From 146c34d6ba5222bbf2054071b8bdf536da17dad1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Wed, 25 Apr 2018 17:14:18 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 001/551] Removed bad link There was a link to a page called Modified Literal Translation, but we had decided not to use that page, so it was/is not in this repo. --- translate/translate-literal/01.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/translate-literal/01.md b/translate/translate-literal/01.md index 17039b9..ba9eab4 100644 --- a/translate/translate-literal/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-literal/01.md @@ -30,4 +30,4 @@ Literal translations usually contain the following problems: #### When to Translate Literally -The only time to translate literally is when translating Gateway Language Materials, such as the ULB, that will be used by Other Language translators. The purpose of the ULB is to show the translator what is in the original. Even so, the ULB is not strictly literal. It is a modified literal translation that uses the target language grammar so that readers can understand it (see the lesson [Modified Literal Translation](../translate-modifyliteral/01.md)). For the places where the ULB uses the original expressions in the Bible that may be difficult to understand, we have provided the translationNotes to explain them. \ No newline at end of file +The only time to translate literally is when translating Gateway Language Materials, such as the ULB, that will be used by Other Language translators. The purpose of the ULB is to show the translator what is in the original. Even so, the ULB is not strictly literal. It is a modified literal translation that uses the target language grammar so that readers can understand it. For the places where the ULB uses the original expressions in the Bible that may be difficult to understand, we have provided the translationNotes to explain them. \ No newline at end of file From ddf389ba78c67457c4243307cdf9313ea614600a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Fri, 17 Aug 2018 13:23:26 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 002/551] Translation Strategies Applied Removed comment at end of #2 because it was throwing off the numbering and was already covered. --- translate/figs-metaphor/01.md | 2 -- 1 file changed, 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md b/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md index 4f767e8..849db90 100644 --- a/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md @@ -135,8 +135,6 @@ If people do not or would not understand it, here are some other strategies. * **It was because of your hard hearts that he wrote you this law,** (Mark 10:5 ULB) * It was because of your hard hearts that he wrote you this law, -There is no change to this one - but it must be tested to make sure that the target audience correctly understands this metaphor. - 1. If the target audience does not realize that it is a metaphor, then change the metaphor to a simile. Some languages do this by adding words such as "like" or "as." * **And yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are the clay. You are our potter; and we all are the work of your hand.** (Isaiah 64:8 ULB) From a631b2020e7308dacef44018a30d2a02837a45f8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Fri, 17 Aug 2018 13:27:37 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 003/551] Examples of Translation Strategies Applied Put part of comment back, but before the verse. --- translate/figs-metaphor/01.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md b/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md index 849db90..d0d950a 100644 --- a/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md @@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ If people do not or would not understand it, here are some other strategies. * **Then one of the leaders of the synagogue, named Jairus, came, and when he saw him, fell at his feet.** (Mark 5:22 ULB) * Then one of the leaders of the synagogue, named Jairus, came, and when he saw him, immediately bowed down in front of him. -1. If the metaphor seems to be a "live" metaphor, you can translate it literally if you think that the target language also uses this metaphor in the same way to mean the same thing as in the Bible. If you do this, be sure to test it to make sure that the language community understands it correctly. +1. If the metaphor seems to be a "live" metaphor, you can translate it literally if you think that the target language also uses this metaphor in the same way to mean the same thing as in the Bible. If you do this, be sure to test it to make sure that the language community understands it correctly. In the example below, there is no change. * **It was because of your hard hearts that he wrote you this law,** (Mark 10:5 ULB) * It was because of your hard hearts that he wrote you this law, From c515ccbd98a171085bf54fd422916a04b37e76cb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Fri, 17 Aug 2018 19:23:38 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 004/551] Fixed headings - Metaphor --- translate/figs-metaphor/01.md | 8 ++++---- 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md b/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md index d0d950a..d58a790 100644 --- a/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md @@ -10,11 +10,11 @@ Sometimes speakers use metaphors that are very common in their language. However Speakers most often use metaphors in order to strengthen their message, to make their language more vivid, to express their feelings better, to say something that is hard to say in any other way, or to help people remember their message. -### Kinds of Metaphors +#### Kinds of Metaphors There are two basic kinds of metaphors: "dead" metaphors and "live" metaphors. They each present a different kind of translation problem. -#### Dead Metaphors +##### Dead Metaphors A dead metaphor is a metaphor that has been used so much in the language that its speakers no longer regard it as one concept standing for another. Dead metaphors are extremely common. Examples in English are "table leg," "family tree," "leaf" meaning a page in a book, and "crane" meaning a large machine for lifting heavy loads. English speakers simply think of these words as having more than one meaning. Examples in Biblical Hebrew are "hand" to mean "power," "face" to mean "presence," and speaking of emotions or moral qualities as if they were "clothing." @@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ For a description of important patterns of this kind of metaphor in biblical lan When translating something that is a dead metaphor into another language, do not treat it as a metaphor. Instead, just use the best expression for that thing or concept in the target language. -#### Live Metaphors +##### Live Metaphors These are metaphors that people recognize as one concept standing for another concept, or one thing for another thing. They make people think about how the one thing is like the other thing, because in most ways the two things are very different. People also easily recognize these metaphors as giving strength and unusual qualities to the message. For this reason, people pay attention to these metaphors. For example, @@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ Also in the Bible, normally the **topic** and the **image** are stated clearly, In this metaphor, Jesus called himself the bread of life. The **topic** is "I," and the **image** is "bread." Bread is a food that people ate all the time. The **point of comparison** between bread and Jesus is that people need both to live. Just as people need to eat food in order to have physical life, people need to trust in Jesus in order to have spiritual life. -**Purposes of Metaphor** +#### Purposes of Metaphor * One purpose of metaphor is to teach people about something that they do not know (the **topic**) by showing that it is like something that they already do know (the **image**). * Another purpose is to emphasize that something has a particular quality or to show that it has that quality in an extreme way. From 5af8414180b20fd770112f08efd732531d9474b4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Fri, 17 Aug 2018 19:55:42 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 005/551] Fixed Heaings - Sentencetypes --- translate/figs-sentencetypes/01.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-sentencetypes/01.md b/translate/figs-sentencetypes/01.md index 46d90bb..860b825 100644 --- a/translate/figs-sentencetypes/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-sentencetypes/01.md @@ -10,13 +10,13 @@ A **sentence** is a group of words that expresses a complete thought. The basic * **Exclamations** - These are mainly used to express a strong feeling. '_Ouch, that hurt!_' -#### Reasons this is a translation Issue +### Reasons this is a translation Issue * Languages have different ways of using sentence types to express particular functions. * Most languages use these sentence types for more than one function. * Each sentence in the Bible belongs to a certain sentence type and has a certain function, but some languages would not use that type of sentence for that function. -#### Examples from the Bible +### Examples from the Bible The examples below show each of these types used for their main functions. From 5bd65c07532535ad95a03f0c029fcf8eab689b31 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Fri, 17 Aug 2018 19:58:04 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 006/551] Headings bita-part1 --- translate/bita-part1/01.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/bita-part1/01.md b/translate/bita-part1/01.md index 7cd23b0..f9d4904 100644 --- a/translate/bita-part1/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-part1/01.md @@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ This pattern is also seen in Psalm 119:32 where running in the path of God's com > I will run in the path of your commandments. (Psalm 119:32 ULB) -#### Reasons this is a translation Issue +### Reasons this is a translation Issue These patterns present three challenges to anyone who wants to identify them: From e23caeaa6f1cd50182fe82d91c5b592b5b7e6262 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Fri, 17 Aug 2018 20:01:17 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 007/551] Heading pita-part1 --- translate/bita-part1/01.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/bita-part1/01.md b/translate/bita-part1/01.md index f9d4904..de24b8b 100644 --- a/translate/bita-part1/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-part1/01.md @@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ For example, in 2 Samuel 14:7 below, "the burning coal" is an image for the life >They say, 'Hand over the man who struck his brother, so that we may put him to death, to pay for the life of his brother whom he killed.' And so they would also destroy the heir. Thus they will put out the burning coal that I have left, and they will leave for my husband neither name nor descendant on the surface of the earth. (2 Samuel 14:7 ULB) -#### Links to Lists of Images in the Bible +### Links to Lists of Images in the Bible The following pages have lists of some of the ideas that represent others in the Bible, together with examples from the Bible. They are organized according to the kinds of image: From 7e253abbb1de1ed2057f2743c611a3c819d9c634 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Fri, 17 Aug 2018 20:30:25 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 008/551] Headings figs-idioms --- translate/figs-idiom/01.md | 4 +++- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-idiom/01.md b/translate/figs-idiom/01.md index 0f00e77..52ac2ba 100644 --- a/translate/figs-idiom/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-idiom/01.md @@ -24,7 +24,9 @@ The phrase "enter under my roof" is an idiom that means "enter my house." This idiom means "Listen carefully and remember what I say." -**Purpose**: An idiom is created in a culture probably somewhat by accident when someone describes something in an unusual way. But, when that unusual way communicates the message powerfully and people understand it clearly, other people start to use it. After a while, it becomes a normal way of talking in that language. +#### Purpose of Idioms + +An idiom is created in a culture probably somewhat by accident when someone describes something in an unusual way. But, when that unusual way communicates the message powerfully and people understand it clearly, other people start to use it. After a while, it becomes a normal way of talking in that language. #### Reasons this is a translation issue From 95438413a41e8ad4011d8dcad6e30ca70b509427 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: hmw3 Date: Mon, 1 Oct 2018 11:53:34 -0500 Subject: [PATCH 009/551] Conform "Psalms NN:NN" to "Psalm NN:NN." --- translate/bita-hq/01.md | 2 +- translate/bita-phenom/01.md | 4 ++-- translate/figs-hyperbole/01.md | 2 +- translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md | 4 ++-- translate/figs-possession/01.md | 2 +- translate/resources-clarify/01.md | 4 ++-- 6 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/bita-hq/01.md b/translate/bita-hq/01.md index 12e2e5f..8a65595 100644 --- a/translate/bita-hq/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-hq/01.md @@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ The fact that the men said they heard a report about Yahweh shows that "because #### The NOSE represents anger ->Then…the foundations of the world were exposed at your battle cry, Yahweh—at the blast of the breath of your nostrils. (Psalms 18:15 ULB) +>Then…the foundations of the world were exposed at your battle cry, Yahweh—at the blast of the breath of your nostrils. (Psalm 18:15 ULB)
By the blast of your nostrils the waters were piled up…. (Exodus 15:8 ULB)
diff --git a/translate/bita-phenom/01.md b/translate/bita-phenom/01.md index a292b2a..1c904a2 100644 --- a/translate/bita-phenom/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-phenom/01.md @@ -74,14 +74,14 @@ Some images from the Bible involving natural phenomena are listed below. The wor #### A WIDE SPACE reperesents safetey, security, and ease >They came against me on the day of my distress but Yahweh was my support! ->He set me free in a wide open place; he saved me because he was pleased with me. (Psalms 18:18-19 ULB) +>He set me free in a wide open place; he saved me because he was pleased with me. (Psalm 18:18-19 ULB) >You have made a wide place for my feet beneath me, >so my feet have not slipped. (2 Samuel 22:37 ULB) >You made people ride over our heads; >we went through fire and water, ->but you brought us out into a spacious place. (Psalms 66:12 ULB) +>but you brought us out into a spacious place. (Psalm 66:12 ULB) #### A NARROW SPACE represents danger or difficulties diff --git a/translate/figs-hyperbole/01.md b/translate/figs-hyperbole/01.md index 36a85a8..ed07697 100644 --- a/translate/figs-hyperbole/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-hyperbole/01.md @@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ This is not hyperbole. Jesus really walked on the water. It is a literal statem Do not assume that the word "all" is always a generalization that means "most." >Yahweh is righteous in all his ways ->and gracious in all he does. (Psalms 145:17 ULB) +>and gracious in all he does. (Psalm 145:17 ULB) Yahweh is always righteous. This is a completely true statement. diff --git a/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md b/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md index fe181da..978e606 100644 --- a/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ In Exodus 30:15, the word "rich" acts as a noun in the phrase "the rich," and it ### Examples from the Bible ->The scepter of wickedness must not rule in the land of the righteous. (Psalms 125:3 ULB) +>The scepter of wickedness must not rule in the land of the righteous. (Psalm 125:3 ULB) "The righteous" here are people who are righteous, not one particular righteous person. >Blessed are the meek (Matthew 5:5 ULB) @@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ If your language uses adjectives as nouns to refer to a class of people, conside 1. Use the adjective with a plural form of the noun that the adjective describes. - * **The scepter of wickedness must not rule in the land of the righteous.** (Psalms 125:3 ULB) + * **The scepter of wickedness must not rule in the land of the righteous.** (Psalm 125:3 ULB) * The scepter of wickedness must not rule in the land of righteous people. * **Blessed are the meek ...** (Matthew 5:5 ULB) diff --git a/translate/figs-possession/01.md b/translate/figs-possession/01.md index d496f44..594905d 100644 --- a/translate/figs-possession/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-possession/01.md @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ If possession would be a natural way to show a particular relationship between t * **Notice that I am not speaking to your children, who have not known or seen the punishment of Yahweh your God,** (Deuteronomy 11:2 ULB) * Notice that I am not speaking to your children who have not known or seen how Yahweh your God **punished** the people of Egypt. - * **You will only observe and see the punishment of the wicked.** (Psalms 91:8 ULB) + * **You will only observe and see the punishment of the wicked.** (Psalm 91:8 ULB) * You will only observe and see how Yahweh **punishes** the wicked. * **... you will receive the gift of the Holy Spirit.** (Acts 2:38 ULB) diff --git a/translate/resources-clarify/01.md b/translate/resources-clarify/01.md index 22526d7..c1d08a0 100644 --- a/translate/resources-clarify/01.md +++ b/translate/resources-clarify/01.md @@ -5,9 +5,9 @@ Sometimes a Note suggests a translation from the UDB. In that case the text from ### Translation Notes Examples ->He who sits in the heavens will sneer at them (Psalms 2:4 **ULB**) +>He who sits in the heavens will sneer at them (Psalm 2:4 **ULB**) ->But the one who sits on his throne in heaven laughs at them (Psalms 2:4 **UDB**) +>But the one who sits on his throne in heaven laughs at them (Psalm 2:4 **UDB**) The Note for this verse says: From 8e5ab28db693d9a710185744f87142f0f782dfd8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: hmw3 Date: Mon, 1 Oct 2018 12:03:26 -0500 Subject: [PATCH 010/551] Deleted spurious spaces --- checking/goal-checking/01.md | 4 ++-- intro/open-license/01.md | 2 +- intro/uw-intro/01.md | 4 ++-- translate/bita-animals/01.md | 16 +++++++------- translate/bita-farming/01.md | 2 +- translate/bita-hq/01.md | 10 ++++----- translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md | 28 ++++++++++++------------- translate/bita-manmade/01.md | 10 ++++----- translate/bita-part1/01.md | 4 ++-- translate/bita-part2/01.md | 10 ++++----- translate/bita-part3/01.md | 16 +++++++------- translate/bita-phenom/01.md | 18 ++++++++-------- translate/bita-plants/01.md | 4 ++-- translate/figs-123person/01.md | 6 +++--- translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md | 10 ++++----- translate/figs-activepassive/01.md | 6 +++--- translate/figs-apostrophe/01.md | 10 ++++----- translate/figs-declarative/01.md | 2 +- translate/figs-distinguish/01.md | 10 ++++----- translate/figs-doublet/01.md | 6 +++--- translate/figs-events/01.md | 6 +++--- translate/figs-exclamations/01.md | 2 +- translate/figs-explicit/01.md | 12 +++++------ translate/figs-explicitinfo/01.md | 2 +- translate/figs-extrainfo/01.md | 2 +- translate/figs-grammar/01.md | 4 ++-- translate/figs-hendiadys/01.md | 4 ++-- translate/figs-idiom/01.md | 4 ++-- translate/figs-imperative/01.md | 6 +++--- translate/figs-informremind/01.md | 8 +++---- translate/figs-irony/01.md | 4 ++-- translate/figs-litotes/01.md | 4 ++-- translate/figs-merism/01.md | 6 +++--- translate/figs-metaphor/01.md | 4 ++-- translate/figs-metonymy/01.md | 8 +++---- translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md | 6 +++--- translate/figs-personification/01.md | 12 +++++------ translate/figs-possession/01.md | 8 +++---- translate/figs-pronouns/01.md | 8 +++---- translate/figs-quotations/01.md | 2 +- translate/figs-quotemarks/01.md | 6 +++--- translate/figs-quotesinquotes/01.md | 8 +++---- translate/figs-rquestion/01.md | 2 +- translate/figs-simile/01.md | 8 +++---- translate/figs-verbs/01.md | 12 +++++------ translate/figs-youdual/01.md | 4 ++-- translate/guidelines-equal/01.md | 2 +- translate/guidelines-historical/01.md | 4 ++-- translate/guidelines-sonofgod/01.md | 2 +- translate/resources-eplain/01.md | 2 +- translate/resources-iordquote/01.md | 2 +- translate/translate-bdistance/01.md | 2 +- translate/translate-decimal/01.md | 2 +- translate/translate-formatsignals/01.md | 2 +- translate/translate-fraction/01.md | 12 +++++------ translate/translate-numbers/01.md | 2 +- translate/translate-ordinal/01.md | 6 +++--- translate/translate-symaction/01.md | 2 +- translate/translate-transliterate/01.md | 8 +++---- translate/translate-useulbudb/01.md | 2 +- translate/translate-versebridge/01.md | 8 +++---- translate/writing-background/01.md | 10 ++++----- translate/writing-connectingwords/01.md | 8 +++---- translate/writing-newevent/01.md | 8 +++---- translate/writing-poetry/01.md | 2 +- translate/writing-pronouns/01.md | 2 +- translate/writing-quotations/01.md | 12 +++++------ translate/writing-symlanguage/01.md | 4 ++-- 68 files changed, 217 insertions(+), 217 deletions(-) diff --git a/checking/goal-checking/01.md b/checking/goal-checking/01.md index ed75bc9..a6d77e7 100644 --- a/checking/goal-checking/01.md +++ b/checking/goal-checking/01.md @@ -9,11 +9,11 @@ The checkers who are pastors, church leaders, and leaders of church networks wil #### Clear -The checkers who are members of the language community will help the translation team produce a translation that is clear. They will do this by listening to the translation and pointing out to them the places where the translation is confusing or does not make sense to them. Then the translation team can fix those places so that they are clear. (For more information about clear translations, see [Create Clear Translations](../../translate/guidelines-clear/01.md).) +The checkers who are members of the language community will help the translation team produce a translation that is clear. They will do this by listening to the translation and pointing out to them the places where the translation is confusing or does not make sense to them. Then the translation team can fix those places so that they are clear. (For more information about clear translations, see [Create Clear Translations](../../translate/guidelines-clear/01.md).) #### Natural -The checkers who are members of the language community will also help the translation team produce a translation that is natural. They will do this by listening to the translation and pointing out to them the places where the translation sounds strange and does not sound like the way that someone who speaks their language would say it. Then the translation team can fix those places so that they are natural. (For more information about natural translations, see [Create Natural Translations](../../translate/guidelines-natural/01.md).) +The checkers who are members of the language community will also help the translation team produce a translation that is natural. They will do this by listening to the translation and pointing out to them the places where the translation sounds strange and does not sound like the way that someone who speaks their language would say it. Then the translation team can fix those places so that they are natural. (For more information about natural translations, see [Create Natural Translations](../../translate/guidelines-natural/01.md).) #### Church-approved diff --git a/intro/open-license/01.md b/intro/open-license/01.md index fa49bde..526766d 100644 --- a/intro/open-license/01.md +++ b/intro/open-license/01.md @@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the p No warranties are given. The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material. -Suggested attribution statement for derivative works: “Original work created by the Door43 World Missions Community, available at http://door43.org/, and released under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ ). This work has been changed from the original, and the original authors have not endorsed this work." +Suggested attribution statement for derivative works: “Original work created by the Door43 World Missions Community, available at http://door43.org/, and released under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ ). This work has been changed from the original, and the original authors have not endorsed this work." ### Attribution of Door43 Contributors diff --git a/intro/uw-intro/01.md b/intro/uw-intro/01.md index 5bf24ff..6f7c59e 100644 --- a/intro/uw-intro/01.md +++ b/intro/uw-intro/01.md @@ -7,11 +7,11 @@ Jesus commanded his disciples to make disciples of EVERY people group: We have the promise that people from EVERY language will be in heaven: ->"After these things I saw, and behold, there was a great crowd, which no one was able to number, out of every nation, tribe, people, and language, standing before the throne and before the Lamb." (Revelation 7:9 ULB) +>After these things I saw, and behold, there was a great crowd, which no one was able to number, out of every nation, tribe, people, and language, standing before the throne and before the Lamb. (Revelation 7:9 ULB) Understanding the Word of God in one's heart language is important: ->"So faith comes from hearing, and hearing by the word of Christ." (Romans 10:17 ULB) +>So faith comes from hearing, and hearing by the word of Christ. (Romans 10:17 ULB) ### How Do We Do This? diff --git a/translate/bita-animals/01.md b/translate/bita-animals/01.md index 7ef0567..13f1b79 100644 --- a/translate/bita-animals/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-animals/01.md @@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ Some images from the Bible involving body parts and human qualities are listed b The "horn of my salvation" is the strong one who saves me. ->There I will make the horn of David to grow. (Psalm 132:17 ULB) +>There I will make a horn to sprout for David. (Psalm 132:17 ULB) The "horn of David" is King David's military strength. @@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ The "horn of David" is King David's military strength. This is because some birds are easily trapped. ->My enemies have relentlessly hunted me like a bird, without cause. (Lamentations 3:52 ULB) +>I have been hunted like a bird by those who were my enemies. (Lamentations 3:52 ULB) >Save yourself like a gazelle from the hand of the hunter, >like a bird from the hand of the fowler. (Proverbs 6:5 ULB) @@ -38,18 +38,18 @@ In Habakkuk and Hosea, Israel's enemies who would come and attack them were com >and the enemy will pursue him. (Hosea 8:1,3 ULB) In Isaiah, God called a certain foreign king a bird of prey because he would come quickly and attack Israel's enemies. ->I call a bird of prey from the east, the man of my choice from a distant land; (Isaiah 46:11 ULB) +>I call a bird of prey from the east, the man of my choice from a distant land. (Isaiah 46:11 ULB) #### A BIRD'S WINGS represent protection This is because birds spread their wings over their chicks to protect them from danger. >Protect me like the apple of your eye; hide me under the shadow of your wings -> from the presence of the wicked ones who assault me, my enemies who surround me. (Psalms 17:8-9 ULB) +> from the presence of the wicked ones who assault me, my enemies who surround me. (Psalm 17:8-9 ULB) Here is another example of how the wings represent protection. > Be merciful to me, God, be merciful to me, > for I take refuge in you until these troubles are over. -> I stay under your wings for protection until this destruction is over. (Psalm 57:1 ULB) +> I stay under your wings for protection until this destruction is over. (Psalm 57:1 ULB) #### DANGEROUS ANIMALS represent dangerous people @@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ In Psalms, David referred to his enemies as lions. >I am among those who are ready to devour me. >I am among people whose teeth are spears and arrows, >and whose tongues are sharp swords. ->Be exalted, God, above the heavens (Psalm 57:4 ULB) +>Be exalted, God, above the heavens. (Psalm 57:4 ULB) Peter called the devil a roaring lion. >Be sober, be watchful. Your adversary—the devil—like a roaring lion is stalking around, looking for someone to devour. (1 Peter 5:8 ULB) @@ -75,12 +75,12 @@ In Matthew, John the Baptist called the religious leaders poisonous snakes becau > so that your youth is renewed like the eagle. (Psalm 103:5 ULB) -
For Yahweh says this, "See, the enemy will come flying like an eagle, spreading out his wings over Moab." (Isaiah 48:40 ULB)
+
For Yahweh says this, "See, the enemy will come flying like an eagle, spreading out his wings over Moab." (Isaiah 48:40 ULB)
#### SHEEP or a FLOCK OF SHEEP represents people who need to be led or are in danger ->My people have been a lost flock. Their shepherds have led them astray in the mountains; (Jeremiah 50:6 ULB) +>My people have been a lost flock. Their shepherds have led them astray in the mountains. (Jeremiah 50:6 ULB)
He led his own people out like sheep and guided them through the wilderness like a flock. (Psalm 78:52 ULB)
diff --git a/translate/bita-farming/01.md b/translate/bita-farming/01.md index 0769c33..9d5f5fa 100644 --- a/translate/bita-farming/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-farming/01.md @@ -49,4 +49,4 @@ After farmers harvest wheat and other types of grain, they bring them to a _thre
For the land that drinks in the rain that often comes on it, and that gives birth to the plants useful to those for whom the land was worked—this is the land that receives a blessing from God. But if it bears thorns and thistles, it is worthless and is near to a curse. Its end is in burning. (Hebrews 6:7-8 ULB)
-> So be patient, brothers, until the Lord's coming. See, the farmer awaits the valuable harvest from the ground. He is patiently waiting for it, until it receives the early and late rains. (James 5:7 ULB) +> So be patient, brothers, until the Lord's coming. See, the farmer awaits the valuable harvest from the ground. He is patiently waiting for it, until it receives the early and late rains. (James 5:7 ULB) diff --git a/translate/bita-hq/01.md b/translate/bita-hq/01.md index 8a65595..e2b760e 100644 --- a/translate/bita-hq/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-hq/01.md @@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ To put something before one's face is to look at it intently or pay attention to If someone seeks another person's face, he hopes that the person will pay attention to him. ->Why do you hide your face and forget our affliction and our oppression? (Psalm 44:24 ULB) +>Why do you hide your face and forget our affliction and our oppression? (Psalm 44:24 ULB) To hide one's face from someone is to ignore him. @@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ To serve God is to be motivated by God. To serve money is to be motivated by mon >May your God make the name of Solomon better than your name, and make his throne greater than your throne." 1 Kings 1:47 (ULB) -
See, I have sworn by my great name—says Yahweh. My name will no longer be called upon by the mouths of any of the men of Judah in all the land of Egypt…." (Jeremiah 44:26 ULB)
+
See, I have sworn by my great name—says Yahweh. My name will no longer be called upon by the mouths of any of the men of Judah in all the land of Egypt…." (Jeremiah 44:26 ULB)
If someone's name is great, it means that he is great. @@ -104,20 +104,20 @@ The fact that the men said they heard a report about Yahweh shows that "because >Then…the foundations of the world were exposed at your battle cry, Yahweh—at the blast of the breath of your nostrils. (Psalm 18:15 ULB) -
By the blast of your nostrils the waters were piled up…. (Exodus 15:8 ULB)
+
By the blast of your nostrils the waters were piled up…. (Exodus 15:8 ULB)
>Smoke went up from out of his nostrils, and blazing fire came out of his mouth…. (2 Samuel 22:9 ULB) -
…This is the Lord Yahweh's declaration: 'My fury will arise in my nostrils!' (Ezekiel 38:18 ULB)
+
…This is the Lord Yahweh's declaration: 'My fury will arise in my nostrils!' (Ezekiel 38:18 ULB)
A blast of air or smoke coming from someone's nose shows his great anger. #### RAISED EYES represents arrogance -> but you bring down those with proud, uplifted eyes! (Psalm 18:27 ULB) +> but you bring down those with proud, uplifted eyes! (Psalm 18:27 ULB) Uplifted eyes show that a person is proud. diff --git a/translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md b/translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md index 9179150..989bc3b 100644 --- a/translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md @@ -12,10 +12,10 @@ Some images from the Bible involving human behavior are listed below. The word i >Be in pain and labor to give birth, daughter of Zion, like a woman in labor. >For now you will go out of the city, live in the field, and go to Babylon. >There you will be rescued. ->There Yahweh will rescue you from the hand of your enemies. (Micah 4:10 ULB) +>There Yahweh will rescue you from the hand of your enemies. (Micah 4:10 ULB) -
For nation will rise against nation, and kingdom against kingdom. There will be famines and earthquakes in various places. But all these things are only the beginning of birth pains. (Matthew 24:7-8 ULB)
+
For nation will rise against nation, and kingdom against kingdom. There will be famines and earthquakes in various places. But all these things are only the beginning of birth pains. (Matthew 24:7-8 ULB)
>My little children, I am suffering labor pains for you again, until Christ will have been formed in you! (Galatians 4:19 ULB) @@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ Some images from the Bible involving human behavior are listed below. The word i #### BEING CALLED SOMETHING represents being that thing -> The Holy One of Israel is your Redeemer; he is called the God of the whole earth. (Isaiah 54:5b ULB) +> The Holy One of Israel is your Redeemer; he is called the God of the whole earth. (Isaiah 54:5b ULB) This is because he actually is the God of the whole earth. @@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ Noah built an altar to Yahweh. He took some of the clean animals and some >He must go out to the altar that is before Yahweh and make atonement for it, and he must take some of the bull's blood and some of the goat's blood and put it on the horns of the altar all around. He must sprinkle some of the blood on it with his finger seven times to cleanse it and dedicate it to Yahweh, away from the unclean actions of the people of Israel. (Leviticus 16:18-19 ULB) -
This is because on this day atonement will be made for you, to cleanse you from all your sins so you will be clean before Yahweh. (Leviticus 16:30 ULB)
+
This is because on this day atonement will be made for you, to cleanse you from all your sins so you will be clean before Yahweh. (Leviticus 16:30 ULB)
#### UNCLEANLINESS represents not being acceptable for God's purposes @@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ Noah built an altar to Yahweh. He took some of the clean animals and some #### MAKING SOMETHING UNCLEAN represents making it unacceptable for God's purposes. -> Or if anyone touches anything God has designated as unclean, whether it be the carcass of an unclean wild animal or the carcass of any livestock that has died, or creeping animal, even if the person did not intend to touch it, he is unclean and guilty. (Leviticus 5:2 ULB) +> Or if anyone touches anything God has designated as unclean, whether it be the carcass of an unclean wild animal or the carcass of any livestock that has died, or creeping animal, even if the person did not intend to touch it, he is unclean and guilty. (Leviticus 5:2 ULB) @@ -86,12 +86,12 @@ Noah built an altar to Yahweh. He took some of the clean animals and some
Whoever does not humble himself on that day must be cut off from his people. Whoever does any work on that day, I, Yahweh, will destroy him from among his people. (Leviticus 23:29-30 ULB)
->But he was cut off from the land of the living. (Isaiah 53:8 ULB) +>But he was cut off from the land of the living. (Isaiah 53:8 ULB) #### COMING AND STANDING BEFORE SOMEONE represents serving him -
How blessed are your people, and how blessed are your servants who constantly stand before you, because they hear your wisdom. (1 Kings 10:8 ULB)
+
How blessed are your people, and how blessed are your servants who constantly stand before you, because they hear your wisdom. (1 Kings 10:8 ULB)
>Covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness come before you. (Psalm 89:14 ULB) @@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ An example from Deuteronomy. >I will make my arrows drunk with blood, >and my sword will devour flesh >with the blood of the killed and the captives, ->and from the heads of the leaders of the enemy. (Deuteronomy 32:42 ULB) +>and from the heads of the leaders of the enemy. (Deuteronomy 32:42 ULB) #### FALLING UPON or BEING UPON represents affecting @@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ An example from Deuteronomy. >Would not his dread fall upon you? (Job 13:11 ULB) -
Then the Spirit of Yahweh fell on me and he said to me… (Ezekiel 11:5 ULB)
+
Then the Spirit of Yahweh fell on me and he said to me… (Ezekiel 11:5 ULB)
> Now look, the hand of the Lord is upon you, and you will become blind. (Acts 13:11 ULB) @@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ An example from Deuteronomy. >They broke away from Yahweh, the God of their fathers, who had brought them out of the land of Egypt. They went after other gods, the very gods of the peoples who were around them, and they bowed down to them. They provoked Yahweh to anger because they broke away from Yahweh and worshiped Baal and the Ashtoreths. -
For Solomon followed Ashtoreth, the goddess of the Sidonians, and he followed Milcom, the disgusting idol of the Ammonites. (1 Kings 11:5 ULB)
+
For Solomon followed Ashtoreth, the goddess of the Sidonians, and he followed Milcom, the disgusting idol of the Ammonites. (1 Kings 11:5 ULB)
>Not one of them who despised me will see it, except for my servant Caleb, because he had another spirit. He has followed me fully; I will bring him into the land which he went to examine. His descendants will possess it. (Numbers 14:23-24 ULB) @@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ Noah received righteousness as a permanent possession. >Ask them, 'Are you really more beautiful than anyone else? Go down and lie with the uncircumcised!' ->They will fall among those who were killed by the sword! Egypt is given to the sword; her enemies will seize her and her servants! (Ezekiel 32:19-20 ULB) +>They will fall among those who were killed by the sword! Egypt is given to the sword; her enemies will seize her and her servants! (Ezekiel 32:19-20 ULB) #### REIGNING OR RULING represents controlling @@ -235,7 +235,7 @@ Noah received righteousness as a permanent possession.
Therefore I vowed in my anger that they would never enter into my resting place. (Psalm 95:11 ULB)
->This is my resting place forever; I will live here, for I desire her [Zion]. (Psalm 132:14 ULB) +>This is my resting place forever; I will live here, for I desire her [Zion]. (Psalm 132:14 ULB)
The nations will seek him out, and his resting place will be glorious. (Isaiah 11:10 ULB)
@@ -252,7 +252,7 @@ Noah received righteousness as a permanent possession. #### SELLING represents handing over to someone's control. BUYING represents removing from someone's control ->[Yahweh] sold [the Israelites] into the hand of Cushan Rishathaim king of Aram Naharaim. (Judges 3:8 ULB) +>[Yahweh] sold [the Israelites] into the hand of Cushan Rishathaim king of Aram Naharaim. (Judges 3:8 ULB) #### SITTING IS RULING @@ -273,7 +273,7 @@ Noah received righteousness as a permanent possession.
