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front:intro v8pn 0 # Introduction to Judges\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of Judges\n\n1. History of the judges of Israel (1:1–16:31)\n * Introduction (1:1–3:6)\n * Othniel, Ehud, and Shamgar (3:7–31)\n * Deborah and Barak (4:1–5:31)\n * Gideon (6:1–8:35)\n * Abimelech, Tola, and Jair (9:1–10:5)\n * Jephthah (10:6–12:7)\n * Ibzan, Elon, and Abdon (12:8–15)\n * Samson (13:1–16:31)\n1. The account of Micah and his idols (17:1–18:31)\n1. The account of Gibeah; the other Israelites take revenge (19:1–21:25)\n\n### What is the Book of Judges about?\n\nThe Book of Judges tells of events that occurred after the Israelites settled in the Promised Land. The events in this book happened over a period of about 150 years.\n\nThis book describes how the Israelites repeatedly sinned against Yahweh during this time. They worshiped false gods and did the same wicked things as the peoples who lived around them. Therefore, God would allow enemies to defeat and oppress the Israelites. Eventually, the Israelites would call to Yahweh for help. Yahweh would then cause someone to help the Israelites defeat their enemies. This person was called a “judge.” The Israelites would live in peace until the judge died.\n\nAfter that judge died, the Israelites would start sinning again. So this pattern of events would repeat.\n\n### How should the title of this book be translated?\n\nThis book traditionally has the title “Judges” because it gives accounts of some of the main leaders or judges in Israel before there were any kings over the people. Unless there are good reasons for following the title in other Bible versions, the translator should probably use the title “Judges” or a title such as “The Book about the Leaders in Israel.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### What kind of leaders were the judges?\n\nThese were men and women whom God chose to help the Israelites defeat their enemies. After defeating their enemies, these leaders usually continued to help the people by deciding disputes among them. They also helped them make important decisions. Many of these leaders served all the people of Israel, but some of these leaders may have served only certain tribes.\n\n### What kind of society was Israel during the time of the judges?\n\nDuring this time, the twelve tribes of Israel were independent of one another. They were not a unified nation with one ruler. The tribes would sometimes help each other when enemies were threatening them.\n\nThese tribes were descended from the same ancestors: Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. They shared in the same covenant with Yahweh.\n\n### What spiritual struggles did Israel experience during the time of the judges?\n\nDuring this time, Israel struggled to remain faithful to Yahweh. The best judges encouraged Israel to be faithful to him, but some of the judges failed to do so. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]])\n
1:intro a4am 0 # Judges 1 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\n### “After the death of Joshua”\nThis statement creates a seamless transition from the book of Joshua.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Finishing the conquest of the Promised Land\n\nIsrael fought to clear the land of the Canaanites, but they also made treaties with other peoples and made some of them do hard labor. This was against God’s instruction to completely remove the Canaanite people from the land.
1:1 j001 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent And it happened 1 The author is using the phrase **And it happened** to introduce a new event in the story of the people of Israel, which continues here in the book of Judges at the point where it left off at the end of the book of Joshua. Use a word, phrase, or other method in your language that is natural for introducing a new event.
1:1 j002 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the sons of Israel 1 See the discussion of the phrase **the sons of Israel** in the Introduction to Judges. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel”
1:1 j003 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification Who will go up 1 The Israelites are asking Yahweh which of their tribes should be the first to go into its allotment and fight against the Canaanites living there. They are speaking of that tribe as if it were an individual person. (The verb in this phrase is singular, indicating that **Who** is also singular.) See the discussion of this issue, which occurs several times in this chapter, in the General Notes to this chapter. Alternate translation: “What tribe will go up”
1:1 c92j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive for us 1 By **us**, the Israelites mean themselves but not Yahweh, to whom they are speaking, so use the exclusive form of that word in your translation if your language marks that distinction.
