **A man of worthlessness** and **his** refer to a type of person in general, not a specific **man**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person of worthlessness … that person’s lips” 16:27 r16q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor כֹּרֶ֣ה רָעָ֑ה 1 Here Solomon speaks of a person planning how to harm other people as if that person were digging **evil** out of the ground. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “plans how to harm people” or “plans how to harm people as if he were digging up evil” 16:27 q5zk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy רָעָ֑ה 1 Here, **evil** refers to trouble or harm that someone experiences as a result of the planning done by **A man of worthlessness**. See how you translated the same use of **evil** in [12:21](../12/21.md). 16:27 h7wl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְעַל־שפתיו כְּאֵ֣שׁ צָרָֽבֶת 1 Here, **on his lips** refers to what a person says while moving his **lips**. See how you translated the same use of **lips** in [10:13](../10/13.md). Alternate translation: “and what he says is like a scorching fire” 16:27 xs7m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כְּאֵ֣שׁ צָרָֽבֶת 1 Solomon is saying that the **evil** things that **A man of worthlessness** says are **like a scorching fire** because both can hurt people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “it hurts people like a scorching fire” 16:28 nw1b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אִ֣ישׁ תַּ֭הְפֻּכוֹת & וְ֝נִרְגָּ֗ן מַפְרִ֥יד אַלּֽוּף 1 **A man of perverse things**, **a murmurer**, **one who separates**, and **a close friend** here refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any man of perverse things … and any murmurer is a person who separates close friends” 16:28 x2b5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession אִ֣ישׁ תַּ֭הְפֻּכוֹת 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **man** who is characterized by saying **perverse things**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “A perverse man” or “A man who says perverse things” 16:28 e2vj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification יְשַׁלַּ֣ח מָד֑וֹן 1 Here Solomon refers to **A man of perverse things** causing **strife** between other people as if **strife** were an animal that he **lets loose**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “causes strife” 16:28 r0e6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מָד֑וֹן 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **strife**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “arguments” or “confrontations” 16:28 h4u0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ֝נִרְגָּ֗ן 1 Here Solomon calls a person who gossips or tells harmful rumors about people **a murmurer** because that person speaks quietly when he gossips. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and a gossiper” or “and one who whispers gossip” 16:28 q6aj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מַפְרִ֥יד 1 Here Solomon refers to causing friends to no longer be friends as if someone **separates** them from each other. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is one who destroys a person's friendship with” 16:28 is7k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מַפְרִ֥יד אַלּֽוּף 1 Solomon assumes that his readers will understand that this phrase refers to separating **a close friend** from that person’s friend. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “is one who separates a close friend from his friend” or “is one who separates close friends” 16:29 mk94 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אִ֣ישׁ חָ֭מָס & רֵעֵ֑הוּ וְ֝הוֹלִיכ֗וֹ 1 **A man of violence**, **his neighbor**, **he**, and **him** here refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person of violence … that person’s neighbor, and that person leads that neighbor” 16:29 i6a5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession אִ֣ישׁ חָ֭מָס 1 See how you translated this phrase in [3:31](../03/31.md). 16:29 f3dd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ֝הוֹלִיכ֗וֹ בְּדֶ֣רֶךְ 1 Here Solomon refers to **A man of violence** causing **his neighbor** to behave in a manner **that is not good** as if he were leading **his neighbor** down a path. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the same use of **way** in [1:15](../01/15.md). Alternate translation: “and he causes him to behave in a manner” 16:29 c2qk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּדֶ֣רֶךְ לֹא־טֽוֹב 1 This could refer to: (1) behavior **that is not good**. Alternate translation: “to behave in a manner that is not good” (2) behavior that results in something **not good** happening to that person. Alternate translation: “to behave in a manner that causes results which are not good” 16:29 m8qs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לֹא־טֽוֹב 1 Here Solomon uses the negative word **not** with **good** to emphasize how bad this **way** is. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “that is very bad” 16:30 wy6w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun עֹצֶ֣ה עֵ֭ינָיו לַחְשֹׁ֣ב & קֹרֵ֥ץ שְׂ֝פָתָ֗יו כִּלָּ֥ה רָעָֽה 1 **One who shuts his eyes** and **one who compresses his lips** here refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “People who shut their eyes plan … people who compress their lips bring evil to completion” 16:30 p1tu rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction עֹצֶ֣ה עֵ֭ינָיו & קֹרֵ֥ץ שְׂ֝פָתָ֗יו 1 The phrases **shuts his eyes** and **compresses his lips** both describe facial gestures which people could use to signal to others that they were about to do something **evil** that they had planned. If this would not be clear to your readers, you could explain the significance of this action in the text or in a footnote. Alternate translation: “One who signals to others by shutting his eyes … one who signals to others by compressing his lips” 16:30 lie4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy רָעָֽה 1 Here, **evil** refers to an evil action that **one who compresses his lips** had planned to do. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “an evil act he had planned” 16:31 hqfg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy שֵׂיבָ֑ה 1 **Gray hair** here refers to old age, which is when people’s **hair** usually becomes **Gray**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Old age” 16:31 aj89 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עֲטֶ֣רֶת תִּפְאֶ֣רֶת 1 Here Solomon refers to the honor of being an old person as if the old person’s **Gray hair** were a **crown of splendor**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning or use a simile. See how you translated **a crown of splendor** in [4:9](../04/09.md). Alternate translation: “is a great honor” or “is like a crown of splendor on an old person’s head” 16:31 thaf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּדֶ֥רֶךְ 1 See how you translated the same use of **way** in [1:15](../01/15.md). 16:31 d1fq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בְּדֶ֥רֶךְ צְ֝דָקָ֗ה 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **way** that is characterized by **righteousness**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “in the righteous way” 16:31 y1am rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive תִּמָּצֵֽא 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “a person finds it” 16:31 andi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor תִּמָּצֵֽא 1 Here Solomon refers to becoming old, which **Gray hair** represents, as if it were an object that a person could find. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “it is obtained” 16:32 x3rg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אֶ֣רֶךְ אַ֭פַּיִם מִגִּבּ֑וֹר וּמֹשֵׁ֥ל בְּ֝רוּח֗וֹ מִלֹּכֵ֥ד 1 Here, **one long of nostrils**, **a mighty one**, **on who rules his spirit**, and **one who captures** represent these types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “is any person long of nostrils than any mighty person, and any person who rules over that person’s spirit than any person who captures” 16:32 q1pm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אֶ֣רֶךְ אַ֭פַּיִם 1 See how you translated **one long of nostrils** in [14:29](../14/29.md). 16:32 jxus rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וּמֹשֵׁ֥ל בְּ֝רוּח֗וֹ 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and better is one who rules his spirit” 16:32 omyt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification וּמֹשֵׁ֥ל בְּ֝רוּח֗וֹ 1 Here Solomon speaks of a person controlling **his spirit** as if it were a person who could be ruled over. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and one who controls his spirit” 16:32 upn1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּ֝רוּח֗וֹ 1 Here, **spirit** refers to a person’s emotions. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “his emotions” 16:32 kovo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification מִלֹּכֵ֥ד עִֽיר 1 Here Solomon speaks of a person conquering a **city** and capturing the people who live in it as if the **city** were a person who could be captured. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “than one who conquers a city” 16:32 mzu5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מִלֹּכֵ֥ד עִֽיר 1 Solomon assumes that his readers will understand that **one who captures a city** is very **mighty**. You could include this information if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “than one mighty enough to capture a city” 16:33 kg6g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun בַּ֭חֵיק יוּטַ֣ל אֶת־הַגּוֹרָ֑ל 1 The terms **a lot**, **the lap**, and **its** refer to these things in general, not to a specific **lot** and **lap**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Into a person's lap any lot is cast” 16:33 rvg6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown בַּ֭חֵיק יוּטַ֣ל אֶת־הַגּוֹרָ֑ל 1 **A lot** was a marked stone that was thrown or rolled on the ground in order to help decide something. People believed that God would guide the **lot** so that it showed them what to do. If your culture has a similar object, you could use the word for that in your language here. Alternate translation: “A marked stone is cast into the lap” or “People throw dice” 16:33 ei8c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive בַּ֭חֵיק יוּטַ֣ל אֶת־הַגּוֹרָ֑ל 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “A person throws a lot into a lap” 16:33 js5x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit כָּל־מִשְׁפָּטֽוֹ 1 Here, **judgment** refers to the decision that is made based on the result of casting lots. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “its every decision” or “whatever happens with the lot” 17:intro br3v 0 # Proverbs 17 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nChapter 17 continues the section of the book written by Solomon that is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.\n\n## Translation Issues in This Chapter\n\n### Parallelism\n\nChapters 16–22 mostly contain proverbs in which the second of two parallel clauses completes, emphasizes, or qualifies the idea of the first clause. Chapter 17 also contains contrasting parallelism ([17:9](../17/09.md), [22](../17/22.md), [24](../17/24.md)) and parallelism in which both clauses have the same meaning for emphasis ([17:21](../17/21.md), [28](../17/28.md)). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 17:1 b79i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis פַּ֣ת חֲ֭רֵבָה & מִ֝בַּ֗יִת מָלֵ֥א 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. See how you translated the same use of these phrases in [15:16–17](../15/16.md). Alternate translation: “is having a dry morsel … than having a house full of” 17:1 ecu4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְשַׁלְוָה 1 Here, **ease** refers to a situation in which someone feels peaceful because there is no **quarreling**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and a peaceful situation” 17:1 p2y8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְשַׁלְוָה־בָ֑הּ 1 Here Solomon refers to feeling peaceful as if that **ease** were an object that someone could have **with a dry morsel**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “while feeling ease” or “while feeling peaceful” 17:1 r9a1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מִ֝בַּ֗יִת מָלֵ֥א 1 Here Solomon refers to a **house** in which people frequently eat meat from **sacrifices** as if the **house** were **full of sacrifices**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “than a house in which people frequently have” 17:1 qkaw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy זִבְחֵי 1 Here, **sacrifices** refers to feasts in which Israelites would eat the meat from the **sacrifices** they had offered to Yahweh at the temple in Jerusalem. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “feasts of” 17:1 tu8o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor זִבְחֵי־רִֽיב 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe feasts that are characterized by **quarreling**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “feasts characterized by quarreling” 17:2 d2td rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun עֶֽבֶד & בְּבֵ֣ן & יַחֲלֹ֥ק 1 **A servant**, **a son**, and **he** refer to types of people in general, not to a specific **servant** or **son**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any servant … any son … that person will share” 17:2 buwy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מַשְׂכִּ֗יל 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **insight** in [1:3](../01/03.md). 17:2 yc3k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּבֵ֣ן & אַ֝חִ֗ים 1 Here Solomon implies that **a son** and **brothers** refer to the children of the master who owns the **servant**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “his master’s son … the brothers of his master’s son” 17:2 gcvs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּבְת֥וֹךְ אַ֝חִ֗ים 1 Here Solomon refers to the **servant** having equal status with these **brothers** as if he were **in the midst** of them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and as an equal of the son’s brothers” 17:2 voso rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns נַחֲלָֽה 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **inheritance**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “what people inherit” 17:3 etyr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מַצְרֵ֣ף לַ֭כֶּסֶף וְכ֣וּר לַזָּהָ֑ב 1 The terms **The smelting-pot**, **the silver**, **the furnace**, and **the gold** represent these things in general, not any specific things. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any smelting-pot is for silver and any furnace is for gold” 17:3 fi3n rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown מַצְרֵ֣ף 1 A **smelting-pot** is a container in which metals are melted at a very high temperature so that impurities may be discovered and removed from the metal. Since the second clause mentions **tests**, most likely Solomon is referring to using the pot to discover impurities. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of container, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “The pot used for testing and refining metal” 17:3 xoku rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מַצְרֵ֣ף לַ֭כֶּסֶף וְכ֣וּר לַזָּהָ֑ב 1 Solomon assumes that his readers will understand that the **smelting-pot** and **furnace** are used to refine and test the purity of **silver** and **gold**. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “The smelting-pot is for testing and refining the silver, and the furnace is for testing and refining the gold” 17:3 aq7i rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases וּבֹחֵ֖ן לִבּ֣וֹת יְהוָֽה 1 Solomon uses **and** here to indicate that he is making a comparison between the first clause and the second clause. How **Yahweh tests hearts** is similar to how **The smelting-pot** and **furnace** are used to test **silver** and **gold** to see how pure they are. If this connection is not clear, you may want to use a connecting word to show how this statement relates to what came before it. Alternate translation: “likewise, Yahweh tests hearts” 17:3 hgq0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּבֹחֵ֖ן לִבּ֣וֹת יְהוָֽה 1 Here Solomon speaks of Yahweh evaluating what people think as if their **hearts** were metal that he was testing to discover impurities. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Yahweh evaluates peoples’ hearts” 17:3 mnly rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לִבּ֣וֹת 1 See how you translated the same use of “heart” in [2:2](../02/02.md). 17:4 tztu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מֵ֭רַע & שְׂפַת־אָ֑וֶן שֶׁ֥קֶר & לְשׁ֥וֹן הַוֺּֽת 1 **The evildoer**, **the lips of iniquity**, **a liar**, and **a tongue of destruction** represent types of people and things in general, not specific people or things. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any evildoer … any lips of iniquity; any liar … any tongues of destruction” 17:4 c409 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession שְׂפַת־אָ֑וֶן 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe **lips** that are characterized by **iniquity**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “iniquitous lips” 17:4 bar9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy שְׂפַת 1 See how you translated the same use of **lips** in [16:13](../16/13.md). 17:4 cj9s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מֵ֝זִין 1 The phrase **give ear** refers to listening carefully to what someone is saying as if the listener were giving his **ear** to the person speaking. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use a similar expression from your language or express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “listen carefully” 17:4 hi1p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession לְשׁ֥וֹן הַוֺּֽת 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe **a tongue** that is characterized by **destruction**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “a destructive tongue” 17:4 d93h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לְשׁ֥וֹן 1 See how you translated the same use of **tongue** in [6:17](../06/17.md). 17:5 a5ue rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun לֹעֵ֣ג לָ֭רָשׁ חֵרֵ֣ף עֹשֵׂ֑הוּ שָׂמֵ֥חַ לְ֝אֵ֗יד 1 The terms **A mocker**, **one who is poor**, **his**, and **one glad at calamity** represent types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any mocker of any poor person taunts that person’s maker; any person glad at calamity” 17:5 gbgn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit חֵרֵ֣ף עֹשֵׂ֑הוּ 1 See how you translated this phrase in [14:31](../14/31.md). 17:5 gs4i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns לְ֝אֵ֗יד 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **calamity** in [1:26](../01/26.md). 17:5 dj8b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes לֹ֣א יִנָּקֶֽה 1 See how you translated this phrase in [6:29](../06/29.md). 17:6 y71i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עֲטֶ֣רֶת 1 Here Solomon speaks of honor as if it were a **crown** upon the heads of **old ones**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. See how you translated a similar use of **crown** in [4:9](../04/09.md). Alternate translation: “The honor of” 17:6 exvc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession עֲטֶ֣רֶת זְ֭קֵנִים בְּנֵ֣י בָנִ֑ים 1 **The crown of old ones** could refer to: (1) the honor or pride that **old ones** feel for their **sons of sons**. Alternate translation: “The honor that old ones feel is for their sons of sons” (2) the honor that **old ones** receive from others because they have **sons of sons**. Alternate translation: “Old ones are honored because of their sons of sons” or “Sons of sons cause others to honor old ones” 17:6 v99u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בְּנֵ֣י בָנִ֑ים & בָּנִ֣ים אֲבוֹתָֽם 1 Although **sons** and **fathers** are masculine, here Solomon is using these words in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use phrases that make this clear. Alternate translation: “are children of children … children is their parents” 17:6 fag8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וְתִפְאֶ֖רֶת בָּנִ֣ים אֲבוֹתָֽם 1 Since the word translated as **splendor** is parallel to **crown** in the previous clause, here **the splendor of sons** refers to the honor or pride that **sons** feel for **their fathers**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and the honor that sons feel is for their fathers” 17:7 i2ze rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun לְנָבָ֣ל שְׂפַת־יֶ֑תֶר & לְנָדִ֥יב שְׂפַת־שָֽׁקֶר 1 **A lip of excess**, **a worthless one**, **a lip of falsehood**, and **a noble** represent these things and people in general, not specific things or people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Lips of excess … for worthless ones … lips of falsehood for noble ones” 17:7 n7sw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy שְׂפַת־יֶ֑תֶר 1 The phrase **lips of excess** refers to excellent or eloquent speech that people say by moving their lips. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Fine speech” or “Speaking excellently” 17:7 clc1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy שְׂפַת־שָֽׁקֶר 1 See how you translated the same use of “a lip of falsehood” in [10:18](../10/18.md). 17:8 n8xm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אֶֽבֶן־חֵ֣ן 1 **A stone of favor** refers to an object that someone thinks is magical and will make **its owner** successful. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “A lucky rabbit’s foot” or “A charm” 17:8 vlmn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּעֵינֵ֣י 1 See how you translated this phrase in [3:4](../03/04.md). 17:8 vjxj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יַשְׂכִּֽיל 1 Here, **he succeeds** refers to what the **owner** of a **bribe** thinks would happen as a result of giving people bribes. It does not refer to something that is true. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “he thinks that he succeeds” 17:8 iq11 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֶֽל־כָּל־אֲשֶׁ֖ר יִפְנֶ֣ה 1 Here Solomon refers to everything that the a person does as if it were **all** the places **that he turns** toward. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in whatever he does” 17:9 ezkz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מְֽכַסֶּה־פֶּ֭שַׁע & וְשֹׁנֶ֥ה בְ֝דָבָ֗ר & אַלּֽוּף 1 **One who covers**, **a transgression**, **one who repeats**, **a matter**, and **a close friend** represent these things and people in general, not specific things or people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who covers any transgression … but any person who repeats any matter … close friends” 17:9 nk6k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מְֽכַסֶּה 1 Here Solomon speaks of forgiving someone for a **transgression** as if it were an object that someone **covers**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “One who forgives” 17:9 pdeb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns פֶּ֭שַׁע & אַהֲבָ֑ה 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **transgression** in [10:19](../10/19.md) and **love** in [10:12](../10/12.md). 17:9 jnt6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מְבַקֵּ֣שׁ 1 See how you translated the same use of **seeks** in [11:27](../11/27.md). 17:9 r2e2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְשֹׁנֶ֥ה בְ֝דָבָ֗ר 1 The phrase **one who repeats a matter** refers to someone who repeatedly speaks about a past situation in which that person or a friend was hurt or offended. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “but one who repeatedly mentions a past offense” 17:9 s8p6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מַפְרִ֥יד אַלּֽוּף 1 See how you translated this phrase in [16:28](../16/28.md). 17:10 t08m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun גְּעָרָ֣ה בְמֵבִ֑ין & כְּסִ֣יל 1 Here, **a rebuke**, **an understanding one**, and **a stupid one** represent this thing and these types of people in general, not one particular **rebuke** or person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. See how you translated **a stupid one** in [10:18](../10/18.md). Alternate translation: “Any rebuke … into any understanding person … any stupid person” 17:10 fs5v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns גְּעָרָ֣ה 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **rebuke** in [1:25](../01/25.md). 17:10 dra2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor תֵּ֣חַת & בְמֵבִ֑ין 1 Here Solomon refers to **an understanding one** learning from a **rebuke** as if it were an object that **goes down into** that person’s mind. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “teaches an understanding one” 17:10 hy6y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis מֵהַכּ֖וֹת כְּסִ֣יל מֵאָֽה 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “more than striking a stupid one a hundred times goes down into that stupid one” or “more than striking a stupid one a hundred times teaches that stupid one” 17:11 xm34 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun רָ֑ע וּמַלְאָ֥ךְ אַ֝כְזָרִ֗י & בּֽוֹ 1 **An evil one**, **a cruel messenger**, and **him** represent types of people in general, not one particular **evil one** or **messenger**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any evil person … and any cruel messenger … against that person” 17:11 ksen rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אַךְ־מְרִ֥י יְבַקֶּשׁ 1 See how you translated the same use of **seeks** in [11:27](../11/27.md). 17:11 rz73 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מְרִ֥י 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **rebellion**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “being rebellious” 17:11 nxzz rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וּמַלְאָ֥ךְ אַ֝כְזָרִ֗י 1 Here, **and** introduces the result of an **evil one** rebelling. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate result. You may need to start a new sentence. Alternate translation: “As a result, a cruel messenger” 17:11 zqf6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וּמַלְאָ֥ךְ אַ֝כְזָרִ֗י יְשֻׁלַּח 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and someone will send a cruel messenger” 17:11 suj6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יְשֻׁלַּח־בּֽוֹ 1 Here, **against him** implies that the **messenger** will punish the **evil one**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “will be sent to punish him” 17:12 pzb3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis פָּג֬וֹשׁ דֹּ֣ב שַׁכּ֣וּל בְּאִ֑ישׁ וְאַל־כְּ֝סִ֗יל בְּאִוַּלְתּֽוֹ 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words to the second clause from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “Let a female bear robbed of offspring meet a man. Do not let a stupid one in his folly meet a man” 17:12 hbnr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit פָּג֬וֹשׁ דֹּ֣ב שַׁכּ֣וּל בְּאִ֑ישׁ וְאַל־כְּ֝סִ֗יל בְּאִוַּלְתּֽוֹ 1 In this verse, Solomon implies that meeting **a female bear robbed of offspring** is better than meeting **a stupid one in his folly**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “A female bear robbed of offspring meeting a man is better than a man meeting a stupid one in his folly” 17:12 pknt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun דֹּ֣ב & בְּאִ֑ישׁ & כְּ֝סִ֗יל בְּאִוַּלְתּֽוֹ 1 Here, **a female bear**, **a man**, **a stupid one**, and **his** represent bears and types of people in general, not one particular **bear** or people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any female bear … any person … any stupid person in that person’s folly” 17:12 fk5m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive דֹּ֣ב שַׁכּ֣וּל 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “a female bear from which someone has stolen offspring” 17:12 p2k2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit דֹּ֣ב 1 Solomon assumes that his readers will understand that **a female bear robbed of offspring** would be extremely angry and violent. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “an angry female bear” 17:12 u55w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שַׁכּ֣וּל 1 Although the word **offspring** is singular in form, here it refers to all of a bear’s cubs as a group. If it would be helpful in your language, you could say this plainly. Alternate translation: “robbed of cubs” 17:12 j1ly rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְּאִוַּלְתּֽוֹ 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **folly** in [5:23](../05/23.md). 17:13 gv9o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure מֵשִׁ֣יב רָ֭עָה תַּ֣חַת טוֹבָ֑ה לֹא־תָמ֥וּשׁ רָ֝עָ֗ה מִבֵּיתֽוֹ 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could reverse the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “Evil will not depart from the house of one who returns evil for good” 17:13 cnro rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מֵשִׁ֣יב & מִבֵּיתֽוֹ 1 **One who returns** and **his** represent a type of person in general, not one particular person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who returns … that person’s house” 17:13 dztm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns רָ֭עָה & טוֹבָ֑ה & רָ֝עָ֗ה 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **evil** in [1:16](../01/16.md) and **good** in [11:27](../11/27.md). 17:13 p537 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification לֹא־תָמ֥וּשׁ רָ֝עָ֗ה מִבֵּיתֽוֹ 1 Here Solomon speaks of **evil** affecting someone’s family as if **evil** were a person who would not leave the person’s **house**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “evil will not stop affecting his house” 17:13 uqlu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מִבֵּיתֽוֹ 1 See how you translated the same use of **house** in [3:33](../03/33.md). 17:14 ce2y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מָד֑וֹן & הָרִ֥יב 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **quarrel** and **dispute** in [15:18](../15/18.md). 17:14 e1bw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor פּ֣וֹטֵֽר מַ֭יִם 1 Here Solomon speaks of the difficulty in stopping a **quarrel** after it starts as if the **the beginning of a quarrel** were **water** that began to leak from a container or dam. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “is difficult to stop” or “is as difficult to stop as water leaking from a container” 17:14 d5wx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הָרִ֥יב נְטֽוֹשׁ 1 Here Solomon refers to stopping a **dispute** before it begins as if **the dispute** were a place that someone could **leave**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “avoid the dispute” or “end the dispute” 17:14 al2h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הִ֝תְגַּלַּ֗ע 1 Here Solomon refers to a **quarrel** starting as if it were water that suddenly **breaks out** of a container or dam. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “suddenly begins” 17:15 hpuk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מַצְדִּ֣יק רָ֭שָׁע וּמַרְשִׁ֣יעַ צַדִּ֑יק & גַּם־שְׁנֵיהֶֽם 1 **One who declares**, **a wicked one**, **a righteous one**, and **the two of them** represent types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who declares any wicked person righteous and any person who declares any righteous person wicked, even both types of people” 17:15 z95a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מַצְדִּ֣יק רָ֭שָׁע וּמַרְשִׁ֣יעַ צַדִּ֑יק 1 In this verse **wicked** refers to being guilty of doing something **wicked**, and **righteous** refers to being innocent of doing something **wicked**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meanings plainly. Alternate translation: “One who declares a guilty one innocent and one who declares an innocent one guilty” 17:15 uowc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns תּוֹעֲבַ֥ת יְ֝הוָ֗ה 1 See how you translated **an abomination to Yahweh** in [3:32](../03/32.md). 17:16 kk5n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion לָמָּה־זֶּ֣ה מְחִ֣יר בְּיַד־כְּסִ֑יל לִקְנ֖וֹת חָכְמָ֣ה וְלֶב־אָֽיִן 1 Solomon is using the question form to emphasize how nonsensical it is for a **stupid** person to try to buy **wisdom**. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “It is ridiculous that a payment is in the hand of a stupid one to acquire wisdom but there is no heart!” 17:16 xh06 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מְחִ֣יר בְּיַד־כְּסִ֑יל 1 Here, **a payment**, **the hand**, and **a stupid one** represent these things and people in general, not specific things or people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “payments are in the hands of stupid people” 17:16 ig70 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מְחִ֣יר בְּיַד־כְּסִ֑יל 1 Here Solomon refers to **a stupid one** trying to buy **wisdom** as if he were holding in his **hand** the money with which to buy it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “A stupid one tries to pay money” 17:16 t90h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חָכְמָ֣ה 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **wisdom** in [1:2](../01/02.md). 17:16 j69w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְלֶב־אָֽיִן 1 Here Solomon uses **heart** to refer to a person’s ability to think. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the similar phrase “lacking of heart” in [6:32](../06/32.md). Alternate translation: “but he has no ability to think” 17:17 axcg בְּכָל־עֵ֭ת 1 Alternate translation: “At all times” or “All the time” 17:17 wjk7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun הָרֵ֑עַ 1 Here, **the friend** refers to friends in general, not a specific **friend**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “any friend” 17:17 gqew rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis אֹהֵ֣ב 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “loves his friends” 17:17 faqw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations וְאָ֥ח 1 Although the term **brother** is masculine, Solomon is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “and a relative” 17:17 az6z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לְ֝צָרָ֗ה 1 Here Solomon indicates that one purposes for which **a brother is born** is to help his siblings when they are in **distress**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “for the purpose of helping during a time of distress” 17:17 jk5g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns לְ֝צָרָ֗ה 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **distress** in [1:27](../01/27.md). 17:18 f3yd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אָדָ֣ם & תּוֹקֵ֣עַ כָּ֑ף & עֲ֝רֻבָּ֗ה & רֵעֵֽהוּ 1 **A man**, **one who clasps**, **a palm**, **a pledge**, and **his** refer to types of people and things in general, not specific people or things. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person … is a person who clasps palms … any pledge … that person’s neighbor” 17:18 r6wn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy חֲסַר־לֵ֭ב 1 See how you translated the same use of this phrase in [7:7](../07/07.md). 17:18 gdc6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom תּוֹקֵ֣עַ כָּ֑ף 1 See how you translated the same idiom in [6:1](../06/01.md). 17:18 e1yu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לִפְנֵ֥י 1 This could refer to: (1) being in the presence of **his neighbor**, as in [14:19](../14/19.md). Alternate translation: “in the presence of” (2) doing something on the behalf of **his neighbor**. Alternate translation: “on behalf of” 17:19 v7lg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אֹ֣הֵֽב & מַגְבִּ֥יהַּ פִּ֝תְח֗וֹ 1 **One who loves**, **one who makes his doorway high**, and **his** refer to types of people and things in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who loves … any person who makes that person’s opening high” 17:19 z5yf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns פֶּ֭שַׁע & מַצָּ֑ה 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **transgression** in [10:19](../10/19.md) and **contention** in [13:10](../13/10.md). 17:19 c1d2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מַגְבִּ֥יהַּ פִּ֝תְח֗וֹ 1 This phrase could refer to: (1) someone who speaks proudly, as if his mouth were an **opening** located at a **high** place above others. Alternate translation: “one who speaks proudly” (2) someone who makes a fancy doorway for his house, as if he put the doorway at a **high** place. Alternate translation: “one who makes his doorway fancy” 17:19 bpz3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מְבַקֶּשׁ־שָֽׁבֶר 1 Here Solomon speaks of a person doing something that will cause that person to be destroyed as if that person **seeks** for someone to break his bones. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “causes himself to be destroyed” or “causes his own ruin” 17:20 p4sc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun עִקֶּשׁ־לֵ֭ב & וְנֶהְפָּ֥ךְ בִּ֝לְשׁוֹנ֗וֹ 1 **One crooked of heart**, **one who is turned away**, and **his** refer to types of people and things in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person crooked of heart … and any person who is turned away in his tongue” 17:20 a3mi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עִקֶּשׁ־לֵ֭ב 1 See how you translated **crooked of heart** in [11:20](../11/20.md). 17:20 opgi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לֹ֣א יִמְצָא־ט֑וֹב 1 Here Solomon refers to someone experiencing **goodness** as if **goodness** were an object that a person can **find** by searching for it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will not experience goodness” 17:20 grav rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ט֑וֹב & בְּרָעָֽה 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **goodness** in [13:21](../13/21.md) and **evil** in [1:16](../01/16.md). 17:20 s659 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְנֶהְפָּ֥ךְ בִּ֝לְשׁוֹנ֗וֹ 1 Here Solomon refers to a person who speaks deceitfully as if that person **is turned away in his tongue**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and one who speaks perversely” or “and one who speaks wickedly” 17:20 qjp9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִפּ֥וֹל בְּרָעָֽה 1 See how you translated “falls into evil” in [13:17](../13/17.md). 17:21 al3n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism יֹלֵ֣ד כְּ֭סִיל לְת֣וּגָה ל֑וֹ וְלֹֽא־יִ֝שְׂמַ֗ח אֲבִ֣י נָבָֽל 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** that shows that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “One who begets a stupid one, it is for grief for him; yes, the father of a worthless one will not rejoice” 17:21 qf34 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun יֹלֵ֣ד כְּ֭סִיל & ל֑וֹ & אֲבִ֣י נָבָֽל 1 **One who begets**, **a stupid one**, **him**, **the father**, and **a worthless one** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. See how you translated **a stupid one** in [10:18](../10/18.md) and **a worthless one** in [17:7](../17/07.md). Alternate translation: “Any person who begets any stupid person … for that person … any father of any worthless one” 17:21 oqe1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result לְת֣וּגָה 1 Here, **it is for** indicates that what follows is the result of begetting **a stupid one**. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate result. Alternate translation: “results in grief” 17:21 ral0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns לְת֣וּגָה 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **grief** in [10:1](../10/01.md). 17:22 b1n1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לֵ֣ב שָׂ֭מֵחַ 1 See how you translated this phrase in [15:13](../15/13.md). 17:22 a6ok rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יֵיטִ֣ב גֵּהָ֑ה 1 Here, **make healing good** refers to causing the person with a **joyful heart** to become healthy. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “will make that person healthy” 17:22 u1vh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְר֥וּחַ נְ֝כֵאָ֗ה 1 Here, **a broken spirit** refers to feeling sad. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but being depressed” 17:22 gei3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy תְּיַבֶּשׁ־גָּֽרֶם 1 Here Solomon refers to people becoming unhealthy as if their bones were drying up. The word **bone** here refers to a person’s whole body. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the similar phrase “decay of bones” in [14:30](../14/30.md). Alternate translation: “causes that person to be unhealthy” 17:23 bkxx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun שֹׁ֣חַד מֵ֭חֵיק רָשָׁ֣ע יִקָּ֑ח 1 **A wicked one**, **a bribe**, and **the bosom** represent these things and people in general, not specific things or people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “Any wicked person takes any bribe from any bosom” 17:23 gd0d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מֵ֭חֵיק 1 Here, **from the bosom** indicates that **a bribe** is given to someone secretly, as if it were hidden in a person’s clothes near that person’s **bosom**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in secret” 17:23 r7p6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לְ֝הַטּ֗וֹת אָרְח֥וֹת מִשְׁפָּֽט 1 Here Solomon refers to causing judges to make an unjust verdict as if the legal process had **paths** that a person could **bend**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to prevent justice from being rendered” or “to prevent judges from giving just verdicts” 17:23 gi7z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מִשְׁפָּֽט 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **justice** in [1:3](../01/03.md). 17:24 hied rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חָכְמָ֑ה 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **Wisdom** in [1:2](../01/02.md). 17:24 jny0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מֵבִ֣ין & כְ֝סִ֗יל 1 See how you translated **an understanding one** in [17:10](../17/10.md) and **a stupid one** in [10:18](../10/18.md). 17:24 ba2e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֶת־פְּנֵ֣י 1 Here Solomon refers to **an understanding one** always paying attention to **Wisdom** as if **Wisdom** were in front of **the face** of that person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is in the mind of” or “is the focus of” 17:24 r7ww rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְעֵינֵ֥י כְ֝סִ֗יל בִּקְצֵה־אָֽרֶץ 1 Here Solomon refers to **a stupid one** being unable to pay attention to anything as if that person’s **eyes** were **at the end of the earth**. If it would be helpful, you could use an equivalent idiom from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but a stupid one’s mind is all over the place” or “but a stupid one is not able to focus his thoughts” 17:25 ieui rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun לְ֭אָבִיו בֵּ֣ן כְּסִ֑יל & לְיוֹלַדְתּֽוֹ 1 **A stupid son**, **his**, **her**, and **him** represent types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. See how you translated a **stupid son** in [10:1](../10/01.md). Alternate translation: “Any stupid son … to that person's father … to the person who bore that person” 17:25 cn74 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy כַּ֣עַס לְ֭אָבִיו 1 Here Solomon speaks of a **son** causing his father to feel **grief** as if that **son** himself were that **grief**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “causes grief for his father” or “causes his father to feel grief” 17:25 mw1t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns כַּ֣עַס & וּ֝מֶ֗מֶר 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **grief** in [10:1](../10/01.md) and **bitterness** in [14:10](../14/10.md). 17:25 idoy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וּ֝מֶ֗מֶר לְיוֹלַדְתּֽוֹ 1 Here Solomon speaks of a **son** causing his mother to feel **bitterness** as if that **son** himself were that **bitterness**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and causes bitterness for her who bore him” or “and causes her who bore him to feel bitter” 17:26 vyxn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עֲנ֣וֹשׁ לַצַּדִּ֣יק 1 Here, **fine** refers to requiring a **the righteous** to pay money as a penalty for a crime that **the righteous** did not do. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “to wrongly require the righteous to pay a penalty” 17:26 wfd1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj לַצַּדִּ֣יק 1 Solomon is using the adjective **righteous** as a noun to mean **righteous** people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “the righteous ones” or “people who act righteously” 17:26 lw6w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes לֹא־ט֑וֹב 1 Solomon is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, **not**, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meaning. Alternate translation: “is evil” 17:26 jr2s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לְהַכּ֖וֹת נְדִיבִ֣ים 1 The parallelism with the previous clause indicates that Solomon is referring to striking **nobles** who did not do anything wrong. Here, **nobles** refers to people who have a position of ruling and also have noble character. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “to wrongly strike noble people” 17:26 s7mg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns יֹֽשֶׁר 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **uprightness** in [4:11](../04/11.md). 17:27 je2b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun חוֹשֵׂ֣ךְ & יוֹדֵ֣עַ & וקר־ר֝֗וּחַ אִ֣ישׁ תְּבוּנָֽה 1 **One who restrains**, **one who knows knowledge**, **the cool of spirit**, and **a man of understanding** represent types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. See how you translated **One who restrains** in [10:19](../10/19.md) and **a man of understanding** in [10:23](../10/23.md). Alternate translation: “Any person who restrains … is a person who knows … and any person who is cool of spirit is a person of understanding” 17:27 s10i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אֲ֭מָרָיו 1 See how you translated the same use of **words** in [1:23](../01/23.md). 17:27 o9r9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns דָּ֑עַת & תְּבוּנָֽה 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **knowledge** in [1:4](../01/04.md) and **understanding** in [1:2](../01/02.md). 17:27 hm6v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וקר־ר֝֗וּחַ 1 Here, **the cool of spirit** is an idiom that refers to someone who controls their emotions. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and the coolheaded person” or “and someone who controls his emotions” 17:28 b5ay rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism גַּ֤ם אֱוִ֣יל מַ֭חֲרִישׁ חָכָ֣ם יֵחָשֵׁ֑ב אֹטֵ֖ם שְׂפָתָ֣יו נָבֽוֹן 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word that shows that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Even a fool who keeps silent will be considered wise; yes, one who shuts his lips is an understanding one” 17:28 i81a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אֱוִ֣יל & אֹטֵ֖ם שְׂפָתָ֣יו נָבֽוֹן 1 Here, **a fool** and **one who shuts his lips** represent types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. See how you translated **a fool** in [7:22](../07/22.md). Alternate translation: “any fool … any person who shuts that person’s lips is an understanding person” 17:28 a5qc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מַ֭חֲרִישׁ 1 This phrase refers to someone who refrains from speaking unnecessarily. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “who does not speak unnecessarily” 17:28 q1jm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יֵחָשֵׁ֑ב 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “people will consider to be” 17:28 ps9h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אֹטֵ֖ם שְׂפָתָ֣יו 1 Here Solomon refers to someone who refrains from speaking unnecessarily as if that person **shuts his lips**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “one who does not speak unnecessarily” 18:intro k5qz 0 # Proverbs 18 General Notes\n\nChapter 18 continues the section of the book written by Solomon that is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.\n\n## Translation Issues in This Chapter\n\n### Parallelism\n\nChapters 16–22 mostly contain proverbs in which the second of two parallel clauses completes, emphasizes, or qualifies the idea of the first clause. Chapter 18 also contains contrasting parallelism ([18:2](../18/02.md), [12](../18/12.md), [14](../18/14.md), [23](../18/23.md), [24](../18/24.md)) and parallelism in which both clauses have the same meaning for emphasis ([18:7](../18/07.md), [15](../18/15.md), [20](../18/20.md)). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 18:1 y10d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun לְֽ֭תַאֲוָה יְבַקֵּ֣שׁ נִפְרָ֑ד & יִתְגַּלָּֽע 1 **One who separates himself** and **he** refer to a type of person in general, not a specific person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “People who separate themselves seek for desire … those people break out” 18:1 n34r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit נִפְרָ֑ד 1 Here Solomon implies that this person **separates himself** from other people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “One who keeps away from other people” 18:1 debc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לְֽ֭תַאֲוָה יְבַקֵּ֣שׁ 1 Here Solomon implies that this person **seeks** to fulfill his own **desire**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “seeks to fulfill his own desire” 18:1 vun3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification בְּכָל־תּ֝וּשִׁיָּ֗ה יִתְגַּלָּֽע 1 Here Solomon refers to someone refusing to act according to **all sound wisdom** as if **all sound wisdom** were a person with whom the **One who separates himself** starts a quarrel. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated **breaks out** in [17:14](../17/14.md). Alternate translation: “he refuses to act according to all sound wisdom” 18:1 r3yq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְּכָל־תּ֝וּשִׁיָּ֗ה 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **sound wisdom**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “against anything that is soundly wise” 18:2 urhy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun כְּ֭סִיל & לִבּֽוֹ 1 **A stupid one** and **his** refer to a type of person in general, not a specific person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any stupid person … that person’s heart” 18:2 u731 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes לֹֽא־יַחְפֹּ֣ץ & בִּתְבוּנָ֑ה 1 Solomon is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, **not**, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meaning. Alternate translation: “detests understanding” 18:2 lwfw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בִּתְבוּנָ֑ה 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **understanding** in [1:2](../01/02.md). 18:2 ey4y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis בְּהִתְגַּלּ֥וֹת לִבּֽוֹ 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “a stupid one delights in his heart revealing itself” 18:2 hvgu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּהִתְגַּלּ֥וֹת לִבּֽוֹ 1 Here Solomon refers to a **stupid one** telling people what he thinks as if his **heart** were **revealing itself**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated **heart** in [2:2](../02/02.md). Alternate translation: “in telling people what he thinks” 18:3 fw1y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification גַם־בּ֑וּז 1 Here Solomon speaks of experiencing **contempt** as if it were a person who can come to a location. This could mean: (1) people show **contempt** towards **a wicked one**. Alternate translation: “people feel contempt for him” (2) **a wicked one** shows **contempt** for others. Alternate translation: “he shows his contempt for other people” 18:3 uzj6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בּ֑וּז & קָל֥וֹן חֶרְפָּֽה 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **contempt**, **shame**, and **reproach**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. See how you translated **contempt** in [12:8](../12/08.md) and **shame** in [6:33](../06/33.md). Alternate translation: “feeling contemptuous … feeling shameful, being reproached” 18:3 ps5e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וְֽעִם־קָל֥וֹן חֶרְפָּֽה 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and with shame comes reproach” 18:4 izv2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession דִּבְרֵ֣י פִי־אִ֑ישׁ 1 This phrase refers to the **words** that **a man** says by using his **mouth**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “The words that a man says with his mouth” 18:4 diqg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit דִּבְרֵ֣י פִי־אִ֑ישׁ 1 The second clause indicates that Solomon is referring to wise **words** spoken by a wise **man**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “The wise words of the mouth of a wise man” 18:4 dk9y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun פִי־אִ֑ישׁ 1 Here, **the mouth** and **a man** represent mouths and people in general, not one particular **mouth** and **man**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “the mouths of people” 18:4 nv82 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מַ֣יִם עֲ֭מֻקִּים 1 Here Solomon speaks of a wise man’s words being profound as if they were **deep waters**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “are profound” or “are deep like deep waters” 18:4 mk4j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession מְק֣וֹר חָכְמָֽה 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **fountain** that gives **wisdom**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “a fountain that gives wisdom” 18:4 mn87 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מְק֣וֹר חָכְמָֽה 1 Here Solomon speaks of a wise person being a source of **wisdom** as if he were a **fountain**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “a wise person is a source of wisdom and” or “a wise person is like a fountain of wisdom and” 18:4 mcky rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חָכְמָֽה 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **wisdom** in [1:2](../01/02.md). 18:4 gxso rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נַ֥חַל נֹ֝בֵ֗עַ 1 Here Solomon speaks of a wise person having plentiful **wisdom** as if he were a **gushing stream**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “flows plentifully” or “is plentiful like a gushing stream” 18:5 fi7d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes לֹא־ט֑וֹב 1 Solomon is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, **not**, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meaning. Alternate translation: “It is surely bad” 18:5 gs7d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun שְׂאֵ֣ת פְּנֵי־רָשָׁ֣ע & צַ֝דִּ֗יק בַּמִּשְׁפָּֽט 1 Here, **the face**, **the wicked one**, **the righteous one**, and **the judgment** represent these things and people in general, not specific things and people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “to lift the faces of the wicked ones … the righteous ones in the judgments” 18:5 xz0a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom שְׂאֵ֣ת פְּנֵי 1 Here, **to lift the face** is an idiom that means “to show partiality” or “to favor”. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to show favoritism to” or “to be partial to” 18:5 hylk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy רָשָׁ֣ע & צַ֝דִּ֗יק 1 In this verse, **the wicked one** refers to someone who is guilty of doing something **wicked** and **the righteous one** refers to someone who is innocent of doing something wicked. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the similar use of **wicked** and **righteous** in [17:15](../17/15.md). Alternate translation: “the guilty one … the innocent one” 18:5 btf8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal לְהַטּ֥וֹת 1 Here, **to** marks **turn aside** as the goal or purpose of lifting **the face of the wicked one**. Use a natural way in your language to express a purpose. Alternate translation: “for the purpose of turning aside” 18:5 otoj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לְהַטּ֥וֹת 1 Here, depriving an innocent person of a just **judgment** is spoken of as if **the righteous one** were made to **turn aside** when judged in court. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to deprive of justice” 18:5 k02r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בַּמִּשְׁפָּֽט 1 Here, **the judgment** refers to the verdict of a judge in a legal case. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “regarding the verdict of his case” or “when his case is decided” 17:20 gekd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy שִׂפְתֵ֣י & וּ֝פִ֗יו 1 See how you translated the same use of **lips** in [10:18](../10/18.md) and **mouth** in [10:11](../10/11.md). 18:6 w2xd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun כְ֭סִיל & בְרִ֑יב וּ֝פִ֗יו 1 Here, **a stupid one**, **a dispute** and **his** refer to stupid people and disputes in general, not one particular **stupid one** or **dispute**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any stupid one … into any dispute, and that person’s mouth” 18:6 p2qv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification יָבֹ֣אֽוּ בְרִ֑יב 1 Here Solomon speaks of what a **stupid one** says with his **lips** causing that person to start a **dispute** as if his **lips** were a person who could **enter into a dispute**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “results in him starting an argument” 18:6 zxu7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לְֽמַהֲלֻמ֥וֹת יִקְרָֽא 1 Here Solomon speaks of what a **stupid one** says with **his mouth**, causing people to want to beat him, as if **his mouth** were a person who **calls for blows**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “causes people to want to beat him” 18:7 umea rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism פִּֽי־כְ֭סִיל מְחִתָּה־ל֑וֹ וּ֝שְׂפָתָ֗יו מוֹקֵ֥שׁ נַפְשֽׁוֹ 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “The mouth of a stupid one is ruin for him, indeed, his lips are a snare of his life” 18:7 iwj7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy פִּֽי & וּ֝שְׂפָתָ֗יו 1 See how you translated the same use of **mouth** and **lips** in the previous verse. 18:7 v6hu rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result מְחִתָּה־ל֑וֹ 1 Here, **is** indicates that what follows is the result of what **a stupid one** says. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate result. Alternate translation: “causes ruin for him” or “will result in his ruin” 18:7 e4r4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מוֹקֵ֥שׁ נַפְשֽׁוֹ 1 Here Solomon refers to what **a stupid one** says with **his lips** causing him trouble as if **his lips** were a **snare** that traps him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “will cause him trouble” or “are like a snare that causes him trouble” 18:7 ffo5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy נַפְשֽׁוֹ 1 Here, **life** refers to the person himself. See how you translated the same use of **life** in [8:36](../08/36.md). 18:8 vd95 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy דִּבְרֵ֣י 1 See how you translated the same use of **words** in [1:23](../01/23.md). 18:8 iu3y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כְּמִֽתְלַהֲמִ֑ים 1 Solomon is saying that the **words of a murmurer** are like **things swallowed greedily** because people are eager to hear gossip. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “are listened to eagerly” 18:8 lms4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns וְ֝הֵ֗ם יָרְד֥וּ 1 Solomon used the word **themselves** to emphasize how significant it was that what murmurers said was listened to by others. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this significance. Alternate translation: “and those very words go down into” 18:8 mr15 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ֝הֵ֗ם יָרְד֥וּ חַדְרֵי־בָֽטֶן 1 Here Solomon speaks of the **words of a murmurer** staying in a person’s mind and affecting that person’s thoughts as if they were food that goes **down into** a person’s stomach. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and they enter a person’s mind and affect his thoughts” 18:8 za80 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit חַדְרֵי־בָֽטֶן 1 Here, **the rooms of the belly** refers to the innermost part of a person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the innermost part of a person” 18:9 upvp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מִתְרַפֶּ֣ה בִמְלַאכְתּ֑וֹ אָ֥ח ה֝֗וּא לְבַ֣עַל מַשְׁחִֽית 1 Here, **one who slacks**, **his**, **a brother**, and **an owner of destruction** represent types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any person who slacks in that person’s work, that person is a brother to any owner of destruction” 18:9 uih2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אָ֥ח 1 Here Solomon speaks of the **one who slacks** being similar to **an owner of destruction** as if **he** were that person’s **brother**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is closely related” or “is very similar” 18:9 mch5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לְבַ֣עַל מַשְׁחִֽית 1 Here Solomon refers to a person who destroys things as if that person were **an owner of destruction**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to the one who destroys everything” or “to the one who is always destructive” 18:10 f4nm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy שֵׁ֣ם יְהוָ֑ה 1 Here, **name of Yahweh** refers to **Yahweh** himself. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly, as in the UST. 18:10 mzvb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession מִגְדַּל־עֹ֭ז 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **tower** that is characterized by **strength**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “is a tower characterized by strength” 18:10 ktq8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מִגְדַּל־עֹ֭ז 1 Here Solomon speaks of Yahweh protecting his people as if he were a **tower** in which they could take refuge. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “protects his people” or “protects his people like a strong tower provides protection” 18:10 dtz5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun צַדִּ֣יק 1 Here, **the righteous one** represents **righteous** people in general, not one particular **righteous one**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “any righteous one” 18:10 gkx2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בּֽוֹ־יָר֖וּץ 1 Here Solomon speaks of someone desiring **Yahweh** to protect that person as if **Yahweh** were a **tower** which that person **runs into**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “seek safety from him” or “seek safety from him as if by running to him” 18:10 o4to rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְנִשְׂגָּֽב 1 Here Solomon speaks of a person being safe as if that person were **set on** a **high** place where no one could harm him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and is secure” 18:11 bgq7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ה֣וֹן עָ֭שִׁיר קִרְיַ֣ת עֻזּ֑וֹ 1 See how you translated the same clause in [10:15](../10/15.md). 18:11 tz4b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile וּכְחוֹמָ֥ה נִ֝שְׂגָּבָ֗ה 1 Solomon is saying that the **wealth of a rich one** is like **a wall set on high** because **the rich one** thinks that his **wealth** will protect him from enemies, as a **high wall** protects. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “and it will protect him like a wall set on high” 18:11 kei5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְּמַשְׂכִּיתֽוֹ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **imagination**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “according to what he imagines” 18:12 r28e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification לִפְנֵי־שֶׁ֭בֶר 1 Here Solomon refers to someone being proud before experiencing **breaking** as if **breaking** were a person with a face that **the heart of a man** could be **exalted** in front of. See how you translated this phrase in [16:18](../16/18.md). Alternate translation: “Before breaking” or “Before he is ruined” 18:12 j9yv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יִגְבַּ֣הּ לֵב־אִ֑ישׁ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “a man exalts his heart” 18:12 uet1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לֵב 1 See how you translated the same use of **heart** in [2:2](../02/02.md). 18:12 t2l5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אִ֑ישׁ 1 Although the term **man** is masculine, Solomon is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “a person” 18:12 dy4x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification וְלִפְנֵ֖י כָב֣וֹד עֲנָוָֽה 1 See how you translated the same clause in [15:33](../15/33.md). 18:13 dkwr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מֵשִׁ֣יב דָּ֭בָר בְּטֶ֣רֶם יִשְׁמָ֑ע & ל֝֗וֹ 1 **One who returns**, **a word**, **he**, and **him** refer to a type of person and **word** in general, not one particular person or **word**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who returns any word before listening … to that person” 18:13 u40x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מֵשִׁ֣יב דָּ֭בָר 1 Here, **returns** refers to replying to what someone has said. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “One who replies with a word” 18:13 dsv2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy דָּ֭בָר 1 See how you translated the similar use of **word** in [12:25](../12/25.md). 18:13 cj6q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns אִוֶּ֥לֶת & וּכְלִמָּֽה 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **folly** in [5:23](../05/23.md) and **shame** in [6:33](../06/33.md). 18:14 jnm1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy רֽוּחַ & וְר֥וּחַ נְ֝כֵאָ֗ה 1 In this verse, **spirit** refers to a person’s attitude. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “The attitude of … but a crushed attitude” 18:14 inr3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יְכַלְכֵּ֣ל 1 Here Solomon implies that a person’s **spirit** enables that person to **endure his illness**. if it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “will enable him to endure” 18:14 b1vb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְר֥וּחַ נְ֝כֵאָ֗ה 1 Here Solomon refers to a person who despairs as if that person’s **spirit** were **crushed** by something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the similar expression in [15:13](../15/13.md). Alternate translation: “but a despairing heart” 18:14 v3f4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion מִ֣י יִשָּׂאֶֽנָּה 1 Solomon is using the question form to emphasize the difficulty of helping a depressed person feel better. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “surely no one can lift it!” 18:14 dqmo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִשָּׂאֶֽנָּה 1 Here Solomon refers to helping a depressed person feel better as if one could **lift** that person's **spirit**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “can restore it” 18:15 wnou rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism לֵ֣ב נָ֭בוֹן יִקְנֶה־דָּ֑עַת וְאֹ֥זֶן חֲ֝כָמִ֗ים תְּבַקֶּשׁ־דָּֽעַת 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word other than **and** that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “The heart of an understanding one acquires knowledge, yes, and the ear of the wise ones seeks knowledge” 18:15 igjr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun לֵ֣ב נָ֭בוֹן יִקְנֶה־דָּ֑עַת וְאֹ֥זֶן 1 **The heart**, **an understanding one**, and **the ear** represents these things and type of people in general, not specific things or people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “The hearts of understanding ones acquire knowledge, and the ears of” 18:15 e4fm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לֵ֣ב 1 Here, **heart** refers to the whole person. See how you translated the same use of **heart** in [15:14](../15/14.md). 18:15 p7l8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns דָּ֑עַת & דָּֽעַת 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **knowledge** in [1:4](../01/04.md). 18:15 ptl8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche וְאֹ֥זֶן חֲ֝כָמִ֗ים תְּבַקֶּשׁ 1 Here, **ear** refers to the whole person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and the wise ones seek” 18:15 fwnu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor תְּבַקֶּשׁ 1 See how you translated the same use of **seeks** in [11:27](../11/27.md). 