For Yahweh approves of the way of the righteous. (Psalm 1:6 ULB)
->Turn from me the path of deceit. (Psalm 119:28 ULB) +>Turn from me the path of deceit. (Psalm 119:28 ULB)
I will run in the path of your commandments. (Psalm 119:32 ULB)
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/translate/bita-manmade/01.md b/translate/bita-manmade/01.md index 82ad3d6..753b27a 100644 --- a/translate/bita-manmade/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-manmade/01.md @@ -28,28 +28,28 @@ Some images from the Bible involving man-made objects are listed below in alphab #### A SNARE (A LIGHT TRAP FOR BIRDS WORKED BY CORDS) represents death ->For he will rescue you from the snare of the hunter. (Psalm 91:3 ULB) +>For he will rescue you from the snare of the hunter. (Psalm 91:3 ULB) -
The cords of death surrounded me, and the snares of sheol confronted me. (Psalm 116:3 ULB)
+
The cords of death surrounded me, and the snares of sheol confronted me. (Psalm 116:3 ULB)
>The cords of the wicked have ensnared me. (Psalm 119:61 ULB) -
The wicked have set a snare for me. (Psalm 119:110 ULB)
+
The wicked have set a snare for me. (Psalm 119:110 ULB)
>The wicked is ensnared by his own actions. (Psalm 9:16 ULB) ->They mingled with the nations and learned their ways and worshiped their idols, which became a snare to them. (Psalm 106:35-36 ULB) +>They mingled with the nations and learned their ways and worshiped their idols, which became a snare to them. (Psalm 106:35-36 ULB) In this case the snare was a persuasion to do evil, which leads to death. #### A TENT represents a house, home, people in one's home, descendants ->God will likewise destroy you forever; he will take you up and pluck you out of your tent. (Psalm 52:5 ULB) +>God will likewise destroy you forever; he will take you up and pluck you out of your tent. (Psalm 52:5 ULB)
The house of the wicked will be destroyed, but the tent of the upright will flourish. (Proverbs 14:11 ULB)
diff --git a/translate/bita-part1/01.md b/translate/bita-part1/01.md index de24b8b..972c64d 100644 --- a/translate/bita-part1/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-part1/01.md @@ -28,13 +28,13 @@ These patterns present three challenges to anyone who wants to identify them: In 1 Kings 7:50, a lamp trimmer is a tool for trimming the wick on an ordinary lamp. In 2 Samuel 21:17 the lamp of Israel represents King David's life. When his men were concerned that he might "put out the lamp of Israel" they were concerned that he might be killed. -
The cups, lamp trimmers, basins, spoons, and incense burners were all made of pure gold. (1 Kings 7:50 ULB)
+
The cups, lamp trimmers, basins, spoons, and incense burners were all made of pure gold. (1 Kings 7:50 ULB)
>Ishbibenob...intended to kill David. But Abishai the son of Zeruiah rescued David, attacked the Philistine, and killed him. Then the men of David swore to him, saying, "You must not go to battle anymore with us, so that you do not put out the lamp of Israel." (2 Samuel 21:16-17 ULB) -1. Expressions that are based on these pairings of ideas frequently combine together in complex ways. Moreover, they frequently combine with—and in some cases are based on—common metonymies and cultural models. (see [Biblical Imagery - Common Metonymies](bita-part2) and [Biblical Imagery - Cultural Models](bita-part3)) +1. Expressions that are based on these pairings of ideas frequently combine together in complex ways. Moreover, they frequently combine with—and in some cases are based on—common metonymies and cultural models. (see [Biblical Imagery - Common Metonymies](bita-part2) and [Biblical Imagery - Cultural Models](bita-part3)) For example, in 2 Samuel 14:7 below, "the burning coal" is an image for the life of the son, who represents what will cause people to remember his father. So there are two patterns of pairings here: the pairing of the burning coal with the life of the son, and the pairing of the son with the memory of his father. diff --git a/translate/bita-part2/01.md b/translate/bita-part2/01.md index 0eb409c..9c43e50 100644 --- a/translate/bita-part2/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-part2/01.md @@ -4,20 +4,20 @@ Some common metonymies from the Bible are listed below in alphabetical order. Th #### A CUP or bowl represents what is in it -> my cup runs over. (Psalm 23:5 ULB) +> my cup runs over. (Psalm 23:5 ULB) There is so much in the cup that it runs over the top of the cup. -> For every time you eat this bread and drink this cup, you proclaim the Lord's death until he comes. (1 Corinthians 11:26 ULB) +> For every time you eat this bread and drink this cup, you proclaim the Lord's death until he comes. (1 Corinthians 11:26 ULB) People do not drink cups. They drink what is in the cup. #### The MOUTH represents speech or words ->A fool's mouth is his ruin. (Proverbs 18:7 ULB) +>A fool's mouth is his ruin. (Proverbs 18:7 ULB) -
Oh, how I would encourage you with my mouth! (Job 16:5 ULB)
+
Oh, how I would encourage you with my mouth! (Job 16:5 ULB)
>I heard you when you boasted against me with your mouth; you said many things against me. I heard them. (Ezekiel 35:13 ULB) @@ -75,6 +75,6 @@ This means that he killed the serpent. #### SINS (INIQUITY) represent punishment for those sins ->Yahweh has placed on him the iniquity of us all (Isaiah 53:6 ULB) +>Yahweh has placed on him the iniquity of us all (Isaiah 53:6 ULB) This means that Yahweh placed on him the punishment that should have gone to all of us. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/translate/bita-part3/01.md b/translate/bita-part3/01.md index df17dba..3959792 100644 --- a/translate/bita-part3/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-part3/01.md @@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ The word "hand" here is a metonym that refers to God's power. (See: [Metonymy](f >The princes of the peoples have gathered together >to the people of the God of Abraham; >for the shields of the earth belong to God; ->he is greatly exalted. (Psalm 47:8-9 ULB) +>he is greatly exalted. (Psalm 47:8-9 ULB) #### God is modeled as a SHEPHERD and his people are modeled as SHEEP @@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ He is willing to die in order to save his sheep. >Then all the tribes of Israel came to David at Hebron and said, "Look...when Saul was king over us, it was you who led the Israelite army. Yahweh said to you, 'You will shepherd my people Israel, and you will become ruler over Israel.' " (2 Samuel 5:1-2 ULB) -
"Woe to the shepherds who destroy and scatter the sheep of my pasture—this is Yahweh's declaration." (Jeremiah 23:1 ULB)
+
"Woe to the shepherds who destroy and scatter the sheep of my pasture—this is Yahweh's declaration." (Jeremiah 23:1 ULB)
>Therefore be careful about yourselves, and about all the flock of which the Holy Spirit has made you overseers. Be careful to shepherd the assembly of the Lord, which he purchased with his own blood. 29I know that after my departure, vicious wolves will enter in among you, and not spare the flock. I know that from even among your own selves some men shall come and say corrupt things, in order to draw away the disciples after them. (Acts 20:28-30 ULB) @@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ People see objects, not because of light around the object, but because of light >The eye is the lamp of the body. Therefore, if your eye is good, the whole body is filled with light. (Matthew 6:22 ULB) This light shining from the eyes carries with itself the viewer's character. ->The appetite of the wicked craves evil; his neighbor sees no kindness in his eyes. (Proverbs 21:10 ULB) +>The appetite of the wicked craves evil; his neighbor sees no kindness in his eyes. (Proverbs 21:10 ULB) #### Envy and cursing are modeled as looking with an EVIL EYE at someone, and favor is modeled as looking with a GOOD EYE at someone @@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ If blood cries out, nature itself is crying out for vengeance on a person who ki #### The nation of Israel is modeled as GOD'S SON ->When Israel was a young man I loved him, and I called my son out of Egypt. (Hosea 11:1 ULB) +>When Israel was a young man I loved him, and I called my son out of Egypt. (Hosea 11:1 ULB) #### The sun is modeled as BEING IN A CONTAINER AT NIGHT @@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ If blood cries out, nature itself is crying out for vengeance on a person who ki >Yet their words go out over all the earth and their speech to the end of the world. He has pitched a tent for the sun among them. The sun is like a bridegroom coming out of his chamber and like a strong man who rejoices when he runs his race. (Psalm 19:4-5 ULB) Psalm 110 pictures the sun as being in the womb before it comes out in the morning. ->from the womb of the dawn your youth will be to you like the dew. (Psalm 110:3 ULB) +>from the womb of the dawn your youth will be to you like the dew. (Psalm 110:3 ULB) #### Things that can move fast are modeled as having WINGS @@ -170,13 +170,13 @@ The writer of Ecclesiastes says that everything is worthless. >Like a vapor of mist, >like a breeze in the wind, >everything vanishes, leaving many questions. ->What profit does mankind gain from all the work that they labor at under the sun? (Ecclesiastes 1:2-3 ULB) +>What profit does mankind gain from all the work that they labor at under the sun? (Ecclesiastes 1:2-3 ULB) In Job 30:15, Job complains that his honor and prosperity are gone. >Terrors are turned upon me; >my honor is driven away as if by the wind; ->my prosperity passes away as a cloud. (Job 30:15 ULB) +>my prosperity passes away as a cloud. (Job 30:15 ULB) #### Human warfare is modeled as DIVINE WARFARE @@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ When Job was distressed because of all the sad things that happened to him, he s >I go about with darkened skin but not because of the sun; >I stand up in the assembly and cry for help. >I am a brother to jackals, ->a companion of ostriches. (Job 30:27-29 ULB) +>a companion of ostriches. (Job 30:27-29 ULB) #### Wellbeing is modeled as PHYSICAL CLEANLINESS, and evil is modeled as PHYSICAL DIRTINESS diff --git a/translate/bita-phenom/01.md b/translate/bita-phenom/01.md index 1c904a2..c999e60 100644 --- a/translate/bita-phenom/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-phenom/01.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ Some images from the Bible involving natural phenomena are listed below. The word in all capital letters represents an image. The word does not necessarily appear in every verse that has the image, but the idea that the word represents does. -#### LIGHT represents someone's face (This often combines with FACE represents someone's presence) +#### LIGHT represents someone's face (This often combines with FACE represents someone's presence)
Yahweh, lift up the light of your face on us. (Psalm 4:6 ULB)
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ Some images from the Bible involving natural phenomena are listed below. The wor #### LIGHT represents goodness, and DARKNESS represents evil ->But if your eye is bad, your whole body is full of darkness. Therefore, if the light that is in you is actually darkness, how great is that darkness! (Matthew 6:23 ULB) +>But if your eye is bad, your whole body is full of darkness. Therefore, if the light that is in you is actually darkness, how great is that darkness! (Matthew 6:23 ULB) #### SHADOW or DARKNESS represents death @@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ Some images from the Bible involving natural phenomena are listed below. The wor
Surging waters cannot quench love. (Song of Songs 8:7 ULB)
->For a fire is kindled by my anger and is burning to the lowest sheol. (Deuteronomy 32:22 ULB) +>For a fire is kindled by my anger and is burning to the lowest sheol. (Deuteronomy 32:22 ULB)
Therefore the anger of Yahweh was set on fire against Israel. (Judges 3:8 ULB)
@@ -68,20 +68,20 @@ Some images from the Bible involving natural phenomena are listed below. The wor
For you give light to my lamp; Yahweh my God lights up my darkness. (Psalm 18:28 ULB)
->A dimly burning wick he will not quench. (Isaiah 42:3 ULB) +>A dimly burning wick he will not quench. (Isaiah 42:3 ULB) #### A WIDE SPACE reperesents safetey, security, and ease >They came against me on the day of my distress but Yahweh was my support! ->He set me free in a wide open place; he saved me because he was pleased with me. (Psalm 18:18-19 ULB) +>He set me free in a wide open place; he saved me because he was pleased with me. (Psalm 18:18-19 ULB) >You have made a wide place for my feet beneath me, >so my feet have not slipped. (2 Samuel 22:37 ULB) >You made people ride over our heads; >we went through fire and water, ->but you brought us out into a spacious place. (Psalm 66:12 ULB) +>but you brought us out into a spacious place. (Psalm 66:12 ULB) #### A NARROW SPACE represents danger or difficulties @@ -143,15 +143,15 @@ Some images from the Bible involving natural phenomena are listed below. The wor #### A SPRING OF WATER represents the origins of something ->The fear of Yahweh is a fountain of life. (Proverbs 14:27 ULB) +>The fear of Yahweh is a fountain of life. (Proverbs 14:27 ULB) #### A ROCK represents protection ->Who is a rock except our God? (Psalm 18:31 ULB) +>Who is a rock except our God? (Psalm 18:31 ULB) -
Yahweh, my rock, and my redeemer. (Psalm 19:14 ULB)
+
Yahweh, my rock, and my redeemer. (Psalm 19:14 ULB)
diff --git a/translate/bita-plants/01.md b/translate/bita-plants/01.md index 6dae656..8f494e0 100644 --- a/translate/bita-plants/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-plants/01.md @@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ In the examples below, Isaiah wrote about one of Jesse's descendants and Jeremia >See, days are coming—this is Yahweh's declaration—when I will raise up for David a righteous branch. ->He will reign as king; he will bring prosperity and carry out justice and righteousness in the land. (Jeremiah 23:5 ULB) +>He will reign as king; he will bring prosperity and carry out justice and righteousness in the land. (Jeremiah 23:5 ULB) In Job when it says "his branch will be cut off," it means that he will not have any descendants. @@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ The emotion or attitude in the verses is underlined below.
You have turned…the fruit of righteousness into bitterness. (Amos 6:12 ULB)
->What fruit then did you have at that time of the things of which you are now ashamed? (Romans 6:21 ULB) +>What fruit then did you have at that time of the things of which you are now ashamed? (Romans 6:21 ULB) #### A TREE represents a person diff --git a/translate/figs-123person/01.md b/translate/figs-123person/01.md index f1bfd70..134a964 100644 --- a/translate/figs-123person/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-123person/01.md @@ -42,14 +42,14 @@ If using the third person to mean "I" or "you" would be natural and give the rig 1. Use the third person phrase along with the pronoun "I" or "you." - * **But David said to Saul, "Your servant used to keep his father's sheep."** (1 Samuel 17:34) + * **But David said to Saul, "Your servant used to keep his father's sheep."** (1 Samuel 17:34) * But David said to Saul, "I, your servant, used to keep my father's sheep." 1. Simply use the first person ("I") or second person ("you") instead of the third person. - * **Then Yahweh answered Job out of a fierce storm and said, "… Do you have an arm like God's? Can you thunder with a voice like him?** (Job 40:6, 9 ULB) + * **Then Yahweh answered Job out of a fierce storm and said, "… Do you have an arm like God's? Can you thunder with a voice like him?** (Job 40:6, 9 ULB) * Then Yahweh answered Job out of a fierce storm and said, "… Do you have an arm like mine? Can you thunder with a voice like me?" - * **So also my heavenly Father will do to you, if each of you does not forgive his brother from your heart.** (Matthew 18:35 ULB) + * **So also my heavenly Father will do to you, if each of you does not forgive his brother from your heart.** (Matthew 18:35 ULB) * So also my heavenly Father will do to you, if each of you does not forgive your brother from your heart. diff --git a/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md b/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md index 753f643..b2aa83e 100644 --- a/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md @@ -44,21 +44,21 @@ If an abstract noun would be natural and give the right meaning in your language 1. Reword the sentence with a phrase that expresses the meaning of the abstract noun. Instead of a noun, the new phrase will use a verb, an adverb, or an adjective to express the idea of the abstract noun. - * **... from childhood you have known the sacred writings ...** (2 Timothy 3:15 ULB) + * **... from childhood you have known the sacred writings ...** (2 Timothy 3:15 ULB) * Ever since you were a child you have known the sacred writings. - * **But godliness with contentment is great gain.** (1 Timothy 6:6 ULB) + * **But godliness with contentment is great gain.** (1 Timothy 6:6 ULB) * But being godly and content is very beneficial. * But we benefit greatly when we are godly and content. * But we benefit greatly when we honor and obey God and when we are happy with what we have. - * **Today salvation has come to this house, because he too is a son of Abraham.** (Luke 19:9 ULB) + * **Today salvation has come to this house, because he too is a son of Abraham.** (Luke 19:9 ULB) * Today the people in this house have been saved… * Today God has saved the people in this house… - * **The Lord does not move slowly concerning his promises, as some consider slowness to be.** (2 Peter 3:9 ULB) + * **The Lord does not move slowly concerning his promises, as some consider slowness to be.** (2 Peter 3:9 ULB) * The Lord does not move slowly concerning his promises, as some consider moving slowly to be. - * **He will bring to light the hidden things of darkness and reveal the purposes of the heart.** (1 Corinthians 4:5 ULB) + * **He will bring to light the hidden things of darkness and reveal the purposes of the heart.** (1 Corinthians 4:5 ULB) * He will bring to light the hidden things of darkness and reveal the things that people want to do and the reasons they want to do them. diff --git a/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md b/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md index 24173ed..e815b9a 100644 --- a/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md @@ -61,17 +61,17 @@ If you decide that it is better to translate without a passive form, here are so 1. Use the same verb in an active sentence and tell who did the action. If you do this, try to keep the focus on the person receiving the action. - * **A loaf of bread was given him every day from the street of the bakers.** (Jeremiah 37:21 ULB) + * **A loaf of bread was given him every day from the street of the bakers.** (Jeremiah 37:21 ULB) * The king's servants gave Jeremiah a loaf of bread every day from the street of the bakers. 1. Use the same verb in an active sentence, and do not tell  who did the action. Instead, use a generic expression like "they" or  "people" or  "someone."  - * **It would be better for him if a millstone were put around his neck and he were thrown into the sea.** (Luke 17:2 ULB) + * **It would be better for him if a millstone were put around his neck and he were thrown into the sea.** (Luke 17:2 ULB) * It would be better for him if they were to put a millstone around his neck and throw him into the sea. * It would be better for him if someone were to put a heavy stone around his neck and throw him into the sea. 1. Use a different verb in an active sentence.  - * **A loaf of bread was given him every day from the street of the bakers.** (Jeremiah 37:21 ULB) + * **A loaf of bread was given him every day from the street of the bakers.** (Jeremiah 37:21 ULB) * He received a loaf of bread every day from the street of the bakers. diff --git a/translate/figs-apostrophe/01.md b/translate/figs-apostrophe/01.md index 5330079..6710db9 100644 --- a/translate/figs-apostrophe/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-apostrophe/01.md @@ -13,15 +13,15 @@ Many languages do not use apostrophe, and readers could be confused by it. They ### Examples from the Bible ->Mountains of Gilboa, let there not be dew or rain on you (2 Samuel 1:21 ULB) +>Mountains of Gilboa, let there not be dew or rain on you (2 Samuel 1:21 ULB) King Saul was killed on Mount Gilboa, and David sang a sad song about it. By telling these mountains that he wanted them to have no dew or rain, he showed how sad he was. ->Jerusalem, Jerusalem, who kills the prophets and stones those sent to you. (Luke 13:34 ULB) +>Jerusalem, Jerusalem, who kills the prophets and stones those sent to you. (Luke 13:34 ULB) Jesus was expressing his feelings for the people of Jerusalem in front of his disciples and a group of Pharisees. By speaking directly to Jerusalem as though its people could hear him, Jesus showed how deeply he cared about them. ->He cried against the altar by the word of Yahweh: "Altar, altar! This is what Yahweh says, 'See, … on you they will burn human bones.' " (1 Kings 13:2 ULB) +>He cried against the altar by the word of Yahweh: "Altar, altar! This is what Yahweh says, 'See, … on you they will burn human bones.' " (1 Kings 13:2 ULB) The man of God spoke as if the altar could hear him, but he really wanted the king, who was standing there, to hear him. @@ -35,9 +35,9 @@ If apostrophe would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, cons 1. If this way of speaking would be confusing to your people, let the speaker continue speaking to the people that are listening to him as he tells them his message or feelings about the people or thing that cannot hear him. - * **He cried against the altar by the word of Yahweh: "Altar, altar! This is what Yahweh says, 'See, … on you they will burn human bones.' "** (1 Kings 13:2 ULB) + * **He cried against the altar by the word of Yahweh: "Altar, altar! This is what Yahweh says, 'See, … on you they will burn human bones.' "** (1 Kings 13:2 ULB) * He said this about the altar: "This is what Yahweh says about this altar. 'See, … they will burn people's bones on it.' " - * **Mountains of Gilboa, let there not be dew or rain on you** (2 Samuel 1:21 ULB) + * **Mountains of Gilboa, let there not be dew or rain on you** (2 Samuel 1:21 ULB) * As for these mountains of Gilboa, let there not be dew or rain on them diff --git a/translate/figs-declarative/01.md b/translate/figs-declarative/01.md index 6c98d69..7b36b20 100644 --- a/translate/figs-declarative/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-declarative/01.md @@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ A statement can also be used to **perform** something. By telling Adam that the By telling a man that his sins were forgiven, Jesus forgave the man's sins. ->Seeing their faith, Jesus said to the paralyzed man, "Son, _your sins are forgiven_." (Luke 2:5 ULB) +>Seeing their faith, Jesus said to the paralyzed man, "Son, _your sins are forgiven_." (Luke 2:5 ULB) ### Translation Strategies diff --git a/translate/figs-distinguish/01.md b/translate/figs-distinguish/01.md index 3b3064e..78ffd87 100644 --- a/translate/figs-distinguish/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-distinguish/01.md @@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ The phrase "who bore him" distinguishes which woman the son is bitterness to. He **Examples of words and phrases that are used to give added information or a reminder about an item**: These are a translation issue for languages that do not use these. ->... for your righteous judgments are good. (Psalm 119:39 ULB) +>... for your righteous judgments are good. (Psalm 119:39 ULB) The word "righteous" simply reminds us that God's judgments are righteous. It does not distinguish his righteous judgements from his unrighteous judgements, because all of his judgments are righteous. @@ -55,16 +55,16 @@ If people would understand the purpose of a phrase with a noun, then consider ke 1. Put the information in another part of the sentence and add words that show its purpose. - * **I hate those who serve worthless idols** (Psalm 31:6 ULB) - By saying "worthless idols," David was commenting about all idols and giving his reason for hating those who serve them. He was not distinguishing worthless idols from valuable idols. + * **I hate those who serve worthless idols** (Psalm 31:6 ULB) - By saying "worthless idols," David was commenting about all idols and giving his reason for hating those who serve them. He was not distinguishing worthless idols from valuable idols. * Because idols are worthless, I hate those who serve them. - * **... for your righteous judgments are good.** (Psalm 119:39 ULB) + * **... for your righteous judgments are good.** (Psalm 119:39 ULB) * ... for your judgments are good because they are righteous. - * **Can Sarah, who is ninety years old, bear a son?** (Genesis 17:17-18 ULB) - The phrase "who is ninety years old" is a reminder of Sarah's age. It tells why Abraham was asking the question. He did not expect that a woman who was that old could bear a child. + * **Can Sarah, who is ninety years old, bear a son?** (Genesis 17:17-18 ULB) - The phrase "who is ninety years old" is a reminder of Sarah's age. It tells why Abraham was asking the question. He did not expect that a woman who was that old could bear a child. * Can Sarah bear a son even when she is ninety years old? - * **I will call on Yahweh, who is worthy to be praised** (2 Samuel 22:4 ULB) - There is only one Yahweh. The phrase "who is worthy to be praised" gives a reason for calling on Yahweh. + * **I will call on Yahweh, who is worthy to be praised** (2 Samuel 22:4 ULB) - There is only one Yahweh. The phrase "who is worthy to be praised" gives a reason for calling on Yahweh. * I will call on Yahweh, because he is worthy to be praised 1. Use one of your language's ways for expressing that this is just added information. diff --git a/translate/figs-doublet/01.md b/translate/figs-doublet/01.md index 317e286..f2ee89f 100644 --- a/translate/figs-doublet/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-doublet/01.md @@ -38,16 +38,16 @@ If a doublet would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consi 1. Translate only one of the words. - * **You have decided to prepare false and deceptive words** (Daniel 2:9 ULB) + * **You have decided to prepare false and deceptive words** (Daniel 2:9 ULB) * "You have decided to prepare false things to say." 1. If the doublet is used to intensify the meaning, translate one of the words and add a word that intensifies it such as "very" or "great" or "many." - * **King David was old and advanced in years.** (1 Kings 1:1 ULB) + * **King David was old and advanced in years.** (1 Kings 1:1 ULB) * "King David was very old." 1. If the doublet is used to intensify or emphasize the meaning, use one of your language's ways of doing that. - * **... a lamb without blemish and without spot...** (1 Peter 1:19 ULB) - English can emphasize this with "any" and "at all." + * **... a lamb without blemish and without spot...** (1 Peter 1:19 ULB) - English can emphasize this with "any" and "at all." * " ... a lamb without any blemish at all ..." diff --git a/translate/figs-events/01.md b/translate/figs-events/01.md index eb51e32..b3569d7 100644 --- a/translate/figs-events/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-events/01.md @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ In the Bible, events are not always told in the order in which they occurred. So This could sound like John baptized Jesus after John was locked up in prison, but John baptized Jesus before John was locked up in prison. -> Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams horns before Yahweh, as they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets… But Joshua commanded the people, saying, "Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then must you shout." (Joshua 6:8-10 ULB) +> Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams horns before Yahweh, as they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets… But Joshua commanded the people, saying, "Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then must you shout." (Joshua 6:8-10 ULB) This could sound like Joshua gave the order not to shout after the army had already started their march, but he had given that order before they started marching. @@ -38,12 +38,12 @@ This sounds like a person must first open the scroll and then break its seals, b 1. If your language uses verb tense or aspect to show that an event happened before one that was already mentioned, consider using that. - * **8 Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams' horns before Yahweh, as they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets...10 But Joshua commanded the people, saying, "Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then must you shout."** (Joshua 6:8-10 ULB) + * **8 Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams' horns before Yahweh, as they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets...10 But Joshua commanded the people, saying, "Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then must you shout."** (Joshua 6:8-10 ULB) * 8 Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams horns before Yahweh, as they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets...10 But Joshua had commanded the people, saying, "Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then must you shout. 1. If your language prefers to tell events in the order that they occur, consider reordering the events. This may require putting two or more verses together (like 5-6). - * **8 Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams horns before Yahweh, as they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets...10 But Joshua commanded the people, saying, "Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then must you shout."** (Joshua 6:8-10 ULB) + * **8 Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams horns before Yahweh, as they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets...10 But Joshua commanded the people, saying, "Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then must you shout."** (Joshua 6:8-10 ULB) * 8-10 Joshua commanded the people, saying, "Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then must you shout." Then just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams horns before Yahweh, as they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets ... * **Who is worthy to open the scroll and break its seals?** (Revelation 5:2 ULB) diff --git a/translate/figs-exclamations/01.md b/translate/figs-exclamations/01.md index a0c65a1..f9c3ea3 100644 --- a/translate/figs-exclamations/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-exclamations/01.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Exclamations are words or sentences that show strong feeling such as surprise, j >Save us, Lord; we are about to die! (Matthew 8:25 ULB) ->When the demon had been driven out, the mute man spoke. The crowds were astonished and said, "This has never been seen before in Israel!" (Matthew 9:33 ULB) +>When the demon had been driven out, the mute man spoke. The crowds were astonished and said, "This has never been seen before in Israel!" (Matthew 9:33 ULB) ### Reason this is a translation issue diff --git a/translate/figs-explicit/01.md b/translate/figs-explicit/01.md index 679aae2..7baf203 100644 --- a/translate/figs-explicit/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-explicit/01.md @@ -19,13 +19,13 @@ All three kinds of information are part of the speaker's message. If one of thes ### Examples from the Bible ->Then a scribe came to him and said, "Teacher, I will follow you wherever you go." Jesus said to him, "Foxes have holes, and the birds of the sky have nests, but the Son of Man has nowhere to lay his head." (Matthew 8:20 ULB) +>Then a scribe came to him and said, "Teacher, I will follow you wherever you go." Jesus said to him, "Foxes have holes, and the birds of the sky have nests, but the Son of Man has nowhere to lay his head." (Matthew 8:20 ULB) Jesus did not say what foxes and birds use holes and nests for, because he assumed that the scribe would have known that foxes sleep in holes in the ground and birds sleep in their nests. This is **assumed knowledge**. Jesus did not directly say here "I am the Son of Man" but, if the scribe did not already know it, then that fact would be **implicit information** that he could learn because Jesus referred to himself that way. Also, Jesus did not state explicitly that he travelled a lot and did not have a house that he slept in every night. That is **implicit information** that the scribe could learn when Jesus said that he had nowhere to lay his head. -> Woe to you, Chorazin! Woe to you, Bethsaida! If the mighty deeds had been done in Tyre and Sidon which were done in you, they would have repented long ago in sackcloth and ashes. But it will be more tolerable for Tyre and Sidon at the day of judgment than for you. (Matthew 11:21, 22 ULB) +> Woe to you, Chorazin! Woe to you, Bethsaida! If the mighty deeds had been done in Tyre and Sidon which were done in you, they would have repented long ago in sackcloth and ashes. But it will be more tolerable for Tyre and Sidon at the day of judgment than for you. (Matthew 11:21, 22 ULB) Jesus assumed that the people he was speaking to knew that Tyre and Sidon were very wicked, and that the day of judgment is a time when God will judge every person. Jesus also knew that the people he was talking to believed that they were good and did not need to repent. Jesus did not need to tell them these things. This is all **assumed knowledge**. @@ -46,16 +46,16 @@ If readers have enough assumed knowledge to be able to understand the message, a 1. If readers cannot understand the message because they do not have certain assumed knowledge, then provide that knowledge as explicit information. - * **Jesus said to him, "Foxes have holes, and the birds of the sky have nests, but the Son of Man has nowhere to lay his head."** (Matthew 8:20 ULB) - Assumed knowledge was that the foxes slept in their holes and birds slept in their nests. + * **Jesus said to him, "Foxes have holes, and the birds of the sky have nests, but the Son of Man has nowhere to lay his head."** (Matthew 8:20 ULB) - Assumed knowledge was that the foxes slept in their holes and birds slept in their nests. * Jesus said to him, "Foxes have holes to live in, and the birds of the sky have nests to live in, but the Son of Man has nowhere to lay his head and sleep." - * **it will be more tolerable for Tyre and Sidon at the day of judgment than for you** (Matthew 11:22 ULB) - Assumed knowledge was that the people of Tyre and Sidon were very, very wicked. This can be stated explicitly. + * **it will be more tolerable for Tyre and Sidon at the day of judgment than for you** (Matthew 11:22 ULB) - Assumed knowledge was that the people of Tyre and Sidon were very, very wicked. This can be stated explicitly. * ... it will be more tolerable for those cities Tyre and Sidon, whose people were very wicked, at the day of judgment than for you * Or: * ... it will be more tolerable for those wicked cities Tyre and Sidon at the day of judgment than for you - * **Why do your disciples violate the traditions of the elders? For they do not wash their hands when they eat.** (Matthew 15:2 ULB) - Assumed knowledge was that one of the traditions of the elders was a ceremony in which people would wash their hands in order to be ritually clean before eating, which they must do to be righteous. It was not to remove germs from their hands to avoid sickness, as a modern reader might think. + * **Why do your disciples violate the traditions of the elders? For they do not wash their hands when they eat.** (Matthew 15:2 ULB) - Assumed knowledge was that one of the traditions of the elders was a ceremony in which people would wash their hands in order to be ritually clean before eating, which they must do to be righteous. It was not to remove germs from their hands to avoid sickness, as a modern reader might think. * Why do your disciples violate the traditions of the elders? For they do not go through the ceremonial handwashing ritual of righteousness when they eat. @@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ If readers have enough assumed knowledge to be able to understand the message, a * Jesus said to him, "Foxes have holes, and the birds of the sky have nests, but I, the Son of Man, have no home to rest in. If you want to follow me, you will live as I live." - * **it will be more tolerable for Tyre and Sidon at the day of judgment than for you** (Matthew 11:22 ULB) - Implicit information is that God would not only judge the people; he would punish them. This can be made explicit. + * **it will be more tolerable for Tyre and Sidon at the day of judgment than for you** (Matthew 11:22 ULB) - Implicit information is that God would not only judge the people; he would punish them. This can be made explicit. * At the day of judgment, God will punish Tyre and Sidon, cities whose people were very wicked, less severely than he will punish you * At the day of judgment, God will punish you more severely than Tyre and Sidon, cities whose people were very wicked. diff --git a/translate/figs-explicitinfo/01.md b/translate/figs-explicitinfo/01.md index 5503beb..9dd2718 100644 --- a/translate/figs-explicitinfo/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-explicitinfo/01.md @@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ In the biblical languages, it was normal to introduce direct speech with two ver 1. If the explicit information does not sound natural in the target language or seems unnecessary or confusing, leave the explicit information implicit. Only do this if the reader can understand this information from the context. You can test this by asking the reader a question about the passage. - * **And Abimelech came to the tower and fought against it and drew near to the door of the tower to burn it with fire.** (Judges 9:52 ESV) + * **And Abimelech came to the tower and fought against it and drew near to the door of the tower to burn it with fire.** (Judges 9:52 ESV) * Abimelech came to the tower and fought against it and drew near to the door of the tower to burn it. Or …to set it on fire. In English, it is clear that the action of this verse follows the action of the previous verse without the use of the connector “and” at the beginning, so it was omitted. Also, the words “with fire” were left out, because this information is communicated implicitly by the word “burn.” An alternative translation for “to burn it” is “to set it on fire.” It is not natural in English to use both “burn” and “fire,” so the English translator should choose only one of them. You can test if the readers understood the implicit information by asking, “How would the door burn?” If they knew it was by fire, then they have understood the implicit information. Or, if you chose the second option, you could ask, “What happens to a door that is set on fire?” If the readers answer, “It burns,” then they have understood the implicit information. diff --git a/translate/figs-extrainfo/01.md b/translate/figs-extrainfo/01.md index c444897..61136e1 100644 --- a/translate/figs-extrainfo/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-extrainfo/01.md @@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ Sometimes it is better not to state assumed knowledge or implicit information ex This was a riddle. Samson purposely said this in a way that it would be hard for his enemies to know what it meant. Do not make it clear that the eater and the strong thing was a lion and that the sweet thing to eat was honey. ->Jesus said to them, "Take heed and beware of the yeast of the Pharisees and Sadducees." The disciples reasoned among themselves and said, "It is because we took no bread." … (Matthew 16:6,7 ULB) +>Jesus said to them, "Take heed and beware of the yeast of the Pharisees and Sadducees." The disciples reasoned among themselves and said, "It is because we took no bread." … (Matthew 16:6,7 ULB) Possible implicit information here is that the disciples should beware of the false teaching of the Pharisees and Sadducees. But Jesus' disciples did not understand this. They thought that Jesus was talking about real yeast and bread. So it would not be appropriate to state explicitly that the word "yeast" here refers to false teaching. The disciples did not understand what Jesus meant until they heard what Jesus said in Matthew 16:11 - > "How is it that you do not understand that I was not speaking to you about bread? Take heed and beware of the yeast of the Pharisees and Sadducees." Then they understood that he was not telling them to beware of yeast in bread, but to beware of the teaching of the Pharisees and Sadducees. (Matthew 16:11,12 ULB) diff --git a/translate/figs-grammar/01.md b/translate/figs-grammar/01.md index adb8648..181ed2c 100644 --- a/translate/figs-grammar/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-grammar/01.md @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ Grammar has two main parts: words and structure. Structure involves how we put words together to form phrase, clauses, and sentences. -**Parts of Speech** - All words in a language belong to a category called a part of speech. (see [Parts of Speech](../figs-partsofspeech/01.md)) +**Parts of Speech** - All words in a language belong to a category called a part of speech. (see [Parts of Speech](../figs-partsofspeech/01.md)) **Sentences** - When we speak, we organize our thoughts in sentences. A sentence usually has a complete thought about an event or a situation or state of being. (see [Sentence Structure](../figs-sentences/01.md)) @@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ Grammar has two main parts: words and structure. Structure involves how we put w **Quotations** - A quotation is a report of what someone else has said. * Quotations normally have two parts: Information about who said something and what the person said. (see [Quotations and Quote Margins](../writing-quotations/01.md)) -* Quotations can be either direct quotes or indirect quotes. (see [Direct and Indirect Quotations](../figs-quotations/01.md)) +* Quotations can be either direct quotes or indirect quotes. (see [Direct and Indirect Quotations](../figs-quotations/01.md)) * Quotes can have quotes within them. (see [Quotes within Quotes](../figs-quotesinquotes/01.md)) * Quotes can be marked to make it easy for readers to understand who said what. (see [Quote Markings](../figs-quotemarks/01.md)) diff --git a/translate/figs-hendiadys/01.md b/translate/figs-hendiadys/01.md index 23dfbad..920f204 100644 --- a/translate/figs-hendiadys/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-hendiadys/01.md @@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ If the hendiadys would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, c * **for I will give you words and wisdom** (Luke 21:15 ULB) * for I will give you wise words - * **that you should walk in a manner that is worthy of God, who calls you to his own kingdom and glory.** (1 Thessalonians 2:12 ULB) + * **that you should walk in a manner that is worthy of God, who calls you to his own kingdom and glory.** (1 Thessalonians 2:12 ULB) * that you should walk in a manner that is worthy of God, who calls you to his own glorious kingdom. 1. Substitute the describing noun with a phrase that means the same thing. @@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ If the hendiadys would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, c * **for I will give you words and wisdom.** (Luke 21:15 ULB) * for I will give you words of wisdom. - * **that you should walk in a manner that is worthy of God, who calls you to his own kingdom and glory.** (1 Thessalonians 2:12 ULB) + * **that you should walk in a manner that is worthy of God, who calls you to his own kingdom and glory.** (1 Thessalonians 2:12 ULB) * that you should walk in a manner that is worthy of God, who calls you to his own kingdom of glory. 1. Substitute the describing adjective with an adverb that means the same thing. diff --git a/translate/figs-idiom/01.md b/translate/figs-idiom/01.md index 52ac2ba..e06bd98 100644 --- a/translate/figs-idiom/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-idiom/01.md @@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ Sometimes people may be able to understand an idiom from another culture, but it The phrase "enter under my roof" is an idiom that means "enter my house." ->Let these words go deeply into your ears. (Luke 9:44 ULB) +>Let these words go deeply into your ears. (Luke 9:44 ULB) This idiom means "Listen carefully and remember what I say." @@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ If the idiom would be clearly understood in your language, consider using it. If 1. Use an idiom that people use in your own language that has the same meaning. - * **Let these words go deeply into your ears** (Luke 9:44 ULB) + * **Let these words go deeply into your ears** (Luke 9:44 ULB) * Be all ears when I say these words to you. * **"My eyes grow dim from grief** (Psalm 6:7 ULB) diff --git a/translate/figs-imperative/01.md b/translate/figs-imperative/01.md index fefb636..4cbf190 100644 --- a/translate/figs-imperative/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-imperative/01.md @@ -58,15 +58,15 @@ The purpose of Proverbs 22:6 below is teach what people can expect to happen if * "You are now clean." * "I now cleanse you." - * **God said, "Let there be light," and there was light.** (Genesis 1:3 ULB) + * **God said, "Let there be light," and there was light.** (Genesis 1:3 ULB) * God said, "There is now light" and there was light. - * **God blessed them and said to them, "Be fruitful, and multiply. Fill the earth, and subdue it. Have dominion over the fish of the sea, over the birds of the sky, and over every living thing that moves upon the earth."** (Genesis 1:3 ULB) + * **God blessed them and said to them, "Be fruitful, and multiply. Fill the earth, and subdue it. Have dominion over the fish of the sea, over the birds of the sky, and over every living thing that moves upon the earth."** (Genesis 1:3 ULB) * God blessed them and said to them, "My will for you is that you be fruitful, and multiply. Fill the earth, and subdue it. I want you to have dominion over the fish of the sea, over the birds of the sky, and over every living thing that moves upon the earth." 1. If people would not understand that a sentence is used to cause something to happen, add a connecting word like "so" to show that what happened was a result of what was said. - * **God said, "Let there be light," and there was light.** (Genesis 1:3 ULB) + * **God said, "Let there be light," and there was light.** (Genesis 1:3 ULB) * God said, 'Let there be light,' so there was light. * God said, "Light must be;" as a result, there was light. diff --git a/translate/figs-informremind/01.md b/translate/figs-informremind/01.md index cb9f072..ed8888a 100644 --- a/translate/figs-informremind/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-informremind/01.md @@ -54,16 +54,16 @@ If people would understand the purpose of a phrase with a noun, then consider ke 1. Put the information in another part of the sentence and add words that show its purpose. - * **I hate those who serve worthless idols** (Psalm 31:6 ULB) - By saying "worthless idols," David was commenting about all idols and giving his reason for hating those who serve them. He was not distinguishing worthless idols from valuable idols. + * **I hate those who serve worthless idols** (Psalm 31:6 ULB) - By saying "worthless idols," David was commenting about all idols and giving his reason for hating those who serve them. He was not distinguishing worthless idols from valuable idols. * "Because idols are worthless, I hate those who serve them." - * **... for your righteous judgments are good.** (Psalm 119:39 ULB) + * **... for your righteous judgments are good.** (Psalm 119:39 ULB) * ... for your judgments are good because they are righteous. - * **Can Sarah, who is ninety years old, bear a son?** (Genesis 17:17-18 ULB) - The phrase "who is ninety years old" is a reminder of Sarah's age. It tells why Abraham was asking the question. He did not expect that a woman who was that old could bear a child. + * **Can Sarah, who is ninety years old, bear a son?** (Genesis 17:17-18 ULB) - The phrase "who is ninety years old" is a reminder of Sarah's age. It tells why Abraham was asking the question. He did not expect that a woman who was that old could bear a child. * "Can Sarah bear a son even when she is ninety years old?" - * **I will call on Yahweh, who is worthy to be praised ...** (2 Samuel 22:4 ULB) - There is only one Yahweh. The phrase "who is worthy to be praised" gives a reason for calling on Yahweh. + * **I will call on Yahweh, who is worthy to be praised ...** (2 Samuel 22:4 ULB) - There is only one Yahweh. The phrase "who is worthy to be praised" gives a reason for calling on Yahweh. * "I will call on Yahweh, because he is worthy to be praised" 1. Use one of your language's ways for expressing information in a weak way. diff --git a/translate/figs-irony/01.md b/translate/figs-irony/01.md index 25da132..584a730 100644 --- a/translate/figs-irony/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-irony/01.md @@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ When Jesus spoke of "righteous people," he was not referring to people who were Here Jesus praises the Pharisees for doing something that is obviously wrong. Through irony, he communicates the opposite of praise: He communicates that the Pharisees, who take great pride in keeping the commandments, are so far from God that they do not even recognize that their traditions are breaking God's commandments. The use of irony makes the Pharisee's sin more obvious and startling. ->"Present your case," says Yahweh; "present your best arguments for your idols," says the King of Jacob. "Let them bring us their own arguments; have them come forward and declare to us what will happen, so we may know these things well. Have them tell us of earlier predictive declarations, so we can reflect on them and know how they were fulfilled." (Isaiah 41:21-22 ULB) +>"Present your case," says Yahweh; "present your best arguments for your idols," says the King of Jacob. "Let them bring us their own arguments; have them come forward and declare to us what will happen, so we may know these things well. Have them tell us of earlier predictive declarations, so we can reflect on them and know how they were fulfilled." (Isaiah 41:21-22 ULB) People worshiped idols as if their idols had knowledge or power, and Yahweh was angry at them for doing that. So he used irony and challenged their idols to tell what would happen in the future. He knew that the idols could not do this, but by speaking as if they could, he mocked the idols, making their inability more obvious, and rebuked the people for worshiping them. @@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ If the irony would be understood correctly in your language, translate it as it * **How well you reject the commandment of God so you may keep your tradition!** (Mark 7:9 ULB) * You are doing a terrible thing when you reject the commandment of God so you may keep your tradition! -* **"Present your case," says Yahweh; "present your best arguments for your idols," says the King of Jacob. "Let them bring us their own arguments; have them come forward and declare to us what will happen, so we may know these things well. Have them tell us of earlier predictive declarations, so we can reflect on them and know how they were fulfilled."** (Isaiah 41:21-22 ULB) +* **"Present your case," says Yahweh; "present your best arguments for your idols," says the King of Jacob. "Let them bring us their own arguments; have them come forward and declare to us what will happen, so we may know these things well. Have them tell us of earlier predictive declarations, so we can reflect on them and know how they were fulfilled."** (Isaiah 41:21-22 ULB) * 'Present your case,' says Yahweh; 'present your best arguments for your idols,' says the King of Jacob. Your idols cannot bring us their own arguments or come forward to declare to us what will happen so we may know these things well. We cannot hear them because they cannot speak to tell us their earlier predictive declarations, so we cannot reflect on them and know how they were fulfilled. * **Can you lead light and darkness to their places of work?** diff --git a/translate/figs-litotes/01.md b/translate/figs-litotes/01.md index 61d82f5..5f14940 100644 --- a/translate/figs-litotes/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-litotes/01.md @@ -14,14 +14,14 @@ Some languages do not use litotes. People who speak those languages might not un By using litotes, Paul emphasized that his visit with them was very useful. ->Now when it became day, there was no small excitement among the soldiers, regarding what had happened to Peter. (Acts 12:18 ULB) +>Now when it became day, there was no small excitement among the soldiers, regarding what had happened to Peter. (Acts 12:18 ULB) By using litotes, Luke emphasized that there was a lot of excitement or anxiety among the soldiers about what happened to Peter. (Peter had been in prison, and even though there were soldiers guarding him, he escaped when an angel let him out. So they were very agitated.) >And you, Bethlehem, in the land of Judah, >are not the least among the leaders of Judah, >for from you will come a ruler ->who will shepherd my people Israel. (Matthew 2:6 ULB) +>who will shepherd my people Israel. (Matthew 2:6 ULB) By using litotes, the prophet emphasized that Bethlehem would be a very important city. diff --git a/translate/figs-merism/01.md b/translate/figs-merism/01.md index 0ea8d89..4f49b36 100644 --- a/translate/figs-merism/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-merism/01.md @@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ Merism is a figure of speech in which a person refers to something by speaking o > I am the Alpha and the Omega, the First and the Last, the Beginning and the End. (Revelation 22:13, ULB) Alpha and Omega are the first and last letters of the Greek alphabet. This is a merism that includes everything from the beginning to the end. It means eternal. ->I praise you, Father, Lord of heaven and earth ..., (Matthew 11:25 ULB) +>I praise you, Father, Lord of heaven and earth ..., (Matthew 11:25 ULB) Heaven and earth is a merism that includes everything that exists. @@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ If the merism would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, cons 1. Identify what the merism refers to without mentioning the parts. - * **I praise you, Father, Lord of heaven and earth ...