1:1 j231 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun the Canaanite & him 1 As the General Notes to this chapter discuss, here and in similar instances throughout the chapter, this is not a reference to a specific **Canaanite**. Rather, it refers to the Canaanites or the Canaanite nations in general. It may be more natural in your language to express this meaning by using plural forms. Alternate translation: “the Canaanites … them” or “the Canaanite nations … them”
1:2 c4zw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Judah 1 Yahweh is using the name **Judah** by association to mean the army that belongs to the tribe of Judah. Alternate translation: “the army of the tribe of Judah”
1:2 j004 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Behold 1 Yahweh is using the term **Behold**, which literally means “Look,” to focus his listeners’ attention on what he is about to say. In this context, since Yahweh is the speaker, there is also the implication that what follows is something that Yahweh has determined and so is certain to happen. Your language may have a comparable expression that you can use in your translation. Alternate translation: “Indeed”
1:2 j005 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy I have given the land into his hand 1 Here, having something in one’s **hand** represents possessing it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I have given them possession of the land”
1:3 j006 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification Then Judah said to Simeon & Simeon went with him 1 The author is speaking of the tribes of Judah and Simeon as if they were individual people who could speak with each another. Alternate translation: “Then the people of Judah said to the people of Simeon … So the people of Simeon went with them” or “Then the commanders of the Judean army said to the commanders of the Simeonite army … So the Simeonite army went with the Judean army”
1:3 k7aq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor his brother 1 The author is using the term **brother** to describe people who are descended from the same ancestor. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “their kinsmen” or “their fellow Israelites”
1:3 j007 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go Go up with me 1 In a context such as this, your language might say “Come” instead of **Go**. Alternate translation: “Come with me”
1:3 j008 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun the Canaanite 1 See how you translated this same expression in [1:1](../01/01.md). Alternate translation: “the Canaanites who live there”
1:3 j009 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit And I will also go with you myself into your allotment 1 The Judeans are leaving some information implicit. You could state this information explicitly in your translation if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “If you do, we will also go with you into your allotment and fight against the Canaanites who live there”
1:4 ku4h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche And Judah went up 1 The author is using the name of one of the tribes whose soldiers were in this army to mean the entire army. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And the army of the tribe of Judah went up with the army of the tribe of Simeon”
1:4 j010 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy and Yahweh gave the Canaanite and the Perizzite into their hand 1 Here, **hand** represents the power or capability of a person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and Yahweh gave them the power to conquer the Canaanites and the Perizzites”
1:4 j011 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy And they struck 1 As the General Notes to this chapter discuss, when the author says that the armies of Judah and Simeon **struck** or hit the Canaanite and Perizzite soldiers who opposed them, he means that they killed them. Alternate translation: “And they killed”
1:4 c9xq rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names at Bezek 1 **Bezek** is the name of a city in the territory in Canaan that was allotted to the tribe of Judah.
1:4 n19d rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers 10,000 1 The author may be using the number **10,000** as an approximation or as a customary way of saying “very many.” Alternate translation: “a large number”
1:5 j012 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom and they found 1 The word **found** does not mean that the armies of Judah and Simeon were intentionally searching for this man. It means that they encountered him when they reached the city of Bezek. Alternate translation: “and they encountered”
1:5 w88l rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Adoni-Bezek 1 The word **Adoni-Bezek** is the name or title of a man. It means “the lord of Bezek,” and so it may be the title for the king who reigned in the city of Bezek.
1:5 i3pn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche and they fought against him 1 The author is using Adoni-Bezek to represent both this king himself and his entire army. Alternate translation: “and they fought against him and his army”
1:5 j013 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor And they struck the Canaanite and the Perizzite 1 See how you translated the word **struck** in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “And they killed many Canaanite and Perizzite soldiers”
1:6 j014 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo the thumbs of his hands and his feet 1 Some languages use the same word for the largest finger and the largest toe, as the biblical text does here. If your language has different words for these, you can use both words in your translation. If the phrase might then seem to contain extra information that would be unnatural to express in your language, you could shorten it, as the UST does. Alternate translation: “the thumbs of his hands and the big toes of his feet” or “his thumbs and his big toes”
1:1 j001 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent וַ⁠יְהִ֗י 1 The author is using the phrase **And it happened** to introduce a new event in the story of the people of Israel, which continues here in the book of Judges at the point where it left off at the end of the book of Joshua. Use a word, phrase, or other method in your language that is natural for introducing a new event.