18:16 z6j4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מַתָּ֣ן אָ֭דָם & ל֑וֹ & יַנְחֶֽנּוּ 1 **The gift**, **a man**, **him**, and **it** refer to gifts and people in general, not one particular **gift** or person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “A gift of any person … for that person … it will guide that person” 18:16 wr8f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession מַתָּ֣ן אָ֭דָם 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **gift** that is given by **a man**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “What a man gives” 18:16 zkj3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom יַרְחִ֣יב 1 Here, **make room** is an idiom that means “create an opportunity.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will open doors” or “will create an opportunity” 18:16 aseb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְלִפְנֵ֖י 1 See how you translated the same use of **before the face of** in [14:19](../14/19.md). 18:16 qxsf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification יַנְחֶֽנּוּ 1 Here Solomon speaks of **The gift** as if it were a living think that could **guide** the person who gives it. He means that giving a **gift** could result in a person meeting **great ones**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “it will enable him to go” 18:17 jwv7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit צַדִּ֣יק הָרִאשׁ֣וֹן בְּרִיב֑וֹ וּבָֽא־רֵ֝עֵ֗הוּ וַחֲקָרֽוֹ 1 This verse refers to a dispute in which one person states **his case** that seems to be **right** until that person’s **neighbor examines him** by asking him questions. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “When people dispute, the first one states his case and seems to be right. Then his neighbor comes and questions what he said” 18:17 dzjx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun הָרִאשׁ֣וֹן בְּרִיב֑וֹ & רֵ֝עֵ֗הוּ וַחֲקָרֽוֹ 1 **The first one**, **his**, and **him** refer to a type of person, not a particular **first one**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any first person with that person’s case … that person’s neighbor … and examines that person” 18:17 ct71 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal הָרִאשׁ֣וֹן 1 If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you could use a cardinal number here or an equivalent expression. Alternate translation: “Person one” 18:17 xjwc rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast וּבָֽא־רֵ֝עֵ֗הוּ 1 Solomon uses the word **then** here to indicate a contrast between the idea of the previous clause and this clause. Solomon implies that the results of examining the **first one** will be that **his case** is not **right**. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a contrast. Alternate translation: “but then his neighbor comes” 18:18 seol rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun הַגּוֹרָ֑ל 1 **The lot** refers to casting lots in general, not a specific **lot**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “Casting lots” 18:18 qs89 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown הַגּוֹרָ֑ל 1 See how you translated **lot** in [16:33](../16/33.md). 18:18 sp3e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מִ֭דְיָנִים 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **quarrels** in [6:14](../06/14.md). 18:18 n3hk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יַפְרִֽיד 1 The phrase **makes a separation** refers to discerning which of the **mighty ones** is correct in an argument. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “it discerns who is correct” 18:19 r1i8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אָ֗ח 1 Here, **brother** refers to any relative or close friend. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “A relative” 18:19 yk7f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis מִקִּרְיַת־עֹ֑ז 1 Solomon is leaving out a word that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply this word from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “is more unyielding than a city of strength” or “is more difficult to approach than a city of strength” 18:19 dcj5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession מִקִּרְיַת־עֹ֑ז 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **city** that is characterized by **strength**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “is more than a strong city” 18:19 ogca rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ומדונים 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **quarrels** in [6:14](../06/14.md). 18:19 zq5y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כִּבְרִ֥יחַ אַרְמֽוֹן 1 This could mean: (1) **quarrels** cause people to stay away from each other as though a **bar** blocking the **gate** of a **fortress** were between them. Alternate translation: “separate people” (2) resolving **quarrels** is as difficult as trying to enter a **fortress** that has a **bar** across its **gate**. Alternate translation: “are very difficult to resolve” 18:19 ef13 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown כִּבְרִ֥יחַ 1 A **gate bar** was a large piece of metal or wood that was placed across a **gate** in order to make the **gate** difficult to break down or open. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of **bar**, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “are like the bar placed across the gate of” 18:20 pe4v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism מִפְּרִ֣י פִי־אִ֭ישׁ תִּשְׂבַּ֣ע בִּטְנ֑וֹ תְּבוּאַ֖ת שְׂפָתָ֣יו יִשְׂבָּֽע 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “From the fruit of the mouth of a man his belly is satisfied; yes, with the produce of his lips, he is satisfied” 18:20 g5py rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive מִפְּרִ֣י פִי־אִ֭ישׁ תִּשְׂבַּ֣ע בִּטְנ֑וֹ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The fruit of the mouth of a man satisfies his belly” 18:20 h4tr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מִפְּרִ֣י פִי־אִ֭ישׁ 1 See how you translated this phrase in [12:14](../12/14.md). 18:20 p1z6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification תִּשְׂבַּ֣ע בִּטְנ֑וֹ 1 Here Solomon speaks of a person eating enough food to feel **satisfied** as if that person’s **belly** were a person who could be **satisfied**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will eat enough to feel satisfied” 18:20 bsu9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive תְּבוּאַ֖ת שְׂפָתָ֣יו יִשְׂבָּֽע 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the produce of his lips satisfies him” 18:20 r4ee rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor תְּבוּאַ֖ת שְׂפָתָ֣יו 1 Here Solomon refers to what a person says as if it were **produce** from that person’s **lips**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “with what he says” 18:21 t0m6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification מָ֣וֶת וְ֭חַיִּים בְּיַד־לָשׁ֑וֹן 1 Here Solomon speaks of a person’s **tongue** as if it were a person who held **Death and life** in his **hand**. He means that what people say can cause people to die or stay alive. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “A person’s death and life can be determined by what a person says” 18:21 flt4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מָ֣וֶת וְ֭חַיִּים 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **Death** in [2:18](../02/18.md) and **life** in [8:36](../08/36.md). 18:21 n65f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לָשׁ֑וֹן 1 See how you translated the same use of **tongue** in [6:17](../06/17.md). 18:21 l141 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יֹאכַ֥ל פִּרְיָֽהּ 1 Here Solomon speaks of people receiving the consequences for what they say as if those consequences were **fruit** that they **will eat**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will receive its consequences” 18:22 d7ll rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מָצָ֣א אִ֭שָּׁה & וַיָּ֥פֶק 1 **He who finds**, **a wife**, and **he** refer to people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who finds a wife … and that person obtains” 18:22 hgt4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מָצָ֣א & מָ֣צָא 1 Obtaining **a wife** and something **good** are spoken of as if they are objects that a person **finds** by searching. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “He who obtains … obtains” 18:22 v40v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ט֑וֹב & רָ֝צ֗וֹן 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **good** in [11:27](../11/27.md) and **favor** in [3:4](../03/04.md). 18:22 jbeb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit רָ֝צ֗וֹן 1 Here, **favor** could refer to: (1) Yahweh being pleased with the man **who finds a wife**, as in the identical phrase in [8:35](../08/35.md). Alternate translation: “approval” (2) the **wife** mentioned in the previous clause, in which case **favor** would mean “gift.” Alternate translation: “a gift” 18:23 hxwm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun רָ֑שׁ וְ֝עָשִׁ֗יר 1 **One who is poor** and **a rich one** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any poor person … but any rich person” 18:23 hqmv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit תַּחֲנוּנִ֥ים יְדַבֶּר 1 The phrase **speaks pleas** refers to someone humbly asking or begging for mercy. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “pleads for mercy” 18:23 o12y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יַעֲנֶ֥ה 1 Here Solomon implies that **a rich one answers** the **pleas** of **One who is poor**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “answers the poor one” 18:24 mv8d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אִ֣ישׁ רֵ֭עִים & אֹ֝הֵ֗ב & מֵאָֽח 1 **A man**, **one who loves**, and **a brother** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person of companions … any person who loves … more than any brother” 18:24 a0zx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession אִ֣ישׁ רֵ֭עִים 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **man** who has **companions**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “A man with companions” 18:24 w72m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אִ֣ישׁ רֵ֭עִים 1 This phrase could refer to: (1) a person who has false or unreliable **companions** who harm him, which contrasts with **one who loves** in the next clause. Alternate translation: “A man with unreliable companions” (2) a person who has too many **companions**. Alternate translation: “A man with too many companions” 18:24 jsbe rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לְהִתְרֹעֵ֑עַ 1 Here Solomon refers to a person being destroyed as if he were **broken**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will experience destruction” or “will be destroyed” 18:24 wg3n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive לְהִתְרֹעֵ֑עַ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “will experience ruin” 18:24 zc7f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דָּבֵ֥ק מֵאָֽח 1 Here Solomon refers to a person’s friend being more loyal than **a brother** as if that friend were **clinging** to him **more than a brother** would cling. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “more faithful than family” 19:intro nbz8 0 # Proverbs 19 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nChapter 19 continues the section of the book written by Solomon that is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.\n\n## Translation Issues in This Chapter\n\n### Parallelism\n\nChapters 16–22 mostly contain proverbs in which the second of two parallel clauses completes, emphasizes, or qualifies the idea of the first clause. Chapter 19 also contains contrasting parallelism ([19:4](../19/04.md), [12](../19/12.md), [14](../19/14.md), [16](../19/16.md), [21](../19/21.md)) and parallelism in which both clauses have the same meaning for emphasis ([19:5](../19/05.md), [9](../19/09.md)). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 19:1 nu2b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun רָ֭שׁ & בְּתֻמּ֑וֹ מֵעִקֵּ֥שׁ שְׂ֝פָתָ֗יו וְה֣וּא כְסִֽיל 1 Here, **one who is poor**, **his**, **one who is crooked**, **he**, and **a stupid one** all refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “is a poor person … in that person’s integrity than a person who is crooked in that one’s lips and is a stupid person” 19:1 ljmz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הוֹלֵ֣ךְ בְּתֻמּ֑וֹ 1 Here Solomon speaks of a person behaving with **integrity** as if **integrity** were a place that person **walks in**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated a similar use of “walk” in [3:23](../03/23.md). Alternate translation: “who behaves with integrity” 19:1 eixg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְּתֻמּ֑וֹ 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **integrity** in [1:3](../01/03.md). 19:1 wj4i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מֵעִקֵּ֥שׁ שְׂ֝פָתָ֗יו 1 Here Solomon uses the phrase **crooked in his lips** to refer to someone who speaks deceptively. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the similar use of **crooked** in [2:15](../02/15.md). Alternate translation: “than one who speaks with deception” 19:2 hytc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun נֶ֣פֶשׁ & וְאָ֖ץ 1 Here, **a life** and **one who hurries** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any life … and any person who hurries” 19:2 dg4h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נֶ֣פֶשׁ 1 Here, **life** could refer to: (1) a living person. Alternate translation: “a person” (2) a person’s desire or zeal. Alternate translation: “desire” 19:2 ni3t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns דַ֣עַת 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **knowledge** in [1:4](../01/04.md). 19:2 u1uj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes לֹא־ט֑וֹב 1 Solomon is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, **not**, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meaning. Alternate translation: “is extremely bad” 19:2 f2pu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְאָ֖ץ בְּרַגְלַ֣יִם 1 Here Solomon speaks of a person doing something too hastily as if he **hurries** by running **with** his **feet**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and one who acts too quickly” 19:2 ilzr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְאָ֖ץ בְּרַגְלַ֣יִם 1 If you translated **life** in the previous clause as “person,” then this parallel clause would refer to someone **who hurries** to do something before having the **knowledge** to act rightly. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and one who acts too quickly without knowledge” 19:2 mmjs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit חוֹטֵֽא 1 Here the word translated as **sins** could refer to: (1) someone making a mistake. Alternate translation: “makes a mistake” or “errs”(2) someone acting sinfully, which is the most frequent meaning for this word. Alternate translation: “acts sinfully” 19:3 nqlp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns אִוֶּ֣לֶת 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **folly** in [5:23](../05/23.md). 19:3 aksc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אָ֭דָם & דַּרְכּ֑וֹ & לִבּֽוֹ 1 Although **man** and **his** are masculine, Solomon is using these words in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use phrases that make this clear. Alternate translation: “a person … that person’s way … that person’s heart” 19:3 e60t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification תְּסַלֵּ֣ף 1 Here, **folly** is spoken of as if it were a person who could **lead** someone **astray**. This expression means that foolish people will ruin their lives because they act foolishly. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will result in ruining” 19:3 ugj4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דַּרְכּ֑וֹ 1 Here, **way** refers to a person’s life circumstances. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “his life” 19:3 h7id rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְעַל־יְ֝הוָ֗ה יִזְעַ֥ף לִבּֽוֹ 1 Here Solomon implies that the foolish **man** rages **against Yahweh** because he blames **Yahweh** for his destruction. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and his heart will rage against Yahweh because he blames Yahweh for his destruction” 19:3 ivv9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לִבּֽוֹ 1 Here, **heart** refers to the whole person, with emphasis on that person’s emotions. See how you translated the same use of **heart** in [15:14](../15/14.md). 19:4 q8uv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ה֗וֹן יֹ֭סִיף רֵעִ֣ים רַבִּ֑ים 1 Here Solomon implies that a person who is wealthy will have **many companions** because **wealth** attracts people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Wealth causes a person to have many friends” 19:4 crq1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun וְ֝דָ֗ל מֵרֵ֥עהוּ 1 Here, **a lowly one** and **his** refer to a type of person in general, not a specific lowly one. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “but any lowly person … from that person’s companions” 19:4 zxhi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ֝דָ֗ל 1 See how you translated the same use of **lowly** in [10:15](../10/15.md). 19:4 vuv5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וְ֝דָ֗ל & יִפָּרֵֽד 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “but poverty separates a lowly one” 19:4 v5qy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מֵרֵ֥עהוּ יִפָּרֵֽד 1 Solomon implies that **a lowly one is separated from** his friends because of his poverty. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “is separated from his friends because of his poverty” 19:5 kpgl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism עֵ֣ד שְׁ֭קָרִים לֹ֣א יִנָּקֶ֑ה וְיָפִ֥יחַ כְּ֝זָבִ֗ים לֹ֣א יִמָּלֵֽט 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second phrase emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “A witness of falsehoods will not be blameless; yes, he who breathes out lies will not escape” 19:5 g51i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun עֵ֣ד שְׁ֭קָרִים & וְיָפִ֥יחַ כְּ֝זָבִ֗ים 1 **A witness of falsehoods** and **he who breathes out lies** refer to types of perople, not a specific person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any witness of falsehoods … and any person who breathes out lies” 19:5 z13t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession עֵ֣ד שְׁ֭קָרִים 1 See how you translated this phrase in [12:17](../12/17.md). 19:5 i2ws rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes לֹ֣א יִנָּקֶ֑ה 1 Solomon is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, **not**, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meaning. Alternate translation: “will certainly be blamed”\n 19:5 q13j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְיָפִ֥יחַ כְּ֝זָבִ֗ים 1 See how you translated **breathes out lies** in [6:19](../06/19.md). 19:5 u24z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes לֹ֣א יִמָּלֵֽט 1 Solomon is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, **not**, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meaning. Alternate translation: “will certainly be caught” 19:5 h9bo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לֹ֣א יִמָּלֵֽט 1 Here Solomon implies that someone **who breathes out lies will not escape** punishment. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “will not escape punishment” 19:6 gms6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj רַ֭בִּים 1 Here Solomon uses the adjective **many** as a noun to mean “many people.” Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “Many people” 19:6 w6ck rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun פְנֵֽי־נָדִ֑יב & הָ֝רֵ֗עַ לְאִ֣ישׁ מַתָּֽן 1 Here, **the face**, **a noble**, **the friend**, and **a man of gift** refer to faces and types of people in general, not a specific **face** or person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “the faces of any noble … is any friend of any man of gift” 19:6 pb47 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche פְנֵֽי־נָדִ֑יב 1 The phrase **face** refers to the whole person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the noble person” 19:6 ggdr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit נָדִ֑יב 1 Here, **noble** refers to someone who has **noble** character, not nobility. See how you translated the same use of “nobles” in [17:26](../17/26.md). 19:6 q978 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole וְכָל 1 Solomon says **everyone** here as an extreme statement for emphasis. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different way to express the emphasis. Alternate translation: “and almost everyone” 19:6 beuw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הָ֝רֵ֗עַ 1 Here Solomon implies that **everyone** wants to be **the friend of a man of gift**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “want to be the friend” 19:6 pt1f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession לְאִ֣ישׁ מַתָּֽן 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **man** who is characterized by giving gifts. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “of a man who gives gifts” 19:7 hqla rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אֲחֵי 1 Although the term **brothers** is masculine, Solomon is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. See how you translated the same use of **brothers** in [6:19](../06/19.md). 19:7 t9i5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun רָ֨שׁ ׀ שְֽׂנֵאֻ֗הוּ & מְ֭רֵעֵהוּ & מִמֶּ֑נּוּ מְרַדֵּ֖ף 1 Here, **one who is poor**, **him**, **his**, and **He** refer to a type of person in general, not one particular **poor** person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. See how you translated **one who is poor** in [14:20](../14/20.md). Alternate translation: “any person who is poor hate that person … that person’s friends … from that person! That person pursues” 19:7 yznv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שְֽׂנֵאֻ֗הוּ 1 This could mean: (1) these people despise the **one who is poor**, as in the UST. (2) these people avoid or shun **one who is poor**, which would have a meaning similar to **go far away from** in the next clause. Alternate translation: “shun him” 19:7 vs3i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis מְרַדֵּ֖ף אֲמָרִ֣ים לא־הֵֽמָּה 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “He pursues them with words, but they are not there” 19:7 s6qc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מְרַדֵּ֖ף אֲמָרִ֣ים 1 Here Solomon refers to someone pleading for help from his **brothers** and **friends** as if he were using **words** to chase them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “He pleads with them for help” 19:7 xpq8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אֲמָרִ֣ים 1 See how you translated the same use of **words** in [1:23](../01/23.md). 19:8 zntn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun קֹֽנֶה & נַפְשׁ֑וֹ & שֹׁמֵ֥ר 1 **One who acquires**, **his**, and **one who keeps** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. See how you translated **one who keeps** in [10:17](../10/17.md). Alternate translation: “any person who is acquires … that person’s life … any person who keeps” 19:8 g01m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy קֹֽנֶה־לֵּ֭ב 1 Here Solomon uses **heart** to refer to a person’s ability to reason. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “One who acquires the ability to reason” 19:8 xthn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אֹהֵ֣ב נַפְשׁ֑וֹ 1 Here, **loves his life** has the positive meaning of taking care of oneself or doing what is best for one’s well-being. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “does what benefits his life” 19:8 ll4q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy נַפְשׁ֑וֹ 1 Here, **life** refers to the person himself. See how you translated the same use of **life** in [8:36](../08/36.md). 19:8 v9e9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שֹׁמֵ֥ר תְּ֝בוּנָ֗ה 1 Here Solomon speaks of someone preserving or remembering **understanding** as if it were an object that someone **keeps**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the similar use of “keep” in [5:2](../05/02.md). Alternate translation: “one who preserves understanding” 19:8 frod rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns תְּ֝בוּנָ֗ה 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **understanding** in [1:2](../01/02.md). 19:8 qxjz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לִמְצֹא 1 Here, **is to find** means “is destined to achieve” or “is certain to obtain.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “is destined to find” or “is certain of finding” 19:8 u993 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לִמְצֹא־טֽוֹב 1 See how you translated **find good** in [16:20](../16/20.md). 19:9 o5k1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism עֵ֣ד שְׁ֭קָרִים לֹ֣א יִנָּקֶ֑ה וְיָפִ֖יחַ כְּזָבִ֣ים יֹאבֵֽד 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “A witness of falsehoods will not be blameless; yes, one who breathes out lies will perish” 19:9 phm9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes עֵ֣ד שְׁ֭קָרִים לֹ֣א יִנָּקֶ֑ה 1 See how you translated this clause in [19:5](../19/05.md). 19:9 a1nm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְיָפִ֖יחַ כְּזָבִ֣ים 1 See how you translated **breathes out lies** in [6:19](../06/19.md) and [19:5](../19/05.md). 19:10 f4zn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns תַּעֲנ֑וּג 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **Luxury**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “What is luxurious” 19:10 ddav rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun לִכְסִ֣יל & לְעֶ֤בֶד 1 See how you translated **a stupid one** in [10:18](../10/18.md) and **a slave** in [11:29](../11/29.md). 19:10 pq5q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis אַ֝֗ף כִּֽי־לְעֶ֤בֶד 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “how much less suitable is it for a slave” 19:11 ah27 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns שֵׂ֣כֶל & וְ֝תִפאַרְתּ֗וֹ & פָּֽשַׁע 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **insight** in [1:3](../01/03.md), **splendor** in [4:9](../04/09.md), and **transgression** in [10:19](../10/19.md). 19:11 xl98 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אָ֭דָם & אַפּ֑וֹ וְ֝תִפאַרְתּ֗וֹ 1 Although **a man** and **his** are masculine, Solomon is using the words in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use phrases that make this clear. Alternate translation: “a person … that person’s nose … and that person’s splendor” 19:11 j1li rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom הֶאֱרִ֣יךְ אַפּ֑וֹ 1 Here Solomon refers to not becoming angry quickly as if a person’s **nose** became **long**. The word **nose** here means “anger” by association with the way that a person who is angry breathes heavily through his **nose**. Your language and culture may also associate anger with a particular part of the body. If so, you could use an expression involving that part of the body in your translation. You could also use plain language. See how you translated the similar expression “long of nostrils” in [14:29](../14/29.md). Alternate translation: “causes him to not easily vent his spleen” or “causes him not to become angry quickly” 19:11 p96c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עֲבֹ֣ר עַל 1 Here Solomon refers to a person ignoring or forgiving **a transgression** as if that person passes **over** it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is to ignore” or “is to forgive” 19:11 d4i4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun פָּֽשַׁע 1 Here, the word **transgression** represents transgressions in general, not one particular **transgression**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “any transgression” 19:11 n3cv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit פָּֽשַׁע 1 Here Solomon implies that this is **a transgression** that someone has committed against the person who passes **over** it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a transgression that someone has committed against him” 19:12 ctdo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns זַ֣עַף & רְצוֹנֽוֹ 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **rage** in [11:23](../11/23.md) and **favor** in [3:4](../03/04.md). 19:12 wihx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun כַּ֭כְּפִיר & מֶ֑לֶךְ & רְצוֹנֽוֹ 1 Here, **a king**, **the young lion**, and **his** refer to kings and young lions in general, not to a specific **king** or **young lion**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any king … like any young lion … that king’s favor” 19:12 r1hu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis נַ֣הַם כַּ֭כְּפִיר 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “is a growling like the growling of the young lion” 19:12 vbv5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile נַ֣הַם כַּ֭כְּפִיר 1 Solomon is saying that **The rage of a king** is like the **growling** of **the young lion** because both frighten people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “is frightening like the growling of the young lion” 19:12 m29g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile וּכְטַ֖ל עַל־עֵ֣שֶׂב רְצוֹנֽוֹ 1 Solomon is saying that a king’s **favor** is like **dew on vegetation** because both are refreshing. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “but his favor is refreshing like dew on vegetation” 19:13 l2im rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations לְ֭אָבִיו בֵּ֣ן כְּסִ֑יל 1 Although **son** and **his** are masculine, Solomon is using those words in a generic sense that could refer to either a male or female child. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use phrases that make this clear. Alternate translation: “A stupid child … to that child’s father” 19:13 u5yi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הַוֺּ֣ת לְ֭אָבִיו 1 Here Solomon refers to a **stupid son** ruining the life of **his father** as if he were his father’s **destruction**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “ruins his father” 19:13 kqaf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וְדֶ֥לֶף טֹ֝רֵ֗ד מִדְיְנֵ֥י אִשָּֽׁה 1 Solomon is leaving out a word that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply this word from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and a continual dripping are the quarrels of a wife” 19:13 s1nw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְדֶ֥לֶף טֹ֝רֵ֗ד 1 Here Solomon speaks of **the quarrels of a wife** being annoying as if they were continually **dripping** water. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “and bothersome” or “and as annoying as a continual dripping of water” 19:13 l7wk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מִדְיְנֵ֥י 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **quarrels** in [6:14](../06/14.md). 19:13 i66m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession מִדְיְנֵ֥י אִשָּֽׁה 1 Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **wife** who is characterized by **quarrels**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Here, **quarrels of a wife** could refer to: (1) **quarrels** between **a wife** and her husband. Alternate translation: “the quarrels of a wife with her husband” (2) **quarrels** between **a wife** and other people in general. Alternate translation: “the quarrels of a wife with other people” 19:13 v325 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אִשָּֽׁה 1 See how you translated **a wife** in [18:22](../18/22.md). 19:14 t54q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun בַּ֣יִת וָ֭הוֹן נַחֲלַ֣ת אָב֑וֹת & אִשָּׁ֥ה מַשְׂכָּֽלֶת 1 **A house**, **the inheritance**, and **a wife** here do not refer to specific things or people, but refer to these things and people in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Houses and wealth are the inheritances of fathers … are wives who have insight” 19:14 xvb4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns נַחֲלַ֣ת & מַשְׂכָּֽלֶת 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **inheritance** in [17:2](../17/02.md) and **insight** in [1:3](../01/03.md). 19:15 ye6v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עַ֭צְלָה תַּפִּ֣יל תַּרְדֵּמָ֑ה 1 Here Solomon speaks of a lazy person sleeping deeply as if **Laziness** were something that **causes deep sleep to fall** on that person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Laziness makes a person sleep deeply” or “A lazy person sleeps deeply” 19:15 wpre rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism וְנֶ֖פֶשׁ רְמִיָּ֣ה תִרְעָֽב 1 Many proverbs have two parts that have a relationship to each other. The second part may strengthen the first part, give more details about the first part, or say something that is a contrast to the first part. Alternate translation: “and results in that life of idleness being hungry” 19:15 hg8f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns עַ֭צְלָה & רְמִיָּ֣ה 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **Laziness** and **idleness**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. See how you translated **idleness** in [10:4](../10/04.md). Alternate translation: “Being lazy … being idle” 19:15 nob9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וְנֶ֖פֶשׁ רְמִיָּ֣ה 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **life** that is characterized by **idleness**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “and an idle life” 19:15 k2ii rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְנֶ֖פֶשׁ 1 Here, **life** refers to the person himself. See how you translated the same use of **life** in [8:36](../08/36.md). 19:16 xr2k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun שֹׁמֵ֣ר מִ֭צְוָה שֹׁמֵ֣ר נַפְשׁ֑וֹ בּוֹזֵ֖ה דְרָכָ֣יו 1 **One who keeps**, **a commandment**, **his**, and **one who despises** here do not refer to specific things or people, but refer to these things and people in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Ones who keep commandments keep their lives; ones who despise their ways” 19:16 z605 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מִ֭צְוָה 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **commandment** in [6:20](../06/20.md). 19:16 v2yl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שֹׁמֵ֣ר נַפְשׁ֑וֹ 1 See how you translated this phrase in [13:3](../13/03.md). 19:16 mkt3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast בּוֹזֵ֖ה דְרָכָ֣יו יָמֽוּת 1 The content of this clause is in strong contrast to the content of the previous verse. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a contrast. Alternate translation: “by contrast, one who despises his ways will die” 19:16 ik59 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דְרָכָ֣יו 1 See how you translated the same use of **ways** in [3:6](../03/06.md). 19:17 dv44 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun ח֣וֹנֵֽן דָּ֑ל וּ֝גְמֻל֗וֹ יְשַׁלֶּם־לֽוֹ 1 **One who is gracious**, **a lowly one**, **him**, and **his** here refer to types of people in general, not to specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who is gracious to any lowly person … and that gracious person’s dealing he will repay to that person” 19:17 qx9d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דָּ֑ל 1 See how you translated the same use of **lowly** in [10:15](../10/15.md). 19:17 zw6r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מַלְוֵ֣ה יְ֭הוָה 1 Here Solomon speaks of someone doing something for which Yahweh will reward that person as if that person **lends** money **to Yahweh** that **he will repay**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “does something that Yahweh will reward” or “is like one who lends to Yahweh” 19:17 uq7u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וּ֝גְמֻל֗וֹ 1 Here, **dealing** refers to what the person did to be **gracious to a lowly one**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and his gracious deed” 19:17 few9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יְשַׁלֶּם־לֽוֹ 1 Here Solomon speaks of Yahweh rewarding someone for being **gracious to a lowly one** as if Yahweh were repaying a debt to him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he will reward him for” 19:18 briy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בִּ֭נְךָ & הֲ֝מִית֗וֹ 1 Although **son** and **him** are masculine, Solomon is using those words in a generic sense that could refer to either a male or female child. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use phrases that make this clear. Alternate translation: “your child … put that child to death” 19:18 nw29 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit כִּי־יֵ֣שׁ תִּקְוָ֑ה 1 Here, the phrase **when there is hope** refers to the time when a child is still willing to accept discipline from his parents. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “while he can still be taught” 19:18 hky1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְאֶל־הֲ֝מִית֗וֹ אַל־תִּשָּׂ֥א נַפְשֶֽׁךָ 1 Here, the phrase **lift up your soul** is an idiom that refers to being determined to do something. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and do not set your heart on putting him to death” or “and do not be determined to put him to death” 19:19 u02b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun גְּֽדָל־חֵ֭מָה 1 **One great of heat** represents a type of person in general, not one particular person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “Any person great of heat” 19:19 rynj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy גְּֽדָל־חֵ֭מָה 1 **One great of heat** refers to someone who is extremely angry. Here, **heat** refers to anger, which causes the angry person’s body to become hot. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the similar use of **heat** in [6:34](../06/34.md). Alternate translation: “An extremely angry person” 19:19 f2vs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom נֹ֣שֵׂא עֹ֑נֶשׁ 1 Here Solomon speaks of a person experiencing the consequences for what happens when he gets angry as if those consequences were a **fine** that he **lifts up**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “must experience the consequences” 19:19 ubjy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עֹ֑נֶשׁ 1 Here Solomon implies that this **fine** is for something bad that the extremely angry person has done. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “a fine for what he does when he is angry” 19:19 s1da rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis אִם־תַּ֝צִּ֗יל 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “if you rescue him from paying a fine” or “if you rescue him from trouble” 19:20 tu0g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns עֵ֭צָה & מוּסָ֑ר 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **counsel** in [1:25](../01/25.md) and **instruction** in [1:2](../01/02.md). 19:20 d4eg rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal לְ֝מַ֗עַן תֶּחְכַּ֥ם 1 Here, **so that** indicates that what follows is the purpose for obeying the commands in the previous clause. Use the most natural way in your language to express a purpose. Alternate translation: “for the purpose of becoming wise” 19:20 by9v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּאַחֲרִיתֶֽךָ 1 This could refer to: (1) the time near the **end** of one’s **life**. Alternate translation: “when your life is almost over” (2) a future point in time. Alternate translation: “in the future” or “eventually” 19:21 iuki rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מַחֲשָׁב֣וֹת בְּלֶב 1 Here Solomon speaks of **the plans** that a person thinks about as if they were objects located **in** that person’s **heart**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the same use of heart in [2:2](../02/02.md). Alternate translation: “are the plans thought about by” 19:21 iadc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אִ֑ישׁ 1 Although **man** is masculine, here it refers to any person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “a person” 19:21 f82d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וַעֲצַ֥ת יְ֝הוָ֗ה 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe the **counsel** that **Yahweh** gives. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “but the counsel that Yahweh gives” 19:21 m00n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וַעֲצַ֥ת 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **counsel** in the previous verse. 19:21 q568 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification הִ֣יא תָקֽוּם 1 Here Solomon refers to **counsel** that is successful as if it were a person who could **stand**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the same phrase in [15:22](../15/22.md). Alternate translation: “it will be successful” 19:22 go5u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession תַּאֲוַ֣ת אָדָ֣ם 1 This phrase could mean: (1) what others desire **a man** to be like. Alternate translation: “What people desire in a man” or (2) what **a man** desires from other people. Alternate translation: “What a man desires” 19:22 dmcn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אָדָ֣ם חַסְדּ֑וֹ & רָ֝שׁ מֵאִ֥ישׁ כָּזָֽב 1 Here, **a man**, **his**, **one who is poor**, and **a man of lying** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “a person is that person’s covenant faithfulness … is a person who is poor than a person of lying” 19:22 o1tb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חַסְדּ֑וֹ 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **covenant faithfulness** in [3:3](../03/03.md). 19:22 y02z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession מֵאִ֥ישׁ כָּזָֽב 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **man** who is characterized by **lying**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “than a man characterized by lying” or “than a liar” 19:23 h31x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession יִרְאַ֣ת יְהוָ֣ה 1 See how you translated this phrase in [1:7](../01/07.md). 19:23 x7qy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לְחַיִּ֑ים 1 See how you translated this phrase in [10:16](../10/16.md). 19:23 i3m1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun וְשָׂבֵ֥עַ & בַּל־יִפָּ֥קֶד 1 Here, **the satisfied one** and **he** refer to a type of person in general, not a specific person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “and any satisfied one … that person will not be visited by” 19:23 rsor rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְשָׂבֵ֥עַ 1 Here, **the satisfied one** refers to a person who has **The fear of Yahweh**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and such a person is a satisfied one who” 19:23 lmjn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom יָ֝לִ֗ין 1 The phrase **stay overnight** here is an idiom that refers to resting or sleeping. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will rest” 19:23 gyg5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive בַּל־יִפָּ֥קֶד רָֽע 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “evil will not visit him” 19:23 lg6g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification בַּל־יִפָּ֥קֶד רָֽע 1 Here Solomon speaks of a person experiencing **evil** as if **evil** were a person who could visit him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he will not experience evil” 19:23 x8ul rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy רָֽע 1 Here, **evil** refers to trouble that someone might experience as a result of **evil**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “trouble” 19:24 wf2e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun עָצֵ֣ל יָ֭דוֹ & גַּם־אֶל־פִּ֝֗יהוּ לֹ֣א יְשִׁיבֶֽנָּה 1 **A lazy one**, **his**, and **he** refer to a type of person in general, not a specific person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. See how you translated this **A lazy one** in [10:26](../10/26.md). Alternate translation: “Any lazy one … that person’s hand … that person will not even return it to that person’s own mouth” 19:24 r5yj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit טָ֘מַ֤ן & יָ֭דוֹ בַּצַּלָּ֑חַת 1 In Solomon’s culture, people usually ate with their hands and put their hands **in a dish** in order to pick up food and eat it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “puts his hand in the dish in order to pick up food” 19:24 r3ts rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit גַּם־אֶל־פִּ֝֗יהוּ לֹ֣א יְשִׁיבֶֽנָּה 1 Here Solomon implies that **A lazy one** does not **return** his hand **to his mouth** because he is too lazy to do so. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “he is too lazy to even bring his hand up to his mouth to feed himself” 19:25 atws rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לֵ֣ץ תַּ֭כֶּה 1 Solomon assumes that his readers will understand that **Strike** refers to a way of punishing **a mocker**. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “Punish a mocker by striking him” 19:25 svj3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun לֵ֣ץ & וּפֶ֣תִי & לְ֝נָב֗וֹן יָבִ֥ין 1 Here, **a mocker**, **a naive one**, **an understanding one**, and **he** refer to a types of person in general, not to specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. See how you translated this **a mocker** in [9:7](../09/07.md), **a naive one** in [14:15](../14/15.md), and **an understanding one** in [17:10](../17/10.md). Alternate translation: “any mocker and any naive one … is for any understanding one, that person will understand” 19:25 k69j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וּפֶ֣תִי יַעְרִ֑ם 1 Solomon assumes that his readers will understand that **a naive one will become prudent** as the result of seeing someone **Strike a mocker**. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and a naive one will see this happen and become prudent” 19:25 wwq5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns דָּֽעַת 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **knowledge** in [1:4](../01/04.md). 19:26 h1xp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מְֽשַׁדֶּד & מֵבִ֥ישׁ וּמַחְפִּֽיר 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **violence**, **shame**, and **embarrassment**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. See how you translated **violence** in [3:31](../03/31.md) and **shame** in [6:33](../06/33.md). Alternate translation: “One who is violent … who shames and embarrasses” 19:26 ofqn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מְֽשַׁדֶּד־אָ֭ב 1 **One who does violence** here refers to this type of person in general, not a specific person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “Any person who does violence” 19:26 qnqz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אָ֭ב & אֵ֑ם 1 Solomon implies that **father** and **mother** here refer to the **father** and **mother** of the **One who does violence**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “to his father … his mother” or “to that person’s father … that person’s mother” 19:26 lqgg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בֵּ֝֗ן 1 Although **son** is masculine, Solomon is using those words in a generic sense that could refer to either a male or female child. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “is a child” 19:27 sdsu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בְּ֭נִי 1 See how you translated the same use of this phrase in [1:8](../01/08.md). 19:27 n4av rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony חַֽדַל & לִשְׁמֹ֣עַ מוּסָ֑ר לִ֝שְׁג֗וֹת מֵֽאִמְרֵי־דָֽעַת 1 Here Solomon is using irony. By doing so, Solomon actually means to communicate the opposite of the literal meaning of his words. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “do not cease to hear instruction, and you will not stray from the words of knowledge” 19:27 tmrr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מוּסָ֑ר & דָֽעַת 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **instruction** in [1:2](../01/02.md) and **knowledge** in [1:4](../01/04.md). 19:27 s24z rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result לִ֝שְׁג֗וֹת 1 Here, **to** indicates that what follows is the result of doing what was stated in the previous clause. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate result. Alternate translation: “and it will result that you stray” 19:27 yn2a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לִ֝שְׁג֗וֹת מֵֽאִמְרֵי־דָֽעַת 1 Here Solomon refers to a person straying or wandering from the **words of knowledge** to mean that the person is no longer heeding those **words**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to stop accepting the words of knowledge” 19:27 y3ln rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession מֵֽאִמְרֵי־דָֽעַת 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe **words** that are characterized by **knowledge**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “from the knowledgeable words” 19:27 r4pg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מֵֽאִמְרֵי 1 See how you translated the similar use of **words** in [1:23](../01/23.md). Alternate translation: “from the sayings of” or “from the messages of” 19:28 v7ia rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun עֵ֣ד בְּ֭לִיַּעַל & וּפִ֥י רְ֝שָׁעִ֗ים יְבַלַּע 1 **A witness of worthlessness** and **the mouth** here refer to this type of people and mouths in general, not a specific **witness** or **mouth**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any witness of worthlessness … and the mouths of the wicked ones swallow” 19:28 iixm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession עֵ֣ד בְּ֭לִיַּעַל 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **witness** who is characterized by **worthlessness**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “a worthless witness” 19:28 w12b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְּ֭לִיַּעַל & מִשְׁפָּ֑ט & אָֽוֶן 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **worthlessness** and **iniquity** in [6:12](../06/12.md) and **justice** in [1:3](../01/03.md). 19:28 d2w1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּפִ֥י רְ֝שָׁעִ֗ים יְבַלַּע־אָֽוֶן 1 Here Solomon speaks of **the wicked ones** enjoying doing **iniquity** as if **iniquity** were delicious food that they could swallow with their mouths. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “the wicked ones enjoy iniquity” or “the wicked enjoy doing iniquity as much as they enjoy eating delicious food” 19:29 d4f3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns נָכ֣וֹנוּ לַלֵּצִ֣ים שְׁפָטִ֑ים 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **Judgments**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is prepared to judge mockers” 19:29 ray2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וּ֝מַהֲלֻמ֗וֹת 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and blows are prepared” 19:29 r21d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun לְגֵ֣ו 1 The word **back** represents the backs of **stupid ones** in general, not one particular **back**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “for the backs of” 20:intro e8g2 0 # Proverbs 20 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nChapter 20 continues the section of the book written by Solomon that is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.\n\n## Translation Issues in This Chapter\n\n### Parallelism\n\nChapters 16–22 mostly contain proverbs in which the second of two parallel clauses completes, emphasizes, or qualifies the idea of the first clause. Chapter 20 also contains contrasting parallelism ([20:3](../20/03.md), [6](../20/06.md), [14](../20/14.md), [15](../20/15.md), [17](../20/17.md), [29](../20/29.md)) and parallelism in which both clauses have the same meaning for emphasis ([20:23](../20/23.md)). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 20:1 p893 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לֵ֣ץ הַ֭יַּין 1 This could mean: (1) people who drink too much **wine** are spoken of as if they were **wine** itself. Alternate translation: “Someone who drinks too much wine is a mocker” (2) people who drink too much **wine** act foolishly, which causes others to mock them. Alternate translation: “Someone who drinks too much wine is mocked by others” 20:1 qa7m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy הֹמֶ֣ה שֵׁכָ֑ר 1 Here Solomon speaks of people who drink too much **intoxicating drink** as if they were **intoxicating drink** itself. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “someone who drinks too much intoxicating drink is a brawler” 20:1 c6m7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שֹׁ֥גֶה 1 Here, **staggers** refers to someone who **staggers** because they are intoxicated. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “who staggers drunkenly” 20:1 r2c5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns בּ֝֗וֹ 1 Here, **it** refers to **wine** and **intoxicating drink**, both mentioned in the previous clause. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “by drinking too much alcohol” 20:1 k4sv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes לֹ֣א יֶחְכָּֽם 1 Solomon is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, **not**, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meaning. Alternate translation: “is quite foolish” 20:2 xa6x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns אֵ֣ימַת 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **terror** in [10:24](../10/24.md). 20:2 kygp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun כַּ֭כְּפִיר & מֶ֑לֶךְ מִ֝תְעַבְּר֗וֹ חוֹטֵ֥א נַפְשֽׁוֹ 1 Here, **a king**, **the young lion**, **one who infuriates**, **him**, and **his** refer to types of people and young lions in general, not to specific people or a specific **young lion**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any king … like any young lion … any person who infuriates that king forfeits that person’s own life” 20:2 p628 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile נַ֣הַם כַּ֭כְּפִיר 1 See how you translated the same expression in [19:12](../19/12.md). 20:2 rl5y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism חוֹטֵ֥א נַפְשֽׁוֹ 1 Here, in a polite way Solomon refers to causing one’s own death by using the phrase **wrongs his life**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more polite way of referring to this in your language, or you could state this plainly. Alternate translation: “will cause his end” or “will cause himself to be killed” 20:3 ru7h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns כָּב֣וֹד & שֶׁ֣בֶת מֵרִ֑יב 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **Honor**, **cessation** and **strife**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “Being honorable … is ceasing to strive” 20:3 jxne rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun לָ֭אִישׁ 1 The word **man** represents people in general, not one particular **man**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “for a person” 20:3 gf5b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִתְגַּלָּֽע 1 Here Solomon refers to a **fool** eagerly starting an argument as if the argument were something that suddenly **breaks out**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “every fool eagerly gets into an argument” or "every fool welcomes a quarrel" 20:4 hvid rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun עָצֵ֣ל & וְשָׁאַ֖ל 1 **A lazy one** and **he** here refer to a type of person in general, not a specific person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any lazy person … and that person begs” 20:4 cva3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מֵ֭חֹרֶף 1 The phrase **from winter** refers to the time when the people in Solomon’s area would prepare their fields to grow crops. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “during the proper time to plow” 20:4 qkwb rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וְשָׁאַ֖ל 1 Here, **and** introduces the result of what happened in the previous verse. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate results. You may need to start a new sentence. Alternate translation: “and it causes him to beg” 20:4 tnx6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְשָׁאַ֖ל 1 Here Solomon refers to a **lazy one** looking carefully for crops in his field as if he were begging the field to provide crops. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and he searches his fields carefully for crops” 20:4 yywc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בַּקָּצִ֣יר 1 Here, **the harvest** refers to the time of yearwhen farmers **harvest** their crops. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “during the time of year when farmers harvest crops” 20:4 z5wi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וָאָֽיִן 1 Here Solomon implies that **there is nothing** for the **lazy one** to harvest **in the harvest**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “but has nothing to harvest” 20:5 wyy7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns עֵצָ֣ה 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **Counsel** in [1:25](../01/25.md). 20:5 mtun rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְלֶב 1 See how you translated the same use of **heart** in [2:2](../02/02.md). 20:5 a2aw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אִ֑ישׁ וְאִ֖ישׁ 1 Although the term **man** is masculine, Solomon is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “a person … and a person of” 20:5 f8de rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מַ֣יִם עֲ֭מֻקִּים & יִדְלֶֽנָּה 1 Here Solomon speaks of how difficult it is to discern a person's **Counsel** as if it were **waters** that one must **draw out** from a well. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “is difficult to understand … is able to understand it” or “is difficult like deep waters … is able to draw it out” 20:5 qr3j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וְאִ֖ישׁ תְּבוּנָ֣ה 1 See how you translated **a man of understanding** in [10:23](../10/23.md). 20:6 lmq9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אָדָ֗ם & אִ֣ישׁ חַסְדּ֑וֹ וְאִ֥ישׁ 1 Although **man** and **his** are masculine, Solomon is using these words in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use phrases that make this clear. Alternate translation: “a person … each person, that person’s covenant faithfulness, but a person of” 20:6 v682 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חַסְדּ֑וֹ 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **covenant faithfulness** in [3:3](../03/03.md). 20:6 xut9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion וְאִ֥ישׁ אֱ֝מוּנִ֗ים מִ֣י יִמְצָֽא 1 Solomon is using the question form to emphasize how few people act faithfully. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “but it is very difficult to find a man of faithful acts!” 20:6 e2or rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וְאִ֥ישׁ אֱ֝מוּנִ֗ים 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **man** who is characterized by doing **faithful acts**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “but a man who does faithful acts” 20:7 te6p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun בְּתֻמּ֣וֹ צַדִּ֑יק & בָנָ֣יו אַחֲרָֽיו 1 **A righteous one**, **his**, **sons**, and **him** refer to people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. See how you translated a **righteous one** in [9:9](../09/09.md). Alternate translation: “Any righteous person … in that person’s integrity … are that person’s children after that person” 20:7 s7th rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מִתְהַלֵּ֣ךְ בְּתֻמּ֣וֹ 1 Here Solomon speaks of a person behaving with **integrity** as if **integrity** were a place in which that person **walks about**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated a similar phrase in [19:1](../19/01.md). Alternate translation: “who behaves with integrity” 20:7 a0hc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְּתֻמּ֣וֹ 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **integrity** in [1:3](../01/03.md). 20:7 y2ed rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אַחֲרָֽיו 1 Here, **after him** means that **his sons** were born **after** he was born. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “his sons who exist after him” 20:8 vbz6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מֶ֗לֶךְ 1 This verse describes the traits of an ideal, righteous **king**, not any **king** in general. See how you translated the same use of **king** in [16:10](../16/10.md). 20:8 mow8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מֶ֗לֶךְ & כִּסֵּא־דִ֑ין מְזָרֶ֖ה בְעֵינָ֣יו כָּל־רָֽע 1 **A king**, **the throne**, **one who winnows**, and **his** refers to righteous kings and their thrones, not a specific **king** or **throne**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any good king … the throne of judgment is a king who winnows all evil with his eyes” 20:8 vvj9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession כִּסֵּא־דִ֑ין 1 This phrase could refer to: (1) a **throne** that a **king sits on** for the purpose of **judgment**. Alternate translation: “the throne for judgment” (2) a **throne** that is characterized by “justice,” which is another possible translation for the word **judgment**. Alternate translation: “the just throne” 20:8 siw6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns דִ֑ין & רָֽע 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **judgment** in [16:10](../16/10.md) and **evil** in [1:16](../01/16.md). 20:8 j9up rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מְזָרֶ֖ה 1 Here Solomon speaks of a **king** removing **evil** from his kingdom as if that **evil** were chaff that a farmer **winnows** out of the grain. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “is one who removes” or “is one who removes like someone winnowing grain” 20:8 jkjm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְעֵינָ֣יו 1 Here, **eyes** refers to seeing, and seeing is a metaphor for perceiving something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “according to his perception” or “according to what he perceives” 20:9 p5m8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion מִֽי־יֹ֭אמַר זִכִּ֣יתִי לִבִּ֑י טָ֝הַ֗רְתִּי מֵחַטָּאתִֽי 1 Solomon is using the question form to emphasize that no one is sinless. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “Certainly no one can say, ‘I have made my heart pure, I am clean from my sin!’” 20:9 znss rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations מִֽי־יֹ֭אמַר זִכִּ֣יתִי לִבִּ֑י טָ֝הַ֗רְתִּי מֵחַטָּאתִֽי 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “Who can say that he has made his heart pure, that he is clean from his sin” 20:9 lv4x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor זִכִּ֣יתִי לִבִּ֑י 1 Here Solomon refers to a person who no longer thinks sinfully as if that person **made** his **heart pure**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I have cleansed my heart” 20:9 s43m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לִבִּ֑י 1 See how you translated the same use of **heart** in [2:2](../02/02.md). 20:9 d5hx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor טָ֝הַ֗רְתִּי מֵחַטָּאתִֽי 1 Here Solomon refers to a person who no longer sins as if that person were **clean from** his **sin**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I no longer sin” 20:9 xb5x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מֵחַטָּאתִֽי 1 See how you translated abstract noun **sin** in [5:22](../05/22.md). 20:10 qsys rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אֶ֣בֶן וָ֭אֶבֶן אֵיפָ֣ה וְאֵיפָ֑ה 1 **Stone and stone** here refers to two different stones used for weighing goods (See this use of **stone** in [11:1](../11/01.md)). The phrase **ephah and ephah** refers to two different measurements used for measuring amounts of grain. Solomon is referring to different weights and measurements that a merchant pretends are the same in order to deceive a customer. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Unequal weights and unequal measurements” 20:10 j6j4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אֶ֣בֶן וָ֭אֶבֶן אֵיפָ֣ה וְאֵיפָ֑ה 1 Solomon implies that these unequal weights and measurements are used to benefit the dishonest person who uses them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Unequal weights and unequal measurements that people use dishonestly” 20:10 d19h rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume אֵיפָ֣ה וְאֵיפָ֑ה 1 An **ephah** is a measurement of volume equivalent to 22 liters of dry solids (such as grain). However, Solomon is using the word here to refer to volume measurement in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a general expression in your translation for volume measurement. Alternatively, Alternate translation: “measurement and measurement” 20:10 fk9t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns תּוֹעֲבַ֥ת יְ֝הוָ֗ה 1 See how you translated this phrase in [3:32](../03/32.md). 20:10 zuu4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy שְׁנֵיהֶֽם 1 This phrase refers to the unequal weights and measurements called **Stone and stone** and **ephah and ephah** earlier in the verse. However, Solomon does not mean that **Yahweh** actually hates these weights and measurements. Rather, he means that **Yahweh** hates people using these things dishonestly. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the dishonest use of these things” 20:11 kul3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun בְּ֭מַעֲלָלָיו יִתְנַכֶּר־נָ֑עַר & פָּעֳלֽוֹ 1 Here, **a young man**, **himself** and **his** refer to a young person in general, not a specific **young man**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “youths will make themselves known by their deeds … is their behavior” 20:11 yym3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יִתְנַכֶּר 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “will make other people know him” 20:12 we5b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אֹ֣זֶן שֹׁ֭מַעַת וְעַ֣יִן רֹאָ֑ה & שְׁנֵיהֶֽם 1 Here, **ear** and **eye** represent these body parts in general, not one particular **ear** and **eye**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Hearing ears and seeing eyes … all of them” 20:13 h9et rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אַל־תֶּֽאֱהַ֣ב שֵׁ֭נָה 1 The phrase **love sleep** means to **sleep** a lot because one enjoys sleeping. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Do not sleep a lot” 20:13 ell4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast פְּקַ֖ח עֵינֶ֣יךָ שְֽׂבַֽע־לָֽחֶם 1 The idea of this clause is in contrast with the idea of the previous clause. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a contrast. Alternate translation: “instead, open your eyes, be satisfied with bread” 20:13 ee3x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy פְּקַ֖ח עֵינֶ֣יךָ 1 Here Solomon says **open your eyes** to refer to staying awake. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “remain awake” 20:13 ls12 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit פְּקַ֖ח עֵינֶ֣יךָ 1 Here Solomon implies that the person who opens his **eyes** does so in order to work. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “open your eyes to do your work” 20:13 rfqp rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result שְֽׂבַֽע־לָֽחֶם 1 This phrase states the result of obeying the command to **open your eyes** in the previous phrase. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate result. Alternate translation: “so that you will be satisfied with bread” 20:13 qwdy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לָֽחֶם 1 Here, **bread** is used to refer to food in general. See how you translated the same use of **bread** in [9:5](../09/05.md). 20:14 zh4l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit רַ֣ע רַ֭ע יֹאמַ֣ר הַקּוֹנֶ֑ה 1 Here, a **buyer** is criticizing the quality of something that he wants to buy in order to get the seller to decrease its price. **Bad** refers to bad quality. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “‘These goods are bad quality! Bad quality!’ says the buyer criticizing the seller’s goods” 20:14 b5yx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet רַ֣ע רַ֭ע יֹאמַ֣ר הַקּוֹנֶ֑ה 1 Solomon is repeating the same word twice for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “‘It is really bad quality!’ says the buyer” 20:14 e4gf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations רַ֣ע רַ֭ע יֹאמַ֣ר הַקּוֹנֶ֑ה 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “The buyer says that it is very bad” 20:14 ii45 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun הַקּוֹנֶ֑ה וְאֹזֵ֥ל ל֝֗וֹ אָ֣ז יִתְהַלָּֽל 1 Here, **the buyer**, **he**, **his**, and **himself** represent buyers in general, not one particular **buyer**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any buyer, but when that buyer departs on his way, then that buyer praises himself” 20:14 kn96 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְאֹזֵ֥ל ל֝֗וֹ אָ֣ז יִתְהַלָּֽל 1 Here Solomon implies that **the buyer** bought the item and boasts to his friends about the good price he paid for it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “but when he departs on his way after buying that thing, he boasts about the bargain he got” 20:15 vhn7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown פְּנִינִ֑ים 1 See how you translated **corals** in [3:15](../03/15.md). 