** (Matthew 11:25 ULB) + * **I praise you, Father, Lord of heaven and earth ...** (Matthew 11:25 ULB) * I praise you, Father, Lord of everything ... * **From the rising of the sun to its setting, Yahweh's name should be praised.** (Psalm 113:3 ULB) @@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ If the merism would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, cons 1. Identify what the merism refers to and include the parts. - * **I praise you, Father, Lord of heaven and earth.** (Matthew 11:25 ULB) + * **I praise you, Father, Lord of heaven and earth.** (Matthew 11:25 ULB) * I praise you, Father, Lord of everything, including both what is in heaven and what is on earth. * **He will bless those who honor him, both young and old.** (Psalm 115:13 ULB) diff --git a/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md b/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md index d58a790..b2f9f70 100644 --- a/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md @@ -127,12 +127,12 @@ If people do not or would not understand it, here are some other strategies. 1. If the metaphor is a common expression in the source language or expresses a patterned pair of concepts in a biblical language (a "dead" metaphor), then express the main idea in the simplest way preferred by your language. - * **Then one of the leaders of the synagogue, named Jairus, came, and when he saw him, fell at his feet.** (Mark 5:22 ULB) + * **Then one of the leaders of the synagogue, named Jairus, came, and when he saw him, fell at his feet.** (Mark 5:22 ULB) * Then one of the leaders of the synagogue, named Jairus, came, and when he saw him, immediately bowed down in front of him. 1. If the metaphor seems to be a "live" metaphor, you can translate it literally if you think that the target language also uses this metaphor in the same way to mean the same thing as in the Bible. If you do this, be sure to test it to make sure that the language community understands it correctly. In the example below, there is no change. - * **It was because of your hard hearts that he wrote you this law,** (Mark 10:5 ULB) + * **It was because of your hard hearts that he wrote you this law,** (Mark 10:5 ULB) * It was because of your hard hearts that he wrote you this law, 1. If the target audience does not realize that it is a metaphor, then change the metaphor to a simile. Some languages do this by adding words such as "like" or "as." diff --git a/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md b/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md index 0b58062..03185be 100644 --- a/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md @@ -21,13 +21,13 @@ The Bible uses metonymy very often. Speakers of some languages are not used to m ### Examples from the Bible ->The Lord God will give him the throne of his father, David. (Luke 1:32 ULB) +>The Lord God will give him the throne of his father, David. (Luke 1:32 ULB) A throne represents the authority of a king. "Throne" is a metonym for "kingly authority," "kingship" or "reign." This means that God would make him become the king that would follow King David. >Immediately his mouth was opened (Luke 1:64 ULB) The mouth here represents the power to speak. This means that he was able to talk again. -> ... who warned you to flee from the wrath that is coming? (Luke 3:7 ULB) +> ... who warned you to flee from the wrath that is coming? (Luke 3:7 ULB) The word "wrath" or "anger" is a metonym for "punishment." God was extremely angry with the people, and as a result, he would punish them. @@ -47,11 +47,11 @@ If people would easily understand the metonym, consider using it. Otherwise, her 1. Use the name of the thing the metonym represents. - * **The Lord God will give him the throne of his father, David.** (Luke 1:32 ULB) + * **The Lord God will give him the throne of his father, David.** (Luke 1:32 ULB) * "The Lord God will give him the kingly authority of his father, David." * "The Lord God will make him king like his ancestor, King David." - * **who warned you to flee from the wrath to come?** (Luke 3:7 ULB) + * **who warned you to flee from the wrath to come?** (Luke 3:7 ULB) * "who warned you to flee from God's coming punishment?" diff --git a/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md b/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md index 978e606..5017cc8 100644 --- a/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ The adjective "rich" comes after the verb "be" and describes "He." Here is a sentence that shows that "rich" can also function as a noun. ->…the rich must not give more than the half shekel, and the poor must not give less. (Exodus 30:15 ULB) +>…the rich must not give more than the half shekel, and the poor must not give less. (Exodus 30:15 ULB) In Exodus 30:15, the word "rich" acts as a noun in the phrase "the rich," and it refers to rich people. The word "poor" also acts as a noun and refers to poor people. @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ In Exodus 30:15, the word "rich" acts as a noun in the phrase "the rich," and it ### Examples from the Bible ->The scepter of wickedness must not rule in the land of the righteous. (Psalm 125:3 ULB) +>The scepter of wickedness must not rule in the land of the righteous. (Psalm 125:3 ULB) "The righteous" here are people who are righteous, not one particular righteous person. >Blessed are the meek (Matthew 5:5 ULB) @@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ If your language uses adjectives as nouns to refer to a class of people, conside 1. Use the adjective with a plural form of the noun that the adjective describes. - * **The scepter of wickedness must not rule in the land of the righteous.** (Psalm 125:3 ULB) + * **The scepter of wickedness must not rule in the land of the righteous.** (Psalm 125:3 ULB) * The scepter of wickedness must not rule in the land of righteous people. * **Blessed are the meek ...** (Matthew 5:5 ULB) diff --git a/translate/figs-personification/01.md b/translate/figs-personification/01.md index 7834c5d..e4c8487 100644 --- a/translate/figs-personification/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-personification/01.md @@ -5,14 +5,14 @@ Personification is a figure of speech in which someone speaks of something as if it could do things that animals or people can do. People often do this because it makes it easier to talk about things that we cannot see: Such as wisdom: ->Does not Wisdom call out? (Proverbs 8:1 ULB) +>Does not Wisdom call out? (Proverbs 8:1 ULB) Or sin: ->sin crouches at the door (Genesis 4:7 ULB) +>sin crouches at the door (Genesis 4:7 ULB) People also do this because it is sometimes easier to talk about people's relationships with non-human things, such as wealth, as if they were like relationships between people. ->You cannot serve God and wealth. (Matthew 6:24 ULB) +>You cannot serve God and wealth. (Matthew 6:24 ULB) ### Reasons this is a translation issue @@ -22,11 +22,11 @@ People also do this because it is sometimes easier to talk about people's relati ### Examples from the Bible ->You cannot serve God and wealth. (Matthew 6:24 ULB) +>You cannot serve God and wealth. (Matthew 6:24 ULB) Jesus speaks of wealth as if it were a master whom people might serve. Loving money and basing one's decisions on it is like serving it as a slave would serve his master. ->Does not Wisdom call out? Does not Understanding raise her voice? (Proverbs 8:1 ULB) +>Does not Wisdom call out? Does not Understanding raise her voice? (Proverbs 8:1 ULB) The author speaks of wisdom and understanding as if they are a woman who calls out to teach people. This means that they are not something hidden, but something obvious that people should pay attention to. @@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ If the personification would be understood clearly, consider using it. If it wou 1. Find a way to translate it without the personification. - * ** ... even the winds and the sea obey him** (Matthew 8:27 ULB) - The men speak of the "wind and the sea as if they are able to hear" and obey Jesus as people can. This could also be translated without the idea of obedience by speaking of Jesus controlling them. + * ** ... even the winds and the sea obey him** (Matthew 8:27 ULB) - The men speak of the "wind and the sea as if they are able to hear" and obey Jesus as people can. This could also be translated without the idea of obedience by speaking of Jesus controlling them. * He even controls the winds and the sea. diff --git a/translate/figs-possession/01.md b/translate/figs-possession/01.md index 594905d..5b25068 100644 --- a/translate/figs-possession/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-possession/01.md @@ -31,16 +31,16 @@ Possession is used in Hebrew, Greek, and English for a variety of situations. He >… the younger son … wasted his money with wildly extravagant living. (Luke 15:13) **Social Relationship** - In the example below, the disciples were people who learned from John. ->Then the disciples of John came to him …, (Matthew 9:14 ULB) +>Then the disciples of John came to him …, (Matthew 9:14 ULB) **Material** - In the example below, the material used for making the crowns was gold. >On their heads were something like crowns of gold (Revelation 9:7) **Contents** - In the example below, the cup has water in it. ->Whoever gives you a cup of water to drink … will not lose his reward. (Mark 9:41 ULB) +>Whoever gives you a cup of water to drink … will not lose his reward. (Mark 9:41 ULB) **Part of a whole** - In the example below, the door was a part of the palace. ->But Uriah slept at the door of the king's palace (2 Samuel 11:9 ULB) +>But Uriah slept at the door of the king's palace (2 Samuel 11:9 ULB) **Part of a group** - In the example below, "us" refers to the whole group and "each one" refers to the individual members. >To each one of us has been given a gift (Ephesians 4:7 ULB) @@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ If possession would be a natural way to show a particular relationship between t 1. Use a verb to show how the two are related. In the example below, the added verb is in bold. - * ** ... Whoever gives you a cup of water to drink ... will not lose his reward.** (Mark 9:41 ULB) + * ** ... Whoever gives you a cup of water to drink ... will not lose his reward.** (Mark 9:41 ULB) * ... Whoever gives you a cup that **has** water in it to drink ... will not lose his reward. * **Wealth is worthless on the day of wrath** (Proverbs 11:4 ULB) diff --git a/translate/figs-pronouns/01.md b/translate/figs-pronouns/01.md index acc7f30..21cb06c 100644 --- a/translate/figs-pronouns/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-pronouns/01.md @@ -10,16 +10,16 @@ Personal pronouns refer to people or things and show if the speaker is referring #### Person -* First Person - The speaker and possibly others (I, we) +* First Person - The speaker and possibly others (I, we) * [Exclusive and Inclusive "We"](../figs-exclusive/01.md) -* Second Person - The person or people that the speaker is talking to and possibly others (you) +* Second Person - The person or people that the speaker is talking to and possibly others (you) * [Forms of You](../figs-you/01.md) * Third Person - Someone or something other than the speaker and those he is talking to (he, she, it, they) #### Number -* Singular - one (I, you, he, she, it) -* Plural - more than one (we, you, they) +* Singular - one (I, you, he, she, it) +* Plural - more than one (we, you, they) * [Singular Pronouns that Refer to Groups](../figs-youcrowd/01.md) * Dual - two (Some languages have pronouns for specifically two people or two things.) diff --git a/translate/figs-quotations/01.md b/translate/figs-quotations/01.md index aef4111..a8a983a 100644 --- a/translate/figs-quotations/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-quotations/01.md @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ The verses in the examples below contain both direct and indirect quotations. In * Indirect quote: He instructed him to tell no one, * Direct quote: but told him, "Go on your way, and show yourself to the priest…" ->Being asked by the Pharisees when the kingdom of God would come, Jesus answered them and said, "The kingdom of God is not something that can be observed. Neither will they say, 'Look here!' or, 'Look there!' because the kingdom of God is among you." (Luke 17:20-21 ULB) +>Being asked by the Pharisees when the kingdom of God would come, Jesus answered them and said, "The kingdom of God is not something that can be observed. Neither will they say, 'Look here!' or, 'Look there!' because the kingdom of God is among you." (Luke 17:20-21 ULB) * Indirect quote: Being asked by the Pharisees when the kingdom of God would come, * Direct quote: Jesus answered them and said, "The kingdom of God is not something that can be observed. Neither will they say, 'Look here!' or, 'Look there!' because the kingdom of God is among you." diff --git a/translate/figs-quotemarks/01.md b/translate/figs-quotemarks/01.md index 36b1994..2bdeaa5 100644 --- a/translate/figs-quotemarks/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-quotemarks/01.md @@ -32,17 +32,17 @@ A second layer direct quote has single quote marks around it. We have underlined > They asked him, "Who is the man that said to you, 'Pick up your bed and walk'?" (John 5:12 ULB) -> … he sent two of the disciples, saying, "Go into the next village. As you enter, you will find a colt that has never been ridden. Untie it and bring it to me. If any one asks you, 'Why are you untying it?' say, 'The Lord has need of it.' " (Luke 19:29-31 ULB) +> … he sent two of the disciples, saying, "Go into the next village. As you enter, you will find a colt that has never been ridden. Untie it and bring it to me. If any one asks you, 'Why are you untying it?' say, 'The Lord has need of it.' " (Luke 19:29-31 ULB) #### A quotation with three layers A third layer direct quote has double quote marks around it. We have underlined it for you to see it clearly. -> Abraham said, "Because I thought, 'Surely there is no fear of God in this place, and they will kill me because of my wife.' Besides, she is indeed my sister, the daughter of my father, but not the daughter of my mother; and she became my wife. When God caused me to leave my father's house and travel from place to place, I said to her, 'You must show me this faithfulness as my wife: At every place where we go, say about me, "He is my brother." ' " (Genesis 20:10-13 ULB) +> Abraham said, "Because I thought, 'Surely there is no fear of God in this place, and they will kill me because of my wife.' Besides, she is indeed my sister, the daughter of my father, but not the daughter of my mother; and she became my wife. When God caused me to leave my father's house and travel from place to place, I said to her, 'You must show me this faithfulness as my wife: At every place where we go, say about me, "He is my brother." ' " (Genesis 20:10-13 ULB) #### A quotation with four layers A fourth layer direct quote has single quote marks around it. We have underlined it for you to see it clearly. -> They said to him, "A man came to meet us who said to us, 'Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, "Yahweh says this: 'Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.' " ' " (2 Kings 1:5-6 ULB) +> They said to him, "A man came to meet us who said to us, 'Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, "Yahweh says this: 'Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.' " ' " (2 Kings 1:5-6 ULB) ### Quote Marking Strategies diff --git a/translate/figs-quotesinquotes/01.md b/translate/figs-quotesinquotes/01.md index 4235889..a6610ff 100644 --- a/translate/figs-quotesinquotes/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-quotesinquotes/01.md @@ -27,13 +27,13 @@ The outermost layer is what Jesus said to Pilate. The second layer is what Pilat #### A quotation with three layers -> Abraham said, "... I said to her, 'You must show me this faithfulness as my wife: At every place where we go, say about me, "He is my brother." ' " (Genesis 20:10-13 ULB) +> Abraham said, "... I said to her, 'You must show me this faithfulness as my wife: At every place where we go, say about me, "He is my brother." ' " (Genesis 20:10-13 ULB) The outermost layer is what Abraham said to Abimelech. The second layer is what Abraham had told his wife. The third layer is what he wanted his wife to say. (We have underlined the third layer.) #### A quotation with four layers ->They said to him, "A man came to meet us who said to us, 'Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, "Yahweh says this: 'Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.' " ' " (2 Kings 1:6 ULB) +>They said to him, "A man came to meet us who said to us, 'Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, "Yahweh says this: 'Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.' " ' " (2 Kings 1:6 ULB) The outermost layer is what the messengers said to the king. The second layer is what the man who had met the messengers told them. The third is what that man wanted the messengers to say to the king. The fourth is what Yahweh said. (We have underlined the fourth layer.) @@ -53,9 +53,9 @@ Some languages use only direct quotes. Other languages use a combination of dire 1. Translate one or some of the quotes as indirect quotes. In English the word "that" can come before indirect quotes. It is underlined in the examples below. The pronouns that changed because of the indirect quote are also underlined. - * **Then Yahweh spoke to Moses and said, "I have heard the grumbling of the Israelites. Tell them, 'At twilight you will eat meat, and in the morning you will be filled with bread. Then you will know that I am Yahweh your God.' "** (Exodus 16:11-12 ULB) + * **Then Yahweh spoke to Moses and said, "I have heard the grumbling of the Israelites. Tell them, 'At twilight you will eat meat, and in the morning you will be filled with bread. Then you will know that I am Yahweh your God.' "** (Exodus 16:11-12 ULB) * Then Yahweh spoke to Moses and said, "I have heard the grumbling of the Israelites. Tell them that at twilight they will eat meat, and in the morning they will be filled with bread. Then they will know that I am Yahweh their God." - * **They said to him, "A man came to meet us who said to us, 'Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, "Yahweh says this: 'Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.' " ' "** (2 Kings 1:6 ULB) + * **They said to him, "A man came to meet us who said to us, 'Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, "Yahweh says this: 'Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.' " ' "** (2 Kings 1:6 ULB) * They told him that a man had come to meet them who said to them, "Go back to the king who sent you, and tell him that Yahweh says this: 'Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.' " diff --git a/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md b/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md index 9c2f54b..82bbb03 100644 --- a/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md @@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ If using the rhetorical question would be natural and give the right meaning in 1. Change the rhetorical question to a statement or exclamation. - * **What is the kingdom of God like, and what can I compare it to? It is like a mustard seed...** (Luke 13:18-19 ULB) + * **What is the kingdom of God like, and what can I compare it to? It is like a mustard seed...** (Luke 13:18-19 ULB) * This is what the kingdom of God is like. It is like a mustard seed..." * **Is this how you insult God's high priest?** (Acts 23:4 ULB) diff --git a/translate/figs-simile/01.md b/translate/figs-simile/01.md index f1762d9..1b66904 100644 --- a/translate/figs-simile/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-simile/01.md @@ -27,10 +27,10 @@ God's word is compared to a two-edged sword. A two-edged sword is a weapon that ### Examples from the Bible ->Suffer hardship with me, as a good soldier of Christ Jesus. (2 Timothy 2:3 ULB) +>Suffer hardship with me, as a good soldier of Christ Jesus. (2 Timothy 2:3 ULB) In this simile, Paul compares suffering with what soldiers endure, and he encourages Timothy to follow their example. ->for as the lightning appears when it flashes from one part of the sky to another part of the sky, so will the Son of Man be in his day. (Luke 17:24 ULB) +>for as the lightning appears when it flashes from one part of the sky to another part of the sky, so will the Son of Man be in his day. (Luke 17:24 ULB) This verse does not tell how the Son of Man will be like the lightning. But from the context we can understand from the verses before it that just as lighting flashes suddenly and everyone can see it, the Son of Man will come suddenly and everyone will be able to see him. No one will have to be told about it. @@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ If people would understand the correct meaning of a simile, consider using it. I * **See, I send you out as sheep in the midst of wolves,** (Matthew 10:16 ULB) - If people do not know what sheep and wolves are, or that wolves kill and eat sheep, you could use some other animal that kills another. * See, I send you out as chickens in the midst of wild dogs, - * **How often did I long to gather your children together, just as a hen gathers her chickens under her wings, but you did not agree!** (Matthew 23:37 ULB) + * **How often did I long to gather your children together, just as a hen gathers her chickens under her wings, but you did not agree!** (Matthew 23:37 ULB) * How often I wanted to gather your children together, as a mother closely watches over her infants, but you refused! * **If you have faith even as small as a grain of mustard,** (Matthew 17:20) @@ -68,6 +68,6 @@ If people would understand the correct meaning of a simile, consider using it. I * **See, I send you out as sheep in the midst of wolves,** (Matthew 10:16 ULB) * See, I send you out and people will want to harm you. - * **How often did I long to gather your children together, just as a hen gathers her chickens under her wings, but you did not agree!** (Matthew 23:37 ULB) + * **How often did I long to gather your children together, just as a hen gathers her chickens under her wings, but you did not agree!** (Matthew 23:37 ULB) * How often I wanted to protect you, but you refused! diff --git a/translate/figs-verbs/01.md b/translate/figs-verbs/01.md index 5319cea..75acaa9 100644 --- a/translate/figs-verbs/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-verbs/01.md @@ -5,11 +5,11 @@ Verbs are words that refer to an action or event or that is used in describing o **Examples** The verbs in the examples below are underlined. -* John ran. ("Run" is an action.) -* John ate a banana. ("Eat" is an action.) +* John ran. ("Run" is an action.) +* John ate a banana. ("Eat" is an action.) * John saw Mark. ("See" is an event.) -* John died. ("Die" is an event.) -* John is tall. (The phrase "is tall" describes John. The word "is" is a verb that links "John" with "tall.") +* John died. ("Die" is an event.) +* John is tall. (The phrase "is tall" describes John. The word "is" is a verb that links "John" with "tall.") * John looks handsome. (The phrase "is handsome" describes John. The word "looks" here is a verb that links "John" with "handsome.") * John is my brother. (The phrase "is my brother" identifies John.) @@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ When we tell about an event, we usually tell whether it is in the past, the pres In some languages the verb may be a little bit different depending on the time associated with it. This kind of marking on a verb is called **tense**. English speakers sometimes put "ed" at the end of the verb when the event happened in the past. * Sometimes Mary cooks meat. -* Yesterday Mary cooked meat. (She did this in the past.) +* Yesterday Mary cooked meat. (She did this in the past.) In some languages speakers might add a word to tell something about the time. English speakers use the word "will" when the verb refers to something in the future. @@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ When we tell about an event, sometimes we want to show how the event progressed * Mary cooks meat every day. (This tell about something Mary often does.) * Mary is cooking the meat. (This tells about something Mary is in the process of doing right now.) -* Mary cooked the meat, and John came home. (This simply tells about things that Mary and John did.) +* Mary cooked the meat, and John came home. (This simply tells about things that Mary and John did.) * While Mary was cooking the meat, John came home. (This tells about something Mary was in the process of doing when John came home) * Mary has cooked the meat, and she wants us to come eat it. (This tells about something Mary did that is still relevant now.) * Mary had cooked the meat by the time Mark came home. (This tells about something that Mary completed in the past before something else happened.) diff --git a/translate/figs-youdual/01.md b/translate/figs-youdual/01.md index 13066da..4b8a04c 100644 --- a/translate/figs-youdual/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-youdual/01.md @@ -19,11 +19,11 @@ Often the context will make it clear whether the word "you" refers to one person Jesus is asking the **two**, James and John, what they want him to do for them. If the target language has a **dual** form of "you," use that. If the target language does not have a dual form, then the plural form would be appropriate. ->… and Jesus sent out two of his disciples and said to them, "Go into the village opposite us. As soon as you enter it, you will find a colt that has never been ridden. Untie it and bring it to me. (Mark 11:1-2 ULB) +>… and Jesus sent out two of his disciples and said to them, "Go into the village opposite us. As soon as you enter it, you will find a colt that has never been ridden. Untie it and bring it to me. (Mark 11:1-2 ULB) The context makes it clear that Jesus is addressing **two** people. If the target language has a **dual** form of "you," use that. If the target language does not have a dual form, then the plural form would be appropriate. ->James, a servant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ, to the twelve tribes of the Dispersion, greetings. Consider it all joy, my brothers, when you experience various troubles, knowing that the testing of your faith works endurance. (James 1:1-3 ULB) +>James, a servant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ, to the twelve tribes of the Dispersion, greetings. Consider it all joy, my brothers, when you experience various troubles, knowing that the testing of your faith works endurance. (James 1:1-3 ULB) James wrote this letter to many people, so the word "you" refers to many people. If the target language has a **plural** form of "you," it would be best to use it here. diff --git a/translate/guidelines-equal/01.md b/translate/guidelines-equal/01.md index e1f7c43..821f6f5 100644 --- a/translate/guidelines-equal/01.md +++ b/translate/guidelines-equal/01.md @@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ An **equal** translation communicates any expressive meaning from the source lan Here are three translations, all with the same meaning, of Acts 18:6: -* "Your blood be upon your heads! I am innocent." (RSV) +* "Your blood be upon your heads! I am innocent." (RSV) * "If you are lost, you yourselves must take the blame for it! I am not responsible." (GNB) * "If God punishes you, it is because of you, not me!" (TFT) diff --git a/translate/guidelines-historical/01.md b/translate/guidelines-historical/01.md index f1eaee6..a78e683 100644 --- a/translate/guidelines-historical/01.md +++ b/translate/guidelines-historical/01.md @@ -18,9 +18,9 @@ Some explanation can be included in the text, as long as it is brief and does no Let us compare 1 Corinthians 10:1 from the ULB and UDB. ->"I want you to know, brothers and sisters that our fathers were all under the cloud and all passed through the sea. " (ULB) +>"I want you to know, brothers and sisters that our fathers were all under the cloud and all passed through the sea. " (ULB) -
"I want you to remember, brothers and sisters, that our Jewish ancestors were following God, who led them as a cloud during the day, as they passed through the Red Sea on dry land, long ago in the time of the Exodus." (UDB)
+
"I want you to remember, brothers and sisters, that our Jewish ancestors were following God, who led them as a cloud during the day, as they passed through the Red Sea on dry land, long ago in the time of the Exodus." (UDB)
Notice that the UDB makes several points explicit: the 'fathers were all under the cloud' tells of the time that God led the Jewish ancestors as a cloud. The statement that 'our fathers passed through the sea' is also about the 'passing through the Red Sea in the time of the exodus.' The UDB translator decided to explicitly describe the historical events. This is a way to translate historical events that is more meaningful for those who have little knowledge of Old Testament history. diff --git a/translate/guidelines-sonofgod/01.md b/translate/guidelines-sonofgod/01.md index bafa21e..194edfc 100644 --- a/translate/guidelines-sonofgod/01.md +++ b/translate/guidelines-sonofgod/01.md @@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ In the New Testament: #### The Old Testament begins to reveal God's three persons. ->God created the heavens... The Spirit of God was moving... "Let us make man in our image." (Genesis 1:1-2 ULB) +>God created the heavens... The Spirit of God was moving... "Let us make man in our image." (Genesis 1:1-2 ULB)
God has spoken to us by a Son... through whom he also made the universe. His Son is the radiance of his glory, the very character of his essence... about the Son he says,... "In the beginning, Lord, you laid earth's foundation; the heavens are the work of your hands." (Hebrews 1:2-3, and 8-10 ULB quoting Psalm 102:25)
diff --git a/translate/resources-eplain/01.md b/translate/resources-eplain/01.md index 495d592..28356ca 100644 --- a/translate/resources-eplain/01.md +++ b/translate/resources-eplain/01.md @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ Simple explanations about words or phrases are written as full sentences. They b If you did not know that fishermen used nets to catch fish, you might wonder why the fishermen were cleaning their nets. This explanation can help you choose good words for "were washing" and "nets." -> they motioned to their partners in the other boat (Luke 5:7 ULB) +> they motioned to their partners in the other boat (Luke 5:7 ULB) * **motioned** - They were too far from shore to call so they made gestures, probably waving their arms. diff --git a/translate/resources-iordquote/01.md b/translate/resources-iordquote/01.md index 4b607e2..cc16c30 100644 --- a/translate/resources-iordquote/01.md +++ b/translate/resources-iordquote/01.md @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ ### Description -There are two kinds of quotations: direct quotation and indirect quotation. When translating a quotation, translators need to decide whether to translate it as a direct quotation or an indirect quotation. (See: [Direct and Indirect Quotations](../figs-quotations/01.md)) +There are two kinds of quotations: direct quotation and indirect quotation. When translating a quotation, translators need to decide whether to translate it as a direct quotation or an indirect quotation. (See: [Direct and Indirect Quotations](../figs-quotations/01.md)) When there is a direct or indirect quote in the ULB, the notes may have an option for translating it as the other kind of quote. The translation suggestion may start with "It can be translated as a direct quote:" or "It can be translated as an indirect quote:" and it will be followed by that kind of quote. This will be followed by a link to the information page called "Direct and Indirect Quotations" that explains both kinds of quotations. diff --git a/translate/translate-bdistance/01.md b/translate/translate-bdistance/01.md index 353135b..1422445 100644 --- a/translate/translate-bdistance/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-bdistance/01.md @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ The following terms are the most common measures for distance or length that wer * The **span** or handspan was the width of a man's hand with the fingers spread out. * The **cubit** was the length of a man's forearm, from the elbow to the tip of the longest finger. * The **"long" cubit** is used only in Ezekiel 40-48. It is the length of a normal cubit plus a span. -* The **stadium** (plural, **stadia**) referred to a certain footrace that was about 185 meters in length. Some older English versions translated this word as "furlong", which referred to the average length of a plowed field. +* The **stadium** (plural, **stadia**) referred to a certain footrace that was about 185 meters in length. Some older English versions translated this word as "furlong", which referred to the average length of a plowed field. The metric values in the table below are close but not exactly equal to the biblical measures. The biblical measures probably differed in exact length from time to time and place to place. The equivalents below are an attempt to give an average measurement. diff --git a/translate/translate-decimal/01.md b/translate/translate-decimal/01.md index c79fc59..4d8626a 100644 --- a/translate/translate-decimal/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-decimal/01.md @@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ In the Unlocked Dynamic Bible (UDB) parts of a number are written as decimals or ### Examples from the Bible For telling about parts of a number, the Unlocked Literal Bible (ULB) uses fractions, and the Unlocked Dynamic Bible (UDB) uses mostly decimals when the number is used with a measurement. Another difference between the ULB and the UDB is that when measuring [Biblical Distance](../translate-bdistance/01.md), [Biblical Weight](../translate-bweight/01.md), and [Biblical Volume](../translate-bvolume/01.md), they use different systems, so the numbers in the ULB and the UDB are not the same for these measures. ->They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be two and a half cubits; its width will be one cubit and a half; and its height will be one cubit and a half. (Exodus 25:10 ULB) +>They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be two and a half cubits; its width will be one cubit and a half; and its height will be one cubit and a half. (Exodus 25:10 ULB) The ULB uses the fraction "half." This can also be written as a decimal: .5. >Tell the people to make a sacred chest from acacia wood. It is to be one meter long, 0.7 meter wide, and 0.7 meter high. (Exodus 25:10 UDB) diff --git a/translate/translate-formatsignals/01.md b/translate/translate-formatsignals/01.md index 4e1b52b..91e6761 100644 --- a/translate/translate-formatsignals/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-formatsignals/01.md @@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ In John 6:6, John interrupted the story he was writing to explain that Jesus alr The words in the parentheses below are not what Jesus was saying, but what Matthew was saying to the reader, to alert the reader that Jesus was using words that they would need to think about and interpret. ->"Therefore, when you see the abomination of desolation, which was spoken of by Daniel the prophet, standing in the holy place" **(**let the reader understand**)**, "let those who are in Judea flee to the mountains, let him who is on the housetop not go down to take out anything that is in his house, 18and let him who is in the field not return to take his cloak." (Matthew 24:15-18 ULB) +>"Therefore, when you see the abomination of desolation, which was spoken of by Daniel the prophet, standing in the holy place" **(**let the reader understand**)**, "let those who are in Judea flee to the mountains, let him who is on the housetop not go down to take out anything that is in his house, 18and let him who is in the field not return to take his cloak." (Matthew 24:15-18 ULB) #### Indentation diff --git a/translate/translate-fraction/01.md b/translate/translate-fraction/01.md index c4c1cea..833fea4 100644 --- a/translate/translate-fraction/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-fraction/01.md @@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ Some fractions in English do not follow that pattern. ### Examples From the Bible ->Now to one half of the tribe of Manasseh, Moses had given an inheritance in Bashan, but to the other half, Joshua gave an inheritance beside their brothers in the land west of the Jordan. (Joshua 22:7 ULB) +>Now to one half of the tribe of Manasseh, Moses had given an inheritance in Bashan, but to the other half, Joshua gave an inheritance beside their brothers in the land west of the Jordan. (Joshua 22:7 ULB) The tribe of Manasseh divided into two groups. The phrase "one half of the tribe of Manasseh" refers one of those groups. The phrase "the other half" refers to the other group. >The four angels who had been prepared for that very hour, that day, that month, and that year, were released to kill a third of humanity. (Revelation 9:15 ULB) @@ -56,22 +56,22 @@ If a fraction in your language would give the right meaning, consider using it. 1. Tell the number of parts or groups that the item would be divided into, and then tell the number of parts or groups that is being referred to. - * **A third of the ocean became red like blood** (Revelation 8:8 ULB) + * **A third of the ocean became red like blood** (Revelation 8:8 ULB) * It was like they divided the ocean into three parts, and one part of the ocean became blood. - * **then you must offer with the bull a grain offering of three tenths of an ephah of fine flour mixed with half a hin of oil.** (Numbers 15:9 ULB) + * **then you must offer with the bull a grain offering of three tenths of an ephah of fine flour mixed with half a hin of oil.** (Numbers 15:9 ULB) * ... then you must divide an ephah of fine flour into ten parts and divide a hin of oil into two parts. Then mix three of those parts of the flour with one of the parts of oil. Then you must offer that grain offering along with the bull. 1. For measurements, use the measurements that are given in the UDB. The translators of the UDB have already figured how to represent the amounts in the metric system. - * **two thirds of a shekel** (1 Samuel 13:21 ULB) + * **two thirds of a shekel** (1 Samuel 13:21 ULB) * eight grams of silver (1 Samuel 13:21 UDB) - * **three tenths of an ephah of fine flour mixed with half a hin of oil.** (Numbers 15:9 ULB) + * **three tenths of an ephah of fine flour mixed with half a hin of oil.** (Numbers 15:9 ULB) * six and one-half liters of finely ground flour mixed with two liters of olive oil. (Numbers 15:9 UDB) 1. For measurements, use ones that are used in your language. In order to do that you would need to know how your measurements relates to the metric system and figure out each measurement. - * **three tenths of an ephah of fine flour mixed with half a hin of oil.** (Numbers 15:9, ULB) + * **three tenths of an ephah of fine flour mixed with half a hin of oil.** (Numbers 15:9, ULB) * six quarts of fine flour mixed with two quarts of oil. diff --git a/translate/translate-numbers/01.md b/translate/translate-numbers/01.md index f9fd9e0..75973d9 100644 --- a/translate/translate-numbers/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-numbers/01.md @@ -75,4 +75,4 @@ Be consistent in your translations. Decide how the numbers will be translated, u #### Consistency in the ULB and UDB The *Unlocked Literal Bible* (ULB) and the *Unlocked Dynamic Bible* (UDB) use words for numbers that have only one or two words (nine, sixteen, three hundred). They use numerals for numbers that have more than two words (the numerals "130" instead of "one hundred thirty"). ->When Adam had lived 130 years, he became the father of a son in his own likeness, after his image, and he called his name Seth. After Adam became the father of Seth, he lived eight hundred years. He became the father of more sons and daughters. Adam lived 930 years, and then he died. (Genesis 5:3-5 ULB) +>When Adam had lived 130 years, he became the father of a son in his own likeness, after his image, and he called his name Seth. After Adam became the father of Seth, he lived eight hundred years. He became the father of more sons and daughters. Adam lived 930 years, and then he died. (Genesis 5:3-5 ULB) diff --git a/translate/translate-ordinal/01.md b/translate/translate-ordinal/01.md index bb06b9a..b1f9b3a 100644 --- a/translate/translate-ordinal/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-ordinal/01.md @@ -36,11 +36,11 @@ Some languages do not have special numbers for showing the order of items in a l ### Examples from the Bible ->The first lot went to Jehoiarib, the second to Jedaiah, the third to Harim, the fourth to Seorim, … the twenty-third to Delaiah, and the twenty-fourth to Maaziah. (1 Chronicles 24:7-18 ULB) +>The first lot went to Jehoiarib, the second to Jedaiah, the third to Harim, the fourth to Seorim, … the twenty-third to Delaiah, and the twenty-fourth to Maaziah. (1 Chronicles 24:7-18 ULB) People tossed lots and one went to each of these people in the order given. ->You must place in it four rows of precious stones. The first row must have a ruby, a topaz, and a garnet. The second row must have an emerald, a sapphire, and a diamond. The third row must have a jacinth, an agate, and an amethyst. The fourth row must have a beryl, and an onyx, and a jasper. They must be mounted in gold settings. (Exodus 28:17-20 ULB) +>You must place in it four rows of precious stones. The first row must have a ruby, a topaz, and a garnet. The second row must have an emerald, a sapphire, and a diamond. The third row must have a jacinth, an agate, and an amethyst. The fourth row must have a beryl, and an onyx, and a jasper. They must be mounted in gold settings. (Exodus 28:17-20 ULB) This describes four rows of stones. The first row is probably the top row, and the fourth row is probably the bottom row. @@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ If your language has ordinal numbers and using them would give the right meaning 1. Tell the total number of items, and use "one" with the first item and "another" or "the next" with the rest. - * **The first lot went to Jehoiarib, the second to Jedaiah, the third to Harim, the fourth to Seorim, … the twenty-third to Delaiah, and the twenty-fourth to Maaziah.** (1 Chronicles 24:7-18 ULB) + * **The first lot went to Jehoiarib, the second to Jedaiah, the third to Harim, the fourth to Seorim, … the twenty-third to Delaiah, and the twenty-fourth to Maaziah.** (1 Chronicles 24:7-18 ULB) * There were twenty-four lots. One lot went to Jehoiarib, another to Jedaiah,  another  to Harim, … another to Delaiah, and the last went to  Maaziah. * There were twenty-four lots. One lot went to Jehoiarib, the next to Jedaiah,  the next  to Harim, … the next to Delaiah, and the last went to  Maaziah. diff --git a/translate/translate-symaction/01.md b/translate/translate-symaction/01.md index 0b650dc..c0915ee 100644 --- a/translate/translate-symaction/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-symaction/01.md @@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ Translators need to understand what people in the Bible meant when they used sym ### Examples from the Bible ->Jairus fell down at Jesus' feet. (Luke 8:41 ULB) +>Jairus fell down at Jesus' feet. (Luke 8:41 ULB) Meaning of symbolic action: He did this to show great respect to Jesus. >Look, I stand at the door and knock. If anyone hears my voice and opens the door, I will come in to his home, and have a meal with him, and he with me. (Revelation 3:20 ULB) diff --git a/translate/translate-transliterate/01.md b/translate/translate-transliterate/01.md index 0a58a30..2cba026 100644 --- a/translate/translate-transliterate/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-transliterate/01.md @@ -4,19 +4,19 @@ Sometimes the Bible includes things that are not part of your culture and that your language may not have a word for. It also includes people and places that you may not have names for. -When that happens you can "borrow" the word from the Bible into your own language. This means that you basically copy it from the other language. This page tells how to "borrow" words. (There are also other ways to translate words for things that are not in your language. See [Translate Unknowns](../translate-unknown/01.md).) +When that happens you can "borrow" the word from the Bible into your own language. This means that you basically copy it from the other language. This page tells how to "borrow" words. (There are also other ways to translate words for things that are not in your language. See [Translate Unknowns](../translate-unknown/01.md).) ### Examples from the Bible ->He saw a fig tree on the roadside (Matthew 21:19 ULB) +>He saw a fig tree on the roadside (Matthew 21:19 ULB) If there are no fig trees where your language is spoken, there might not be a name for this kind of tree in your language. ->Above him were the seraphim; each one had six wings; with two each covered his face, and with two he covered his feet, and with two he flew. (Isaiah 6:2 ULB) +>Above him were the seraphim; each one had six wings; with two each covered his face, and with two he covered his feet, and with two he flew. (Isaiah 6:2 ULB) Your language might not have a name for this kind of creature. ->The declaration of the word of Yahweh to Israel by the hand of Malachi. (Malachi 1:1 ULB) +>The declaration of the word of Yahweh to Israel by the hand of Malachi. (Malachi 1:1 ULB) Malachi might not be a name that people who speak your language use. diff --git a/translate/translate-useulbudb/01.md b/translate/translate-useulbudb/01.md index b551f52..2d8f11e 100644 --- a/translate/translate-useulbudb/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-useulbudb/01.md @@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ The ULB often simply presents the symbolic action with no explanation of what it When you translate, you should decide whether your audience will correctly understand a symbolic action. If your audience will not understand, then you should do as the UDB does. (see [Symbolic Action](../translate-symaction/01.md)) >The high priest tore his garments (Mark 14:63 ULB) -
In response to Jesus' words, the high priest was so shocked that he tore his outer garment. (Mark 14:63 UDB)
+
In response to Jesus' words, the high priest was so shocked that he tore his outer garment. (Mark 14:63 UDB)
Here the UDB makes it clear that it was not by accident that the high priest tore his garment. It also makes clear that it was probably only his outer garment that he tore, and that he did so because he wanted to show that he was sad or angry or both. diff --git a/translate/translate-versebridge/01.md b/translate/translate-versebridge/01.md index 8f5f5ee..e01c459 100644 --- a/translate/translate-versebridge/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-versebridge/01.md @@ -4,9 +4,9 @@ In rare cases, you will see in the Unlocked Literal Bible (ULB) or the Unlocked Dynamic Bible (UDB) that two or more verse numbers are combined, such as 17-18. This is called a verse bridge. This means that the information in the verses was rearranged so that the story or message could be more easily understood. ->29 These were the clans of the Horites: Lotan, Shobal, Zibeon, and Anah, 30 Dishon, Ezer, Dishan: these are clans of the Horites, according to their clan lists in the land of Seir. (Genesis 26:29-30 ULB) +>29 These were the clans of the Horites: Lotan, Shobal, Zibeon, and Anah, 30 Dishon, Ezer, Dishan: these are clans of the Horites, according to their clan lists in the land of Seir. (Genesis 26:29-30 ULB) -
29-30 The people groups who were descendants of Hor lived in Seir land. The names of the people groups are Lotan, Shobal, Zibeon, Anah, Dishon, Ezer, and Dishpan. (Genesis 26:29-30 UDB)
+
29-30 The people groups who were descendants of Hor lived in Seir land. The names of the people groups are Lotan, Shobal, Zibeon, Anah, Dishon, Ezer, and Dishpan. (Genesis 26:29-30 UDB)
In the ULB text, verses 29 and 30 are separate, and the information about the people living in Seir is at the end of verse 30. In the UDB text, the verses are joined, and the information about them living in Seir is at the beginning. For many languages, this is a more logical order of information. @@ -14,13 +14,13 @@ In the ULB text, verses 29 and 30 are separate, and the information about the pe Sometimes the ULB has separate verses while the UDB has a verse bridge. ->4 However, there should be no poor among you (for Yahweh will surely bless you in the land that he gives you as an inheritance to possess), 5 if only you diligently listen to the voice of Yahweh your God, to keep all these commandments that I am commanding you today. (Deuteronomy 15:4-5 ULB) +>4 However, there should be no poor among you (for Yahweh will surely bless you in the land that he gives you as an inheritance to possess), 5 if only you diligently listen to the voice of Yahweh your God, to keep all these commandments that I am commanding you today. (Deuteronomy 15:4-5 ULB)
4-5 Yahweh our God will bless you in the land that he is giving to you. If you obey Yahweh our God and obey all the commandments that I am giving to you today, there will not be any poor people among you. (Deuteronomy 15:4-5 UDB)