1:1 j002 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל 1 See the discussion of the phrase **the sons of Israel** in the Introduction to Judges. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel”
1:1 j003 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification מִ֣י יַעֲלֶה 1 The Israelites are asking Yahweh which of their tribes should be the first to go into its allotment and fight against the Canaanites living there. They are speaking of that tribe as if it were an individual person. (The verb in this phrase is singular, indicating that **Who** is also singular.) See the discussion of this issue, which occurs several times in this chapter, in the General Notes to this chapter. Alternate translation: “What tribe will go up”
1:1 c92j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive לָּ֧⁠נוּ 1 By **us**, the Israelites mean themselves but not Yahweh, to whom they are speaking, so use the exclusive form of that word in your translation if your language marks that distinction.
1:1 j231 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun הַֽ⁠כְּנַעֲנִ֛י & בּֽ⁠וֹ 1 As the General Notes to this chapter discuss, here and in similar instances throughout the chapter, this is not a reference to a specific **Canaanite**. Rather, it refers to the Canaanites or the Canaanite nations in general. It may be more natural in your language to express this meaning by using plural forms. Alternate translation: “the Canaanites … against them” or “the Canaanite nations … against them”
1:2 c4zw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy יְהוּדָ֣ה 1 Yahweh is using the name **Judah** by association to mean the army that belongs to the tribe of Judah. Alternate translation: “the army of the tribe of Judah”
1:2 j004 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הִנֵּ֛ה 1 Yahweh is using the term **Behold**, which literally means “Look,” to focus his listeners’ attention on what he is about to say. In this context, since Yahweh is the speaker, there is also the implication that what follows is something that Yahweh has determined and so is certain to happen. Your language may have a comparable expression that you can use in your translation. Alternate translation: “Indeed”
1:2 j005 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy נָתַ֥תִּי אֶת־הָ⁠אָ֖רֶץ בְּ⁠יָדֽ⁠וֹ 1 Here, having something in one’s **hand** represents possessing it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I have given them possession of the land”
1:3 j006 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר יְהוּדָה֩ לְ⁠שִׁמְע֨וֹן & וַ⁠יֵּ֥לֶךְ אִתּ֖⁠וֹ שִׁמְעֽוֹן 1 The author is speaking of the tribes of Judah and Simeon as if they were individual people who could speak with each another. Alternate translation: “Then the people of Judah said to the people of Simeon … So the people of Simeon went with them” or “Then the commanders of the Judean army said to the commanders of the Simeonite army … So the Simeonite army went with the Judean army”
1:3 k7aq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אָחִ֜י⁠ו 1 The author is using the term **brother** to describe people who are descended from the same ancestor. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “their kinsmen” or “their fellow Israelites”
1:3 j007 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go עֲלֵ֧ה אִתִּ֣⁠י 1 In a context such as this, your language might say “Come” instead of **Go**. Alternate translation: “Come with me”
1:3 j008 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun בַּֽ⁠כְּנַעֲנִ֔י 1 See how you translated this same expression in [1:1](../01/01.md). Alternate translation: “against the Canaanites who live there”
1:3 j009 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠הָלַכְתִּ֧י גַם־אֲנִ֛י אִתְּ⁠ךָ֖ בְּ⁠גוֹרָלֶ֑⁠ךָ 1 The Judeans are leaving some information implicit. You could state this information explicitly in your translation if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “If you do, we will also go with you into your allotment and fight against the Canaanites who live there”
1:4 ku4h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche וַ⁠יַּ֣עַל יְהוּדָ֔ה 1 The author is using the name of one of the tribes whose soldiers were in this army to mean the entire army. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And the army of the tribe of Judah went up with the army of the tribe of Simeon”
1:4 j010 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וַ⁠יִּתֵּ֧ן יְהוָ֛ה אֶת־הַ⁠כְּנַעֲנִ֥י וְ⁠הַ⁠פְּרִזִּ֖י בְּ⁠יָדָ֑⁠ם 1 Here, **hand** represents the power or capability of a person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and Yahweh gave them the power to conquer the Canaanites and the Perizzites”
1:4 j011 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וַ⁠יַּכּ֣וּ⁠ם 1 As the General Notes to this chapter discuss, when the author says that the armies of Judah and Simeon **struck** or hit the Canaanite and Perizzite soldiers who opposed them, he means that they killed them. Alternate translation: “And … they killed”
1:4 c9xq rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names בְּ⁠בֶ֔זֶק 1 **Bezek** is the name of a city in the territory in Canaan that was allotted to the tribe of Judah.