20:15 cv2k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּכְלִ֥י יְ֝קָ֗ר שִׂפְתֵי־דָֽעַת 1 Here Solomon speaks of the value of **lips of knowledge** as if they were **a vessel of preciousness**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but lips of knowledge are as valuable as a vessel of preciousness” 20:15 tt4d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy שִׂפְתֵי־דָֽעַת 1 See how you translated this phrase in [14:7](../14/07.md). 20:15 cw2t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וּכְלִ֥י יְ֝קָ֗ר 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **vessel** that is characterized by **preciousness**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “but … are a precious vessel” 20:15 t9yh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וּכְלִ֥י יְ֝קָ֗ר 1 Solomon contrasts **abundance** in the previous clause with **preciousness** in this clause in order to imply that **lips of knowledge** are rarer and more valuable than **gold** and **corals**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “but … are a vessel that is even more precious than those” 20:16 lhgm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism לְֽקַח־בִּ֭גְדוֹ כִּי־עָ֣רַב זָ֑ר וּבְעַ֖ד נָכְרִיָּ֣ה חַבְלֵֽהוּ 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Take his garment when he has pledged for a stranger, yes, on behalf of a foreign woman hold it in pledge” 20:16 yhul rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun בִּ֭גְדוֹ כִּי־עָ֣רַב זָ֑ר וּבְעַ֖ד נָכְרִיָּ֣ה 1 Here, **his**, **he**, **a stranger** and **a foreign woman** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “a person’s garment when that person has pledged for any stranger, and on behalf of any foreign woman” 20:16 qwzo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לְֽקַח־בִּ֭גְדוֹ כִּי־עָ֣רַב זָ֑ר 1 When someone borrowed money in Solomon’s culture, the lender would take something such as a **garment** from the borrower as a guarantee of repayment. The lender would return the **garment** after the money was repaid. If the borrower was too poor, someone else could give something to the lender as a pledge for the poor person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Take a garment as security from the one who guarantees that what a stranger has borrowed will be paid back” 20:16 sn35 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עָ֣רַב זָ֑ר 1 See how you translated the same use of “he pledges for a stranger” in [11:15](../11/15.md). 20:16 cv1m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וּבְעַ֖ד נָכְרִיָּ֣ה 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and when he has pledged on behalf of a foreign woman” 20:16 e647 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit חַבְלֵֽהוּ 1 Here, **it** refers to **his garment** in the previous clause. Solomon is referring to the practice of holding on to something that someone has given as a **pledge** to repay someone’s debt. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “hold onto his garment as a guarantee of repayment” 20:17 ji7z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עָרֵ֣ב 1 Here Solomon speaks of a person being pleased by eating **bread of falsehood** as if the **bread** were **Sweet**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “Pleasant” or “Pleasant like something sweet” 20:17 deur rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations לָ֭אִישׁ & פִ֥יהוּ 1 Although the terms **man** and **his** are masculine, Solomon is using these words in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use phrases that make this clear. Alternate translation: “to a person … that person’s mouth” 20:17 iz5r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession לֶ֣חֶם שָׁ֑קֶר 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe **bread** that is obtained by **falsehood**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “bread obtained by falsehood” 20:17 lnt5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לֶ֣חֶם 1 See how you translated the same use of **bread** in [9:5](../09/05.md). 20:17 gjt2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns שָׁ֑קֶר 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **falsehood** in [6:17](../06/17.md). 20:17 zi4r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִמָּֽלֵא־פִ֥יהוּ חָצָֽץ 1 Here Solomon speaks of a person experiencing bad results because of eating **bread of falsehood** as if **his mouth** were **filled with gravel**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “he will experience unpleasantness” or “he will have bad results as if his mouth were filled with sand” 20:18 mjl4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive מַ֭חֲשָׁבוֹת בְּעֵצָ֣ה תִכּ֑וֹן 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Counsel establishes plans” 20:18 amqi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְּעֵצָ֣ה 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **counsel** in [1:25](../01/25.md). 20:18 b3nm rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וּ֝בְתַחְבֻּל֗וֹת 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. Hebrew poetry was based on this kind of repetition, and it would be good to show this to your readers by including both phrases in your translation rather than combining them. However, if it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “so, by guidance” 20:18 a1pw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וּ֝בְתַחְבֻּל֗וֹת עֲשֵׂ֣ה מִלְחָמָֽה 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **guidance**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “and let others guide you when you make war” 20:19 i4ch rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun גּֽוֹלֶה־סּ֭וֹד הוֹלֵ֣ךְ רָכִ֑יל וּלְפֹתֶ֥ה שְׂ֝פָתָ֗יו 1 **One who goes about**, **a gossip**, **a secret**, and **one who opens his lips** refer to types of people and secrets in general, not a specific person or **secret**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who goes about as a gossip reveals secrets, and with any person who opens his lips” 20:19 eugx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj רָכִ֑יל 1 See how you translated this phrase in [11:13](../11/13.md). 20:19 md8q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism וּלְפֹתֶ֥ה 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. Hebrew poetry was based on this kind of repetition, and it would be good to show this to your readers by including both phrases in your translation rather than combining them. However, if it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “so, with one who opens” 20:19 i2mb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וּלְפֹתֶ֥ה שְׂ֝פָתָ֗יו 1 See how you translated **one who opens his lips** in [13:3](../13/03.md). 20:20 v9ff rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מְ֭קַלֵּל אָבִ֣יו וְאִמּ֑וֹ & נֵ֝ר֗וֹ 1 **One who curses** and **his** refer to a type of person in general, not a specific person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who curses that person’s father and mother, that person’s lamp” 20:20 tn97 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יִֽדְעַ֥ךְ נֵ֝ר֗וֹ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will extinguish his lamp” 20:20 el23 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִֽדְעַ֥ךְ נֵ֝ר֗וֹ 1 See how you translated the same use of **lamp** and **will be extinguished** in [13:9](../13/09.md). 20:20 a13a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy באישון חֹֽשֶׁךְ 1 Here Solomon refers to a very dark place as if it were **in the pupil**, which is the dark circle in the center of an eye. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in the darkest darkness” or “in the deepest dark place” 20:21 o7z3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns נַ֭חֲלָה 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **inheritance** in [17:2](../17/02.md). 20:21 mk5b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בָּרִאשֹׁנָ֑ה 1 The phrase **in the beginning** refers to a person receiving his **inheritance** before he is supposed to receive it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “before the right time” 20:21 tj0e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ֝אַחֲרִיתָ֗הּ 1 See how you translated the same use of **its end** in [14:12](../14/12.md). 20:21 megx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive לֹ֣א תְבֹרָֽךְ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will not bless” 20:22 xd5m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations אַל־תֹּאמַ֥ר אֲשַׁלְּמָה־רָ֑ע 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “Do not say that you will repay evil” 20:22 pj94 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֲשַׁלְּמָה־רָ֑ע 1 Here Solomon refers to doing wrong to someone who has done wrong to **you** as if **you** were paying them back for something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I will avenge evil” or “I will harm people who have harmed me” 20:22 hvmy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns רָ֑ע 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **evil** in [1:16](../01/16.md). 20:22 dcj8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast קַוֵּ֥ה לַֽ֝יהוָ֗ה וְיֹ֣שַֽׁע לָֽךְ 1 The idea of this clause is in contrast with the idea of the previous clause. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a contrast. Alternate translation: “Instead, wait for Yahweh, and he will save you” 20:22 ti5g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit קַוֵּ֥ה לַֽ֝יהוָ֗ה 1 This could mean: (1) **Wait for Yahweh** to resolve the situation. Alternate translation: “Wait for Yahweh to take care of the issue” (2) Trust Yahweh. Alternate translation: “Trust Yahweh” 20:22 lbw8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וְיֹ֣שַֽׁע לָֽךְ 1 Here, **and** introduces the result of obeying the command stated in the previous clause. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate result. Alternate translation: “and it will result in him saving you” 20:22 ys78 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְיֹ֣שַֽׁע לָֽךְ 1 Here Solomon uses **he will save you** to mean that **Yahweh** will resolve the situation mentioned in the previous clause. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and he will make it right” 20:23 x2rc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism תּוֹעֲבַ֣ת יְ֭הוָה אֶ֣בֶן וָאָ֑בֶן וּמֹאזְנֵ֖י מִרְמָ֣ה לֹא־טֽוֹב 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. Hebrew poetry was based on this kind of repetition, and it would be good to show this to your readers by including both phrases in your translation rather than combining them. However, if it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Stone and stone are an abomination to Yahweh; no, scales of deceit are not good” 20:23 kbrj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אֶ֣בֶן וָאָ֑בֶן 1 See how you translated this phrase in [20:10](../20/10.md). 20:23 stds rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns תּוֹעֲבַ֣ת יְ֭הוָה 1 See how you translated this phrase in [20:10](../20/10.md). 20:23 d09b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וּמֹאזְנֵ֖י מִרְמָ֣ה 1 See how you translated **scales of deceit** in [11:1](../11/01.md). 20:23 l8ok rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes לֹא־טֽוֹב 1 See how you translated the same use of **not good** in [16:29](../16/29.md). 20:24 re6n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive מֵיהוָ֥ה מִצְעֲדֵי 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh directs a person’s steps” 20:24 i9ej rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מִצְעֲדֵי & דַּרְכּֽוֹ 1 In this verse, **steps** and **way** refer to the things that people experience during their lives. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the similar use of “path” in [4:18](../04/18.md). Alternate translation: “are the life experiences of … his life experiences” 20:24 k0am rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun גָ֑בֶר וְ֝אָדָ֗ם & דַּרְכּֽוֹ 1 Here, **a strong man**, **a man**, and **his** refer to types of people in general, not to a specific **man**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any strong person, so … a person … that person’s way” 20:24 mfy9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion וְ֝אָדָ֗ם מַה־יָּבִ֥ין דַּרְכּֽוֹ 1 Solomon is using the question form to emphasize the truth of what he is saying. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “so surely a man cannot understand his way!” 20:24 mb57 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וְ֝אָדָ֗ם מַה־יָּבִ֥ין 1 Here, **so** introduces the result of what was stated in the previous clause. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate result. You may need to start a new sentence. Alternate translation: “Therefore, how can a man understand” 20:25 f410 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis מוֹקֵ֣שׁ אָ֭דָם יָ֣לַע 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “A snare of a man is when he says rashly” 20:25 qfw5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מוֹקֵ֣שׁ 1 Here Solomon refers to something a person says that can cause him trouble as if what he says were a **snare** that traps him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. See how you translated the same use of **snare** in [18:7](../18/07.md). Alternate translation: “What is dangerous for” 20:25 fkfq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אָ֭דָם יָ֣לַע 1 Although **a man** and **he** are masculine, Solomon is using the words in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use phrases that make this clear. Alternate translation: “a person: that person says rashly” 20:25 x37x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit קֹ֑דֶשׁ 1 Here Solomon implies that this person has dedicated something to Yahweh by declaring it to be **holy**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “I declare this thing to be holy” 20:25 tt8z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit נְדָרִ֣ים 1 Here, **vows** refers to declaring that something is holy and dedicated to Yahweh, which this person does in the previous clause. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “dedicating it to Yahweh” or “declaring it holy” 20:25 y3cn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לְבַקֵּֽר 1 Here Solomon implies that this person **considers** the rash vow he just made. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “considers what he just vowed” 20:26 p3uf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מְזָרֶ֣ה & מֶ֣לֶךְ חָכָ֑ם וַיָּ֖שֶׁב 1 **A wise king**, **one who scatters**, and **he** refer to a type of kings in general, not a specific **king**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any wise king is one who scatters … and that king brings back” 20:26 cgd9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מְזָרֶ֣ה 1 See how you translated the same use of **winnows** in [20:8](../20/08.md). 20:26 rs2y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וַיָּ֖שֶׁב עֲלֵיהֶ֣ם אוֹפָֽן 1 Here Solomon speaks of a **king** punishing **wicked ones** as if he were crushing them under a **wheel** normally used to crush grain. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “and he severely punishes them” or “and he severely punishes them as one would crush grain under a wheel” 20:26 sy6b rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown אוֹפָֽן 1 Here, **wheel** refers to a “threshing wheel.” This is a tool that farmers used to crush grain and help separate it from the straw and chaff. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of **wheel**, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “a grain-crushing tool” 20:27 csgz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun נֵ֣ר יְ֭הוָה נִשְׁמַ֣ת אָדָ֑ם חֹ֝פֵ֗שׂ כָּל־חַדְרֵי־בָֽטֶן 1 Here, **a man**, **the lamp**, and **the belly** refer to these things and people in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “The breath of any person is a lamp of Yahweh, searching all the rooms of that person’s belly” 20:27 cin1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy נִשְׁמַ֣ת 1 Here, **breath** refers to the inner spiritual part of a human being, which Yahweh gave to the first **man** by breathing it into him ([Genesis 2:7](../gen/02/07.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “The spirit of” 20:27 ic6s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession נֵ֣ר יְ֭הוָה 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **lamp** that is given by **Yahweh**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “is the lamp from Yahweh” 20:27 x5vx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נֵ֣ר יְ֭הוָה & חֹ֝פֵ֗שׂ 1 Here Solomon speaks of a person’s spirit helping that person understand himself as if it were a **lamp** that searches within that person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “is what Yahweh has given him to discern” or “is like a lamp of Yahweh that searches” 20:27 d858 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit חַדְרֵי־בָֽטֶן 1 See how you translated this phrase in [18:8](../18/08.md). 20:28 cbb4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism חֶ֣סֶד וֶ֭אֱמֶת יִצְּרוּ־מֶ֑לֶךְ וְסָעַ֖ד בַּחֶ֣סֶד כִּסְאֽוֹ 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. Hebrew poetry was based on this kind of repetition, and it would be good to show this to your readers by including both phrases in your translation rather than combining them. However, if it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness guard a king; yes, his throne is sustained by covenant faithfulness” 20:28 j9nn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חֶ֣סֶד וֶ֭אֱמֶת & בַּחֶ֣סֶד 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **Covenant faithfulness** and **trustworthiness** in [3:3](../03/03.md). 20:28 wys5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִצְּרוּ־מֶ֑לֶךְ 1 Here Solomon refers to a **king** protecting himself by acting with **Covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness** as if those two things were people who **guard** him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “enables a king to be protected” 20:28 hss9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מֶ֑לֶךְ 1 This verse describes the traits of an ideal, righteous **king**, not any **king** in general. See how you translated the same use of **king** in [16:10](../16/10.md). 20:28 qmoh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מֶ֑לֶךְ & כִּסְאֽוֹ 1 Here, **a king** and **his throne** refer to righteous kings and their thrones, not a specific **king** or **throne**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any good king … that king’s throne” 20:28 f9he rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וְסָעַ֖ד בַּחֶ֣סֶד כִּסְאֽוֹ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and covenant faithfulness sustains his throne” 20:28 gamg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְסָעַ֖ד בַּחֶ֣סֶד כִּסְאֽוֹ 1 Here, **throne** refers to a king’s authority, which is represented by the **throne** that a king sits on. See how you translated the same use of **throne** in [16:12](../16/12.md). 20:28 c9ef rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification וְסָעַ֖ד בַּחֶ֣סֶד כִּסְאֽוֹ 1 Here Solomon refers to a **king** maintaining his authority by acting with **covenant faithfulness** as if **covenant faithfulness** were a person who could sustain him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and acting with covenant faithfulness enables him to maintain his authority” 20:29 dym8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns תִּפְאֶ֣רֶת & כֹּחָ֑ם 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **splendor** in [4:9](../04/09.md) and **strength** in [5:10](../05/10.md). 20:29 aw3b rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast וַהֲדַ֖ר זְקֵנִ֣ים שֵׂיבָֽה 1 The idea of this clause is in contrast with the idea of the previous clause. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a contrast. You may need to start a new sentence. Alternate translation: “However, the adornment of old ones is gray hair” 20:29 oy2e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וַהֲדַ֖ר 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **adornment**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “and what adorns” 20:29 f828 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy שֵׂיבָֽה 1 Here, **gray hair** refers to the wisdom or experience often found in people have who have lived long enough to have **gray hair**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is their wisdom” 20:30 g7u1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession חַבֻּר֣וֹת פֶּ֭צַע 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe severe **Blows** that cause **a wound**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “Blows that cause a wound” 20:30 w51j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor תמריק בְּרָ֑ע 1 Here Solomon refers to beatings that cause a person to stop doing something **evil** as if the beatings were cleaning away that **evil** thing. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “stop a person from doing evil” 20:30 v66q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְּרָ֑ע 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **evil** in [1:16](../01/16.md). 20:30 isry rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וּ֝מַכּ֗וֹת חַדְרֵי־בָֽטֶן 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and strikes of the rooms of the belly cleanse away evil” 20:30 lyhn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit חַדְרֵי־בָֽטֶן 1 See how you translated this phrase in [18:8](../18/08.md). 21:intro ge8s 0 # Proverbs 21 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nChapter 21 continues the section of the book written by Solomon that is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.\n\n## Translation Issues in This Chapter\n\n### Parallelism\n\nChapters 16–22 mostly contain proverbs in which the second of two parallel clauses completes, emphasizes, or qualifies the idea of the first clause. Chapter 21 also contains contrasting parallelism ([21:2](../21/02.md), [5](../21/05.md), [8](../21/08.md), [15](../21/15.md), [17](../21/17.md), [20](../21/20.md), [26](../21/26.md), [28](../21/28.md), [29](../21/29.md), [31](../21/31.md)) and parallelism in which both clauses have the same meaning for emphasis ([21:14](../21/14.md)). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 21:1 neqo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun לֶב־מֶ֭לֶךְ 1 **The heart of a king** refers to the **heart** of any **king** in general, not a specific **king**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “The heart of any king” 21:1 t1m8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לֶב 1 See how you translated the same use of **heart** in [2:2](../02/02.md). 21:1 w5md rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor פַּלְגֵי־מַ֣יִם & בְּיַד־יְהוָ֑ה & יַטֶּֽנּוּ 1 In this verse, Solomon speaks of **Yahweh** using the **heart of a king** to accomplish his purposes as if the **heart** were water streams that **he steers** to go to the places where he wants them to go. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a synonym. Alternate translation: “is controlled by Yahweh to do” or “is controlled by Yahweh like a farmer controls streams to act” 21:2 qwnj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דֶּרֶךְ 1 See how you translated the same use of **way** in [1:15](../01/15.md). 21:2 vwim rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אִ֭ישׁ & בְּעֵינָ֑יו 1 Although the terms **man** and **his** are masculine, Solomon is using these words in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use phrases that make this clear. Alternate translation: “any person … in that person’s eyes” 21:2 yz3c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יָשָׁ֣ר בְּעֵינָ֑יו 1 See how you translated the same phrase in [12:15](../12/15.md). 21:2 hqo4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְתֹכֵ֖ן & יְהוָֽה 1 See how you translated this phrase in [16:2](../16/02.md). 21:2 xmb4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לִבּ֣וֹת 1 See how you translated the same use of **hearts** in [15:11](../15/11.md). 21:3 qs6t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns צְדָקָ֣ה וּמִשְׁפָּ֑ט & מִזָּֽבַח 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **righteousness** and **justice** in [1:3](../01/03.md) and **sacrifice** in [15:8](../15/08.md). 21:3 f31f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive נִבְחָ֖ר לַיהוָ֣ה 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh prefers” 21:4 xvr4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy רוּם־עֵ֭ינַיִם 1 Here Solomon refers to pride as **Height of eyes**, which is a characteristic facial expression of proud people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the similar expression “uplifted eyes” in [6:17](../06/17.md). Alternate translation: “Pride” 21:4 gk4s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וּרְחַב־לֵ֑ב 1 Here, **broadness of heart** refers to thinking arrogantly. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and thinking arrogantly” 21:4 as9m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish נִ֖ר רְשָׁעִ֣ים 1 This phrase gives further information about the two sins described in the previous clause. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the relationship between these phrases clearer. Alternate translation: “that is, the lamp of the wicked ones” 21:4 y68u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נִ֖ר רְשָׁעִ֣ים 1 Here, the word translated as **lamp** could refer to: (1) the sins mentioned in the previous clause being like a **lamp** that shows **wicked ones** what to do. Alternate translation: “what guides the wicked ones” (2) the sins in the previous clause being like "uncultivated ground" (another possible meaning for the Hebrew word used here) that produces nothing good. Alternate translation: “the fruitlessness of the wicked ones” 21:5 e7kl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun חָ֭רוּץ 1 The phrase **the diligent one** represents diligent people in general, not one particular **diligent one**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “any diligent one” 21:5 kl4h rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result לְמוֹתָ֑ר & לְמַחְסֽוֹר 1 Here, the phrases **are to** and **is to** indicate that what follows is a result of what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a result of what came before. Alternate translation: “result in profit … result in lack” 21:5 xi4l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns לְמוֹתָ֑ר & לְמַחְסֽוֹר 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **profit** in [3:14](../03/14.md) and **lack** in [6:11](../06/11.md). 21:5 hmlx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אָ֝֗ץ 1 Here, **hurries about** refers to doing things more quickly than they should be done. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “who hurries about too quickly” 21:6 vsi8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor פֹּ֣עַל א֭וֹצָרוֹת 1 Here Solomon speaks of acquiring wealth as if it were **treasures** that someone makes. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Acquiring wealth” 21:6 bc5d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בִּלְשׁ֣וֹן שָׁ֑קֶר 1 See how you translated this phrase in [6:17](../06/17.md). 21:6 w3kd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הֶ֥בֶל נִ֝דָּ֗ף 1 Here Solomon speaks of the disappearance of **treasures** as if they were a **vapor** that quickly goes away. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “disappears quickly” or “disappears like a vapor that quickly disperses” 21:6 hjfe rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis מְבַקְשֵׁי־מָֽוֶת 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and they that seek such treasures are seekers of death” 21:6 l9ag rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מְבַקְשֵׁי־מָֽוֶת 1 Here Solomon speaks of people doing something that will kill them as if they were **seekers of death**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “they do what will kill them” 21:7 abnj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns שֹׁד & מִשְׁפָּֽט 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **violence** in [3:31](../03/31.md) and **justice** in [1:3](../01/03.md). 21:7 fj7b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession שֹׁד־רְשָׁעִ֥ים 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe the **violence** done by **wicked ones**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “The violence done by wicked ones” 21:7 zn7h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification יְגוֹרֵ֑ם 1 Here Solomon speaks of **wicked ones** being destroyed because they act violently as if their **violence** were a person who could **drag them away**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will destroy them” 21:8 i5j5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit דֶּ֣רֶךְ 1 See how you translated the same use of **way** in [1:15](../01/15.md). 21:8 zjoe rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אִ֣ישׁ וָזָ֑ר וְ֝זַ֗ךְ יָשָׁ֥ר פָּעֳלֽוֹ 1 Here, **a guilty one**, **the pure one**, and **his** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any guilty man, but any pure person, upright is that person’s behavior” 21:9 gff3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit פִּנַּת־גָּ֑ג 1 Houses in Solomon’s time had flat roofs that people could walk on and sometimes people would build a shelter on one **corner** of the **roof** that was large enough for a person to sleep in. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could include this information in a note. Alternate translation: “the corner of a flat roof” 21:9 j9e1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession מֵאֵ֥שֶׁת מִ֝דְיָנִ֗ים 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **woman** who is characterized by **quarrels**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “than with a quarrelsome wife” 21:9 k56i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וּבֵ֥ית חָֽבֶר 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **house** in which people live together. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “and live together in one house” 21:10 x3rs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche נֶ֣פֶשׁ 1 Here, **soul** refers to the whole person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly, as in the UST. 21:10 a2dz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun רָ֭שָׁע & בְּעֵינָ֣יו רֵעֵֽהוּ 1 Here, **the wicked one**, **his**, and **neighbor** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. See how you translated **the wicked one** in [3:33](../03/33.md). Alternate translation: “any wicked person … that person’s neighbor … in that person’s eyes” 21:10 dykh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns רָ֑ע 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **evil** in [1:16](../01/16.md). 21:10 d5qd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive לֹא־יֻחַ֖ן בְּעֵינָ֣יו רֵעֵֽהוּ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “his eyes do not show grace to his neighbor” 21:10 jgfi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche בְּעֵינָ֣יו 1 Here, **soul** refers to the whole person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “by him” 21:11 diyn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun לֵ֭ץ & פֶּ֑תִי & לְ֝חָכָ֗ם 1 See how you translated **a mocker** in [9:7](../09/07.md), **a naive one** in [14:15](../14/15.md), and **a wise one** in [1:5](../01/05.md). 21:11 ttu2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יֶחְכַּם־פֶּ֑תִי 1 Solomon assumes that his readers will understand that **a naive one** will become **wise** as the result of seeing someone **fining a mocker**. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “a naive one will see this happen and become wise” 21:11 a6a5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּבְהַשְׂכִּ֥יל 1 Here Solomon speaks of someone teaching **insight to a wise one** as if **insight** were an object that a person gives. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and when teaching insight” 21:11 qiw1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וּבְהַשְׂכִּ֥יל & דָּֽעַת 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **insight** in [1:3](../01/03.md) and **knowledge** in [1:4](../01/04.md). 21:11 m512 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִקַּח־דָּֽעַת 1 Here Solomon speaks of something learning **knowledge** as if it were an object that a person **receives**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he learns knowledge” 21:12 tq0z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit צַ֭דִּיק 1 **A righteous one** could refer to: (1) Yahweh, who is the Righteous One. Alternate translation: “The Righteous One” (2) a righteous person in general. Alternate translation: “Any righteous person” 21:12 lswm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מַשְׂכִּ֣יל 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **insight** in [1:3](../01/03.md). 21:12 hrfk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לְבֵ֣ית 1 Here, **house** refers to the family who lives in that **house**. See how you translated the same use of **house** in [3:33](../03/33.md). 21:12 t3bj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun רָשָׁ֑ע 1 See how you translated **the wicked one** in [10:16](../10/16.md). 21:12 bc3u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מְסַלֵּ֖ף רְשָׁעִ֣ים לָרָֽע 1 Here Solomon refers to Yahweh causing the **wicked ones** to experience disaster as if he were **overturning** them **to evil**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “causing wicked ones to experience evil” 21:12 tem1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לָרָֽע 1 Here, **evil** refers to trouble that someone might experience as a result of **evil**. See how you translated the similar use of **evil** in [12:21](../12/21.md). 21:13 tql4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אֹטֵ֣ם אָ֭זְנוֹ מִזַּעֲקַת־דָּ֑ל גַּֽם־ה֥וּא 1 **One who shuts**, **his**, **a lowly one**, and **he** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who shuts his ears from the outcries of lowly ones, that person also” 21:13 uc5n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אֹטֵ֣ם אָ֭זְנוֹ 1 Here Solomon refers to someone refusing to listen as if that person were shutting **his ears** so that he does not hear someone. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “One who will not listen” 21:13 ug5m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מִזַּעֲקַת & יִ֝קְרָ֗א 1 Here Solomon implies that **the outcry** and **cry out** refer to someone crying out for help. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “from the cry for help of … will cry for help” 21:13 ih0a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דָּ֑ל 1 See how you translated the same use of **lowly** in [10:15](../10/15.md). 21:13 uaab rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וְלֹ֣א יֵעָנֶֽה 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “but no one will answer him” 21:13 iv38 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְלֹ֣א יֵעָנֶֽה 1 Here, **answered** refers to the person who hears the cry responding by helping the person who cries out. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but will not be helped by anyone” 21:14 h1vz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism מַתָּ֣ן בַּ֭סֵּתֶר יִכְפֶּה־אָ֑ף וְשֹׁ֥חַד בַּ֝חֵ֗ק חֵמָ֥ה עַזָּֽה 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “A gift in secrecy subdues nose; yes, a bribe in the bosom, strong heat” 21:14 a502 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis מַתָּ֣ן בַּ֭סֵּתֶר 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “A gift given in secrecy” 21:14 hby7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom יִכְפֶּה־אָ֑ף 1 Here, **subdues nose** refers to stopping a person from being angry. The word **nose** here means “anger” by association with the way that a person who is angry breathes heavily through his nose. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “causes angry people to stop being angry” 21:14 eliy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וְשֹׁ֥חַד בַּ֝חֵ֗ק חֵמָ֥ה עַזָּֽה 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and a bribe given in the bosom subdues strong heat” 21:14 lrg9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בַּ֝חֵ֗ק 1 Here, **in the bosom** indicates that a **bribe** is given to someone secretly, as if it were hidden in a person’s clothes near that person’s **bosom**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the similar use of “from the bosom” in [17:23](../17/23.md). Alternate translation: “in secret” 21:14 nsym rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy חֵמָ֥ה עַזָּֽה 1 Here, **strong heat** refers to extreme anger, which causes the angry person’s body to become hot. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “rage” 21:15 jcw1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun שִׂמְחָ֣ה לַ֭צַּדִּיק & וּ֝מְחִתָּ֗ה 1 **A joy**, **the righteous one**, and **a terror** refer to these things and people in general, not to specific things or people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Joy is for righteous ones … but terror” 21:15 p2ln rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns שִׂמְחָ֣ה & מִשְׁפָּ֑ט & וּ֝מְחִתָּ֗ה & אָֽוֶן 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **joy** in [10:28](../10/28.md), **justice** in [13:23](../13/23.md), **terror** in [10:24](../10/24.md), and **iniquity** in [12:21](../12/21.md). 21:15 push rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וּ֝מְחִתָּ֗ה לְפֹ֣עֲלֵי אָֽוֶן 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “but doing justice is a terror for doers of iniquity” 21:16 t6m2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אָדָ֗ם 1 **A man** refers to people in general, not to a specific **man**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “Any person” 21:16 cj4z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor תּ֭וֹעֶה מִדֶּ֣רֶךְ הַשְׂכֵּ֑ל 1 Here Solomon refers to a person who stops behaving wisely as if the right way to behave were a **way** that he wanders from. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the same use of **way** in [1:15](../01/15.md). Alternate translation: “no longer living wisely” 21:16 ezr0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בִּקְהַ֖ל רְפָאִ֣ים יָנֽוּחַ 1 In this clause, Solomon refers to a person dying. The phrase **the assembly of the spirits of dead ones** refers to the place where people’s spirits go when they die. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will end up in the place where the spirits of dead people dwell” or “will end up dead” 21:17 xhel rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism אִ֣ישׁ מַ֭חְסוֹר אֹהֵ֣ב שִׂמְחָ֑ה אֹהֵ֥ב יַֽיִן־וָ֝שֶׁ֗מֶן לֹ֣א יַעֲשִֽׁיר 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “A man of lack loves joy; yes, a lover of wine and oil will not become rich” 21:17 xq28 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אִ֣ישׁ & אֹהֵ֥ב 1 **A man** and **a lover** refer to types of people in general, not to a specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person of … any lover of” 21:17 ecvd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession אִ֣ישׁ מַ֭חְסוֹר 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **man** who is characterized by lacking wealth. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “A man who lacks” or “A man characterized by poverty” 21:17 lgdq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy שִׂמְחָ֑ה 1 Here, **joy** refers to things and activities that cause people to feel **joy**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “what pleases them” 21:17 lkxu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יַֽיִן־וָ֝שֶׁ֗מֶן 1 Both **wine** and **oil** are luxurious items. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “luxurious items like wine and oil” 21:18 mh2v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor כֹּ֣פֶר לַצַּדִּ֣יק רָשָׁ֑ע 1 Here Solomon refers to **a wicked one** who is punished instead of **the righteous one** as if **a wicked one** were a **ransom** that is paid on behalf of **the righteous one**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “A wicked one is punished instead of a righteous one” 21:18 zpmk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun לַצַּדִּ֣יק רָשָׁ֑ע 1 See how you translated **the righteous one** in [10:3](../10/03.md) and **a wicked one** in [9:7](../09/07.md). 21:18 qt7k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וְתַ֖חַת יְשָׁרִ֣ים בּוֹגֵֽד 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and instead of upright ones, one who acts treacherously is a ransom” or “and instead of upright ones, one who acts treacherously is punished” 21:18 n28n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun בּוֹגֵֽד 1 Here, **one who acts treacherously** represents this type of people in general, not one particular person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “any person who acts treacherously” 21:19 uiul rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּאֶֽרֶץ־מִדְבָּ֑ר 1 Since the **wilderness** is a place without people, Solomon implies dwelling alone in that place. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “by oneself in a land of wilderness” 21:19 a4uv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession מֵאֵ֖שֶׁת מדונים 1 See how you translated **a woman of quarrels** in [21:9](../21/09.md). 21:19 pfvc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וָכָֽעַס 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **vexation**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “and who vexes others” 21:20 r84p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun חָכָ֑ם וּכְסִ֖יל אָדָ֣ם 1 See how you translated **a wise one** in [1:5](../01/05.md) and **a stupid man** in [15:20](../15/20.md). 21:20 nw25 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יְבַלְּעֶֽנּוּ 1 Here Solomon refers to a **stupid** person wasting all his wealth as if it were something he **swallows**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “wastes it” 21:21 oyan rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun רֹ֭דֵף 1 **A pursuer** represents a type of person in general, not one particular person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “Any pursuer of” 21:21 sqy8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor רֹ֭דֵף 1 See how you translated the same use of **pursuer** in [15:9](../15/09.md). 21:21 p8u9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns צְדָקָ֣ה וָחָ֑סֶד & חַ֝יִּ֗ים צְדָקָ֥ה וְכָבֽוֹד 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **righteousness** in [1:3](../01/03.md), **covenant faithfulness** in [3:3](../03/03.md), **life** in [10:16](../10/16.md), and **honor** in [3:16](../03/16.md). 21:21 o2i2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִמְצָ֥א 1 See how you translated the same use of **find** in [8:35](../08/35.md). 21:22 d84j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun עִ֣יר& חָכָ֑ם וַ֝יֹּ֗רֶד 1 **A wise one**, **a city**, and **he** represent a type of person and city in general, not one particular person and city. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any wise one … any city of … and that person causes … to go down” 21:22 v5jk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy עִ֣יר & עָלָ֣ה 1 Here, **ascends** refers to attacking a city and climbing over its wall. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “successfully attacks a city of” or “overruns a city of” 21:22 xeiu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy עִ֣יר גִּ֭בֹּרִים 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **city** that is defended by **mighty ones**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “a city defended by mighty ones” 21:22 v5oc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַ֝יֹּ֗רֶד 1 Here, **brings down** refers to the **wise one** leading his soldiers to destroy the fortifications that protect the **city** mentioned in the previous clause. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and he causes his soldiers to destroy” 21:22 w292 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy עֹ֣ז מִבְטֶחָֽה 1 Here, **strength** refers to the strong walls and towers around the **city** mentioned in the previous clause. Here, **its** refers to the people in the city. They have **confidence** in the walls and do not think anyone will be able to destroy them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the strong fortifications in which they are confident” 21:23 dxhc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun שֹׁמֵ֣ר פִּ֭יו וּלְשׁוֹנ֑וֹ שֹׁמֵ֖ר & נַפְשֽׁוֹ 1 **One who keeps** and **his** refer to a type of person in general, not one specific person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who keeps that person’s own mouth and tongue keeps that person’s life” 21:23 jcer rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שֹׁמֵ֣ר 1 Here Solomon refers to a person being careful about what he says with **his mouth and his tongue** as if they were objects that he **keeps**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “One who is careful with” 21:23 xw3q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet פִּ֭יו וּלְשׁוֹנ֑וֹ 1 The terms **mouth** and **tongue** mean similar things. They both refer to what a person says. Solomon is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “whatever he says” 21:23 h05s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy נַפְשֽׁוֹ 1 Here, **life** refers to the person himself. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “himself” 21:23 o0dn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מִצָּר֣וֹת 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **distress** in [1:27](../01/27.md). 21:24 c77j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun זֵ֣ד יָ֭הִיר & שְׁמ֑וֹ 1 **A presumptuous, haughty one** and **his** represent a type of person in general, not one particular person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any presumptuous, haughty one … is that person’s name” 21:24 rf25 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy שְׁמ֑וֹ 1 Here, **name** refers to what people call a **presumptuous, haughty one**, not that person’s actual **name**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is what people call him” 21:24 ctpo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בְּעֶבְרַ֥ת זָדֽוֹן 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe **rage** that is characterized by **presumption**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “with presumptuous rage” 21:24 a0w1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְּעֶבְרַ֥ת זָדֽוֹן 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **rage** or **presumption**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “in an arrogantly furious manner” 21:25 byks rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun עָצֵ֣ל תְּמִיתֶ֑נּוּ & יָדָ֣יו 1 Here, **the lazy one**, **him**, and **his** refer to lazy people in general, not one specific **lazy one**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any lazy one causes that person to die … that person’s hands” 21:25 dt4f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche מֵאֲנ֖וּ יָדָ֣יו 1 Here, **hands** refers to the whole person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “he refuses” 21:26 vgt6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns הִתְאַוָּ֣ה תַאֲוָ֑ה 1 Here, **he** and **himself** refer to the lazy person mentioned in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the lazy person desires desire for that person” 21:26 t711 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry הִתְאַוָּ֣ה תַאֲוָ֑ה 1 Here, **desires desire** is an emphatic construction that uses a verb and its object that come from the same root. You may be able to use the same construction in your language to express the meaning here. Alternatively, your language may have another way of showing the emphasis. 21:26 fpqu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun וְצַדִּ֥יק 1 See how you translated **a righteous one** in [9:9](../09/09.md). 21:26 s1i0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis יִ֝תֵּ֗ן וְלֹ֣א יַחְשֹֽׂךְ 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “gives what he has and does not withhold it” 21:27 l3le rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun זֶ֣בַח & תּוֹעֵבָ֑ה & בְזִמָּ֥ה יְבִיאֶֽנּוּ 1 **The sacrifice**, **an abomination**, **he**, **it**, and **a wicked plan** refer to things and a type of person in general, not to a specific person or thing. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “The sacrifices of … are abominations … they bring them with wicked plans” 21:27 r9k8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns זֶ֣בַח 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **sacrifice** in [15:8](../15/08.md). 21:27 fq9a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns תּוֹעֵבָ֑ה 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **abomination**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “is abominable” 21:27 iy31 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis אַ֝֗ף כִּֽי 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “how much more of an abomination is it when” or “how very abominable is it when” 21:27 e62d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְזִמָּ֥ה 1 Here Solomon speaks of someone having **a wicked plan** while bringing a **sacrifice** as if the **plan** were an object that he brought **with** him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “while having a wicked plan” 21:27 a4j2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְזִמָּ֥ה 1 Here, **plan** refers to a purpose or motive. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “with a wicked purpose” or “with wicked intent” 21:28 c781 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun עֵד־כְּזָבִ֥ים & וְאִ֥ישׁ שׁ֝וֹמֵ֗עַ 1 **A witness of lies** and **the man who listens** refer to types of people in general, not to specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any witness of lies … but any person who listens” 21:28 h8d4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession עֵד־כְּזָבִ֥ים 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe **a witness** who tells **lies**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “A lying witness” 21:28 iawa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לָנֶ֥צַח יְדַבֵּֽר 1 Here Solomon refers to people remembering what a person says as if that person would **speak to perpetuity**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will speak and what he says will be remembered” 21:29 v6qh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun הֵעֵ֬ז אִ֣ישׁ רָשָׁ֣ע בְּפָנָ֑יו וְ֝יָשָׁ֗ר ה֤וּא ׀ יָבִ֬ין דרכיו 1 **A wicked man**, **his**, **an upright one**, and **he** refer to types of people in general, not to specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. See how you translated **A wicked man** in [11:7](../11/07.md). Alternate translation: “Any wicked person strengthens that person’s own face, but any upright person considers that person’s own ways” 21:29 z6tg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom הֵעֵ֬ז & בְּפָנָ֑יו 1 Here, **strengthens his face** means that the **man** has a facial expression that showed how stubborn and obstinate he is. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a similar expression from your language or express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the similar expression “strengthens her face” in [7:13](../07/13.md). Alternate translation: “has a brazen face” or “has a stubborn expression on her face” 21:29 vtab rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants יָבִ֬ין דרכיו 1 Many ancient manuscripts read **he considers his ways**, as in the ULT. Other ancient manuscripts read “he establishes his way.” If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to use the reading that it uses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to use the reading of the ULT. 21:29 ts1r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דרכיו 1 See how you translated the same use of **ways** in [3:6](../03/06.md). 21:30 n8kt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חָ֭כְמָה & תְּבוּנָ֑ה & עֵ֝צָ֗ה 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **wisdom** and **understanding** in [1:2](../01/02.md) and **counsel** in [1:25](../01/25.md). 21:30 drhv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עֵ֝צָ֗ה 1 Here, **counsel** refers to true and correct **counsel**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “good counsel” 21:30 k3pe rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לְנֶ֣גֶד יְהוָֽה 1 Here, **in opposition to Yahweh** refers to something that contradicts the will of Yahweh. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “that contradicts the will of Yahweh” 21:31 u7rp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun ס֗וּס & לְי֣וֹם מִלְחָמָ֑ה 1 **A horse** and **the day of battle** refer to these things in general, not a specific **horse** or **day of battle**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any horse … for any day of battle” 21:31 j1hq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ס֗וּס מ֭וּכָן 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Someone makes a horse ready” 21:31 a8ws rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown ס֗וּס 1 A **horse** is a large animal that armies used to pull carts from which soldiers would fight. Armies with horses were usually more powerful than armies without horses. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of animal, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term for something that soldiers use for fighting. Alternate translation: “An animal used for fighting” or “Fighting equipment” 21:31 i6w8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לְי֣וֹם מִלְחָמָ֑ה 1 Here, **day** refers to a point in time when something happens. It does not refer to a 24-hour length of time. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “for the time of battle” 21:31 r9z9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy הַתְּשׁוּעָֽה 1 Here, **the salvation** refers to being saved from defeat in **battle**, which is another way of saying “the victory.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the victory” or “being saved from defeat” 21:31 sesx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וְ֝לַֽיהוָ֗ה 1 Here Solomon uses the possessive form to indicate that **Yahweh** is the source of **the salvation**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “but … is from Yahweh” 22:intro t5zj 0 # Proverbs 22 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n3. Proverbs from Solomon (10:1–22:16)\n4. Sayings from wise men (22:17–24:22)\n * Introduction to the sayings (22:17–21)\n * The sayings (22:22–24:22)\n\nChapter 22 concludes the section of the book written by Solomon that is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs. Solomon wrote all 375 proverbs in [10:1](../10/01.md)–[22:16](../22/16.md). In [22:17](../22/17.md)–[21](../22/21.md), it seems that Solomon himself introduces a section of proverbs written by an unknown group of people called “the wise ones.” Most of the proverbs of “the wise ones,” found in [22:22](../22/22.md)–[24:22](../24/22.md), are longer than one verse. Each individual of these proverbs will be marked in the notes.\n\n## Translation Issues in This Chapter\n\n### Parallelism\n\nChapters 16–22 mostly contain proverbs in which the second of two parallel clauses completes, emphasizes, or qualifies the idea of the first clause. Chapter 22 also contains contrasting parallelism ([22:3](../22/03.md), [12](../22/12.md)) and parallelism in which both clauses have the same meaning for emphasis ([22:1](../22/01.md), [24](../22/24.md), [26](../22/26.md)). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])\n\n### Rhetorical questions\n\nIn [22:20](../22/20.md)–[21](../22/21.md) and [27](../22/27.md), the author uses rhetorical questions to emphasize the importance of what he is saying. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 22:1 kpvn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism נִבְחָ֣ר שֵׁ֭ם מֵעֹ֣שֶׁר רָ֑ב מִכֶּ֥סֶף וּ֝מִזָּהָ֗ב חֵ֣ן טֽוֹב 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “A name is to be chosen more than abundant riches; yes, favor is better than silver and than gold” 22:1 m8c7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שֵׁ֭ם 1 Here, **name** refers to a person’s reputation. Solomon implies that it is a good reputation. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “A good reputation” 22:1 but9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive נִבְחָ֣ר שֵׁ֭ם 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “A person should choose a good name” 22:1 m6oz מִכֶּ֥סֶף וּ֝מִזָּהָ֗ב חֵ֣ן טֽוֹב 1 This clause could also be translated as “good favor more than silver and than gold,” with **is to be chosen** implied from the previous clause. If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to use the reading that it uses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to use the reading of the ULT. Alternate translation: “good favor is to be chosen more than silver and than gold” or “people should choose being favored by others more than having silver and gold” 22:1 iqch rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מִכֶּ֥סֶף וּ֝מִזָּהָ֗ב חֵ֣ן טֽוֹב 1 Here Solomon refers to having **favor**, **silver**, and **gold**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “having favor is better than having silver and gold” 22:1 y37e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חֵ֣ן 1 See how you translated **favor** in [3:4](../03/04.md). 22:2 z2v0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun עָשִׁ֣יר וָרָ֣שׁ 1 **A rich one** and **a poor one** represent types of people in general, not a particular **rich one** and **poor one**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “Any wise person and any rich person” 22:2 ddrc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נִפְגָּ֑שׁוּ 1 Here Solomon speaks of people having something in common as if those people **meet together**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “have something in common” 22:3 nt9p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun עָר֤וּם 1 See how you translated this phrase in [12:16](../12/16.md). 22:3 d30l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy רָעָ֣ה 1 Here, **evil** refers to danger caused by something **evil** happening. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “danger” 22:3 wtg1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עָבְר֥וּ 1 Here, **pass on** contrasts with **sees evil** in the previous clause to indicate that **naive ones** walk right into a dangerous situation without noticing that they are in danger. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “unknowingly walk into a dangerous situation” 22:3 lxyr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וְֽנֶעֱנָֽשׁוּ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and they pay a penalty” 22:3 ics6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְֽנֶעֱנָֽשׁוּ 1 Here, **fined** refers to experiencing the negative consequences of not avoiding danger. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and they experience the consequences” 22:4 ii8g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עֲ֭נָוָה יִרְאַ֣ת יְהוָ֑ה 1 This could mean: (1) **humility** here refers specifically to **the fear of Yahweh**, as also suggested by the parallelism of these expressions in [15:33](../15/33.md). Alternate translation: “humility, that is, the fear of Yahweh” (2) **humility** and **the fear of Yahweh** are two different things. Alternate translation: “humility and the fear of Yahweh” 22:4 ncqn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns עֲ֭נָוָה 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **humility** in [15:33](../15/33.md). 22:4 es97 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession יִרְאַ֣ת יְהוָ֑ה 1 See how you translated this phrase in [1:7](../01/07.md). 22:4 k6yx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns עֹ֖שֶׁר וְכָב֣וֹד 1 See how you translated **riches and honor** in [3:16](../03/16.md). 22:4 glpw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְחַיִּֽים 1 Here, **life** refers to a long **life**. See how you translated the same use of **life** in [10:16](../10/16.md). 22:5 r2h1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun בְּדֶ֣רֶךְ עִקֵּ֑שׁ שׁוֹמֵ֥ר נַ֝פְשׁ֗וֹ 1 Here, **the way**, **the crooked one**, and **one who guards his life** represent ways and types of people in general, not a specific **way** or people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “are in the ways of the crooked ones; those who guard their lives” 22:5 e8f6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor צִנִּ֣ים פַּ֭חִים בְּדֶ֣רֶךְ עִקֵּ֑שׁ 1 Here Solomon speaks of bad things that **the crooked one** will experience during his lifetime as if his life were a path with **Thorns** and **traps** on it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the same use of **way** in [15:19](../15/19.md). Alternate translation: “The crooked one will experience many troubles during his lifetime” or “The crooked one will have a difficult life” 22:5 x9ub rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עִקֵּ֑שׁ 1 Here Solomon uses the **crooked** to refer to being deceptive. See how you translated the same use of **crooked** in [2:15](../02/15.md). 22:5 bj91 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast שׁוֹמֵ֥ר נַ֝פְשׁ֗וֹ 1 The content of this clause is in contrast to the content of the previous clause. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a contrast. Alternate translation: “by contrast, one who guards his life” 22:5 dku9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שׁוֹמֵ֥ר נַ֝פְשׁ֗וֹ 1 Here Solomon speaks of a person who wants to stay alive as if **his life** were something that he **guards**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the similar phrase “protects his life” in [16:17](../16/17.md). Alternate translation: “one who tries to keep himself alive” 22:5 f1ap rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns מֵהֶֽם 1 Here, **them** refers to the **Thorns** and **traps** mentioned in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “from those thorns and traps” 22:6 kt3e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun לַ֭נַּעַר & דַרְכּ֑וֹ & יַ֝זְקִ֗ין לֹֽא־יָס֥וּר 1 Here, **the boy**, **his**, and **he** refer to children in general, not a specific **boy**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any child … that person’s way … that person is old, that person will not turn away” 22:6 je4e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עַל־פִּ֣י דַרְכּ֑וֹ 1 Here, **way** refers to how a person behaves, as in [1:15](../01/15.md). The phrase **according to his way** could mean: (1) the way **the boy** should behave. Alternate translation: “to live how he should live” (2) the way **the boy** is already behaving, in which case **Train up** is an ironic use of a command, and this verse would be a warning against letting a young person live however they want to live. Alternate translation: “to live according to how he is living” 22:6 v87b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לֹֽא־יָס֥וּר מִמֶּֽנָּה 1 Here Solomon speaks of a person continuing to behave a certain way as if that person were not turning **away from** that behavior. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the phrase **turn away from** in [3:7](../03/07.md). Alternate translation: “he will continue behaving that way” 22:7 dk14 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun עָ֭שִׁיר & וְעֶ֥בֶד לֹ֝וֶ֗ה לְאִ֣ישׁ מַלְוֶֽה 1 **A rich one**, **a borrower**, **a slave**, and **a man who lends** all refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any rich person … and any borrower is a slave to any person who lends” 22:7 z9lm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְעֶ֥בֶד לֹ֝וֶ֗ה לְאִ֣ישׁ מַלְוֶֽה 1 Here Solomon implies that the **borrower** is borrowing money. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and a borrower of money is a slave to a man who lends money” 22:8 kpt4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun זוֹרֵ֣עַ עַ֭וְלָה & עֶבְרָת֣וֹ 1 **A sower of iniquity** and **his** refer to a type of person in general, not a specific person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any sower of iniquity … that person’s rage” 22:8 l36j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor זוֹרֵ֣עַ עַ֭וְלָה יקצור־אָ֑וֶן 1 Here Solomon speaks of someone who does **iniquity** experiencing **disaster** as if **iniquity** were a seed that he plants and **disaster** were the plant that the seed becomes and that he harvests. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “A doer of iniquity will experience the consequences” or “A doer of iniquity will experience disaster like someone who reaps the crops from the seeds he planted” 22:8 iykp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns עַ֭וְלָה 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **iniquity** in [6:12](../06/12.md). 22:8 sjnx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וְשֵׁ֖בֶט עֶבְרָת֣וֹ 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **rod** that a **sower of iniquity** uses to express his **rage** by oppressing people. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “and the rod he uses to oppressively express his rage” 22:8 htf6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְשֵׁ֖בֶט 1 Here Solomon refers to a person’s authority over other people as if it were a **rod**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and the authority of” 22:9 cdse rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun טֽוֹב־עַ֭יִן ה֣וּא & נָתַ֖ן מִלַּחְמ֣וֹ 1 **The one good of eye**, **he**, and **his** refer to a type of person in general, not a specific person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person good of eye, that person … that person gives from that person’s own bread” 22:9 zhf7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy טֽוֹב־עַ֭יִן 1 Here, **good of eye** refers to seeing what other people need and generously helping them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “The generous one” or “The person who is generous to those in need” 22:9 nxi8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ה֣וּא יְבֹרָ֑ךְ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who will do the action, it is clear from the context that it is Yahweh. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will bless him” 22:9 vs46 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche מִלַּחְמ֣וֹ 1 See how you translated the same use of **bread** in [9:5](../09/05.md). 22:9 vzvn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לַדָּֽל 1 See how you translated the same use of **lowly** in [10:15](../10/15.md). 22:10 bgph rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun לֵ֭ץ 1 See how you translated **a mocker** in [9:7](../09/07.md) 22:10 t6nt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מָד֑וֹן & וְקָלֽוֹן 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **strife** in [16:28](../16/28.md) and **dishonor** in [3:35](../03/35.md). 22:10 rxpn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification וְיֵצֵ֣א מָד֑וֹן 1 Here Solomon speaks of **strife** as if it were a person who could **go out** from a place. He means that **strife** will cease. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and strife will cease” 22:10 e1t0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit דִּ֣ין 1 Here, **judgment** could refer to: (1) arguments or quarrels in general. Alternate translation: “argument” (2) lawsuits in a legal court. Alternate translation: “lawsuit” 22:11 lzto rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אֹהֵ֥ב & שְׂ֝פָתָ֗יו רֵעֵ֥הוּ מֶֽלֶךְ 1 **One who loves**, **his**, and **the king** refer to these types of people in general, not to specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who loves … that person’s lips … any king is that person’s friend” 22:11 xzb6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche אֹהֵ֥ב טהור־לֵ֑ב 1 This phrase refers to a person who wants to have **pure** thoughts, and the word **heart** refers to that person’s mind or thoughts. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the same use of **heart** in [2:2](../02/02.md). Alternate translation: “One who wants to have a pure mind” 22:11 tlq4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy שְׂ֝פָתָ֗יו 1 See how you translated the same use of **lips** in [10:18](../10/18.md). 22:12 swt2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche עֵינֵ֣י יְ֭הוָה 1 This phrase refers to **Yahweh** himself. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly, as in the UST. 22:12 s2lr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy נָ֣צְרוּ דָ֑עַת 1 Here Solomon speaks of **knowledge** as if it were an object that Yahweh guards. He means that **Yahweh** prevents the content of true **knowledge** from being forgotten. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “prevents true knowledge from being forgotten” 22:12 zw3l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וַ֝יְסַלֵּ֗ף 1 Here Solomon refers to **Yahweh** preventing **the words** of **treacherous** people from accomplishing their purposes as if **he overturns** them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and he prevents the success of” 22:12 yybm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy דִּבְרֵ֥י 1 See how you translated the similar use of **words** in [1:23](../01/23.md). 22:12 tbpc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun בֹגֵֽד 1 Here, **one who is treacherous** refers to this type of person in general, not a specific treacherous person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural phrase. Alternate translation: “any person who is treacherous” 22:13 jg67 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun עָ֭צֵל 1 See how you translated this phrase in [13:4](../13/04.md). 22:13 fp93 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations אָמַ֣ר & אֲרִ֣י בַח֑וּץ בְּת֥וֹךְ רְ֝חֹב֗וֹת אֵֽרָצֵֽחַ 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “says that a lion is outside and he will be killed in the midst of the open areas” 22:13 iq3x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אָמַ֣ר 1 In this verse, Solomon implies that what the **lazy one** says is not true. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “says falsely” 22:13 mrva rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive אֵֽרָצֵֽחַ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The lion will kill me” 22:13 lqbb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אֵֽרָצֵֽחַ 1 Here, the **lazy one** implies that he **will be killed** if he goes outside. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “If I go outside, then I will be killed” 22:14 r1mk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun פִּ֣י זָר֑וֹת זְע֥וּם יְ֝הוָ֗ה 1 **The mouth**, **a strange woman**, and **one cursed of Yahweh** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Mouths of strange women … people who are cursed of Yahweh” 22:14 xka4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy פִּ֣י 1 Here, **mouth** refers to the seductive things that **a strange woman** says with her **mouth**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “The seductive speech of” 22:14 xrc5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor זָר֑וֹת 1 See how you translated this phrase in [2:16](../02/16.md). 22:14 eq5h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שׁוּחָ֣ה עֲ֭מֻקָּה & יפול־שָֽׁם 1 Here Solomon speaks of the danger of obeying the seductive speech of **a strange woman** as if it were **a deep pit** that a person could **fall** into and die if they obeyed that speech. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “is extremely dangerous … will die because of it” or “is dangerous like a deep pit … will fall there and die” 22:14 l326 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive זְע֥וּם יְ֝הוָ֗ה 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “one whom Yahweh has cursed” 22:15 fuj4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns אִ֭וֶּלֶת & מ֝וּסָ֗ר 1 See how you translate the abstract nouns **Folly** in [5:23](../05/23.md) and **discipline** in [13:24](../13/24.md). 22:15 ywtt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor קְשׁוּרָ֣ה בְלֶב 1 Here Solomon refers to **a boy** inherently thinking foolishly as if **Folly** were an object **bound up** in that person’s **heart**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is inherently within the mind of” 22:15 ckwo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְלֶב 1 See how you translated the same use of **heart** in [2:2](../02/02.md). 22:15 u8h3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun נָ֑עַר & מִמֶּֽנּוּ 1 Here, **a boy** and **him** refer to a child in general, not a specific boy. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any child … from that child” 22:15 j283 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession שֵׁ֥בֶט מ֝וּסָ֗ר 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **rod** that is used to **discipline** someone. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the rod used for discipline” 22:15 eweg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy שֵׁ֥בֶט 1 See how you translated the same use of **rod** in [10:13](../10/13.md) and [13:24](../13/24.md). 22:15 dk18 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יַרְחִיקֶ֥נָּה מִמֶּֽנּוּ 1 Here Solomon speaks of **discipline** causing a child to stop being foolish as if **Folly** were an object that **the rod of discipline** could cause to go **far away**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will result in him ceasing from folly” 22:16 w7rc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun עֹ֣שֵֽׁק דָּ֭ל לְהַרְבּ֣וֹת ל֑וֹ נֹתֵ֥ן לְ֝עָשִׁ֗יר 1 **One who oppresses**, **a lowly one**, **himself**, **one who gives**, and **a rich one** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural phrases. Alternate translation: “Any person who oppresses any lowly person to increase for himself, any person who gives to any rich person” 22:16 fm7f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דָּ֭ל 1 See how you translated the same use of **lowly** in [10:15](../10/15.md). 22:16 grcp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis לְהַרְבּ֣וֹת 1 Solomon is leaving out a word that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply this word from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “to increase wealth” 22:16 ra2x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit נֹתֵ֥ן לְ֝עָשִׁ֗יר 1 This phrase refers to someone who does a different activity than the person described in the previous clause. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly, as in the UST. 22:16 rf0i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis נֹתֵ֥ן לְ֝עָשִׁ֗יר 1 Solomon is leaving out some words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context and previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “one who gives gifts to a rich one to increase wealth” 22:16 d4td rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result לְמַחְסֽוֹר 1 Here, **will be to** indicates that what follows is the result of what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a result of what came before. Alternate translation: “will result in poverty” 22:17 lgs9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom הַ֥ט אָזְנְךָ֗ וּ֭שְׁמַע 1 This phrase means “listen carefully.” See how you translated the same use of the shorter phrase **Incline your ear** in [4:20](../04/20.md). 22:17 l38x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy דִּבְרֵ֣י חֲכָמִ֑ים 1 See how you translated this phrase in [1:6](../01/06.md). 22:17 pi8n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְ֝לִבְּךָ֗ תָּשִׁ֥ית לְדַעְתִּֽי 1 Here, **set your heart to** is an idiom that means “think carefully about.” The word **heart** here refers to a person’s mind, as in [2:2](../02/02.md). If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and you must think carefully about my knowledge” 22:17 i9n2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns לְדַעְתִּֽי 1 Here, **knowledge** refers to the **knowledge** that Solomon wants his readers to know. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “to what I want you to know” 22:18 kz1e rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּֽי 1 **For** here indicates that what follows is a reason for the commands in the previous verse. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “Do these things because” 22:18 a5hd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor תִשְׁמְרֵ֣ם בְּבִטְנֶ֑ךָ 1 Here Solomon speaks of remembering something as if it were an object that someone should **keep** inside that person’s **inner parts**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you remember them” 22:18 zaoj rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns תִשְׁמְרֵ֣ם & יִכֹּ֥נוּ 1 Here, **them** and **they** refer to “the words of the wise” and “my knowledge” in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “you keep those words … those words are ready” 22:18 av27 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יִכֹּ֥נוּ יַ֝חְדָּ֗ו עַל־שְׂפָתֶֽיךָ 1 This clause refers to an additional condition for **it** being **pleasant**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly, as in the UST. 22:18 nl9j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִכֹּ֥נוּ יַ֝חְדָּ֗ו עַל־שְׂפָתֶֽיךָ 1 Here Solomon speaks of someone always being able to repeat “the words of the wise” as if they were objects **on** someone’s **lips** that **are ready** to come out. if it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and if you are prepared to say them all” 22:19 xrwq rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal לִהְי֣וֹת & מִבְטַחֶ֑ךָ 1 **For** here indicates that what follows is the purpose for the second clause in this verse. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a purpose for what comes after. Alternate translation: “In order for your trust to be” 22:19 a02b rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-tense הוֹדַעְתִּ֖יךָ 1 Solomon uses the past tense here in order to refer to something that is happening while he is writing these verses, which is the time he calls **today**. If it would not be natural to do that in your language, you could use the present tense. Alternate translation: “I am causing you to know” 22:19 w6fc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis הוֹדַעְתִּ֖יךָ 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from [22:17](../22/17.md) if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “I have caused you to know the words of the wise” 22:19 wr39 אַף־אָֽתָּה 1 Here Solomon repeats **you** to emphasize to whom he is teaching these proverbs. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this emphasis in a different way. Alternate translation: “yes, I have taught you” 22:20 bb5s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֲלֹ֤א כָתַ֣בְתִּי 1 This phrase indicates that Solomon is using the question form in this verse and the next verse in order to emphasize the truth of what he is saying. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “I have surely written” 22:20 gv66 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-tense הֲלֹ֤א כָתַ֣בְתִּי 1 Solomon uses the past tense here in order to refer to something that is happening while he is writing these verses, which is the time he calls **today** in the previous verse. If it would not be natural to do that in your language, you could use the present tense. Alternate translation: “Am I not writing” 22:20 q77c rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants שָׁלִישִׁ֑ים 1 Some ancient manuscripts read, “excellent sayings.” If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to use the reading that it uses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to use the reading of the ULT. 22:20 ukub rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּמ֖וֹעֵצֹ֣ת וָדָֽעַת 1 Here, **counsels and knowledge** refer to what the **30 things** are. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “that are counsels and knowledge” 22:20 s3i2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְּמ֖וֹעֵצֹ֣ת וָדָֽעַת 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **counsels** and **knowledge**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. See how you translated **knowledge** in [1:4](../01/04.md). Alternate translation: “that can counsel you and make you knowledgeable” 22:21 q8xu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion לְהוֹדִֽיעֲךָ֗ 1 This verse continues the rhetorical question that began in the previous verse. If you divide these two verses into separate sentences, then you will need to repeat part of the previous sentence. Alternate translation: “I have surely written these things to cause you to know” 22:21 d5sr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns קֹ֭שְׁטְ & אֱמֶ֑ת 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **truth** in [8:7](../08/07.md) and **trustworthiness** in [3:3](../03/03.md). 22:21 jl39 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession אִמְרֵ֣י אֱמֶ֑ת 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe **words** that are characterized by **trustworthiness**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the trustworthy words” 22:21 r2f9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אִמְרֵ֣י & אֲמָרִ֥ים 1 See how you translated the same use of **words** in [1:23](../01/23.md). 22:21 ygvk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion לְהָשִׁ֥יב 1 Here, **to** indicates that what follows is a second purpose for Solomon writing these “words of the wise”. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a second purpose. Alternate translation: “and to return” 22:21 f7m5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לְהָשִׁ֥יב 1 Here Solomon refers to replying to someone with **trustworthy words** as if they were objects that one returns to someone. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and to reply with” 22:21 l5jf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לְשֹׁלְחֶֽיךָ 1 Here Solomon implies that he is speaking to a messenger whom his master has **sent**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “to your master who sent you” 22:22 nk4t [22:22](../22/22.md)–[23](../22/23.md) is Saying 1 of the 30 “words of the wise ones.” 22:22 aq5t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun דָּ֭ל & דַל־ה֑וּא & עָנִ֣י 1 Here, **a lowly one**, **he**, and **an afflicted one** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any lowly person … that person is lowly … any afflicted person” 22:22 su1v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דָּ֭ל & דַל 1 See how you translated the same use of **lowly** in [10:15](../10/15.md). 22:22 ws7l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְאַל־תְּדַכֵּ֖א 1 Here the writer refers to oppressing **an afflicted one** as if someone were crushing that person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly, as in the UST. 22:22 z1ia rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בַשָּֽׁעַר 1 Here, **the gate** refers to the place in a city where people settled legal arguments (see [Ruth 4:1–12](../rut/04/01.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “at the place for settling legal arguments” 22:23 a2vp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יְ֭הוָה יָרִ֣יב רִיבָ֑ם 1 Here, the writer refers to **Yahweh** protecting “an afflicted one” as if he were a lawyer defending that person in court. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will protect them” or “Yahweh will protect them like a lawyer who defends them in court” 22:23 ied3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns רִיבָ֑ם & קֹבְעֵיהֶ֣ם 1 In this verse, **their** and **them** refer to the afflicted and poor people referenced in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the dispute of poor people … those who plunder poor people” 22:23 c70k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns רִיבָ֑ם 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **dispute** in [15:18](../15/18.md). 22:23 m5k2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְקָבַ֖ע & נָֽפֶשׁ 1 Here, the writer refers to **Yahweh** killing a person who tries to **plunder** a poor person as if he were a thief who plunders that person’s **life**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he will cause to die” 22:24 himv [22:24](../22/24.md)–[25](../22/25.md) is Saying 2 of the 30 “words of the wise ones.” 22:24 w16m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism אַל־תִּ֭תְרַע אֶת־בַּ֣עַל אָ֑ף וְאֶת־אִ֥ישׁ חֵ֝מוֹת לֹ֣א תָבֽוֹא 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Do not befriend an owner of nose, yes, do not go with a man of heat” 22:24 e6fh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun בַּ֣עַל אָ֑ף & אִ֥ישׁ חֵ֝מוֹת 1 Here, **an owner of nose** and **a man of heat** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any owner of nose … any person of heat” 22:24 cpi3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בַּ֣עַל אָ֑ף 1 The phrase is an idiom that refers to a person who is characteristically angry. The word **nose** means “anger” by association with the way that a person who is angry breathes heavily through his nose. Your language and culture may also associate anger with a particular part of the body. If so, you could use an expression involving that part of the body in your translation. You could also use plain language. Alternate translation: “an angry person” 22:24 cc8z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אִ֥ישׁ חֵ֝מוֹת 1 See how you translated this phrase in [15:18](../15/18.md). 22:25 srzt rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases פֶּן 1 Here, **lest** indicates that this verse continues the sentence that began in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this a new sentence. Alternate translation: “Do not do that, lest” 22:25 jz7s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor תֶּאֱלַ֥ף אֹֽרְחֹתָ֑יו 1 Here, the writer speaks of someone behaving like someone else as if that person **learns** the **paths** which the other person walks on. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the same use of **paths** in [2:15](../02/15.md). Alternate translation: “you behave like him” 22:25 s2i8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְלָקַחְתָּ֖ מוֹקֵ֣שׁ לְנַפְשֶֽׁךָ 1 Here, the writer speaks of a person causing his life to be in danger as if that person were an animal that gets caught in a **snare**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “and you will put your life in danger” or “and you will be like an animal that gets caught in a snare and cannot escape” 22:26 m26i [22:26](../22/26.md)–[27](../22/27.md) is Saying 3 of the 30 “words of the wise ones.” 22:26 ftq6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis אַל־תְּהִ֥י בְתֹֽקְעֵי־כָ֑ף בַּ֝עֹרְבִ֗ים מַשָּׁאֽוֹת 1 In the second clause, the writer is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the first clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “Do not be among those who clasp a palm; do not be among those who pledge for loans” 22:26 gmwt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism אַל־תְּהִ֥י בְתֹֽקְעֵי־כָ֑ף בַּ֝עֹרְבִ֗ים מַשָּׁאֽוֹת 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word that shows that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Do not be among those who clasp a palm; yes, do not be among those who pledge for loans” 22:26 aq44 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אַל־תְּהִ֥י בְתֹֽקְעֵי־כָ֑ף 1 The phrase **do not be among** could refer to: (1) not associating with **those who clasp a palm**. Alternate translation: “Do not associate with those who clasp a palm” (2) not participating in what **those who clasp a palm** do. Alternate translation: “Do not be like those who clasp a palm” or “Do not clasp a palm” 22:26 rnd6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בְתֹֽקְעֵי־כָ֑ף 1 See how you translated the same idiom in [6:1](../06/01.md) and [17:18](../17/18.md). 22:26 wt7u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בַּ֝עֹרְבִ֗ים 1 See how you translated the same use of **pledge** in [6:1](../06/01.md). 22:27 r204 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result אִם 1 This verse gives a reason for the commands in the previous verse. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “Do not do those things because if” 22:27 p5uf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אֵֽין־לְךָ֥ לְשַׁלֵּ֑ם 1 Here, the writer is referring to repaying the loans mentioned in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “there is no money for you to repay the loan” 22:27 cwjf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion לָ֥מָּה יִקַּ֥ח מִ֝שְׁכָּבְךָ֗ מִתַּחְתֶּֽיךָ 1 The writer is using the question form to emphasize what will happen if a person cannot repay a loan for someone else. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “surely he will take away your bed from under you!” 22:27 y5hd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יִקַּ֥ח מִ֝שְׁכָּבְךָ֗ מִתַּחְתֶּֽיךָ 1 This clause refers to a person who loaned money taking away the **bed** of someone because that person was unable to pay the loan that he had promised to pay for someone else. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “should the lender take away your bed from under you because you were not able to repay the loan” 22:28 de0m [22:28](../22/28.md) is Saying 4 of the 30 “words of the wise ones.” 22:28 hrlp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אַל־תַּ֭סֵּג גְּב֣וּל עוֹלָ֑ם 1 The writer implies that someone moves the **ancient boundary** in order to cheat the landowner by changing the boundaries of his land. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Do not cheat a landowner by moving the ancient boundary” 22:28 tb1b rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown גְּב֣וּל עוֹלָ֑ם 1 The phrase **ancient boundary** refers to stones that people used to mark the boundaries of the land that they owned. These boundaries were **ancient** because they were originally placed by the landowner's ancestors. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of **boundary** marker, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “the stones placed long ago that mark the borders of someone’s land” 22:28 j4id rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֲבוֹתֶֽיךָ 1 Here, **fathers** means “ancestors.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “your ancestors” 22:29 ep6r [22:29](../22/29.md) is Saying 5 of the 30 “words of the wise ones.” 22:29 ree0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion חָזִ֡יתָ אִ֤ישׁ ׀ מָ֘הִ֤יר בִּמְלַאכְתּ֗וֹ 1 Although the Hebrew text is not worded as a question, several translations make this clause into a rhetorical question. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate this as a question. Alternate translation: “Have you seen a man skilled in his work?” 22:29 uljc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אִ֤ישׁ ׀ מָ֘הִ֤יר בִּמְלַאכְתּ֗וֹ & יִתְיַצָּ֑ב & בַּל־יִ֝תְיַצֵּב 1 Here, **a skilled man**, **his**, **he**, and **himself** refer to a type of person in general, not a specific **man**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “people skilled in their work; those people will station themselves … they will not station themselves” 22:29 tf37 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom לִֽפְנֵֽי & יִתְיַצָּ֑ב בַּל־יִ֝תְיַצֵּב לִפְנֵ֥י 1 The phrase **station himself before the face of** is an idiom that means “to enter the service of.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he will enter the service of … he will not enter the service of” 23:intro eva7 0 # Proverbs 23 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n4. Sayings from wise men (22:17–24:22)\n * Introduction to the sayings (22:17–21)\n * The sayings (22:22–24:22)\n\nChapter 23 continues the section of 30 sayings by “the wise ones” that began in [22:22](../22/22.md). This chapter mostly contains longer proverbs, except for [23:9](../23/09.md) and [23:12](../23/12.md). 23:1 l415 [23:1](../23/01.md)–[3](../23/03.md) is Saying 6 of the 30 “words of the wise ones.” 23:1 z181 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מוֹשֵׁ֑ל 1 The word **ruler** represents rulers in general, not one particular **ruler**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “any ruler” 23:1 u73h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אֶת־אֲשֶׁ֥ר 1 This could refer to: (1) the food that is put in front of you. Alternate translation: “what food” or "the food that" (2) the person seated in front of you. Alternate translation: “who” or "the person who" 23:2 lu62 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְשַׂמְתָּ֣ שַׂכִּ֣ין בְּלֹעֶ֑ךָ 1 This phrase is an idiom that means “restrain yourself.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and you should cut down your appetite” or “and you should control yourself” 23:2 frvy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בַּ֖עַל נֶ֣פֶשׁ 1 The phrase **an owner of appetite** refers to a person who likes to eat a lot. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “have a big appetite” or “are a person who likes to eat” 23:3 zkz5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns לְמַטְעַמּוֹתָ֑יו 1 Here, **his** refers to the “ruler” mentioned in [23:1](../23/01.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “that ruler’s delicious morsels” 23:3 rn1s וְ֝ה֗וּא 1 Although **it** is singular, it refers to the **delicious morsels** in the previous clause. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate this with a plural form. Alternate translation: “for they” 23:3 tjm2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession לֶ֣חֶם כְּזָבִֽים 1 Here, the writer is using the possessive form to refer to **bread** that someone gives for the purpose of **lies**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “is bread for deception” 23:3 w61m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לֶ֣חֶם 1 See how you translated the same use of **bread** in [9:5](../09/05.md). 23:4 rbf0 [23:4](../23/04.md)–[5](../23/05.md) is Saying 7 of the 30 “words of the wise ones.” 23:4 a4va rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מִֽבִּינָתְךָ֥ חֲדָֽל 1 This phrase could mean: (1) because you have **understanding**, you should **cease**. Alternate translation: “cease because of your understanding” (2) **from** having an incorrect understanding, which is what is described in the previous clause. Alternate translation: “cease from your wrong understanding about gaining riches” 23:5 vjit rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֲתָ֤עִיף עֵינֶ֥יךָ בּ֗וֹ וְֽאֵ֫ינֶ֥נּוּ 1 The writer is using the question form to emphasize how easily wealth is lost. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “You will surely cause your eyes to fly to it, but it will not be there!” 23:5 n9hd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הֲתָ֤עִיף עֵינֶ֥יךָ בּ֗וֹ 1 Here, the writer speaks of someone looking at riches as if his **eyes** were a bird that could **fly** to the riches. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Will you look at it” 23:5 qvbi rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns בּ֗וֹ וְֽאֵ֫ינֶ֥נּוּ & יַעֲשֶׂה־לּ֣וֹ & יָע֥וּף 1 In this verse, **it** and **itself** refers to the riches mentioned in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “to the riches, but they are not there … those riches will make … for themselves … those riches will fly into” 23:5 e2wy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְֽאֵ֫ינֶ֥נּוּ 1 The writer implies that a person loses his wealth as soon as he sees it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “but it is lost” 23:5 y0uz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-reduplication עָשֹׂ֣ה יַעֲשֶׂה 1 The writer is repeating the verb **make** in order to intensify the idea that it expresses. If your language can repeat words for intensification, it would be appropriate to do that here in your translation. If not, your language may have another way of expressing the emphasis. Alternate translation: “it will surely make” 23:5 sp17 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עָשֹׂ֣ה יַעֲשֶׂה־לּ֣וֹ כְנָפַ֑יִם כְּ֝נֶ֗שֶׁר יָע֥וּף הַשָּׁמָֽיִם 1 Here, the writer speaks of a person quickly losing his wealth as if that wealth made **wings for itself** and flew away **into the sky like an eagle**. Just as eagles fly fast, the wealth will disappear quickly. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “it will surely disappear quickly” or “it will surely disappear as if it had wings and flew away quickly like an eagle flies into the sky” 23:5 whha rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown כְּ֝נֶ֗שֶׁר 1 An **eagle** is a bird that can fly fast. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of bird, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “like a quick bird” 23:6 afl6 [23:6](../23/06.md)–[8](../23/08.md) is Saying 8 of the 30 “words of the wise ones.” 23:6 su9w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לֶ֭חֶם 1 See how you translated the same use of **bread** in [9:5](../09/05.md). 23:6 k6yo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun רַ֣ע עָ֑יִן & לְמַטְעַמֹּתָֽיו 1 Here, **one evil of eye** and **his** refer to a type of person in general, not a specific person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any person evil of eye … that person’s delicious morsels” 23:6 tqmw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom רַ֣ע עָ֑יִן 1 The phrase **one evil of eye** is an idiom that means “a stingy person.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “one who is stingy” 23:6 jtt7 לְמַטְעַמֹּתָֽיו 1 See how you translated this phrase in [23:3](../23/03.md). 23:7 ki1f rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּ֤י 1 **For** here indicates that what follows is a reason for the commands in the previous verse. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “Don’t do those things because” 23:7 s2ae rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis כְּמוֹ־שָׁעַ֥ר 1 The writer is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “like one who calculates the cost of the food” 23:7 oai7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּנַפְשׁ֗וֹ 1 Here, the writer uses **soul** to refer a person’s inner being or mind. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in his inner being” or “in his mind” 23:7 a1zv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations אֱכֹ֣ל וּ֭שְׁתֵה יֹ֣אמַר לָ֑ךְ 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “He will tell you to eat and drink” 23:7 lbe8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְ֝לִבּ֗וֹ בַּל־עִמָּֽךְ 1 The phrase **his heart is not with you** is an idiom that means “he is not being sincere with you.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but he is not speaking sincerely to you” or “but he is not being honest with you” 23:8 aw14 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole פִּֽתְּךָ־אָכַ֥לְתָּ תְקִיאֶ֑נָּה 1 This clause could mean: (1) the person feels like vomiting, in which case this clause is an exaggeration. Alternate translation: “You will feel like vomiting up what you ate” (2) the person actually vomits, as in the ULT. 23:8 pipr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit תְקִיאֶ֑נָּה 1 The writer could imply that the person vomits or feels like vomiting because he is so disgusted at the attitude of the stingy person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “You will feel disgusted with him and vomit up” 23:8 sc2k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit פִּֽתְּךָ 1 Here, **morsel** most likely refers to a small amount of food. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “your bit of food” or “your small amount of food” 23:8 z3l6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ֝שִׁחַ֗תָּ 1 Here, the writer refers to speaking **words** in vain as if they were objects that one could **ruin**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and you will uselessly speak” 23:8 r0s8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy דְּבָרֶ֥יךָ הַנְּעִימִֽים 1 See how you translated the similar use of **words** in [1:23](../01/23.md). 23:9 fp4q [23:9](../23/09.md) is Saying 9 of the 30 “words of the wise ones.” 23:9 u4q5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּאָזְנֵ֣י & אַל־תְּדַבֵּ֑ר 1 The phrase **speak in the ears** refers to speaking directly to someone so that the person can clearly hear with his **ears** what is being said. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Do not speak directly to” 23:9 o70i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun כְ֭סִיל & יָ֝ב֗וּז 1 See how you translated the same use of **a stupid one** and **he** in [10:18](../10/18.md). 23:9 f7k2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns לְשֵׂ֣כֶל 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **insight** in [1:3](../01/03.md). 23:9 wgx9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מִלֶּֽיךָ 1 See how you translated the similar use of **words** in [1:23](../01/23.md). 23:10 re1w [23:10](../23/10.md)–[11](../23/11.md) is Saying 10 of the 30 “words of the wise ones.” 23:10 iha4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אַל־תַּ֭סֵּג גְּב֣וּל עוֹלָ֑ם 1 See how you translated this clause in [22:28](../22/28.md). 23:10 a9cb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וּבִשְׂדֵ֥י יְ֝תוֹמִ֗ים אַל־תָּבֹֽא 1 The connection with the previous clause indicates that the phrase **enter into** here refers to taking over or using the land that belongs to someone else. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “do not take over the fields of fatherless ones” or “do not encroach on the fields of fatherless ones” 23:10 u7re rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יְ֝תוֹמִ֗ים 1 The phrase **fatherless ones** refers to children who have lost their fathers and so do not have anyone to protect them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “children without fathers to protect them” 23:11 p1uf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit גֹאֲלָ֥ם 1 Here, **their redeemer** refers to Yahweh. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “their Redeemer, Yahweh,” 23:11 bgi8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הֽוּא־יָרִ֖יב אֶת־רִיבָ֣ם אִתָּֽךְ 1 Here, the writer refers to Yahweh protecting “the fatherless ones” as if he were a lawyer who defends them in a legal **dispute**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he himself will defend the orphans against you” 23:11 sllo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns הֽוּא־יָרִ֖יב 1 The writer uses the word **himself** to emphasize how significant it was that Yahweh defends the defenseless. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this significance. Alternate translation: “he indeed will plead” 23:11 jouk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns רִיבָ֣ם 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **dispute** in [15:18](../15/18.md). 23:12 mpsa [23:12](../23/12.md) is Saying 11 of the 30 “words of the wise ones.” 23:12 ipfy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis הָבִ֣יאָה לַמּוּסָ֣ר לִבֶּ֑ךָ וְ֝אָזְנֶ֗ךָ לְאִמְרֵי־דָֽעַת 1 The writer is leaving out a word in the second clause that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply the word from the first clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “Bring your heart to correction and bring your ear to words of knowledge” 23:12 a7oi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism הָבִ֣יאָה לַמּוּסָ֣ר לִבֶּ֑ךָ וְ֝אָזְנֶ֗ךָ לְאִמְרֵי־דָֽעַת 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Bring your heart to correction; yes, bring your ear to words of knowledge” 23:12 pgj6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom הָבִ֣יאָה לַמּוּסָ֣ר לִבֶּ֑ךָ 1 Here, **bring your heart to** is an idiom that means “think carefully about.” The word **heart** here refers to a person’s mind, as in [2:2](../02/02.md). If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. See how you translated the same use of the phrase “set your heart to” in [22:17](../22/17.md). Alternate translation: “Think carefully about correction” 23:12 v2r3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns לַמּוּסָ֣ר 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **correction** in [3:11](../03/11.md). 23:12 jul6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְ֝אָזְנֶ֗ךָ 1 See how you translated the same use of **ear** in [22:17](../22/17.md). 23:12 gn45 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession לְאִמְרֵי־דָֽעַת 1 See how you translated **words of knowledge** in [19:27](../19/27.md). 23:13 uhz1 [23:13](../23/13.md)–[14](../23/14.md) is Saying 12 of the 30 “words of the wise ones.” 23:13 r8dq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אַל־תִּמְנַ֣ע & מוּסָ֑ר 1 Here, the writer speaks of refusing to **discipline** a child as if **discipline** were an object that a parent refuses to give to his child. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Do not hold back discipline” 23:13 qfa7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מוּסָ֑ר 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **discipline** in [13:24](../13/24.md). 23:13 xirt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מִנַּ֣עַר & תַכֶּ֥נּוּ & לֹ֣א יָמֽוּת 1 Here, **a boy**, **him**, and **he** refer to children in general, not to a specific **boy**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. See how you translated the same use of **boy** and **he** in [22:6](../22/06.md). Alternate translation: “from any child … you strike that child … that child will not die” 23:13 uavh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit תַכֶּ֥נּוּ בַ֝שֵּׁ֗בֶט 1 This phrase refers to a form of punishment that involved hitting a person with a **rod**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a general expression for physical punishment. Alternate translation: “you punish him physically” or “you punish him by hitting him with a rod” 23:14 jx2r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בַּשֵּׁ֣בֶט תַּכֶּ֑נּוּ 1 See how you translated this phrase in the previous verse. 23:14 n86g rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וְ֝נַפְשׁ֗וֹ & תַּצִּֽיל 1 Here, **and** introduces the result of obeying the command stated in the previous clause. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate results. You may need to start a new sentence. Alternate translation: “If you do these things, then you will rescue his life” or “This will result in you rescuing his life” 23:14 fwe9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ֝נַפְשׁ֗וֹ מִשְּׁא֥וֹל תַּצִּֽיל 1 Here, the writer speaks of someone preventing his child from dying as if he were rescuing **his life from Sheol**, which is the place where people’s spirits go when they die. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and you will keep him alive” 23:15 c9zs [23:15](../23/15.md)–[16](../23/16.md) is Saying 13 of the 30 “words of the wise ones.” 23:15 p7th rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בְּ֭נִי 1 See how you translated the same use of this phrase in [1:8](../01/08.md). 23:15 wwa4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לִבֶּ֑ךָ & לִבִּ֣י 1 In this verse, **heart** refers to the whole person. See how you translated the same use of **heart** in [14:10](../14/10.md). 23:16 mx6i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche כִלְיוֹתָ֑י 1 Here, **inner parts** refers to the whole person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly, as in the UST. 23:16 sij3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche שְׂ֝פָתֶ֗יךָ 1 Here, **lips** refers to the whole person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly, as in the UST. 23:17 bxdp [23:17](../23/17.md)–[18](../23/18.md) is Saying 14 of the 30 “words of the wise ones.” 23:17 zgy6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לִ֭בְּךָ 1 Here, **heart** refers to the whole person. See how you translated the same use of **heart** in [14:10](../14/10.md). 23:17 nh9x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis כִּ֥י אִם־בְּיִרְאַת־יְ֝הוָ֗ה 1 The writer is leaving out a word that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply this word from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “but rather, continue in the fear of Yahweh” or "but rather, let your heart be in the fear of Yahweh" 23:17 jzab rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בְּיִרְאַת־יְ֝הוָ֗ה 1 See how you translated **the fear of Yahweh** in [1:7](../01/07.md). 23:18 ld0g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit כִּ֭י אִם־יֵ֣שׁ אַחֲרִ֑ית 1 Here the writer implies that the contents of the verse are true if the person has “the fear of Yahweh” mentioned in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “If you have the fear of Yahweh, then surely there is a future” 23:18 lfbd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יֵ֣שׁ אַחֲרִ֑ית 1 Here, the writer implies that the **future** is good and is for the person addressed as **your** in the next clause. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “there is a good future for you” 23:18 d3fz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וְ֝תִקְוָתְךָ֗ לֹ֣א תִכָּרֵֽת 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The context implies that Yahweh will do the action. Alternate translation: “and Yahweh will not cut off your hope” 23:18 vqe3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וְ֝תִקְוָתְךָ֗ 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **hope** in [10:28](../10/28.md). 23:18 gu9z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לֹ֣א תִכָּרֵֽת 1 Here, the writer speaks of hope as if it were an object that could be cut off. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will not remain unfulfilled” or “will not fail to become reality” 23:18 uxul rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes לֹ֣א תִכָּרֵֽת 1 The writer is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, **not**, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meaning. Alternate translation: “will surely become reality” 23:19 jwu3 [23:19](../23/19.md)–[21](../23/21.md) is Saying 15 of the 30 “words of the wise ones.” 23:19 kgog rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בְנִ֣י 1 See how you translated the same use of **son** in [1:8](../01/08.md). 23:19 r8w2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal וַחֲכָ֑ם 1 Here, **and** indicates that what follows is the purpose for doing what the writer commands his **son** to do in this verse. Use a connector in your language that indicates a purpose. See how you translated this phrase in [6:6](../06/06.md). 23:19 jg2g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְאַשֵּׁ֖ר בַּדֶּ֣רֶךְ לִבֶּֽךָ 1 Here the writer refers to a person deciding to think about the right way to behave as if that person were leading his **heart** to go on a certain path. The word **heart** here refers to a person’s mind, as in [2:2](../02/02.md), and **way** refers to right human behavior. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and decide to think about right behavior” 23:20 xyh0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אַל־תְּהִ֥י בְסֹֽבְאֵי 1 See how you translated the same use of **Do not be among** in [22:26](../22/26.md). 23:20 sag8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis בְּזֹלֲלֵ֖י בָשָׂ֣ר 1 The writer is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and do not be among gluttonous eaters of flesh” 23:20 ssxn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche בָשָׂ֣ר 1 Here, **flesh** refers to meat, which is animal **flesh**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly, as in the UST. 23:21 kz43 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun סֹבֵ֣א וְ֭זוֹלֵל 1 Here, **one who drinks much** and **one who eats gluttonously** refer to types of people in general, not to specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any person who drinks much and any person who eats gluttonously” 23:21 u544 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit סֹבֵ֣א וְ֭זוֹלֵל 1 The writer implies that these people drink too much wine and gluttonously eat too much meat. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. See how you translated the similar phrases “drinkers of much wine” and “gluttonous eaters of flesh” in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “one who drinks too much wine and one who gluttonously eats too much meat” 23:21 oavg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification וּ֝קְרָעִ֗ים תַּלְבִּ֥ישׁ נוּמָֽה 1 Here, the writer refers to people becoming poor because they sleep too much as if **slumber** were a person who clothes those people **with rags**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and they will be clothed with rags because they slept too much” 23:21 riow rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וּ֝קְרָעִ֗ים תַּלְבִּ֥ישׁ נוּמָֽה 1 Here, **clothe with rags** indicates that a person is so poor that they only have **rags** for clothing. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and slumber will make one so poor that he only has rags to wear” 23:22 figy [23:22](../23/22.md)–[25](../23/25.md) is Saying 16 of the 30 “words of the wise ones.” 23:23 zp6m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֱמֶ֣ת קְ֭נֵה וְאַל־תִּמְכֹּ֑ר 1 Here the writer speaks of learning and remembering **truth** as if it were an object that someone can **Acquire** and **sell**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Learn truth and do not forget it” 23:23 aooc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns אֱמֶ֣ת & חָכְמָ֖ה וּמוּסָ֣ר וּבִינָֽה 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **truth** in [8:7](../08/07.md) and **wisdom**, **instruction**, and **understanding** in [1:2](../01/02.md). 23:23 yhtr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes וְאַל־תִּמְכֹּ֑ר 1 The writer is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, **not**, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meaning. Alternate translation: “and keep it” 23:23 i6cc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis חָכְמָ֖ה וּמוּסָ֣ר וּבִינָֽה 1 The writer is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and acquire wisdom and instruction and understanding” 23:24 rity rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism גִּ֣יל יָ֭גִיל אֲבִ֣י צַדִּ֑יק וְיוֹלֵ֥ד חָ֝כָ֗ם יִשְׂמַח־בּֽוֹ 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “The father of a righteous one, rejoicing, will rejoice; yes, one who begets a wise one, he will be glad in him” 23:24 rzg3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אֲבִ֣י צַדִּ֑יק וְיוֹלֵ֥ד חָ֝כָ֗ם & בּֽוֹ 1 **The father**, **a righteous one**, **one who begets**, **a wise one**, and **him** refer to types of people in general, not to specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any father of any righteous person … and any person who begets any wise person … in that person” 23:24 qls1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-reduplication גִּ֣יל יָ֭גִיל 1 The writer is repeating the verb **rejoice** in order to intensify the idea that it expresses. If your language can repeat words for intensification, it would be appropriate to do that here in your translation. If not, your language may have another way of expressing the emphasis. Alternate translation: “he will greatly rejoice” 23:24 b6a9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result בּֽוֹ 1 The word translated as **in** indicates that what follows is the reason for what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “on account of him” 23:25 wtse rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism יִֽשְׂמַח־אָבִ֥יךָ וְאִמֶּ֑ךָ וְ֝תָגֵ֗ל יֽוֹלַדְתֶּֽךָ 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “May your father and your mother be glad; yes, may she who bore you rejoice” 23:25 m9q7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative יִֽשְׂמַח־אָבִ֥יךָ וְאִמֶּ֑ךָ וְ֝תָגֵ֗ל יֽוֹלַדְתֶּֽךָ 1 The writer is using an appeal statement to give a command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command form. Alternate translation: “Cause your father and your mother to be glad, and cause she who bore you to rejoice” 23:25 ao7k rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result יִֽשְׂמַח־אָבִ֥יךָ וְאִמֶּ֑ךָ 1 This verse states the intended result of what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is what should be the result of what came before. Alternate translation: “Therefore, may your father and your mother be glad” 23:26 c77m [23:26](../23/26.md)–[28](../23/28.md) is Saying 17 of the 30 “words of the wise ones.” 23:26 ds3t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor תְּנָֽה & לִבְּךָ֣ לִ֑י 1 Here, the writer refers to paying careful attention to someone as if the **son** were to **give** his **heart** to him. The word **heart** here refers to a person’s mind, as in [2:2](../02/02.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “pay careful attention to me” 23:26 s0t5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative וְ֝עֵינֶ֗יךָ דְּרָכַ֥י תִּצֹּֽרְנָה 1 The writer is using an appeal statement to give a command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command form. Alternate translation: “and make your eyes watch my ways” 23:26 zdk9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche וְ֝עֵינֶ֗יךָ & תִּצֹּֽרְנָה 1 Here, **eyes** represent the whole person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and may you look carefully at” 23:26 me0c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דְּרָכַ֥י 1 See how you translated the same use of **ways** in [3:6](../03/06.md). 23:27 b64j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism כִּֽי־שׁוּחָ֣ה עֲמֻקָּ֣ה זוֹנָ֑ה וּבְאֵ֥ר צָ֝רָ֗ה נָכְרִיָּֽה 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “For a prostitute is a deep pit: yes, a foreign woman is a narrow well” 23:27 squ9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun שׁוּחָ֣ה עֲמֻקָּ֣ה זוֹנָ֑ה וּבְאֵ֥ר צָ֝רָ֗ה נָכְרִיָּֽה 1 Here, **a prostitute**, **a deep pit**, **a foreign woman**, and **a narrow well** refer to these things and types of people in general, not to specific things or people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any prostitute is a deep pit, and any foreign woman is a narrow well” 23:27 y9ln rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שׁוּחָ֣ה עֲמֻקָּ֣ה 1 See how you translated this phrase in [22:14](../22/14.md). 23:27 i17l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נָכְרִיָּֽה 1 See how you translated this phrase in [2:16](../02/16.md). 23:27 zt34 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּבְאֵ֥ר צָ֝רָ֗ה 1 Here, the writer speaks of the inescapable danger of **a foreign woman** as if she were a **narrow well** that a person could fall into and not get out of. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “and … is dangerous” or “and … is dangerous like a narrow well” 23:28 acrj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile הִ֭יא כְּחֶ֣תֶף תֶּֽאֱרֹ֑ב 1 Here, the writer compares a prostitute to a **robber** who **lies in wait** because she wants to get the man’s money. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. See how you translated **lies in wait** in [7:12](../07/12.md). Alternate translation: “she herself lies in wait like a robber to steal a man’s money ” 23:28 r31o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns הִ֭יא & תֶּֽאֱרֹ֑ב 1 The writer uses the word **herself** to emphasize who it is who harms men. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this significance. Alternate translation: “she is the very one who lies in wait” 23:28 x4yu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ֝בוֹגְדִ֗ים & תּוֹסִֽף 1 Here the writer speaks of a prostitute causing men to act unfaithfully as if she were adding them to a group of **treacherous ones**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and she causes more men to become treacherous” 23:28 d1kh rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns בְּאָדָ֥ם 1 In this verse, the word **man** is singular in form, but it refers to all men as a group. If it would be helpful in your language, you could say this plainly, as in the UST. 23:29 hvmg [23:29](../23/29.md)–[35](../23/35.md) is Saying 18 of the 30 “words of the wise ones.” 23:29 l7du rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion לְמִ֨י א֥וֹי לְמִ֪י אֲב֡וֹי לְמִ֤י מדונים ׀ לְמִ֥י שִׂ֗יחַ לְ֭מִי פְּצָעִ֣ים חִנָּ֑ם לְ֝מִ֗י חַכְלִל֥וּת עֵינָֽיִם 1 The writer uses these questions to prepare the reader for the point he is about to make about “those who linger over wine” in the next verse. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “I will tell you what kind of person has woe, sorrow, quarrels, lament, wounds without reason, and dullness of eyes.” 23:29 baid rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns לְמִ֨י א֥וֹי לְמִ֪י אֲב֡וֹי לְמִ֤י מדונים ׀ לְמִ֥י שִׂ֗יחַ 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **woe**, **sorrow**, **quarrels**, and **lament**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “Who is woeful? Who is sorrowful? Who is quarrelsome? Who laments?” 23:29 yw3q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit חַכְלִל֥וּת עֵינָֽיִם 1 The phrase **dullness of eyes** refers to **eyes** that look red because a person drank too much alcohol. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “is red eyes, like the color of blood” or “is bloodshot eyes” 23:30 kqg7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לַֽמְאַחֲרִ֥ים עַל־הַיָּ֑יִן 1 This verse answers the rhetorical questions in the previous verse. If you did not use questions in the previous verse, then you may need to adjust this sentence. Alternate translation: “The kind of people who do these things are those who linger over wine” 23:30 g2tp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לַֽמְאַחֲרִ֥ים עַל־הַיָּ֑יִן 1 Here the writer refers to people who spend a lot of time drinking a lot of wine as if they were lingering **over wine**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “For those who spend many hours drinking wine” or “For those who drink more and more wine” 23:30 t96n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לַ֝בָּאִ֗ים לַחְקֹ֥ר מִמְסָֽךְ 1 Here, the writer implies that these people **search out mixed wine** in order to drink it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “for those coming to search out and drink mixed wine” 23:30 qrqd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מִמְסָֽךְ 1 In ancient Israel, people often prepared **wine** for drinking by mixing it with water. See how you translated “mixed her wine” in [9:2](../09/02.md) and the similar expression in [9:5](../09/05.md). 23:31 v5x1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אַל־תֵּ֥רֶא 1 Here, **look at** implies looking at with pleasure or with the desire to drink the **wine**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Do not look with desire for” or "Do not gaze with desire at" 23:31 u5q1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast כִּ֪י יִתְאַ֫דָּ֥ם כִּֽי־יִתֵּ֣ן בַּכּ֣וֹס עֵינ֑וֹ יִ֝תְהַלֵּ֗ךְ בְּמֵישָׁרִֽים 1 These three clauses give reasons why someone is tempted to drink **wine**, in contrast to the command to **not look at** it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this contrast more explicit. Alternate translation: “despite it being red, giving its eye in the cup, and going with evenness” 23:31 ducn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom יִתֵּ֣ן בַּכּ֣וֹס עֵינ֑וֹ 1 The phrase **it gives eye** refers to the way **wine** gleams or reflects light inside a **cup**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “it gleams in the cup” 23:31 pcbf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יִ֝תְהַלֵּ֗ךְ בְּמֵישָׁרִֽים 1 Here, the writer implies that the **wine goes** down a person’s throat smoothly when he drinks it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “it flows down one’s through smoothly” 23:32 ip9z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism אַ֭חֲרִיתוֹ כְּנָחָ֣שׁ יִשָּׁ֑ךְ וּֽכְצִפְעֹנִ֥י יַפְרִֽשׁ 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Its end bites like a snake; yes, it stings like a viper” 23:32 t2m5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אַ֭חֲרִיתוֹ 1 **Its end** refers to the result of drinking too much wine. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “The result of drinking too much of it” 23:32 lpa4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כְּנָחָ֣שׁ יִשָּׁ֑ךְ 1 The writer is saying that the result of drinking too much wine is **like a snake** biting the person, because it harms that person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “is harm” or “harms the person” 23:32 cr4n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile וּֽכְצִפְעֹנִ֥י יַפְרִֽשׁ 1 The writer is saying that the result of drinking too much wine is **like a viper** stinging the person, because it harms that person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “and it harms the person” 23:33-35 ser4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עֵ֭ינֶיךָ יִרְא֣וּ זָר֑וֹת 1 The writer implies that what is described in these verses is what someone experiences when he drinks too much alcohol. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “These things will happen if you drink too much wine: your eyes will see strange things” 23:33 qfg7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche עֵ֭ינֶיךָ & וְ֝לִבְּךָ֗ 1 In this verse, **eyes** refers to the whole person. See how you translated the same use of **eyes** in [23:26](../23/26.md). 23:33 feum rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche וְ֝לִבְּךָ֗ יְדַבֵּ֥ר תַּהְפֻּכֽוֹת 1 Here, **heart** could refer to: (1) the whole person, as in [12:23](../12/23.md) and the UST. (2) the person’s mind, in which case the mind would be speaking to itself. Alternate translation: “and your mind will tell you confusing things” or “and your mind will be confused” 23:34 ezl8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism וְ֭הָיִיתָ כְּשֹׁכֵ֣ב בְּלֶב־יָ֑ם וּ֝כְשֹׁכֵ֗ב בְּרֹ֣אשׁ חִבֵּֽל 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “And you will be like one who lies down in the heart of the sea; yes, like one who lies down at the head of a mast” 23:34 s7qb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כְּשֹׁכֵ֣ב בְּלֶב־יָ֑ם 1 The writer is saying that a drunk person is like someone **who lies down in the heart of the sea** because that person feels dizzy, nauseous, and unsteady, like someone on a boat in the middle of the ocean. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “dizzy and nauseous” 23:34 owzj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּלֶב־יָ֑ם 1 Here, **heart** refers to the middle of **the sea**, which is far away from land. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in the middle of the sea” or “far out in the ocean” 23:34 q7lv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile וּ֝כְשֹׁכֵ֗ב בְּרֹ֣אשׁ חִבֵּֽל 1 The writer is saying that a drunk person is like someone **who lies down at the head of a mast**, because that person feels dizzy and stumbles like someone who sways back and forth at the top of the mast of a ship in the ocean. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “and swaying from side to side” 23:34 lxy2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown בְּרֹ֣אשׁ חִבֵּֽל 1 The phrase **head of a mast** refers to the top of a long, wooden pole to which a very large cloth, called a sail, was attached. Wind blown into the sail propelled the ship. The top of the mast would sway back and forth more than any other part of the ship, so someone **at the head of a mast** could easily become dizzy. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of mast, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “at the highest point on a ship” 23:35 c4na rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations הִכּ֥וּנִי 1 This verse describes what a drunk person would say; that person was referred to as “you” in the previous two verses. If it would be helpful in your language, you could indicate this with quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. 23:35 kzm5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast הִכּ֥וּנִי בַל־חָלִיתִי֮ 1 The drunk person implies a strong contrast between the first clause and the second. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a contrast. Alternate translation: “They struck me. However, I was not hurt” 23:35 tze3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast הֲלָמ֗וּנִי בַּל־יָ֫דָ֥עְתִּי 1 The drunk person implies a strong contrast between the first clause and the second. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a contrast. Alternate translation: “They beat me. However, I did not know” 23:35 d953 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion מָתַ֥י אָקִ֑יץ 1 The drunk person uses a question in order to emphasize his desire to be **awake**. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “I want to wake up!” 23:35 d6ej rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מָתַ֥י אָקִ֑יץ 1 Here, **wake up** refers to the drunk person becoming sober again. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “When will I become sober” 23:35 lesx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit א֝וֹסִ֗יף אֲבַקְשֶׁ֥נּוּ עֽוֹד 1 The words **add** and **seek it again** express a single idea. The word **add** emphasizes the repetition of seeking more wine to drink. If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this meaning in a different way. Alternate translation: “I will seek it yet again” 23:35 r9kx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אֲבַקְשֶׁ֥נּוּ עֽוֹד 1 The drunk person implies that he will **seek** more wine and drink it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “I will seek wine to drink again” 24:intro nl8m 0 # Proverbs 24 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n4. Sayings from wise men (22:17–24:22)\n * Introduction to the sayings (22:17–21)\n * The sayings (22:22–24:22)\n5. More sayings from wise men (24:23–34)\n\n[24:1](../24/01.md)–[22](../24/22.md) finishes the section of 30 sayings by “the wise ones” that began in [22:22](../22/22.md). This section mostly contains longer proverbs, except for [24:7](../24/07.md) and [24:10](../24/10.md).\n\n[24:23](../24/23.md)–[34](../24/34.md) contain an additional short collection of sayings by “the wise ones.” This section contains proverbs of varying lengths, the longest being [24:30](../24/30.md)–[34](../24/34.md). 24:1 d1dq 0 [24:1](../24/01.md)–[2](../24/02.md) is Saying 19 of the 30 “words of the wise ones.” 24:1 wcy4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בְּאַנְשֵׁ֣י רָעָ֑ה 1 Here the writer is using the possessive form to describe **men** who are characterized by **evil**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “of evil men” 24:1 el7h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בְּאַנְשֵׁ֣י 1 Although the term **men** is masculine, the writer is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “of people of” 24:2 m8px יֶהְגֶּ֣ה לִבָּ֑ם 1 Although **heart** is singular, it refers to all the hearts of the people who plot **violence**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use the plural form. Alternate translation: “their hearts plot” 24:2 dw7g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לִבָּ֑ם & שִׂפְתֵיהֶ֥ם 1 Here, **hearts** and **lips** refer to the whole person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly, as in the UST. 24:2 es5l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns שֹׁ֭ד 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **violence** in [3:31](../03/31.md). 24:2 w47q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וְ֝עָמָ֗ל 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **trouble**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “and … what troubles people” 24:3 f9id [24:3](../24/03.md)–[4](../24/04.md) is Saying 20 of the 30 “words of the wise ones.” 24:3 hiy4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְּ֭חָכְמָה & וּ֝בִתְבוּנָ֗ה 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **wisdom** and **understanding** in [1:2](../01/02.md). 24:3 q4cp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יִבָּ֣נֶה בָּ֑יִת & יִתְכּוֹנָֽן 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “someone builds a house … someone establishes it” 24:3 mq3v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יִתְכּוֹנָֽן 1 Here, the word translated as **established** refers to being stable and secure. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “it is secure” 24:4 ry4y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וּ֭בְדַעַת 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **knowledge** in [1:4](../01/04.md). 24:4 qs01 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive חֲדָרִ֣ים יִמָּלְא֑וּ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “someone fills the rooms” 24:4 olo1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit חֲדָרִ֣ים 1 The writer implies that these are **the rooms** in the house described in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the rooms of that house” 24:5 lfm0 0 [24:5](../24/05.md)–[6](../24/06.md) is Saying 21 of the 30 “words of the wise ones.” 24:5 otjk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations גֶּֽבֶר־חָכָ֥ם & וְאִֽישׁ־דַּ֝֗עַת 1 Although the term **man** is masculine, the writer is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “Any person of wisdom … and any person of knowledge” 24:5 x64e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession גֶּֽבֶר־חָכָ֥ם 1 Here, the writer is using the possessive form to describe a **man** who is characterized by **wisdom**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “A wise man” 24:5 my2f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חָכָ֥ם בַּע֑וֹז & דַּ֝֗עַת & כֹּֽחַ 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **wisdom**, **strength**, **knowledge**, and **power**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. See how you translated **wisdom** in [1:2](../01/02.md) and **knowledge** in [1:4](../01/04.md). Alternate translation: “what is wise is with what is strong … what is knowledgeable … what is powerful” 24:5 ycd2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וְאִֽישׁ־דַּ֝֗עַת 1 Here, the writer is using the possessive form to describe a **man** who is characterized by **knowledge**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “and a knowledgeable man” 24:6 e43z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְ֭תַחְבֻּלוֹת 1 See how you translated **guidance** in [20:18](../20/18.md). 24:6 m7xx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit תַּעֲשֶׂה־לְּךָ֣ מִלְחָמָ֑ה 1 The writer implies fighting a successful **war**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “you successfully make war for yourself” 24:6 nll1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ֝תְשׁוּעָ֗ה בְּרֹ֣ב יוֹעֵֽץ 1 See how you translated the same clause in [11:14](../11/14.md). 24:7 krxt 0 [24:7](../24/07.md) is Saying 22 of the 30 “words of the wise ones.” 24:7 r9t9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom רָאמ֣וֹת לֶֽאֱוִ֣יל 1 Here, **high** is an idiom that means “too difficult to understand.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “are over the head of a fool” or “are too difficult for a fool to understand” 24:7 jus1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun לֶֽאֱוִ֣יל & לֹ֣א יִפְתַּח־פִּֽיהוּ 1 Here, **a fool**, **he**, and **his** represent fools in general, not a specific **fool**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “for any fool … that person will not open that person’s own mouth” 24:7 wny8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בַּ֝שַּׁ֗עַר 1 See how you translated the same use of **gate** in [22:22](../22/22.md). 24:7 e2pv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לֹ֣א יִפְתַּח־פִּֽיהוּ 1 Here, **open his mouth** refers to a person speaking. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he will not speak” 24:8 a5cj 0 [24:8](../24/08.md)–[9](../24/09.md) is Saying 23 of the 30 “words of the wise ones.” 24:8 qfes rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מְחַשֵּׁ֥ב & ל֝֗וֹ 1 **One who plans** and **him** represent a type of person in general, not a specific person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who plans … that person” 24:8 j0if rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns לְהָרֵ֑עַ 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **evil** in [1:16](../01/16.md). 24:8 f9l9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בַּֽעַל־מְזִמּ֥וֹת 1 Here the writer refers to a person who has many **schemes** as **an owner of schemes**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “a person with many schemes” or “a troublemaker” 24:9 tto5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun זִמַּ֣ת אִוֶּ֣לֶת & לֵֽץ 1 **A scheme of folly** and **a mocker** refer to schemes and mockers in general, not a specific **scheme** or **mocker**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any scheme of folly … any mocker” 24:9 q23j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession זִמַּ֣ת אִוֶּ֣לֶת 1 Here, the writer is using the possessive form to describe a **scheme** that is characterized by **folly**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “A scheme characterized by folly” 24:9 f98i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns אִוֶּ֣לֶת & וְתוֹעֲבַ֖ת 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **folly** in [5:23](../05/23.md) and **abomination** in [3:32](../03/32.md). 24:9 kjtu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun לְאָדָ֣ם 1 The word **man** represents people in general, not one particular **man**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “to mankind” 24:10 eko6 0 [24:10](../24/10.md) is Saying 24 of the 30 “words of the wise ones.” 24:10 spnp הִ֭תְרַפִּיתָ 1 Alternate translation: “If you falter” 24:10 vioj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun בְּי֥וֹם צָרָ֗ה 1 Here, **the day of distress** refers to this type of **day** in general, not a particular **day of distress**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “in any day of distress” 24:10 kxb8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּי֥וֹם צָרָ֗ה 1 Here, **day** refers to a point in time when something happens. It does not refer to a 24-hour length of time. See how you translated the same use of **day** in [21:31](../21/31.md). 