There are also a few verse bridges in the ULB. ->17-18 Ezrah's sons were Jether, Mered, Epher, and Jalon. Mered's Egyptian wife bore Miriam, Shammai, and Ishbah, who became the father of Eshtemoa. These were the sons of Bithiah, daughter of Pharaoh, whom Mered married. Mered's Jewish wife bore Jered, who became the father of Gedor; Heber, who became the father of Soco; and Jekuthiel, who became the father of Zanoah. (1 Chronicles 4:17-18 ULB) +>17-18 Ezrah's sons were Jether, Mered, Epher, and Jalon. Mered's Egyptian wife bore Miriam, Shammai, and Ishbah, who became the father of Eshtemoa. These were the sons of Bithiah, daughter of Pharaoh, whom Mered married. Mered's Jewish wife bore Jered, who became the father of Gedor; Heber, who became the father of Soco; and Jekuthiel, who became the father of Zanoah. (1 Chronicles 4:17-18 ULB) The ULB moved the underlined sentence from verse 18 to verse 17 to more clearly show which were the sons of Bithiah. Here is the original order, which is confusing to many readers: diff --git a/translate/writing-background/01.md b/translate/writing-background/01.md index 56a2ca4..07df8a8 100644 --- a/translate/writing-background/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-background/01.md @@ -34,11 +34,11 @@ Background information can also be marked with words that tell the reader that t ### Examples from the Bible ->Hagar gave birth to Abram's son, and Abram named his son, whom Hagar bore, Ishmael. Abram was eighty-six years old when Hagar bore Ishmael to Abram. (Genesis 16:16 ULB) +>Hagar gave birth to Abram's son, and Abram named his son, whom Hagar bore, Ishmael. Abram was eighty-six years old when Hagar bore Ishmael to Abram. (Genesis 16:16 ULB) The first sentence tells about two events. Hagar gave birth and Abraham named his son. The second sentence is background information about how old Abram was when those things happened. ->Now Jesus himself, when he began to teach, was about thirty years of age. He was the son (as was supposed) of Joseph, the son of Heli. (Luke 3:23 ULB) +>Now Jesus himself, when he began to teach, was about thirty years of age. He was the son (as was supposed) of Joseph, the son of Heli. (Luke 3:23 ULB) The verses before this tell about when Jesus was baptized. This sentence introduces background information about Jesus' age and ancestors. The story starts up again in chapter 4 where it tells about Jesus going to the wilderness. @@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ These verses give the setting of the story. The events took place in a grain fie To keep translations clear and natural you will need to study how people tell stories in your language. Observe how your language marks background information. You may need to write down some stories in order to study this. Observe what kind of verbs your language uses for background information and what kinds of words or other markers signal that something is background information. Do these same things when you translate, so that your translation is clear and natural and people can understand it easily. 1. Use your language's way of showing that certain information is background information. -1. Reorder the information so that earlier events are mentioned first. (This is not always possible when the background information is very long.) +1. Reorder the information so that earlier events are mentioned first. (This is not always possible when the background information is very long.) ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied @@ -59,13 +59,13 @@ To keep translations clear and natural you will need to study how people tell st * **Now Jesus himself, when he began to teach, was about thirty years of age. He was the son (as was supposed) of Joseph, the son of Heli.** (Luke 3:23 ULB) English uses the word "now" to show that there is some kind of change in the story. The verb "was" shows that it is background information. -* **With many other exhortations also, he preached good news to the people. John also rebuked Herod the tetrarch for marrying his brother's wife, Herodias, and for all the other evil things that Herod had done. But then Herod did another very evil thing. He had John locked up in prison.** (Luke 3:18-20 ULB) The underlined phrases happened before John rebuked Herod. In English, the helping verb "had" in "had done" shows that Herod did those things before John rebuked him. +* **With many other exhortations also, he preached good news to the people. John also rebuked Herod the tetrarch for marrying his brother's wife, Herodias, and for all the other evil things that Herod had done. But then Herod did another very evil thing. He had John locked up in prison.** (Luke 3:18-20 ULB) The underlined phrases happened before John rebuked Herod. In English, the helping verb "had" in "had done" shows that Herod did those things before John rebuked him. 1. Reorder the information so that earlier events are mentioned first. * **Hagar gave birth to Abram's son, and Abram named his son, whom Hagar bore, Ishmael. Abram was eighty-six years old when Hagar bore Ishmael to Abram.** (Genesis 16:16 ULB) * "When Abram was eighty-six years old, Hagar gave birth to his son, and Abram named his son Ishmael." -* **John also rebuked Herod the tetrarch for marrying his brother's wife, Herodias, and for all the other evil things that Herod had done. But then Herod did another very evil thing. He had John locked up in prison.** (Luke 3:18-20) - The translation below reorders John's rebuke and Herod's actions. +* **John also rebuked Herod the tetrarch for marrying his brother's wife, Herodias, and for all the other evil things that Herod had done. But then Herod did another very evil thing. He had John locked up in prison.** (Luke 3:18-20) - The translation below reorders John's rebuke and Herod's actions. * "Now Herod the tetrarch married his brother's wife, Herodias, and he did many other evil things, so John rebuked him. But then Herod did another very evil thing. He had John locked up in prison." diff --git a/translate/writing-connectingwords/01.md b/translate/writing-connectingwords/01.md index 58bb0b0..ae5572a 100644 --- a/translate/writing-connectingwords/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-connectingwords/01.md @@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ If the way the relationship between thoughts is shown in the ULB would be natura 1. Use a connecting word (even if the ULB does not use one). -* **Jesus said to them, "Come after me, and I will make you become fishers of men." Immediately they left the nets and went after him.** (Mark 1:17-18 ULB) - They followed Jesus because he told them to. Some translators may want to mark this with "so." +* **Jesus said to them, "Come after me, and I will make you become fishers of men." Immediately they left the nets and went after him.** (Mark 1:17-18 ULB) - They followed Jesus because he told them to. Some translators may want to mark this with "so." * Jesus said to them, "Come after me, and I will make you become fishers of men." So immediately they left the nets and went after him. 1. Do not use a connecting word if it would be odd to use one and people would understand the right relationship between the thoughts without it. @@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ Some languages would prefer not to use connecting words here, because the meanin * Therefore whoever breaks the least one of these commandments, teaching others to do so as well, will be called least in the kingdom of heaven. Whoever keeps them and teaches them will be called great in the kingdom of heaven. -* **I did not immediately consult with flesh and blood, nor did I go up to Jerusalem to those who had become apostles before me, but instead I went to Arabia and then returned to Damascus. Then after three years I went up to Jerusalem to visit Cephas, and I stayed with him fifteen days.** (Galatians 1:16-18 ULB) - +* **I did not immediately consult with flesh and blood, nor did I go up to Jerusalem to those who had become apostles before me, but instead I went to Arabia and then returned to Damascus. Then after three years I went up to Jerusalem to visit Cephas, and I stayed with him fifteen days.** (Galatians 1:16-18 ULB) - Some languages might not need the words "but" or "then" here. @@ -68,9 +68,9 @@ Some languages might not need the words "but" or "then" here. 1. Use a different connecting word. -* **Therefore whoever breaks the least one of these commandments and teaches others to do so, will be called least in the kingdom of heaven. But whoever keeps them and teaches them will be called great in the kingdom of heaven.** (Matthew 5:19 ULB) Instead of a word like "therefore," a language might need a phrase to indicate that there was a section before it that gave the reason for the section that follows. Also, the word "but" is used here because of the contrast between the two groups of people. But in some languages, the word "but" would show that what comes after it is surprising because of what came before it. So "and" might be clearer for those languages. +* **Therefore whoever breaks the least one of these commandments and teaches others to do so, will be called least in the kingdom of heaven. But whoever keeps them and teaches them will be called great in the kingdom of heaven.** (Matthew 5:19 ULB) Instead of a word like "therefore," a language might need a phrase to indicate that there was a section before it that gave the reason for the section that follows. Also, the word "but" is used here because of the contrast between the two groups of people. But in some languages, the word "but" would show that what comes after it is surprising because of what came before it. So "and" might be clearer for those languages. * Because of that, whoever breaks the least one of these commandments and teaches others to do so, will be called least in the kingdom of heaven. And whoever keeps them and teaches them will be called great in the kingdom of heaven. -* **Since the captain could not tell anything because of all the noise, he ordered that Paul be brought into the fortress.** (Acts 21:34 ULB) - Instead of starting the first part of the sentence with "since," some translators might prefer to start the second part of the sentence with "so" to show the same relationship. +* **Since the captain could not tell anything because of all the noise, he ordered that Paul be brought into the fortress.** (Acts 21:34 ULB) - Instead of starting the first part of the sentence with "since," some translators might prefer to start the second part of the sentence with "so" to show the same relationship. * "The captain could not tell anything because of all the noise, so he ordered that Paul be brought into the fortress." diff --git a/translate/writing-newevent/01.md b/translate/writing-newevent/01.md index ad8f048..86ef223 100644 --- a/translate/writing-newevent/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-newevent/01.md @@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ The verses above introduce a story about Zechariah. The first underlined phrase > One day while Zechariah was performing his duties as a priest before God in the order of his division, the priests followed their custom and chose him by lot to enter the temple of the Lord and burn incense. (Luke 1:8-9 ULB) ->The birth of Jesus Christ happened in the following way. His mother Mary was engaged to marry Joseph, but before they came together, she was found to be pregnant by the Holy Spirit. (Matthew 1:18 ULB) +>The birth of Jesus Christ happened in the following way. His mother Mary was engaged to marry Joseph, but before they came together, she was found to be pregnant by the Holy Spirit. (Matthew 1:18 ULB) The underlined sentence above makes it explicit that a story about Jesus is being introduced. The story will tell about how the birth of Jesus happened. @@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ The word "then" shows that Jesus came to the Jordan River some time after the ev The author first introduced the new person and then told about what he did and when he did it. In some languages it might be more natural to tell about the time first. ->6Noah was six hundred years old when the flood came upon the earth. 7Noah, his sons, his wife, and his sons' wives went into the ark together because of the waters of the flood. (Genesis 7:6-7 ULB) +>6Noah was six hundred years old when the flood came upon the earth. 7Noah, his sons, his wife, and his sons' wives went into the ark together because of the waters of the flood. (Genesis 7:6-7 ULB) Verse 6 is a summary of the events that happen in the rest of chapter 7. Chapter 6 already told about how God told Noah that there would be a flood, and how Noah prepared for it. Chapter 7 verse 6 introduces the part of the story that tells about Noah and his family and the animals going into the ship, the rain starting, and the rain flooding the earth. Some languages might need to make it clear that this verse simply introduces the event, or move this verse after verse 7. Verse 6 is not one of the events of the story. The people went into the ship before the flood came. @@ -49,11 +49,11 @@ If the information given at the beginning of a new event is clear and natural to 1. Put the information that introduces the event in the order that your people put it. - * **Now there was a Pharisee whose name was Nicodemus, a member of the Jewish Council. This man came to Jesus at night time and said to him ...** (John 3:1,2) + * **Now there was a Pharisee whose name was Nicodemus, a member of the Jewish Council. This man came to Jesus at night time and said to him ...** (John 3:1,2) * There was a man whose name was Nicodemus. He was a Pharisee and a member of the Jewish Council. One night he came to Jesus and said… * One night a man named Nicodemus, who was a Pharisee and a member of the Jewish Council, came to Jesus and said ... - * **As he passed by, he saw Levi the son of Alpheus, who was sitting at the tax collecting place, and he said to him ...** (Mark 2:14 ULB) + * **As he passed by, he saw Levi the son of Alpheus, who was sitting at the tax collecting place, and he said to him ...** (Mark 2:14 ULB) * As he passed by, Levi the son of Alpheus was sitting at the tax collecting place. Jesus saw him and and said to him ... * As he passed by, there was a man sitting at the tax collecting place. His name was Levi, and he was the son of Alpheus. Jesus saw him and said to him ... * As he passed by, there was a tax collector sitting at the tax collecting place. His name was Levi, and he was the son of Alpheus. Jesus saw him and said to him ... diff --git a/translate/writing-poetry/01.md b/translate/writing-poetry/01.md index daa2f70..d9911c5 100644 --- a/translate/writing-poetry/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-poetry/01.md @@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ This example of [Parallelism with the Same Meaning](../figs-synonparallelism/01. >Yahweh, judge the nations; >vindicate me, Yahweh, because I am righteous and innocent, Most High. -This example of parallelism shows the contrast between what David wants God to do to him and what he wants God to do to the unrighteous nations. (see [Parallelism](../figs-parallelism/01.md)) +This example of parallelism shows the contrast between what David wants God to do to him and what he wants God to do to the unrighteous nations. (see [Parallelism](../figs-parallelism/01.md)) >Keep your servant also from arrogant sins; >let them not rule over me. (Psalm 19:13 ULB) diff --git a/translate/writing-pronouns/01.md b/translate/writing-pronouns/01.md index 942bf42..69b66e9 100644 --- a/translate/writing-pronouns/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-pronouns/01.md @@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ The example below occurs at the beginning of a chapter. In some languages it mig In the example below, two men are named in the first sentence. It might not be clear whom "he" in the second sentence refers to. ->Now after some days, King Agrippa and Bernice arrived at Caesarea to pay an official visit to Festus. After he had been there for many days, Festus presented Paul's case to the king... (Acts 25:13-14 ULB) +>Now after some days, King Agrippa and Bernice arrived at Caesarea to pay an official visit to Festus. After he had been there for many days, Festus presented Paul's case to the king... (Acts 25:13-14 ULB) Jesus is the main character of the book of Matthew, but in the verses below he is referred to four times by name. This may lead speakers of some languages to think that Jesus is not the main character. Or it might lead them to think that there is more than one person named Jesus in this story. Or it might lead them to think that there is some kind of emphasis on him, even though there is no emphasis. diff --git a/translate/writing-quotations/01.md b/translate/writing-quotations/01.md index 1587c89..6992fda 100644 --- a/translate/writing-quotations/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-quotations/01.md @@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ When writing that someone said something, some languages put the quote (what was #### Quote margin before the quote ->Zechariah said to the angel, "How will I know this will happen? For I am an old man, and my wife also is very old." (Luke 1:18 ULB) +>Zechariah said to the angel, "How will I know this will happen? For I am an old man, and my wife also is very old." (Luke 1:18 ULB)
Then some tax collectors also came to be baptized, and they said to him, "Teacher, what must we do?" (Luke 3:12 ULB)
@@ -35,15 +35,15 @@ When writing that someone said something, some languages put the quote (what was ##### Quote margin after the quote ->Yahweh relented concerning this. "It will not happen," he said. (Amos 7:3 ULB) +>Yahweh relented concerning this. "It will not happen," he said. (Amos 7:3 ULB) ##### Quote margin between two parts of the quote ->"I will hide my face from them," he said, "and I will see what their end will be; for they are a perverse generation, children who are unfaithful." (Deuteronomy 32:20 ULB) +>"I will hide my face from them," he said, "and I will see what their end will be; for they are a perverse generation, children who are unfaithful." (Deuteronomy 32:20 ULB) -
"Therefore, those who can," he said, "should go there with us. If there is something wrong with the man, you should accuse him." (Acts 25:5 ULB)
+
"Therefore, those who can," he said, "should go there with us. If there is something wrong with the man, you should accuse him." (Acts 25:5 ULB)
->"For look, days are coming"—this is Yahweh's declaration—"when I will restore the fortunes of my people, Israel" (Jeremiah 30:3 ULB) +>"For look, days are coming"—this is Yahweh's declaration—"when I will restore the fortunes of my people, Israel" (Jeremiah 30:3 ULB) ### Translation Strategies @@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ When writing that someone said something, some languages put the quote (what was 1. Decide where to put the quote margin. - * **"Therefore, those who can," he said, "should go there with us. If there is something wrong with the man, you should accuse him."** (Acts 25:5 ULB) + * **"Therefore, those who can," he said, "should go there with us. If there is something wrong with the man, you should accuse him."** (Acts 25:5 ULB) * He said, "Therefore, those who can should go there with us. If there is something wrong with the man, you should accuse him." * "Therefore, those who can should go there with us. If there is something wrong with the man, you should accuse him," he said. * "Therefore, those who can should go there with us," he said. "If there is something wrong with the man, you should accuse him." diff --git a/translate/writing-symlanguage/01.md b/translate/writing-symlanguage/01.md index b49667d..428314b 100644 --- a/translate/writing-symlanguage/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-symlanguage/01.md @@ -43,11 +43,11 @@ This passage explains the meaning of the seven lampstands and the seven stars. T 1. Translate the text with the symbols. Often the speaker or author explains the meaning later in the passage. - * **After this I saw in my dream at night a fourth animal, terrifying, frightening, and very strong. It had large iron teeth; it devoured, broke in pieces, and trampled underfoot what was left. It was different from the other animals, and it had ten horns.** (Daniel 7:7 ULB) - People will be able to understand what the symbols mean when they read the explanation in Daniel 7:23-24. + * **After this I saw in my dream at night a fourth animal, terrifying, frightening, and very strong. It had large iron teeth; it devoured, broke in pieces, and trampled underfoot what was left. It was different from the other animals, and it had ten horns.** (Daniel 7:7 ULB) - People will be able to understand what the symbols mean when they read the explanation in Daniel 7:23-24. 1. Translate the text with the symbols. Then explain the symbols in footnotes. - * **After this I saw in my dream at night a fourth animal, terrifying, frightening, and very strong. It had large iron teeth; it devoured, broke in pieces, and trampled underfoot what was left. It was different from the other animals, and it had ten horns.** (Daniel 7:7 ULB) + * **After this I saw in my dream at night a fourth animal, terrifying, frightening, and very strong. It had large iron teeth; it devoured, broke in pieces, and trampled underfoot what was left. It was different from the other animals, and it had ten horns.** (Daniel 7:7 ULB) * After this I saw in my dream at night a fourth animal,1 terrifying, frightening, and very strong. It had large iron teeth;2 it devoured, broke in pieces, and trampled underfoot what was left. It was different from the other animals, and it had ten horns.3 * The footnotes would look like: * [1] The animal is a symbol for a kingdom. From 0f06f0e70fba281d62ca3ccb78b4e00765012484 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: hmw3 Date: Mon, 1 Oct 2018 12:04:36 -0500 Subject: [PATCH 011/551] Deleted spurious spaces --- translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md | 4 ++-- translate/bita-part2/01.md | 2 +- translate/figs-events/01.md | 6 +++--- translate/figs-quotesinquotes/01.md | 2 +- translate/writing-background/01.md | 2 +- 5 files changed, 8 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md b/translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md index 989bc3b..2b41282 100644 --- a/translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md @@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ An example from Deuteronomy. >They broke away from Yahweh, the God of their fathers, who had brought them out of the land of Egypt. They went after other gods, the very gods of the peoples who were around them, and they bowed down to them. They provoked Yahweh to anger because they broke away from Yahweh and worshiped Baal and the Ashtoreths. -
For Solomon followed Ashtoreth, the goddess of the Sidonians, and he followed Milcom, the disgusting idol of the Ammonites. (1 Kings 11:5 ULB)
+
For Solomon followed Ashtoreth, the goddess of the Sidonians, and he followed Milcom, the disgusting idol of the Ammonites. (1 Kings 11:5 ULB)
>Not one of them who despised me will see it, except for my servant Caleb, because he had another spirit. He has followed me fully; I will bring him into the land which he went to examine. His descendants will possess it. (Numbers 14:23-24 ULB) @@ -252,7 +252,7 @@ Noah received righteousness as a permanent possession. #### SELLING represents handing over to someone's control. BUYING represents removing from someone's control ->[Yahweh] sold [the Israelites] into the hand of Cushan Rishathaim king of Aram Naharaim. (Judges 3:8 ULB) +>[Yahweh] sold [the Israelites] into the hand of Cushan Rishathaim king of Aram Naharaim. (Judges 3:8 ULB) #### SITTING IS RULING diff --git a/translate/bita-part2/01.md b/translate/bita-part2/01.md index 9c43e50..d5f9263 100644 --- a/translate/bita-part2/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-part2/01.md @@ -75,6 +75,6 @@ This means that he killed the serpent. #### SINS (INIQUITY) represent punishment for those sins ->Yahweh has placed on him the iniquity of us all (Isaiah 53:6 ULB) +>Yahweh has placed on him the iniquity of us all (Isaiah 53:6 ULB) This means that Yahweh placed on him the punishment that should have gone to all of us. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/translate/figs-events/01.md b/translate/figs-events/01.md index b3569d7..043c756 100644 --- a/translate/figs-events/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-events/01.md @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ In the Bible, events are not always told in the order in which they occurred. So This could sound like John baptized Jesus after John was locked up in prison, but John baptized Jesus before John was locked up in prison. -> Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams horns before Yahweh, as they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets… But Joshua commanded the people, saying, "Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then must you shout." (Joshua 6:8-10 ULB) +> Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams horns before Yahweh, as they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets… But Joshua commanded the people, saying, "Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then must you shout." (Joshua 6:8-10 ULB) This could sound like Joshua gave the order not to shout after the army had already started their march, but he had given that order before they started marching. @@ -38,12 +38,12 @@ This sounds like a person must first open the scroll and then break its seals, b 1. If your language uses verb tense or aspect to show that an event happened before one that was already mentioned, consider using that. - * **8 Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams' horns before Yahweh, as they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets...10 But Joshua commanded the people, saying, "Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then must you shout."** (Joshua 6:8-10 ULB) + * **8 Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams' horns before Yahweh, as they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets...10 But Joshua commanded the people, saying, "Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then must you shout."** (Joshua 6:8-10 ULB) * 8 Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams horns before Yahweh, as they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets...10 But Joshua had commanded the people, saying, "Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then must you shout. 1. If your language prefers to tell events in the order that they occur, consider reordering the events. This may require putting two or more verses together (like 5-6). - * **8 Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams horns before Yahweh, as they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets...10 But Joshua commanded the people, saying, "Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then must you shout."** (Joshua 6:8-10 ULB) + * **8 Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams horns before Yahweh, as they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets...10 But Joshua commanded the people, saying, "Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then must you shout."** (Joshua 6:8-10 ULB) * 8-10 Joshua commanded the people, saying, "Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then must you shout." Then just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams horns before Yahweh, as they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets ... * **Who is worthy to open the scroll and break its seals?** (Revelation 5:2 ULB) diff --git a/translate/figs-quotesinquotes/01.md b/translate/figs-quotesinquotes/01.md index a6610ff..090c5b9 100644 --- a/translate/figs-quotesinquotes/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-quotesinquotes/01.md @@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ The outermost layer is what Jesus said to Pilate. The second layer is what Pilat #### A quotation with three layers -> Abraham said, "... I said to her, 'You must show me this faithfulness as my wife: At every place where we go, say about me, "He is my brother." ' " (Genesis 20:10-13 ULB) +> Abraham said, "... I said to her, 'You must show me this faithfulness as my wife: At every place where we go, say about me, "He is my brother." ' " (Genesis 20:10-13 ULB) The outermost layer is what Abraham said to Abimelech. The second layer is what Abraham had told his wife. The third layer is what he wanted his wife to say. (We have underlined the third layer.) diff --git a/translate/writing-background/01.md b/translate/writing-background/01.md index 07df8a8..b81c1d9 100644 --- a/translate/writing-background/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-background/01.md @@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ Background information can also be marked with words that tell the reader that t The first sentence tells about two events. Hagar gave birth and Abraham named his son. The second sentence is background information about how old Abram was when those things happened. ->Now Jesus himself, when he began to teach, was about thirty years of age. He was the son (as was supposed) of Joseph, the son of Heli. (Luke 3:23 ULB) +>Now Jesus himself, when he began to teach, was about thirty years of age. He was the son (as was supposed) of Joseph, the son of Heli. (Luke 3:23 ULB) The verses before this tell about when Jesus was baptized. This sentence introduces background information about Jesus' age and ancestors. The story starts up again in chapter 4 where it tells about Jesus going to the wilderness. From 52eb4a8e980b4b7365b65ea2ea6000d5b1908375 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: hmw3 Date: Mon, 1 Oct 2018 13:55:54 -0500 Subject: [PATCH 012/551] Updating Scripture examples --- translate/bita-farming/01.md | 4 ++-- translate/bita-hq/01.md | 16 ++++++++-------- translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md | 4 ++-- translate/bita-part1/01.md | 2 +- translate/bita-part2/01.md | 2 +- translate/bita-part3/01.md | 10 +++++----- translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md | 2 +- 7 files changed, 20 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/bita-farming/01.md b/translate/bita-farming/01.md index 9d5f5fa..767f94b 100644 --- a/translate/bita-farming/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-farming/01.md @@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ After farmers harvest wheat and other types of grain, they bring them to a _thre #### GRAFTING represents God's allowing the Gentiles to become his people -> For if you were cut out of what is by nature a wild olive tree, and contrary to nature were grafted into a good olive tree, how much more will these Jews, who are the natural branches, be grafted back into their own olive tree? For I do not want you to be unaware, brothers, of this mystery, in order that you will not be wise in your own thinking. This mystery is that a partial hardening has occurred in Israel, until the completion of the Gentiles come in. (Romans 11:24-25 ULB) +> For if you were cut out of what is by nature a wild olive tree, and contrary to nature were grafted into a good olive tree, how much more will these, the natural branches, be grafted back into their own olive tree? For I do not want you to be uninformed, brothers, of this mystery, so that you may not be wise in your own thinking: A partial hardening has come upon Israel until the full number of the Gentiles comes in. (Romans 11:24-25 ULB) #### RAIN represents God's gifts to his people @@ -49,4 +49,4 @@ After farmers harvest wheat and other types of grain, they bring them to a _thre
For the land that drinks in the rain that often comes on it, and that gives birth to the plants useful to those for whom the land was worked—this is the land that receives a blessing from God. But if it bears thorns and thistles, it is worthless and is near to a curse. Its end is in burning. (Hebrews 6:7-8 ULB)
-> So be patient, brothers, until the Lord's coming. See, the farmer awaits the valuable harvest from the ground. He is patiently waiting for it, until it receives the early and late rains. (James 5:7 ULB) +> Be patient, then, brothers, until the Lord's coming. See how the farmer waits for the precious fruit from the ground and he is patient about it, until it receives the early and late rains. (James 5:7 ULB) diff --git a/translate/bita-hq/01.md b/translate/bita-hq/01.md index e2b760e..9e9ae20 100644 --- a/translate/bita-hq/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-hq/01.md @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ Some images from the Bible involving body parts and human qualities are listed b > Now you are the body of Christ and individually members of it. (1 Corinthians 12:27 ULB) -
Rather we will speak the truth in love and grow up in all ways into him who is the head, Christ. Christ joins the whole body of believers together—it is held together by every supporting ligament so that the whole body grows and builds itself up in love. (Ephesians 4:15-16 ULB)
+
Instead, speaking the truth in love, we are to grow up in every way into him who is the head, that is, Christ. Christ builds the whole body, and it is joined and held together by every supporting ligament, and when each part works together, that makes the body grow so that it builds itself up in love. (Ephesians 4:15-16 ULB)
In these verses, the body of Christ represents the group of people who follow Christ. @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ To be before someone's face is to be in their presence, that is, to be with them To put something before one's face is to look at it intently or pay attention to it. -> Many seek the face of the ruler, (Proverbs 29:26 ULB) +> Many are those who seek the face of the ruler. (Proverbs 29:26 ULB) If someone seeks another person's face, he hopes that the person will pay attention to him. @@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ To hide one's face from someone is to ignore him. >The famine was over all the face of the whole land. (Genesis 41:56 ULB) -
He encloses the face of the moon and spreads his clouds on it. (Job 26:9 ULB)
+
They cover the face of the earth and they are right now next to me. (Numbers 22:5 ULB)
#### The HAND represents a person's agency or power @@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ To hide one's face from someone is to ignore him. #### The HEAD represents the ruler, the one who has authority over others ->God has subjected all things under Christ's feet and has made him the head over all things in the church, which is his body, the fullness of him who fills all things in all ways. (Ephesians 1:22 ULB) +> God put all things under Christ's feet and gave him to the church as head over all things. (Ephesians 1:22 ULB)
Wives should be subject to their own husbands, as to the Lord. For the husband is the head of the wife, as Christ also is the head of the church, and he is the Savior of the body. (Ephesian 5:22-23 ULB)
@@ -77,24 +77,24 @@ To serve God is to be motivated by God. To serve money is to be motivated by mon If someone's name is great, it means that he is great. ->Listen now to the prayer of your servant and to the prayer of your servants who delight to honor your name…. Nehemiah 1:11 (ULB) +>Listen now to the prayer of your servant and to the prayer of your servants who delight to honor your name…. (Nehemiah 1:11 ULB) To honor someone's name is to honor him. #### A NAME represents the fame or reputation of a person ->You must no longer profane my holy name with your gifts and your idols. Ezekiel 20:39 (ULB) +>You must no longer profane my holy name with your gifts and your idols. (Ezekiel 20:39 ULB) To profane God's name is to profane his reputation, that is, to profane how people think about him. ->For I will make my great name holy, which you have profaned among the nations…. Ezekiel 36:23 (ULB) +>For I will make my great name holy, which you have profaned among the nations. (Ezekiel 36:23 ULB) To make God's name holy is to cause people to to see that God is holy. ->Your servants have come here from a land very far away, because of the name of Yahweh your God. We have heard a report about him and about everything that he did in Egypt (Joshua 9:9 ULB) +>Your servants have come here from a land very far away, because of the name of Yahweh your God. We have heard a report about him and about everything that he did in Egypt. (Joshua 9:9 ULB) The fact that the men said they heard a report about Yahweh shows that "because of the name of Yahweh" means because of Yahweh's reputation. diff --git a/translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md b/translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md index 2b41282..3006510 100644 --- a/translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md @@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ An example from Revelation. Another word for "eat up" is devour. >Therefore as the tongue of fire devours stubble, and as the dry grass goes down in flame, ->so their root will rot, and their blossom will blow away like dust, (Isaiah 5:24 ULB) +>so their root will rot, and their blossom will blow away like dust. (Isaiah 5:24 ULB) Another example from Isaiah. >Therefore Yahweh will raise up against him, Rezin, his adversary, and will stir up his enemies, @@ -267,7 +267,7 @@ Noah received righteousness as a permanent possession. #### WALKING represents behaving and PATH (WAY) represents behavior ->Blessed is the man who does not walk in the advice of the wicked. Psalm 1:1 ULB) +>Blessed is the man who does not walk in the advice of the wicked. (Psalm 1:1 ULB)
For Yahweh approves of the way of the righteous. (Psalm 1:6 ULB)
diff --git a/translate/bita-part1/01.md b/translate/bita-part1/01.md index 972c64d..fe49334 100644 --- a/translate/bita-part1/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-part1/01.md @@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ The patterns found in the Bible are often unique to the Hebrew and Greek languag For example, one pattern of pairings in the Bible is of walking with "behaving" and a path with a kind of behavior. In Psalm 1:1 the walking in the advice of the wicked represents doing what wicked people say to do. ->Blessed is the man who does not walk in the advice of the wicked (Psalm 1:1 ULB) +>Blessed is the man who does not walk in the advice of the wicked. (Psalm 1:1 ULB) This pattern is also seen in Psalm 119:32 where running in the path of God's commands represents doing what God commands. Since running is more intense than walking, the idea of running here might give the idea of doing this whole-heartedly. diff --git a/translate/bita-part2/01.md b/translate/bita-part2/01.md index d5f9263..fd7ce35 100644 --- a/translate/bita-part2/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-part2/01.md @@ -75,6 +75,6 @@ This means that he killed the serpent. #### SINS (INIQUITY) represent punishment for those sins ->Yahweh has placed on him the iniquity of us all (Isaiah 53:6 ULB) +>Yahweh has placed on him the iniquity of us all. (Isaiah 53:6 ULB) This means that Yahweh placed on him the punishment that should have gone to all of us. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/translate/bita-part3/01.md b/translate/bita-part3/01.md index 3959792..e4bfa71 100644 --- a/translate/bita-part3/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-part3/01.md @@ -14,13 +14,13 @@ Although the Bible explicitly denies that God is a human being, he is often spok
I have been strengthened by the hand of Yahweh my God (Ezra 7:28 ULB)
->The hand of God also came on Judah, to give them one heart to carry out the command of the king and leaders by the word of Yahweh (2 Chronicles 30:12 ULB) +>The hand of God also came on Judah, to give them one heart to carry out the command of the king and leaders by the word of Yahweh. (2 Chronicles 30:12 ULB) The word "hand" here is a metonym that refers to God's power. (See: [Metonymy](figs-metonymy)) #### God is modeled as a KING -> For God is the King over all the earth; (Psalm 47:7 ULB) +> For God is the King over all the earth. (Psalm 47:7 ULB) >For the kingdom is Yahweh's; >he is the ruler over the nations. (Psalm 22:28 ULB) @@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ He is willing to die in order to save his sheep. #### God is modeled as a WARRIOR ->Yahweh is a warrior; (Exodus 15:3 ULB) +>Yahweh is a warrior. (Exodus 15:3 ULB) > Yahweh will go out as a warrior; he will proceed as a man of war. He will stir up his zeal. > He will shout, yes, he will roar his battle cries; he will show his enemies his power. (Isaiah 42:13 ULB) @@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ In this model, the blood of a person or an animal represents its life. If blood is spilled or shed, someone has been killed. ->Whoever sheds man's blood, by man will his blood be shed, (Genesis 9:6 ULB) +>Whoever sheds man's blood, by man will his blood be shed. (Genesis 9:6 ULB)
In this way, this person would not die by the hand of the one who wanted to avenge the blood that was shed, until the accused person would first stand before the assembly. (Joshua 20:9 ULB)
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ The verses below are not about real physical boundaries but about difficulties o
He has blocked my path with walls of hewn stone; every way I take is crooked. (Lamentations 3:9 ULB)
->Measuring lines have been laid for me in pleasant places (Psalm 16:6 ULB) +>Measuring lines have been laid for me in pleasant places. (Psalm 16:6 ULB) #### Dangerous places are modeled as NARROW PLACES diff --git a/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md b/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md index b2aa83e..eb4522f 100644 --- a/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md @@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ The abstract noun "gain" refers to something that benefits or helps someone. The abstract noun "salvation" here refers to being saved. ->The Lord does not move slowly concerning his promises, as some consider slowness to be (2 Peter 3:9 ULB) +>The Lord does not move slowly concerning his promises, as some consider slowness to be. (2 Peter 3:9 ULB) The abstract noun "slowness" refers how slowly something is done. From 676a5bec69ffdf9f2cbb088e883abc38058144ee Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: hmw3 Date: Mon, 1 Oct 2018 14:01:09 -0500 Subject: [PATCH 013/551] Deleted spurious spaces --- translate/bita-animals/01.md | 20 ++++++------ translate/bita-farming/01.md | 32 +++++++++---------- translate/bita-hq/01.md | 20 ++++++------ translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md | 6 ++-- translate/bita-part1/01.md | 2 +- translate/bita-part2/01.md | 8 ++--- translate/bita-part3/01.md | 14 ++++---- translate/bita-phenom/01.md | 2 +- translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md | 2 +- translate/figs-declarative/01.md | 4 +-- translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md | 2 +- translate/figs-euphemism/01.md | 2 +- translate/figs-events/01.md | 4 +-- translate/figs-exmetaphor/01.md | 24 +++++++------- translate/figs-explicit/01.md | 2 +- translate/figs-extrainfo/01.md | 2 +- translate/figs-gendernotations/01.md | 4 +-- translate/figs-hypo/01.md | 10 +++--- translate/figs-imperative/01.md | 4 +-- translate/figs-infostructure/01.md | 2 +- translate/figs-merism/01.md | 4 +-- translate/figs-metaphor/01.md | 6 ++-- translate/figs-metonymy/01.md | 2 +- translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md | 2 +- translate/figs-pastforfuture/01.md | 6 ++-- translate/figs-possession/01.md | 2 +- translate/figs-quotemarks/01.md | 10 +++--- translate/figs-quotesinquotes/01.md | 4 +-- translate/figs-rpronouns/01.md | 2 +- translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md | 2 +- translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples/01.md | 2 +- translate/resources-alterm/01.md | 4 +-- translate/resources-connect/01.md | 4 +-- translate/resources-eplain/01.md | 6 ++-- translate/resources-fofs/01.md | 4 +-- translate/resources-iordquote/01.md | 4 +-- translate/resources-long/01.md | 2 +- translate/resources-synequi/01.md | 4 +-- translate/translate-hebrewmonths/01.md | 2 +- translate/writing-endofstory/01.md | 8 ++--- translate/writing-newevent/01.md | 4 +-- translate/writing-participants/01.md | 6 ++-- translate/writing-pronouns/01.md | 6 ++-- 43 files changed, 131 insertions(+), 131 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/bita-animals/01.md b/translate/bita-animals/01.md index 13f1b79..119d27c 100644 --- a/translate/bita-animals/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-animals/01.md @@ -4,9 +4,9 @@ Some images from the Bible involving body parts and human qualities are listed b #### An ANIMAL HORN represents strength -> God is my rock. I take refuge in him. -> He is my shield, the horn of my salvation, my stronghold, and my refuge, -> the one who saves me from violence. (2 Samuel 22:3 ULB) +>God is my rock. I take refuge in him. +>He is my shield, the horn of my salvation, my stronghold, and my refuge, +>the one who saves me from violence. (2 Samuel 22:3 ULB) The "horn of my salvation" is the strong one who saves me. @@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ In Habakkuk and Hosea, Israel's enemies who would come and attack them were com
and their horsemen come from a great distance—they fly like an eagle hurrying to eat! (Habakkuk 1:8 ULB)
>An eagle is coming over the house of Yahweh. -> ... Israel has rejected what is good, +>... Israel has rejected what is good, >and the enemy will pursue him. (Hosea 8:1,3 ULB) In Isaiah, God called a certain foreign king a bird of prey because he would come quickly and attack Israel's enemies. @@ -44,12 +44,12 @@ In Isaiah, God called a certain foreign king a bird of prey because he would com This is because birds spread their wings over their chicks to protect them from danger. >Protect me like the apple of your eye; hide me under the shadow of your wings -> from the presence of the wicked ones who assault me, my enemies who surround me. (Psalm 17:8-9 ULB) +>from the presence of the wicked ones who assault me, my enemies who surround me. (Psalm 17:8-9 ULB) Here is another example of how the wings represent protection. -> Be merciful to me, God, be merciful to me, -> for I take refuge in you until these troubles are over. -> I stay under your wings for protection until this destruction is over. (Psalm 57:1 ULB) +>Be merciful to me, God, be merciful to me, +>for I take refuge in you until these troubles are over. +>I stay under your wings for protection until this destruction is over. (Psalm 57:1 ULB) #### DANGEROUS ANIMALS represent dangerous people @@ -71,8 +71,8 @@ In Matthew, John the Baptist called the religious leaders poisonous snakes becau #### EAGLES represent strength -> He satisfies your life with good things -> so that your youth is renewed like the eagle. (Psalm 103:5 ULB) +>He satisfies your life with good things +>so that your youth is renewed like the eagle. (Psalm 103:5 ULB)
For Yahweh says this, "See, the enemy will come flying like an eagle, spreading out his wings over Moab." (Isaiah 48:40 ULB)
diff --git a/translate/bita-farming/01.md b/translate/bita-farming/01.md index 767f94b..730505e 100644 --- a/translate/bita-farming/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-farming/01.md @@ -3,50 +3,50 @@ Some images from the Bible related to farming are listed below. The word in all #### A FARMER represents God, and the VINEYARD represents his chosen people -> My well beloved had a vineyard on a very fertile hill. -> He spaded it and removed the stones, and planted it with the choicest vine. -> He built a tower in the middle of it, and also built a winepress. -> He waited for it to produce grapes, but it produced wild grapes. (Isaiah 5:1-2) +>My well beloved had a vineyard on a very fertile hill. +>He spaded it and removed the stones, and planted it with the choicest vine. +>He built a tower in the middle of it, and also built a winepress. +>He waited for it to produce grapes, but it produced wild grapes. (Isaiah 5:1-2)
For the kingdom of heaven is like a landowner who went out early in the morning to hire workers for his vineyard. (Matthew 20:1 ULB)
-> There was a man, a person with extensive land. He planted a vineyard, set a hedge about it, dug a winepress in it, built a watchtower, and rented it out to vine growers. Then he went into another country. (Matthew 21:33 ULB) +>There was a man, a person with extensive land. He planted a vineyard, set a hedge about it, dug a winepress in it, built a watchtower, and rented it out to vine growers. Then he went into another country. (Matthew 21:33 ULB) #### The GROUND represents people's hearts (inner being) -> For Yahweh says this to each person in Judah and Jerusalem: 'Plow your own ground, -> and do not sow among thorns. (Jeremiah 4:3 ULB) +>For Yahweh says this to each person in Judah and Jerusalem: 'Plow your own ground, +>and do not sow among thorns. (Jeremiah 4:3 ULB)
When anyone hears the word of the kingdom but does not understand it.... This is the seed that was sown beside the road. What was sown on rocky ground is the person who hears the word and immediately receives it with joy....What was sown among the thorn plants, this is the person who hears the word, but the cares of the world and the deceitfulness of riches choke the word.... What was sown on the good soil, this is the person who hears the word and understands it. (Matthew 13:19-23 ULB)
-> Break up your unplowed ground, -> for it is time to seek Yahweh.... (Hosea 10:12 ULB) +>Break up your unplowed ground, +>for it is time to seek Yahweh.... (Hosea 10:12 ULB) #### SOWING represents actions or attitudes, and REAPING represents judgment or reward -> Based on what I have observed, those who plow iniquity -> and sow trouble reap the same. (Job 4:8 ULB) +>Based on what I have observed, those who plow iniquity +>and sow trouble reap the same. (Job 4:8 ULB) -> Do not be deceived. God is not mocked. Whatever a man plants, that is what he will also harvest. For he who sows seed to his own sinful nature will harvest destruction, but he who sows seed to the Spirit, will harvest eternal life from the Spirit. (Galatians 6:7-8 ULB) +>Do not be deceived. God is not mocked. Whatever a man plants, that is what he will also harvest. For he who sows seed to his own sinful nature will harvest destruction, but he who sows seed to the Spirit, will harvest eternal life from the Spirit. (Galatians 6:7-8 ULB) #### THRESHING and WINNOWING represent the separation of evil people from good people After farmers harvest wheat and other types of grain, they bring them to a _threshing floor_, a flat place with hard ground, and have oxen pull heavy wheeled carts or sleds without wheels over the grain to _thresh_ it, to separate the usable grains from the useless chaff. Then they take large forks and _winnow_ the threshed grain by throwing it up in the air so the wind can carry off the chaff while the grains fall back to the threshing floor, where they can be gathered and used for food. (see *thresh* and *winnow* pages in [translationWords](https://unfoldingword.org/en/?resource=translation-words) for help translating "thresh" and "winnow") -> So I will winnow them with a pitchfork at the gates of the land. I will bereave them. I will destroy my people since they will not turn from their ways. (Jeremiah 15:7 ULB) +>So I will winnow them with a pitchfork at the gates of the land. I will bereave them. I will destroy my people since they will not turn from their ways. (Jeremiah 15:7 ULB)
His winnowing fork is in his hand to thoroughly clear off his threshing floor and to gather the wheat into his storehouse. But he will burn up the chaff with fire that can never be put out. (Luke 3:17 ULB)
#### GRAFTING represents God's allowing the Gentiles to become his people -> For if you were cut out of what is by nature a wild olive tree, and contrary to nature were grafted into a good olive tree, how much more will these, the natural branches, be grafted back into their own olive tree? For I do not want you to be uninformed, brothers, of this mystery, so that you may not be wise in your own thinking: A partial hardening has come upon Israel until the full number of the Gentiles comes in. (Romans 11:24-25 ULB) +>For if you were cut out of what is by nature a wild olive tree, and contrary to nature were grafted into a good olive tree, how much more will these, the natural branches, be grafted back into their own olive tree? For I do not want you to be uninformed, brothers, of this mystery, so that you may not be wise in your own thinking: A partial hardening has come upon Israel until the full number of the Gentiles comes in. (Romans 11:24-25 ULB) #### RAIN represents God's gifts to his people -> ...he comes and rains righteousness on you. (Hosea 10:12 ULB) +>...he comes and rains righteousness on you. (Hosea 10:12 ULB)
For the land that drinks in the rain that often comes on it, and that gives birth to the plants useful to those for whom the land was worked—this is the land that receives a blessing from God. But if it bears thorns and thistles, it is worthless and is near to a curse. Its end is in burning. (Hebrews 6:7-8 ULB)
-> Be patient, then, brothers, until the Lord's coming. See how the farmer waits for the precious fruit from the ground and he is patient about it, until it receives the early and late rains. (James 5:7 ULB) +>Be patient, then, brothers, until the Lord's coming. See how the farmer waits for the precious fruit from the ground and he is patient about it, until it receives the early and late rains. (James 5:7 ULB) diff --git a/translate/bita-hq/01.md b/translate/bita-hq/01.md index 9e9ae20..46c173c 100644 --- a/translate/bita-hq/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-hq/01.md @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Some images from the Bible involving body parts and human qualities are listed b #### The BODY represents a group of people -> Now you are the body of Christ and individually members of it. (1 Corinthians 12:27 ULB) +>Now you are the body of Christ and individually members of it. (1 Corinthians 12:27 ULB)
Instead, speaking the truth in love, we are to grow up in every way into him who is the head, that is, Christ. Christ builds the whole body, and it is joined and held together by every supporting ligament, and when each part works together, that makes the body grow so that it builds itself up in love. (Ephesians 4:15-16 ULB)
@@ -20,11 +20,11 @@ To be before someone's face is to be in their presence, that is, to be with them #### The FACE represents someone's attention -> Every man of the house of Israel who takes his idols into his heart, or who puts the stumbling block of his iniquity before his face, and who then comes to a prophet—I, Yahweh, will answer him according to the number of his idols. (Ezekiel 14:4 ULB) +>Every man of the house of Israel who takes his idols into his heart, or who puts the stumbling block of his iniquity before his face, and who then comes to a prophet—I, Yahweh, will answer him according to the number of his idols. (Ezekiel 14:4 ULB) To put something before one's face is to look at it intently or pay attention to it. -> Many are those who seek the face of the ruler. (Proverbs 29:26 ULB) +>Many are those who seek the face of the ruler. (Proverbs 29:26 ULB) If someone seeks another person's face, he hopes that the person will pay attention to him. @@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ To hide one's face from someone is to ignore him. #### The HAND represents a person's agency or power -> Yahweh has burst through my enemies by my hand like a bursting flood of water. (1 Chronicles 14:11 ULB) +>Yahweh has burst through my enemies by my hand like a bursting flood of water. (1 Chronicles 14:11 ULB) "Yahweh has burst through my enemies by my hand" means "Yahweh has used me to burst through my enemies." @@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ To hide one's face from someone is to ignore him. #### The HEAD represents the ruler, the one who has authority over others -> God put all things under Christ's feet and gave him to the church as head over all things. (Ephesians 1:22 ULB) +>God put all things under Christ's feet and gave him to the church as head over all things. (Ephesians 1:22 ULB)
Wives should be subject to their own husbands, as to the Lord. For the husband is the head of the wife, as Christ also is the head of the church, and he is the Savior of the body. (Ephesian 5:22-23 ULB)
@@ -117,25 +117,25 @@ A blast of air or smoke coming from someone's nose shows his great anger. #### RAISED EYES represents arrogance -> but you bring down those with proud, uplifted eyes! (Psalm 18:27 ULB) +>but you bring down those with proud, uplifted eyes! (Psalm 18:27 ULB) Uplifted eyes show that a person is proud. -> God humbles a proud man, and he saves the one with lowered eyes. (Job 22:29 ULB) +>God humbles a proud man, and he saves the one with lowered eyes. (Job 22:29 ULB) Lowered eyes show that a person is humble. #### The SON OF SOMETHING shares its qualities -> no son of wickedness will oppress him. (Psalm 89:22b ULB) +>no son of wickedness will oppress him. (Psalm 89:22b ULB) A son of wickedness is a wicked person. -> May the groans of the prisoners come before you; -> with the greatness of your power keep the children of death alive. (Psalm 79:11 ULB) +>May the groans of the prisoners come before you; +>with the greatness of your power keep the children of death alive. (Psalm 79:11 ULB) Children of death here are people that others plan to kill. diff --git a/translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md b/translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md index 3006510..909e7b7 100644 --- a/translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md @@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ Some images from the Bible involving human behavior are listed below. The word i #### BEING CALLED SOMETHING represents being that thing -> The Holy One of Israel is your Redeemer; he is called the God of the whole earth. (Isaiah 54:5b ULB) +>The Holy One of Israel is your Redeemer; he is called the God of the whole earth. (Isaiah 54:5b ULB) This is because he actually is the God of the whole earth. @@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ Noah built an altar to Yahweh. He took some of the clean animals and some #### MAKING SOMETHING UNCLEAN represents making it unacceptable for God's purposes. -> Or if anyone touches anything God has designated as unclean, whether it be the carcass of an unclean wild animal or the carcass of any livestock that has died, or creeping animal, even if the person did not intend to touch it, he is unclean and guilty. (Leviticus 5:2 ULB) +>Or if anyone touches anything God has designated as unclean, whether it be the carcass of an unclean wild animal or the carcass of any livestock that has died, or creeping animal, even if the person did not intend to touch it, he is unclean and guilty. (Leviticus 5:2 ULB) @@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ An example from Deuteronomy.