1:4 n19d rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers עֲשֶׂ֥רֶת אֲלָפִ֖ים 1 The author may be using the number **10,000** as an approximation or as a customary way of saying “very many.” Alternate translation: “a large number of”
1:5 j012 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַֽ֠⁠יִּמְצְאוּ 1 The word **found** does not mean that the armies of Judah and Simeon were intentionally searching for this man. It means that they encountered him when they reached the city of Bezek. Alternate translation: “and they encountered”
1:5 w88l rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names אֶת־אֲדֹנִ֥י בֶ֨זֶק֙ 1 The word **Adoni-Bezek** is the name or title of a man. It means “the lord of Bezek,” and so it may be the title for the king who reigned in the city of Bezek.
1:5 i3pn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche וַ⁠יִּֽלָּחֲמ֖וּ בּ֑⁠וֹ 1 The author is using Adoni-Bezek to represent both this king himself and his entire army. Alternate translation: “and they fought against him and his army”
1:5 j013 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וַ⁠יַּכּ֕וּ אֶת־הַֽ⁠כְּנַעֲנִ֖י וְ⁠אֶת־הַ⁠פְּרִזִּֽי 1 See how you translated the word **struck** in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “And they killed many Canaanite and Perizzite soldiers”
1:6 j014 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo אֶת־בְּהֹנ֥וֹת יָדָ֖י⁠ו וְ⁠רַגְלָֽי⁠ו 1 Some languages use the same word for the largest finger and the largest toe, as the biblical text does here. If your language has different words for these, you can use both words in your translation. If the phrase might then seem to contain extra information that would be unnatural to express in your language, you could shorten it, as the UST does. Alternate translation: “the thumbs of his hands and the big toes of his feet” or “his thumbs and his big toes”
1:7 es2p rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers 70 kings 1 This could be an approximate number, chosen for its symbolic significance. Alternate translation: “dozens of kings”
1:7 j015 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown kings 1 In Canaan at this time, each city and town had a ruler who had the same title as someone who ruled over a large territory. So, for example, Pharaoh is called the “the king of Egypt” in Exodus 1:5, while the book of Joshua refers to the “king” of cities such as Libnah (Joshua 10:30) and Hebron (Joshua 10:37). If your language uses a different word for people who rule over one community than for people who rule over extensive areas, you could use that term here. Alternate translation: “chieftains”
1:7 t5fd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive {with} the thumbs of their hands and their feet cut off 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. See the General Notes to this chapter for an explanation of the practice described here. It is unlikely that Adoni-Bezek was the agent who did this personally. Alternate translation: “whose thumbs and big toes I ordered my soldiers to cut off”

1 Reference ID Tags SupportReference Quote Occurrence Note
2 front:intro v8pn 0 # Introduction to Judges\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of Judges\n\n1. History of the judges of Israel (1:1–16:31)\n * Introduction (1:1–3:6)\n * Othniel, Ehud, and Shamgar (3:7–31)\n * Deborah and Barak (4:1–5:31)\n * Gideon (6:1–8:35)\n * Abimelech, Tola, and Jair (9:1–10:5)\n * Jephthah (10:6–12:7)\n * Ibzan, Elon, and Abdon (12:8–15)\n * Samson (13:1–16:31)\n1. The account of Micah and his idols (17:1–18:31)\n1. The account of Gibeah; the other Israelites take revenge (19:1–21:25)\n\n### What is the Book of Judges about?\n\nThe Book of Judges tells of events that occurred after the Israelites settled in the Promised Land. The events in this book happened over a period of about 150 years.