24:10 xwur rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns צָרָ֗ה & כֹּחֶֽכָה 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **distress** in [1:27](../01/27.md) and **strength** in [5:10](../05/10.md). 24:10 dbq1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy צַ֣ר 1 Here, the writer refers to **your strength** being restricted or limited as if it were **narrow**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is restrained” 24:11 in3v 0 [24:11](../24/11.md)–[12](../24/12.md) is Saying 25 of the 30 “words of the wise ones.” 24:11 tqxi rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry הַ֭צֵּל לְקֻחִ֣ים לַמָּ֑וֶת וּמָטִ֥ים לַ֝הֶ֗רֶג אִם־תַּחְשֽׂוֹךְ 1 The two clauses in this verse say the same thing, but the phrases in the second clause are in reverse order. This is a literary device called a chiasm. Here, the writer uses chiasm to emphasize the importance of rescuing these people. See the discussion of chiasms in the [book introduction](../front/intro.md). 24:11 fxjs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לְקֻחִ֣ים לַמָּ֑וֶת וּמָטִ֥ים לַ֝הֶ֗רֶג 1 The writer implies that these people are wrongfully **taken to the death** and **stagger to the slaughter**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “those who are wrongfully take to the death, and those who stagger to wrongful slaughter” 24:11 xc8k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive לְקֻחִ֣ים 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “those whom people take” 24:11 n8k2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns לַמָּ֑וֶת & לַ֝הֶ֗רֶג 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **death** in [2:18](../02/18.md) and **slaughter** in [7:22](../07/22.md). 24:11 ux7f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure וּמָטִ֥ים לַ֝הֶ֗רֶג אִם־תַּחְשֽׂוֹךְ 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could change the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “and if only you would hold back those who stagger to the slaughter” 24:11 ru95 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative אִם־תַּחְשֽׂוֹךְ 1 The writer is using a conditional statement to give a plea or command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a plea or command form. Alternate translation: “I beg you to hold back” or “you must hold back” 24:11 jm1c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אִם־תַּחְשֽׂוֹךְ 1 Here, the writer refers to preventing the **slaughter** of these people as if one were holding them back from going to the place where they would be killed. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “if only you would stop it” or “you must stop it” 24:12 kk0m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit כִּֽי־תֹאמַ֗ר 1 Here, the writer implies that the speaker did **know** and is lying. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “If you lie by saying” 24:12 k5el rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations תֹאמַ֗ר הֵן֮ לֹא־יָדַ֪עְנ֫וּ 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “you say that, behold, you did not know this” 24:12 akd7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הֵן֮ 1 The speaker is using the term **Behold** to focus attention on what he is about to say, which is an objection to an unspoken accusation. Your language may have a comparable expression that you could use in your translation. Alternate translation: “Listen” or “We have done nothing wrong” 24:12 te8f rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns זֶ֥ה 1 Here, **this** refers to what is happening to “those who are taken for the death,” who are also “those who stagger to the slaughter” mentioned in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “that those people were being taken to die” or “that those people were being unjustly killed” 24:12 yi61 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֲֽלֹא־תֹ֘כֵ֤ן לִבּ֨וֹת ׀ הֽוּא־יָבִ֗ין וְנֹצֵ֣ר נַ֭פְשְׁךָ ה֣וּא יֵדָ֑ע וְהֵשִׁ֖יב לְאָדָ֣ם כְּפָעֳלֽוֹ 1 The writer is using the question form to emphasize the truth of what he is saying. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “he, the examiner of hearts, surely understands, and he, the guard of your life, surely knows, and he will surely give back to a man according to his work!” 24:12 zda4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns הֲֽלֹא־תֹ֘כֵ֤ן לִבּ֨וֹת ׀ הֽוּא־יָבִ֗ין וְנֹצֵ֣ר נַ֭פְשְׁךָ ה֣וּא יֵדָ֑ע וְהֵשִׁ֖יב 1 In this verse, **he** refers to Yahweh. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “does not Yahweh, the examiner of hearts, understand, and Yahweh, the guard of your life, know; and Yahweh will give back” 24:12 uj4n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor תֹ֘כֵ֤ן לִבּ֨וֹת 1 Here, the writer speaks of one who discerns what people are thinking as if he were an **examiner of hearts**. The word **hearts** here refers to human minds, as in [15:11](../15/11.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the discerner of minds” 24:12 yuyw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְנֹצֵ֣ר נַ֭פְשְׁךָ ה֣וּא 1 Here, the writer speaks of someone who keeps a person alive as if he were **the guard** of that person’s **life**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and he, the one who preserves your life” 24:12 p0wc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְהֵשִׁ֖יב לְאָדָ֣ם 1 Here, the writer refers to Yahweh causing **a man** to receive what he deserves for **his work** as if Yahweh were giving something **back** to that **man**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And he will make sure a man receives what is due to him” 24:12 m55q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations לְאָדָ֣ם כְּפָעֳלֽוֹ 1 Although **man** and **he** are masculine, the writer is using these words in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use phrases that make this clear. Alternate translation: “a person according to that person’s work” 24:13 sb5m 0 [24:13](../24/13.md)–[14](../24/14.md) is Saying 26 of the 30 “words of the wise ones.” 24:13 ucwr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בְּנִ֣י 1 See how you translated the same use of **son** in [10:1](../10/01.md). 24:14 t4us rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כֵּ֤ן 1 Here, **thus** indicates that the writer is comparing **wisdom** with honey, which was mentioned in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “is similar to honey” 24:14 n5b5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חָכְמָ֗ה 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **wisdom** in [1:2](../01/02.md). 24:14 t0wr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לְנַ֫פְשֶׁ֥ךָ 1 See how you translated the same use of **soul** in [2:10](../02/10.md). 24:14 p0q9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מָ֭צָאתָ 1 See how you translated the same use of **find** in [16:20](../16/20.md). 24:14 llvx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְיֵ֣שׁ אַחֲרִ֑ית וְ֝תִקְוָתְךָ֗ לֹ֣א תִכָּרֵֽת 1 See how you translated the same clauses in [23:18](../23/18.md). 24:15 i96h 0 [24:15](../24/15.md)–[16](../24/16.md) is Saying 27 of the 30 “words of the wise ones.” 24:15 ypq5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אַל־תֶּאֱרֹ֣ב רָ֭שָׁע לִנְוֵ֣ה צַדִּ֑יק 1 Here, the writer implies that someone would l**lie in wait** in order to attack **the abode of the righteous one**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Do not lie in wait like a wicked one to attack the abode of the righteous one” 24:15 s1ww rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun רָ֭שָׁע & צַדִּ֑יק 1 See how you translated **a wicked one** in [9:9](../09/09.md) and **the righteous one** in [10:3](../10/03.md). 24:16 jrm7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שֶׁ֨בַע 1 Here, **seven times** is used to refer to multiple occurrences in general, not specifically **seven**. In Hebrew, **seven** often symbolizes the idea of completion. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “numerous times” 24:16 wh2n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun צַדִּ֣יק 1 See how you translated **a righteous one** in [9:9](../09/09.md). 24:16 k8ly rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִפּ֣וֹל & וָקָ֑ם 1 Here, the writer speaks of someone experiencing disaster as if that person **falls**, and he speaks of recovering from that disaster as if that person **rises up**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will experience disaster and recover from it” 24:16 u49k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִכָּשְׁל֥וּ בְרָעָֽה 1 Here, the writer speaks of someone experiencing **calamity** as if that person stumbled into it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “experience calamity” 24:16 ze9b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְרָעָֽה 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **calamity** in [1:26](../01/26.md). 24:17 rpu6 0 [24:17](../24/17.md)–[18](../24/18.md) is Saying 28 of the 30 “words of the wise ones.” 24:17 vm5p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism בִּנְפֹ֣ל אֽ֭וֹיִבְךָ אַל־תִּשְׂמָ֑ח וּ֝בִכָּשְׁל֗וֹ אַל־יָגֵ֥ל לִבֶּֽךָ 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “When your enemy falls, do not be glad; yes, when he stumbles, do not let your heart rejoice” 24:17 t9ei rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בִּנְפֹ֣ל אֽ֭וֹיִבְךָ & וּ֝בִכָּשְׁל֗וֹ 1 Here, **falls** and **stumbles** both refer to experiencing disaster. See how you translated the same use of **falls** and “stumble” in the previous verse. 24:17 by2h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לִבֶּֽךָ 1 Here, **heart** refers to the whole person. See how you translated the same use of **heart** in [14:10](../14/10.md). 24:18 kg7o rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result פֶּן־יִרְאֶ֣ה יְ֭הוָה 1 Here, **lest** indicates that what follows is the result of doing what the writer prohibited in the previous verse. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a result for not obeying a prohibition. Alternate translation: “otherwise, Yahweh will see” 24:18 vv5g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִרְאֶ֣ה יְ֭הוָה 1 Here, **see** refers to perceiving something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Yahweh perceive” 24:18 oony rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְרַ֣ע בְּעֵינָ֑יו 1 The phrase **evil in his eyes** refers to having a negative opinion about something or someone. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the similar use of **in his eyes** in [3:4](../03/04.md). Alternate translation: “and he will think negatively of it” 24:18 r4s7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וְהֵשִׁ֖יב 1 Here, **and** introduces the result of something being **evil in his eyes**. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate result. You may need to start a new sentence. Alternate translation: “As a result, he will turn away” 24:18 b18i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְהֵשִׁ֖יב מֵעָלָ֣יו אַפּֽוֹ 1 Here, the writer refers to **Yahweh** ceasing to feel something about someone or to do something to someone as if he were turning **away his nose** from that person. Here, **nose** could refer to: (1) anger, as in [15:1](../15/01.md). Alternate translation: “and he ceases from being angry with him” (2) the punishment **Yahweh** applies to someone with whom he is angry. Alternate translation: “and he ceases punishing him” 24:19 pz3e 0 [24:19](../24/19.md)–[20](../24/20.md) is Saying 29 of the 30 “words of the wise ones.” 24:19 f156 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אַל־תִּתְחַ֥ר 1 Here, **hot** refers to an intense emotion, which causes a person’s body to become **hot**. This emotion could be: (1) worry or anxiety. Alternate translation: “Do not make yourself fret” (2) anger, as does “heat” in [6:34](../06/34.md). Alternate translation: “Do not make yourself angry” 24:20 dbvo rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּ֤י 1 **For** here indicates that what follows is a reason for the commands in the previous verse. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “Do not do these things because” 24:20 jelg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אַחֲרִ֣ית 1 Here, the writer refers to **a future** that is good. See how you translated the same use of **future** in [23:18](../23/18.md). 24:20 s8z1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun לָרָ֑ע 1 See how you translated **an evil one** in [17:11](../17/11.md). 24:20 mmf6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נֵ֖ר רְשָׁעִ֣ים יִדְעָֽךְ 1 See how you translated the same clause in [13:9](../13/09.md). 24:21 j1fr 0 [24:21](../24/21.md)–[22](../24/22.md) is Saying 30 of the 30 “words of the wise ones.” 24:21 qm8k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בְּנִ֣י 1 See how you translated the same use of **son** in [1:8](../01/08.md). 24:21 vvr9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun וָמֶ֑לֶךְ 1 See how you translated **the king** in [16:15](../16/15.md). 24:21 mt2z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שׁ֝וֹנִ֗ים 1 Here, **ones who change** refers to people who **change** from respecting authorities, such as **Yahweh and the king**, to rebelling against them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “ones who rebel” 24:22 t6cv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns אֵידָ֑ם 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **calamity** in [1:26](../01/26.md). 24:22 cjvi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יָק֣וּם 1 Here, the writer speaks of **calamity** occurring as if it were an object that arises. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will occur” 24:22 jzb3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion וּפִ֥יד שְׁ֝נֵיהֶ֗ם מִ֣י יוֹדֵֽעַ 1 The writer is using the question form to emphasize how terrible the **destruction** will be. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “and no one knows how terrible the destruction of the two of them will be!” 24:22 ub7e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שְׁ֝נֵיהֶ֗ם 1 This phrase refers to “Yahweh and the king” mentioned in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Yahweh and the king” 24:23 jq5s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit גַּם־אֵ֥לֶּה לַֽחֲכָמִ֑ים 1 **These** here refers to a new collection of proverbs that continues from this verse to the last verse of this chapter. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “The following proverbs are additional sayings of the wise ones” 24:23 ml44 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom הַֽכֵּר־פָּנִ֖ים 1 **Recognizing faces** is an idiom that means “to show partiality” or “to favor” someone. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. See how you translated the similar use of “lift the face” in [18:5](../18/05.md). Alternate translation: “Giving pride of place to certain people” or “Being partial to certain people” 24:23 m7va rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְּמִשְׁפָּ֣ט 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **judgment**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “when judging” 24:23 njcr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes בַּל־טֽוֹב 1 See how you translated the same use of **not good** in [16:29](../16/29.md). 24:24 kxbv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אֹ֤מֵ֨ר ׀ לְרָשָׁע֮ & יִקְּבֻ֥הוּ & יִזְעָמ֥וּהוּ 1 **One who says**, **the wicked one**, and **him** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who says to any wicked person … will curse that person … will denounce that person” 24:24 ecfp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations אֹ֤מֵ֨ר ׀ לְרָשָׁע֮ צַדִּ֪יק אָ֥תָּה 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “One who says to the wicked one that he is righteous” 24:24 rqty rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לְרָשָׁע֮ צַדִּ֪יק 1 In this verse, **wicked** refers to being guilty of doing something **wicked** and **righteous** refers to being innocent of doing something **wicked**. See how you translated the same use of **wicked** and **righteous** in [17:15](../17/15.md). 24:24 a72x rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns עַמִּ֑ים 1 See how you translated the same use of **peoples** in [14:34](../14/34.md). 24:24 lma6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לְאֻמִּֽים 1 Here, **nations** refers to the people who live in those **nations**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “people of nations” 24:25 xwv5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְלַמּוֹכִיחִ֥ים 1 Here, **the rebukers** refers to judges who rightly condemn guilty people for the wicked things they have done. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “But for those who convict the guilty ones” 24:25 g6a8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns יִנְעָ֑ם 1 Here, **it** refers to the lives of **the rebukers**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “life will be pleasant” 24:25 ufh1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification וַֽ֝עֲלֵיהֶ֗ם תָּב֥וֹא בִרְכַּת־טֽוֹב 1 Here, the writer refers to people experiencing a **blessing** as if it were a person who could **come over** those people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and they will experience a blessing of goodness” 24:25 uy7d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בִרְכַּת־טֽוֹב 1 Here, the writer is using the possessive form to describe a **blessing** that is characterized by **goodness**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “a good blessing” 24:26 p6nz rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction שְׂפָתַ֥יִם יִשָּׁ֑ק 1 Here, kissing someone’s **lips** is a symbolic action to show true friendship and loyalty. If this would not be clear to your readers, you could explain the significance of this action in the text or in a footnote. Alternate translation: “He confirms his loyalty by kissing one’s lips” 24:26 sz6f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom מֵ֝שִׁ֗יב דְּבָרִ֥ים נְכֹחִֽים 1 Here the writer refers to someone speaking an honest reply to someone else as if he were returning **straightforward words**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “who speaks an honest reply” 24:27 w3gn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הָ֘כֵ֤ן בַּח֨וּץ ׀ מְלַאכְתֶּ֗ךָ וְעַתְּדָ֣הּ בַּשָּׂדֶ֣ה לָ֑ךְ 1 While the first clause refers to the **work** a man must to do earn money, the second clause specifically refers to a **field** used for farming. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Do your job outside and prepare your fields for farming” 24:27 m5fn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative אַ֝חַ֗ר וּבָנִ֥יתָ 1 Solomon is using a future statement to give an instruction or command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command or instruction form. Alternate translation: “and after, build” 24:28 gpwg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion וַ֝הֲפִתִּ֗יתָ בִּשְׂפָתֶֽיךָ 1 The writer is using the question form to emphasize what a person should not do. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “And you should surely not deceive with your lips!” 24:28 u5rp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בִּשְׂפָתֶֽיךָ 1 Here, **lips** refers to what people say by using their **lips**. See how you translated the same use of **lips** in [10:18](../10/18.md). Alternate translation: “by what you say” 24:29 hu0f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations אַל־תֹּאמַ֗ר כַּאֲשֶׁ֣ר עָֽשָׂה־לִ֭י כֵּ֤ן אֶֽעֱשֶׂה־לּ֑וֹ אָשִׁ֖יב לָאִ֣ישׁ כְּפָעֳלֽוֹ 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “Do not say that you will do to him just as he did to you, or that you will return to the man according to his deed” 24:29 xens rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations עָֽשָׂה & לּ֑וֹ & לָאִ֣ישׁ כְּפָעֳלֽוֹ 1 Although **he**, **him**, **the man**, and **his** are masculine, the writer is using these words in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use phrases that make this clear. Alternate translation: “a person did … to that person … to that person according to that person’s deed” 24:29 u8un rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עָֽשָׂה & אֶֽעֱשֶׂה & כְּפָעֳלֽוֹ 1 The speaker implies that this **deed** was something bad or harmful to the person speaking. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “he did something bad … I will do something bad … according to his bad deed” 24:30 u1ax 1 Verses [24:30](../24/30.md)–[24:34](../24/34.md) are one long proverb that warns against being lazy. 24:30 gims rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אָדָ֥ם חֲסַר־לֵֽב 1 See how you translated this phrase in [17:18](../17/18.md). 24:31 chw4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְהִנֵּ֨ה 1 Here, **behold** is a term meant to focus the attention of the reader to what is about to happen next in the story. See how you translated the same use of **behold** in [7:10](../07/10.md). 24:31 p4lk עָ֘לָ֤ה כֻלּ֨וֹ ׀ קִמְּשֹׂנִ֗ים 1 Alternate translation: “all of it was overgrown with thorns” or “thorns had grown up everywhere” 24:31 t3cs rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns כֻלּ֨וֹ & פָנָ֣יו 1 Here, **it** and **its** refer to all the land that includes both the field and vineyard mentioned in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “all of that land … that land’s face” 24:31 qj7e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive כָּסּ֣וּ פָנָ֣יו חֲרֻלִּ֑ים 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “weeds covered its face” 24:31 fuwf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy פָנָ֣יו 1 Here, **face** refers to the surface of the ground. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “its surface” 24:31 pmfn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וְגֶ֖דֶר אֲבָנָ֣יו 1 Here the writer is using the possessive form to describe a **wall** that is made of **stones**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “and the wall made of stones” 24:31 i63b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive נֶהֱרָֽסָה 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “had collapsed” 24:32 sfjt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וָֽאֶחֱזֶ֣ה אָ֭נֹכִֽי & רָ֝אִ֗יתִי 1 The writer is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous two verses if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “And I myself looked at that field and vineyard … I saw them” 24:32 mxzi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns וָֽאֶחֱזֶ֣ה אָ֭נֹכִֽי 1 Here, the writer uses the word **myself** to emphasize the significance of his observations about the lazy person’s land. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this significance. Alternate translation: “And I looked with my own eyes” 24:32 d0wu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אָשִׁ֣ית לִבִּ֑י 1 See how you translated the same use of “set your heart” in [22:17](../22/17.md). 24:32 u9za rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns לָקַ֥חְתִּי מוּסָֽר 1 See how you translated the same use of **instruction** in [1:3](../01/03.md). 24:32 ztnm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לָקַ֥חְתִּי מוּסָֽר 1 The writer assumes that his readers will understand that what follows in the next two verses is the **instruction** he refers to here. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “I received the following instruction” or “I learned the following lesson” 24:33 lcjn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis מְעַ֣ט שֵׁ֭נוֹת מְעַ֣ט תְּנוּמ֑וֹת מְעַ֓ט ׀ חִבֻּ֖ק יָדַ֣יִם לִשְׁכָּֽב 1 See how you translated the same clauses in [6:10](../06/10.md). 24:34 d7gx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וּבָֽא־מִתְהַלֵּ֥ךְ רֵישֶׁ֑ךָ וּ֝מַחְסֹרֶ֗יךָ כְּאִ֣ישׁ מָגֵֽן 1 See how you translated the almost identical clauses in [6:11](../06/11.md). 25:intro l94s 0 # Proverbs 25 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n6. Hezekiah’s proverbs from Solomon (25:1–29:27)\n * Warnings and admonitions (25:1–27:27)\n * Contrastive wise sayings (28:1–29:27)\n\nChapter 25 begins the section of the book containing proverbs written by Solomon that were copied by scribes during the reign of Hezekiah. This section contains two parts, the first part in [25:1](../25/01.md)–[27:27](../27/27.md) mostly contains proverbs that warn or admonish.\n\n## Translation Issues in This Chapter\n\n### Parallelism\n\nChapters 25–27 mostly contain proverbs in which the second of two parallel clauses completes, emphasizes, or qualifies the idea of the first clause. Chapter 25 also contains one instance of contrasting parallelism ([25:2](../25/02.md)). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])\n\n### Metaphors\n\nSolomon uses many different metaphors in this chapter to warn his readers against acting unwisely. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 25:1 vnbb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit גַּם־אֵ֭לֶּה מִשְׁלֵ֣י שְׁלֹמֹ֑ה 1 **These** here refers to a new collection of proverbs that continues from this verse to the last verse of chapter 29. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “The following proverbs are additional sayings of Solomon” 25:1 ud20 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession מִשְׁלֵ֣י שְׁלֹמֹ֑ה 1 See how you translated **proverbs of Solomon** in [1:1](../01/01.md). 25:1 xpi6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession אַנְשֵׁ֤י ׀ חִזְקִיָּ֬ה 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe **the men** who served **Hezekiah**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the men who served Hezekiah” 25:1 q9oj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הֶ֝עְתִּ֗יקוּ 1 Here, **copied** implies that **the men of Hezekiah copied** these **proverbs** from a scroll that was written by **Solomon** or one of his scribes. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “copied from a scroll written by Solomon” 25:2 x2ec rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns כְּבֹ֣ד & וּכְבֹ֥ד 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **glory**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “What is glorious about … but what is glorious about” 25:2 a6tw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הַסְתֵּ֣ר דָּבָ֑ר 1 Here Solomon speaks of God making **a matter** mysterious or difficult to understand as if he were hiding it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is to make a matter mysterious” 25:2 cj4p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun דָּבָ֑ר & דָּבָֽר 1 The word **matter** represents matters in general, not one particular **matter**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “any matter … any matter” 25:2 dg6e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor חֲקֹ֣ר דָּבָֽר 1 Here Solomon speaks of **kings** explaining **a matter** that is mysterious or difficult to understand as if they **search** for it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is to explain a mysterious matter” 25:3 b947 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis שָׁמַ֣יִם לָ֭רוּם וָאָ֣רֶץ לָעֹ֑מֶק 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “Heavens are an example of height and earth is an example of depth” 25:3 q5dq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns לָ֭רוּם & לָעֹ֑מֶק 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **height** and **depth**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “for what is high … for what is deep” 25:3 bws0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile וְלֵ֥ב מְ֝לָכִ֗ים 1 Here, **and** indicates that Solomon is comparing what follows to what he said in the previous clause. Solomon is saying that **the heart of kings** is like **Heavens** and **earth** because they are difficult to fully understand. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “in the same way the heart of kings” 25:3 il9m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun וְלֵ֥ב מְ֝לָכִ֗ים 1 The word **heart** represents hearts in general, not one particular **heart**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “and the hearts of kings” 25:3 pnqo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְלֵ֥ב 1 See how you translated the same use of “hearts” in [15:11](../15/11.md). 25:3 ixal rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֵ֣ין חֵֽקֶר 1 Here Solomon speaks of it being difficult to understand **the heart of kings** as if it were something that could not be searched for. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is difficult to comprehend” 25:4 jgm1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown סִיגִ֣ים 1 The word **dross** refers to material in metal that people do not want, so **the refiner** removes the impurities by melting the metal and taking the **dross** out of the melted metal. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of process, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “the unwanted material” 25:4 q3jt rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential וַיֵּצֵ֖א & כֶּֽלִי 1 The word translated **and** at the beginning of this clause indicates that the event in the previous clause happens before the event in the second clause can happen. Use a natural form in your language to introduce the next event in a story. Alternate translation: “before a vessel comes out” or “so then a vessel can come out” 25:4 hzyc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וַיֵּצֵ֖א לַצֹּרֵ֣ף כֶּֽלִי 1 Here Solomon refers to **the refiner** making **a vessel** from the **silver** mentioned in the previous clause as if that **vessel comes out** from the **silver**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and a vessel is made by the refiner” 25:4 lovy rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown לַצֹּרֵ֣ף 1 Here, **the refiner** refers to someone who removes unwanted material from metal by melting the metal and taking the **dross** out of the melted metal. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of person, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “the person who removes unwanted material from metal” 25:5 utzp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile הָג֣וֹ 1 In this verse, Solomon is comparing what follows to what he said in the previous verse. In the same way that “dross” must be removed from silver in order to make a vessel, **a wicked one** must be removed from **before the face of the king** in order for that king’s **throne** to **be established**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “Similarly, remove” or “So also remove” 25:5 vy5w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun רָ֭שָׁע & מֶ֑לֶךְ & כִּסְאֽוֹ 1 Here, **a wicked one**, **the king**, and **his** refer to types of people in general, not to specific people. See how you translated the same use of **a wicked one** in [9:7](../09/07.md) and **the king** and ** his** in [16:13](../16/13.md). 25:5 szro rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לִפְנֵי 1 See how you translated the same use of this phrase in [14:19](../14/19.md). 25:5 vvu5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וְיִכּ֖וֹן בַּצֶּ֣דֶק כִּסְאֽוֹ 1 See how you translated the similar phrase “by righteousness is a throne established” in [16:12](../16/12.md). 25:6 fq5w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism אַל־תִּתְהַדַּ֥ר לִפְנֵי־מֶ֑לֶךְ וּבִמְק֥וֹם גְּ֝דֹלִ֗ים אַֽל־תַּעֲמֹֽד 1 The two clauses in this verse say similar things, but the phrases in the second clause are in reverse order. This is a literary device called a chiasm. Here, the writer does this in order to emphasize the importance of not honoring yourself in front of kings. See the discussion of chiasms in the [book introduction](../front/intro.md). 25:6 qoi5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לִפְנֵי־מֶ֑לֶךְ 1 See how you translated this phrase in the previous verse. 25:6 vcv5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וּבִמְק֥וֹם גְּ֝דֹלִ֗ים אַֽל־תַּעֲמֹֽד 1 This could refer to: (1) considering oneself to be a **great** person who belongs to a group of **great ones**. Alternate translation: “and do not consider yourself to be one of the great ones” or “and do not consider yourself to be a great one” (2) standing among a group of **great ones**. Alternate translation: “and among the great ones do not stand” 25:7 bfqv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis ט֥וֹב אֲמָר־לְךָ֗ 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “it is better for a person to say to you” 25:7 wz9o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations לְךָ֗ עֲֽלֵ֫ה הֵ֥נָּה 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “to you that you should come up there” 25:7 w69g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עֲֽלֵ֫ה הֵ֥נָּה 1 **Come up here** means to move to a place near the king, which is a great honor. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Come up here, near the king” 25:7 qf2z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis מֵֽ֭הַשְׁפִּ֣ילְךָ 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “than for a person to humiliate you” 25:7 zq25 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מֵֽ֭הַשְׁפִּ֣ילְךָ 1 Solomon implies that this humiliation is due to someone telling the person to move farther away from the king in order for more important people to be near him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “than to humiliate you by telling you to distance yourself from the king” 25:7 rb8w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לִפְנֵ֣י 1 See how you translated this phrase in the previous verse. 25:7 v2cr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אֲשֶׁ֖ר רָא֣וּ עֵינֶֽיךָ 1 This clause could refer to: (1) the **noble** mentioned in the previous clause. Alternate translation: “whom your eyes have observed” (2) what someone sees that causes them to begin the dispute mentioned in the next verse, in which case **whom** would be translated as “what,” and this clause would start a new sentence that continues into the next verse. Alternate translation: “What your eyes have witnessed” 25:7 srro rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche עֵינֶֽיךָ 1 Here, **eyes** refers to the whole person. See how you translated the same use of **eyes** in [23:26](../23/26.md). 25:8 jabx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לָרִ֗ב 1 Here, **dispute** refers to arguing a legal case against someone. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “to argue a legal case against your neighbor” 25:8 t9ug rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion מַה־תַּ֭עֲשֶׂה בְּאַחֲרִיתָ֑הּ בְּהַכְלִ֖ים אֹתְךָ֣ רֵעֶֽךָ 1 Solomon is using the question form to make the reader consider what would happen if they lose the **dispute**. The way in which the neighbor might put the reader to shame can be stated plainly. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “you will not know what to do in its end when your neighbor humiliates you!” 25:8 e8kg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּהַכְלִ֖ים אֹתְךָ֣ רֵעֶֽךָ 1 Solomon implies that **your neighbor humiliates you** because **you** lose the legal dispute. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “when you lose and your neighbor humiliates you” 25:9 lgk7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry רִֽ֭יבְךָ רִ֣יב 1 Here, **Dispute your dispute** is an emphatic construction that uses a verb and its object that both come from the same root. You may be able to use the same construction in your language to express the meaning here. Alternatively, your language may have another way of showing the emphasis. 25:9 tnmn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative רִֽ֭יבְךָ רִ֣יב 1 This is an imperative, but it communicates a hypothetical situation. Use a form in your language that communicates this, as in the UST. 25:9 c77l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְס֖וֹד אַחֵ֣ר אַל־תְּגָֽל 1 See how you translated the similar phrase “uncovering a secret” in [11:13](../11/13.md). 25:9 sr7q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְס֖וֹד אַחֵ֣ר אַל־תְּגָֽל 1 Here, **another** could refer to: (1) someone other than **your neighbor**, which would indicate telling someone else’s **secret** to win the **dispute** against one’s **neighbor**. Alternate translation: “and the secret of another person” (2) **your neighbor**. Alternate translation: “and the secret of that neighbor” 25:10 mehv rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result פֶּֽן 1 Here, **lest** indicates that what follows is the result of doing what Solomon prohibited in the previous verse. See how you translated the same use of **lest** in [24:18](../24/18.md). 25:10 uzas rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun שֹׁמֵ֑עַ 1 Here, **one who hears** represents a type of person in general, not one particular person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “anyone hears” 25:10 fr3g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וְ֝דִבָּתְךָ֗ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **rumor**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “and what is rumored about you” 25:10 eedg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification לֹ֣א תָשֽׁוּב 1 Here, Solomon speaks of a **rumor**, meaning the news that a secret has been betrayed, as if it were a person who could turn back and report this news to the betrayed person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “gets back to him” 25:10 b2xt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes לֹ֣א תָשֽׁוּב 1 Solomon is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, **not**, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meaning. Alternate translation: “will keep going” or “will continue to spread” 25:11 qlbj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure תַּפּוּחֵ֣י זָ֭הָב בְּמַשְׂכִּיּ֥וֹת כָּ֑סֶף דָּ֝בָ֗ר דָּבֻ֥ר עַל־אָפְנָֽיו 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could reverse the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “A word spoken according to its circumstance is apples of gold in sculptures of silver” 25:11 e2ay rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor תַּפּוּחֵ֣י זָ֭הָב בְּמַשְׂכִּיּ֥וֹת כָּ֑סֶף 1 In this verse, Solomon speaks of **a word spoken according to its circumstance** pleasing those who hear it as if it were **Apples of gold in sculptures of silver**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “Very pleasing” or “Like apples of gold in sculptures of silver” 25:11 rks1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession תַּפּוּחֵ֣י זָ֭הָב בְּמַשְׂכִּיּ֥וֹת כָּ֑סֶף 1 Here Solomon is using possessive forms to describe **Apples** made from **gold** and **sculptures** made from **silver**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use different expressions. Alternate translation: “Apples made of gold in sculptures made of silver” 25:11 shm2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּמַשְׂכִּיּ֥וֹת כָּ֑סֶף 1 Here, the word translated as **sculptures** refers to **silver** that someone carved into a beautiful shape. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “in beautiful carvings of silver” 25:11 kket rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy דָּ֝בָ֗ר 1 Here, **word** refers to what someone speaks by using words. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is something” or “are words” 25:11 ptu8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive דָּבֻ֥ר 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “someone speaks” 25:11 ajtj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns עַל־אָפְנָֽיו 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **circumstance**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “appropriately” 25:12 wq7p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure נֶ֣זֶם זָ֭הָב וַחֲלִי־כָ֑תֶם מוֹכִ֥יחַ חָ֝כָ֗ם עַל־אֹ֥זֶן שֹׁמָֽעַת 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could reverse the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “A wise rebuke to a listening ear is a ring of gold and jewelry of fine gold” 25:12 lokb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נֶ֣זֶם זָ֭הָב וַחֲלִי־כָ֑תֶם 1 In this verse, Solomon speaks of **a wise rebuke** being valuable to those who hear it as if it were **A ring of gold and jewelry of fine gold**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “Very valuable” or “Like a ring of gold and jewelry of fine gold” 25:12 admw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession נֶ֣זֶם זָ֭הָב וַחֲלִי־כָ֑תֶם 1 Here Solomon is using possessive forms to describe a **ring** made from **gold** and **jewelry** made from **fine gold**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use different expressions. Alternate translation: “A ring made of gold and jewelry made of fine gold” 25:12 ir54 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מוֹכִ֥יחַ חָ֝כָ֗ם עַל 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **rebuke**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “is when one rebukes” 25:12 i38p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche אֹ֥זֶן שֹׁמָֽעַת 1 Here, **ear** refers to the whole person. See how you translated the same use of **ear** in [18:15](../18/15.md). 25:13 tc4q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כְּצִנַּת־שֶׁ֨לֶג ׀ בְּי֬וֹם קָצִ֗יר 1 Here Solomon compares **a faithful envoy** to **the coolness of snow on the day of harvest** because both are refreshing. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly: Alternate translation: “Very refreshing” or “Refreshing like the coolness of snow in the day of harvest” 25:13 sxk7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּי֬וֹם קָצִ֗יר 1 Here, **day** refers to a point in time when something happens. It does not refer to a 24-hour length of time. See how you translated the same use of **day** in [21:31](../21/31.md). 25:13 v57a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun צִ֣יר נֶ֭אֱמָן לְשֹׁלְחָ֑יו וְנֶ֖פֶשׁ אֲדֹנָ֣יו יָשִֽׁיב 1 Here, **a faithful envoy**, **his**, and **he** refer to a type of person in general, not a specific person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “is any faithful envoy for that person’s senders, and that brings brings back the life of that person’s masters” 25:13 z9pn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְנֶ֖פֶשׁ אֲדֹנָ֣יו יָשִֽׁיב 1 The phrase **brings back the life** is an idiom that refers to causing a tired person to feel refreshed or strong again. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and he causes his masters to feel refreshed” 25:14 lfrq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure נְשִׂיאִ֣ים וְ֭רוּחַ וְגֶ֣שֶׁם אָ֑יִן אִ֥ישׁ מִ֝תְהַלֵּ֗ל בְּמַתַּת־שָֽׁקֶר 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could reverse the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “The man who boasts in a gift of falsehood is clouds and wind but without rain” 25:14 hbd4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נְשִׂיאִ֣ים וְ֭רוּחַ וְגֶ֣שֶׁם אָ֑יִן 1 In this verse, Solomon speaks of **the man who boasts in a gift of falsehood** being disappointing as if he were **Clouds and wind but without rain**. Clouds and wind usually indicate that there will also be rain, so **Clouds and wind without rain** would disappoint farmers who need rain for their crops. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “Very disappointing” or “Like clouds and wind but no rain” 25:14 l5hn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אִ֥ישׁ 1 The word **man** represents people in general, not one particular **man**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “is any person” 25:14 ohih rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בְּמַתַּת־שָֽׁקֶר 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **gift** that is characterized by **falsehood**. This refers to a **gift** the someone promises to give but does not give. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “in a false gift” or “in a gift he falsely promises to give” 25:15 mtpc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בְּאֹ֣רֶךְ אַ֭פַּיִם 1 The phrase **length of nostrils** refers to being patient and not getting angry quickly. The word **nostrils** means “anger” by association with the way that a person who is angry breathes heavily through his nose, causing his **nostrils** to open wide. Your language and culture may also associate anger with a particular part of the body. If so, you could use an expression involving that part of the body in your translation. You could also use plain language. See how you translated the similar phrase “long of nostrils” in [14:29](../14/29.md). Alternate translation: “By not venting one’s spleen” or “By not getting angry quickly” 25:15 v2wv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יְפֻתֶּ֣ה קָצִ֑ין 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “someone may persuade a commander” 25:15 yyxq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun קָצִ֑ין וְלָשׁ֥וֹן רַ֝כָּ֗ה תִּשְׁבָּר־גָּֽרֶם 1 Here, **a commander**, **a soft tongue**, and **a bone** refer to these people and things in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any commander … and any soft tongue can break any bone” 25:15 eed7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְלָשׁ֥וֹן רַ֝כָּ֗ה 1 Here Solomon is speaking of something spoken in a gentle manner as if someone were speaking with a **soft tongue**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and speaking gently” 25:15 e1n9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor תִּשְׁבָּר־גָּֽרֶם 1 Here Solomon speaks of overcoming strong opposition as if someone were breaking **a bone**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “can overcome opposition” 25:16 r2l5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit דְּבַ֣שׁ מָ֭צָאתָ 1 Here Solomon refers to someone unexpectedly discovering **wild honey**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “If you happen to come across honey” 25:16 dc7b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אֱכֹ֣ל דַּיֶּ֑ךָּ 1 Here Solomon implies that someone should only **eat enough honey** and not more than that. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “only eat enough for you” 25:16 co0u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit תִּ֝שְׂבָּעֶ֗נּוּ 1 Here, the word translated as **satiated** refers to someone overeating to the degree that he becomes sick. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “you eat yourself sick with it” 25:17 u98w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile הֹקַ֣ר 1 In this verse, Solomon is comparing what follows to what he said in the previous verse. In the same way that a person must not eat too much “honey,” a person must also avoid visiting his neighbor’s house too frequently. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “Similarly, make rare” or “So also make rare” 25:17 sftk הֹקַ֣ר רַ֭גְלְךָ מִבֵּ֣ית רֵעֶ֑ךָ 1 Alternate translation: “Prevent your foot from frequently being in the house of your neighbor” 25:17 kldv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche רֵעֶ֑ךָ 1 Here, **foot** represents the whole person. See how you translated the similar use of **foot** in [1:15](../01/15.md). 25:17 cmjk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מִבֵּ֣ית רֵעֶ֑ךָ פֶּן־יִ֝שְׂבָּעֲךָ֗ 1 Here, **your neighbor** and **he** refer to neighbors in general, not a specific **neighbor**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “from any house of any of your neighbors, lest that neighbor become satiated with you” 25:17 xcir rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יִ֝שְׂבָּעֲךָ֗ 1 Here, the word translated as **satiated** refers to people being annoyed with a person because that person visits them too frequently. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. If your language has a word that can be used for both this occurrence of **satiated** and the occurrence in the previous verse, consider using it here. Alternate translation: “he become tired of seeing you” or “he become sick of you” 25:18 f678 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure מֵפִ֣יץ וְ֭חֶרֶב וְחֵ֣ץ שָׁנ֑וּן אִ֥ישׁ עֹנֶ֥ה בְ֝רֵעֵ֗הוּ עֵ֣ד שָֽׁקֶר 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could reverse the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “A man who answers a testimony of falsehood against his neighbor is a hammer and a sword and a sharp arrow” 25:18 r378 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מֵפִ֣יץ וְ֭חֶרֶב וְחֵ֣ץ שָׁנ֑וּן 1 In this verse, Solomon speaks of **a man who answers a testimony of falsehood against his neighbor** being deadly as if he were **A hammer and a sword and a sharp arrow**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “Very deadly” or “Like a hammer and a sword and a sharp arrow” 25:18 h3o6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אִ֥ישׁ עֹנֶ֥ה בְ֝רֵעֵ֗הוּ 1 Although the terms **man** and **his** are masculine, Solomon is using these words in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use phrases that make this clear. Alternate translation: “is a person who answers … against that person’s neighbor” 25:18 t8qa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עֹנֶ֥ה בְ֝רֵעֵ֗הוּ עֵ֣ד שָֽׁקֶר 1 In the original language, the words translated as **answers** and **against** mean “testifies against.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “who testifies against his neighbor with a testimony of falsehood” 25:18 dqz6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession עֵ֣ד שָֽׁקֶר 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **testimony** that is characterized by **falsehood**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “a false testimony” 25:19 mmoo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure שֵׁ֣ן רֹ֭עָה וְרֶ֣גֶל מוּעָ֑דֶת מִבְטָ֥ח בּ֝וֹגֵ֗ד בְּי֣וֹם צָרָֽה 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could reverse the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “Confidence in one who acts treacherously in the day of distress is a broken tooth and a shaky foot” 25:19 p8jx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שֵׁ֣ן רֹ֭עָה וְרֶ֣גֶל מוּעָ֑דֶת 1 In this verse, Solomon speaks of the uselessness of having **confidence** in a treacherous person as if that **confidence** were **A broken tooth and a shaky foot**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “Very useless” or “Like a broken tooth and a shaky foot” 25:19 i3b1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מִבְטָ֥ח 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **confidence** in [3:26](../03/26.md). 25:19 sfa4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun בּ֝וֹגֵ֗ד 1 See how you translated **one who acts treacherously** in [21:18](../21/18.md). 25:19 ua5q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּי֣וֹם צָרָֽה 1 See how you translated this phrase in [24:10](../24/10.md). 25:20 e5uw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure מַ֥עֲדֶה בֶּ֨גֶד ׀ בְּי֣וֹם קָ֭רָה חֹ֣מֶץ עַל־נָ֑תֶר וְשָׁ֥ר בַּ֝שִּׁרִ֗ים עַ֣ל לֶב־רָֽע 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could change the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “One who sings with songs to a heart of misery is like one who removes a garment on a cold day, vinegar on natron” 25:20 ewth rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מַ֥עֲדֶה בֶּ֨גֶד & וְשָׁ֥ר & לֶב־רָֽע 1 **One who removes a garment**, **one who sings**, and **a heart of misery** refer to types of people and hearts in general, not specific people or a specific **heart**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who removes a garment … so is any person who sings … any heart of misery” 25:20 pbjn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מַ֥עֲדֶה בֶּ֨גֶד 1 Here Solomon implies that **a garment** is removed from someone’s body. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “One who removes a garment from someone’s body” 25:20 dj11 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown חֹ֣מֶץ עַל־נָ֑תֶר 1 The words **vinegar** and **natron** refer to things that cause a violent chemical reaction when they are mixed. Therefore, this clause refers to two things that should not be put together. If your readers would not be familiar with these two materials, you could use the names of similar things in your are, or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “chemicals that don’t mix well with each other” 25:20 y3wy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile וְשָׁ֥ר בַּ֝שִּׁרִ֗ים עַ֣ל לֶב־רָֽע 1 Solomon is saying that **one who sings with songs to a heart of misery** is like **One who removes a garment on a cold day** and like **vinegar on natron**, because all of these are inappropriate and unhelpful when put together. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “so also is one who sings with songs to a heart of misery inappropriate” 25:20 o30g rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry וְשָׁ֥ר בַּ֝שִּׁרִ֗ים 1 Here, **sings with songs** is an emphatic construction that uses a verb and its object that come from the same root. You may be able to use the same construction in your language to express the meaning here. Alternatively, your language may have another way of showing the emphasis. 25:20 k9zb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession לֶב־רָֽע 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **heart** that is characterized by **misery**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “a miserable heart” 25:20 z9sh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לֶב 1 Here, **heart** refers to the whole person. See how you translated the same use of **heart** in [14:10](../14/10.md). 25:21 zgm8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun שֹׂ֭נַאֲךָ הַאֲכִלֵ֣הוּ & הַשְׁקֵ֥הוּ מָֽיִם 1 Here, **one who hates you** and **him** refer to a type of person in general, not a specific person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any person who hates you … cause that person to eat … cause that person to drink water” 25:21 hsyt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לָ֑חֶם 1 Here, **bread** is used to refer to food in general. See how you translated the same use of **bread** in [9:5](../09/05.md). 25:22 eb7p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom גֶֽחָלִ֗ים אַ֭תָּה חֹתֶ֣ה עַל־רֹאשׁ֑וֹ 1 Here, **heaping coals on his head** is an idiom that most likely refers to causing that person to feel ashamed. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “cause him to feel ashamed for what he has done” or “you make him feel ashamed, as if you were heaping coals on his head” 25:22 b3cr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יְשַׁלֶּם־לָֽךְ 1 See how you translated the same use of **repay** in [19:17](../19/17.md). 25:23 xj7i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ר֣וּחַ צָ֭פוֹן 1 Here, **wind of the north** refers to cold **wind** that came from **the north**. In Israel, this type of **wind** often brought rain. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “The cold wind that comes from the north” 25:23 uijx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וּפָנִ֥ים נִ֝זְעָמִ֗ים לְשׁ֣וֹן סָֽתֶר 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. Here, the first phrase is the result of the second phrase. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and a tongue of secrecy brings forth indignant faces” or “and a tongue of secrecy causes indignant faces” 25:23 gzp1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile וּפָנִ֥ים נִ֝זְעָמִ֗ים 1 In this verse, Solomon compares **The wind of the north** bringing **rain** to **a tongue of secrecy** bringing **indignant faces**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly: Alternate translation: “and similarly, indignant faces” 25:23 ergr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche וּפָנִ֥ים נִ֝זְעָמִ֗ים 1 Here, **faces** refers to the people who are **indignant**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and indignant people” 25:23 pklq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession לְשׁ֣וֹן סָֽתֶר 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe **a tongue** that tells the secrets of others. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “a tongue that tells the secrets of others” 25:23 z36v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לְשׁ֣וֹן סָֽתֶר 1 Here, **tongue** refers to the whole person who is speaking. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a person who tells secrets” 25:24 siz4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ט֗וֹב שֶׁ֥בֶת עַל־פִּנַּת־גָּ֑ג מֵאֵ֥שֶׁת מדונים וּבֵ֥ית חָֽבֶר 1 See how you translated the same sentence in [21:9](../21/09.md). 25:25 urg5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure מַ֣יִם קָ֭רִים עַל־נֶ֣פֶשׁ עֲיֵפָ֑ה וּשְׁמוּעָ֥ה ט֝וֹבָ֗ה מֵאֶ֥רֶץ מֶרְחָֽק 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could reverse the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “Good news from a distant land is like cool water over a weary soul” 25:25 qpyf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit נֶ֣פֶשׁ עֲיֵפָ֑ה 1 Here Solomon implies that this **soul** is **weary** with thirst. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “a soul weary from thirst” 25:25 h5dn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche נֶ֣פֶשׁ 1 See how you translated the same use of **soul** in [2:10](../02/10.md). 25:25 wzcm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile וּשְׁמוּעָ֥ה ט֝וֹבָ֗ה מֵאֶ֥רֶץ מֶרְחָֽק 1 Solomon is saying that **good news from a distant land** is like ** Cool water over a weary soul** because both of these are refreshing. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “so also is good news from a distant land refreshing” 25:25 y2mt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וּשְׁמוּעָ֥ה ט֝וֹבָ֗ה 1 See how you translated **good news** in [15:30](../15/30.md). 25:26 pmra rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure מַעְיָ֣ן נִ֭רְפָּשׂ וּמָק֣וֹר מָשְׁחָ֑ת צַ֝דִּ֗יק מָ֣ט לִפְנֵֽי־רָשָֽׁע 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could reverse the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “A righteous one swaying before the face of a wicked one is a spring muddied by trampling and a fountain spoiled” 25:26 ujn3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מַעְיָ֣ן נִ֭רְפָּשׂ וּמָק֣וֹר מָשְׁחָ֑ת 1 In this verse, Solomon speaks of **a righteous one swaying before the face of a wicked one** being bad as if that person were **A spring muddied by trampling and a fountain spoiled**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “Very bad” or “Like a spring muddied by trampling and a fountain spoiled” 25:26 ijks rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive מַעְיָ֣ן נִ֭רְפָּשׂ וּמָק֣וֹר מָשְׁחָ֑ת 1 If your language does not use these passive forms, you could express the ideas in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “A spring someone muddied by trampling and a fountain someone spoiled” 25:26 k2dm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun צַ֝דִּ֗יק & רָשָֽׁע 1 See how you translated **a righteous one** in [9:9](../09/09.md) and **a wicked one** in [9:7](../09/07.md). 25:26 tiq8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מָ֣ט 1 Here, **swaying** refers to **a righteous one** yielding to the influence of **a wicked one**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “who yields” or “who gives in” 25:26 e13r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לִפְנֵֽי 1 See how you translated the same use of **before the face of** in [14:19](../14/19.md). 25:27 x6in rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes לֹא־ט֑וֹב 1 See how you translated the same use of **not good** in [16:29](../16/29.md). 25:27 x2st rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וְחֵ֖קֶר כְּבֹדָ֣ם כָּבֽוֹד 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and the searching out of their honor is not honor” 25:27 h7jf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile וְחֵ֖קֶר 1 In this verse, Solomon compares eating **much honey** to**searching out** one’s own **honor**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly: Alternate translation: “and similarly, the searching out of” 25:27 x2kl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְחֵ֖קֶר כְּבֹדָ֣ם 1 Here Solomon speaks of someone trying to get other people to **honor** him as if **honor** were an object that a person could search for. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and trying to make other people honor you” 25:28 qm3n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure עִ֣יר פְּ֭רוּצָה אֵ֣ין חוֹמָ֑ה אִ֝֗ישׁ אֲשֶׁ֤ר אֵ֖ין מַעְצָ֣ר לְרוּחֽוֹ 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “A man who has no restraint for his spirit is a breached city without a wall” 25:28 gl3p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עִ֣יר פְּ֭רוּצָה אֵ֣ין חוֹמָ֑ה 1 In this verse, Solomon speaks of **a man who has no restraint for his spirit** being defenseless or unprotected as if that person were **A breached city without a wall**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “Very defenseless” or “Like a breached city without a wall” 25:28 jh45 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עִ֣יר פְּ֭רוּצָה אֵ֣ין חוֹמָ֑ה 1 Here Solomon implies that there is no **wall** because it was broken down when people **breached** the **city**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “A city whose walls an army has knocked down” 25:28 mzfn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אִ֝֗ישׁ & לְרוּחֽוֹ 1 Although the terms **man** and **his** are masculine, Solomon is using these words in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use phrases that make this clear. Alternate translation: “is a person … for that person’s spirit” 25:28 jkwi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֲשֶׁ֤ר אֵ֖ין מַעְצָ֣ר לְרוּחֽוֹ 1 Here Solomon refers to someone who lacks self-control as if that person were not able to restrain **his spirit**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “who has no self-control” 26:intro juh9 0 # Proverbs 26 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n6. Hezekiah’s proverbs from Solomon (25:1–29:27)\n * Warnings and admonitions (25:1–27:27)\n * Contrastive wise sayings (28:1–29:27)\n\nChapter 26 continues the section of the book containing proverbs written by Solomon that were copied by scribes during the reign of Hezekiah. This section contains two parts, the first part in [25:1](../25/01.md)–[27:27](../27/27.md) mostly contains proverbs that warn or admonish.\n\n## Translation Issues in This Chapter\n\n### Parallelism\n\nChapters 25–27 mostly contain proverbs in which the second of two parallel clauses completes, emphasizes, or qualifies the idea of the first clause. Chapter 26 contains only this type of parallelism. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])\n\n### Similes\n\nSolomon uses many different similes in this chapter to warn his readers against acting unwisely. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 26:1 twld rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure כַּשֶּׁ֤לֶג ׀ בַּקַּ֗יִץ וְכַמָּטָ֥ר בַּקָּצִ֑יר כֵּ֤ן לֹא־נָאוֶ֖ה לִכְסִ֣יל כָּבֽוֹד 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “Honor is not suitable for a stupid one like the snow in the summer and like the rain in the harvest” 26:1 emii rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun כַּשֶּׁ֤לֶג ׀ בַּקַּ֗יִץ וְכַמָּטָ֥ר בַּקָּצִ֑יר & לִכְסִ֣יל 1 Here, **the snow**, **the summer**, **the rain**, **the harvest**, and **a stupid one**, refer to these things and that type of person in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. See how you translated **a stupid one** in [10:18](../10/18.md). Alternate translation: “Like any snow in any summer and like any rain in any harvest … for any stupid person” 26:1 w8yc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כַּשֶּׁ֤לֶג ׀ בַּקַּ֗יִץ וְכַמָּטָ֥ר בַּקָּצִ֑יר 1 The words **Like** and **so** in this verse indicate that Solomon is comparing **snow in the summer** and **rain in the harvest** with **honor for a stupid one**. The point is that all three of these are **not suitable** or inappropriate. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this more explicit. Alternate translation: “Just as the snow in the summer or the rain in the harvest are not suitable” 26:1 k6hw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns כָּבֽוֹד 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **honor** in [3:16](../03/16.md). 26:2 fir3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure כַּצִּפּ֣וֹר לָ֭נוּד כַּדְּר֣וֹר לָע֑וּף כֵּ֥ן קִֽלְלַ֥ת חִ֝נָּ֗ם לא תָבֹֽא 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “A curse without cause does not come, like the bird for fluttering, like the swallow for flying” 26:2 seaj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun כַּצִּפּ֣וֹר לָ֭נוּד כַּדְּר֣וֹר לָע֑וּף כֵּ֥ן קִֽלְלַ֥ת 1 Here, **the bird**, **the swallow**, and **a curse** refer to these things in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Like any bird for fluttering, and like any swallow for flying, so any curse” 26:2 rn2x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כַּצִּפּ֣וֹר לָ֭נוּד כַּדְּר֣וֹר לָע֑וּף 1 The words **As** and **so** in this verse indicate that Solomon is comparing **the bird for fluttering** and **the swallow for flying** with **a curse without cause**. The point is that **a curse** does not affect a person who does not deserve it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this more explicit. Alternate translation: “Just like the fluttering bird and the flying swallow do not land” 26:2 dj56 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet כַּצִּפּ֣וֹר לָ֭נוּד כַּדְּר֣וֹר לָע֑וּף 1 The phrases **the bird for fluttering** and **the swallow for flying** mean similar things. Solomon is using the two phrases together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “As birds that are flying around” 26:2 kwky rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown כַּדְּר֣וֹר 1 A **swallow** is a small bird that quickly flies back and forth. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of bird, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “as the quickly moving small bird” 26:2 c635 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification לא תָבֹֽא 1 Here Solomon speaks of a person not being affected by **a curse** as if that **curse** were a person who **does not come**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “does not occur” 26:3 m4tl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis שׁ֣וֹט לַ֭סּוּס מֶ֣תֶג לַחֲמ֑וֹר וְ֝שֵׁ֗בֶט לְגֵ֣ו כְּסִילִֽים 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “A whip is for the horse, a bridle is for the donkey, and a rod is for the back of stupid ones” 26:3 ikbu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun שׁ֣וֹט לַ֭סּוּס מֶ֣תֶג לַחֲמ֑וֹר וְ֝שֵׁ֗בֶט לְגֵ֣ו כְּסִילִֽים 1 **A whip**, **the horse**, **a bridle**, **the donkey**, **a rod**, and **the back** refer to these things and animals in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Whips are for horses, bridles are for donkeys, and rods are for backs of stupid ones” 26:3 v3b7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile וְ֝שֵׁ֗בֶט 1 Here, **and** indicates that Solomon is comparing what follows to what he said in the previous clause. Solomon is saying that people must hit **stupid ones** with **a rod** in order to control them, just like they must use a **whip** to control horses and a **bridle** to control donkeys. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “in the same way a rod” 26:3 le7r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ֝שֵׁ֗בֶט לְגֵ֣ו 1 See how you translated the same use of **rod for the back** in [10:13](../10/13.md). 26:4-5 c6ut rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אַל־תַּ֣עַן כְּ֭סִיל כְּאִוַּלְתּ֑וֹ & עֲנֵ֣ה כְ֭סִיל כְּאִוַּלְתּ֑וֹ 1 These two proverbs appear to contradict each other. However, it is best to understand the command in [24:4](../24/04.md) to apply in some situations and the command in [24:5](../24/05.md) to apply in other situations. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “In some situations, do not answer a stupid one according to his folly … In other situations, answer a stupid one according to his folly” 26:4 yggv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun כְּ֭סִיל כְּאִוַּלְתּ֑וֹ & לּ֥וֹ 1 Here, **a stupid one**, **his**, and **him** refer to a type of person in general, not a specific person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. See how you translated **a stupid one** in [10:18](../10/18.md). Alternate translation: “any stupid person according to that person’s folly … that person” 26:4 lbl6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit כְּאִוַּלְתּ֑וֹ 1 This could mean: (1) **according to** the reasoning of **a stupid one**. Alternate translation: “according to his foolish reasoning” (2) in the same manner as **a stupid one**. Alternate translation: “in a foolish manner” 26:4 fy59 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns כְּאִוַּלְתּ֑וֹ 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **folly** in [5:23](../05/23.md). 