Then the Spirit of Yahweh fell on me and he said to me… (Ezekiel 11:5 ULB)
-> Now look, the hand of the Lord is upon you, and you will become blind. (Acts 13:11 ULB) +>Now look, the hand of the Lord is upon you, and you will become blind. (Acts 13:11 ULB) #### FOLLOWING SOMEONE represents being loyal to him diff --git a/translate/bita-part1/01.md b/translate/bita-part1/01.md index fe49334..d3db6c9 100644 --- a/translate/bita-part1/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-part1/01.md @@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ For example, one pattern of pairings in the Bible is of walking with "beh This pattern is also seen in Psalm 119:32 where running in the path of God's commands represents doing what God commands. Since running is more intense than walking, the idea of running here might give the idea of doing this whole-heartedly. -> I will run in the path of your commandments. (Psalm 119:32 ULB) +>I will run in the path of your commandments. (Psalm 119:32 ULB) ### Reasons this is a translation Issue diff --git a/translate/bita-part2/01.md b/translate/bita-part2/01.md index fd7ce35..131f121 100644 --- a/translate/bita-part2/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-part2/01.md @@ -4,11 +4,11 @@ Some common metonymies from the Bible are listed below in alphabetical order. Th #### A CUP or bowl represents what is in it -> my cup runs over. (Psalm 23:5 ULB) +>my cup runs over. (Psalm 23:5 ULB) There is so much in the cup that it runs over the top of the cup. -> For every time you eat this bread and drink this cup, you proclaim the Lord's death until he comes. (1 Corinthians 11:26 ULB) +>For every time you eat this bread and drink this cup, you proclaim the Lord's death until he comes. (1 Corinthians 11:26 ULB) People do not drink cups. They drink what is in the cup. @@ -65,11 +65,11 @@ Here when it says "Abram" it represents Abram and all the people traveling with #### PIERCING represents killing -> His hand pierced the fleeing serpent. (Job 26:13 ULB) +>His hand pierced the fleeing serpent. (Job 26:13 ULB) This means that he killed the serpent. -> Look, he is coming with the clouds; every eye will see him, including those who pierced him. (Revelation 1:7 ULB) +>Look, he is coming with the clouds; every eye will see him, including those who pierced him. (Revelation 1:7 ULB) "Those who pierced him" refers to those who killed Jesus. diff --git a/translate/bita-part3/01.md b/translate/bita-part3/01.md index e4bfa71..4551ba0 100644 --- a/translate/bita-part3/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-part3/01.md @@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ The word "hand" here is a metonym that refers to God's power. (See: [Metonymy](f #### God is modeled as a KING -> For God is the King over all the earth. (Psalm 47:7 ULB) +>For God is the King over all the earth. (Psalm 47:7 ULB) >For the kingdom is Yahweh's; >he is the ruler over the nations. (Psalm 22:28 ULB) @@ -40,23 +40,23 @@ The word "hand" here is a metonym that refers to God's power. (See: [Metonymy](f #### God is modeled as a SHEPHERD and his people are modeled as SHEEP -> Yahweh is my shepherd; I will lack nothing. (Psalm 23:1 ULB) +>Yahweh is my shepherd; I will lack nothing. (Psalm 23:1 ULB) His people are sheep. -> For he is our God, and we are the people of his pasture and the sheep of his hand. (Psalm 95:7 ULB) +>For he is our God, and we are the people of his pasture and the sheep of his hand. (Psalm 95:7 ULB) He leads his people like sheep. >He led his own people out like sheep and guided them through the wilderness like a flock. (Psalm 78:52 ULB) He is willing to die in order to save his sheep. -> I am the good shepherd, and I know my own, and my own know me. The Father knows me, and I know the Father, and I lay down my life for the sheep. I have other sheep that are not of this fold. Those, also, I must bring, and they will hear my voice so that there will be one flock and one shepherd. (John 10:14-15 ULB) +>I am the good shepherd, and I know my own, and my own know me. The Father knows me, and I know the Father, and I lay down my life for the sheep. I have other sheep that are not of this fold. Those, also, I must bring, and they will hear my voice so that there will be one flock and one shepherd. (John 10:14-15 ULB) #### God is modeled as a WARRIOR >Yahweh is a warrior. (Exodus 15:3 ULB) -> Yahweh will go out as a warrior; he will proceed as a man of war. He will stir up his zeal. -> He will shout, yes, he will roar his battle cries; he will show his enemies his power. (Isaiah 42:13 ULB) +>Yahweh will go out as a warrior; he will proceed as a man of war. He will stir up his zeal. +>He will shout, yes, he will roar his battle cries; he will show his enemies his power. (Isaiah 42:13 ULB) >Your right hand, Yahweh, is glorious in power; >your right hand, Yahweh, has shattered the enemy. (Exodus 15:6 ULB) @@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ A person who is envious might put a curse or enchantment on someone by looking a A person with a good eye can put a blessing on someone by looking at him. -> If I have found favor in your eyes... (1 Samuel 27:5 ULB) +>If I have found favor in your eyes... (1 Samuel 27:5 ULB) #### Life is modeled as BLOOD diff --git a/translate/bita-phenom/01.md b/translate/bita-phenom/01.md index c999e60..81f6be9 100644 --- a/translate/bita-phenom/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-phenom/01.md @@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ Some images from the Bible involving natural phenomena are listed below. The wor
My God, my soul has melted within me. (Psalm 42:6 ULB)
-> For it is great, the anger of Yahweh that has been poured out on us. (2 Chronicles 34:21 ULB) +>For it is great, the anger of Yahweh that has been poured out on us. (2 Chronicles 34:21 ULB) #### WATER represents what someone says diff --git a/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md b/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md index eb4522f..fc4483a 100644 --- a/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md @@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ The Bible that you translate from may use abstract nouns to express certain idea ### Examples from the Bible -> ..._from childhood you have known the sacred writings ..._ (2 Timothy 3:15 ULB) +>..._from childhood you have known the sacred writings ..._ (2 Timothy 3:15 ULB) The abstract noun "childhood" refers to when someone is a child. diff --git a/translate/figs-declarative/01.md b/translate/figs-declarative/01.md index 7b36b20..b399dca 100644 --- a/translate/figs-declarative/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-declarative/01.md @@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ Some languages would not use a statement for some of the functions that statemen Statements are normally used to give **information**. All of the sentences in John 1:6-8 below are statements, and their function is to give information. -> There was a man who was sent from God, whose name was John. He came as a witness to testify about the light, that all might believe through him. John was not the light, but came that he might testify about the light. (John 1:6-8 ULB) +>There was a man who was sent from God, whose name was John. He came as a witness to testify about the light, that all might believe through him. John was not the light, but came that he might testify about the light. (John 1:6-8 ULB) A statement can also be used as a **command** to tell someone what to do. In the examples below, the high priest used statements with the verb "will" to tell people what to do. @@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ A statement can also be used as a **command** to tell someone what to do. In the A statement can also be used to give **instructions**. The speaker below was not just telling Joseph about something Joseph would do in the future; he was telling Joseph what he needed to do. -> She will give birth to a son, and _you will call his name Jesus_, for he will save his people from their sins. (Matthew 1:21 ULB) +>She will give birth to a son, and _you will call his name Jesus_, for he will save his people from their sins. (Matthew 1:21 ULB) A statement can also be used to make a **request**. The man with leprosy was not just saying what Jesus was able to do. He was also asking Jesus to heal him. diff --git a/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md b/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md index 61107d0..dfbe09d 100644 --- a/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md @@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ Readers who see incomplete sentences or phrases may not know what the missing in ### Examples from the Bible -> ... when the blind man was near, Jesus asked him, "What do you want me to do for you?" He said, "Lord, that I might receive my sight." (Luke 18:40-41 ULB) +>... when the blind man was near, Jesus asked him, "What do you want me to do for you?" He said, "Lord, that I might receive my sight." (Luke 18:40-41 ULB) The man answered in an incomplete sentence because he wanted to be polite and not directly ask Jesus for healing. He knew that Jesus would understand that the only way he could receive his sight would be for Jesus to heal him. diff --git a/translate/figs-euphemism/01.md b/translate/figs-euphemism/01.md index 12fa7c0..4e325ac 100644 --- a/translate/figs-euphemism/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-euphemism/01.md @@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ Different languages use different euphemisms. If the target language does not us The original hearers would have understood that Saul went into the cave to use it as a toilet, but the writer wanted to avoid offending or distracting them, so **he did not say specifically** what Saul did or what he left in the cave. -> Mary said to the angel, “How will this happen, since I have not slept with any man?” (Luke 1:34 ULB) +>Mary said to the angel, “How will this happen, since I have not slept with any man?” (Luke 1:34 ULB) In order **to be polite**, Mary uses a euphemism to say that she has never had sexual intercourse with a man. diff --git a/translate/figs-events/01.md b/translate/figs-events/01.md index 043c756..6d2243b 100644 --- a/translate/figs-events/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-events/01.md @@ -8,11 +8,11 @@ In the Bible, events are not always told in the order in which they occurred. So ### Examples from the Bible -> But then Herod ... had John locked up in prison. Now it came about, while all the people were being baptized by John, that Jesus also was baptized. (Luke 3:20-21 ULB) +>But then Herod ... had John locked up in prison. Now it came about, while all the people were being baptized by John, that Jesus also was baptized. (Luke 3:20-21 ULB) This could sound like John baptized Jesus after John was locked up in prison, but John baptized Jesus before John was locked up in prison. -> Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams horns before Yahweh, as they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets… But Joshua commanded the people, saying, "Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then must you shout." (Joshua 6:8-10 ULB) +>Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams horns before Yahweh, as they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets… But Joshua commanded the people, saying, "Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then must you shout." (Joshua 6:8-10 ULB) This could sound like Joshua gave the order not to shout after the army had already started their march, but he had given that order before they started marching. diff --git a/translate/figs-exmetaphor/01.md b/translate/figs-exmetaphor/01.md index 737dbfa..8bed7b2 100644 --- a/translate/figs-exmetaphor/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-exmetaphor/01.md @@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ In Isaiah 5:1-7, Isaiah presents God's disappointment with his people as the dis >5 Now I will inform you what I will do to my vineyard; I will remove the hedge; >I will turn it into a pasture; I will break down its wall, and it will be trampled on. >6I will lay it waste, and it will not be pruned nor hoed. But briers and thorns will spring up, -> I will also command the clouds not to rain on it. +>I will also command the clouds not to rain on it. >7For the vineyard of Yahweh of hosts is the house of Israel, >and the men of Judah his pleasant planting; @@ -67,9 +67,9 @@ Consider using the same extended metaphor if your readers will understand it in >**he leads me beside tranquil water.** (ULB) Can be translated as: -> "Yahweh is like a shepherd to me, so I will lack nothing. -> Like a shepherd who makes his sheep lie down in green pastures and leads them by peaceful waters, -> Yahweh helps me to rest peacefully." +>"Yahweh is like a shepherd to me, so I will lack nothing. +>Like a shepherd who makes his sheep lie down in green pastures and leads them by peaceful waters, +>Yahweh helps me to rest peacefully." 1. If the target audience would not know the image, find a way of translating it so they can understand what the image is. @@ -79,10 +79,10 @@ Can be translated as: >**He waited for it to produce grapes, but it produced wild grapes.**(Isaiah 5:1-2 ULB) May be translated as: -> "My well beloved had a grapevine garden on a very fertile hill. -> He dug up the ground and removed the stones, and planted it with the best grapevines. -> He built a watchtower in the middle of it, and also built a tank where he could crush the juice out of the grapes. -> He waited for it to produce grapes, but it produced wild grapes that were not good for making wine." +>"My well beloved had a grapevine garden on a very fertile hill. +>He dug up the ground and removed the stones, and planted it with the best grapevines. +>He built a watchtower in the middle of it, and also built a tank where he could crush the juice out of the grapes. +>He waited for it to produce grapes, but it produced wild grapes that were not good for making wine." 1. If the target audience still would not understand, then state it clearly. @@ -96,10 +96,10 @@ Yahweh is my shepherd; I will lack nothing.** (Psalm 23:1 ULB) >**for righteousness, but, instead, a cry for help.** (Isaiah 5:7 ULB) Can be translated as: -> For the vineyard of Yahweh of hosts represents the house of Israel, -> and the men of Judah are like his pleasant planting; -> he waited for justice, but instead, there was killing; -> for righteousness, but, instead, a cry for help. +>For the vineyard of Yahweh of hosts represents the house of Israel, +>and the men of Judah are like his pleasant planting; +>he waited for justice, but instead, there was killing; +>for righteousness, but, instead, a cry for help. OR diff --git a/translate/figs-explicit/01.md b/translate/figs-explicit/01.md index 7baf203..c8ed1b7 100644 --- a/translate/figs-explicit/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-explicit/01.md @@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ Jesus did not say what foxes and birds use holes and nests for, because he assum Jesus did not directly say here "I am the Son of Man" but, if the scribe did not already know it, then that fact would be **implicit information** that he could learn because Jesus referred to himself that way. Also, Jesus did not state explicitly that he travelled a lot and did not have a house that he slept in every night. That is **implicit information** that the scribe could learn when Jesus said that he had nowhere to lay his head. -> Woe to you, Chorazin! Woe to you, Bethsaida! If the mighty deeds had been done in Tyre and Sidon which were done in you, they would have repented long ago in sackcloth and ashes. But it will be more tolerable for Tyre and Sidon at the day of judgment than for you. (Matthew 11:21, 22 ULB) +>Woe to you, Chorazin! Woe to you, Bethsaida! If the mighty deeds had been done in Tyre and Sidon which were done in you, they would have repented long ago in sackcloth and ashes. But it will be more tolerable for Tyre and Sidon at the day of judgment than for you. (Matthew 11:21, 22 ULB) Jesus assumed that the people he was speaking to knew that Tyre and Sidon were very wicked, and that the day of judgment is a time when God will judge every person. Jesus also knew that the people he was talking to believed that they were good and did not need to repent. Jesus did not need to tell them these things. This is all **assumed knowledge**. diff --git a/translate/figs-extrainfo/01.md b/translate/figs-extrainfo/01.md index 61136e1..3dd0f5a 100644 --- a/translate/figs-extrainfo/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-extrainfo/01.md @@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ This was a riddle. Samson purposely said this in a way that it would be hard for >Jesus said to them, "Take heed and beware of the yeast of the Pharisees and Sadducees." The disciples reasoned among themselves and said, "It is because we took no bread." … (Matthew 16:6,7 ULB) Possible implicit information here is that the disciples should beware of the false teaching of the Pharisees and Sadducees. But Jesus' disciples did not understand this. They thought that Jesus was talking about real yeast and bread. So it would not be appropriate to state explicitly that the word "yeast" here refers to false teaching. The disciples did not understand what Jesus meant until they heard what Jesus said in Matthew 16:11 - -> "How is it that you do not understand that I was not speaking to you about bread? Take heed and beware of the yeast of the Pharisees and Sadducees." Then they understood that he was not telling them to beware of yeast in bread, but to beware of the teaching of the Pharisees and Sadducees. (Matthew 16:11,12 ULB) +>"How is it that you do not understand that I was not speaking to you about bread? Take heed and beware of the yeast of the Pharisees and Sadducees." Then they understood that he was not telling them to beware of yeast in bread, but to beware of the teaching of the Pharisees and Sadducees. (Matthew 16:11,12 ULB) Only after Jesus explained that he was not talking about bread did they realize that he was talking about the false teaching of the Pharisees. Therefore it would be wrong to explicitly state the implicit information in Matthew 16:6. diff --git a/translate/figs-gendernotations/01.md b/translate/figs-gendernotations/01.md index 611ce10..9888d30 100644 --- a/translate/figs-gendernotations/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-gendernotations/01.md @@ -20,11 +20,11 @@ When a statement applies to both men and women, translate it in such a way that ### Examples from the Bible -> We want you to know, brothers, about the grace of God that has been given to the churches of Macedonia. (2 Corinthians 8:1 ULB) +>We want you to know, brothers, about the grace of God that has been given to the churches of Macedonia. (2 Corinthians 8:1 ULB) This verse is addressing the believers in Corinth, not only men, but **men and women**. -> Then said Jesus to his disciples, "If anyone wants to follow me, he must deny himself, take up his cross, and follow me." (Matthew 16:24-26 ULB) +>Then said Jesus to his disciples, "If anyone wants to follow me, he must deny himself, take up his cross, and follow me." (Matthew 16:24-26 ULB) Jesus was not speaking only of men, but of **men and women**. diff --git a/translate/figs-hypo/01.md b/translate/figs-hypo/01.md index f6cb8f7..5921242 100644 --- a/translate/figs-hypo/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-hypo/01.md @@ -32,19 +32,19 @@ People sometimes express regrets about things that have not happened or that are 1. Hypothetical situations in the past -> "Woe to you, Chorazin! Woe to you, Bethsaida! If the mighty deeds had been done in Tyre and Sidon which were done in you, they would have repented long ago in sackcloth and ashes." (Matthew 11:21 ULB) +>"Woe to you, Chorazin! Woe to you, Bethsaida! If the mighty deeds had been done in Tyre and Sidon which were done in you, they would have repented long ago in sackcloth and ashes." (Matthew 11:21 ULB) Here in Matthew 11:21 Jesus said that if the people living in the ancient cities of Tyre and Sidon had been able to see the miracles that he performed, they would have repented long ago. The people of Tyre and Sidon did not actually see his miracles and repent. He said this to rebuke the people of Chorazin and Bethsaida who had seen his miracles yet did not repent. -> Martha then said to Jesus, "Lord, if you had been here, my brother would not have died." (John 11:21 ULB) +>Martha then said to Jesus, "Lord, if you had been here, my brother would not have died." (John 11:21 ULB) Martha said this to express her wish that Jesus had come sooner. But Jesus did not come sooner, and her brother did die. 1. Hypothetical situations in the present -> Also, no man puts new wine into old wineskins. If he did that, the new wine would burst the skins, and the wine would be spilled, and the wineskins would be destroyed. (Luke 5:37 ULB) +>Also, no man puts new wine into old wineskins. If he did that, the new wine would burst the skins, and the wine would be spilled, and the wineskins would be destroyed. (Luke 5:37 ULB) Jesus told about what would happen if a person were to put new wine into old wineskins. But no one would do that. He used this imaginary situation as an example to show that there are times when it is unwise to mix new things with old things. He did this so that people could understand why his disciples were not fasting as people traditionally did. @@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ Jesus asked the religious leaders what they would do on the Sabbath if one of th 1. Hypothetical situation in the future -> Unless those days are shortened, no flesh would be saved; but for the sake of the elect, those days will be shortened. (Matthew 24:22 ULB) +>Unless those days are shortened, no flesh would be saved; but for the sake of the elect, those days will be shortened. (Matthew 24:22 ULB) Jesus was talking about a future time when very bad things would happen. He told what would happen if those days of trouble were to last a long time. He did this to show about how bad those days will be - so bad that if they lasted a long time, no one would be saved. But then he clarified that God will shorten those days of trouble, so that the elect (those he has chosen) will be saved. @@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ Regrets and wishes are very similar. Here the Israelites were afraid they would have to suffer and die of hunger in the wilderness, and so they wished that they had stayed in Egypt and died there with full stomachs. They were complaining, expressing regret that this had not happened. -> I know what you have done, and that you are neither cold nor hot. I wish that you were either cold or hot! (Revelation 3:15 ULB) +>I know what you have done, and that you are neither cold nor hot. I wish that you were either cold or hot! (Revelation 3:15 ULB) Jesus wished that the people were either hot or cold, but they are neither. He was rebuking them, expressing anger at this. diff --git a/translate/figs-imperative/01.md b/translate/figs-imperative/01.md index 4cbf190..cf8b07a 100644 --- a/translate/figs-imperative/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-imperative/01.md @@ -12,14 +12,14 @@ Some languages would not use an imperative sentence for some of the functions th Speakers often use imperative sentences to tell or ask their listeners to do something. In Genesis 2, God spoke to Isaac and told him not to go to Egypt but to live where God would tell him to live. -> Now Yahweh appeared to him and said, "Do not go down to Egypt; live in the land that I tell you to live in. (Genesis 26:2 ULB) +>Now Yahweh appeared to him and said, "Do not go down to Egypt; live in the land that I tell you to live in. (Genesis 26:2 ULB) Sometimes imperative sentences in the Bible have other uses. #### Imperatives that make things happen God can make things happen by commanding that they happen. Jesus healed a man by commanding that the man be healed. The man could not do anything to obey the command, but Jesus caused him to be healed by commanding it. ("Be clean" means "Be healed.") -> "I am willing. Be clean." Immediately he was cleansed of his leprosy. (Matthew 8:3 ULB) +>"I am willing. Be clean." Immediately he was cleansed of his leprosy. (Matthew 8:3 ULB) In Genesis 1, God commanded that there should be light, and by commanding it, he caused it to exist. Some languages, such as the Hebrew of the Bible, have commands that are in the third person. English does not do that, and so it must turn the third-person command into a general second-person command, as in the ULB: >God said, "Let there be light," and there was light. (Genesis 1:3 ULB) diff --git a/translate/figs-infostructure/01.md b/translate/figs-infostructure/01.md index d5de6e0..3395087 100644 --- a/translate/figs-infostructure/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-infostructure/01.md @@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ In this verse, the most important part of the information is first - that "woe" * And he went out from there and came to the hometown his, and they followed him the disciples his. (Mark 6:1) This is the verse in the original Greek order. The ULB has put this into the normal order for English: -> And he went out from there and came into his hometown, and his disciples followed him. (Mark 6:1 ULB) +>And he went out from there and came into his hometown, and his disciples followed him. (Mark 6:1 ULB) 1. Study where your language puts the new or important information, and rearrange the order of information so that it follows the way it is done in your language. diff --git a/translate/figs-merism/01.md b/translate/figs-merism/01.md index 4f49b36..e16be51 100644 --- a/translate/figs-merism/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-merism/01.md @@ -3,10 +3,10 @@ ### Definition Merism is a figure of speech in which a person refers to something by speaking of two extreme parts of it. By referring to the extreme parts, the speaker intends to include also everything in between those parts. -> "I am the Alpha and the Omega," says the Lord God, "the one who is, and who was, and who is to come, the Almighty." (Revelation 1:8, ULB) +>"I am the Alpha and the Omega," says the Lord God, "the one who is, and who was, and who is to come, the Almighty." (Revelation 1:8, ULB) -> I am the Alpha and the Omega, the First and the Last, the Beginning and the End. (Revelation 22:13, ULB) +>I am the Alpha and the Omega, the First and the Last, the Beginning and the End. (Revelation 22:13, ULB) Alpha and Omega are the first and last letters of the Greek alphabet. This is a merism that includes everything from the beginning to the end. It means eternal. >I praise you, Father, Lord of heaven and earth ..., (Matthew 11:25 ULB) diff --git a/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md b/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md index b2f9f70..581fe9c 100644 --- a/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md @@ -41,11 +41,11 @@ When translating something that is a dead metaphor into another language, do not These are metaphors that people recognize as one concept standing for another concept, or one thing for another thing. They make people think about how the one thing is like the other thing, because in most ways the two things are very different. People also easily recognize these metaphors as giving strength and unusual qualities to the message. For this reason, people pay attention to these metaphors. For example, -> For you who fear my name, the sun of righteousness will rise with healing in its wings. (Malachi 4:2 ULB) +>For you who fear my name, the sun of righteousness will rise with healing in its wings. (Malachi 4:2 ULB) Here God speaks about his salvation as if it were the sun rising in order to shine its rays on the people whom he loves. He also speaks of the sun's rays as if they were wings. Also, he speaks of these wings as if they were bringing medicine that would heal his people. Here is another example: -> "Jesus said, 'Go and tell that fox...,'" (Luke 13:32 ULB) +>"Jesus said, 'Go and tell that fox...,'" (Luke 13:32 ULB) Here, "that fox" refers to King Herod. The people listening to Jesus certainly understood that Jesus was intending for them to apply certain characteristics of a fox to Herod. They probably understood that Jesus intended to communicate that Herod was evil, either in a cunning way or as someone who was destructive, murderous, or who took things that did not belong to him, or all of these. @@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ Often, as in the metaphor above, the speaker explicitly states the **topic** and Also in the Bible, normally the **topic** and the **image** are stated clearly, but not the **points of comparison**. The writer leaves it to the audience to think of and understand the points of comparison that are implied. -> Jesus said to them, "I am the bread of life; he who comes to me will not be hungry, and he who believes in me will never be thirsty." (John 6:35 ULB) +>Jesus said to them, "I am the bread of life; he who comes to me will not be hungry, and he who believes in me will never be thirsty." (John 6:35 ULB) In this metaphor, Jesus called himself the bread of life. The **topic** is "I," and the **image** is "bread." Bread is a food that people ate all the time. The **point of comparison** between bread and Jesus is that people need both to live. Just as people need to eat food in order to have physical life, people need to trust in Jesus in order to have spiritual life. diff --git a/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md b/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md index 03185be..828c118 100644 --- a/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md @@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ A throne represents the authority of a king. "Throne" is a metonym for "kingly a >Immediately his mouth was opened (Luke 1:64 ULB) The mouth here represents the power to speak. This means that he was able to talk again. -> ... who warned you to flee from the wrath that is coming? (Luke 3:7 ULB) +>... who warned you to flee from the wrath that is coming? (Luke 3:7 ULB) The word "wrath" or "anger" is a metonym for "punishment." God was extremely angry with the people, and as a result, he would punish them. diff --git a/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md b/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md index 5017cc8..3bc6fb0 100644 --- a/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ ### Description In some languages an adjective can be used to refer to a class of things that the adjective describes. When it does, it acts like a noun. For example, the word "rich" is an adjective. Here are two sentences that show that "rich" is an adjective. -> ... The rich man had huge numbers of flocks and herds ... (2 Samuel 12:2 ULB) +>... The rich man had huge numbers of flocks and herds ... (2 Samuel 12:2 ULB) The adjective "rich" comes before the word "man" and describes "man." >He will not be rich; his wealth will not last ... (Job 15:29 ULB) diff --git a/translate/figs-pastforfuture/01.md b/translate/figs-pastforfuture/01.md index c210ec3..a85b45b 100644 --- a/translate/figs-pastforfuture/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-pastforfuture/01.md @@ -4,8 +4,8 @@ The predictive past is a figure of speech that uses the past tense to refer to things that will happen in the future. This is sometimes done in prophecy to show that the event will certainly happen. It is also called the prophetic perfect. -> Therefore my people have gone into captivity for lack of understanding; -> their leaders go hungry, and their masses have nothing to drink. (Isaiah 5:13 ULB) +>Therefore my people have gone into captivity for lack of understanding; +>their leaders go hungry, and their masses have nothing to drink. (Isaiah 5:13 ULB) In the example above, the people of Israel had not yet gone into captivity, but God spoke of their going into captivity as if it had already happened because he had decided that they certainly would go into captivity. @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ Readers who are not aware of the past tense being used in prophecy to refer to f In the examples above, God spoke of things that would happen in the future as if they had already happened. -> And about these people also Enoch, the seventh in line from Adam, foretold, saying, "Look, the Lord came with tens of thousands of his holy ones, (Jude 1:14 ULB) +>And about these people also Enoch, the seventh in line from Adam, foretold, saying, "Look, the Lord came with tens of thousands of his holy ones, (Jude 1:14 ULB) Enoch was speaking of something that would happen in the future, but he used the past tense when he said "the Lord came.” diff --git a/translate/figs-possession/01.md b/translate/figs-possession/01.md index 5b25068..ac65839 100644 --- a/translate/figs-possession/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-possession/01.md @@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ In the example below, Christ loves us. >For the **love** of money is a root of all kinds of evil. (1 Timothy 6:10 ULB) **Instrument** - Sometimes the word after "of" tells how something would happen. In the example below, God would punish people by sending enemies to attack them with swords. -> then be afraid of the sword, because wrath brings the **punishment** of the sword (Job 19:29 ULB) +>then be afraid of the sword, because wrath brings the **punishment** of the sword (Job 19:29 ULB) **Representation** - In the example below, John was baptizing people who were repenting of their sins. They were being baptized to show that they were repenting. Their baptism represented their repentance. >As John came, he was baptizing in the wilderness and was preaching a **baptism** of repentance for the forgiveness of sins. (Mark 1:4 ULB) diff --git a/translate/figs-quotemarks/01.md b/translate/figs-quotemarks/01.md index 2bdeaa5..e8a1647 100644 --- a/translate/figs-quotemarks/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-quotemarks/01.md @@ -24,25 +24,25 @@ The examples below show the kind of quote marking used in the ULB. #### A quotation with only one layer A first layer direct quote has double quote marks around it. -> So the king replied, "That is Elijah the Tishbite." (2 Kings 1:8 ULB) +>So the king replied, "That is Elijah the Tishbite." (2 Kings 1:8 ULB) #### Quotations with two layers A second layer direct quote has single quote marks around it. We have underlined it and the phrase for you to see it clearly. -> They asked him, "Who is the man that said to you, 'Pick up your bed and walk'?" (John 5:12 ULB) +>They asked him, "Who is the man that said to you, 'Pick up your bed and walk'?" (John 5:12 ULB) -> … he sent two of the disciples, saying, "Go into the next village. As you enter, you will find a colt that has never been ridden. Untie it and bring it to me. If any one asks you, 'Why are you untying it?' say, 'The Lord has need of it.' " (Luke 19:29-31 ULB) +>… he sent two of the disciples, saying, "Go into the next village. As you enter, you will find a colt that has never been ridden. Untie it and bring it to me. If any one asks you, 'Why are you untying it?' say, 'The Lord has need of it.' " (Luke 19:29-31 ULB) #### A quotation with three layers A third layer direct quote has double quote marks around it. We have underlined it for you to see it clearly. -> Abraham said, "Because I thought, 'Surely there is no fear of God in this place, and they will kill me because of my wife.' Besides, she is indeed my sister, the daughter of my father, but not the daughter of my mother; and she became my wife. When God caused me to leave my father's house and travel from place to place, I said to her, 'You must show me this faithfulness as my wife: At every place where we go, say about me, "He is my brother." ' " (Genesis 20:10-13 ULB) +>Abraham said, "Because I thought, 'Surely there is no fear of God in this place, and they will kill me because of my wife.' Besides, she is indeed my sister, the daughter of my father, but not the daughter of my mother; and she became my wife. When God caused me to leave my father's house and travel from place to place, I said to her, 'You must show me this faithfulness as my wife: At every place where we go, say about me, "He is my brother." ' " (Genesis 20:10-13 ULB) #### A quotation with four layers A fourth layer direct quote has single quote marks around it. We have underlined it for you to see it clearly. -> They said to him, "A man came to meet us who said to us, 'Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, "Yahweh says this: 'Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.' " ' " (2 Kings 1:5-6 ULB) +>They said to him, "A man came to meet us who said to us, 'Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, "Yahweh says this: 'Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.' " ' " (2 Kings 1:5-6 ULB) ### Quote Marking Strategies diff --git a/translate/figs-quotesinquotes/01.md b/translate/figs-quotesinquotes/01.md index 090c5b9..099bb1d 100644 --- a/translate/figs-quotesinquotes/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-quotesinquotes/01.md @@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ A quotation may have a quote within it, and quotes that are inside of other quot #### A quotation with only one layer -> But Paul said, "I was born a Roman citizen." (Acts 22:28 ULB) +>But Paul said, "I was born a Roman citizen." (Acts 22:28 ULB) #### Quotations with two layers @@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ The outermost layer is what Jesus said to Pilate. The second layer is what Pilat #### A quotation with three layers -> Abraham said, "... I said to her, 'You must show me this faithfulness as my wife: At every place where we go, say about me, "He is my brother." ' " (Genesis 20:10-13 ULB) +>Abraham said, "... I said to her, 'You must show me this faithfulness as my wife: At every place where we go, say about me, "He is my brother." ' " (Genesis 20:10-13 ULB) The outermost layer is what Abraham said to Abimelech. The second layer is what Abraham had told his wife. The third layer is what he wanted his wife to say. (We have underlined the third layer.) diff --git a/translate/figs-rpronouns/01.md b/translate/figs-rpronouns/01.md index 6c76164..31b866b 100644 --- a/translate/figs-rpronouns/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-rpronouns/01.md @@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ Reflexive pronouns are used to show the same person or thing fills two different Reflexive pronouns are used to emphasize a person or thing in the sentence.