\n\nThis book describes how the Israelites repeatedly sinned against Yahweh during this time. They worshiped false gods and did the same wicked things as the peoples who lived around them. Therefore, God would allow enemies to defeat and oppress the Israelites. Eventually, the Israelites would call to Yahweh for help. Yahweh would then cause someone to help the Israelites defeat their enemies. This person was called a “judge.” The Israelites would live in peace until the judge died.\n\nAfter that judge died, the Israelites would start sinning again. So this pattern of events would repeat.\n\n### How should the title of this book be translated?\n\nThis book traditionally has the title “Judges” because it gives accounts of some of the main leaders or judges in Israel before there were any kings over the people. Unless there are good reasons for following the title in other Bible versions, the translator should probably use the title “Judges” or a title such as “The Book about the Leaders in Israel.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### What kind of leaders were the judges?\n\nThese were men and women whom God chose to help the Israelites defeat their enemies. After defeating their enemies, these leaders usually continued to help the people by deciding disputes among them. They also helped them make important decisions. Many of these leaders served all the people of Israel, but some of these leaders may have served only certain tribes.\n\n### What kind of society was Israel during the time of the judges?\n\nDuring this time, the twelve tribes of Israel were independent of one another. They were not a unified nation with one ruler. The tribes would sometimes help each other when enemies were threatening them.\n\nThese tribes were descended from the same ancestors: Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. They shared in the same covenant with Yahweh.\n\n### What spiritual struggles did Israel experience during the time of the judges?\n\nDuring this time, Israel struggled to remain faithful to Yahweh. The best judges encouraged Israel to be faithful to him, but some of the judges failed to do so. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]])\n
3 1:intro a4am 0 # Judges 1 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\n### “After the death of Joshua”\nThis statement creates a seamless transition from the book of Joshua.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Finishing the conquest of the Promised Land\n\nIsrael fought to clear the land of the Canaanites, but they also made treaties with other peoples and made some of them do hard labor. This was against God’s instruction to completely remove the Canaanite people from the land.
4 1:1 j001 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent And it happened וַ⁠יְהִ֗י 1 The author is using the phrase **And it happened** to introduce a new event in the story of the people of Israel, which continues here in the book of Judges at the point where it left off at the end of the book of Joshua. Use a word, phrase, or other method in your language that is natural for introducing a new event.
5 1:1 j002 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the sons of Israel בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל 1 See the discussion of the phrase **the sons of Israel** in the Introduction to Judges. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel”
6 1:1 j003 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification Who will go up מִ֣י יַעֲלֶה 1 The Israelites are asking Yahweh which of their tribes should be the first to go into its allotment and fight against the Canaanites living there. They are speaking of that tribe as if it were an individual person. (The verb in this phrase is singular, indicating that **Who** is also singular.) See the discussion of this issue, which occurs several times in this chapter, in the General Notes to this chapter. Alternate translation: “What tribe will go up”
7 1:1 c92j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive for us לָּ֧⁠נוּ 1 By **us**, the Israelites mean themselves but not Yahweh, to whom they are speaking, so use the exclusive form of that word in your translation if your language marks that distinction.