26:4 o2q4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns תִּשְׁוֶה & גַם־אָֽתָּה 1 Solomon uses the word **yourself** to emphasize how important it is to not **become like a stupid one**. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this significance. Alternate translation: “even you become like” 26:5 x5nh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun כְ֭סִיל כְּאִוַּלְתּ֑וֹ פֶּן־יִהְיֶ֖ה חָכָ֣ם בְּעֵינָֽיו 1 Here, **a stupid one**, **his**, and **he** refer to a type of person in general, not a specific person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. See how you translated **a stupid one** in [10:18](../10/18.md). Alternate translation: “any stupid person according to that person’s folly, lest that person become wise in that person’s own eyes” 26:5 vfqn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit כְ֭סִיל כְּאִוַּלְתּ֑וֹ 1 See how you translated this phrase in the previous verse. 26:5 q48w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor חָכָ֣ם בְּעֵינָֽיו 1 See how you translated the same use of **eyes** in [3:7](../03/07.md). 26:6 yi5n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure מְקַצֶּ֣ה רַ֭גְלַיִם חָמָ֣ס שֹׁתֶ֑ה שֹׁלֵ֖חַ דְּבָרִ֣ים בְּיַד־כְּסִֽיל 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “One who sends words by the hand of a stupid one is one who cuts off feet, one who drinks violence” 26:6 d764 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מְקַצֶּ֣ה רַ֭גְלַיִם חָמָ֣ס שֹׁתֶ֑ה שֹׁלֵ֖חַ דְּבָרִ֣ים בְּיַד־כְּסִֽיל 1 **One who cuts off**, **one who drinks**, **one who sends**, **the hand**, and **a stupid one** refer to types of people and hands in general, not specific people or a specific **hand**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. See how you translated **a stupid one** in [10:18](../10/18.md). Alternate translation: “Any person who cuts off feet, any person who drinks violence, is any person who sends words by any hand of any stupid person” 26:6 ra9k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מְקַצֶּ֣ה רַ֭גְלַיִם חָמָ֣ס שֹׁתֶ֑ה 1 Here Solomon implies that a person **cuts off** his own **feet** and **drinks violence** against himself. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “One who cuts off his own feet, one who drinks violence against himself” 26:6 ky7c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מְקַצֶּ֣ה רַ֭גְלַיִם חָמָ֣ס שֹׁתֶ֑ה 1 Here Solomon refers to someone who does something that harms himself as if that person **cuts off** his own **feet** and **drinks violence**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “One who harms himself” or “Like one who cuts off feet or drinks violence” 26:6 pxmq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet מְקַצֶּ֣ה רַ֭גְלַיִם חָמָ֣ס שֹׁתֶ֑ה 1 The phrases **One who cuts off feet** and **one who drinks violence** mean similar things. Solomon is using the two phrases together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “One who does great harm to himself” 26:6 k2lv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חָמָ֣ס 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **violence** in [3:31](../03/31.md). 26:6 ang1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy שֹׁלֵ֖חַ דְּבָרִ֣ים 1 Here Solomon refers to a message that is communicated by using **words**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is one who sends a message” 26:6 d82z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche בְּיַד־כְּסִֽיל 1 Here, **hand** refers to the whole person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “by a stupid one” 26:7 ocoe rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit דַּלְי֣וּ 1 Here Solomon implies that these **Legs dangle** uselessly because the legs of **a lame one** do not function. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “dangle uselessly” 26:7 uz3f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וּ֝מָשָׁ֗ל 1 Solomon is leaving out a word that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply this word from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and a proverb dangles” 26:7 yhaq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile וּ֝מָשָׁ֗ל 1 Here, **and** indicates that Solomon is comparing what follows to what he said in the previous clause. Solomon is saying that **a proverb in the mouth of stupid ones** is like the **Legs** of **a lame one** because it is useless. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “in the same way a proverb” 26:7 m6mr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun וּ֝מָשָׁ֗ל בְּפִ֣י 1 Here, **a proverb** and **the mouth** refer to proverbs and mouths in general, not a specific **proverb** or **mouth**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any proverb in the mouths of” 26:7 nq9k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וּ֝מָשָׁ֗ל בְּפִ֣י 1 Here, **mouth** refers to what a person says by using his **mouth**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and a proverb spoken by” 26:8 u6gq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure כִּצְר֣וֹר אֶ֭בֶן בְּמַרְגֵּמָ֑ה כֵּן־נוֹתֵ֖ן לִכְסִ֣יל כָּבֽוֹד 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “One who gives honor to a stupid one is like tying a stone in a sling” 26:8 ltlz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כִּצְר֣וֹר אֶ֭בֶן בְּמַרְגֵּמָ֑ה 1 The words **Like** and **so** in this verse indicate that Solomon is comparing **tying a stone in a sling** with giving **honor to a stupid one**. The point is that both of these are useless. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this more explicit. Alternate translation: “Just as tying a stone in a sling is useless” 26:8 rxau rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown כִּצְר֣וֹר אֶ֭בֶן בְּמַרְגֵּמָ֑ה 1 A **sling** is a weapon used to throw **a stone** at someone. The act of **tying a stone in a sling** would make that **sling** useless. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of weapon, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “Like tying an arrow to a bow” or “Like a weapon that cannot hurt anyone” 26:8 fy3g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נוֹתֵ֖ן & כָּבֽוֹד 1 Here Solomon refers to honoring someone as if **honor** were an object that someone **gives** to someone else. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is one who honors” 26:8 ab0k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun לִכְסִ֣יל 1 See how you translated **a stupid one** in [10:18](../10/18.md). 26:9 z794 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche ח֭וֹחַ עָלָ֣ה בְיַד־שִׁכּ֑וֹר 1 This could refer to: (1) a thorn pricking the hand of **a drunkard**. Alternate translation: “A thorn pricking the hand of a drunkard” (2) **a drunkard** picking up a thorn bush to swing it at people, in which case the word translated at **thorn** would refer to a thorn bush. Alternate translation: “A thorn bush waved around in the hand of a drunkard” 26:9 tx2l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וּ֝מָשָׁ֗ל 1 Solomon is leaving out a word that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply this word from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and a proverb goes up” 26:9 l82z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile וּ֝מָשָׁ֗ל 1 Here, **and** indicates that Solomon is comparing what follows to what he said in the previous clause. Solomon is saying that **a proverb in the mouth of stupid ones** is like **A thorn** that **goes up into the hand of a drunkard** because it is harmful. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “in the same way a proverb is harmful” 26:9 dqtz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun וּ֝מָשָׁ֗ל בְּפִ֣י כְסִילִֽים 1 See how you translated this clause in [26:7](../26/07.md). 26:10 y3xb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure רַ֥ב מְחֽוֹלֵֽל־כֹּ֑ל וְשֹׂכֵ֥ר כְּ֝סִ֗יל וְשֹׂכֵ֥ר עֹבְרִֽים 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “One who hires a stupid one and hires those passing by is like an archer who pierces everyone” 26:10 iy1x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מְחֽוֹלֵֽל־כֹּ֑ל 1 Here Solomon implies that the **archer** shoots arrows at **everyone** and those arrows pierce them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “who shoots arrows at everyone that pierce them” 26:10 a082 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile וְשֹׂכֵ֥ר כְּ֝סִ֗יל וְשֹׂכֵ֥ר עֹבְרִֽים 1 The word **so** here indicates that Solomon is comparing **An archer who pierces everyone** with **one who hires a stupid one and hires those passing by**. The point is that both of these are dangerous. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this more explicit. Alternate translation: “so one who hires a stupid one and hires those passing by is dangerous” 26:10 lu8m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun וְשֹׂכֵ֥ר כְּ֝סִ֗יל 1 Here, **one who hires** and **a stupid one** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. See how you translated **a stupid one** in [10:18](../10/18.md). Alternate translation: “so is any person who hires any stupid person” 26:11 adrz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure כְּ֭כֶלֶב שָׁ֣ב עַל־קֵא֑וֹ כְּ֝סִ֗יל שׁוֹנֶ֥ה בְאִוַּלְתּֽוֹ 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “A stupid one who repeats his folly is like a dog that returns to its vomit” 26:11 dgd2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun כְּ֭כֶלֶב שָׁ֣ב עַל־קֵא֑וֹ כְּ֝סִ֗יל שׁוֹנֶ֥ה בְאִוַּלְתּֽוֹ 1 Here, **a dog**, **its**, **a stupid one**, and **his** refer to dogs and a type of person in general, not a specific **dog** or person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. See how you translated **a stupid one** in [10:18](../10/18.md). Alternate translation: “Like any dog that returns to that dog’s vomit is any stupid person who repeats that person’s own folly” 26:11 xyjx rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown כְּ֭כֶלֶב 1 A **dog** is an animal that is considered to be unclean and disgusting by Jews and many cultures of the Ancient Near East. Therefore, comparing someone to a dog is insulting. If dogs are unfamiliar to your culture and you have a different animal that is considered unclean and disgusting or whose name is used as an insult, you could use the name of that animal instead. 26:11 ioau rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שָׁ֣ב עַל־קֵא֑וֹ 1 Here Solomon implies that the **dog returns to its vomit** in order to eat it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “that returns to eat its vomit” 26:11 fjtm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְאִוַּלְתּֽוֹ 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **folly** in [5:23](../05/23.md). 26:12 cxr5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion רָאִ֗יתָ אִ֭ישׁ חָכָ֣ם בְּעֵינָ֑יו 1 Although the Hebrew text is not worded like a question, many translations make this clause into a rhetorical question. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate this as a question. See how you translated the similar use of **You see** in [22:29](../22/29.md). Alternate translation: “Have you seen a man wise in his eyes?” 26:12 h6la rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אִ֭ישׁ חָכָ֣ם בְּעֵינָ֑יו & לִכְסִ֣יל מִמֶּֽנּוּ 1 Here, **a man**, **his**, **a stupid one**, and **him** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. See how you translated **a stupid one** in [10:18](../10/18.md). Alternate translation: “any person wise in that person’s eyes … for any stupid person than that person” 26:12 zcjq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit חָכָ֣ם בְּעֵינָ֑יו 1 Here Solomon implies that this **man** is not actually **wise**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “wise in his eyes who is not really wise” 26:12 tobk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּעֵינָ֑יו 1 See how you translated the same use of **eyes** in [3:7](../03/07.md). 26:12 n43z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns תִּקְוָ֖ה 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **hope** in [10:28](../10/28.md). 26:13 y1yv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun עָ֭צֵל 1 See how you translated this phrase in [13:4](../13/04.md). 26:13 yx1t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations אָמַ֣ר & שַׁ֣חַל בַּדָּ֑רֶךְ אֲ֝רִ֗י בֵּ֣ין הָרְחֹבֽוֹת 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this as an indirect quotation. See how you translated the similar phrases in [22:13](../22/13.md). Alternate translation: “says that a lion is on the road and a lion is between the open areas” 26:13 xyz8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אָמַ֣ר 1 In this verse, Solomon implies that what the **lazy one** says is not true. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “says falsely” 26:14 bfi2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown הַ֭דֶּלֶת תִּסּ֣וֹב עַל־צִירָ֑הּ 1 A **hinge** is a metal or leather piece attached to a **door** in order to allow the **door** to swing back and forth. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of item, you could use the name of something similar in your area, or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “The door swings back and forth” or “The door swings open and shut” 26:14 xvjb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וְ֝עָצֵ֗ל עַל־מִטָּתֽוֹ 1 Solomon is leaving out a word that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply this word from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and a lazy one turns on his bed” 26:14 xz8x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun וְ֝עָצֵ֗ל עַל־מִטָּתֽוֹ 1 See how translated **a lazy one** and **his** in [13:4](../13/04.md). 26:14 uv1d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile וְ֝עָצֵ֗ל 1 Here, **and** indicates that Solomon is comparing what follows to what he said in the previous clause. Solomon is saying that **a lazy one on his bed** is like a **door** that **turns on its hinge** because both move without going anywhere. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “in the same way a lazy one” 26:15 j4ce rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun טָ֘מַ֤ן עָצֵ֣ל יָ֭דוֹ בַּצַּלָּ֑חַת נִ֝לְאָ֗ה לַֽהֲשִׁיבָ֥הּ אֶל־פִּֽיו 1 See how you translated the nearly identical sentence in [19:24](../19/24.md). 26:16 iovd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun עָצֵ֣ל בְּעֵינָ֑יו 1 See how you translated **A lazy one** and **his** in the previous verse. 26:16 mv3h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit חָכָ֣ם & בְּעֵינָ֑יו 1 Here Solomon implies that **A lazy one** is not actually wise. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “erroneously considers himself wiser in his own eyes” 26:16 e6pb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּעֵינָ֑יו 1 See how you translated the same use of this phrase in [26:12](../26/12.md). 26:16 rwo1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj מִ֝שִּׁבְעָ֗ה 1 Solomon is using the adjective **seven** as a noun to mean **seven** people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “seven people” 26:16 jlcm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מִ֝שִּׁבְעָ֗ה 1 Here, **seven** is used to refer to multiple people, not specifically **seven** people. In Hebrew, **seven** often symbolizes the idea of completion. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “numerous people” 26:16 d2ba rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom מְשִׁ֣יבֵי טָֽעַם 1 Here Solomon refers to people speaking a reply with **discretion** to someone else as if they were returning **discretion**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the similar use of “returns” in [24:26](../24/26.md). Alternate translation: “who speak a discreet reply” 26:16 uw82 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns טָֽעַם 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **discretion** in [1:4](../01/04.md). 26:17 ui2h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure מַחֲזִ֥יק בְּאָזְנֵי־כָ֑לֶב עֹבֵ֥ר מִ֝תְעַבֵּ֗ר עַל־רִ֥יב לֹּֽא־לֽוֹ 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “One who infuriates himself over a dispute not for him is one who grabs the ears of a dog passing by” 26:17 xh36 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מַחֲזִ֥יק בְּאָזְנֵי־כָ֑לֶב עֹבֵ֥ר 1 In this verse, Solomon refers to someone **who infuriates himself over a dispute not for him** as if that person were **One who grabs the ears of a dog passing by**. Both clauses are examples of a reckless or foolish act that would only harm the person who does it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “One who foolishly harms himself” or “Like one who grabs the ears of a dog passing by” 26:17 z69e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מַחֲזִ֥יק בְּאָזְנֵי־כָ֑לֶב עֹבֵ֥ר 1 Here Solomon implies that grabbing **the ears of a dog** is a reckless or foolish act because the the dog will react by biting the person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “One who foolishly causes a dog to bite him by grabbing its ears” 26:17 un3n rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown כָ֑לֶב 1 See how you translated **dog** in [26:11](../26/11.md). 26:17 ul2w rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants עֹבֵ֥ר מִ֝תְעַבֵּ֗ר 1 The word translated as **passing by** can also mean “one passing by,” in which case it would refer to **one who infuriates** and be part of the second clause. If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to use the reading that it uses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to use the reading of the ULT. Alternate translation (preceded by a comma): “is one passing by who infuriates himself” 26:17 xrkx לֹּֽא־לֽוֹ 1 Alternate translation: “not about him” or “that he has nothing to do with” 26:18-19 ubml rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-versebridge 1 If it would be helpful to your readers, you could combine [26:18](../26/18.md) and [26:19](../26/19.md) into a verse bridge, as the UST does, in order to keep this sentence together. 26:18-19 spv0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure כְּֽ֭מִתְלַהְלֵהַּ הַיֹּרֶ֥ה זִקִּ֗ים חִצִּ֥ים וָמָֽוֶת׃ & כֵּֽן־אִ֭ישׁ רִמָּ֣ה אֶת־רֵעֵ֑הוּ וְ֝אָמַ֗ר הֲֽלֹא־מְשַׂחֵ֥ק אָֽנִי׃ 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “A man who deceives his neighbor and says, ‘Was I not joking?’ is like an insane one who shoots firebrands, arrows, and death” 26:18 whlp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כְּֽ֭מִתְלַהְלֵהַּ הַיֹּרֶ֥ה זִקִּ֗ים חִצִּ֥ים וָמָֽוֶת 1 **Like** in this verse and **so** in the next verse indicate that Solomon is comparing **an insane one who shoots arrows, firebrands, and death** with **a man who deceives his neighbor and says, “Was I not joking?”** The point is that these are harmful and dangerous acts. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this more explicit. Alternate translation: “Just as an insane one who shoots firebrands, arrows, and death is reckless” 26:18 xy32 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys חִצִּ֥ים וָמָֽוֶת 1 The two words **arrows** and **death** express a single idea. The word **death** describes a characteristic of the **arrows**. If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this meaning in a different way. Alternate translation: “and arrows that kill” 26:19 id5c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אִ֭ישׁ & רֵעֵ֑הוּ 1 Although the terms **man** and **his** are masculine, Solomon is using these words in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use phrases that make this clear. Alternate translation: “is a person … that person’s neighbor” 26:19 g1qd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion וְ֝אָמַ֗ר הֲֽלֹא־מְשַׂחֵ֥ק אָֽנִי 1 Here, **a man who deceives** is using this question to emphasize that he was **joking**. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “and says, ‘Just kidding!’” 26:19 picc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations וְ֝אָמַ֗ר הֲֽלֹא־מְשַׂחֵ֥ק אָֽנִי 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “and say that you were joking” 26:20 ivv3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּאֶ֣פֶס 1 Here, **end** refers to a lack of **wood pieces**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. See how you translated the similar use of **With the end of** in [14:28](../14/28.md). Alternate translation: “With the lack of” 26:20 von8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile וּבְאֵ֥ין 1 Here, **and** indicates that Solomon is comparing what follows to what he said in the previous clause. In the same way that **a fire goes out** when there are no more **wood pieces**, **a quarrel** stops when there is no **murmerer**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “and similarly, when there is no” 26:20 jlco rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification יִשְׁתֹּ֥ק מָדֽוֹן 1 Here Solomon speaks of **a quarrel** ceasing as if it were a person who **becomes silent**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a quarrel ceases” 26:20 hk7l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מָדֽוֹן 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **quarrel** in [15:18](../15/18.md). 26:21 l2ug rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit פֶּחָ֣ם לְ֭גֶחָלִים וְעֵצִ֣ים לְאֵ֑שׁ 1 Solomon assumes that his readers will understand that **Charcoal** helps **burning coals** burn and **wood** helps **fire** burn. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “As charcoal is fuel for coals to burn, and wood feeds a fire” 26:21 bl4i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile וְאִ֥ישׁ מדונים 1 Here, **so** indicates that Solomon is comparing what follows to what he said in the previous clause. In the same way that **Charcoal** helps **burning coals** burn and **wood** helps **fire** burn, **a man of quarrels** produces disputes among other people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “in the same way, a man of quarrels” 26:21 vqtp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun וְאִ֥ישׁ מדונים & רִֽיב 1 Here, **a man of quarrels** and **a dispute** refer to a type of people and disputes in general, not a specific **man** or **dispute**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “and any person of quarrels … any dispute” 26:21 yxin rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וְאִ֥ישׁ מדונים 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **man** who is characterized by **quarrels**. See how you translated “a woman of quarrels” in [21:9](../21/09.md). 26:21 ud8h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לְחַרְחַר־רִֽיב 1 Here Solomon refers to causing a **dispute** to continue as if it were a fire to which someone adds small, highly flammable sticks of wood called **kindling**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is to continuing an argument” 26:21 gw82 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns רִֽיב 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **dispute** in [15:18](../15/18.md). 26:22 ye74 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile דִּבְרֵ֣י נִ֭רְגָּן כְּמִֽתְלַהֲמִ֑ים וְ֝הֵ֗ם יָרְד֥וּ חַדְרֵי־בָֽטֶן 1 See how you translated the identical sentence in [18:8](../18/08.md). 26:23 xdr5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure כֶּ֣סֶף סִ֭יגִים מְצֻפֶּ֣ה עַל־חָ֑רֶשׂ שְׂפָתַ֖יִם דֹּלְקִ֣ים וְלֶב־רָֽע 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “Burning lips and a heart of evil are silver of dross overlaid on a clay vessel” 26:23 xpc9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor כֶּ֣סֶף סִ֭יגִים מְצֻפֶּ֣ה עַל־חָ֑רֶשׂ 1 Here Solomon refers to **burning lips and a heart of evil** as if they are **Silver of dross overlaid on a clay vessel**. The point is that both are deceptive. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “Very deceptive” or “Like silver of dross overlaid on a clay vessel” 26:23 luyq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession כֶּ֣סֶף סִ֭יגִים 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe **dross** that is removed from **silver** when someone refines it. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “Dross from silver” 26:23 pe1u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive מְצֻפֶּ֣ה 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that someone overlaid” 26:23 uslg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שְׂפָתַ֖יִם דֹּלְקִ֣ים וְלֶב־רָֽע 1 Here, **and** indicates that someone has both **burning lips and a heart of evil** at the same time. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “are burning lips with a heart of evil” 26:23 u5wy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy שְׂפָתַ֖יִם דֹּלְקִ֣ים 1 See how you translated the same use of **lips** in [10:18](../10/18.md). 26:23 w4s3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דֹּלְקִ֣ים 1 Here Solomon refers to something being emotional or fervent as if that thing were **burning**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “passionate” 26:23 y2n7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וְלֶב־רָֽע 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **heart** that is characterized by **evil**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “and an evil heart” 26:23 p5hf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְלֶב 1 See how you translated the same use of **heart** in [2:2](../02/02.md). 26:24 qyht rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun בִּ֭שְׂפָתָיו יִנָּכֵ֣ר שׂוֹנֵ֑א וּ֝בְקִרְבּ֗וֹ יָשִׁ֥ית מִרְמָֽה 1 Here, **his**, **one who hates**, **himself**, **him**, and **he** refer to a type of person in general, not a specific person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “With the lips of any person who hates, that person disguises himself, but that person sets deceit within that person” 26:24 mbaz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בִּ֭שְׂפָתָיו 1 See how you translated the same use of **lips** in the previous verse. 26:24 hqop rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִנָּכֵ֣ר & וּ֝בְקִרְבּ֗וֹ 1 Here, **himself** and **within him** refer to what the **one who hates** is thinking. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “disguises what he is thinking, but in his mind” 26:24 qu8b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יָשִׁ֥ית מִרְמָֽה 1 Here Solomon speaks of the **one who hates** planning how to deceive someone as if **deceit** were an object that **he sets within him**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he secretly plans to deceive” 26:24 qn7b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מִרְמָֽה 1 Here Solomon implies that the **one who hates** plans to deceive the person he **hates**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “deceit for the one he hates” 26:25 due1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun יְחַנֵּ֣ן ק֭וֹלוֹ & בּ֑וֹ & בְּלִבּֽוֹ 1 In this verse, **he**, **his**, and **him** refer to the type of person “who hates,” as stated in the previous verse. See how you translated these words in the previous verse. 26:25 f4gf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ק֭וֹלוֹ 1 Here, **voice** refers to what the person says. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “what he says” 26:25 q7ln rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שֶׁ֖בַע תּוֹעֵב֣וֹת 1 Here Solomon uses **seven** to refer to multiple **abominations**, not specifically **seven**. See how you translated **seven abominations** in [6:16](../06/16.md). 26:25 ji1n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit תּוֹעֵב֣וֹת 1 As in the rest of Proverbs, **abominations** here refers to what Yahweh considers to be **abominations**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “things that are abominable to Yahweh” 26:25 opc7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּלִבּֽוֹ 1 See how you translated **in his heart** in [6:14](../06/14.md). 26:26 iv6j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive תִּכַּסֶּ֣ה שִׂ֭נְאָה בְּמַשָּׁא֑וֹן 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Guile covers hatred” 26:26 yroj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns שִׂ֭נְאָה בְּמַשָּׁא֑וֹן 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **Hatred** and **guile**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. See how you translated the abstract noun **hatred** in [10:12](../10/12.md). Alternate translation: “Hating someone … by deceiving others” 26:26 mi17 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שִׂ֭נְאָה 1 Solomon implies that this **Hatred** belongs to the person with “a heart of evil,” who is described in [26:23](../26/23.md)–[26](../26/26.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “His hatred” 26:26 k29q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor תִּכַּסֶּ֣ה & תִּגָּלֶ֖ה 1 Here Solomon refers to **Hatred** being concealed as if it were an object that **is covered**, and he refers to **evil** being revealed as if it were an object that is **uncovered**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the same use of “covers” in [10:6](../10/06.md). Alternate translation: “is concealed … will be revealed” 26:26 ui66 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast תִּגָּלֶ֖ה רָעָת֣וֹ בְקָהָֽל 1 This clause is a strong contrast to the previous clause. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a contrast. Alternate translation: “however, his evil will be uncovered in the assembly” 26:26 u8yo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive תִּגָּלֶ֖ה רָעָת֣וֹ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “people will discover his evil” 26:26 d99d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns רָעָת֣וֹ 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **evil** in [1:16](../01/16.md). 26:27 gs4c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy כֹּֽרֶה־שַּׁ֭חַת בָּ֣הּ יִפֹּ֑ל 1 Here Solomon uses **One who digs a pit** to refer to anyone who tries to harm another person, and he uses **fall into it** to refer to that person being harmed as a result. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “One who tries to harm someone will be harmed instead” or “One who tries to harm someone is like one who digs a pit and falls into it” 26:27 srdw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit כֹּֽרֶה־שַּׁ֭חַת בָּ֣הּ יִפֹּ֑ל 1 Here Solomon implies that the person **digs a pit** in order to trap someone in it, but then ends up falling **into** that pit himself. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “One who digs a pit to trap someone will fall into that pit” 26:27 hbz4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun כֹּֽרֶה־שַּׁ֭חַת & וְגֹ֥לֵ֥ל אֶ֝בֶן אֵלָ֥יו 1 **One who digs a pit**, **one who rolls a stone**, and **him** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who digs a pit … and any person who rolls a stone … to that person” 26:27 t2t1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְגֹ֥לֵ֥ל אֶ֝בֶן אֵלָ֥יו תָּשֽׁוּב 1 Here Solomon uses **one who rolls a stone** to refer to anyone who tries to harm another person. Solomon uses **come back to him** to refer to that person being harmed as a result. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning carefully or use a simile. Alternate translation: “and one who tries to harm someone will be harmed instead” or “One who tries to harm someone is like one who rolls a stone, and the stone comes back to him” 26:27 nj1w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְגֹ֥לֵ֥ל אֶ֝בֶן 1 Here Solomon implies that the person pushed a large **stone** up a hill so that it would roll down and crush someone. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and one who rolls a stone up a hill so that it will roll down and crush someone” 26:27 op14 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אֵלָ֥יו תָּשֽׁוּב 1 Here Solomon implies that the person himself will be crushed by the **stone** that he rolled up a hill to crush someone else. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “it will roll down and crush him” 26:28 wvw9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession לְֽשׁוֹן־שֶׁ֭קֶר 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **tongue** that is characterized by **falsehood**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. See how you translated the similar use of this phrase in [6:17](../06/17.md). Alternate translation: “A false tongue” 26:28 cbvf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לְֽשׁוֹן & דַכָּ֑יו 1 Here, **tongue** and **its** refer to the person who is speaking. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “A person speaking with … that person’s oppressed ones” 26:28 dqyc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche וּפֶ֥ה חָ֝לָ֗ק 1 Here, **mouth** refers to the person who is speaking. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the same use of **mouth** in [4:5](../04/05.md). Alternate translation: “and a person who speaks smoothly” 26:28 qdpg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor חָ֝לָ֗ק 1 Here Solomon speaks of this person speaking flatteringly as if he were making what he says **smooth**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “flattering” 26:28 gk1h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מִדְחֶֽה 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **calamity** in [1:26](../01/26.md). 27:intro ec7g 0 # Proverbs 27 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n6. Hezekiah’s proverbs from Solomon (25:1–29:27)\n * Warnings and admonitions (25:1–27:27)\n * Contrastive wise sayings (28:1–29:27)\n\nChapter 27 continues the section of the book containing proverbs written by Solomon that were copied by scribes during the reign of Hezekiah. This section contains two parts, the first part in [25:1](../25/01.md)–[27:27](../27/27.md) mostly contains proverbs that warn or admonish.\n\n## Translation Issues in This Chapter\n\n### Parallelism\n\nChapters 25–27 mostly contain proverbs in which the second of two parallel clauses completes, emphasizes, or qualifies the idea of the first clause. Chapter 27 also contains contrasting parallelism ([27:3](../27/03.md), [27:4](../27/04.md), [6](../27/06.md), [7](../27/07.md), [12](../27/12.md)) and parallelism in which both clauses have the same meaning for emphasis ([27:2](../27/02.md), [23](../27/23.md)). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])\n\n### Similes\n\nSolomon uses many different similes in this chapter to warn his readers against acting unwisely. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 27:1 t368 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יֵּ֥לֶד יֽוֹם 1 Here Solomon refers to what will happen on a certain **day** as if that **day** were a person who brings **forth** that event. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “what will occur on a day” 27:2 cyj6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis יְהַלֶּלְךָ֣ זָ֣ר וְלֹא־פִ֑יךָ נָ֝כְרִ֗י וְאַל־שְׂפָתֶֽיךָ 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words in the second clause that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the first clause. Alternate translation: “Let a stranger praise you and not your mouth; let a foreigner praise you and not your lips” 27:2 jhl7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism יְהַלֶּלְךָ֣ זָ֣ר וְלֹא־פִ֑יךָ נָ֝כְרִ֗י וְאַל־שְׂפָתֶֽיךָ 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word that shows that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Let a stranger praise you and not your mouth; yes, let a foreigner praise you and not your lips” 27:2 yy2d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun זָ֣ר & נָ֝כְרִ֗י 1 Here, **a stranger** and **a foreigner** refer to unfamiliar people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any stranger … any foreigner” or “any other person … any outsider” 27:2 zgaj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche פִ֑יךָ & שְׂפָתֶֽיךָ 1 In this verse, **mouth** and **lips** refer to the whole person. See how you translated the same use of **mouth** in [4:5](../04/05.md) and **lips** in [23:16](../23/16.md). 27:3 lqz8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession כֹּֽבֶד־אֶ֭בֶן וְנֵ֣טֶל הַח֑וֹל 1 Here Solomon uses the possessive form to state that **a stone** is heavy and **sand** is weighty. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “A stone is heavy and sand is weighty” 27:3 snl3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְכַ֥עַס אֱ֝וִ֗יל כָּבֵ֥ד מִשְּׁנֵיהֶֽם 1 Here Solomon refers to how vexing fools are to other people as if the **vexation** they cause were **heavier than** the weight of **a stone** and **sand**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “yet the vexation of a fool is harder to tolerate than lifting either of them” or “yet the vexation of a fool is like something heavier than the two of them” 27:3 wtng rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וְכַ֥עַס אֱ֝וִ֗יל 1 Here Solomon uses the possessive form to describe **the vexation** that is caused by **a fool**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “yet how vexing a fool can be" 27:4 l3ui rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession אַכְזְרִיּ֣וּת חֵ֭מָה וְשֶׁ֣טֶף אָ֑ף 1 Here Solomon uses the possessive form to describe **heat** that is characterized by **Cruelty** and **nose** that is characterized by **a flood**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “Heat is cruel and nose is a flood” 27:4 shgm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy חֵ֭מָה & אָ֑ף 1 Here, **heat** and **nose** refer to anger. See how you translated the same use of **heat** and **nose** in [15:1](../15/01.md). 27:4 r9wp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְשֶׁ֣טֶף אָ֑ף 1 Here Solomon speaks of the destructive power of anger as if it were **a flood**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and anger destroys like a flood” 27:4 nh38 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion וּמִ֥י יַ֝עֲמֹד לִפְנֵ֥י קִנְאָֽה 1 Solomon is using the question form to emphasize how dangerous **jealousy** is. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “but surely no one can stand before the face of jealousy!” 27:4 pjny rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom יַ֝עֲמֹד לִפְנֵ֥י 1 Here, **stand before the face of** means “resist.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “can oppose” 27:4 inj9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns קִנְאָֽה 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **jealousy** in [6:34](../06/34.md). 27:5 pz3x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מְגֻלָּ֑ה & מְסֻתָּֽרֶת 1 Here, **open** refers to a **rebuke** that someone notices, while **hidden** refers to **love** that someone does not notice. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “noticeable … unnoticeable” 27:5 yva8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns תּוֹכַ֣חַת & מֵֽאַהֲבָ֥ה 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **rebuke** in [1:23](../01/23.md) and **love** in [10:12](../10/12.md). 27:6 t884 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification נֶ֭אֱמָנִים פִּצְעֵ֣י אוֹהֵ֑ב 1 Here Solomon speaks of the faithfulness of the **one who loves** as if the **wounds** he causes were a **Faithful** person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “The wounds of one who loves show his faithfulness” or “The wounds of one who loves show how faithful he is” 27:6 lswh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession פִּצְעֵ֣י אוֹהֵ֑ב 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe **wounds** that are caused by **one who loves**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “are the wounds caused by one who loves” 27:6 d5v5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor פִּצְעֵ֣י אוֹהֵ֑ב 1 Here Solomon speaks of the sadness that a person feels when **one who loves** rebukes that person as if it were **wounds**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is the sadness caused by one who loves and rebukes” 27:7 hu2h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אוֹהֵ֑ב & שׂוֹנֵֽא 1 Here, the phrases **one who loves** and **one who hates** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any person who loves … any person who hates” 27:6 q38c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification וְ֝נַעְתָּר֗וֹת נְשִׁיק֥וֹת שׂוֹנֵֽא 1 Here Solomon speaks of the deceptiveness of the **one who hates** as if the **kisses** he gives were a **deceptive** person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but the kisses of one who hates show his deceptiveness” or “but the kisses of one who hates show how deceptive he is” 27:6 upw5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants וְ֝נַעְתָּר֗וֹת 1 The word translated as **deceptive** can also mean “excessive.” If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to use the reading that it uses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to use the reading of the ULT. 27:6 f1f8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession נְשִׁיק֥וֹת שׂוֹנֵֽא 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe **kisses** that are given by **one who hates**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “are the kisses given by one who hates” 27:6 wzd4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction נְשִׁיק֥וֹת 1 Here, **kisses** is a symbolic action to show true friendship and loyalty. See how you translated the same use of the word in [24:26](../24/26.md). 27:7 cebd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun נֶ֣פֶשׁ שְׂ֭בֵעָה & וְנֶ֥פֶשׁ רְ֝עֵבָ֗ה 1 **A satiated appetite** and **the appetite of a hungry one** refers to these appetites in general, not specific appetites. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any satiated appetite … but for any appetite of any hungry person” 27:7 diy7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche נֶ֣פֶשׁ שְׂ֭בֵעָה 1 Here, **appetite** refers to the whole **satiated** person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “A person who is satisfied” or “A person who has eaten enough to be full” 27:7 wr1p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns נֶ֣פֶשׁ & וְנֶ֥פֶשׁ 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **appetite** in [6:30](../06/30.md). 27:7 y8b7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit תָּב֣וּס נֹ֑פֶת & מָתֽוֹק 1 Here Solomon implies that the **satiated** person **tramples fresh honey** because he is not hungry and does not want to eat it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “shuns fresh honey because he is not hungry” 27:7 pha3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche וְנֶ֥פֶשׁ רְ֝עֵבָ֗ה 1 Here, **appetite** refers to the whole **hungry one**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but a person who is hungry” 27:7 aj75 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit כָּל־מַ֥ר מָתֽוֹק 1 Here, **bitter** and **sweet** refer to how things taste. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “everything that usually tastes bitter seems to taste sweet” 27:8 szf7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure כְּ֭צִפּוֹר נוֹדֶ֣דֶת מִן־קִנָּ֑הּ כֵּֽן־אִ֝֗ישׁ נוֹדֵ֥ד מִמְּקוֹמֽוֹ 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “Like a man who wanders from his place, so is a bird wandering from her nest” 27:8 u3ew rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אִ֝֗ישׁ & מִמְּקוֹמֽוֹ 1 See how you translated the same use of **a man** and **his** in [6:27](../06/27.md). 27:9 nbzh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שֶׁ֣מֶן וּ֭קְטֹרֶת 1 **Oil and incense** here refers to pleasant-smelling substances that are put on a person’s skin. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Pleasant-smelling oils and perfumes” 27:9 hute rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification יְשַׂמַּֽח־לֵ֑ב 1 Here Solomon speaks of a person feeling glad as if that person’s **heart** were a person who could be gladdened. If it would be helpful in you language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “make a person happy” 27:9 mg4r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile וּמֶ֥תֶק 1 Here, **and** indicates that Solomon is comparing what follows to what he said in the previous clause. In the same way that **Oil and incense gladden the heart**, **the sweetness of his friend is from the counsel of the soul**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “and similarly, the sweetness of” 27:9 fa3b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּמֶ֥תֶק 1 Here Solomon speaks of the kindness of a **friend** as if it were **sweetness**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and the kindness of” 27:9 pmcx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations רֵ֝עֵ֗הוּ 1 Although **his** is masculine, here it refers to a person in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “any person’s friend” 27:9 u0uh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom מֵֽעֲצַת־נָֽפֶשׁ 1 The phrase **counsel of the soul** refers to sincere advice. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is from sincere counsel” 27:10 c6gz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun רֵֽעֲךָ֨ וְרֵ֪עַ & וּבֵ֥ית אָחִ֗יךָ אַל־תָּ֭בוֹא & שָׁכֵ֥ן קָ֝ר֗וֹב מֵאָ֥ח רָחֽוֹק 1 Here, **friend**, **house**, **brother**, **a nearby inhabitant**, and **a distant brother** represent these things and people in general, not specific things or people. In this verse, **brother** refers to relatives in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any friend of yours and any friend of … and do not enter any house of any relative of yours … is any nearby inhabitant than any distant relative” 27:10 a4vv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּי֣וֹם 1 Here, **day** refers to a point in time when something happens. It does not refer to a 24-hour length of time. See how you translated the same use of **day** in [21:31](../21/31.md). 27:10 sg3v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns אֵידֶ֑ךָ 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **calamity** in [1:26](../01/26.md). 27:10 djmi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ט֥וֹב שָׁכֵ֥ן קָ֝ר֗וֹב מֵאָ֥ח רָחֽוֹק 1 Here Solomon implies that this situation is true **in the day of your calamity**, as mentioned in the previous clause. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “When you need help, a nearby inhabitant is better than a distant brother” 27:11 gm95 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בְּ֭נִי 1 See how you translated the same use of **son** in [1:8](../01/08.md). 27:11 v2t7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לִבִּ֑י 1 Here, **heart** refers to the whole person. See how you translated the same use of **heart** in [14:10](../14/10.md). 27:11 dbcf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְאָשִׁ֖יבָה & דָבָֽר 1 Here Solomon refers to replying to someone as if the **word** spoken were an object that one returns to that other person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and I shall reply with a word” 27:11 zblc rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וְאָשִׁ֖יבָה 1 Here, **and** introduces the result of the **son** being **wise**. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate result. You may need to start a new sentence. Alternate translation: “As a result, I shall return” 27:11 roze rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy דָבָֽר 1 See how you translated the similar use of **word** in [12:25](../12/25.md). 27:11 e4u1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun חֹרְפִ֣י 1 Here, **one who reproaches me** represents a person in general, not one particular person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “to any person who reproaches me” 27:12 y47t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun עָר֤וּם רָאָ֣ה רָעָ֣ה נִסְתָּ֑ר פְּ֝תָאיִ֗ם עָבְר֥וּ נֶעֱנָֽשׁוּ 1 See how you translated the nearly identical sentence in [22:3](../22/03.md). 27:13 l1r3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit קַח־בִּ֭גְדוֹ כִּי־עָ֣רַב זָ֑ר וּבְעַ֖ד נָכְרִיָּ֣ה חַבְלֵֽהוּ 1 See how you translated the identical sentence in [20:16](../20/16.md). 27:14 xjs1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מְבָ֘רֵ֤ךְ רֵעֵ֨הוּ & בַּבֹּ֣קֶר הַשְׁכֵּ֑ים & לֽוֹ 1 **One who blesses**, **his neighbor**, **the rising morning**, and **him** represent types of people and mornings in general, not a specific people or **morning**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “Any person who blesses any neighbor … in any rising morning … to that neighbor” 27:14 xlwx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּק֣וֹל גָּ֭דוֹל 1 Here, **great** refers to the **voice** being loud. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “with a loud voice” 27:14 ckpj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בַּבֹּ֣קֶר הַשְׁכֵּ֑ים 1 Here Solomon refers to the early **morning** as if it were **rising** because the sun appears to rise on the horizon at dawn. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “at dawn” 27:14 z5ga rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive קְ֝לָלָ֗ה תֵּחָ֥שֶׁב לֽוֹ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that neighbor will consider it to be a curse” 27:15 caj9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile דֶּ֣לֶף ט֭וֹרֵד בְּי֣וֹם סַגְרִ֑יר וְאֵ֥שֶׁת מדונים נִשְׁתָּוָֽה 1 Here, **alike** indicates that Solomon is comparing **a woman of quarrels** to continually **dripping** water on a rainy **day** because both are annoying. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the similar use of **dripping** in [19:13](../19/13.md). Alternate translation: “Bothersome as a continual dripping on a day of steady rain is a woman of quarrels” or “As annoying as a continual dripping of water on a rainy day is a woman of quarrels” 27:15 bh2v וְאֵ֥שֶׁת מדונים 1 See how you translated **a woman of quarrels** in [21:9](../21/09.md). 27:16 emob rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants צֹפְנֶ֥יהָ צָֽפַן 1 The word translated twice as **hides** in this verse is considered by some scholars to also mean “restrains.” If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to use the reading that it uses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to use the reading of the ULT. 27:16 tnhs rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns צֹפְנֶ֥יהָ 1 Here, **her** refers to “a woman of quarrels” mentioned in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “The one who hides a woman of quarrels” 27:16 tfg7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun צֹפְנֶ֥יהָ & יְמִינ֣וֹ 1 **The one who hides** and **his** represent any man with a quarrelsome wife in general, not a specific man. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who hides her … that person’s right hand” 27:16 z86v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor צָֽפַן־ר֑וּחַ וְשֶׁ֖מֶן יְמִינ֣וֹ יִקְרָֽא 1 Here Solomon speaks of hiding a quarrelsome woman as if one were trying to hide **the wind** or grasp **oil** in his hand, both of which are impossible tasks. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “is doing something impossible” or “is like one who tries to hide the wind or grasp oil in his right hand” 27:16 vt8g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יִקְרָֽא 1 Here, the word translated as **meets** refers to trying to grasp or hold on to something in a hand. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “grasps” 27:17 w3va rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile בַּרְזֶ֣ל בְּבַרְזֶ֣ל יָ֑חַד וְ֝אִ֗ישׁ יַ֣חַד פְּנֵֽי־רֵעֵֽהוּ 1 Here, **and** indicates that Solomon is comparing what he says in the second clause to what he says in the first clause. In the same way that **Iron sharpens against iron**, **a man sharpens the face of his neighbor**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “Iron sharpens against iron; similarly, a man sharpens the face of his neighbor” 27:17 vkrx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure בַּרְזֶ֣ל בְּבַרְזֶ֣ל יָ֑חַד וְ֝אִ֗ישׁ יַ֣חַד פְּנֵֽי־רֵעֵֽהוּ 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “A man sharpens the face of his neighbor as iron sharpens against iron” 27:17 a75j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations וְ֝אִ֗ישׁ & רֵעֵֽהוּ 1 Although **a man** and **his** are masculine, Solomon is using the words in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use phrases that make this clear. Alternate translation: “and a person … that person’s neighbor” 27:17 tka6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יַ֣חַד 1 Here Solomon uses **sharpens** to refer to developing or improving someone. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “helps to improve” 27:17 jsvp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy פְּנֵֽי 1 Here Solomon uses **face** to refer to a person’s character or how a person thinks. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the character of” 27:18 gbr2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun נֹצֵ֣ר תְּ֭אֵנָה יֹאכַ֣ל פִּרְיָ֑הּ וְשֹׁמֵ֖ר אֲדֹנָ֣יו 1 **One who guards**, **a fig tree**, **its**, **one who protects**, and **his** represent fig trees and types of people in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who guards any fig tree will eat the fruit of that tree, and any person who protects that person’s master” 27:18 ywjy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile וְשֹׁמֵ֖ר 1 Here, **and** indicates that Solomon is comparing what follows to what he said in the previous clause. Solomon is saying that **one who protects his masters** is like **One who guards a fig tree** because both receive a reward for their work. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “and in the same way, one who protects” 27:18 d71d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יְכֻבָּֽד 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that master will honor” 27:19 kla0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis כַּ֭מַּיִם הַפָּנִ֣ים לַפָּנִ֑ים כֵּ֤ן לֵֽב־הָ֝אָדָ֗ם לָאָדָֽם 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “As the water reflects the face to the face, so the heart of the man reflects to the man” 27:19 bvj1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כַּ֭מַּיִם הַפָּנִ֣ים לַפָּנִ֑ים כֵּ֤ן לֵֽב־הָ֝אָדָ֗ם לָאָדָֽם 1 The words **As** and **so** in this verse indicate that Solomon is comparing **water** with **the heart of a man**. The point is that both reveal what someone really is. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this more explicit. Alternate translation: “Just like the water shows the face to the face, so the heart of a man shows to the man who he really is” 27:19 tpu2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun כַּ֭מַּיִם הַפָּנִ֣ים לַפָּנִ֑ים כֵּ֤ן לֵֽב־הָ֝אָדָ֗ם לָאָדָֽם 1 Here, **the water**, **the face**, **the heart**, and **the man** refer to things and people in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “As water reflects any face to itself, so any person’s heart reflects to that person” 27:19 z68a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לֵֽב 1 See how you translated the same use of **heart** in [2:2](../02/02.md). 27:20 nv5h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet שְׁא֣וֹל וַ֭אֲבַדּוֹ 1 See how you translated this phrase in [15:11](../15/11.md). 27:20 c28l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive לֹ֣א תִשְׂבַּ֑עְנָה & לֹ֣א תִשְׂבַּֽעְנָה 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “no one can satisfy … no one can satisfy” 27:20 tloq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification לֹ֣א תִשְׂבַּ֑עְנָה 1 Here Solomon speaks of **Sheol and Abaddon** never lacking room for more dead people as if those places were people who **are not satisfied** with what they already have. He means that people never stop dying. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “never lack space ” 27:20 vzio rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile וְעֵינֵ֥י הָ֝אָדָ֗ם לֹ֣א תִשְׂבַּֽעְנָה 1 Here, **and** indicates that Solomon is comparing what follows to what he said in the previous clause. In the same way that **Sheol and Abaddon are not satisfied**, **the eyes of the man are not satisfied**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “and similarly, the eyes of the man are not satisfied” 27:20 q6ud rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְעֵינֵ֥י הָ֝אָדָ֗ם לֹ֣א תִשְׂבַּֽעְנָה 1 Here **the eyes** refers to desires. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and the desires of the man are not satisfied” 27:20 m6bk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification וְעֵינֵ֥י הָ֝אָדָ֗ם לֹ֣א תִשְׂבַּֽעְנָה 1 Here Solomon speaks of **the man** never ceasing to desire as if *his **eyes** were people who **are not satisfied**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and a man never stops desiring” 27:20 fxne rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations הָ֝אָדָ֗ם 1 Although the term **man** is masculine, Solomon is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “a person” or “any person” 27:21 twg0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מַצְרֵ֣ף לַ֭כֶּסֶף וְכ֣וּר לַזָּהָ֑ב 1 See how you translated the identical clause in [17:3](../17/03.md). 27:21 eza1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile וְ֝אִ֗ישׁ 1 Here, **so** indicates that Solomon is comparing what follows to what he said in the previous clause. In the same way that the **smelting-pot** reveals the impurities in **silver** and the **furnace** reveals the impurities in **gold**, the character of **a man** is revealed by how he responds to **the mouth of one who praises him**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “in the same way, a man is” 27:21 b7qd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun וְ֝אִ֗ישׁ לְפִ֣י מַהֲלָלֽוֹ 1 Here, **a man** and **one who praises him** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “so is any person for the mouth of any person who praises that person” 27:21 vnq3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לְפִ֣י מַהֲלָלֽוֹ 1 Solomon implies that **a man** is tested by **the mouth of one who praises him**, just as **silver** and **gold** are tested by someone melting them in a **smelting-pot** or **furnace**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “tested by the mouth of one who praises” 27:21 prc1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לְפִ֣י 1 Here, **mouth** refers to what the person **who praises him** says. See how you translated the same use of **mouth** in [10:6](../10/06.md). 27:22 gkkq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo אִ֥ם תִּכְתּֽוֹשׁ־אֶת־הָאֱוִ֨יל ׀ בַּֽמַּכְתֵּ֡שׁ בְּת֣וֹךְ הָ֭רִיפוֹת בַּֽעֱלִ֑י 1 Solomon introduces an imaginary situation to help explain how futile it is to try to stop **a fool** from being foolish. Use a natural method in your language for introducing an imaginary situation. Alternate translation: “Suppose you were to pound a fool in a mortar with a pestle in the midst of ground grains” 27:22 ir3k rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown תִּכְתּֽוֹשׁ־אֶת־הָאֱוִ֨יל ׀ בַּֽמַּכְתֵּ֡שׁ בְּת֣וֹךְ הָ֭רִיפוֹת בַּֽעֱלִ֑י 1 The terms **mortar** and **pestle** refer to hard tools that are smashed together to crush **grains**. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of tool, you could use the name of something similar in your area, or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “you pound a fool with tools used for crushing grain” 27:22 wkql rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun הָאֱוִ֨יל & מֵ֝עָלָ֗יו אִוַּלְתּֽוֹ 1 Here, **a fool**, **his**, and **him** refer to fools in general, not one particular **fool**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any fool … that fool’s folly … from on that fool” 27:22 q3vd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification לֹא־תָס֥וּר מֵ֝עָלָ֗יו אִוַּלְתּֽוֹ 1 Here Solomon speaks of a person being unable to stop behaving foolishly as if **his folly** were a person who **will not turn away from on him**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he will not stop his folly” 27:22 szvb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns אִוַּלְתּֽוֹ 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **folly** in [5:23](../05/23.md). 27:23 ixh6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism יָדֹ֣עַ תֵּ֭דַע פְּנֵ֣י צֹאנֶ֑ךָ שִׁ֥ית לִ֝בְּךָ֗ לַעֲדָרִֽים 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Know well the faces of your flock; yes, set your heart to the herds” 27:23 de7k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor פְּנֵ֣י 1 Here, **faces** refers to what the animals in the **flock** look like, which would indicate the condition of their health. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the condition of” 27:23 m9rs rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns צֹאנֶ֑ךָ 1 In this verse, the word **flock** is singular in form, but it refers to all sheep or goats as a group. If it would be helpful in your language, you could say this plainly. Alternate translation: “your group of sheep” 27:23 b9bu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom שִׁ֥ית לִ֝בְּךָ֗ 1 See how you translated this phrase in [22:17](../22/17.md). 27:23 fwhi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לַעֲדָרִֽים 1 The parallelism with the previous clause indicates that Solomon is referring to the condition of **the herds**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “to the condition of the herds” 27:24 gu92 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy נֵ֝֗זֶר 1 Here, **crown** refers to a king’s rule over his kingdom. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a king’s rule” 27:24 d07y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom לְד֣וֹר וָדֽוֹר 1 This is an idiom that means “forever.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly, as in the UST. 27:25-26 1 These two verses are one conditional sentence. If the conditions in [27:25](../27/25.md) are met, then the situation in [27:26](../27/26.md) will occur. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate conditional statements. 27:25 qn5t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit גָּלָ֣ה חָ֭צִיר 1 Here Solomon implies that the **grass disappears** because the farmer harvested it in order to feed it to livestock. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Then grass disappears when you harvest it” 27:25 cvdy rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential וְנִרְאָה־דֶ֑שֶׁא 1 The word translated **and** at the beginning of this phrase indicates that this event happened after the event described in the previous phrase. Use a natural form in your language for introducing the next event in a series of events. Alternate translation: “and next, fresh grass is seen” 27:25 bk4g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וְנִרְאָה־דֶ֑שֶׁא וְ֝נֶאֶסְפ֗וּ עִשְּׂב֥וֹת הָרִֽים 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and you see fresh grass, and you gather the herbs of the mountains” 27:25 m5ji rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession עִשְּׂב֥וֹת הָרִֽים 1 Here Solomon uses the possessive form to describe **the herbs** that grow on **the mountains**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the herbs that grow on the mountains” 27:26 ra5w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit כְּבָשִׂ֥ים לִלְבוּשֶׁ֑ךָ 1 Here Solomon implies that the **lambs** will provide the wool that is used to make **clothing**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “lambs will provide the wool for your clothing” 27:26 j2vp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וּמְחִ֥יר שָׂ֝דֶ֗ה עַתּוּדִֽים 1 Here Solomon implies that the **male goats** will be sold for an amount of money that will be enough to buy **a field**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and selling your goats will provide enough money to pay the price for a field” 27:27 q28m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ֝חַיִּ֗ים לְנַעֲרוֹתֶֽיךָ 1 Here Solomon implies that there will also be enough **milk of female goats** to provide **life for your young women**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and there will be enough goat’s milk to sustain the life of your young women” 27:27 xjw4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ֝חַיִּ֗ים 1 Here, **life** refers to the nourishment needed to sustain **life**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and nourishment” 28:intro g91u 0 # Proverbs 28 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n6. Hezekiah’s proverbs from Solomon (25:1–29:27)\n * Warnings and admonitions (25:1–27:27)\n * Contrastive wise sayings (28:1–29:27)\n\nChapter 28 begins the second part of this section of the book that contains proverbs written by Solomon that were copied by scribes during the reign of Hezekiah. This part in [28:1](../28/01.md)–[29:27](../29/27.md) mostly contains general proverbs that use contrastive parallelism. 28:1 nri8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj רָשָׁ֑ע 1 Solomon is using the adjective **wicked** as a noun to mean **wicked** people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “The wicked ones” 28:1 gy6g rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast וְאֵין־רֹדֵ֣ף 1 Here, **and** indicates a contrast between the previous phrase and the next phrase. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a contrast. Alternate translation: “despite their being no pursuer” 28:2 wie4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result בְּפֶ֣שַֽׁע אֶ֭רֶץ רַבִּ֣ים שָׂרֶ֑יהָ 1 **By** here indicates that having **transgression** is one reason why **a land** has **many rulers**. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a reason. Alternate translation: “Transgression is one reason why a land has many rulers” 28:2 qks4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְּפֶ֣שַֽׁע 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **transgression** in [10:19](../10/19.md). 28:2 zvxb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אֶ֭רֶץ & שָׂרֶ֑יהָ & יַאֲרִֽיךְ 1 Here, **land**, **its**, and **it** refer to the people who live in a **land**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the people in a land … are their rulers … those people will endure” 28:2 ivf7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וּבְאָדָ֥ם 1 Here Solomon implies that **a man** is a ruler. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “but by a ruler” 28:2 rbza rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet מֵבִ֥ין יֹ֝דֵ֗עַ 1 The words **understands** and **knows** mean the same thing. Solomon is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “who really understands” 28:3 tx2c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun גֶּ֣בֶר 1 **A man** here refers to this type of person in general, not a specific **man**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “Any person” 28:3 p3oh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דַּלִּ֑ים 1 See how you translated the same use of **lowly** in [10:15](../10/15.md). 28:3 pb4k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מָטָ֥ר סֹ֝חֵ֗ף וְאֵ֣ין לָֽחֶם 1 Here Solomon refers to **A man who is poor and who oppresses the lowly ones** as if that person were **a rain that washes away**. The point is that both are destructive. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “is very destructive” or “is like rain that washes away, and there is no bread” 28:3 rw37 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit סֹ֝חֵ֗ף 1 Here Solomon implies that the **rain washes away** all the crops. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “that washes all the crops away” 28:3 s74i rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וְאֵ֣ין 1 Here, **and** indicates that what follows is a result of what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a result of what came before. Alternate translation: “and it results in their being no” 28:3 hskj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לָֽחֶם 1 See how you translated the same use of **bread** in [9:5](../09/05.md). 28:4 z1ah rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification עֹזְבֵ֣י 1 See how you translated the same use of **forsake** in [1:8](../01/08.md). 28:4 u914 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns ת֭וֹרָה & ת֝וֹרָ֗ה 1 Here, the word **law** is singular in form, but it refers to several laws as a group. In this verse, **law** could refer to: (1) Yahweh’s laws. Alternate translation: “the laws of Yahweh … his laws” (2) wise instruction in general. Alternate translation: “wise instructions … those instructions” 28:4 jyfa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun רָשָׁ֑ע 1 See how you translated **a wicked one** in [9:7](../09/07.md). 28:4 j98f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְשֹׁמְרֵ֥י 1 Here Solomon speaks of obeying **the law** as if it were an object that someone can **keep**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly, as in the UST. 28:4 whf7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns בָֽם 1 Here, **them** refers to **wicked** people, who are called **a wicked one** in the previous clause. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “against those wicked people” 28:5 blnd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession אַנְשֵׁי־רָ֭ע 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe **men** who are characterized by **evil**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “Evil men” 28:5 pi7r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אַנְשֵׁי 1 Although the term **men** is masculine, Solomon is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “People of” 28:5 t38q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מִשְׁפָּ֑ט 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **justice** in [1:3](../01/03.md). 