Jesus himself was not baptizing, but his disciples were (John 4:2 ULB)
-> So they left the crowd, taking Jesus with them, since he was already in the boat. Other boats were also with him. And a violent windstorm arose and the waves were breaking into the boat so that the boat was already full. But Jesus himself was in the stern, asleep on a cushion. (Mark 4:36-38 ULB) +>So they left the crowd, taking Jesus with them, since he was already in the boat. Other boats were also with him. And a violent windstorm arose and the waves were breaking into the boat so that the boat was already full. But Jesus himself was in the stern, asleep on a cushion. (Mark 4:36-38 ULB) Reflexive pronouns are used to show that someone did something alone. >When Jesus realized that they were about to come and seize him by force to make him king, he withdrew again up the mountain by himself. (John 6:15 ULB) diff --git a/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md b/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md index a6baf96..44b32e8 100644 --- a/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ ### Description Synecdoche is when a speaker uses a part of something to refer to the whole or uses the whole to refer to a part. -> My soul exalts the Lord. (Luke 1:46 ULB) +>My soul exalts the Lord. (Luke 1:46 ULB) Mary was was very happy about what the Lord was doing, so she said "my soul," which means the inner, emotional part of herself, to refer to her whole self. >the Pharisees said to him, "Look, why are they doing something that is not lawful ...?" (Mark 2:24 ULB) diff --git a/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples/01.md b/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples/01.md index c724a5b..4fd2efb 100644 --- a/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples/01.md +++ b/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples/01.md @@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ The Bible shows that Jesus called God his Father: Christians have found that "Father" and "Son" are the ideas that most essentially describe the eternal relationship of the First and Second Persons of the Trinity to each other. The Bible indeed refers to them in various ways, but no other terms reflect the eternal love and intimacy between these Persons, nor the interdependent eternal relationship between them. Jesus referred to God in the following terms: -> Baptize them into the name of the Father, of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit. (Matthew 28:19 ULB) +>Baptize them into the name of the Father, of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit. (Matthew 28:19 ULB) The intimate, loving relationship between the Father and the Son is eternal, just as they are eternal. diff --git a/translate/resources-alterm/01.md b/translate/resources-alterm/01.md index 05a807d..8898a6a 100644 --- a/translate/resources-alterm/01.md +++ b/translate/resources-alterm/01.md @@ -9,13 +9,13 @@ The translator needs to decide which meaning to translate. Translators may choos ### Translation Notes Examples -> But take a small number of hairs from them and tie them into the folds of your robe. (Ezekiel 5:3 ULB) +>But take a small number of hairs from them and tie them into the folds of your robe. (Ezekiel 5:3 ULB) * **the folds of your robe** -- Possible meanings are 1) "the cloth on your arms" ("your sleeves") (UDB) or 2) "the end of the cloth on your robe" ("your hem") or 3) the fold in the garment where it is tucked into the belt. This note has the ULB text followed by three possible meanings. The word translated by "the folds of your robe" refers to the loose parts of the robe. Most scholars believe it refers here to the sleeves, but it could also refer to the loose part at the bottom or also to the folds in the middle, around the belt. -> But Simon Peter, when he saw it, fell down at Jesus' knees (Luke 5:8 ULB) +>But Simon Peter, when he saw it, fell down at Jesus' knees (Luke 5:8 ULB) * **fell down at Jesus' knees** - Possible meanings are 1) "knelt down before Jesus" or 2) "bowed down at Jesus' feet" or 3) "lay down on the ground at Jesus' feet." Peter did not fall accidentally. He did this as a sign of humility and respect for Jesus. diff --git a/translate/resources-connect/01.md b/translate/resources-connect/01.md index 7ae50d7..e68ce56 100644 --- a/translate/resources-connect/01.md +++ b/translate/resources-connect/01.md @@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ This note alerts you to the beginning of a new part of a story and gives you a l #### Who is speaking -> 17For he was one of us and received his share of the benefits of this ministry." 18(Now this man bought a field with the earnings of his evil act. Then he fell head first, and his body burst wide open, and all his bowels poured out. 19It became known to all those living in Jerusalem that the field was called in their own language Akeldama, that is, The field of blood.) (Acts 1:17-19 ULB) +>17For he was one of us and received his share of the benefits of this ministry." 18(Now this man bought a field with the earnings of his evil act. Then he fell head first, and his body burst wide open, and all his bowels poured out. 19It became known to all those living in Jerusalem that the field was called in their own language Akeldama, that is, The field of blood.) (Acts 1:17-19 ULB) * **Connecting Statement:** - Peter continues his speech to the believers that he began in *Acts 1:16*. @@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ This note lets you know who the pronouns refer to. You may need to add something #### Important background or implied information -> 26Now an angel of the Lord spoke to Philip and said, "Arise and go toward the south to the road that goes down from Jerusalem to Gaza." (This road is in a desert.) 27He arose and went. Behold, there was a man from Ethiopia, a eunuch of great authority under Candace, queen of the Ethiopians. He was in charge of all her treasure. He had come to Jerusalem to worship. 28He was returning and sitting in his chariot, and was reading the prophet Isaiah. (Acts 8:26-28 ULB) +>26Now an angel of the Lord spoke to Philip and said, "Arise and go toward the south to the road that goes down from Jerusalem to Gaza." (This road is in a desert.) 27He arose and went. Behold, there was a man from Ethiopia, a eunuch of great authority under Candace, queen of the Ethiopians. He was in charge of all her treasure. He had come to Jerusalem to worship. 28He was returning and sitting in his chariot, and was reading the prophet Isaiah. (Acts 8:26-28 ULB) * **General Information:** - This is the beginning of the part of the story about Philip and the man from Ethiopia. Verse 27 gives background information about the man from Ethiopia. (See: *Backgrounds*) diff --git a/translate/resources-eplain/01.md b/translate/resources-eplain/01.md index 28356ca..36bbce7 100644 --- a/translate/resources-eplain/01.md +++ b/translate/resources-eplain/01.md @@ -6,19 +6,19 @@ Sometimes you may not know what a word or phrase means in the ULB, and it may al ### Translation Notes Examples Simple explanations about words or phrases are written as full sentences. They begin with a capital letter and end with a period ("."). -> The fishermen had gotten out of them and were washing their nets.(Luke 5:2 ULB) +>The fishermen had gotten out of them and were washing their nets.(Luke 5:2 ULB) * **washing their nets** - They were cleaning their fishing nets in order to use them again to catch fish. If you did not know that fishermen used nets to catch fish, you might wonder why the fishermen were cleaning their nets. This explanation can help you choose good words for "were washing" and "nets." -> they motioned to their partners in the other boat (Luke 5:7 ULB) +>they motioned to their partners in the other boat (Luke 5:7 ULB) * **motioned** - They were too far from shore to call so they made gestures, probably waving their arms. This note can help you understand what kind of motion the people made. It was a motion that people would be able to see from a distance. This will help you choose a good word or phrase for "motioned." -> He will be filled with the Holy Spirit, even while in his mother's womb. (Luke 1:14 ULB) +>He will be filled with the Holy Spirit, even while in his mother's womb. (Luke 1:14 ULB) * **even while in his mother's womb** - The word "even" here indicates that this is especially surprising news. People had been filled with the Holy Spirit before, but no one had heard of an unborn baby being filled with the Holy Spirit. diff --git a/translate/resources-fofs/01.md b/translate/resources-fofs/01.md index ef8a7a6..baffa45 100644 --- a/translate/resources-fofs/01.md +++ b/translate/resources-fofs/01.md @@ -9,13 +9,13 @@ In order to translate the meaning, you need to be able to recognize the figure o ### Translation Notes Examples -> Many will come in my name and say, 'I am he,' and they will lead many astray. (Mark 13:6 ULB) +>Many will come in my name and say, 'I am he,' and they will lead many astray. (Mark 13:6 ULB) * **in my name** - Possible meanings are 1) AT: "claiming my authority" or 2) "claiming that God sent them." (See: [Metonymy](../figs-metonymy/01.md) and [Idiom](../figs-idiom/01.md)) The figure of speech in this Note is called a metonymy. The phrase "in my name" does not refer to the speaker's name (Jesus), but to his person and authority. The Note explains the metonymy in this passage by giving two alternate translations. After that, there is a link to the tA page about metonymy. Click on the link to learn about metonymy and general strategies for translating metonymys. Because this phrase is also a common idiom, the Note includes a link to the tA page that explains idioms. -> "You offspring of vipers! Who warned you to run away from the wrath that is coming? (Luke 3:7 ULB) +>"You offspring of vipers! Who warned you to run away from the wrath that is coming? (Luke 3:7 ULB) * **You offspring of vipers** - In this metaphor, John compares the crowd to vipers, which were deadly or dangerous snakes and represent evil. AT: "You evil poisonous snakes" or "People should stay away from you just like they avoid poisonous snakes" (See: [Metaphor](../figs-metaphor/01.md)) diff --git a/translate/resources-iordquote/01.md b/translate/resources-iordquote/01.md index cc16c30..a678caa 100644 --- a/translate/resources-iordquote/01.md +++ b/translate/resources-iordquote/01.md @@ -9,13 +9,13 @@ There may be a note about direct and indirect quotes when a quote has another qu ### Translation Notes Examples -> He instructed him to tell no one (Luke 5:14 ULB) +>He instructed him to tell no one (Luke 5:14 ULB) * **to tell no one** - This can be translated as a direct quote: "Do not tell anyone" There is implied information that can also be stated explicitly (AT): "do not tell anyone that you have been healed" (See: [Direct and Indirect Quotations](../figs-quotations/01.md) and [Ellipsis](../figs-ellipsis/01.md)) Here the translationNote shows how to change the indirect quote to a direct quote, in case that would be clearer or more natural in the target language. -> At the time of the harvest I will say to the reapers, "First pull out the weeds and tie them in bundles to burn them, but gather the wheat into my barn." (Matthew 13:30 ULB) +>At the time of the harvest I will say to the reapers, "First pull out the weeds and tie them in bundles to burn them, but gather the wheat into my barn." (Matthew 13:30 ULB) * **I will say to the reapers, "First pull out the weeds and tie them in bundles to burn them, but gather the wheat into my barn"** - You can translate this as an indirect quote: "I will tell the reapers to first gather up the weeds and tie them in bundles to burn them, then gather the wheat into my barn." (See: [Direct and Indirect Quotations](../figs-quotations/01.md)) diff --git a/translate/resources-long/01.md b/translate/resources-long/01.md index e863adb..f2a34d5 100644 --- a/translate/resources-long/01.md +++ b/translate/resources-long/01.md @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Sometimes there are notes for a phrase and separate notes for portions of that p ### Translation Notes Examples -> But it is to the extent of your hardness and unrepentant heart that you are storing up for yourself wrath in the day of wrath (Romans 2:5 ULB) +>But it is to the extent of your hardness and unrepentant heart that you are storing up for yourself wrath in the day of wrath (Romans 2:5 ULB) * **But it is to the extent of your hardness and unrepentant heart** - Paul uses a metaphor to compare a person who refuses to obey God to something hard, like a stone. He also uses the metonym "heart" to represent the whole person. AT: "It is because you refuse to listen and repent" (See: [Metaphor](../figs-metaphor/01.md) and [Metonymy](../figs-metonymy/01.md)) * **hardness and unrepentant heart** - The phrase "unrepentant heart" explains the word "hardness" (See: [Doublet](../figs-doublet/01.md)) diff --git a/translate/resources-synequi/01.md b/translate/resources-synequi/01.md index af96668..02bab7a 100644 --- a/translate/resources-synequi/01.md +++ b/translate/resources-synequi/01.md @@ -5,13 +5,13 @@ Some Notes provide a translation suggestion that can replace the word or phrase ### Translation Notes Examples -> Make ready the way of the Lord, (Luke 3:4 ULB) +>Make ready the way of the Lord, (Luke 3:4 ULB) * **the way** - "the path" or "the road" In this example, the words "the path" or the words "the road" can replace the words "the way" in the ULB. You can decide whether it is natural to say "way," "path," or "road" in your language. -> Deacons, likewise, should be dignified, not double-talkers. (1 Timothy 3:8 ULB) +>Deacons, likewise, should be dignified, not double-talkers. (1 Timothy 3:8 ULB) * **Deacons, likewise** - "In the same way, deacons" or "Deacons, like overseers" diff --git a/translate/translate-hebrewmonths/01.md b/translate/translate-hebrewmonths/01.md index 4f6b78c..36c4173 100644 --- a/translate/translate-hebrewmonths/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-hebrewmonths/01.md @@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ This is a list of the Hebrew months with information about them that may be help
You are going out of Egypt on this day, in the month of Abib. (Exodus 13:4 ULB)
-> You must eat unleavened bread from twilight of the fourteenth day in the first month of the year, until twilight of the twenty-first day of the month. (Exodus 12:18 ULB) +>You must eat unleavened bread from twilight of the fourteenth day in the first month of the year, until twilight of the twenty-first day of the month. (Exodus 12:18 ULB) ### Translation Strategies diff --git a/translate/writing-endofstory/01.md b/translate/writing-endofstory/01.md index 20cae7e..979a3fa 100644 --- a/translate/writing-endofstory/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-endofstory/01.md @@ -34,16 +34,16 @@ Different languages have different ways of presenting these kinds of information 1. To give a comment about what happened in the story -> Many who practiced magical arts brought their books together and burned them in the sight of everyone. When they counted the value of them, it was fifty thousand pieces of silver. So the word of the Lord spread very widely in powerful ways. (Acts 19:19-20 ULB) +>Many who practiced magical arts brought their books together and burned them in the sight of everyone. When they counted the value of them, it was fifty thousand pieces of silver. So the word of the Lord spread very widely in powerful ways. (Acts 19:19-20 ULB) 1. To tell the reader what happens to a specific character after the main part of the story ends -> Mary said,"My soul praises the Lord, and my spirit has rejoiced in God my savior..." Mary stayed with Elizabeth about three months and then returned to her house. (Luke 1:46-47, 56 ULB) +>Mary said,"My soul praises the Lord, and my spirit has rejoiced in God my savior..." Mary stayed with Elizabeth about three months and then returned to her house. (Luke 1:46-47, 56 ULB) 1. To tell on-going action that continues after the main part of the story ends -> All who heard it were amazed at what was spoken to them by the shepherds. But Mary kept thinking about all the things she had heard, treasuring them in her heart. (Luke 2:18-19 ULB) +>All who heard it were amazed at what was spoken to them by the shepherds. But Mary kept thinking about all the things she had heard, treasuring them in her heart. (Luke 2:18-19 ULB) 1. To tell what happens after the story as a result of the events that happened in the story itself -> "Woe to you teachers of Jewish laws, because you have taken away the key of knowledge; you do not enter in yourselves, and you hinder those who are entering." After Jesus left there, the scribes and the Pharisees opposed him and argued with him about many things, trying to trap him in his own words. (Luke 11:52-54 ULB) +>"Woe to you teachers of Jewish laws, because you have taken away the key of knowledge; you do not enter in yourselves, and you hinder those who are entering." After Jesus left there, the scribes and the Pharisees opposed him and argued with him about many things, trying to trap him in his own words. (Luke 11:52-54 ULB) diff --git a/translate/writing-newevent/01.md b/translate/writing-newevent/01.md index 86ef223..2cb16f8 100644 --- a/translate/writing-newevent/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-newevent/01.md @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ When your people tell about events, what information do they give at the beginni The verses above introduce a story about Zechariah. The first underlined phrase tells when it happened, and the next two underlined phrases introduce the main people. The next two verses go on to explain that Zechariah and Elizabeth were old and did not have any children. All of this is the setting. Then the phrase "One day" in Luke 1:8 helps to introduce the first event in this story: -> One day while Zechariah was performing his duties as a priest before God in the order of his division, the priests followed their custom and chose him by lot to enter the temple of the Lord and burn incense. (Luke 1:8-9 ULB) +>One day while Zechariah was performing his duties as a priest before God in the order of his division, the priests followed their custom and chose him by lot to enter the temple of the Lord and burn incense. (Luke 1:8-9 ULB) >The birth of Jesus Christ happened in the following way. His mother Mary was engaged to marry Joseph, but before they came together, she was found to be pregnant by the Holy Spirit. (Matthew 1:18 ULB) @@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ The underlined phrase above shows that John the Baptist came preaching around th The word "then" shows that Jesus came to the Jordan River some time after the events in the previous verses. -> Now there was a Pharisee whose name was Nicodemus, a member of the Jewish Council. This man came to Jesus at night time (John 3:1-2 ULB) +>Now there was a Pharisee whose name was Nicodemus, a member of the Jewish Council. This man came to Jesus at night time (John 3:1-2 ULB) The author first introduced the new person and then told about what he did and when he did it. In some languages it might be more natural to tell about the time first. diff --git a/translate/writing-participants/01.md b/translate/writing-participants/01.md index a1c2e7c..b66904f 100644 --- a/translate/writing-participants/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-participants/01.md @@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ A new participant who is not the most important one is often introduced in relat >There was a man from Zorah, of the family of the Danites, whose name was Manoah. His wife was not able to become pregnant and so she had not given birth. (Judges 13:2 ULB) Sometimes a new participant is introduced simply by name because the author assumes that the readers know who the person is. In the first verse of 1 Kings, the author assumes that his readers know who King David is, so there is no need to explain who he is. -> When King David was very old, they covered him with blankets, but he could not keep warm. (1 Kings 1:1 ULB) +>When King David was very old, they covered him with blankets, but he could not keep warm. (1 Kings 1:1 ULB) #### Old Participants @@ -31,10 +31,10 @@ A person who has already been brought into the story can be referred to with a p >His wife was not able to become pregnant and so she had not given birth. (Judges 13:2 ULB) Old participants can also be referred to in other ways, depending on what is happening in the story. In the example below, the story is about bearing a son, and Manoah's wife is referred to with the noun phrase "the woman." -> The angel of Yahweh appeared to the woman and said to her, (Judges 13:3 ULB) +>The angel of Yahweh appeared to the woman and said to her, (Judges 13:3 ULB) If the old participant has not been mentioned for a while, or if there could be confusion between participants, the author may use the participant's name again. In the example below, Manoah is referred to with his name, which the author has not used since verse 2. -> Then Manoah prayed to Yahweh... (Judges 13:8 ULB) +>Then Manoah prayed to Yahweh... (Judges 13:8 ULB) Some languages have something on the verb that tells something about the subject. In some of those languages people do not always use noun phrases or pronouns for old participants when they are the subject of the sentence. The marker on the verb gives enough information for the listener to understand who the subject is. (see [Verbs](../figs-verbs/01.md)) diff --git a/translate/writing-pronouns/01.md b/translate/writing-pronouns/01.md index 69b66e9..b638842 100644 --- a/translate/writing-pronouns/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-pronouns/01.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ When we talk or write, we use pronouns to refer to people or things without always having to repeat the noun or name. Usually the first time we refer to someone in a story, we use a descriptive phrase or a name. The next time we might refer to that person with a simple noun or by name. After that we might refer to him simply with a pronoun, as long as we think that our listeners will be able to understand easily to whom the pronoun refers. -> Now there was a Pharisee whose name was Nicodemus, a member of the Jewish Council. This man came to Jesus ... Jesus replied to him (John 3:1-3 ULB) +>Now there was a Pharisee whose name was Nicodemus, a member of the Jewish Council. This man came to Jesus ... Jesus replied to him (John 3:1-3 ULB) In John 3, Nicodemus is first referred to with noun phrases and his name. Then he is referred to with the noun phrase "this man." Then he is referred to with the pronoun "him." @@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ In the example below, two men are named in the first sentence. It might not be c Jesus is the main character of the book of Matthew, but in the verses below he is referred to four times by name. This may lead speakers of some languages to think that Jesus is not the main character. Or it might lead them to think that there is more than one person named Jesus in this story. Or it might lead them to think that there is some kind of emphasis on him, even though there is no emphasis. -> At that time Jesus went on the Sabbath day through the grainfields. His disciples were hungry and began to pluck heads of grain and eat them. But when the Pharisees saw that, they said to Jesus, "See, your disciples do what is unlawful to do on the Sabbath." +>At that time Jesus went on the Sabbath day through the grainfields. His disciples were hungry and began to pluck heads of grain and eat them. But when the Pharisees saw that, they said to Jesus, "See, your disciples do what is unlawful to do on the Sabbath." >But Jesus said to them, "Have you never read what David did, when he was hungry, and the men who were with him? ..." >Then Jesus left from there and went into their synagogue. (Matthew 12:1-9 ULB) @@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ Jesus is the main character of the book of Matthew, but in the verses below he i 1. If repeating a noun or name would lead people to think that a main character is not a main character, or that the writer is talking about more than one person with that name, or that there is some kind of emphasis on someone when there is no emphasis, use a pronoun instead. -> **At that time Jesus went on the Sabbath day through the grain fields. His disciples were hungry and began to pluck heads of grain and eat them. But when the Pharisees saw that, they said to Jesus , "See, your disciples do what is unlawful to do on the Sabbath."** +>**At that time Jesus went on the Sabbath day through the grain fields. His disciples were hungry and began to pluck heads of grain and eat them. But when the Pharisees saw that, they said to Jesus , "See, your disciples do what is unlawful to do on the Sabbath."** >**But Jesus said to them, "Have you never read what David did, when he was hungry, and the men who were with him? ...** >**Then Jesus left from there and went into their synagogue.** (Matthew 12:1-9 ULB) From c763a698139e181694fb6784db36e74bbc87f930 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: hmw3 Date: Mon, 1 Oct 2018 14:06:45 -0500 Subject: [PATCH 014/551] Markdowned block quotes --- translate/biblicalimageryta/01.md | 2 +- translate/bita-animals/01.md | 8 ++--- translate/bita-farming/01.md | 8 ++--- translate/bita-hq/01.md | 12 ++++---- translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md | 30 +++++++++---------- translate/bita-manmade/01.md | 10 +++---- translate/bita-part1/01.md | 2 +- translate/bita-part2/01.md | 4 +-- translate/bita-part3/01.md | 16 +++++----- translate/bita-phenom/01.md | 28 ++++++++--------- translate/bita-plants/01.md | 6 ++-- translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md | 2 +- translate/figs-rpronouns/01.md | 4 +-- translate/figs-sentencetypes/01.md | 8 ++--- translate/guidelines-historical/01.md | 2 +- translate/guidelines-sonofgod/01.md | 8 ++--- translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples/01.md | 6 ++-- translate/translate-hebrewmonths/01.md | 2 +- translate/translate-names/01.md | 2 +- translate/translate-useulbudb/01.md | 24 +++++++-------- translate/translate-versebridge/01.md | 4 +-- translate/writing-apocalypticwriting/01.md | 4 +-- translate/writing-quotations/01.md | 4 +-- translate/writing-symlanguage/01.md | 2 +- 24 files changed, 99 insertions(+), 99 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/biblicalimageryta/01.md b/translate/biblicalimageryta/01.md index 690cd3a..ea48add 100644 --- a/translate/biblicalimageryta/01.md +++ b/translate/biblicalimageryta/01.md @@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ Cultural models are mental pictures of parts of life or behavior. These pictures The Bible often speaks of God as if he were a shepherd and his people were sheep. This is a cultural model. -
Yahweh is my shepherd; I will lack nothing. (Psalm 23:1 ULB)
+>Yahweh is my shepherd; I will lack nothing. (Psalm 23:1 ULB) >He led his own people out like sheep and guided them through the wilderness like a flock. (Psalm 78:52 ULB) diff --git a/translate/bita-animals/01.md b/translate/bita-animals/01.md index 119d27c..d822aff 100644 --- a/translate/bita-animals/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-animals/01.md @@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ A fowler is a person who catches birds, and a snare is a small trap. #### BIRDS THAT EAT MEAT represent enemies who attack swiftly In Habakkuk and Hosea, Israel's enemies who would come and attack them were compared to an eagle. -
and their horsemen come from a great distance—they fly like an eagle hurrying to eat! (Habakkuk 1:8 ULB)
+> and their horsemen come from a great distance—they fly like an eagle hurrying to eat! (Habakkuk 1:8 ULB) >An eagle is coming over the house of Yahweh. >... Israel has rejected what is good, @@ -75,17 +75,17 @@ In Matthew, John the Baptist called the religious leaders poisonous snakes becau >so that your youth is renewed like the eagle. (Psalm 103:5 ULB) -
For Yahweh says this, "See, the enemy will come flying like an eagle, spreading out his wings over Moab." (Isaiah 48:40 ULB)
+>For Yahweh says this, "See, the enemy will come flying like an eagle, spreading out his wings over Moab." (Isaiah 48:40 ULB) #### SHEEP or a FLOCK OF SHEEP represents people who need to be led or are in danger >My people have been a lost flock. Their shepherds have led them astray in the mountains. (Jeremiah 50:6 ULB) -
He led his own people out like sheep and guided them through the wilderness like a flock. (Psalm 78:52 ULB)
+>He led his own people out like sheep and guided them through the wilderness like a flock. (Psalm 78:52 ULB) >Israel is a sheep scattered and driven away by lions. First the king of Assyria devoured him; >then after this, Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon broke his bones. (Jeremiah 50:17 ULB) -
See, I send you out as sheep in the midst of wolves, so be as wise as serpents and harmless as doves. Watch out for people! They will deliver you up to councils, and they will whip you in their synagogues. (Matthew 10:16 ULB)
+>See, I send you out as sheep in the midst of wolves, so be as wise as serpents and harmless as doves. Watch out for people! They will deliver you up to councils, and they will whip you in their synagogues. (Matthew 10:16 ULB) diff --git a/translate/bita-farming/01.md b/translate/bita-farming/01.md index 730505e..3e7e119 100644 --- a/translate/bita-farming/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-farming/01.md @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ Some images from the Bible related to farming are listed below. The word in all >He built a tower in the middle of it, and also built a winepress. >He waited for it to produce grapes, but it produced wild grapes. (Isaiah 5:1-2) -
For the kingdom of heaven is like a landowner who went out early in the morning to hire workers for his vineyard. (Matthew 20:1 ULB)
+> For the kingdom of heaven is like a landowner who went out early in the morning to hire workers for his vineyard. (Matthew 20:1 ULB) >There was a man, a person with extensive land. He planted a vineyard, set a hedge about it, dug a winepress in it, built a watchtower, and rented it out to vine growers. Then he went into another country. (Matthew 21:33 ULB) @@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ Some images from the Bible related to farming are listed below. The word in all >For Yahweh says this to each person in Judah and Jerusalem: 'Plow your own ground, >and do not sow among thorns. (Jeremiah 4:3 ULB) -
When anyone hears the word of the kingdom but does not understand it.... This is the seed that was sown beside the road. What was sown on rocky ground is the person who hears the word and immediately receives it with joy....What was sown among the thorn plants, this is the person who hears the word, but the cares of the world and the deceitfulness of riches choke the word.... What was sown on the good soil, this is the person who hears the word and understands it. (Matthew 13:19-23 ULB)
+>When anyone hears the word of the kingdom but does not understand it.... This is the seed that was sown beside the road. What was sown on rocky ground is the person who hears the word and immediately receives it with joy....What was sown among the thorn plants, this is the person who hears the word, but the cares of the world and the deceitfulness of riches choke the word.... What was sown on the good soil, this is the person who hears the word and understands it. (Matthew 13:19-23 ULB) >Break up your unplowed ground, >for it is time to seek Yahweh.... (Hosea 10:12 ULB) @@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ After farmers harvest wheat and other types of grain, they bring them to a _thre >So I will winnow them with a pitchfork at the gates of the land. I will bereave them. I will destroy my people since they will not turn from their ways. (Jeremiah 15:7 ULB) -
His winnowing fork is in his hand to thoroughly clear off his threshing floor and to gather the wheat into his storehouse. But he will burn up the chaff with fire that can never be put out. (Luke 3:17 ULB)
+> His winnowing fork is in his hand to thoroughly clear off his threshing floor and to gather the wheat into his storehouse. But he will burn up the chaff with fire that can never be put out. (Luke 3:17 ULB) #### GRAFTING represents God's allowing the Gentiles to become his people @@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ After farmers harvest wheat and other types of grain, they bring them to a _thre >...he comes and rains righteousness on you. (Hosea 10:12 ULB) -
For the land that drinks in the rain that often comes on it, and that gives birth to the plants useful to those for whom the land was worked—this is the land that receives a blessing from God. But if it bears thorns and thistles, it is worthless and is near to a curse. Its end is in burning. (Hebrews 6:7-8 ULB)
+>For the land that drinks in the rain that often comes on it, and that gives birth to the plants useful to those for whom the land was worked—this is the land that receives a blessing from God. But if it bears thorns and thistles, it is worthless and is near to a curse. Its end is in burning. (Hebrews 6:7-8 ULB) >Be patient, then, brothers, until the Lord's coming. See how the farmer waits for the precious fruit from the ground and he is patient about it, until it receives the early and late rains. (James 5:7 ULB) diff --git a/translate/bita-hq/01.md b/translate/bita-hq/01.md index 46c173c..44e26c7 100644 --- a/translate/bita-hq/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-hq/01.md @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ Some images from the Bible involving body parts and human qualities are listed b >Now you are the body of Christ and individually members of it. (1 Corinthians 12:27 ULB) -
Instead, speaking the truth in love, we are to grow up in every way into him who is the head, that is, Christ. Christ builds the whole body, and it is joined and held together by every supporting ligament, and when each part works together, that makes the body grow so that it builds itself up in love. (Ephesians 4:15-16 ULB)
+>Instead, speaking the truth in love, we are to grow up in every way into him who is the head, that is, Christ. Christ builds the whole body, and it is joined and held together by every supporting ligament, and when each part works together, that makes the body grow so that it builds itself up in love. (Ephesians 4:15-16 ULB) In these verses, the body of Christ represents the group of people who follow Christ. @@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ To hide one's face from someone is to ignore him. >The famine was over all the face of the whole land. (Genesis 41:56 ULB) -
They cover the face of the earth and they are right now next to me. (Numbers 22:5 ULB)
+> They cover the face of the earth and they are right now next to me. (Numbers 22:5 ULB) #### The HAND represents a person's agency or power @@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ To hide one's face from someone is to ignore him. >God put all things under Christ's feet and gave him to the church as head over all things. (Ephesians 1:22 ULB) -
Wives should be subject to their own husbands, as to the Lord. For the husband is the head of the wife, as Christ also is the head of the church, and he is the Savior of the body. (Ephesian 5:22-23 ULB)
+>Wives should be subject to their own husbands, as to the Lord. For the husband is the head of the wife, as Christ also is the head of the church, and he is the Savior of the body. (Ephesian 5:22-23 ULB) #### A MASTER represents anything that motivates someone to act @@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ To serve God is to be motivated by God. To serve money is to be motivated by mon >May your God make the name of Solomon better than your name, and make his throne greater than your throne." 1 Kings 1:47 (ULB) -
See, I have sworn by my great name—says Yahweh. My name will no longer be called upon by the mouths of any of the men of Judah in all the land of Egypt…." (Jeremiah 44:26 ULB)
+> See, I have sworn by my great name—says Yahweh. My name will no longer be called upon by the mouths of any of the men of Judah in all the land of Egypt…." (Jeremiah 44:26 ULB) If someone's name is great, it means that he is great. @@ -104,13 +104,13 @@ The fact that the men said they heard a report about Yahweh shows that "because >Then…the foundations of the world were exposed at your battle cry, Yahweh—at the blast of the breath of your nostrils. (Psalm 18:15 ULB) -
By the blast of your nostrils the waters were piled up…. (Exodus 15:8 ULB)
+>By the blast of your nostrils the waters were piled up…. (Exodus 15:8 ULB) >Smoke went up from out of his nostrils, and blazing fire came out of his mouth…. (2 Samuel 22:9 ULB) -
…This is the Lord Yahweh's declaration: 'My fury will arise in my nostrils!' (Ezekiel 38:18 ULB)
+>…This is the Lord Yahweh's declaration: 'My fury will arise in my nostrils!' (Ezekiel 38:18 ULB) A blast of air or smoke coming from someone's nose shows his great anger. diff --git a/translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md b/translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md index 909e7b7..a49d663 100644 --- a/translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md @@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ Some images from the Bible involving human behavior are listed below. The word i >There Yahweh will rescue you from the hand of your enemies. (Micah 4:10 ULB) -
For nation will rise against nation, and kingdom against kingdom. There will be famines and earthquakes in various places. But all these things are only the beginning of birth pains. (Matthew 24:7-8 ULB)
+>For nation will rise against nation, and kingdom against kingdom. There will be famines and earthquakes in various places. But all these things are only the beginning of birth pains. (Matthew 24:7-8 ULB) >My little children, I am suffering labor pains for you again, until Christ will have been formed in you! (Galatians 4:19 ULB) @@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ Noah built an altar to Yahweh. He took some of the clean animals and some >He must go out to the altar that is before Yahweh and make atonement for it, and he must take some of the bull's blood and some of the goat's blood and put it on the horns of the altar all around. He must sprinkle some of the blood on it with his finger seven times to cleanse it and dedicate it to Yahweh, away from the unclean actions of the people of Israel. (Leviticus 16:18-19 ULB) -
This is because on this day atonement will be made for you, to cleanse you from all your sins so you will be clean before Yahweh. (Leviticus 16:30 ULB)
+>This is because on this day atonement will be made for you, to cleanse you from all your sins so you will be clean before Yahweh. (Leviticus 16:30 ULB) #### UNCLEANLINESS represents not being acceptable for God's purposes @@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ Noah built an altar to Yahweh. He took some of the clean animals and some >You may eat any animal that has a split hoof and that also chews the cud. However, some animals either chew the cud or have a split hoof, and you must not eat them, animals such as the camel, because it chews the cud but does not have a split hoof. So the camel is unclean for you. (Leviticus 11:3-4 ULB) -
And if any of them dies and falls on anything, that thing will be unclean, whether it is made of wood, cloth, leather, or sackcloth. Whatever it is and whatever it is used for, it must be put into water; it will be unclean until evening. Then it will be clean. (Leviticus 11:32 ULB)
+>And if any of them dies and falls on anything, that thing will be unclean, whether it is made of wood, cloth, leather, or sackcloth. Whatever it is and whatever it is used for, it must be put into water; it will be unclean until evening. Then it will be clean. (Leviticus 11:32 ULB) #### MAKING SOMETHING UNCLEAN represents making it unacceptable for God's purposes. @@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ Noah built an altar to Yahweh. He took some of the clean animals and some >So you must keep the Sabbath, for it must be treated by you as holy, reserved for him. Everyone who defiles it must surely be put to death. Whoever works on the Sabbath, that person must surely be cut off from his people. (Exodus 31:14-15 ULB) -
Whoever does not humble himself on that day must be cut off from his people. Whoever does any work on that day, I, Yahweh, will destroy him from among his people. (Leviticus 23:29-30 ULB)
+>Whoever does not humble himself on that day must be cut off from his people. Whoever does any work on that day, I, Yahweh, will destroy him from among his people. (Leviticus 23:29-30 ULB) >But he was cut off from the land of the living. (Isaiah 53:8 ULB) @@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ Noah built an altar to Yahweh. He took some of the clean animals and some #### COMING AND STANDING BEFORE SOMEONE represents serving him -
How blessed are your people, and how blessed are your servants who constantly stand before you, because they hear your wisdom. (1 Kings 10:8 ULB)
+>How blessed are your people, and how blessed are your servants who constantly stand before you, because they hear your wisdom. (1 Kings 10:8 ULB) >Covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness come before you. (Psalm 89:14 ULB) @@ -143,14 +143,14 @@ An example from Deuteronomy. #### FALLING UPON or BEING UPON represents affecting -
Yahweh God caused a deep sleep to fall upon the man, so the man slept. (Genesis 2:21 ULB)
+>Yahweh God caused a deep sleep to fall upon the man, so the man slept. (Genesis 2:21 ULB) >Would not his majesty make you afraid? >Would not his dread fall upon you? (Job 13:11 ULB) -
Then the Spirit of Yahweh fell on me and he said to me… (Ezekiel 11:5 ULB)
+>Then the Spirit of Yahweh fell on me and he said to me… (Ezekiel 11:5 ULB) >Now look, the hand of the Lord is upon you, and you will become blind. (Acts 13:11 ULB) @@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ An example from Deuteronomy. >They broke away from Yahweh, the God of their fathers, who had brought them out of the land of Egypt. They went after other gods, the very gods of the peoples who were around them, and they bowed down to them. They provoked Yahweh to anger because they broke away from Yahweh and worshiped Baal and the Ashtoreths. -
For Solomon followed Ashtoreth, the goddess of the Sidonians, and he followed Milcom, the disgusting idol of the Ammonites. (1 Kings 11:5 ULB)
+>For Solomon followed Ashtoreth, the goddess of the Sidonians, and he followed Milcom, the disgusting idol of the Ammonites. (1 Kings 11:5 ULB) >Not one of them who despised me will see it, except for my servant Caleb, because he had another spirit. He has followed me fully; I will bring him into the land which he went to examine. His descendants will possess it. (Numbers 14:23-24 ULB) @@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ An example from Deuteronomy. >See, his reward is with him, and his recompense is going before him. (Isaiah 62:11 ULB) -
Righteousness will go before him and make a way for his footsteps. (Psalm 85:13 ULB)
+>Righteousness will go before him and make a way for his footsteps. (Psalm 85:13 ULB) #### INHERITING is permanently possessing something @@ -214,7 +214,7 @@ Noah received righteousness as a permanent possession. #### LYING DOWN represents DYING -
When your days are fulfilled and you lie down with your fathers, I will raise up a descendant after you, (2 Samuel 7:12 ULB)
+>When your days are fulfilled and you lie down with your fathers, I will raise up a descendant after you, (2 Samuel 7:12 ULB) >Ask them, 'Are you really more beautiful than anyone else? Go down and lie with the uncircumcised!' @@ -226,18 +226,18 @@ Noah received righteousness as a permanent possession. >This happened so that, as sin ruled in death, even so grace might rule through righteousness for everlasting life through Jesus Christ our Lord. (Romans 5:21 ULB) -
Therefore do not let sin rule in your mortal body in order that you obey its lusts. (Romans 6:12 ULB)
+>Therefore do not let sin rule in your mortal body in order that you obey its lusts. (Romans 6:12 ULB) #### RESTING or a RESTING PLACE represents a permanent beneficial situation >Naomi her mother-in-law said to her, "My daughter, should I not seek a place for you to rest, so that things may go well for you?" (Ruth 3:1 ULB) -
Therefore I vowed in my anger that they would never enter into my resting place. (Psalm 95:11 ULB)
+>Therefore I vowed in my anger that they would never enter into my resting place. (Psalm 95:11 ULB) >This is my resting place forever; I will live here, for I desire her [Zion]. (Psalm 132:14 ULB) -
The nations will seek him out, and his resting place will be glorious. (Isaiah 11:10 ULB)
+>The nations will seek him out, and his resting place will be glorious. (Isaiah 11:10 ULB) #### RISING, STANDING UP represents acting @@ -270,10 +270,10 @@ Noah received righteousness as a permanent possession. >Blessed is the man who does not walk in the advice of the wicked. (Psalm 1:1 ULB) -
For Yahweh approves of the way of the righteous. (Psalm 1:6 ULB)
+>For Yahweh approves of the way of the righteous. (Psalm 1:6 ULB) >Turn from me the path of deceit. (Psalm 119:28 ULB) -