8 1:1 j231 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun the Canaanite & him הַֽ⁠כְּנַעֲנִ֛י & בּֽ⁠וֹ 1 As the General Notes to this chapter discuss, here and in similar instances throughout the chapter, this is not a reference to a specific **Canaanite**. Rather, it refers to the Canaanites or the Canaanite nations in general. It may be more natural in your language to express this meaning by using plural forms. Alternate translation: “the Canaanites … them” or “the Canaanite nations … them” As the General Notes to this chapter discuss, here and in similar instances throughout the chapter, this is not a reference to a specific **Canaanite**. Rather, it refers to the Canaanites or the Canaanite nations in general. It may be more natural in your language to express this meaning by using plural forms. Alternate translation: “the Canaanites … against them” or “the Canaanite nations … against them”
9 1:2 c4zw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Judah יְהוּדָ֣ה 1 Yahweh is using the name **Judah** by association to mean the army that belongs to the tribe of Judah. Alternate translation: “the army of the tribe of Judah”
10 1:2 j004 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Behold הִנֵּ֛ה 1 Yahweh is using the term **Behold**, which literally means “Look,” to focus his listeners’ attention on what he is about to say. In this context, since Yahweh is the speaker, there is also the implication that what follows is something that Yahweh has determined and so is certain to happen. Your language may have a comparable expression that you can use in your translation. Alternate translation: “Indeed”
11 1:2 j005 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy I have given the land into his hand נָתַ֥תִּי אֶת־הָ⁠אָ֖רֶץ בְּ⁠יָדֽ⁠וֹ 1 Here, having something in one’s **hand** represents possessing it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I have given them possession of the land”
12 1:3 j006 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification Then Judah said to Simeon & Simeon went with him וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר יְהוּדָה֩ לְ⁠שִׁמְע֨וֹן & וַ⁠יֵּ֥לֶךְ אִתּ֖⁠וֹ שִׁמְעֽוֹן 1 The author is speaking of the tribes of Judah and Simeon as if they were individual people who could speak with each another. Alternate translation: “Then the people of Judah said to the people of Simeon … So the people of Simeon went with them” or “Then the commanders of the Judean army said to the commanders of the Simeonite army … So the Simeonite army went with the Judean army”
13 1:3 k7aq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor his brother אָחִ֜י⁠ו 1 The author is using the term **brother** to describe people who are descended from the same ancestor. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “their kinsmen” or “their fellow Israelites”
14 1:3 j007 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go Go up with me עֲלֵ֧ה אִתִּ֣⁠י 1 In a context such as this, your language might say “Come” instead of **Go**. Alternate translation: “Come with me”
15 1:3 j008 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun the Canaanite בַּֽ⁠כְּנַעֲנִ֔י 1 See how you translated this same expression in [1:1](../01/01.md). Alternate translation: “the Canaanites who live there” See how you translated this same expression in [1:1](../01/01.md). Alternate translation: “against the Canaanites who live there”
16 1:3 j009 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit And I will also go with you myself into your allotment וְ⁠הָלַכְתִּ֧י גַם־אֲנִ֛י אִתְּ⁠ךָ֖ בְּ⁠גוֹרָלֶ֑⁠ךָ 1 The Judeans are leaving some information implicit. You could state this information explicitly in your translation if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “If you do, we will also go with you into your allotment and fight against the Canaanites who live there”
17 1:4 ku4h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche And Judah went up וַ⁠יַּ֣עַל יְהוּדָ֔ה 1 The author is using the name of one of the tribes whose soldiers were in this army to mean the entire army. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And the army of the tribe of Judah went up with the army of the tribe of Simeon”
18 1:4 j010 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy and Yahweh gave the Canaanite and the Perizzite into their hand וַ⁠יִּתֵּ֧ן יְהוָ֛ה אֶת־הַ⁠כְּנַעֲנִ֥י וְ⁠הַ⁠פְּרִזִּ֖י בְּ⁠יָדָ֑⁠ם 1 Here, **hand** represents the power or capability of a person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and Yahweh gave them the power to conquer the Canaanites and the Perizzites”
19 1:4 j011 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy And they struck וַ⁠יַּכּ֣וּ⁠ם 1 As the General Notes to this chapter discuss, when the author says that the armies of Judah and Simeon **struck** or hit the Canaanite and Perizzite soldiers who opposed them, he means that they killed them. Alternate translation: “And they killed” As the General Notes to this chapter discuss, when the author says that the armies of Judah and Simeon **struck** or hit the Canaanite and Perizzite soldiers who opposed them, he means that they killed them. Alternate translation: “And … they killed”
20 1:4 c9xq rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names at Bezek בְּ⁠בֶ֔זֶק 1 **Bezek** is the name of a city in the territory in Canaan that was allotted to the tribe of Judah.