28:5 k5mh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּמְבַקְשֵׁ֥י 1 Here Solomon refers to trying to know and please **Yahweh** as if he were an object that people can seek. See how you translated the similar use of “seeks” in [11:27](../11/27.md). Alternate translation: “but people who try to please” 28:5 ru6t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit כֹֽל 1 Here Solomon implies that the people **understand everything** about **justice**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “completely understand what is just” 28:6 q4ty rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun רָ֭שׁ הוֹלֵ֣ךְ בְּתֻמּ֑וֹ מֵעִקֵּ֥שׁ דְּ֝רָכַ֗יִם וְה֣וּא 1 Here, **one who is poor**, **his**, **one crooked of ways**, and **he** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any person who is poor who walks in that person’s integrity than any person who is crooked of ways, yet that person” 28:6 pfi9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הוֹלֵ֣ךְ בְּתֻמּ֑וֹ 1 Here, **walks** refers to how a person behaves, in this case behaving with **integrity**. See how you translated the similar use of “walk” in [3:23](../03/23.md). Alternate translation: “who behaves with integrity” 28:6 w2cr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְּתֻמּ֑וֹ 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **integrity** in [1:3](../01/03.md). 28:6 jdf4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מֵעִקֵּ֥שׁ 1 See how you translated the same use of **crooked** in [2:15](../02/15.md). 28:6 gq3x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דְּ֝רָכַ֗יִם 1 See how you translated the same use of **ways** in [3:6](../03/06.md). 28:7 b5pv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun נוֹצֵ֣ר & וְרֹעֶה & אָבִֽיו 1 **One who guards**, **one who associates**, and **his** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who guards … but any person who associates with … that person’s father” 28:7 rh6n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נוֹצֵ֣ר 1 Here Solomon speaks of obeying **the law** as if it were an object that someone **guards**. See how you translated the same use of “keep” in [28:4](../28/04.md). 28:7 mmgd rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns תּ֭וֹרָה 1 See how you translated the same use of **the law** in [28:4](../28/04.md). 28:7 pi9f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בֵּ֣ן 1 See how you translated the same use of **son** in [1:8](../01/08.md). 28:8 uef7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מַרְבֶּ֣ה ה֭וֹנוֹ & לְחוֹנֵ֖ן 1 **One who increases**, **his**, and **one who shows favor** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who increases that person’s own wealth … for any person who shows favor” 28:8 i36g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys בְּנֶ֣שֶׁךְ וְתַרְבִּ֑ית 1 The two words **interest** and **usury** express a single idea. The word **usury** indicates that this person is charging an unreasonably large amount of **interest** to those who borrow money from him. If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this meaning in a different way. Alternate translation: “by charging extra money to borrow” 28:8 vw0h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יִקְבְּצֶֽנּוּ 1 Here Solomon implies that the **One who increases his wealth** unknowingly **gathers** his **wealth** for someone else. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “unknowingly gathers it” 28:8 tj5f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לְחוֹנֵ֖ן 1 See how you translated the same use of **shows favor** in [14:21](../14/21.md). 28:8 xz6i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דַּלִּ֣ים 1 See how you translated the same use of **lowly** in [10:15](../10/15.md). 28:9 spld rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מֵסִ֣יר אָ֭זְנוֹ & תְּ֝פִלָּת֗וֹ 1 **One who turns away** and **his** refer to a type of person in general, not a specific person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who turns away that person’s own ear … that person’s prayer” 28:9 s7cf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom מֵסִ֣יר אָ֭זְנוֹ מִשְּׁמֹ֣עַ 1 The phrase **turns away his ear** is an idiom that refers to refusing to listen to what someone is saying as if the listener were turning **his ear away** from the person speaking. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “One who refuses to listen to” 28:9 jdtt rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns תּוֹרָ֑ה 1 See how you translated the same use of **the law** in [28:4](../28/04.md). 28:9 htkq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit תּוֹעֵבָֽה 1 As in the rest of Proverbs, **abomination** here refers to what Yahweh considers to be an **abomination**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “is what is abominable to Yahweh” 28:9 a3bi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns תּוֹעֵבָֽה 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **abomination** in [3:32](../03/32.md). 28:10 pv8z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מַשְׁגֶּ֤ה יְשָׁרִ֨ים & בִּשְׁחוּת֥וֹ הֽוּא־יִפּ֑וֹל 1 **One who leads**, **his**, **he**, and **himself** refer to a type of person in general, not a specific person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who leads upright ones astray … into that person’s own pit that person will fall” 28:10 hgy2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מַשְׁגֶּ֤ה יְשָׁרִ֨ים ׀ בְּדֶ֥רֶךְ רָ֗ע 1 Here Solomon refers to someone causing **upright ones** to behave in a manner that is **evil** as if he were leading those people down a path. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the same use of “lead them astray” in [12:26](../12/26.md) and **way** in [1:15](../01/15.md). Alternate translation: “One who causes upright ones to behave in an evil manner” 28:10 nxid rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בְּדֶ֥רֶךְ רָ֗ע 1 See how you translated **way of evil** in [2:12](../02/12.md). 28:10 tw7h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בִּשְׁחוּת֥וֹ הֽוּא־יִפּ֑וֹל 1 Here Solomon refers to a person unintentionally destroying himself by trying to harm someone else as if that person falls **into his pit** that he dug to trap someone else. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will end up destroying himself by his behavior” 28:10 um6b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וּ֝תְמִימִ֗ים 1 See how you translated **blameless ones** in [2:21](../02/21.md). 28:10 w756 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִנְחֲלוּ־טֽוֹב 1 Here Solomon speaks of **blameless ones** receiving many **good** things as if **good** were property or wealth that they could **inherit** from a family member. See how you translated the same use of **inherit** in [3:35](../03/35.md). 28:10 g3pd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns טֽוֹב 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **good** in [11:27](../11/27.md). 28:11 prjd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun בְּ֭עֵינָיו אִ֣ישׁ עָשִׁ֑יר וְדַ֖ל & יַחְקְרֶֽנּוּ 1 **A rich man**, **his**, **a lowly one**, and **him** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any rich person … in that person’s eyes, but any lowly one … will search that person out” 28:11 eg7v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor חָכָ֣ם בְּ֭עֵינָיו 1 See how you translated **wise in his eyes** in [26:5](../26/05.md). 28:11 pj9j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְדַ֖ל 1 See how you translated the same use of **lowly** in [10:15](../10/15.md). 28:11 ynr5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom יַחְקְרֶֽנּוּ 1 The phrase means that **a lowly one** will be able to investigate and determine that **A rich man** is not really **wise**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will determine that he is not truly wise” 28:12 qew3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns רַבָּ֣ה תִפְאָ֑רֶת 1 Here, **splendor** could refer to: (1) people rejoicing or celebrating that **righteous ones** have become powerful. Alternate translation: “there is great celebration” (2) the rule of the **righteous ones** being glorious. Alternate translation: “it is very glorious” 28:12 gtfk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בַּעֲלֹ֣ץ צַ֭דִּיקִים 1 Here Solomon implies that **wicked ones exult** because they have become prosperous or powerful. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “When righteous ones become prosperous” 28:12 zkn5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּבְק֥וּם רְ֝שָׁעִ֗ים 1 Here Solomon speaks of **wicked ones** becoming powerful as if they were objects that could **arise**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but when wicked ones become prosperous” 28:12 zux2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יְחֻפַּ֥שׂ אָדָֽם 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “people search for a man” 28:12 egmh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun יְחֻפַּ֥שׂ אָדָֽם 1 Here, **a man** refers to people in general, not a specific **man**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “any person is searched for” 28:12 g949 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יְחֻפַּ֥שׂ אָדָֽם 1 Here Solomon implies that **a man is searched for** because everyone has hidden themselves to escape from the powerful **wicked ones**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “everyone hides from them” 28:13 e7kw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מְכַסֶּ֣ה פְ֭שָׁעָיו & וּמוֹדֶ֖ה 1 **One who covers**, **his**, and **one who confesses** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who covers that person’s own transgressions … but any person who confesses” 28:13 h8gm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מְכַסֶּ֣ה 1 Here Solomon refers to someone concealing **his transgressions** as if **transgressions** were objects that someone **covers**. See how you translated the same use of **covers** in [10:6](../10/06.md). 28:13 gqdj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns פְ֭שָׁעָיו 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **transgressions** in [10:12](../10/12.md). 28:13 wef9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וּמוֹדֶ֖ה וְעֹזֵ֣ב 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “but one who confesses and forsakes his transgressions” 28:13 m9fz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יְרֻחָֽם 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The context implies that Yahweh will do the action. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will show mercy to” 28:14 ijf7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אָ֭דָם & וּמַקְשֶׁ֥ה לִ֝בּ֗וֹ 1 Here, **a man**, **one who hardens**, and **his** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “is any person … but any person who hardens that person’s own heart” 28:14 lmxv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מְפַחֵ֣ד תָּמִ֑יד 1 Here, **in terror continually** refers to reverently fearing Yahweh. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “who is in terror of Yahweh continually” 28:14 ymm8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּמַקְשֶׁ֥ה לִ֝בּ֗וֹ 1 Here Solomon speaks of a person being stubbornly opposed to Yahweh as if he made **his heart** hard. The word **heart** here refers to a person’s mind and will, as in [2:2](../02/02.md). If the heart is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. If a translation is available in your language, see how it translated a similar expression in [Exodus 7:3](../exo/07/03.md). Alternate translation: “but one who is stubborn against Yahweh” 28:14 l7ee rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִפּ֥וֹל בְּרָעָֽה 1 See how you translated the nearly identical phrase “falls into evil” in [13:17](../13/17.md). 28:15 oeeu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure אֲרִי־נֹ֭הֵם וְדֹ֣ב שׁוֹקֵ֑ק מֹשֵׁ֥ל רָ֝שָׁ֗ע עַ֣ל עַם־דָּֽל 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “A wicked ruler over a lowly people is a lion growling and a bear charging” 28:15 z8ti rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֲרִי־נֹ֭הֵם וְדֹ֣ב שׁוֹקֵ֑ק 1 In this verse, Solomon speaks of **a wicked ruler over a lowly people** being frightening and dangerous as if he were **A lion growling and a bear charging**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “Very dangerous” or “Like a lion growling or a bear charging” 28:15 x5l1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מֹשֵׁ֥ל רָ֝שָׁ֗ע עַ֣ל עַם־דָּֽל 1 Here, **a wicked ruler** and **a lowly people** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “is any wicked ruler over any lowly people” 28:15 sbb8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דָּֽל 1 See how you translated the same use of **lowly** in [10:15](../10/15.md). 28:15 c8mt rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns עַם 1 See how you translated the same use of **people** in [11:14](../11/14.md). 28:16 rcu1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun נָגִ֗יד & שֹׂ֥נֵא 1 **A leader** and **one who hates** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any leader … any person who hates” 28:16 et9j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns תְּ֭בוּנוֹת 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **understanding** in [1:2](../01/02.md). 28:16 ofeu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וְרַ֥ב מַעֲשַׁקּ֑וֹת 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe an **abundant** number of oppressive acts. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “does many oppressive acts” 28:16 kufg rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast שֹׂ֥נֵא 1 This clause is a strong contrast to the previous clause. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a contrast. Alternate translation: “however, one who hates” 28:16 az95 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בֶ֝֗צַע 1 See how you translated this phrase in [1:19](../01/19.md). 28:16 eae9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom יַאֲרִ֥יךְ יָמִֽים 1 See how you translated the similar phrase “length of days” in [3:2](../03/02.md). 28:17 izx5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אָ֭דָם & נָפֶשׁ & בּ֥וֹר & בֽוֹ 1 **A man**, **a life**, **a pit**, and **him** refer to a type of person and these things in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person … any life … any pit … that person” 28:17 p6a9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive עָשֻׁ֣ק בְּדַם־נָפֶשׁ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “whom the blood of a life oppresses” 28:17 zx10 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עָשֻׁ֣ק בְּדַם־נָפֶשׁ 1 Here, **oppressed** refers to a person being guilty of murdering someone. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “guilty for the blood of a life” 28:17 rm8g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּדַם 1 Here, **blood** refers to violently murdering someone, which usually causes **blood** to come out of the person who is murdered. See how you translated the same use of **blood** in [1:11](../01/11.md). 28:17 qv18 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche נָפֶשׁ 1 Here, **life** refers to a person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a person” 28:17 usng rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יָ֝נ֗וּס 1 Here, **flee** implies that the murderer is fleeing from punishment for what he has done. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “will flee from punishment” or “will flee from those who want to punish him” 28:17 lija rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בּ֥וֹר 1 Here, **pit** could refer to: (1) death, which is when that person would be buried in **a pit**. Alternate translation: “the grave” or “death” (2) a deep hole or well where the murderer would try to hide. Alternate translation: “a pit to hide in” 28:17 d5fw rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns אַל־יִתְמְכוּ 1 Here, **them** refers to any people in general who may think about helping the murderer. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “let no one support” or “let any people not support” 28:18 u4m5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun הוֹלֵ֣ךְ & וְנֶעְקַ֥שׁ 1 The phrases **One who walks** and **one who is crooked** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who walks … but any person who is crooked” 28:18 hpqv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הוֹלֵ֣ךְ תָּ֭מִים 1 Here Solomon refers to someone behaving in a blameless manner as if that person **walks blameless**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated a similar use of “walk” in [3:23](../03/23.md). Alternate translation: “One who conducts his life in a blameless manner” 28:18 nhr1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יִוָּשֵׁ֑עַ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The context implies that Yahweh will do the action. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will save” 28:18 kvc6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְנֶעְקַ֥שׁ דְּ֝רָכַ֗יִם 1 See how you translated **one crooked of ways** in [28:6](../28/06.md). 28:18 x79a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִפּ֥וֹל 1 See how you translated the same use of **fall** in [11:5](../11/05.md). 28:18 z5dm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּאֶחָֽת 1 Here, **in one** could refer to: (1) falling **in one** moment, which emphasizes the suddenness of falling. Alternate translation: “at once” (2) falling into **one** of this person’s **crooked ways**. Alternate translation: “into one of those ways” 28:19 dlk7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עֹבֵ֣ד אַ֭דְמָתוֹ יִֽשְׂבַּֽע־לָ֑חֶם 1 See how you translated the identical clause in [12:11](../12/11.md). 28:19 t64p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּמְרַדֵּ֥ף רֵ֝קִ֗ים 1 See how you translated the identical phrase in [12:11](../12/11.md). 28:19 b8y8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony יִֽשְׂבַּֽע־רִֽישׁ 1 Here Solomon is using irony. By doing so, Solomon actually means to communicate the opposite of the literal meaning of his words. The **one who pursues empty things** is spoken of as being **satisfied with poverty**, but **poverty** is not satisfying. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will only have poverty” 28:19 u8pc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns רִֽישׁ 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **poverty** in [6:11](../06/11.md). 28:20 dolw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אִ֣ישׁ אֱ֭מוּנוֹת & וְאָ֥ץ 1 **A man of faithfulness** and **one who hurries** refer to these types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person of faithfulness … but any person who hurries” 28:20 wndc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession אִ֣ישׁ אֱ֭מוּנוֹת 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **man** who is characterized by **faithfulness**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “A faithful man” 28:20 tmi5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns רַב 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **abundance** in [5:23](../05/23.md). 28:20 ix4q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes לֹ֣א יִנָּקֶֽה 1 See how you translated this phrase in [6:29](../06/29.md). 28:21 x9c3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom הַֽכֵּר־פָּנִ֥ים 1 See how you translated this phrase in [24:23](../24/23.md). 28:21 e3d6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes לֹא־ט֑וֹב 1 See how you translated the same use of **not good** in [16:29](../16/29.md). 28:21 kg9c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְעַל־פַּת־לֶ֝֗חֶם 1 Here, **a bit of bread** could refer to: (1) a small amount of food. Alternate translation: “yet for a small amount of food” (2) a small bribe. Alternate translation: “yet for a small bribe” 28:21 oles rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations גָּֽבֶר 1 Although the term **man** is masculine, Solomon is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “a person” 28:21 qli6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יִפְשַׁע 1 Here Solomon implies that this person **will transgress** by recognizing **faces**, as mentioned in the previous clause. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “will transgress by recognizing faces” or “will transgress by favoring someone” 28:22 jo74 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun נִֽבֳהָ֥ל & אִ֭ישׁ & וְלֹֽא־יֵ֝דַע & יְבֹאֶֽנּוּ 1 **One who hurries**, **a man**, **he**, and **him** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who hurries … is a person of … but that person does not know … will come to that person” 28:22 xe3k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit נִֽבֳהָ֥ל לַה֗וֹן 1 Here Solomon implies that this person **hurries to** obtain **wealth**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. See how you translated the similar phrase “one who hurries to become rich” in [28:20](../28/20.md). Alternate translation: “One who hurries to gain wealth” 28:22 f7a8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אִ֭ישׁ רַ֣ע עָ֑יִן 1 See how you translated the similar phrase “one evil of eye” in [23:6](../23/06.md). 28:22 mz2h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חֶ֥סֶר 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **lack** in [6:11](../06/11.md). 28:22 b0nt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification חֶ֥סֶר יְבֹאֶֽנּוּ 1 Here Solomon speaks of experiencing **lack** as if "lack" were a person who could **come** to someone. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he will experience lack” 28:23 sr8r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מ֘וֹכִ֤יחַ אָדָ֣ם & מִֽמַּחֲלִ֥יק לָשֽׁוֹן 1 **One who rebukes**, **a man**, **one who makes** and **the tongue** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who rebukes any other person … more than any person who makes that person’s own tongue smooth” 28:23 rv7z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִמְצָ֑א 1 See how you translated the same use of **find** in [16:20](../16/20.md). 28:23 n9j6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חֵ֣ן 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **favor** in [3:4](../03/04.md). 28:23 qurb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit חֵ֣ן 1 Here Solomon implies that **One who rebukes will find favor** with the person whom he rebukes. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “favor with the one he rebuked” 28:23 dux2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מִֽמַּחֲלִ֥יק לָשֽׁוֹן 1 Here Solomon refers to someone speaking flatteringly as if that person **makes** his **tongue smooth**. Here, **tongue** refers to speaking, as in [6:17](../06/17.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “more than one who flatters by what he says” 28:24 xcp2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun גּוֹזֵ֤ל ׀ אָ֘בִ֤יו וְאִמּ֗וֹ & ה֝֗וּא לְאִ֣ישׁ מַשְׁחִֽית 1 **One who robs**, **his**, **he**, and **a man** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who robs that person’s own mother and father … that person … of a person of destruction” 28:24 qt94 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations וְאֹמֵ֥ר אֵֽין־פָּ֑שַׁע 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “and says that there is no transgression” 28:24 r4n0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns פָּ֑שַׁע 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **transgression** in [10:19](../10/19.md). 28:24 ie7m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor חָבֵ֥ר & לְאִ֣ישׁ מַשְׁחִֽית 1 Here, **companion** refers to being just like **a man of destruction**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is the same kind of person as a man of destruction” 28:24 myoh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom לְאִ֣ישׁ מַשְׁחִֽית 1 The phrase **man of destruction** refers to a person who destroys other people, which is a murderer. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “of a murderer” 28:25 e3ce rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun רְחַב־נֶ֭פֶשׁ & וּבוֹטֵ֖חַ 1 **One wide of appetite** and **one who trusts** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person wide of appetite … but any person who trusts” 28:25 jq7j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor רְחַב־נֶ֭פֶשׁ 1 The phrase **wide of appetite** refers to being greedy. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “A greedy one” 28:25 tvtf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יְגָרֶ֣ה 1 Here Solomon refers to starting **strife** as if it were something that a person **stirs up**. See how you translated the same use of this phrase in [15:18](../15/18.md). 28:25 bkj4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מָד֑וֹן 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **strife** in [16:28](../16/28.md). 28:25 j6m5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יְדֻשָּֽׁן 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “he will fatten” 28:25 z9z2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יְדֻשָּֽׁן 1 See how you translated the same use of **fattened** in [11:25](../11/25.md). 28:26 g7iv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun בּוֹטֵ֣חַ בְּ֭לִבּוֹ ה֣וּא כְסִ֑יל וְהוֹלֵ֥ךְ בְּ֝חָכְמָ֗ה ה֣וּא יִמָּלֵֽט 1 **One who trusts**, **his**, **he**, **a stupid one**, **one who walks**, and **himself** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who trusts in that person’s own heart, that person is stupid, but any person who walks in wisdom, that person will flee” 28:26 pnc4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche בְּ֭לִבּוֹ 1 Here, **heart** refers to the whole person. See how you translated the same use of **heart** in [14:10](../14/10.md). 28:26 dyj3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְהוֹלֵ֥ךְ 1 Here Solomon speaks of a person behaving with **wisdom** as if **wisdom** were a place that person **walks in**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated a similar use of “walk” in [3:23](../03/23.md). Alternate translation: “who behaves with wisdom” 28:26 g7hy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְּ֝חָכְמָ֗ה 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **wisdom** in [1:2](../01/02.md). 28:26 xhja rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns ה֣וּא יִמָּלֵֽט 1 Solomon uses the word **himself** to emphasize the kind of person who **will flee**. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this significance. Alternate translation: “that very person will flee” 28:26 voq7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ה֣וּא יִמָּלֵֽט 1 Here Solomon implies that this person **will flee** from danger. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “he himself will flee from danger” 28:27 yhn4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun נוֹתֵ֣ן לָ֭רָשׁ & וּמַעְלִ֥ים עֵ֝ינָ֗יו 1 **One who gives**, **the one who is poor**, **one who hides**, and **his** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who gives to any person who is poor … but any person who hides that person’s own eyes” 28:27 iwx5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes אֵ֣ין מַחְס֑וֹר 1 Solomon is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, **not**, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meaning. Alternate translation: “has plenty” 28:27 iay1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מַחְס֑וֹר & רַב 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **lack** in [6:11](../06/11.md) and **abundance** in [5:23](../05/23.md). 28:27 u72f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וּמַעְלִ֥ים עֵ֝ינָ֗יו 1 Here Solomon implies that this person **hides his eyes** from seeing **the one who is poor**, who is mentioned in the previous clause. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “but one who hides his eyes so that he does not see the poor” or “but one who hides his eyes from seeing the poor” 28:27 x8x1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וּמַעְלִ֥ים עֵ֝ינָ֗יו 1 Here, **hides his eyes** refers to ignoring the needs of poor people as if one closes his **eyes** to avoid seeing them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but one who refuses to notice” 28:28 ku38 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּק֣וּם רְ֭שָׁעִים 1 See how you translated the same use of **arise** in [28:12](../28/12.md). 28:28 rpik rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun יִסָּתֵ֣ר אָדָ֑ם 1 Here, **a man** and **himself** refer to people in general, not a specific **man**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “any person will hide” 29:intro pkl4 0 # Proverbs 29 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n6. Hezekiah’s proverbs from Solomon (25:1–29:27)\n * Warnings and admonitions (25:1–27:27)\n * Contrastive wise sayings (28:1–29:27)\n\nChapter 29 finishes the second part of this section of the book that contains proverbs written by Solomon that were copied by scribes during the reign of Hezekiah. This part in [28:1](../28/01.md)–[29:27](../29/27.md) mostly contains general proverbs that use contrastive parallelism. 29:1 vinf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אִ֣ישׁ תּ֭וֹכָחוֹת 1 **A man of rebukes** here represents a type of person in general, not one particular **man**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “Any person of rebukes” 29:1 qhhd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession אִ֣ישׁ תּ֭וֹכָחוֹת 1 Here Solomon uses the possessive form to describe **A man** who has received many **rebukes**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “A man who is often rebuked and” 29:1 rl7a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מַקְשֶׁה־עֹ֑רֶף 1 Here Solomon speaks of a person becoming stubborn as if that person **stiffens** his **neck**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “who becomes stubborn” or "who refuses to listen" 29:1 nb5z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive פֶּ֥תַע יִ֝שָּׁבֵ֗ר וְאֵ֣ין מַרְפֵּֽא 1 See how you translated the same clause in [6:15](../06/15.md). 29:2 jt34 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בִּרְב֣וֹת צַ֭דִּיקִים 1 Here, **increase** could refer to: (1) the amount of **righteous ones** increasing. Alternate translation: “When righteous ones increase in number” or “When righteous ones multiply greatly” (2) the **righteous ones** increasing their power or authority. Alternate translation: “When righteous ones increase in power” or “When righteous ones become more powerful” 29:2 w7r2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns הָעָ֑ם & עָֽם 1 In this verse, the word **people** is singular in form, but it refers to multiple **people** as a group. See how you translated the same use of **people** in [11:14](../11/14.md). 29:2 q5gp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun רָ֝שָׁ֗ע 1 See how you translated **a wicked one** in [9:7](../09/07.md). 29:2 s76g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יֵאָ֥נַֽח 1 Here, **groans** refers to the sound **people** make to express that they are miserable, which is the opposite of **rejoice** in the previous clause. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “groans in misery” 29:3 akr8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אִֽישׁ & אָבִ֑יו וְרֹעֶ֥ה 1 **A man**, **his**, and **one who associates** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person … that person’s father, but any person who associates with” 29:3 tqol rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חָ֭כְמָה 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **wisdom** in [1:2](../01/02.md). 29:3 kbyg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism וְרֹעֶ֥ה 1 Solomon is referring to a person having sex with **prostitutes** in a polite way by using the phrase **associates with**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a polite way of referring to this in your language, or you could state this plainly. Alternate translation: “but one who sleeps with” or “but one who has sexual relations with” 29:3 q2j6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יְאַבֶּד־הֽוֹן 1 Here, **destroys wealth** implies that this person has wasted all his money. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “squanders his wealth” 29:4 nanx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מֶ֗לֶךְ & וְאִ֖ישׁ תְּרוּמ֣וֹת 1 **A king** and **a man of contributions** refer to a types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any king is one who scatters … but any man of contributions” 29:4 v6du rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְּ֭מִשְׁפָּט 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **justice** in [1:3](../01/03.md). 29:4 vug3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אָ֑רֶץ & יֶֽהֶרְסֶֽנָּה 1 Here, **land** and **it** refer to the people who live in a **land**. See how you translated the same use of these words in [28:2](../28/02.md). 29:4 vin5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יַעֲמִ֣יד אָ֑רֶץ 1 Here Solomon refers to the people of **the land** being successful as if they would continue **to stand**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “causes the land to be successful” 29:4 ap9a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וְאִ֖ישׁ תְּרוּמ֣וֹת 1 This could refer to: (1) someone who demands bribes. Alternate translation: “but a man who demands bribes” (2) a ruler who demands excessive taxes from the people he rules over. Alternate translation: “but a man who demands tribute” or “but a man who extorts his land” 29:4 uur9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְאִ֖ישׁ 1 The parallelism between the two clauses in this verse indicates that the phrase **a man** here refers to a **king** or leader in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “but a ruler of” 29:4 v712 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יֶֽהֶרְסֶֽנָּה 1 Here Solomon refers to the people of **the land** failing as if someone **tears** them **down**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “causes the land to fail” 29:5 vgfb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun גֶּ֭בֶר & רֵעֵ֑הוּ & פְּעָמָֽיו 1 **A man** and **his** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person … that person’s neighbor … that person’s feet” 29:5 x5x6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מַחֲלִ֣יק עַל־רֵעֵ֑הוּ 1 Here Solomon writes of someone speaking flatteringly as if that person were making their speech **smooth**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “who flatters his neighbor” 29:5 udx2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor רֶ֝֗שֶׁת פּוֹרֵ֥שׂ עַל־פְּעָמָֽיו 1 Here Solomon refers to deceiving a person as if someone **spreads out a net** in order to trap their neighbor by **his feet**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “deceives that person” or “is like someone who spreads out a net to catch his neighbor” 29:5 odv5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche פְּעָמָֽיו 1 Here, **feet** refers to the whole person. See how you translated the same use of **feet** in [7:11](../07/11.md). 29:6 lg1h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְּפֶ֤שַֽׁע 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **transgression** in [10:19](../10/19.md). 29:6 hg0h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אִ֣ישׁ רָ֣ע & וְ֝צַדִּ֗יק 1 Here, **an evil man** and **a righteous one** represent types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. See how you translated **a righteous one** in [9:9](../09/09.md). Alternate translation: “any evil person … but any righteous person” 29:6 pqir rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מוֹקֵ֑שׁ 1 Here Solomon speaks of a person causing his life to be in danger as if he were an animal that gets caught in **a snare**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated **snare** in [22:25](../22/25.md). Alternate translation: “he endangers his life” or “there is danger” 29:7 hy5u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun צַ֭דִּיק & רָ֝שָׁ֗ע 1 See how you translated **A righteous one** in [9:9](../09/09.md) and **a wicked one** in [9:7](../09/07.md). 29:7 iq6k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יֹדֵ֣עַ & דָּֽעַת 1 In this verse, **knows** and **knowledge** refer to having concern for **the legal claim of lowly ones**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “are concerned about … concern” 29:7 wf9i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit דִּ֣ין 1 Here, **legal claim** refers to the legal rights of **lowly ones**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “justice for” 29:7 dm8f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דַּלִּ֑ים 1 See how you translated the same use of **lowly** in [10:15](../10/15.md). 29:7 p25u rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast רָ֝שָׁ֗ע 1 This clause is a strong contrast with the previous clause. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a contrast. Alternate translation: “by contrast, a wicked one” 29:8 vcyo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession אַנְשֵׁ֣י לָ֭צוֹן 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe **Men** who are characterized by **mockery**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “Men who are mockers” 29:8 t3gq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יָפִ֣יחוּ 1 Here Solomon refers to people causing the people in **a city** to become angry and violent as if they were setting the **city** on fire. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “enrage” or “cause turmoil in” 29:8 g91s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy קִרְיָ֑ה 1 Here, **city** refers to the people who live in a **city**. See how you translated the same use of **city** in [11:10](../11/10.md). 29:8 vcu6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom יָשִׁ֥יבוּ אָֽף 1 Here Solomon refers to people ceasing to feel angry as if they were turning their noses away from the person with whom they are angry. See how you translated the similar phrase “turns away his nose” in [24:18](../24/18.md). 29:9 p8q7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אִֽישׁ־חָכָ֗ם & אֶת־אִ֣ישׁ אֱוִ֑יל וְרָגַ֥ז 1 **A wise man**, **a foolish man**, and **he** represent types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. See how you translated **A wise man** in [16:14](../16/14.md). Alternate translation: “Any wise person … with any foolish person, but that foolish person trembles” 29:9 el5g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit נִ֭שְׁפָּט 1 Here, **goes to judgment** refers to starting a legal dispute with someone. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “goes to court” or “begins a lawsuit” 29:9 tzx7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְרָגַ֥ז 1 Here, **trembles** refers to the **foolish** person gesturing violently because he is angry. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “but he gestures violently” 29:9 txlw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ֝שָׂחַ֗ק 1 Here, **laughs** refers to laughing in a mocking manner, not joyful laughter. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and laughs mockingly” 29:9 qmv5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְאֵ֣ין נָֽחַת 1 This could mean: (1) there will be no resolution to the **judgment**. Alternate translation: “and they will not be able to settle the problem” (2) the **foolish** person will not be quiet. Alternate translation: “and will not stop doing so” 29:10 mzfv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession אַנְשֵׁ֣י דָ֭מִים 1 Here Solomon uses the possessive form to refer to **Men** who shed the blood of other people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “Men who shed the blood of others” or “Men who kill others” 29:10 lwur rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun תָ֑ם 1 See how you translated this phrase in [11:5](../11/05.md) and “blameless ones” in [2:21](../02/21.md). 29:10 jbu4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וִֽ֝ישָׁרִ֗ים יְבַקְשׁ֥וּ נַפְשֽׁוֹ 1 Here, the phrase **seek his life** could refer to: (1) **upright ones** desiring to protect the **life** of **a blameless one**. Alternate translation: “want to protect his life” (2) **Men of bloodshed** desiring to kill **upright ones**, in which case the the singular pronoun **his** would refer to the plural phrase, **upright ones**. Alternate translation: “and they want to kill upright ones” 29:11 pob1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun כְסִ֑יל וְ֝חָכָ֗ם 1 See how you translated **A stupid one** in [10:18](../10/18.md) and **a wise one** in [1:5](../01/05.md). 29:11 q36k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor כָּל־ר֭וּחוֹ יוֹצִ֣יא 1 Here Solomon refers to a person openly expressing **all** of his emotions as if his emotions were a **spirit** that he **brings out** of himself. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “openly expresses all his emotions” 29:11 izlu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּאָח֥וֹר יְשַׁבְּחֶֽנָּה 1 Here Solomon refers to a person controlling the expression of his emotions as if he **soothes** those emotions so that they go **backward** into him. The meaning of this phrase is the opposite of the meaning of **brings out all his spirit** in the previous clause. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “restrains himself from openly expressing his emotions” 29:12 aj3k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מֹ֭שֵׁל & דְּבַר־שָׁ֑קֶר & מְשָׁרְתָ֥יו 1 **A ruler**, **a word of falsehood**, and **his** refer to people and false words in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any ruler … any word of falsehood … that person’s servants” 29:12 b9es rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מַקְשִׁ֣יב עַל 1 Here, **listens attentively** implies that this **ruler** believes what he **listens** to. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “who believes” 29:12 a20q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession דְּבַר־שָׁ֑קֶר 1 See how you translated this phrase in [13:5](../13/05.md). 29:13 f56w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun רָ֤שׁ וְאִ֣ישׁ תְּכָכִ֣ים 1 **One who is poor** and **a man of oppression** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use different more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who is poor and any man of oppression” 29:13 kzm9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וְאִ֣ישׁ תְּכָכִ֣ים 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **man** who is characterized by oppressing other people. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “a man who oppresses others” 29:13 ymnj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נִפְגָּ֑שׁוּ 1 See how you translated the same use of **meet together** in [22:2](../22/02.md). 29:13 psq6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom מֵ֤אִיר־עֵינֵ֖י שְׁנֵיהֶ֣ם 1 Here, **enlightens the eyes** is an idiom that means “enables someone to live” or “makes someone alive” If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the one who enables both of them to live” 29:14 sx9w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מֶ֤לֶךְ & כִּ֝סְא֗וֹ 1 **A king** and **his** refer to kings in general, not a specific **king**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. See how you translated **A king** in [29:4](../29/04.md). Alternate translation: “Any king … that king’s throne” 29:14 fu0h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דַּלִּ֑ים 1 See how you translated the same use of **lowly** in [10:15](../10/15.md). 29:14 ywpt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בֶּֽאֱמֶ֣ת 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **truth** in [8:7](../08/07.md). 29:14 x486 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy כִּ֝סְא֗וֹ & יִכּֽוֹן 1 See how you translated this phrase in [25:5](../25/05.md). 29:14 vakd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole לָעַ֥ד 1 Solomon uses the phrase **to perpetuity** here as an overstatement for emphasis. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different way to express the emphasis. Alternate translation: “for a very long time” 29:15 zlkv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis שֵׁ֣בֶט וְ֭תוֹכַחַת יִתֵּ֣ן חָכְמָ֑ה 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the next clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “A rod and rebuke give a boy wisdom” 29:15 ybi8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification שֵׁ֣בֶט וְ֭תוֹכַחַת יִתֵּ֣ן חָכְמָ֑ה 1 Here Solomon speaks of people using a **rod and rebuke** to make someone wiser as if a **rod and rebuke** were people who could **give** something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: 29:15 p19z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy שֵׁ֣בֶט 1 See how you translated the same use of **rod** in [10:13](../10/13.md) and [13:24](../13/24.md). 29:15 krbs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וְ֭תוֹכַחַת & חָכְמָ֑ה & מֵבִ֥ישׁ 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **rebuke** in [1:25](../01/25.md), **wisdom** in [1:2](../01/02.md), and **shame** in [6:33](../06/33.md). 29:15 r3t3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun וְנַ֥עַר & אִמּֽוֹ 1 Here, **a boy** and **his** refer to children in general, not a specific **boy**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “but any child … that child’s mother” 29:15 gk9d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom מְ֝שֻׁלָּ֗ח 1 Here, **sent away** is an idiom that refers to permitting someone do whatever that person wants to do. If it would be helpful, you could use an equivalent idiom from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “who is left to himself” or “who is allowed to do whatever he wants to do” 29:15 qpkm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive מְ֝שֻׁלָּ֗ח 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “whom his parents sent away” or “whom his parents do not discipline” 29:16 aom5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בִּרְב֣וֹת רְ֭שָׁעִים 1 Here, **increase** could refer to: (1) the amount of **wicked ones** increasing. Alternate translation: “When wicked ones increase in number” or “When wicked ones multiply greatly” (2) the **wicked ones** increasing their power or authority. Alternate translation: “When wicked ones increase in power” 29:16 th5t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns פָּ֑שַׁע 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **transgression** in [10:19](../10/19.md). 29:16 a429 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְּֽמַפַּלְתָּ֥ם 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **downfall**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “them falling down” 29:16 ha78 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּֽמַפַּלְתָּ֥ם 1 Here, **downfall** could refer to: (1) the destruction of **wicked ones**, in which case **downfall** would have a meaning similar to “fall” in [11:5](../11/05.md). Alternate translation: “their destruction” (2) the **wicked ones** losing their power or authority. Alternate translation: “their loss of power” 29:17 kz21 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בִּ֭נְךָ 1 See how you translated the same use of **son** in [1:8](../01/08.md). 29:17 xzqd rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וִֽינִיחֶ֑ךָ 1 Here, **and** introduces the result of disciplining one’s **son**. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate result. You may need to start a new sentence. Alternate translation: “As a result, he will cause you to rest” 29:17 evuu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְיִתֵּ֖ן מַעֲדַנִּ֣ים לְנַפְשֶֽׁךָ 1 Here Solomon speaks of a **son** causing his parents to feel delighted as if **delights** were objects that he can **give** to them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translate: “and he will delight your being” 29:17 a7i2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לְנַפְשֶֽׁךָ 1 See how you translated the same use of **soul** in [2:10](../02/10.md). 29:18 m7wo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit חָ֭זוֹן 1 Here, **vision** refers specifically to information that Yahweh reveals to prophets so that they can tell it to **the people**. It is also called prophecy or divine revelation. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “prophecy” or “revelation” 29:18 xl3b rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns עָ֑ם 1 See how you translated the same use of **people** in [11:14](../11/14.md). 29:18 nr4f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִפָּ֣רַֽע 1 Here Solomon refers to **people** acting disorderly or uncontrollably, as if they were **let loose** from being restrained. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “act disorderly” or “are out of control” 29:18 b1ti rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun וְשֹׁמֵ֖ר תּוֹרָ֣ה אַשְׁרֵֽהוּ 1 Here, **one who keeps** and **he** refer to a type of person in general, not a specific person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “but any person who keeps the law, happy is that person” 29:18 vz5b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְשֹׁמֵ֖ר תּוֹרָ֣ה 1 See how you translated the similar phrase “keep the law” in [28:4](../28/04.md). 29:19 x0g9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun עָ֑בֶד & יָ֝בִ֗ין 1 **A servant** and **he** refer to servants in general, not a specific **servant**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any servant … that person understands” 29:19 kl1y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive לֹא־יִוָּ֣סֶר עָ֑בֶד 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “No one will instruct a servant” 29:19 egtn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בִּ֭דְבָרִים 1 See how you translated the similar use of **words** in [1:23](../01/23.md). 29:19 q0dg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מַעֲנֶֽה 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **answer** in [15:1](../15/01.md). 29:20 qfr9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion חָזִ֗יתָ אִ֭ישׁ אָ֣ץ בִּדְבָרָ֑יו 1 Although the Hebrew text is not worded like a question, many translations make this clause into a rhetorical question. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate this as a question. See how you translated the similar use of **You see** in [22:29](../22/29.md). Alternate translation: “Do you see a man hurrying in his words?” 29:20 wdmc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אִ֭ישׁ אָ֣ץ בִּדְבָרָ֑יו 1 See how you translated **a man** and **his** in [6:27](../06/27.md). 29:20 dauq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אָ֣ץ בִּדְבָרָ֑יו 1 Here, **hurrying in his words** is an idiom that means “speaking before thinking about what to say.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have that meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “talking off the cuff” or “who speaks without thinking” 29:20 vfxj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns תִּקְוָ֖ה לִכְסִ֣יל מִמֶּֽנּוּ 1 See how you translated this sentence in [26:12](../26/12.md). 29:21 c3df rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מְפַנֵּ֣ק & עַבְדּ֑וֹ 1 Here, **one** and **his** refer to a type of person in general, not a specific person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “If any person pampers that person’s own servant” 29:21 k1j6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מִנֹּ֣עַר 1 Here Solomon implies that **youth** refers to the **youth** of the **servant**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “for that servant’s youth” 29:21 nrvp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מִנֹּ֣עַר 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **youth** in [2:17](../02/17.md). 29:21 qas4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ֝אַחֲרִית֗וֹ 1 Here, **end** refers to the result. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. See how you translated the same use of **end** in [14:12](../14/12.md). 29:21 c32f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מָנֽוֹן 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **insolence**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “acting insolently” 29:22 jpk2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis אִֽישׁ־אַ֭ף יְגָרֶ֣ה מָד֑וֹן וּבַ֖עַל חֵמָ֣ה רַב־פָּֽשַׁע 1 Solomon is leaving out some words in the second clause that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the first clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “A man of nose stirs up strife, and an owner of heat stirs up much transgression” 29:22 ju1m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism אִֽישׁ־אַ֭ף יְגָרֶ֣ה מָד֑וֹן וּבַ֖עַל חֵמָ֣ה רַב־פָּֽשַׁע 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first clause by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** that indicates that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “A man of nose stirs up strife; indeed, an owner of heat stirs up much transgression” 29:22 oeh6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אִֽישׁ־אַ֭ף & וּבַ֖עַל חֵמָ֣ה 1 **A man of nose** and **an owner of heat** refer to a type of person in general, not a specific person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person of nose … and any owner of heat” 29:22 mhqx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אִֽישׁ־אַ֭ף & וּבַ֖עַל חֵמָ֣ה 1 See how you translated the same use of **nose** and **heat** in [22:24](../22/24.md). 29:22 s7ha rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יְגָרֶ֣ה מָד֑וֹן 1 See how you translated the same phrase in [15:18](../15/18.md). 29:22 ad7m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns פָּֽשַׁע 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **transgression** in [10:19](../10/19.md). 29:23 y4uu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns גַּאֲוַ֣ת 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **pride** in [8:13](../08/13.md). 29:23 apfd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אָ֭דָם תַּשְׁפִּילֶ֑נּוּ וּשְׁפַל־ר֝֗וּחַ 1 Here, **a man**, **him**, and **one** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any person will make that person low, but any person lowly of spirit” 29:23 aa1l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor תַּשְׁפִּילֶ֑נּוּ 1 Here, **low** refers to being humiliated or ashamed. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will make him ashamed” 29:23 mm1l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּשְׁפַל־ר֝֗וּחַ 1 Here, **lowly** refers to being humble. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but one humble of spirit” 29:23 n3zr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ר֝֗וּחַ 1 Here, **spirit** refers to a person’s attitude. See how you translated the same use of **spirit** in [18:14](../18/14.md). 29:23 vb8v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִתְמֹ֥ךְ כָּבֽוֹד 1 See how you translated this phrase in [11:16](../11/16.md). 29:24 f5xg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun חוֹלֵ֣ק עִם־גַּ֭נָּב שׂוֹנֵ֣א נַפְשׁ֑וֹ אָלָ֥ה יִ֝שְׁמַ֗ע 1 **One who shares**, **a thief**, **his**, and **he** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who shares with any thief hates that person’s own life; that person will hear an oath” 29:24 e77b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit חוֹלֵ֣ק עִם־גַּ֭נָּב 1 Here, **shares** implies that this person helps **a thief** and that **thief** gives him part of what he has stolen. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “One who helps a thief and shares in his spoil” or “An accomplice of a thief” 29:24 jpz1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שׂוֹנֵ֣א 1 Here Solomon refers to a person doing what is harmful to himself as if he hates himself. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “harms” or “acts as if he hates” 29:24 em94 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy נַפְשׁ֑וֹ 1 Here, **life** refers to the person himself. See how you translated the same use of **life** in [8:36](../08/36.md). 29:24 qxcl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אָלָ֥ה יִ֝שְׁמַ֗ע 1 Here, **oath** refers to the curse that would be spoken against someone who did not speak the truth or reveal important information in a criminal case, as described in [Leviticus 5:1–6](../lev/05/01.md). The witness who hears this **oath** knows that Yahweh will punish him if he does not speak the truth. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “he will hear the curse spoken against those who keep silent about the crime” or “he will hear and know that he will be cursed if he does not say anything” 29:24 vyf0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְלֹ֣א יַגִּֽיד 1 Here Solomon implies that this person **will not tell** anything about the crime that he knows the **thief** has committed. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “but will not say what the thief did” 29:25 t7d5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חֶרְדַּ֣ת 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **anxiety** in [15:16](../15/16.md). 29:25 z4h0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אָ֭דָם & וּבוֹטֵ֖חַ 1 Here, **a man** and **one who trusts** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any person … but any person who trusts” 29:25 k5l2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification יִתֵּ֣ן מוֹקֵ֑שׁ 1 Here Solomon speaks of someone causing trouble for himself as if his **anxiety** were a person who **sets a snare** that traps him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “causes him to get into trouble” or “is like someone who sets a trap” 29:25 t3gk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יְשֻׂגָּֽב 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “he will set him on high” 29:25 lxo6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יְשֻׂגָּֽב 1 See how you translated the same use of **set on high** in [18:10](../18/10.md). 29:26 gz2x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מְבַקְשִׁ֣ים פְּנֵי־מוֹשֵׁ֑ל 1 Here Solomon implies that these people **seek the face of a ruler** in order to ask him to help them in some way. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “are those who seek the face of a ruler to ask for his help” 29:26 yi5g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מְבַקְשִׁ֣ים 1 Here Solomon speaks of people trying to meet **a ruler** as if the ruler’s **face** were an object that people **seek** to find. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “are those who try to meet” 29:26 g8ul rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche פְּנֵי 1 Here, **face** refers to being in the presence of the whole person. See how you translated the same use of **face** in [7:15](../07/15.md). 29:26 a948 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מוֹשֵׁ֑ל & אִֽישׁ 1 Here, **a ruler** and **a man** refer to rulers and other people in general, not a specific **ruler** or **man**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any ruler … any person” 29:26 i4rs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession מִשְׁפַּט־אִֽישׁ 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe **justice** that is for the benefit of **a man**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “is justice for a man” or “is justice on behalf of a man” 29:26 w96b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מִשְׁפַּט 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **justice** in [1:3](../01/03.md). 29:27 k35v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns תּוֹעֲבַ֣ת & וְתוֹעֲבַ֖ת 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **abomination** in [3:32](../03/32.md). 29:27 ds6y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אִ֣ישׁ עָ֑וֶל וְתוֹעֲבַ֖ת רָשָׁ֣ע יְשַׁר־דָּֽרֶךְ 1 Here, **a man of injustice**, **a wicked one**, and **one upright of way** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. See how you translated **a wicked one** in [9:7](../09/07.md). Alternate translation: “is any person of injustice, but an abomination to any wicked person is a person upright of way” 29:27 du2b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession אִ֣ישׁ עָ֑וֶל 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **man** who is characterized by **injustice**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “is an unjust man” 29:27 u4xh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession יְשַׁר־דָּֽרֶךְ 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **way** that is characterized by being **upright**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “is one whose way is upright” 29:27 fcfv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דָּֽרֶךְ 1 Here Solomon uses **way** to refer to how people behave. See how you translated this use of **way** in [1:15](../01/15.md). 30:intro aud8 0 # Proverbs 30 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n7. Sayings from Agur (30:1–33)\n * Agur’s confession and prayer (30:1–9)\n * Seven numerical sayings (30:10–31)\n * Concluding warning (30:32–33)\n\nChapter 30 is the chapter in this book written by Agur, who is only mentioned here in the Bible.\n\n## Religious and Cultural Concepts in This Chapter\n\n### Numerical sayings\n\nIn [Proverbs 30:10](../30/10.md)–[31](../30/31.md), Agur uses a rhetorical device in which he names a number that should be sufficient to illustrate his point and then increases that number by one for emphasis. If your language does not use numbers in this way, then consider more natural ways to express emphasis. Although he does not state the number of illustrations in [30:10](../30/10.md)–[14](../30/14.md), he does state the number of illustrations for the sayings in [30:15](../30/15.md)–[16](../30/16.md), [18](../30/18.md)–[19](../30/19.md), [21](../30/21.md)–[23](../30/23.md), [24](../30/24.md)–[28](../30/28.md), and [29](../30/29.md)–[31](../30/31.md). 30:1 jqfo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy דִּבְרֵ֤י 1 See how you translated the same use of **words** in [1:6](../01/06.md). 30:1 u8l9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names אָג֥וּר & יָקֶ֗ה & לְאִֽיתִיאֵ֑ל לְאִ֖יתִיאֵ֣ל וְאֻכָֽל 1 **Agur**, **Jakeh**, **Ithiel**, and **Ucal** are names of men. 30:1 ic3d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy הַמַּ֫שָּׂ֥א 1 Here, **burden** refers to a warning message that Yahweh reveals to prophets so that they can tell the warning to other people. Because this message contained a warning or threat, it was considered to be a **burden** to the person who heard it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the warning from Yahweh” 30:1 yzki rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הַ֭גֶּבֶר 1 Here, **the strong man** refers to **Agur**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Agur, the strong man,” 30:1 y7qf rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants לְאִֽיתִיאֵ֑ל לְאִ֖יתִיאֵ֣ל וְאֻכָֽל 1 All Hebrew manuscripts read **to Ithiel, to Ithiel and Ucal**. The ULT follows that reading. Other ancient translations of this text read “I am weary, O God. I am worn out and weary, O God,” which is based on a possible meaning for the Hebrew words. If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to use the reading that it uses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to use the reading of the ULT. 30:1 xnc1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet לְאִֽיתִיאֵ֑ל לְאִ֖יתִיאֵ֣ל 1 Here the writer repeats the name **Ithiel** to emphasize to whom this **declaration** was first given. If your language does not use repetition to do this, you could use one phrase and provide emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “to Ithiel, indeed, to Ithiel” 30:2 g9do rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole בַ֣עַר אָנֹכִ֣י מֵאִ֑ישׁ וְלֹֽא־בִינַ֖ת אָדָ֣ם לִֽי 1 Agur says these two clauses as extreme statements for emphasis. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different way to express the emphasis. Alternate translation: “I feel like I am more stupid than a man, and that the understanding of mankind is not mine” 30:2 xxr1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks 1 [30:2](../30/02.md)–[33](../30/33.md) is a long quotation of what Agur said. If it would be helpful in your language, you could indicate this with quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. 30:2 s1ds rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism בַ֣עַר אָנֹכִ֣י מֵאִ֑ישׁ וְלֹֽא־בִינַ֖ת אָדָ֣ם לִֽי 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “I am more stupid than a man; indeed, the understanding of mankind in not mine” 30:2 n4d9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מֵאִ֑ישׁ & אָדָ֣ם 1 In this verse, **man** refers to people in general, not to a specific **man**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “than any person … any person” 30:2 ij38 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בִינַ֖ת 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **understanding** in [1:2](../01/02.md). 30:3 n0bf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole וְלֹֽא־לָמַ֥דְתִּי חָכְמָ֑ה וְדַ֖עַת קְדֹשִׁ֣ים אֵדָֽע 1 Agur says these two clauses as extreme statements for emphasis. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different way to express the emphasis. Alternate translation: “And I feel like I have not learned wisdom, nor the knowledge of holy ones do I know” 30:3 ln5f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חָכְמָ֑ה וְדַ֖עַת 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **wisdom** in [1:2](../01/02.md) and **knowledge** in [1:4](../01/04.md). 30:3 tu4c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit קְדֹשִׁ֣ים 1 Here, **holy ones** could refer to: (1) Yahweh as the Holy One, in which case the plural form is used to emphasize his greatness. Alternate translation: “the Holy One” (2) heavenly beings, including God and angels. Alternate translation: “holy beings” 30:4 kw1a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion מִ֤י עָלָֽה־שָׁמַ֨יִם ׀ וַיֵּרַ֡ד מִ֤י אָֽסַף־ר֨וּחַ ׀ בְּחָפְנָ֡יו מִ֤י צָֽרַר־מַ֨יִם ׀ בַּשִּׂמְלָ֗ה מִ֭י הֵקִ֣ים כָּל־אַפְסֵי־אָ֑רֶץ 1 In this verse, the writer uses the question form four times to emphasize how much greater Yahweh is than people. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “Surely, no human has ascended to heaven and descended! Surely, no one but Yahweh has gathered the wind in the hollow of his hands! Surely, no one but Yahweh has wrapped waters in the cloak! Surely, no one but Yahweh has raised up all the ends of the earth!” 30:4 vyhb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עָלָֽה־שָׁמַ֨יִם ׀ וַיֵּרַ֡ד 1 Here, Agur speaks of someone going to the place where God dwells and returning from there as if **heaven** were a place that someone could go up to or come down from. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “has gone to and returned from the place where Yahweh dwells” 30:4 bz7z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מִ֤י אָֽסַף־ר֨וּחַ ׀ בְּחָפְנָ֡יו 1 Here, Agur speaks of controlling **the wind** as if it were something that a person could catch and hold in the palm of one’s hand. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Who has controlled the wind” 30:4 rdh7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּחָפְנָ֡יו 1 Here, the word translated **hollow** refers to the palm of someone’s hand. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “in the palms of his hands” 30:4 g4i7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מִ֤י צָֽרַר־מַ֨יִם ׀ בַּשִּׂמְלָ֗ה 1 Here, Agur speaks of storing rainwater in clouds as if the **waters** were something that a person could wrap inside a **cloak**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. If a translation is available in your language, see the similar use of **waters** in [Job 26:8](../job/26/08.md). Alternate translation: “Who has stored the water in clouds” 30:4 rce5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מִ֭י הֵקִ֣ים כָּל־אַפְסֵי־אָ֑רֶץ 1 Here, Agur speaks of setting the boundaries of the dry land on **the earth** as if the **ends of the earth** were something that a person could raise **up**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “has set up the limits for where the land ends” or “has marked the boundaries for the ends of the earth” 30:4 jv39 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony מַה־שְּׁמ֥וֹ וּמַֽה־שֶּׁם־בְּ֝נ֗וֹ כִּ֣י תֵדָֽע 1 Agur uses irony here to emphasize that no one knows of any person who can do those things described earlier in the verse, because such a person does not exist. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Surely, none of you knows the name of someone who has done this or the name of his son, because such a person does not exist!” 30:5 mna2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor צְרוּפָ֑ה 1 Here Agur refers to what **God** says being true as if his sayings were metal that someone had melted and removed unwanted material from. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the phrase “refined gold” in [8:19](../08/19.md). Alternate translation: “is proven to be true” 30:5 u15z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מָגֵ֥ן ה֝֗וּא 1 Here, Agur speaks of **God** protecting people as if he were a **shield**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he is a protector” 30:5 bk39 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לַֽחֹסִ֥ים בּֽוֹ 1 Here, Agur speaks of people trusting **God** to protect them as if he were a shelter in which people **take refuge**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “for those who rely on him to protect them” 30:6 lu63 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אַל־תּ֥וֹסְףְּ עַל־דְּבָרָ֑יו 1 Here, Agur refers to someone claiming God said something that he did not say as if that person were adding more **words** to what God has said. Here, **words** refers to what is said, as in [1:23](../01/23.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Do not claim that God has said something that he did not really say” 30:6 e39x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וְנִכְזָֽבְתָּ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and he show you to be a liar” 30:7-9 c3af rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שְׁ֭תַּיִם שָׁאַ֣לְתִּי מֵאִתָּ֑ךְ 1 These three verses are a prayer that Agur prays to Yahweh. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Two things I ask from you, O Yahweh” 30:7 tafl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youformal מֵאִתָּ֑ךְ 1 If your language has a formal form of **you** that it uses to address a superior respectfully, you may wish to use that form for **you**. Alternatively, it might be more appropriate in your culture to address God using a familiar form, such as friends would use with one another. Use your best judgment about which form to use. 30:7 qapv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative אַל־תִּמְנַ֥ע 1 This phrase is an imperative, but it communicates a polite request rather than a command. Use a form in your language that communicates a polite request. It may be helpful to add an expression such as “please” to make this clear. Alternate translation: “please do not withhold” 30:7 bl08 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis אַל־תִּמְנַ֥ע 1 Agur is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “do not withhold these two things I request” 30:8 jw32 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative שָׁ֤וְא ׀ וּֽדְבַר־כָּזָ֡ב הַרְחֵ֬ק מִמֶּ֗נִּי 1 This is an imperative clause, but it communicates a polite request rather than a command. Use a form in your language that communicates a polite request. It may be helpful to add an expression such as “please” to make this clear. Alternate translation: “Please put far away from me emptiness and the word of a lie” 30:8 v3d5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שָׁ֤וְא ׀ וּֽדְבַר־כָּזָ֡ב הַרְחֵ֬ק מִמֶּ֗נִּי 1 Here, Agur speaks of **Emptiness** and **the word of a lie** as if they were objects that could be **put far away from** a person. He means that he wants God to prevent him from acting or speaking with **Emptiness and the word of a lie**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Keep me from acting with emptiness and speaking the word of a lie” 30:8 l4b4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שָׁ֤וְא 1 **Emptiness** here refers to dishonesty or deception. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Dishonesty” 30:8 gaz6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וּֽדְבַר־כָּזָ֡ב 1 Here, Agur is using the possessive form to describe a **word** that is **a lie**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “and a lying word” 30:8 d5rz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וּֽדְבַר 1 See how you translated the same use of **word** in [12:25](../12/25.md). 30:8 sgbl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative רֵ֣אשׁ וָ֭עֹשֶׁר אַל־תִּֽתֶּן־לִ֑י הַ֝טְרִיפֵ֗נִי לֶ֣חֶם חֻקִּֽי 1 These two clauses are imperative clauses, but they communicate polite requests rather than commands. Use a form in your language that communicates polite requests. It may be helpful to add expressions such as “please” to make this clear. Alternate translation: “Please do not give to me poverty or riches; please cause me to receive the bread of my portion” 30:8 wk6q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor רֵ֣אשׁ וָ֭עֹשֶׁר אַל־תִּֽתֶּן־לִ֑י 1 Here, Agur speaks of being poor or rich as if **poverty** and **riches** were physical objects that someone could **give** to someone else. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Do not allow me to be poor or rich” 30:8 aclk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession לֶ֣חֶם חֻקִּֽי 1 This could refer to: (1) an amount of **bread** that Yahweh has allotted for Agur. Alternate translation: “the bread you have apportioned for me” (2) the amount of **bread** Agur needs to live. Alternate translation: “the bread I need” 30:8 yrwv rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast הַ֝טְרִיפֵ֗נִי 1 This clause is a strong contrast to the previous clause. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a contrast. Alternate translation: “rather, cause me to receive” or “cause me to receive instead” 30:8 rcu0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לֶ֣חֶם 1 See how you translated the same use of **bread** in [9:5](../09/05.md). 30:9 vrk2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo פֶּ֥ן אֶשְׂבַּ֨ע 1 Agur uses this expression to introduce an imaginary situation to help explain why he asked God not to allow him to become rich in the previous verse. Use a natural method in your language for introducing an imaginary situation. Alternate translation: “Suppose I be satiated” 30:9 bdye rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אֶשְׂבַּ֨ע 1 Here, **satiated** refers to having too much food and possessions. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “I possess too much” 30:9 n7qo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וְכִחַשְׁתִּי֮ 1 Agur is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and I deny Yahweh” 30:9 xxn5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations וְאָמַ֗רְתִּי מִ֥י יְה֫וָ֥ה 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “and ask who Yahweh is.” 30:9 ezw1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion מִ֥י יְה֫וָ֥ה 1 Agur is using the question form to emphasize what might happen to him if he became too rich. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “I don’t know Yahweh!” 30:9 t24i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo וּפֶֽן־אִוָּרֵ֥שׁ 1 Agur uses this expression to introduce an imaginary situation to help explain why he asked God not to allow him to become poor in the previous verse. Use a natural method in your language for introducing an imaginary situation. Alternate translation: “And suppose I become dispossessed” 30:9 j98a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אִוָּרֵ֥שׁ 1 Here, **dispossessed** refers to someone becoming so poor that he loses everything that he owns. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “I become so poor that I own nothing” 30:9 xqc4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וְ֝תָפַ֗שְׂתִּי 1 Here, **and** introduces the result of stealing. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate results. Alternate translation: “and so I seize” 30:9 f4ah rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ֝תָפַ֗שְׂתִּי 1 Here, Agur speaks of disgracing **the name of my God** as if **the name** were an object that someone could violently **seize** and hurt. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and I might disgrace” 30:9 jw37 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שֵׁ֣ם 1 Here, **name** refers to a person’s reputation. See how you translated the same use of **name** in [22:1](../22/01.md). 30:10 rz4a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun עֶ֭בֶד אֶל־אדנו & יְקַלֶּלְךָ֥ 1 Here, **a slave**, **his**, and **he** refer to slaves in general, not a specific **slave**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any slave to that slave’s master … that slave curse you” 30:10 u5fu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וְאָשָֽׁמְתָּ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and people consider you to be guilty” 30:10 hgia rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְאָשָֽׁמְתָּ 1 Agur implies that this person is **guilty** of slandering. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and you be found guilty of slander” 30:11 wosm 0 [30:11](../30/11.md)–[14](../30/14.md) is the first of six numerical sayings in this chapter, even though this saying does not state the number of illustrations. See the discussion of this in the General Notes for this chapter. 30:11 sz6e rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns דּ֭וֹר אָבִ֣יו יְקַלֵּ֑ל & אִ֝מּ֗וֹ 1 In this verse, the words **generation**, **it**, and **its** are singular in form, but they refer to some people as a group. If it would be helpful in your language, you could say this plainly. Alternate translation: “There is a group of people, those people curse their fathers … their mothers” 30:11 uvoz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism אָבִ֣יו יְקַלֵּ֑ל וְאֶת־אִ֝מּ֗וֹ לֹ֣א יְבָרֵֽךְ 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could combine these clauses and express the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “it regularly curses its father and mother” 30:12 h8cq rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns דּ֭וֹר & בְּעֵינָ֑יו וּ֝מִצֹּאָת֗וֹ לֹ֣א רֻחָֽץ 1 See how you translated the same use of **generation** and **its** in the previous verse. 30:12 dp6p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor טָה֣וֹר 1 Here, Agur speaks of people being innocent of doing anything wrong as if those people were **clean**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “innocent” 30:12 fyp5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּעֵינָ֑יו 1 See how you translated the same use of **eyes** in [3:4](../03/04.md). 30:12 i97l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ֝מִצֹּאָת֗וֹ לֹ֣א רֻחָֽץ 1 Here, Agur speaks of people being guilty of doing something wrong as if those people were **not washed** and as if the wrong things they did were **excrement**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “but it is guilty of doing bad things” or “but it is guilty, as if it has not washed off its excrement” 30:12 z5g7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive לֹ֣א רֻחָֽץ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “someone has not washed it” 30:13 zjg2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns דּ֭וֹר & עֵינָ֑יו וְ֝עַפְעַפָּ֗יו 1 See how you translated the same use of **generation** and **its** in [30:11](../30/11.md). 30:13 oe7q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations מָה־רָמ֣וּ עֵינָ֑יו וְ֝עַפְעַפָּ֗יו יִנָּשֵֽׂאוּ 1 Here, **how** indicates that what follows is an exclamation that emphasizes the pride of this **generation**. Use an exclamation that would communicate that meaning in your language. Alternate translation: “its eyes are so raised up, and their eyelids are so lifted up” 30:13 ey4d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy רָמ֣וּ עֵינָ֑יו וְ֝עַפְעַפָּ֗יו יִנָּשֵֽׂאוּ 1 Here, Agur refers to pride as **eyes** that **are raised up** and **eyelids ** that **are lifted up**, which is are characteristic facial expressions of proud people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “proud they are, and they are arrogant” 30:13 n5qc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet רָמ֣וּ עֵינָ֑יו וְ֝עַפְעַפָּ֗יו יִנָּשֵֽׂאוּ 1 The phrases **eyes are raised up** and **eyelids are lifted up** mean similar things. Agur is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “how completely proud they are” 30:14 zfyg rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns דּ֤וֹר & שִׁנָּיו֮ & מְֽתַלְּעֹ֫תָ֥יו 1 See how you translated the same use of **generation** and **its** in [30:11](../30/11.md). 30:14 zca7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor חֲרָב֣וֹת שִׁנָּיו֮ וּֽמַאֲכָל֪וֹת מְֽתַלְּעֹ֫תָ֥יו לֶאֱכֹ֣ל 1 Here, Agur refers to people who oppress **afflicted ones** and **needy ones** as if they were wild animals that are **devouring** those people by using **teeth** or **fangs** that are dangerous like **swords** or **knives**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “it cruelly oppresses” or “it is oppresses others like a wild animal that uses sword-like teeth or knife-like fangs to consume” 30:14 yrgm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet חֲרָב֣וֹת שִׁנָּיו֮ וּֽמַאֲכָל֪וֹת מְֽתַלְּעֹ֫תָ֥יו 1 The phrases **its teeth are swords** and **its fangs are knives** mean the same thing. Agur is using the two phrases together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “its teeth are very sharp” 30:14 z22j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet עֲנִיִּ֣ים מֵאֶ֑רֶץ וְ֝אֶבְיוֹנִ֗ים מֵאָדָֽם 1 The phrases **afflicted ones from the earth** and **needy ones from man** mean the same thing. Agur is using the two phrases together for emphasis. Here, **afflicted ones** and **needy ones** both refer to poor people. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “poor people from the world” 30:14 ak2i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מֵאָדָֽם 1 Here, **man** refers to all people in general, not a specific **man**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “from mankind” or “from all human beings” 30:15 yr92 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לַֽעֲלוּקָ֨ה ׀ שְׁתֵּ֥י בָנוֹת֮ 1 Here, Agur speaks of a greedy person as if that person were a **leech** and as if what that person demands from others were **Two daughters**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “Greedy people always say” or “Greedy people are like a leech with two daughters” 30:15 ik61 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown לַֽעֲלוּקָ֨ה 1 A **leech** is a type of worm that attaches itself to the skin of a person or animal in order to suck blood. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of animal, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “are for the blood-sucking animal” or “are for the parasite” 30:15 n8v6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הַ֤ב ׀ הַ֥ב 1 This could refer to: (1) the names of the **Two daughters**. Alternate translation: “they are named Give and Give” (2) what the **Two daughters** say. Alternate translation: “they say, ‘Give! Give!’” 30:15 vfbh שָׁל֣וֹשׁ הֵ֭נָּה לֹ֣א תִשְׂבַּ֑עְנָה אַ֝רְבַּ֗ע לֹא־אָ֥מְרוּ הֽוֹן 1 The second half of [30:15](../30/15.md) and all of [30:16](../30/16.md) are the second of six numerical sayings in this chapter. See the discussion of numerical sayings in the General Notes for this chapter. 30:15 fs7c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism שָׁל֣וֹשׁ הֵ֭נָּה לֹ֣א תִשְׂבַּ֑עְנָה אַ֝רְבַּ֗ע לֹא־אָ֥מְרוּ הֽוֹן 1 To make a comprehensive statement, Agur is using a rhetorical device in which the speaker names a number that should be sufficient to illustrate his point and then increases that number by one for emphasis. Since the meaning of both clauses is the same, you could also combine them into one clause. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “These four things are absolutely never satisfied” 30:15 xlu4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes לֹ֣א תִשְׂבַּ֑עְנָה 1 Agur is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, **not**, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meaning, as in the UST. 30:16 lw63 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun וְעֹ֪צֶ֫ר רָ֥חַם אֶ֭רֶץ לֹא־שָׂ֣בְעָה מַּ֑יִם וְ֝אֵ֗שׁ 1 Here, **the womb**, **a land**, and **a fire** refer to these things in general, not specific things. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “and the closure of any womb, any land not satisfied with water, and any fire” 30:16 ljob rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְעֹ֪צֶ֫ר 1 Here Agur refers to a woman being unable to bear children as if her **womb** were closed. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and the barrenness of” 30:16 s1n2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche רָ֥חַם 1 Here, **womb** refers to the whole person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a woman” 30:16 d8p5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification אֶ֭רֶץ לֹא־שָׂ֣בְעָה מַּ֑יִם 1 Here, Agur speaks of **land** that does not have enough **water** to grow crops as if it were a person who does not have enough water to drink. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a land that never gets enough water to grow crops” 30:16 nzw6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification וְ֝אֵ֗שׁ לֹא־אָ֥מְרָה הֽוֹן 1 Here, Agur speaks of **fire** requiring fuel to keep burning as if it were a person who never says **Enough**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and a fire that never stops needing fuel to keep burning” 30:17 fjs9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis עַ֤יִן ׀ תִּֽלְעַ֣ג לְאָב֮ 1 Agur is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “Concerning an eye that mocks a father” 30:17 mp0r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche עַ֤יִן & יִקְּר֥וּהָ & וְֽיֹאכְל֥וּהָ 1 Although **eye** here refers to the whole person, **it** refers to the eyes of that person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “A person … will peck that person’s eyes out and … will eat those eyes” 30:17 ebva rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לְאָב֮ & אֵ֥ם 1 Here Agur implies that **a father** and **a mother** are the parents of the person who **mocks** and **shows contempt**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “that person’s father … to that person’s mother” 30:17 pr2u rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown עֹרְבֵי־נַ֑חַל & נָֽשֶׁר 1 Both **the ravens** and **the vulture** refer to large birds that eat dead animals. If your readers would not be familiar with these types of birds, you could use the name of something similar in your area, or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “birds that scavenge in the valley … other birds that scavenge” or “scavengers … scavengers” 30:17 x3vs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יִקְּר֥וּהָ עֹרְבֵי־נַ֑חַל 1 Since **ravens** and vultures usually eat dead animals, Agur implies here that this person will be killed before the birds eat him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “that person will die and the ravens of the valley will peck that person’s eyes out” 30:17 v4cm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification בְנֵי־נָֽשֶׁר 1 Here Agur refers to young vultures as if they were **sons** from the **vulture** family. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the young vultures” 30:18 uc6s 0 [30:18](../30/18.md)–[19](../30/19.md) is the third of six numerical sayings in this chapter. See the discussion of numerical sayings in the General Notes for this chapter. 30:18 qiou rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism שְׁלֹשָׁ֣ה הֵ֭מָּה נִפְלְא֣וּ מִמֶּ֑נִּי וְ֝אַרְבָּעָ֗ה 1 To make a comprehensive statement, Agur is using a rhetorical device in which the speaker names a number that should be sufficient to illustrate his point and then increases that number by one for emphasis. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. See how you translated the similar use of **Three things** and **four** in [30:15](../30/15.md). Alternate translation: “These four things are absolutely too wonderful for me” 30:19 sfu5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דֶּ֤רֶךְ & דֶּ֥רֶךְ & דֶּֽרֶךְ & וְדֶ֖רֶךְ 1 In this verse, **way** refers to the manner of doing something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the manner of … the manner of … the manner of … and the manner of” 30:19 xz6u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun הַנֶּ֨שֶׁר & נָחָ֗שׁ & אֳנִיָּ֥ה & יָ֑ם & גֶּ֣בֶר בְּעַלְמָֽה 1 These phrases refer to these things or people in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any eagle … any snake … any ship … any sea … any young man with any young woman” 30:19 uq9f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession דֶּ֤רֶךְ הַנֶּ֨שֶׁר ׀ בַּשָּׁמַיִם֮ 1 Here Agur is using the possessive form to describe **the way** that **the eagle** flies **in the sky**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the way that the eagle flies in the sky” 30:19 cbhz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession דֶּ֥רֶךְ נָחָ֗שׁ עֲלֵ֫י צ֥וּר 1 Here Agur is using the possessive form to describe **the way** that **a snake** slithers **on a rock**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the way that a snake slithers on a rock” 30:19 o1yf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession דֶּֽרֶךְ־אֳנִיָּ֥ה 1 Here Agur is using the possessive form to describe **the way** that **a ship** sails **in the heart of the sea**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the way that a ship sails” 30:19 u9rp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְלֶב־יָ֑ם 1 See how you translated this phrase in [23:34](../23/34.md). 30:19 crfk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וְדֶ֖רֶךְ גֶּ֣בֶר בְּעַלְמָֽה 1 Here Agur is using the possessive form to describe **the way** that **a young man** interacts **with a young woman**. This could refer to: (1) a young married couple’s loving relationship, which could include sexual relations. Alternate translation: “and the way that a young man lovingly interacts with a young woman” (2) sexual relations. Alternate translation: “and the way that a young man is sexually intimate with a young woman” 30:20 n764 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דֶּ֥רֶךְ 1 See how you translated the same use of **way** in the previous verse. 30:20 p03b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אִשָּׁ֗ה & אָ֭כְלָה וּמָ֣חֲתָה פִ֑יהָ 1 Here, **a woman**, **she**, and **her** refer to a type of women in general, not a specific **woman**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any woman … that woman eats and wipes her mouth” 30:20 h26k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אָ֭כְלָה וּמָ֣חֲתָה פִ֑יהָ 1 Agur is referring to an adulterous **woman** easily committing **adultery** as if she were eating. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “she commits adultery easily” or “she is like a woman who eats and wipes her mouth” 30:20 l56j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations וְ֝אָמְרָ֗ה לֹֽא־פָעַ֥לְתִּי אָֽוֶן 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “and says that she has not done iniquity” 30:20 hzha rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns אָֽוֶן 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **iniquity** in [6:12](../06/12.md). 30:21 uf9l 0 [30:21](../30/21.md)–[23](../30/23.md) is the fourth of six numerical sayings in this chapter. See the discussion of numerical sayings in the General Notes for this chapter. 30:21 s3e3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism תַּ֣חַת שָׁ֭לוֹשׁ רָ֣גְזָה אֶ֑רֶץ וְתַ֥חַת אַ֝רְבַּ֗ע לֹא־תוּכַ֥ל שְׂאֵֽת 1 To make a comprehensive statement, Agur is using a rhetorical device in which the speaker names a number that should be sufficient to illustrate his point and then increases that number by one for emphasis. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Since the meaning of both clauses is similar, you could also combine them into one clause. See how you translated the similar use of **three things** and **four** in [30:15](../30/15.md). Alternate translation: “Under these four things the earth truly shakes” 30:21 n302 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole תַּ֣חַת שָׁ֭לוֹשׁ רָ֣גְזָה & וְתַ֥חַת אַ֝רְבַּ֗ע & שְׂאֵֽת 1 Agur says **quakes** and **hold up** here as extreme statements to emphasize how intolerable the things in the following verses are for **the earth**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different way to express the emphasis. Alternate translation: “Because of three things … shudder, and because of four … to endure” 30:21 ix9o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אֶ֑רֶץ & לֹא־תוּכַ֥ל 1 Here, **the earth** and **it** refer to the people who live on **the earth**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the people on the earth … they are not able” 30:22 cxju rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole תַּֽחַת 1 See how you translated **under** in the previous verse. 30:22 xv9v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun עֶ֭בֶד כִּ֣י יִמְל֑וֹךְ וְ֝נָבָ֗ל כִּ֣י יִֽשְׂבַּֽע 1 Here, **a slave**, **he**, and **a worthless one** refer types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any slave when that slave becomes king, and any worthless one when that person is satisfied with” 30:22 ugx5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יִֽשְׂבַּֽע 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “he gets enough” 30:22 gj88 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לָֽחֶם 1 See how you translated the same use of **bread** in [9:5](../09/05.md). 30:23 xpoc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole תַּ֣חַת 1 See how you translated **under** in [30:21](../30/21.md). 30:23 gbdb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun שְׂ֭נוּאָה כִּ֣י תִבָּעֵ֑ל וְ֝שִׁפְחָ֗ה כִּֽי־תִירַ֥שׁ גְּבִרְתָּֽהּ 1 Here, **a hated woman**, **she**, and **a female servant**, and **her** refer to types of women in general, not specific women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any hated woman when that woman is married, and any female servant when that servant dispossesses her mistress” 30:23 tg9h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive כִּ֣י תִבָּעֵ֑ל 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “when someone marries her” 30:23 dwd5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit תִירַ֥שׁ גְּבִרְתָּֽהּ 1 Here, **dispossesses** refers to **a female servant** replacing her master’s wife as the lead woman of the household. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “she becomes her master’s wife in place of her mistress” 30:24 ts97 0 [30:24](../30/24.md)–[28](../30/28.md) is the fifth of six numerical sayings in this chapter. See the discussion of numerical sayings in the General Notes for this chapter. 30:24 z1xp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession קְטַנֵּי־אָ֑רֶץ 1 Here Agur is using the possessive form to describe **small things** that exist on **the earth**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “are smalls things that exist on the earth” 30:24 lb0n rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry חֲכָמִ֥ים מְחֻכָּמִֽים 1 Here, **wise things, being made wise** is an emphatic construction that uses a verb and its object that come from the same root. You may be able to use the same construction in your language to express the meaning here. Alternatively, your language may have another way of showing the emphasis. 30:25 d6lq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification עַ֣ם 1 Here Agur refers to the whole species of **ants** as if they were a group of **people**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “are a species” 30:25 d14d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַיָּכִ֖ינוּ בַקַּ֣יִץ לַחְמָֽם 1 See how you translated the similar phrase “prepares its bread in the summer” in [6:8](../06/08.md). 30:26 p11p rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown שְׁ֭פַנִּים 1 **Rock badgers** are small animals also called "hyraxes" that live in the cracks between rocks in the wilderness. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of animal, you could use the name of something similar in your area, or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “Small mammals that living among rocks” 30:26 m0h5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification עַ֣ם 1 See how you translated the same use of **people** in the previous verse. 30:26 miwy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun בַסֶּ֣לַע בֵּיתָֽם 1 Although **house** and **the cliff** are singular, they refer to these things in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “their houses in the cliffs” 30:26 h4yr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification בֵּיתָֽם 1 Here Agur refers to the places where **Rock badgers** live as if those places were houses such as humans live in. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “their dwelling places” or “their holes” 30:27 oauj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun לָאַרְבֶּ֑ה & כֻּלּֽוֹ 1 Here, **the locust** and **it** represent locusts in general, not one particular **locust**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “for locusts … every one of them” 30:27 e63o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification וַיֵּצֵ֖א חֹצֵ֣ץ 1 Here Agur speaks of the orderly ways that locusts travel as if they were an army of soldiers who **go out divided into groups**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “but … move together in an organized manner” or “but … march ahead like ranks of soldiers” 30:28 l4zb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun שְׂ֭מָמִית & וְ֝הִ֗יא & מֶֽלֶךְ 1 Here, **a lizard**, **it**, and **the king** represent lizards and kings in general, not one particular **lizard** or **king**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any lizard … yet any lizard … any king” 30:28 k92l rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown שְׂ֭מָמִית 1 A **lizard** is a small animal that crawls on the ground and can hide in houses. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of animal, you could use the name of something similar in your area, or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “a small crawling animal” 30:29 ofrb 0 [30:29](../30/29.md)–[31](../30/31.md) is the sixth of six numerical sayings in this chapter. See the discussion of numerical sayings in the General Notes for this chapter. 30:29 xyv8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism שְׁלֹשָׁ֣ה הֵ֭מָּה מֵיטִ֣יבֵי צָ֑עַד וְ֝אַרְבָּעָ֗ה מֵיטִ֥בֵי לָֽכֶת 1 To make a comprehensive statement, Agur is using a rhetorical device in which the speaker names a number that should be sufficient to illustrate his point and then increases that number by one for emphasis. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Since the meaning of both clauses is the same, you could also combine them into one clause. See how you translated the similar use of **Three things** and **four** in [30:15](../30/15.md). Alternate translation: “These four things truly walk well” 30:29 vzhc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom מֵיטִ֣יבֵי צָ֑עַד & מֵיטִ֥בֵי לָֽכֶת 1 The phrases **doing well of step** and **doing well of walking** both refer to animals or people who walk impressively. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “walk in an impressive manner … stride in a stately manner” 30:30 kr3o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun לַ֭יִשׁ & וְלֹא־יָ֝שׁ֗וּב 1 Here, **a lion** and **it** refer to lions in general, not a specific **lion**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any lion … and that lion will not turn away” 30:30 jbsk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit גִּבּ֣וֹר בַּבְּהֵמָ֑ה 1 Here, **mighty among the animals** refers to being the mightiest animal among them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the mightiest animal” 30:30 iyck rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְלֹא־יָ֝שׁ֗וּב מִפְּנֵי 1 Here, **turn away from the face** means “does not run away from” because one would have to **turn** one’s face away from the **face** of someone in order to run away from that person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and it will not run away from” 30:31 eunr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun זַרְזִ֣יר מָתְנַ֣יִם אוֹ־תָ֑יִשׁ וּ֝מֶ֗לֶךְ אַלְק֥וּם עִמּֽוֹ 1 Here, **one girded of loins**, **a male goat**, **a king**, and **one** refer to animals or people in general, not specific animals or people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “those girded of loins, or any male goat, and any king against whom any person does not rise up” 30:31 f30z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom זַרְזִ֣יר מָתְנַ֣יִם 1 Many scholars believe that this is an idiom that refers to a rooster that struts proudly. Roosters are male birds that walk around in a proud manner. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of bird, you could use the name of something similar in your area, or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “strutting roosters” or “a male bird that struts proudly” 30:31 mnr8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants אַלְק֥וּם עִמּֽוֹ 1 Some scholars believe that the phrase translated as **against whom one does not rise up** could also be translated as “whose army is with him.” If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to use the reading that it uses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to use the reading of the ULT. 30:32 uf0a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְהִתְנַשֵּׂ֑א 1 Here Agur speaks of someone honoring himself as if he were **lifting up** himself for everyone to see. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “by honoring yourself” 30:32 pa5v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יָ֣ד לְפֶֽה 1 Here Agur uses the phrase **a hand be to mouth** to refer to telling someone to stop doing something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “stop doing those things” 30:33 bu1w rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּ֤י 1 **For** here introduces the reason for obeying the command stated in the previous verse. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate reason. Alternate translation: “Stop doing these things because” 30:33 nj7p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מִ֪יץ חָלָ֡ב י֘וֹצִ֤יא חֶמְאָ֗ה וּֽמִיץ־אַ֭ף י֣וֹצִיא דָ֑ם וּמִ֥יץ אַ֝פַּ֗יִם י֣וֹצִיא רִֽיב 1 Here, Agur mentions three cause-and-effect relationships in order to teach that doing what he described in the previous verse will have bad results. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a simile. Alternate translation: “just like the squeezing of milk brings out butter, and the squeezing of the nose brings out blood, and the squeezing of nostrils brings out strife, so does doing these things cause bad things to happen” 30:33 j0ly rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown מִ֪יץ חָלָ֡ב י֘וֹצִ֤יא חֶמְאָ֗ה 1 Here, Agur refers to stirring liquid milk until it thickens into a solid food substance called **butter**. If your readers would not be familiar with milk or the process for making **butter**, you could use the name of something similar in your area, or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “stirring some liquids causes them to harden” 30:33 br10 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וּמִ֥יץ אַ֝פַּ֗יִם 1 Here, **squeezing of nostrils** refers to making people angry. The word nostrils means “anger” by association with the way that a person who is angry breathes heavily through his nose, causing his nostrils to open wide. Your language and culture may also associate anger with a particular part of the body. If so, you could use an expression involving that part of the body in your translation. You could also use plain language. Alternate translation: “and making people foam at the mouth” or “and angering people” 30:33 fect rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor י֣וֹצִיא רִֽיב 1 Here, Agur refers to causing people to argue as if **strife** were an object that someone **brings out**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “causes strife between people” 30:33 qnrg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns רִֽיב 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **strife** in [16:28](../16/28.md). 31:intro dd9p 0 # Proverbs 31 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n8. Sayings from Lemuel (31:1–9)\n9. Description of a good and capable wife (31:10–31)\n\nChapter 31 is the chapter in this book written by Lemuel, who wrote down the advice that his mother told him. Within the Bible, here is the only place that Lemuel is mentioned.\n\n## Religious and Cultural Concepts in This Chapter\n\n### Acrostic poem\n\n[Proverbs 31:10](../31/10.md)–[31](../31/31.md) is a poem in which each line begins with a successive letter of the alphabet in the original language. Using every letter of the language in that way expresses the idea of comprehensiveness and also helps people memorize the poem. In [31:10](../31/10.md)–[31](../31/31.md) the acrostic poem emphasizes that virtuous women demonstrate their virtue in everything that they do. If it is impossible to translate this poem into an acrostic poem in your language, you could use a different way in your language to indicate that these verses are one poem about the same topic. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]]) 31:1 xlg7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy דִּ֭בְרֵי 1 See how you translated the same use of **words** in [1:6](../01/06.md). 31:1 blmf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מַ֝שָּׂ֗א 1 See how you translated the same use of **burden** in [30:1](../30/01.md). 31:2 ag7f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks מַה־בְּ֭רִי 1 [32:2](../32/02.md)–[31](../31/31.md) is a long quotation of what Lemuel’s mother told him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could indicate this with quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. 31:2 h9dw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis מַה־בְּ֭רִי וּמַֽה־בַּר־בִּטְנִ֑י וּ֝מֶה בַּר־נְדָרָֽי 1 Lemuel’s mother is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “What should I say to you, my son? And what should I say to you, son of my womb? And what should I say to you, son of my vows?” 31:2 xrr9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion מַה־בְּ֭רִי וּמַֽה־בַּר־בִּטְנִ֑י וּ֝מֶה בַּר־נְדָרָֽי 1 These three questions could be: (1) rhetorical questions that Lemuel’s mother asks in order to emphasize that her **son** should listen to what she is about to say. Alternate translation: “This is what I should tell you, my son! And this is what I should tell you, son of my womb! And this is what I should tell you, son of my vows!” (2) exclamations in which **What** is not introducing a question. Alternate translation: “O, my son! O, son of my womb! O, son of my vows!” 31:2 ye5f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בַּר־בִּטְנִ֑י 1 Here, Lemuel’s mother is using the possessive form to describe a **son** whom she had carried in her **womb**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “son whom I carried in my womb” 31:2 p2hh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בַּר־נְדָרָֽי 1 Here, **vows** could mean: (1) the promise Lemuel’s mother made to dedicate her **son** to God if he allowed her to have a child. Alternate translation: “son whom I dedicated to Yahweh” (2) Lemuel is the result of God hearing his mother’s **vows**, in which case **vows** would refer to prayers. Alternate translation: “son for whom I prayed” 31:3 irw8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism אַל־תִּתֵּ֣ן לַנָּשִׁ֣ים חֵילֶ֑ךָ 1 Lemuel’s mother is referring to sex in a polite way by using the phrase **give your strength to women**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a polite way of referring to this in your language, or you could state this plainly. Alternate translation: “Do not tire yourself out with women” or “Do not waste your energy on having sex with women” 31:3 rbvl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ֝דְרָכֶ֗יךָ 1 Here, **your ways** could mean: (1) the same as **your strength** in the previous clause, which is parallel to this clause. Alternate translation: “or your vigor” (2) a person’s regular behavior, which is what **ways** usually means in Proverbs. Alternate translation: “or what you do” 31:3 tuq5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לַֽמְח֥וֹת מְלָכִֽין 1 The parallelism between this clause and the previous clause indicates that this phrase refers to **women** who **cause kings to be wiped out**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “to those women who cause kings to be wiped out” 31:4 t6lk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet אַ֤ל לַֽמְלָכִ֨ים ׀ לְֽמוֹאֵ֗ל אַ֣ל לַֽמְלָכִ֣ים 1 Here, Lemuel’s mother repeats the same phrase for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “It is absolutely not for kings, Lemuel” 31:4 s8mw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis אַ֤ל לַֽמְלָכִ֨ים ׀ & אַ֣ל לַֽמְלָכִ֣ים 1 Lemuel’s mother is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “It is not appropriate for kings … it is not appropriate for kings” 31:4 d98h rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants או 1 Some ancient copies and translations say that the word translated as **or** is a different word that means “desire” or “crave,” which makes sense because of the parallelism with **drink wine** in the previous clause. If a translation of the Bible already exists in your area, you could consider using the reading in that translation. If there is not already a Bible translation in your area, you may wish to follow the reading of the UST. 31:5 dwo5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns יִ֭שְׁתֶּה 1 Here, **he** refers to the kings and dignitaries mentioned in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “those kings or dignitaries drink” 31:5 ex8n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive מְחֻקָּ֑ק 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. This phrase refers to the laws of the country that these kings or dignitaries rule over. Alternate translation: “what the law decrees” or “their laws” 31:5 dfk2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וִֽ֝ישַׁנֶּה דִּ֣ין 1 Here, **pervert the legal claim** refers to depriving people of their legal rights. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and deny the legal rights of” 31:5 w2jv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun דִּ֣ין כָּל־בְּנֵי־עֹֽנִי 1 Here, **the legal claim** and **the afflicted one** refer to claims and afflicted people in general, not a specific **claim** or **afflicted one**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any legal claim of all the sons of any afflicted person” 31:5 y3ds rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בְּנֵי־עֹֽנִי 1 Here, **the sons of the afflicted one** refers to afflicted people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “afflicted people” 31:6 q63s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun לְאוֹבֵ֑ד 1 Here, **the perishing one** refers to dying people in general, not a specific person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “to any perishing person” 31:6 yq7n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וְ֝יַיִן 1 Lemuel’s mother is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and give wine” 31:6 i7g7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לְמָ֣רֵי נָֽפֶשׁ 1 Here, Lemuel’s mother refers to people who feel miserable as if their souls are **bitter**. Here, **soul** refers to a person’s inner being or mind, as in [23:7](../23/07.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to those who are miserable” 31:7 gp00 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns יִ֭שְׁתֶּה וְיִשְׁכַּ֣ח רִישׁ֑וֹ וַ֝עֲמָל֗וֹ לֹ֣א יִזְכָּר־עֽוֹד 1 **He** and **his** refer to “the perishing one” and “those bitter of soul,” who are mentioned in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Those dying and miserable people will drink and forget their poverty, and their trouble they will not remember again” 31:7 s7xc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יִ֭שְׁתֶּה 1 Lemuel’s mother implies that **He will drink** wine or some other intoxicating drink, as mentioned in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “He will drink wine or intoxicating drink” 31:7 f15v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns רִישׁ֑וֹ וַ֝עֲמָל֗וֹ 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **poverty** in [6:11](../06/11.md) and **trouble** in [24:2](../24/02.md). 31:8 r3tl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy פְּתַח־פִּ֥יךָ לְאִלֵּ֑ם 1 **Open your mouth** refers to doing so in order to say something to defend someone. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Open your mouth to speak on behalf of a mute one” 31:8 iobn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun לְאִלֵּ֑ם אֶל־דִּ֝֗ין כָּל־בְּנֵ֥י חֲלֽוֹף 1 Here, **a mute one**, **the legal claim**, and **the one passing away** refer to these people and things in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “for any mute person, for any legal claim of all the sons of any person passing away” 31:8 wlnu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis אֶל־דִּ֝֗ין 1 Lemuel’s mother is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence or use a connecting word if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “open your mouth for the legal claim of” or “and for the legal claim of” 31:8 mxp7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בְּנֵ֥י חֲלֽוֹף 1 See how you translated the same use of **the sons of** in [31:5](../31/05.md). 31:8 e1y9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism חֲלֽוֹף 1 Lemuel’s mother is referring to death in a polite way by using the phrase **passing away**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more normal polite way of referring to this in your language, or you could state this plainly. Alternate translation: “the dying one” 31:9 paxx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis פְּתַח־פִּ֥יךָ שְׁפָט־צֶ֑דֶק 1 Lemuel’s mother is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the second clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “Open your mouth for the afflicted one and poor one and judge them with righteousness” 31:9 yc2m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy פְּתַח־פִּ֥יךָ 1 See how you translated this phrase in the previous verse. 31:9 rn4t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns צֶ֑דֶק 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **righteousness** in [1:3](../01/03.md). 31:9 qs0j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun וְ֝דִ֗ין עָנִ֥י וְאֶבְיֽוֹן 1 Here, **the legal case**, **the afflicted one**, and **poor one** refer to legal cases and types of people in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “and plead any legal case of any afflicted person and any poor person” 31:10 ufh2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion אֵֽשֶׁת־חַ֭יִל מִ֣י יִמְצָ֑א 1 Lemuel’s mother is using the question form to emphasize the difficulty of finding a wife of **worth**. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation Alternate translation: “Not many men can find a woman of worth!” 31:10 d5xz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אֵֽשֶׁת־חַ֭יִל & מִכְרָֽהּ 1 **A woman of worth** and **her** refer to a type of **woman** in general, not a particular **woman**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any woman of worth … that woman’s value” 31:10 lu9o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession אֵֽשֶׁת־חַ֭יִל 1 Here, Lemuel’s mother is using the possessive form to describe a **woman** who is characterized by **worth**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “A worthy woman” 31:10 abq2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit חַ֭יִל 1 Here, **worth** refers to both physical ability and moral **worth**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “physical and moral worth” 31:10 v97s rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown מִפְּנִינִ֣ים 1 See how you translated **corals** in [3:15](../03/15.md). 31:11 eoyv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לֵ֣ב בַּעְלָ֑הּ 1 Here, **heart** refers to the whole person. See how you translated the same use of **heart** in [14:10](../14/10.md). 31:11 f6zb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ֝שָׁלָ֗ל 1 Although the word translated as **spoil** usually refers to wealth that soldiers seize after winning a battle or that thieves steal, here it refers to the valuable things that this **husband** gains because of his wife. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and great wealth from her” 31:11 i7un rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes לֹ֣א יֶחְסָֽר 1 Lemuel’s mother is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, **not**, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meaning. Alternate translation: “he will always have” 31:12 pw8n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ט֣וֹב וְלֹא־רָ֑ע 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **good** in [11:27](../11/27.md) and **evil** in [1:16](../01/16.md). 31:12 czv3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet ט֣וֹב וְלֹא־רָ֑ע 1 The expressions**good** and **not evil** mean the same thing. Lemuel’s mother is using the two expressions together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “extremely good” 31:12 uvlp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חַיֶּֽיה 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **life** in [10:16](../10/16.md). 31:13 dukg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit דָּ֭רְשָׁה 1 The fact that she **works** in the next clause indicates that this woman finds what she **searches** for. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “She finds” 31:13 usy5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown צֶ֣מֶר 1 The term **wool** refers to the hair of sheep, which was used to make warm clothing for winter. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of material, you could use the name of something similar in your area, or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “warm fabric” or “material to make into winter clothing” 31:13 xs1v rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown וּפִשְׁתִּ֑ים 1 The term **linens** refers to a type of plant that was used to make cool clothing for summer. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of material, you could use the name of something similar in your area, or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “cool fabric” or “material to make into summer clothing” 31:13 mupw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַ֝תַּ֗עַשׂ 1 Here, **works** refers to making clothing. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and makes clothing” 31:13 n9qr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification בְּחֵ֣פֶץ כַּפֶּֽיהָ 1 Here, Lemuel’s mother speaks of this woman feeling **delight** while she uses **her palms** to make clothing as if **her palms** were people who feel that **delight**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “delightfully with her palms” 31:14 h984 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure הָ֭יְתָה כָּאֳנִיּ֣וֹת סוֹחֵ֑ר מִ֝מֶּרְחָ֗ק תָּבִ֥יא לַחְמָֽהּ 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “She brings her bread from far away, like the ships of a merchant” 31:14 pji9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לַחְמָֽהּ 1 See how you translated the same use of **bread** in [9:5](../09/05.md). 31:15 t7y0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּע֬וֹד לַ֗יְלָה 1 Here, **while still night** refers to the time before the sun rises in the morning, not the middle of the night. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “while it is still dark” or “before the sun rises” 31:15 bavq rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal וַתִּתֵּ֣ן 1 Here, **and** indicates that what follows is the purpose for the woman rising **while still night**. Use a connector in your language that makes indicates a purpose. Alternate translation: “for the purpose of giving” 31:15 szxz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לְבֵיתָ֑הּ 1 Here, **house** represents the family who lives in **her house**. See how you translated the same use of **house** in [3:33](../03/33.md). 31:15 ajq5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ֝חֹ֗ק 1 Here, **portion** refers to **a portion** of **food**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and a portion of food” 31:15 ofk7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לְנַעֲרֹתֶֽיהָ 1 Here, **young women** refers to female servants who serve this woman and live in her home. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “to her servant girls” 31:16 wkld rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit זָמְמָ֣ה שָׂ֭דֶה 1 Here, **considers** refers to planning carefully before buying **a field**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “She considers carefully about buying a field” 31:16 fgc9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מִפְּרִ֥י כַ֝פֶּ֗יהָ 1 Here, **the fruit of her palms** refers to the money that the woman has earned by selling the clothing she made with **her palms** in [31:13](../31/13.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “from the money she has earned” 31:17 vv53 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy חָֽגְרָ֣ה & מָתְנֶ֑יהָ 1 The phrase **girds her loins** refers to preparing to do work; this act involved tying up the loose ends of one’s clothes with a belt so that the clothes do not get in the person’s way while working. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “She prepares herself to work” 31:17 srsr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְע֣וֹז 1 Here, **strength** indicates the manner by which she **girds her loins**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “in a strong manner” or “strongly” 31:17 fn86 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַ֝תְּאַמֵּ֗ץ זְרֹעוֹתֶֽיהָ 1 Here, Lemuel’s mother implies that this woman **strengthens her arms** by working hard. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “she strengthens her arms by doing hard work” 31:18 rzhh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns סַחְרָ֑הּ 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **profit** in [3:14](../03/14.md). 31:18 os5j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לֹֽא־יִכְבֶּ֖ה בַלַּ֣יְלָה נֵרָֽהּ 1 Here, Lemuel’s mother implies that this woman’s **lamp does not go out** because the woman is working. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “her lamp does not go out in the night because she is working” 31:18 jpw6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole לֹֽא־יִכְבֶּ֖ה בַלַּ֣יְלָה נֵרָֽהּ 1 Lemuel’s mother uses this clause as an overstatement in order emphasize that such a woman works until late at **night**, but not necessarily all **night** long. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different way to express the emphasis. Alternate translation: “she uses a lamp to work until late a night” 31:19 cx1n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יָ֭דֶיהָ שִׁלְּחָ֣ה בַכִּישׁ֑וֹר וְ֝כַפֶּ֗יהָ תָּ֣מְכוּ פָֽלֶךְ 1 This verse refers to the process of making thread, which is used to make clothing. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “She stretches out her hands at the distaff, and she grasps the spindle in order to make thread” 31:19 yb1d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom יָ֭דֶיהָ שִׁלְּחָ֣ה בַכִּישׁ֑וֹר 1 Here, **stretches out her hands** means to holding something. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “She takes hold of the distaff” 31:19 d3iv rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown בַכִּישׁ֑וֹר 1 The word **distaff** refers to a thin rod with pointed ends that is used to make thread. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of tool, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “the tool for making thread” 31:19 cumc rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown פָֽלֶךְ 1 The word **spindle** refers to a piece of wood around which someone wraps the thread when making thread. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of tool, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “the tool for holding thread” 31:20 en6l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy כַּ֭פָּהּ פָּרְשָׂ֣ה לֶעָנִ֑י וְ֝יָדֶ֗יהָ שִׁלְּחָ֥ה לָֽאֶבְיֽוֹן 1 The phrases **spreads out her palm** and **stretches out her hands** both refer to helping someone by using one’s hands to give something to that person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “She helps the afflicted one, and she helps the poor one” 31:20 s1we rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun לֶעָנִ֑י & לָֽאֶבְיֽוֹן 1 See how you translated **the afflicted one** in [15:15](../15/15.md) and **poor one** in [13:8](../13/08.md). 31:21 j971 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לְבֵיתָ֣הּ & כָל־בֵּ֝יתָ֗הּ 1 See how you translated the same use of **her house** in [31:15](../31/15.md). 31:21 ojnb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לֹא־תִירָ֣א לְבֵיתָ֣הּ 1 Here, Lemuel’s mother implies that this woman **does not fear for her house** to become cold. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “She does not fear for her house to become cold” 31:21 t8t6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מִשָּׁ֑לֶג 1 Here, **snow** refers to cold weather, which is the time when **snow** falls. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “because of cold weather” or “because of winter” 31:21 dcdi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive לָבֻ֥שׁ שָׁנִֽים 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “she has clothed with crimson” 31:21 tt96 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy שָׁנִֽים 1 Here, **crimson** refers to warm clothing that is made from expensive **crimson** cloth. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “have expensive, warm clothing” 31:22 fkqx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מַרְבַדִּ֥ים 1 Here, **coverings** refers to pieces of cloth used to cover beds. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. See how you translated **coverings** in [7:16](../07/16.md). Alternate translation: “blankets” or “cloth that covers beds” 31:22 anf5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis שֵׁ֖שׁ וְאַרְגָּמָ֣ן לְבוּשָֽׁהּ 1 Lemuel’s mother is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “she wears fine linen and purple for her clothing” 31:22 a3x1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet שֵׁ֖שׁ וְאַרְגָּמָ֣ן 1 Here, **fine linen** and **purple** both refer to very expensive cloth. Lemuel’s mother is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “very expensive materials” 31:23 ra37 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive נוֹדָ֣ע & בַּעְלָ֑הּ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “People know her husband” 31:23 lcdr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit נוֹדָ֣ע 1 Here, the phrase **is known** implies that this woman’s **husband** is respected by many people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “is respected” 31:23 aim4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בַּשְּׁעָרִ֣ים 1 Here, **the gates** refers to the crowded place in a town or city where many people gathered and legal decisions were made. See how you translates the same use of **the gates** in [1:21](../01/21.md). 31:23 dbz1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּ֝שִׁבְתּ֗וֹ עִם 1 Here, **sits with** refers to sitting down **with the elders of the land** in order to make laws and resolve legal disputes. Someone who **sits with the elders** is actually one of them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “when he sits down to make legal decisions with” 31:23 vowr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit זִקְנֵי־אָֽרֶץ 1 The phrase **the elders of the land** refers to the leaders of the town or city in which this woman lives with her **husband**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the leaders of the town” 31:24 d6wi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun סָדִ֣ין & וַ֝חֲג֗וֹר & לַֽכְּנַעֲנִֽי 1 Here, **a linen garment**, **a belt**, and **the Canaanite** refer to these things and people in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “linen garments … belts … to Canaanites” 31:24 q4ow rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וַתִּמְכֹּ֑ר 1 Lemuel’s mother is leaving out a word that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply this word from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and sells that garment” 31:24 ghw5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit נָתְנָ֥ה 1 Here, **gives** means that she supplies this **belt** to someone who pays her for the item and then sells it to others. She gives not give the **belt** away for free. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “she supplies” 31:24 hdu6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לַֽכְּנַעֲנִֽי 1 Here, **Canaanite** refers specifically to **Canaanite** traders. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to the Canaanite trader” or “to someone who trades goods” 31:25 k3bi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עֹז־וְהָדָ֥ר לְבוּשָׁ֑הּ 1 Here Lemuel’s mother speaks of this woman having **Strength and splendor** that other people notice. It's as if she were wearing those qualities as **clothing** that other people could see. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “Everyone notices her strength and splendor” or “People notice her strength and splendor as if they were her clothing” 31:25 o0we rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns עֹז־וְהָדָ֥ר 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **Strength** in [5:10](../05/10.md) and **splendor** in [4:9](../04/09.md). 31:25 a29g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וַ֝תִּשְׂחַ֗ק לְי֣וֹם אַחֲרֽוֹן 1 Here, the woman **laughs** because she feels confident and cheerful about what will happen in the future. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and she is confident about a future day” 31:25 o4xb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לְי֣וֹם אַחֲרֽוֹן 1 Here, **a future day** refers to what will happen in the future. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “at what will happen in the future” 31:26 lb6q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy פִּ֭יהָ פָּתְחָ֣ה 1 Here, **mouth opens** refers to speaking. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “She talks” 31:26 ga0f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְחָכְמָ֑ה 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **wisdom** in [1:2](../01/02.md). 31:26 cqck rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וְתֽוֹרַת־חֶ֝֗סֶד 1 Here, Lemuel’s mother is using the possessive form to describe **the law** that is characterized by **covenant faithfulness**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “and the law that is characterized by covenant faithfulness” 31:26 gs0s rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns וְתֽוֹרַת 1 Although **the law** here is singular, it refers to what this woman teaches or instructs others. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and the instructions of” or “and the teachings of” 31:26 umm9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חֶ֝֗סֶד 1 See how you translated the same use of **covenant faithfulness** in [11:17](../11/17.md). 31:26 q9jl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy עַל־לְשׁוֹנָֽהּ 1 Here, **on her tongue** refers to her speaking, which involved using **her tongue**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is spoken by her” 31:27 uqe6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy הֲלִיכ֣וֹת בֵּיתָ֑הּ 1 Here, **the goings on of her house** could refer to: (1) what happens inside her home. Alternate translation: “what happens in her home” (2) what the people who live in **her house** do, in which case **her house** has the same meaning as in [31:15](../31/15.md). Alternate translation: “what her family does” 31:27 ynb8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְלֶ֥חֶם עַ֝צְל֗וּת לֹ֣א תֹאכֵֽל 1 Here, Lemuel’s mother speaks of someone being lazy as if **laziness** were **bread** that a person **eats**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and she does not act idly” 31:28 hq5u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בָ֭נֶיהָ 1 See how you translated the same use of **sons** in [4:1](../04/01.md). 31:28 rg2j rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction קָ֣מוּ 1 Here, the phrase **rise up** refers to a symbolic action to show respect for someone. If this would not be clear to your readers, you could explain the significance of this action in the text or in a footnote. Alternate translation: “stand to show respect” 31:29 gw2t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks רַבּ֣וֹת בָּ֭נוֹת עָ֣שׂוּ חָ֑יִל וְ֝אַ֗תְּ עָלִ֥ית עַל־כֻּלָּֽנָה 1 This verse is a quotation of what the woman’s husband said. If it would be helpful in your language, you could indicate this with quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. 31:29 xewq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בָּ֭נוֹת 1 Here, the woman’s husband uses **daughters** to refer to women in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly, as in the UST. 31:29 k8ky rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit חָ֑יִל 1 Here, **worth** refers to both physical ability and moral **worth**. See how you translated the same use of **worth** in [31:10](../31/10.md). 31:29 ajdj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns וְ֝אַ֗תְּ עָלִ֥ית 1 The woman’s husband uses the word **yourself** to emphasize how excellent his wife is. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this emphasis. Alternate translation: “but you, yes, you have ascended” 31:29 fl85 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ֝אַ֗תְּ עָלִ֥ית עַל 1 Here, the woman’s husband speaks of his wife acting more admirably than all other woman as if she **ascended over** them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but you yourself have acted more worthily than” or “but you yourself are more excellent than” 31:30 rqff rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun הַ֭חֵן & הַיֹּ֑פִי 1 Here, **The charm** and **the beauty** refer to these qualities in general, not any specific **charm** or **beauty**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any charm … any beauty” 31:30 e8cj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns שֶׁ֣קֶר הַ֭חֵן וְהֶ֣בֶל הַיֹּ֑פִי 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **charm**, **falsehood**, and **beauty**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. See how you translated **falsehood** in [6:17](../06/17.md) and **beauty** in [6:25](../06/25.md). Alternate translation: “What is charming is false and what is beautiful is vapor” 31:30 vmc4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שֶׁ֣קֶר הַ֭חֵן וְהֶ֣בֶל הַיֹּ֑פִי 1 The parallelism between this half of the verse and the second half indicates that **charm** and **beauty** refer to the physical attractiveness of women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “A woman’s charm can be deceptive and a woman’s beauty is vapor” 31:30 qcq1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְהֶ֣בֶל הַיֹּ֑פִי 1 Here, Lemuel’s mother speaks of the disappearance of **beauty** as if it were a **vapor** that quickly goes away. See how you translated the same use of **vapor** in [21:6](../21/06.md). 31:30 b9sj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אִשָּׁ֥ה יִרְאַת־יְ֝הוָ֗ה הִ֣יא תִתְהַלָּֽל 1 Here, **a woman**, **she**, and **herself** refer to a type of **woman** in general, not a specific **woman**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any woman fearful of Yahweh, that woman herself will be praised” 31:30 fn6v rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast אִשָּׁ֥ה יִרְאַת־יְ֝הוָ֗ה 1 This half of the verse is a strong contrast with the previous half. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a contrast. Alternate translation: “by contrast, a woman fearful of Yahweh” 31:30 k9e4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive הִ֣יא תִתְהַלָּֽל 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “people will praise her herself” 31:31 bhqy rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns לָ֭הּ & יָדֶ֑יהָ וִֽיהַלְל֖וּהָ & מַעֲשֶֽׂיהָ 1 In this verse, **her** refers to the “woman fearful of Yahweh” mentioned in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “to a woman fearful of Yahweh … that woman’s hands, and let that woman’s works praise her” 31:31 df11 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מִפְּרִ֣י יָדֶ֑יהָ 1 Here, **the fruit of her hands** could refer to: (1) any kind of reward that the woman deserves for her hard work. Alternate translation: “some reward for her work” (2) the money that the woman has earned by selling the clothing she made in [31:13](../31/13.md), like the nearly identical phrase “from the fruit of her palms” in [31:16](../31/16.md). Alternate translation: “from the money she has earned” 31:31 ef6y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification וִֽיהַלְל֖וּהָ & מַעֲשֶֽׂיהָ 1 Here, Lemuel’s mother speaks of people praising this woman because of **her works** as if the **works** were people who were the ones praising her. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and let people praise her for her works” 31:31 uyml rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בַשְּׁעָרִ֣ים 1 See how you translated the same use of **the gates** in [1:21](../01/21.md) and [31:23](../31/23.md).