I will run in the path of your commandments. (Psalm 119:32 ULB)
\ No newline at end of file +>I will run in the path of your commandments. (Psalm 119:32 ULB) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/translate/bita-manmade/01.md b/translate/bita-manmade/01.md index 753b27a..7a5960c 100644 --- a/translate/bita-manmade/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-manmade/01.md @@ -17,13 +17,13 @@ Some images from the Bible involving man-made objects are listed below in alphab >It is God who puts strength on me like a belt. (Psalm 18:32 ULB) -
Righteousness will be the belt of his waist, and faithfulness the belt around his hips. (Isaiah 11:5 ULB)
+>Righteousness will be the belt of his waist, and faithfulness the belt around his hips. (Isaiah 11:5 ULB) >May my adversaries be clothed with shame; may they wear their shame like a robe. (Psalm 109:29 ULB) -
I will clothe his enemies with shame. (Psalm 132:18 ULB)
+>I will clothe his enemies with shame. (Psalm 132:18 ULB) #### A SNARE (A LIGHT TRAP FOR BIRDS WORKED BY CORDS) represents death @@ -31,13 +31,13 @@ Some images from the Bible involving man-made objects are listed below in alphab >For he will rescue you from the snare of the hunter. (Psalm 91:3 ULB) -
The cords of death surrounded me, and the snares of sheol confronted me. (Psalm 116:3 ULB)
+>The cords of death surrounded me, and the snares of sheol confronted me. (Psalm 116:3 ULB) >The cords of the wicked have ensnared me. (Psalm 119:61 ULB) -
The wicked have set a snare for me. (Psalm 119:110 ULB)
+>The wicked have set a snare for me. (Psalm 119:110 ULB) >The wicked is ensnared by his own actions. (Psalm 9:16 ULB) @@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ In this case the snare was a persuasion to do evil, which leads to death. >God will likewise destroy you forever; he will take you up and pluck you out of your tent. (Psalm 52:5 ULB) -
The house of the wicked will be destroyed, but the tent of the upright will flourish. (Proverbs 14:11 ULB)
+>The house of the wicked will be destroyed, but the tent of the upright will flourish. (Proverbs 14:11 ULB) >A throne will be established in covenant faithfulness, and one from David's tent will faithfully sit there. (Isaiah 16:5 ULB) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/translate/bita-part1/01.md b/translate/bita-part1/01.md index d3db6c9..7cd9be2 100644 --- a/translate/bita-part1/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-part1/01.md @@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ These patterns present three challenges to anyone who wants to identify them: In 1 Kings 7:50, a lamp trimmer is a tool for trimming the wick on an ordinary lamp. In 2 Samuel 21:17 the lamp of Israel represents King David's life. When his men were concerned that he might "put out the lamp of Israel" they were concerned that he might be killed. -
The cups, lamp trimmers, basins, spoons, and incense burners were all made of pure gold. (1 Kings 7:50 ULB)
+>The cups, lamp trimmers, basins, spoons, and incense burners were all made of pure gold. (1 Kings 7:50 ULB) >Ishbibenob...intended to kill David. But Abishai the son of Zeruiah rescued David, attacked the Philistine, and killed him. Then the men of David swore to him, saying, "You must not go to battle anymore with us, so that you do not put out the lamp of Israel." (2 Samuel 21:16-17 ULB) diff --git a/translate/bita-part2/01.md b/translate/bita-part2/01.md index 131f121..cca8d6b 100644 --- a/translate/bita-part2/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-part2/01.md @@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ People do not drink cups. They drink what is in the cup. >A fool's mouth is his ruin. (Proverbs 18:7 ULB) -
Oh, how I would encourage you with my mouth! (Job 16:5 ULB)
+>Oh, how I would encourage you with my mouth! (Job 16:5 ULB) >I heard you when you boasted against me with your mouth; you said many things against me. I heard them. (Ezekiel 35:13 ULB) @@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ The memory of a person represents his descendants, because they are the ones who >when you overthrew their cities. >All remembrance of them has perished. (Psalm 9:5-6 ULB) -
His memory will perish from the earth (Job 18:17 ULB)
+> His memory will perish from the earth (Job 18:17 ULB) >Yahweh is against evildoers, >in order to wipe out their memory from the earth. (Psalm 34:16 ULB) diff --git a/translate/bita-part3/01.md b/translate/bita-part3/01.md index 4551ba0..e6a61b8 100644 --- a/translate/bita-part3/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-part3/01.md @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ Although the Bible explicitly denies that God is a human being, he is often spok >If we hear the voice of Yahweh our God any longer, we will die. (Deuteronomy 5:25 ULB) -
I have been strengthened by the hand of Yahweh my God (Ezra 7:28 ULB)
+>I have been strengthened by the hand of Yahweh my God (Ezra 7:28 ULB) >The hand of God also came on Judah, to give them one heart to carry out the command of the king and leaders by the word of Yahweh. (2 Chronicles 30:12 ULB) @@ -64,13 +64,13 @@ He is willing to die in order to save his sheep. >But God will shoot them; >suddenly they will be wounded with his arrows. (Psalm 65:7 ULB) -
For you will turn them back; you will draw your bow before them. (Psalm 21:12 ULB)
+>For you will turn them back; you will draw your bow before them. (Psalm 21:12 ULB) #### A leader is modeled as a SHEPHERD and those he leads are modeled as SHEEP >Then all the tribes of Israel came to David at Hebron and said, "Look...when Saul was king over us, it was you who led the Israelite army. Yahweh said to you, 'You will shepherd my people Israel, and you will become ruler over Israel.' " (2 Samuel 5:1-2 ULB) -
"Woe to the shepherds who destroy and scatter the sheep of my pasture—this is Yahweh's declaration." (Jeremiah 23:1 ULB)
+> "Woe to the shepherds who destroy and scatter the sheep of my pasture—this is Yahweh's declaration." (Jeremiah 23:1 ULB) >Therefore be careful about yourselves, and about all the flock of which the Holy Spirit has made you overseers. Be careful to shepherd the assembly of the Lord, which he purchased with his own blood. 29I know that after my departure, vicious wolves will enter in among you, and not spare the flock. I know that from even among your own selves some men shall come and say corrupt things, in order to draw away the disciples after them. (Acts 20:28-30 ULB) @@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ If blood is spilled or shed, someone has been killed. >Whoever sheds man's blood, by man will his blood be shed. (Genesis 9:6 ULB) -
In this way, this person would not die by the hand of the one who wanted to avenge the blood that was shed, until the accused person would first stand before the assembly. (Joshua 20:9 ULB)
+>In this way, this person would not die by the hand of the one who wanted to avenge the blood that was shed, until the accused person would first stand before the assembly. (Joshua 20:9 ULB) If blood cries out, nature itself is crying out for vengeance on a person who killed someone. (This also includes personification, because the blood is pictured as someone that can cry out. See: [Personification](figs-personification)) @@ -144,13 +144,13 @@ The sun is modeled as a disc with wings, which allow it to "fly" through the air >If I fly away on the wings of the morning and go to live in the uttermost parts across the sea... (Psalm 139:9 ULB) -
But for you who fear my name, the sun of righteousness will rise with healing in its wings. (Malachi 4:2 ULB)
+>But for you who fear my name, the sun of righteousness will rise with healing in its wings. (Malachi 4:2 ULB) The wind moves quickly and is modeled as having wings. >He was seen flying on the wings of the wind. (2 Sam. 22:11 ULB) -
He rode on a cherub and flew; he glided on the wings of the wind. (Psalm 18:10 ULB)
+>He rode on a cherub and flew; he glided on the wings of the wind. (Psalm 18:10 ULB) >you walk on the wings of the wind (Psalm 104:3 ULB) @@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ When there was a war between nations, people believed that the gods of those nat >This happened while the Egyptians were burying all their firstborn, those whom Yahweh had killed among them, for he also inflicted punishment on their gods. (Numbers 33:4 ULB) -
And what nation is like your people Israel, the one nation on earth whom you, God, went and rescued for yourself?...You drove out nations and their gods from before your people, whom you rescued from Egypt. (2 Samuel 7:23 ULB)
+>And what nation is like your people Israel, the one nation on earth whom you, God, went and rescued for yourself?...You drove out nations and their gods from before your people, whom you rescued from Egypt. (2 Samuel 7:23 ULB) >The servants of the king of Aram said to him, "Their god is a god of the hills. That is why they were stronger than we were. But now let us fight against them in the plain, and surely there we will be stronger than they." (1 Kings 20:23 ULB) @@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ The verses below are not about real physical boundaries but about difficulties o >He has built a wall around me, and I cannot escape. He has made my shackles heavy. (Lamentations 3:7 ULB) -
He has blocked my path with walls of hewn stone; every way I take is crooked. (Lamentations 3:9 ULB)
+>He has blocked my path with walls of hewn stone; every way I take is crooked. (Lamentations 3:9 ULB) >Measuring lines have been laid for me in pleasant places. (Psalm 16:6 ULB) diff --git a/translate/bita-phenom/01.md b/translate/bita-phenom/01.md index 81f6be9..9f9a869 100644 --- a/translate/bita-phenom/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-phenom/01.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ Some images from the Bible involving natural phenomena are listed below. The wor #### LIGHT represents someone's face (This often combines with FACE represents someone's presence) -
Yahweh, lift up the light of your face on us. (Psalm 4:6 ULB)
+>Yahweh, lift up the light of your face on us. (Psalm 4:6 ULB) >For they did not obtain the land for their possession by their own sword, @@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ Some images from the Bible involving natural phenomena are listed below. The wor >because you were favorable to them. (Psalm 44:3 ULB) -
they did not reject the light of my face. (Job 29:24 ULB)
+>they did not reject the light of my face. (Job 29:24 ULB) >Yahweh, they walk in the light of your face. (Psalm 89:15 ULB) @@ -36,13 +36,13 @@ Some images from the Bible involving natural phenomena are listed below. The wor >Because iniquity will be increased, the love of many will be extinguished. (Matthew 24:12 ULB) -
Surging waters cannot quench love. (Song of Songs 8:7 ULB)
+>Surging waters cannot quench love. (Song of Songs 8:7 ULB) >For a fire is kindled by my anger and is burning to the lowest sheol. (Deuteronomy 32:22 ULB) -
Therefore the anger of Yahweh was set on fire against Israel. (Judges 3:8 ULB)
+>Therefore the anger of Yahweh was set on fire against Israel. (Judges 3:8 ULB) >When Yahweh heard this, he was angry; so his fire burned against Jacob, and his anger attacked Israel. (Psalm 78:21 ULB) @@ -53,19 +53,19 @@ Some images from the Bible involving natural phenomena are listed below. The wor >They say, 'Hand over the man who struck his brother, so that we may put him to death, to pay for the life of his brother whom he killed.' And so they would also destroy the heir. Thus they will put out the burning coal that I have left, and they will leave for my husband neither name nor descendant on the surface of the earth. 2 Samuel 14:7 ULB) -
You must not go to battle anymore with us, so that you do not put out the lamp of Israel. (2 Samuel 21:17 ULB)
+>You must not go to battle anymore with us, so that you do not put out the lamp of Israel. (2 Samuel 21:17 ULB) >I will give one tribe to Solomon's son, so that David my servant may always have a lamp before me in Jerusalem. (1 Kings 11:36 ULB) -
Nevertheless for David's sake, Yahweh his God gave him a lamp in Jerusalem by raising up his son after him in order to strengthen Jerusalem. (1 Kings 15:4 ULB)
+>Nevertheless for David's sake, Yahweh his God gave him a lamp in Jerusalem by raising up his son after him in order to strengthen Jerusalem. (1 Kings 15:4 ULB) >Indeed, the light of the wicked person will be put out; the spark of his fire will not shine. The light will be dark in his tent; his lamp above him will be put out. (Job 18:5-6 ULB) -
For you give light to my lamp; Yahweh my God lights up my darkness. (Psalm 18:28 ULB)
+>For you give light to my lamp; Yahweh my God lights up my darkness. (Psalm 18:28 ULB) >A dimly burning wick he will not quench. (Isaiah 42:3 ULB) @@ -99,19 +99,19 @@ Some images from the Bible involving natural phenomena are listed below. The wor >Yahweh has burst through my enemies before me like a bursting flood of water. (2 Samuel 5:20 ULB) -
He will make a full end to his enemies with an overwhelming flood. (Nahum 1:8 ULB)
+>He will make a full end to his enemies with an overwhelming flood. (Nahum 1:8 ULB) >My heart drips because of sadness. (Psalm 119:28 ULB) -
I am being poured out like water. (Psalm 22:14 ULB)
+>I am being poured out like water. (Psalm 22:14 ULB) >It will come about afterward that I will pour out my Spirit on all flesh. (Joel 2:28 ULB) -
My God, my soul has melted within me. (Psalm 42:6 ULB)
+>My God, my soul has melted within me. (Psalm 42:6 ULB) >For it is great, the anger of Yahweh that has been poured out on us. (2 Chronicles 34:21 ULB) @@ -122,13 +122,13 @@ Some images from the Bible involving natural phenomena are listed below. The wor >A quarreling wife is a constant dripping of water. (Proverbs 19:13 ULB) -
His lips are lilies, dripping myrrh. (Song of Songs 5:13 ULB)
+>His lips are lilies, dripping myrrh. (Song of Songs 5:13 ULB) >My groaning is poured out like water. (Job 3:24 ULB) -
The words of a man's mouth are deep waters; the fountain of wisdom is a flowing stream. (Proverbs 18:3 ULB)
+>The words of a man's mouth are deep waters; the fountain of wisdom is a flowing stream. (Proverbs 18:3 ULB) #### FLOODING WATER represents disaster @@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ Some images from the Bible involving natural phenomena are listed below. The wor >I have come into deep waters, where the floods flow over me. (Psalm 69:2 ULB) -
Do not let the floods of water overwhelm me. (Psalm 69:15 ULB)
+>Do not let the floods of water overwhelm me. (Psalm 69:15 ULB) >Reach out your hand from above; rescue me out of many waters from the hands of these foreigners. (Psalm 144:7 ULB) @@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ Some images from the Bible involving natural phenomena are listed below. The wor >Who is a rock except our God? (Psalm 18:31 ULB) -
Yahweh, my rock, and my redeemer. (Psalm 19:14 ULB)
+>Yahweh, my rock, and my redeemer. (Psalm 19:14 ULB) diff --git a/translate/bita-plants/01.md b/translate/bita-plants/01.md index 8f494e0..2a36e0b 100644 --- a/translate/bita-plants/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-plants/01.md @@ -35,13 +35,13 @@ The emotion or attitude in the verses is underlined below. >Sow righteousness for yourselves, and reap the fruit of covenant faithfulness. (Hosea 10:12 ULB) -
Based on what I have observed, those who plow iniquity and sow trouble, reap the same. (Job 4:8 ULB)
+>Based on what I have observed, those who plow iniquity and sow trouble, reap the same. (Job 4:8 ULB) >For the people sow the wind and reap the whirlwind. (Hosea 8:7 ULB) -
You have turned…the fruit of righteousness into bitterness. (Amos 6:12 ULB)
+>You have turned…the fruit of righteousness into bitterness. (Amos 6:12 ULB) >What fruit then did you have at that time of the things of which you are now ashamed? (Romans 6:21 ULB) @@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ The emotion or attitude in the verses is underlined below. >He will be like a tree planted by the streams of water that produces its fruit in its season, whose leaves do not wither; whatever he does will prosper. (Psalm 1:3 ULB) -
I have seen the wicked and terrifying person spread out like a green tree in its native soil. (Psalm 37:35 ULB)
+>I have seen the wicked and terrifying person spread out like a green tree in its native soil. (Psalm 37:35 ULB) >I am like a green olive tree in God's house. (Psalm 52:8 ULB) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md b/translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md index 36b1710..86cf8bb 100644 --- a/translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ Negative words are words that have in them the meaning "not." Examples are "no," A double negative occurs when a sentence has two words that each express the meaning of "not." >It is not that we do not have authority... (2 Thessalonians 3:9 ULB) -
And this better confidence did not happen without the taking of an oath, ... (Hebrews 7:20 ULB.)
+>And this better confidence did not happen without the taking of an oath, ... (Hebrews 7:20 ULB.) >Be sure of this—wicked people will not go unpunished (Proverbs 11:21 ULB) diff --git a/translate/figs-rpronouns/01.md b/translate/figs-rpronouns/01.md index 31b866b..acaa20c 100644 --- a/translate/figs-rpronouns/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-rpronouns/01.md @@ -19,12 +19,12 @@ All languages have ways of showing that the same person fills two different role ### Examples from the Bible Reflexive pronouns are used to show the same person or thing fills two different roles in a sentence. -
If I should testify about myself alone, my testimony would not be true. (John 5:31 ULB)
+>If I should testify about myself alone, my testimony would not be true. (John 5:31 ULB) >Now the Passover of the Jews was near, and many went up to Jerusalem out of the country before the Passover in order to purify themselves. (John 11:55 ULB) Reflexive pronouns are used to emphasize a person or thing in the sentence. -
Jesus himself was not baptizing, but his disciples were (John 4:2 ULB)
+>Jesus himself was not baptizing, but his disciples were (John 4:2 ULB) >So they left the crowd, taking Jesus with them, since he was already in the boat. Other boats were also with him. And a violent windstorm arose and the waves were breaking into the boat so that the boat was already full. But Jesus himself was in the stern, asleep on a cushion. (Mark 4:36-38 ULB) diff --git a/translate/figs-sentencetypes/01.md b/translate/figs-sentencetypes/01.md index 860b825..b486f15 100644 --- a/translate/figs-sentencetypes/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-sentencetypes/01.md @@ -30,9 +30,9 @@ Statements can also have other functions. (see [Statements - Other Uses](../figs The speakers below used these questions to get information, and the people they were speaking to answered their questions. -
Jesus said to them, "Do you believe that I can do this?" They said to him, "Yes, Lord." (Matthew 9:28 ULB)
+>Jesus said to them, "Do you believe that I can do this?" They said to him, "Yes, Lord." (Matthew 9:28 ULB) -
The jailer...said, "Sirs, what must I do to be saved?" They said, "Believe in the Lord Jesus, and you will be saved, you and your house." (Acts 16:29-31 ULB)
+>The jailer...said, "Sirs, what must I do to be saved?" They said, "Believe in the Lord Jesus, and you will be saved, you and your house." (Acts 16:29-31 ULB) Questions can also have other functions. (see [Rhetorical Question](../figs-rquestion/01.md)) @@ -57,9 +57,9 @@ With an **invitation**, the speaker uses politeness or friendliness to suggest t >Come with us and we will do you good. (Numbers 10:29) With a **request**, the speaker uses politeness to say that he wants someone to do something. This may include the word 'please' to make it clear that it is a request and not a command. This is usually something that would benefit the speaker. -
Give us today our daily bread. (Matthew 6:11 ULB)
+>Give us today our daily bread. (Matthew 6:11 ULB) -
Please excuse me. (Luke 14:18 ULB)
+>Please excuse me. (Luke 14:18 ULB) With a **wish** a person expresses what they want to happen. In English they often start with the word "may" or "let." diff --git a/translate/guidelines-historical/01.md b/translate/guidelines-historical/01.md index a78e683..99caff0 100644 --- a/translate/guidelines-historical/01.md +++ b/translate/guidelines-historical/01.md @@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ Let us compare 1 Corinthians 10:1 from the ULB and UDB. >"I want you to know, brothers and sisters that our fathers were all under the cloud and all passed through the sea. " (ULB) -
"I want you to remember, brothers and sisters, that our Jewish ancestors were following God, who led them as a cloud during the day, as they passed through the Red Sea on dry land, long ago in the time of the Exodus." (UDB)
+>"I want you to remember, brothers and sisters, that our Jewish ancestors were following God, who led them as a cloud during the day, as they passed through the Red Sea on dry land, long ago in the time of the Exodus." (UDB) Notice that the UDB makes several points explicit: the 'fathers were all under the cloud' tells of the time that God led the Jewish ancestors as a cloud. The statement that 'our fathers passed through the sea' is also about the 'passing through the Red Sea in the time of the exodus.' The UDB translator decided to explicitly describe the historical events. This is a way to translate historical events that is more meaningful for those who have little knowledge of Old Testament history. diff --git a/translate/guidelines-sonofgod/01.md b/translate/guidelines-sonofgod/01.md index 194edfc..971cb03 100644 --- a/translate/guidelines-sonofgod/01.md +++ b/translate/guidelines-sonofgod/01.md @@ -15,23 +15,23 @@ In the New Testament: >God created the heavens... The Spirit of God was moving... "Let us make man in our image." (Genesis 1:1-2 ULB) -
God has spoken to us by a Son... through whom he also made the universe. His Son is the radiance of his glory, the very character of his essence... about the Son he says,... "In the beginning, Lord, you laid earth's foundation; the heavens are the work of your hands." (Hebrews 1:2-3, and 8-10 ULB quoting Psalm 102:25)
+>God has spoken to us by a Son... through whom he also made the universe. His Son is the radiance of his glory, the very character of his essence... about the Son he says,... "In the beginning, Lord, you laid earth's foundation; the heavens are the work of your hands." (Hebrews 1:2-3, and 8-10 ULB quoting Psalm 102:25) #### The Church has always found it necessary to state what the New Testament says about God by affirming that he exists in three distinct persons: The Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. >Jesus said, "...Baptize them into the name of the Father, of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit." (Matthew 28:19 ULB) -
God sent his Son, born of a woman,... God sent the Spirit of his Son into our hearts, who calls, "Abba, Father." (Galatians 4:4-6 ULB)
+>God sent his Son, born of a woman,... God sent the Spirit of his Son into our hearts, who calls, "Abba, Father." (Galatians 4:4-6 ULB) See also: John 14:16-17, 1 Peter 1:2 Each person of God is fully God and is called "God" in the Bible. >Yet for us there is only one God the Father ... (1 Corinthians 8:6 ULB) -
Thomas answered and said to him, "My Lord and my God." Jesus said to him, "Because you have seen me, you have believed. Blessed are those who have not seen, and yet have believed." (John 20:28-29 ULB)
+>Thomas answered and said to him, "My Lord and my God." Jesus said to him, "Because you have seen me, you have believed. Blessed are those who have not seen, and yet have believed." (John 20:28-29 ULB) -
But Peter said, "Ananias, why has Satan filled your heart to lie to the Holy Spirit and to keep back part of the price of the land?... You have not lied to men, but to God." (Acts 5:3-4 ULB)
+>But Peter said, "Ananias, why has Satan filled your heart to lie to the Holy Spirit and to keep back part of the price of the land?... You have not lied to men, but to God." (Acts 5:3-4 ULB) Each person is also distinct from the other two persons. All three persons can appear separately at the same time. In the verses below, God the Son is baptized while God the Spirit comes down and God the Father speaks from heaven. >After he was baptized, Jesus came up... from the water... He saw the Spirit of God coming down..., and a voice [the Father's] came out of the heavens saying, "This is my Beloved Son..." (Matthew 3:16-17 ULB) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples/01.md b/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples/01.md index 4fd2efb..aa547b4 100644 --- a/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples/01.md +++ b/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples/01.md @@ -21,15 +21,15 @@ The intimate, loving relationship between the Father and the Son is eternal, jus >The Father loves the Son. (John 3:35-36; 5:19-20 ULB) -
I love the Father, I do what the Father commands me, just as he gave me the commandment. (John 14:31 ULB)
+>I love the Father, I do what the Father commands me, just as he gave me the commandment. (John 14:31 ULB) -
... no one knows who the Son is except the Father, and no one knows who the Father is except the Son. (Luke 10:22 ULB)
+> ... no one knows who the Son is except the Father, and no one knows who the Father is except the Son. (Luke 10:22 ULB) The terms "Father" and "Son" also communicate that the Father and the Son are of the same essence; they are both eternal God. >Jesus said, "Father, glorify your Son so that the Son may glorify you... I glorified you on the earth,... Now Father, glorify me... with the glory that I had with you before the world was created." (John 17:1-5 ULB) -
But in these last days, he [God the Father] has spoken to us through a Son, whom he appointed to be the heir of all things. It is through him that God also made the universe. He is the brightness of God's glory, the very character of his essence. He even holds everything together by the word of his power. (Hebrews 1:2-3 ULB)
+>But in these last days, he [God the Father] has spoken to us through a Son, whom he appointed to be the heir of all things. It is through him that God also made the universe. He is the brightness of God's glory, the very character of his essence. He even holds everything together by the word of his power. (Hebrews 1:2-3 ULB) >Jesus said to him, "I have been with you for so long and you still do not know me, Philip? Whoever has seen me has seen the Father. How can you say, 'Show us the Father'? (John 14:9 ULB) diff --git a/translate/translate-hebrewmonths/01.md b/translate/translate-hebrewmonths/01.md index 36c4173..8532a69 100644 --- a/translate/translate-hebrewmonths/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-hebrewmonths/01.md @@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ This is a list of the Hebrew months with information about them that may be help #### Examples from the Bible -
You are going out of Egypt on this day, in the month of Abib. (Exodus 13:4 ULB)
+> You are going out of Egypt on this day, in the month of Abib. (Exodus 13:4 ULB) >You must eat unleavened bread from twilight of the fourteenth day in the first month of the year, until twilight of the twenty-first day of the month. (Exodus 12:18 ULB) diff --git a/translate/translate-names/01.md b/translate/translate-names/01.md index ba2b1ab..6ea83a8 100644 --- a/translate/translate-names/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-names/01.md @@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ Readers may not understand why she said this if they do not know that the name M >Saul was in agreement with his death (Acts 8:1 ULB)
-
It came about in Iconium that Paul and Barnabas entered together into the synagogue (Acts 14:1 ULB)
+>It came about in Iconium that Paul and Barnabas entered together into the synagogue (Acts 14:1 ULB) Readers may not know that the names Saul and Paul refer to the same person. diff --git a/translate/translate-useulbudb/01.md b/translate/translate-useulbudb/01.md index 2d8f11e..a04a53d 100644 --- a/translate/translate-useulbudb/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-useulbudb/01.md @@ -9,11 +9,11 @@ The UDB tries to present ideas in an order that is more natural in English, or t When you translate, you should put ideas into an order that is natural in the target language. (see [Order of Events](../figs-events/01.md)) -
1 Paul, a servant of Jesus Christ, called to be an apostle, and set apart for the gospel of God...7 This letter is to all who are in Rome, the beloved of God. (Romans 1:1,7 ULB)
+>1 Paul, a servant of Jesus Christ, called to be an apostle, and set apart for the gospel of God...7 This letter is to all who are in Rome, the beloved of God. (Romans 1:1,7 ULB) -
1 I, Paul, who serve Christ Jesus, am writing this letter to all of you believers in the city of Rome. (Romans 1:1 UDB)
+>1 I, Paul, who serve Christ Jesus, am writing this letter to all of you believers in the city of Rome. (Romans 1:1 UDB) The ULB shows Paul's style of beginning his letters. He does not say who his audience is until verse 7. However, the UDB follows a style that is much more natural in English and many other languages today. @@ -27,13 +27,13 @@ When you translate, you should decide which of these implied ideas would be unde >And Jesus said to Simon, "Do not be afraid, because from now on you will catch men." (Luke 5:10 ULB) -
But Jesus said to Simon, "Do not be afraid! Until now you gathered in fish, but from now on you will gather in people to become my disciples." (Luke 5:10 UDB)
+>But Jesus said to Simon, "Do not be afraid! Until now you gathered in fish, but from now on you will gather in people to become my disciples." (Luke 5:10 UDB) Here the UDB reminds the reader that Simon was a fisherman by trade. It also makes clear the similarity that Jesus was drawing between Simon's previous work and his future work. In addition, the UDB makes it clear why Jesus wanted Simon to "catch men" (ULB), that is, to lead them "to become my disciples" (UDB). >When he saw Jesus, he fell on his face and begged him, saying, "Lord, if you are willing, you can make me clean." (Luke 5:12 ULB) -
When he saw Jesus, he bowed down to the ground in front of him and pleaded with him, "Lord, please heal me, because you are able to heal me if you are willing!" (Luke 5:12 UDB)
+>When he saw Jesus, he bowed down to the ground in front of him and pleaded with him, "Lord, please heal me, because you are able to heal me if you are willing!" (Luke 5:12 UDB) Here the UDB makes it clear that the man who had leprosy did not fall to the ground by accident. Instead, he deliberately bowed down to the ground. Also, the UDB makes it clear that he is asking Jesus to heal him. In the ULB, he only implies this request. @@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ The ULB often simply presents the symbolic action with no explanation of what it When you translate, you should decide whether your audience will correctly understand a symbolic action. If your audience will not understand, then you should do as the UDB does. (see [Symbolic Action](../translate-symaction/01.md)) >The high priest tore his garments (Mark 14:63 ULB) -
In response to Jesus' words, the high priest was so shocked that he tore his outer garment. (Mark 14:63 UDB)
+>In response to Jesus' words, the high priest was so shocked that he tore his outer garment. (Mark 14:63 UDB) Here the UDB makes it clear that it was not by accident that the high priest tore his garment. It also makes clear that it was probably only his outer garment that he tore, and that he did so because he wanted to show that he was sad or angry or both. @@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ Because the high priest actually tore his garment, the UDB must, of course, say >Present that to your governor; will he accept you or will he lift up your face?" (Malachi 1:8 ULB) -
You would not dare to offer such gifts to your own governor! You know that he would not take them. You know that he would be displeased with you and would not welcome you! (Malachi 1:8 UDB)
+>You would not dare to offer such gifts to your own governor! You know that he would not take them. You know that he would be displeased with you and would not welcome you! (Malachi 1:8 UDB) Here the symbolic action "lift up someone's face," represented in this way in the ULB, is presented only as its meaning in the UDB: "he would be displeased with you and would not welcome you." It can be presented in this way because Malachi is not actually referring to a particular event that actually took place. He is only referring to the idea represented by that event. @@ -68,13 +68,13 @@ When you translate, you must decide whether the target language can present even >For he was amazed, and all who were with him, at the catch of fish which they had taken. (Luke 5:9 ULB) -
He said this because he marveled at the huge number of fish that they had caught. All the men who were with him also marveled. (Luke 5:9 UDB)
+>He said this because he marveled at the huge number of fish that they had caught. All the men who were with him also marveled. (Luke 5:9 UDB) Here the UDB uses a verb in the active voice "he marveled" instead of the ULB's verb in the passive voice "was amazed." >Large crowds of people came together to hear him teach and to be healed of their sicknesses. (Luke 5:15 ULB) -
The result was that large crowds came to Jesus to hear him teach and to have him heal them from their sicknesses. (Luke 5:15 UDB)
+>The result was that large crowds came to Jesus to hear him teach and to have him heal them from their sicknesses. (Luke 5:15 UDB) Here the UDB avoids the ULB's passive verb form "to be healed." It does this by restructuring the phrase. It says who the healer is: "to have him [Jesus] heal them." @@ -88,19 +88,19 @@ When you translate, you will have to decide whether the target language readers >He has made you rich in every way, in all speech and with all knowledge. (1 Corinthians 1:5 ULB) -
Christ has given you so many things. He helped you to speak his truth and to know God. (1 Corinthians 1:5 UDB)
+>Christ has given you so many things. He helped you to speak his truth and to know God. (1 Corinthians 1:5 UDB) Paul uses a metaphor of material wealth, expressed in the word "rich." Even though he immediately explains what he means "in all speech and with all knowledge," some readers might not understand. The UDB presents the idea in a different way, without using the metaphor of material wealth. (see [Metaphor](../figs-metaphor/01.md)) >I send you out as sheep in the midst of wolves, (Matthew 10:16 ULB) -
When I send you out, you will be as defenseless as sheep, among people who are as dangerous as wolves. (Matthew 10:16 UDB)
+>When I send you out, you will be as defenseless as sheep, among people who are as dangerous as wolves. (Matthew 10:16 UDB) Jesus uses a simile that compares his apostles going to others as sheep going out among wolves. Some readers might not understand how the apostles would be like sheep while the other people would be like wolves. The UDB clarifies that the apostles would be defenseless, and that their enemies would be dangerous. (see [Simile](../figs-simile/01.md)) >You are separated from Christ, all you who are "justified" by the law. You have fallen away from grace. (Galatians 5:4 ULB) -
If you expect God to declare you good in his sight because you try to keep the law, you have separated yourself from Christ; God will no longer act kindly toward you. (Galatians 5:4 UDB)
+>If you expect God to declare you good in his sight because you try to keep the law, you have separated yourself from Christ; God will no longer act kindly toward you. (Galatians 5:4 UDB) Paul uses irony when he refers to them as being justified by the law. He had already taught them that no one can be justified by the law. The ULB uses quote marks around "justified" to show that Paul did not really believe that they were justified by the law. The UDB translates the same idea by making it clear that it was what the other people believed. (see [Irony](../figs-irony/01.md)) @@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ When you translate, you will have to decide how the target language prefers to p >He has made you rich in every way, in all speech and with all knowledge. (1 Corinthians 1:5 ULB) -
Christ has given you so many things. He helped you to speak his truth and to know God. (1 Corinthians 1:5 UDB)
+>Christ has given you so many things. He helped you to speak his truth and to know God. (1 Corinthians 1:5 UDB) Here the ULB expressions "all speech" and "all knowledge" are abstract noun expressions. One problem with them is that readers might not know who is supposed to do the speaking and what they are to speak, or who is doing the knowing and what it is that they know. The UDB answers these questions. diff --git a/translate/translate-versebridge/01.md b/translate/translate-versebridge/01.md index e01c459..61af459 100644 --- a/translate/translate-versebridge/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-versebridge/01.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ In rare cases, you will see in the Unlocked Literal Bible (ULB) or the Unlocked >29 These were the clans of the Horites: Lotan, Shobal, Zibeon, and Anah, 30 Dishon, Ezer, Dishan: these are clans of the Horites, according to their clan lists in the land of Seir. (Genesis 26:29-30 ULB) -
29-30 The people groups who were descendants of Hor lived in Seir land. The names of the people groups are Lotan, Shobal, Zibeon, Anah, Dishon, Ezer, and Dishpan. (Genesis 26:29-30 UDB)
+>29-30 The people groups who were descendants of Hor lived in Seir land. The names of the people groups are Lotan, Shobal, Zibeon, Anah, Dishon, Ezer, and Dishpan. (Genesis 26:29-30 UDB) In the ULB text, verses 29 and 30 are separate, and the information about the people living in Seir is at the end of verse 30. In the UDB text, the verses are joined, and the information about them living in Seir is at the beginning. For many languages, this is a more logical order of information. @@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ Sometimes the ULB has separate verses while the UDB has a verse bridge. >4 However, there should be no poor among you (for Yahweh will surely bless you in the land that he gives you as an inheritance to possess), 5 if only you diligently listen to the voice of Yahweh your God, to keep all these commandments that I am commanding you today. (Deuteronomy 15:4-5 ULB) -
4-5 Yahweh our God will bless you in the land that he is giving to you. If you obey Yahweh our God and obey all the commandments that I am giving to you today, there will not be any poor people among you. (Deuteronomy 15:4-5 UDB)
+>4-5 Yahweh our God will bless you in the land that he is giving to you. If you obey Yahweh our God and obey all the commandments that I am giving to you today, there will not be any poor people among you. (Deuteronomy 15:4-5 UDB) There are also a few verse bridges in the ULB. diff --git a/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting/01.md b/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting/01.md index 8147fc1..96d7129 100644 --- a/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting/01.md @@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ Some of these things happened after the prophets told about them, and some of th The following passages describe powerful beings that Ezekiel, Daniel, and John saw. Images that come up in these visions include hair that is white as wool, a voice like many waters, a golden belt, and legs or feet like polished bronze. Though the prophets saw various details, it would be good to translate the details that are the same in the same way. The underlined phrases in the passage from Revelation also occur in the passages from Daniel and Ezekiel -
In the middle of the lampstands there was one like a Son of Man, wearing a long robe that reached down to his feet, and a golden belt around his chest. His head and hair were as white as wool — as white as snow, and his eyes were like a flame of fire. His feet were like burnished bronze, like bronze that had been refined in a furnace, and his voice was like the sound of many rushing waters. He had in his right hand seven stars, and coming out of his mouth was a sharp two-edged sword. His face was shining like the sun at its strongest shining. (Revelation 1:13-16 ULB)
+> In the middle of the lampstands there was one like a Son of Man, wearing a long robe that reached down to his feet, and a golden belt around his chest. His head and hair were as white as wool — as white as snow, and his eyes were like a flame of fire. His feet were like burnished bronze, like bronze that had been refined in a furnace, and his voice was like the sound of many rushing waters. He had in his right hand seven stars, and coming out of his mouth was a sharp two-edged sword. His face was shining like the sun at its strongest shining. (Revelation 1:13-16 ULB) >As I looked, @@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ The following passages describe powerful beings that Ezekiel, Daniel, and John s >and the hair of his head was like pure wool. (Daniel 7:9 ULB) -
I looked up and saw a man dressed in linen, with a belt around his waist made of pure gold from Uphaz. His body was like topaz, his face was like lightning, his eyes were like flaming torches, his arms and his feet were like polished bronze, and the sound of his words was like the sound of a great crowd. (Daniel 10:5-6 ULB)
+>I looked up and saw a man dressed in linen, with a belt around his waist made of pure gold from Uphaz. His body was like topaz, his face was like lightning, his eyes were like flaming torches, his arms and his feet were like polished bronze, and the sound of his words was like the sound of a great crowd. (Daniel 10:5-6 ULB) >Behold! The glory of the God of Israel came from the east; his voice was like the sound of many waters, and the earth shone with his glory! (Ezekiel 43:2 ULB) diff --git a/translate/writing-quotations/01.md b/translate/writing-quotations/01.md index 6992fda..7cd51bc 100644 --- a/translate/writing-quotations/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-quotations/01.md @@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ When writing that someone said something, some languages put the quote (what was >Zechariah said to the angel, "How will I know this will happen? For I am an old man, and my wife also is very old." (Luke 1:18 ULB) -
Then some tax collectors also came to be baptized, and they said to him, "Teacher, what must we do?" (Luke 3:12 ULB)
+>Then some tax collectors also came to be baptized, and they said to him, "Teacher, what must we do?" (Luke 3:12 ULB) >He said to them, "Do not collect more money than you are supposed to." (Luke 3:13 ULB) @@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ When writing that someone said something, some languages put the quote (what was >"I will hide my face from them," he said, "and I will see what their end will be; for they are a perverse generation, children who are unfaithful." (Deuteronomy 32:20 ULB) -
"Therefore, those who can," he said, "should go there with us. If there is something wrong with the man, you should accuse him." (Acts 25:5 ULB)
+>"Therefore, those who can," he said, "should go there with us. If there is something wrong with the man, you should accuse him." (Acts 25:5 ULB) >"For look, days are coming"—this is Yahweh's declaration—"when I will restore the fortunes of my people, Israel" (Jeremiah 30:3 ULB) diff --git a/translate/writing-symlanguage/01.md b/translate/writing-symlanguage/01.md index 428314b..88dcfcc 100644 --- a/translate/writing-symlanguage/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-symlanguage/01.md @@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ The meaning of the underlined symbols is explained in Daniel 7:23-24 as shown be >This is what that person said, 'As for the fourth animal, it will be a fourth kingdom on earth that will be different from all the other kingdoms. It will devour the whole earth, and it will trample it down and break it into pieces. As for the ten horns, out of this kingdom ten kings will arise, and another will arise after them. He will be different from the previous ones, and he will conquer the three kings. (Daniel 7:23-24 ULB) -
I turned around to see whose voice was speaking to me, and as I turned I saw seven golden lampstands. In the middle of the lampstands there was one like a Son of Man, … He had in his right hand seven stars, and coming out of his mouth was a sharp two-edged sword…. As for the hidden meaning about the seven stars you saw in my right hand, and the seven golden lampstands: the seven stars are the angels of the seven churches, and the seven lampstands are the seven churches. (Revelation 1:12, 16, 20 ULB)