21 1:4 n19d rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers 10,000 עֲשֶׂ֥רֶת אֲלָפִ֖ים 1 The author may be using the number **10,000** as an approximation or as a customary way of saying “very many.” Alternate translation: “a large number” The author may be using the number **10,000** as an approximation or as a customary way of saying “very many.” Alternate translation: “a large number of”
22 1:5 j012 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom and they found וַֽ֠⁠יִּמְצְאוּ 1 The word **found** does not mean that the armies of Judah and Simeon were intentionally searching for this man. It means that they encountered him when they reached the city of Bezek. Alternate translation: “and they encountered”
23 1:5 w88l rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Adoni-Bezek אֶת־אֲדֹנִ֥י בֶ֨זֶק֙ 1 The word **Adoni-Bezek** is the name or title of a man. It means “the lord of Bezek,” and so it may be the title for the king who reigned in the city of Bezek.
24 1:5 i3pn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche and they fought against him וַ⁠יִּֽלָּחֲמ֖וּ בּ֑⁠וֹ 1 The author is using Adoni-Bezek to represent both this king himself and his entire army. Alternate translation: “and they fought against him and his army”
25 1:5 j013 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor And they struck the Canaanite and the Perizzite וַ⁠יַּכּ֕וּ אֶת־הַֽ⁠כְּנַעֲנִ֖י וְ⁠אֶת־הַ⁠פְּרִזִּֽי 1 See how you translated the word **struck** in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “And they killed many Canaanite and Perizzite soldiers”
26 1:6 j014 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo the thumbs of his hands and his feet אֶת־בְּהֹנ֥וֹת יָדָ֖י⁠ו וְ⁠רַגְלָֽי⁠ו 1 Some languages use the same word for the largest finger and the largest toe, as the biblical text does here. If your language has different words for these, you can use both words in your translation. If the phrase might then seem to contain extra information that would be unnatural to express in your language, you could shorten it, as the UST does. Alternate translation: “the thumbs of his hands and the big toes of his feet” or “his thumbs and his big toes” Some languages use the same word for the largest finger and the largest toe, as the biblical text does here. If your language has different words for these, you can use both words in your translation. If the phrase might then seem to contain extra information that would be unnatural to express in your language, you could shorten it, as the UST does. Alternate translation: “the thumbs of his hands and the big toes of his feet” or “his thumbs and his big toes”
27 1:7 es2p rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers 70 kings 1 This could be an approximate number, chosen for its symbolic significance. Alternate translation: “dozens of kings”
28 1:7 j015 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown kings 1 In Canaan at this time, each city and town had a ruler who had the same title as someone who ruled over a large territory. So, for example, Pharaoh is called the “the king of Egypt” in Exodus 1:5, while the book of Joshua refers to the “king” of cities such as Libnah (Joshua 10:30) and Hebron (Joshua 10:37). If your language uses a different word for people who rule over one community than for people who rule over extensive areas, you could use that term here. Alternate translation: “chieftains”
29 1:7 t5fd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive {with} the thumbs of their hands and their feet cut off 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. See the General Notes to this chapter for an explanation of the practice described here. It is unlikely that Adoni-Bezek was the agent who did this personally. Alternate translation: “whose thumbs and big toes I ordered my soldiers to cut off”