+>I turned around to see whose voice was speaking to me, and as I turned I saw seven golden lampstands. In the middle of the lampstands there was one like a Son of Man, … He had in his right hand seven stars, and coming out of his mouth was a sharp two-edged sword…. As for the hidden meaning about the seven stars you saw in my right hand, and the seven golden lampstands: the seven stars are the angels of the seven churches, and the seven lampstands are the seven churches. (Revelation 1:12, 16, 20 ULB) This passage explains the meaning of the seven lampstands and the seven stars. The two-edged sword represents God's word and judgment. From 733ab9be7e7a74c6362cfe6d6660892e22e5051e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: hmw3 Date: Mon, 1 Oct 2018 14:38:41 -0500 Subject: [PATCH 015/551] Replaced ellipsis symbol --- translate/bita-hq/01.md | 6 +++--- translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md | 2 +- translate/bita-manmade/01.md | 2 +- translate/bita-part3/01.md | 2 +- translate/bita-plants/01.md | 4 ++-- translate/figs-123person/01.md | 6 +++--- translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md | 4 ++-- translate/figs-activepassive/01.md | 2 +- translate/figs-apostrophe/01.md | 6 +++--- translate/figs-distinguish/01.md | 2 +- translate/figs-events/01.md | 2 +- translate/figs-exclusive/01.md | 2 +- translate/figs-explicitinfo/01.md | 9 +++++---- translate/figs-extrainfo/01.md | 2 +- translate/figs-hyperbole/01.md | 4 ++-- translate/figs-hypo/01.md | 2 +- translate/figs-inclusive/01.md | 2 +- translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md | 2 +- translate/figs-possession/01.md | 6 +++--- translate/figs-quotations/01.md | 2 +- translate/figs-quotemarks/01.md | 2 +- translate/figs-youdual/01.md | 2 +- translate/figs-yousingular/01.md | 2 +- translate/translate-dynamic/01.md | 2 +- translate/translate-form/01.md | 2 +- translate/translate-ordinal/01.md | 12 ++++++------ translate/translate-textvariants/01.md | 2 +- translate/writing-newevent/01.md | 6 +++--- translate/writing-symlanguage/01.md | 2 +- 29 files changed, 51 insertions(+), 50 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/bita-hq/01.md b/translate/bita-hq/01.md index 44e26c7..eabde0d 100644 --- a/translate/bita-hq/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-hq/01.md @@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ To hide one's face from someone is to ignore him. >God put all things under Christ's feet and gave him to the church as head over all things. (Ephesians 1:22 ULB) ->Wives should be subject to their own husbands, as to the Lord. For the husband is the head of the wife, as Christ also is the head of the church, and he is the Savior of the body. (Ephesian 5:22-23 ULB) +>Wives, submit to your husbands, as to the Lord. For the husband is the head of the wife, as Christ also is the head of the church, and Christ himself is its Savior. (Ephesians 5:22-23 ULB) #### A MASTER represents anything that motivates someone to act @@ -72,12 +72,12 @@ To serve God is to be motivated by God. To serve money is to be motivated by mon >May your God make the name of Solomon better than your name, and make his throne greater than your throne." 1 Kings 1:47 (ULB) -> See, I have sworn by my great name—says Yahweh. My name will no longer be called upon by the mouths of any of the men of Judah in all the land of Egypt…." (Jeremiah 44:26 ULB) +> See, I have sworn by my great name—says Yahweh. My name will no longer be called upon by the mouths of any of the men of Judah in all the land of Egypt." (Jeremiah 44:26 ULB) If someone's name is great, it means that he is great. ->Listen now to the prayer of your servant and to the prayer of your servants who delight to honor your name…. (Nehemiah 1:11 ULB) +>Listen now to the prayer of your servant and to the prayer of your servants who delight to honor your name. (Nehemiah 1:11 ULB) To honor someone's name is to honor him. diff --git a/translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md b/translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md index a49d663..ccfd71d 100644 --- a/translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md @@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ An example from Deuteronomy. >Would not his dread fall upon you? (Job 13:11 ULB) ->Then the Spirit of Yahweh fell on me and he said to me… (Ezekiel 11:5 ULB) +>Then the Spirit of Yahweh fell on me and he said to me.... (Ezekiel 11:5 ULB) >Now look, the hand of the Lord is upon you, and you will become blind. (Acts 13:11 ULB) diff --git a/translate/bita-manmade/01.md b/translate/bita-manmade/01.md index 7a5960c..33ad840 100644 --- a/translate/bita-manmade/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-manmade/01.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ Some images from the Bible involving man-made objects are listed below in alphab #### BRONZE represents strength ->He trains…my arms to bend a bow of bronze. Psalm 18:34 ULB) +>He trains ... my arms to bend a bow of bronze. Psalm 18:34 ULB) #### CHAINS represent control diff --git a/translate/bita-part3/01.md b/translate/bita-part3/01.md index e6a61b8..c390359 100644 --- a/translate/bita-part3/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-part3/01.md @@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ This light shining from the eyes carries with itself the viewer's character. The primary emotion of a person with the evil eye is envy. The Greek word translated as "envy" in Mark 7 is "eye," which refers here to an evil eye. ->He said, "It is that which comes out of the person that defiles him. For from within a person, out of the heart, proceed evil thoughts…, envy …. (Mark 7:20-22 ULB) +>He said, "It is that which comes out of the person that defiles him. For from within a person, out of the heart, proceed evil thoughts..., envy.... (Mark 7:20-22 ULB) The context for Matthew 20:15 includes the emotion of envy. "Is your eye evil?" means "Are you envious?" >Is it not legitimate for me to do what I wish with my own possessions? Or is your eye evil because I am good? (Matthew 20:15 ULB) diff --git a/translate/bita-plants/01.md b/translate/bita-plants/01.md index 2a36e0b..8937394 100644 --- a/translate/bita-plants/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-plants/01.md @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ In Job when it says "his branch will be cut off," it means that he will not have #### A PLANT represents a person ->God will likewise destroy you forever; he will…root you out of the land of the living. (Psalm 52:5 ULB) +>God will likewise destroy you forever; he will ... root you out of the land of the living. (Psalm 52:5 ULB) #### A PLANT represents an emotion or attitude @@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ The emotion or attitude in the verses is underlined below. >For the people sow the wind and reap the whirlwind. (Hosea 8:7 ULB) ->You have turned…the fruit of righteousness into bitterness. (Amos 6:12 ULB) +>You have turned ... the fruit of righteousness into bitterness. (Amos 6:12 ULB) >What fruit then did you have at that time of the things of which you are now ashamed? (Romans 6:21 ULB) diff --git a/translate/figs-123person/01.md b/translate/figs-123person/01.md index 134a964..455ac7f 100644 --- a/translate/figs-123person/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-123person/01.md @@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ Sometimes people used the third person instead of "I" or "me" to refer to themse David referred to himself in the third person as "your servant" and "his." He was calling himself Saul's servant in order to show his humility before Saul. >Then Yahweh answered Job out of a fierce storm and said, ->"… Do you have an arm like God's? Can you thunder with a voice like him? (Job 40:6, 9 ULB) +>"... Do you have an arm like God's? Can you thunder with a voice like him?"" (Job 40:6, 9 ULB) God referred to himself in the third person with the words "God's" and "him." He did this to emphasize that he is God, and he is powerful. @@ -47,8 +47,8 @@ If using the third person to mean "I" or "you" would be natural and give the rig 1. Simply use the first person ("I") or second person ("you") instead of the third person. - * **Then Yahweh answered Job out of a fierce storm and said, "… Do you have an arm like God's? Can you thunder with a voice like him?** (Job 40:6, 9 ULB) - * Then Yahweh answered Job out of a fierce storm and said, "… Do you have an arm like mine? Can you thunder with a voice like me?" + * **Then Yahweh answered Job out of a fierce storm and said, "... Do you have an arm like God's? Can you thunder with a voice like him?** (Job 40:6, 9 ULB) + * Then Yahweh answered Job out of a fierce storm and said, "... Do you have an arm like mine? Can you thunder with a voice like me?" * **So also my heavenly Father will do to you, if each of you does not forgive his brother from your heart.** (Matthew 18:35 ULB) * So also my heavenly Father will do to you, if each of you does not forgive your brother from your heart. diff --git a/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md b/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md index fc4483a..d0f4569 100644 --- a/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md @@ -53,8 +53,8 @@ If an abstract noun would be natural and give the right meaning in your language * But we benefit greatly when we honor and obey God and when we are happy with what we have. * **Today salvation has come to this house, because he too is a son of Abraham.** (Luke 19:9 ULB) - * Today the people in this house have been saved… - * Today God has saved the people in this house… + * Today the people in this house have been saved. + * Today God has saved the people in this house. * **The Lord does not move slowly concerning his promises, as some consider slowness to be.** (2 Peter 3:9 ULB) * The Lord does not move slowly concerning his promises, as some consider moving slowly to be. diff --git a/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md b/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md index e815b9a..fc2db83 100644 --- a/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md @@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ The passive form is not used for the same purposes in all of the languages that This means that the enemy's shooters shot and killed some of the king's servants, including Uriah. The point is what happened to the king's servants and Uriah, not who shot them. The purpose of the passive form here is to keep the focus on the king's servants and Uriah. ->In the morning when the men of the town got up, the altar of Baal was broken down … (Judges 6:28 ULB) +>In the morning when the men of the town got up, the altar of Baal was broken down.(Judges 6:28 ULB) The men of the town saw what had happened to the altar of Baal, but they did not know who broke it down. The purpose of the passive form here is to communicate this event from the perspective of the men of the town. diff --git a/translate/figs-apostrophe/01.md b/translate/figs-apostrophe/01.md index 6710db9..f060251 100644 --- a/translate/figs-apostrophe/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-apostrophe/01.md @@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ King Saul was killed on Mount Gilboa, and David sang a sad song about it. By tel Jesus was expressing his feelings for the people of Jerusalem in front of his disciples and a group of Pharisees. By speaking directly to Jerusalem as though its people could hear him, Jesus showed how deeply he cared about them. ->He cried against the altar by the word of Yahweh: "Altar, altar! This is what Yahweh says, 'See, … on you they will burn human bones.' " (1 Kings 13:2 ULB) +>He cried against the altar by the word of Yahweh: "Altar, altar! This is what Yahweh says, 'See, ... on you they will burn human bones.' " (1 Kings 13:2 ULB) The man of God spoke as if the altar could hear him, but he really wanted the king, who was standing there, to hear him. @@ -35,8 +35,8 @@ If apostrophe would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, cons 1. If this way of speaking would be confusing to your people, let the speaker continue speaking to the people that are listening to him as he tells them his message or feelings about the people or thing that cannot hear him. - * **He cried against the altar by the word of Yahweh: "Altar, altar! This is what Yahweh says, 'See, … on you they will burn human bones.' "** (1 Kings 13:2 ULB) - * He said this about the altar: "This is what Yahweh says about this altar. 'See, … they will burn people's bones on it.' " + * **He cried against the altar by the word of Yahweh: "Altar, altar! This is what Yahweh says, 'See, ... on you they will burn human bones.' "** (1 Kings 13:2 ULB) + * He said this about the altar: "This is what Yahweh says about this altar. 'See, ... they will burn people's bones on it.' " * **Mountains of Gilboa, let there not be dew or rain on you** (2 Samuel 1:21 ULB) * As for these mountains of Gilboa, let there not be dew or rain on them diff --git a/translate/figs-distinguish/01.md b/translate/figs-distinguish/01.md index 78ffd87..abebba6 100644 --- a/translate/figs-distinguish/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-distinguish/01.md @@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ With the comma, the sentence is giving more information: **Examples of words and phrases that are used to distinguish one item from other possible items**: These usually do not cause a problem in translation. ->… The curtain is to separate the holy place from the most holy place. (Exodus 26:33 ULB) +>The curtain is to separate the holy place from the most holy place. (Exodus 26:33 ULB) The words "holy" and "most holy" distinguish two different places from each other and from any other place. diff --git a/translate/figs-events/01.md b/translate/figs-events/01.md index 6d2243b..3237b3e 100644 --- a/translate/figs-events/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-events/01.md @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ In the Bible, events are not always told in the order in which they occurred. So This could sound like John baptized Jesus after John was locked up in prison, but John baptized Jesus before John was locked up in prison. ->Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams horns before Yahweh, as they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets… But Joshua commanded the people, saying, "Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then must you shout." (Joshua 6:8-10 ULB) +>Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams horns before Yahweh, as they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets. ... But Joshua commanded the people, saying, "Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then must you shout." (Joshua 6:8-10 ULB) This could sound like Joshua gave the order not to shout after the army had already started their march, but he had given that order before they started marching. diff --git a/translate/figs-exclusive/01.md b/translate/figs-exclusive/01.md index 4ca1d34..ec0f737 100644 --- a/translate/figs-exclusive/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-exclusive/01.md @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ In the first clause, the disciples are telling Jesus how much food they have amo John is telling people who have not seen Jesus what he and the other apostles have seen. So languages that have exclusive forms of "we" and "us" would use the exclusive forms in this verse. ->… the shepherds said one to each other, "Let us now go to Bethlehem, and see this thing that has happened, which the Lord has made known to us." (Luke 2:15 ULB) +>... the shepherds said one to each other, "Let us now go to Bethlehem, and see this thing that has happened, which the Lord has made known to us." (Luke 2:15 ULB) The shepherds were speaking to one another. When they said "us," they were including the people they were speaking to - one another. diff --git a/translate/figs-explicitinfo/01.md b/translate/figs-explicitinfo/01.md index 9dd2718..b6eaa80 100644 --- a/translate/figs-explicitinfo/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-explicitinfo/01.md @@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ In Biblical Hebrew, it was normal to start most sentences with a conjunction suc In Biblical Hebrew, it was normal to say that something was burned with fire. In English, the idea of fire is included in the action of burning, and so it is unnatural to state both ideas explicitly. It is enough to say that something was burned and leave the idea of fire implicit. ->The centurion answered and said, "Lord, I am not worthy that you should enter under my roof…” (Matthew 8:8 ULB) +>The centurion answered and said, "Lord, I am not worthy that you should enter under my roof.” (Matthew 8:8 ULB) In the biblical languages, it was normal to introduce direct speech with two verbs of speaking. One verb indicated the mode of address, and the other introduced the words of the speaker. English speakers do not do this, so it is very unnatural and confusing to use two verbs. For the English speaker, the idea of speaking is included in the idea of answering. Using two verbs in English implies two separate speeches, rather than just one. So in English, it is better to use only one verb of speaking. @@ -35,11 +35,12 @@ In the biblical languages, it was normal to introduce direct speech with two ver 1. If the explicit information does not sound natural in the target language or seems unnecessary or confusing, leave the explicit information implicit. Only do this if the reader can understand this information from the context. You can test this by asking the reader a question about the passage. * **And Abimelech came to the tower and fought against it and drew near to the door of the tower to burn it with fire.** (Judges 9:52 ESV) - * Abimelech came to the tower and fought against it and drew near to the door of the tower to burn it. Or …to set it on fire. + * Abimelech came to the tower and fought against it and drew near to the door of the tower to burn it. + * Abimelech came to the tower and fought against it and drew near to the door of the tower to set it on fire. In English, it is clear that the action of this verse follows the action of the previous verse without the use of the connector “and” at the beginning, so it was omitted. Also, the words “with fire” were left out, because this information is communicated implicitly by the word “burn.” An alternative translation for “to burn it” is “to set it on fire.” It is not natural in English to use both “burn” and “fire,” so the English translator should choose only one of them. You can test if the readers understood the implicit information by asking, “How would the door burn?” If they knew it was by fire, then they have understood the implicit information. Or, if you chose the second option, you could ask, “What happens to a door that is set on fire?” If the readers answer, “It burns,” then they have understood the implicit information. - * **The centurion answered and said, "Lord, I am not worthy that you should enter under my roof…”** (Matthew 8:8 ULB) - * The centurion answered, "Lord, I am not worthy that you should enter under my roof…” + * **The centurion answered and said, "Lord, I am not worthy that you should enter under my roof.”** (Matthew 8:8 ULB) + * The centurion answered, "Lord, I am not worthy that you should enter under my roof.” In English, the information that the centurion answered by speaking is included in the verb “answered,” so the verb “said” can be left implicit. You can test if the readers understood the implicit information by asking, “How did the centurion answer?” If they knew it was by speaking, then they have understood the implicit information. diff --git a/translate/figs-extrainfo/01.md b/translate/figs-extrainfo/01.md index 3dd0f5a..982c608 100644 --- a/translate/figs-extrainfo/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-extrainfo/01.md @@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ Sometimes it is better not to state assumed knowledge or implicit information ex This was a riddle. Samson purposely said this in a way that it would be hard for his enemies to know what it meant. Do not make it clear that the eater and the strong thing was a lion and that the sweet thing to eat was honey. ->Jesus said to them, "Take heed and beware of the yeast of the Pharisees and Sadducees." The disciples reasoned among themselves and said, "It is because we took no bread." … (Matthew 16:6,7 ULB) +>Jesus said to them, "Take heed and beware of the yeast of the Pharisees and Sadducees." The disciples reasoned among themselves and said, "It is because we took no bread." (Matthew 16:6,7 ULB) Possible implicit information here is that the disciples should beware of the false teaching of the Pharisees and Sadducees. But Jesus' disciples did not understand this. They thought that Jesus was talking about real yeast and bread. So it would not be appropriate to state explicitly that the word "yeast" here refers to false teaching. The disciples did not understand what Jesus meant until they heard what Jesus said in Matthew 16:11 - >"How is it that you do not understand that I was not speaking to you about bread? Take heed and beware of the yeast of the Pharisees and Sadducees." Then they understood that he was not telling them to beware of yeast in bread, but to beware of the teaching of the Pharisees and Sadducees. (Matthew 16:11,12 ULB) diff --git a/translate/figs-hyperbole/01.md b/translate/figs-hyperbole/01.md index ed07697..bd2e102 100644 --- a/translate/figs-hyperbole/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-hyperbole/01.md @@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ Even though a generalization may have a strong-sounding word like "all," "always #### Examples of Exaggeration ->If your hand causes you to stumble, cut it off. It is better for you to enter into life maimed… (Mark 9:43 ULB) +>If your hand causes you to stumble, cut it off. It is better for you to enter into life maimed. (Mark 9:43 ULB) When Jesus said to cut off your hand, he meant that we should do whatever extreme things we need to do in order not to sin. He used this hyperbole to show how extremely important it is to try to stop sinning. @@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ The disciples told Jesus that everyone was looking looking for him. They probabl #### Caution Do not assume that something is an exaggeration just because it seems to be impossible. God does miraculous things. ->… they saw Jesus walking on the sea and coming near the boat … (John 6:19 ULB) +>... they saw Jesus walking on the sea and coming near the boat. (John 6:19 ULB) This is not hyperbole. Jesus really walked on the water. It is a literal statement. diff --git a/translate/figs-hypo/01.md b/translate/figs-hypo/01.md index 5921242..7759dfe 100644 --- a/translate/figs-hypo/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-hypo/01.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -"If the sun stopped shining…", "What if the sun stopped shining…", "Suppose the sun stopped shining…", "If only the sun had not stopped shining." We use such expressions to set up hypothetical situations, imagining what might have happened or what could happen in the future but probably will not. We also use them to express regret or wishes. These occur often in the Bible. We need to translate them in a way that people will know that the event did not actually happen, and that they will understand why the event was imagined. +"If the sun stopped shining...," "What if the sun stopped shining...," "Suppose the sun stopped shining...," "If only the sun had not stopped shining...." We use such expressions to set up hypothetical situations, imagining what might have happened or what could happen in the future but probably will not. We also use them to express regret or wishes. These occur often in the Bible. We need to translate them in a way that people will know that the event did not actually happen, and that they will understand why the event was imagined. ### Description diff --git a/translate/figs-inclusive/01.md b/translate/figs-inclusive/01.md index eee409c..03b2886 100644 --- a/translate/figs-inclusive/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-inclusive/01.md @@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ See the pictures. The people on the right are the people that the speaker is tal ### Examples from the Bible ->… the shepherds said one to each other, "Let us now go to Bethlehem, and see this thing that has happened, which the Lord has made known to us." (Luke 2:15 ULB) +>... the shepherds said one to each other, "Let us now go to Bethlehem, and see this thing that has happened, which the Lord has made known to us." (Luke 2:15 ULB) The shepherds were speaking to one another. When they said "us," they were including the people they were speaking to - one another. diff --git a/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md b/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md index 3bc6fb0..aedcba3 100644 --- a/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ The adjective "rich" comes after the verb "be" and describes "He." Here is a sentence that shows that "rich" can also function as a noun. ->…the rich must not give more than the half shekel, and the poor must not give less. (Exodus 30:15 ULB) +>... the rich must not give more than the half shekel, and the poor must not give less. (Exodus 30:15 ULB) In Exodus 30:15, the word "rich" acts as a noun in the phrase "the rich," and it refers to rich people. The word "poor" also acts as a noun and refers to poor people. diff --git a/translate/figs-possession/01.md b/translate/figs-possession/01.md index ac65839..a0ecd77 100644 --- a/translate/figs-possession/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-possession/01.md @@ -28,16 +28,16 @@ Possession is used in Hebrew, Greek, and English for a variety of situations. He ### Examples from the Bible **Ownership** - In the example below, the son owned the money. ->… the younger son … wasted his money with wildly extravagant living. (Luke 15:13) +>... the younger son ... wasted his money with wildly extravagant living. (Luke 15:13) **Social Relationship** - In the example below, the disciples were people who learned from John. ->Then the disciples of John came to him …, (Matthew 9:14 ULB) +>Then the disciples of John came to him. (Matthew 9:14 ULB) **Material** - In the example below, the material used for making the crowns was gold. >On their heads were something like crowns of gold (Revelation 9:7) **Contents** - In the example below, the cup has water in it. ->Whoever gives you a cup of water to drink … will not lose his reward. (Mark 9:41 ULB) +>Whoever gives you a cup of water to drink ... will not lose his reward. (Mark 9:41 ULB) **Part of a whole** - In the example below, the door was a part of the palace. >But Uriah slept at the door of the king's palace (2 Samuel 11:9 ULB) diff --git a/translate/figs-quotations/01.md b/translate/figs-quotations/01.md index a8a983a..3619248 100644 --- a/translate/figs-quotations/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-quotations/01.md @@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ The verses in the examples below contain both direct and indirect quotations. In >He instructed him to tell no one, but told him, "Go on your way, and show yourself to the priest and offer a sacrifice for your cleansing, according to what Moses commanded, for a testimony to them." (Luke 5:14 ULB) * Indirect quote: He instructed him to tell no one, -* Direct quote: but told him, "Go on your way, and show yourself to the priest…" +* Direct quote: but told him, "Go on your way, and show yourself to the priest." >Being asked by the Pharisees when the kingdom of God would come, Jesus answered them and said, "The kingdom of God is not something that can be observed. Neither will they say, 'Look here!' or, 'Look there!' because the kingdom of God is among you." (Luke 17:20-21 ULB) diff --git a/translate/figs-quotemarks/01.md b/translate/figs-quotemarks/01.md index e8a1647..faead7a 100644 --- a/translate/figs-quotemarks/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-quotemarks/01.md @@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ A second layer direct quote has single quote marks around it. We have underlined >They asked him, "Who is the man that said to you, 'Pick up your bed and walk'?" (John 5:12 ULB) ->… he sent two of the disciples, saying, "Go into the next village. As you enter, you will find a colt that has never been ridden. Untie it and bring it to me. If any one asks you, 'Why are you untying it?' say, 'The Lord has need of it.' " (Luke 19:29-31 ULB) +>... he sent two of the disciples, saying, "Go into the next village. As you enter, you will find a colt that has never been ridden. Untie it and bring it to me. If any one asks you, 'Why are you untying it?' say, 'The Lord has need of it.' " (Luke 19:29-31 ULB) #### A quotation with three layers diff --git a/translate/figs-youdual/01.md b/translate/figs-youdual/01.md index 4b8a04c..a997b42 100644 --- a/translate/figs-youdual/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-youdual/01.md @@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ Often the context will make it clear whether the word "you" refers to one person Jesus is asking the **two**, James and John, what they want him to do for them. If the target language has a **dual** form of "you," use that. If the target language does not have a dual form, then the plural form would be appropriate. ->… and Jesus sent out two of his disciples and said to them, "Go into the village opposite us. As soon as you enter it, you will find a colt that has never been ridden. Untie it and bring it to me. (Mark 11:1-2 ULB) +>... and Jesus sent out two of his disciples and said to them, "Go into the village opposite us. As soon as you enter it, you will find a colt that has never been ridden. Untie it and bring it to me. (Mark 11:1-2 ULB) The context makes it clear that Jesus is addressing **two** people. If the target language has a **dual** form of "you," use that. If the target language does not have a dual form, then the plural form would be appropriate. diff --git a/translate/figs-yousingular/01.md b/translate/figs-yousingular/01.md index 92d9cf4..8794e20 100644 --- a/translate/figs-yousingular/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-yousingular/01.md @@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ The ruler was speaking about just himself when he said "I." This shows us that w >The angel said to him, "Dress yourself and put on your sandals." Peter did so. The angel said to him, "Put on your outer garment and follow me." So Peter followed the angel and went out. (Acts 12:8, ULB) The context makes it clear that the angel was speaking to one person and that only one person did what the the angel commanded. So languages that have singular and plural forms of "you" would have the singular form here for "yourself" and "your". Also, if verbs have different forms for singular and plural subjects, the verbs "dress" and "put on" will need the form for "you" singular. ->To Titus, a true son in our common faith. ... For this purpose I left you in Crete, that you might set in order things not yet complete, and ordain elders in every city as I directed you. … But you, say what agrees with healthy doctrine. (Titus 1:4,5; 2:1 ULB) +>To Titus, a true son in our common faith. ... For this purpose I left you in Crete, that you might set in order things not yet complete, and ordain elders in every city as I directed you. ... But you, say what agrees with healthy doctrine. (Titus 1:4,5; 2:1 ULB) Paul wrote this letter to one person, Titus. Most of the time the word "you" in this letter refers only to Titus. diff --git a/translate/translate-dynamic/01.md b/translate/translate-dynamic/01.md index 53d3907..c862b16 100644 --- a/translate/translate-dynamic/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-dynamic/01.md @@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ Note that this modified-literal translation retains the words "fruits" and "repe Meaning-based translations, on the other hand, are more likely to change the words and order if the translators think it will help to clarify the meaning. Consider these three meaning-based translations: From the Living Bible: ->…prove that you have turned from sin by doing worthy deeds. +>... prove that you have turned from sin by doing worthy deeds. From the New Living Translation: >Prove by the way you live that you have repented of your sins and turned to God. diff --git a/translate/translate-form/01.md b/translate/translate-form/01.md index 42aeb9e..793bf7d 100644 --- a/translate/translate-form/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-form/01.md @@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ Look also at the form of 2 Samuel 18:33b in the New International Version: >"O my son Absalom! My son, my son Absalom! If only I had died instead of you–O Absalom, my son, my son!" -Someone might say that the meaning contained in this part of the verse is, "I wish that I had died instead of my son Absalom." This does summarize the meaning contained in the words. But the form communicates much more than just that content. The repetition of "my son" so many times, the repetition of the name "Absalom," the expression "O," the wish form "If only…" all communicate a strong emotion of deep anguish on the part of a father who has lost a son. As a translator, you need to translate not just the meaning of the words, but also the meaning of the form. For 2 Samuel 18:33b, it is important that you use a form that communicates the same emotion as contained in the original language. +Someone might say that the meaning contained in this part of the verse is, "I wish that I had died instead of my son Absalom." This does summarize the meaning contained in the words. But the form communicates much more than just that content. The repetition of "my son" so many times, the repetition of the name "Absalom," the expression "O," the wish form "If only...." all communicate a strong emotion of deep anguish on the part of a father who has lost a son. As a translator, you need to translate not just the meaning of the words, but also the meaning of the form. For 2 Samuel 18:33b, it is important that you use a form that communicates the same emotion as contained in the original language. So we need to examine the form of the biblical text and ask ourselves why it has that form and not some other one. What attitude or emotion is it communicating? Other questions that might help us to understand the meaning of the form are: diff --git a/translate/translate-ordinal/01.md b/translate/translate-ordinal/01.md index b1f9b3a..925e65a 100644 --- a/translate/translate-ordinal/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-ordinal/01.md @@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ Some languages do not have special numbers for showing the order of items in a l ### Examples from the Bible ->The first lot went to Jehoiarib, the second to Jedaiah, the third to Harim, the fourth to Seorim, … the twenty-third to Delaiah, and the twenty-fourth to Maaziah. (1 Chronicles 24:7-18 ULB) +>The first lot went to Jehoiarib, the second to Jedaiah, the third to Harim, the fourth to Seorim, ... the twenty-third to Delaiah, and the twenty-fourth to Maaziah. (1 Chronicles 24:7-18 ULB) People tossed lots and one went to each of these people in the order given. @@ -55,16 +55,16 @@ If your language has ordinal numbers and using them would give the right meaning 1. Tell the total number of items, and use "one" with the first item and "another" or "the next" with the rest. - * **The first lot went to Jehoiarib, the second to Jedaiah, the third to Harim, the fourth to Seorim, … the twenty-third to Delaiah, and the twenty-fourth to Maaziah.** (1 Chronicles 24:7-18 ULB) - * There were twenty-four lots. One lot went to Jehoiarib, another to Jedaiah,  another  to Harim, … another to Delaiah, and the last went to  Maaziah. - * There were twenty-four lots. One lot went to Jehoiarib, the next to Jedaiah,  the next  to Harim, … the next to Delaiah, and the last went to  Maaziah. + * **The first lot went to Jehoiarib, the second to Jedaiah, the third to Harim, the fourth to Seorim, ... the twenty-third to Delaiah, and the twenty-fourth to Maaziah.** (1 Chronicles 24:7-18 ULB) + * There were twenty-four lots. One lot went to Jehoiarib, another to Jedaiah,  another  to Harim, ... another to Delaiah, and the last went to  Maaziah. + * There were twenty-four lots. One lot went to Jehoiarib, the next to Jedaiah,  the next  to Harim, ... the next to Delaiah, and the last went to  Maaziah. * **A river went out of Eden to water the garden. From there it divided and became four rivers. The name of the first is Pishon. It is the one which flows throughout the whole land of Havilah, where there is gold. The gold of that land is good. There is also bdellium and the onyx stone there. The name of the second river is Gihon. This one flows throughout the whole land of Cush. The name of the third river is Tigris, which flows east of Asshur. The fourth river is the Euphrates.** (Genesis 2:10-14 ULB) * A river went out of Eden to water the garden. From there it divided and became four rivers. The name of one is Pishon. It is the one which flows throughout the whole land of Havilah, where there is gold. The gold of that land is good. There is also bdellium and the onyx stone there. The name of the next river is Gihon. This one flows throughout the whole land of Cush. The name of the next river is Tigris, which flows east of Asshur. The last river is the Euphrates. 1. Tell the total number of items and then list them or the things associated with them. - * **The first lot went to Jehoiarib, the second to Jedaiah, the third to Harim, the fourth to Seorim, … the twenty-third to Delaiah, and the twenty-fourth to Maaziah.** (1 Chronicles 24:7-18 ULB) - * They cast twenty-four lots. The lots went to Jerhoiarib, Jedaiah, Harim, Seorim, … Delaiah, and Maaziah. + * **The first lot went to Jehoiarib, the second to Jedaiah, the third to Harim, the fourth to Seorim, ... the twenty-third to Delaiah, and the twenty-fourth to Maaziah.** (1 Chronicles 24:7-18 ULB) + * They cast twenty-four lots. The lots went to Jerhoiarib, Jedaiah, Harim, Seorim, ... Delaiah, and Maaziah. diff --git a/translate/translate-textvariants/01.md b/translate/translate-textvariants/01.md index ebddf03..4c146a9 100644 --- a/translate/translate-textvariants/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-textvariants/01.md @@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ Matthew 18:10-11 ULB has a footnote about verse 11. [1] Many authorities, some ancient, insert v. 11. *For the Son of Man came to save that which was lost.* John 7:53-8:11 is not in the best earliest manuscripts. It has been included in the ULB, but it is marked off with square brackets ([ ]) at the beginning and end, and there is a footnote after verse 11. ->53[Then every man went to his own house.… 11She said, "No one, Lord." Jesus said, "Neither do I condemn you. Go your way; from now on sin no more."][2] +>53[Then every man went to his own house. ... 11She said, "No one, Lord." Jesus said, "Neither do I condemn you. Go your way; from now on sin no more."][2] [2]The best earliest manuscripts do not have John 7:53-8:11 diff --git a/translate/writing-newevent/01.md b/translate/writing-newevent/01.md index 2cb16f8..8da5824 100644 --- a/translate/writing-newevent/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-newevent/01.md @@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ The underlined sentence above makes it explicit that a story about Jesus is bein >After Jesus was born in Bethlehem of Judea in the days of Herod the king, learned men from the east arrived in Jerusalem saying,... (Matthew 2:1 ULB) The underlined phrase above shows that the events concerning the learned men happened after Jesus was born. ->In those days John the Baptist came preaching in the wilderness of Judea saying, … (Matthew 3:1-22 ULB) +>In those days John the Baptist came preaching in the wilderness of Judea saying, ... (Matthew 3:1-22 ULB) The underlined phrase above shows that John the Baptist came preaching around the time of the previous events. It is probably very general and refers to when Jesus lived in Nazareth. >Then Jesus came from Galilee to the Jordan River to be baptized by John. (Matthew 3:13 ULB) @@ -50,8 +50,8 @@ If the information given at the beginning of a new event is clear and natural to 1. Put the information that introduces the event in the order that your people put it. * **Now there was a Pharisee whose name was Nicodemus, a member of the Jewish Council. This man came to Jesus at night time and said to him ...** (John 3:1,2) - * There was a man whose name was Nicodemus. He was a Pharisee and a member of the Jewish Council. One night he came to Jesus and said… - * One night a man named Nicodemus, who was a Pharisee and a member of the Jewish Council, came to Jesus and said ... + * There was a man whose name was Nicodemus. He was a Pharisee and a member of the Jewish Council. One night he came to Jesus and said.... + * One night a man named Nicodemus, who was a Pharisee and a member of the Jewish Council, came to Jesus and said.... * **As he passed by, he saw Levi the son of Alpheus, who was sitting at the tax collecting place, and he said to him ...** (Mark 2:14 ULB) * As he passed by, Levi the son of Alpheus was sitting at the tax collecting place. Jesus saw him and and said to him ... diff --git a/translate/writing-symlanguage/01.md b/translate/writing-symlanguage/01.md index 88dcfcc..e2db4bd 100644 --- a/translate/writing-symlanguage/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-symlanguage/01.md @@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ The meaning of the underlined symbols is explained in Daniel 7:23-24 as shown be >This is what that person said, 'As for the fourth animal, it will be a fourth kingdom on earth that will be different from all the other kingdoms. It will devour the whole earth, and it will trample it down and break it into pieces. As for the ten horns, out of this kingdom ten kings will arise, and another will arise after them. He will be different from the previous ones, and he will conquer the three kings. (Daniel 7:23-24 ULB) ->I turned around to see whose voice was speaking to me, and as I turned I saw seven golden lampstands. In the middle of the lampstands there was one like a Son of Man, … He had in his right hand seven stars, and coming out of his mouth was a sharp two-edged sword…. As for the hidden meaning about the seven stars you saw in my right hand, and the seven golden lampstands: the seven stars are the angels of the seven churches, and the seven lampstands are the seven churches. (Revelation 1:12, 16, 20 ULB) +>I turned around to see whose voice was speaking to me, and as I turned I saw seven golden lampstands. In the middle of the lampstands there was one like a Son of Man.... He had in his right hand seven stars, and coming out of his mouth was a sharp two-edged sword…. As for the hidden meaning about the seven stars you saw in my right hand, and the seven golden lampstands: the seven stars are the angels of the seven churches, and the seven lampstands are the seven churches. (Revelation 1:12, 16, 20 ULB) This passage explains the meaning of the seven lampstands and the seven stars. The two-edged sword represents God's word and judgment. From 4fe608bd05c6a145d02dc99cde73b8167e7593c2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: hmw3 Date: Mon, 1 Oct 2018 14:55:52 -0500 Subject: [PATCH 016/551] Update Scripture examples --- translate/bita-hq/01.md | 17 ++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/bita-hq/01.md b/translate/bita-hq/01.md index eabde0d..8d1d56f 100644 --- a/translate/bita-hq/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-hq/01.md @@ -101,23 +101,23 @@ The fact that the men said they heard a report about Yahweh shows that "because #### The NOSE represents anger ->Then…the foundations of the world were exposed at your battle cry, Yahweh—at the blast of the breath of your nostrils. (Psalm 18:15 ULB) +>... the foundations of the world were laid bare at your rebuke, Yahweh, at the blast of the breath of your nostrils. (Psalm 18:15 ULB) ->By the blast of your nostrils the waters were piled up…. (Exodus 15:8 ULB) +>By the blast of your nostrils the waters were piled up. (Exodus 15:8 ULB) ->Smoke went up from out of his nostrils, and blazing fire came out of his mouth…. (2 Samuel 22:9 ULB) +>Smoke went up from out of his nostrils, and blazing fire came out of his mouth. (2 Samuel 22:9 ULB) ->…This is the Lord Yahweh's declaration: 'My fury will arise in my nostrils!' (Ezekiel 38:18 ULB) +>This is the Lord Yahweh's declaration: 'My fury will arise in my nostrils!' (Ezekiel 38:18 ULB) A blast of air or smoke coming from someone's nose shows his great anger. #### RAISED EYES represents arrogance ->but you bring down those with proud, uplifted eyes! (Psalm 18:27 ULB) +>For you save afflicted people, but you bring down those with proud, uplifted eyes! (Psalm 18:27 ULB) Uplifted eyes show that a person is proud. @@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ Lowered eyes show that a person is humble. #### The SON OF SOMETHING shares its qualities ->no son of wickedness will oppress him. (Psalm 89:22b ULB) +>... no son of wickedness will oppress him. (Psalm 89:22b ULB) A son of wickedness is a wicked person. @@ -137,10 +137,9 @@ A son of wickedness is a wicked person. >May the groans of the prisoners come before you; >with the greatness of your power keep the children of death alive. (Psalm 79:11 ULB) +Children of death here are people whom others plan to kill. -Children of death here are people that others plan to kill. - ->We all were once among these unbelievers and acted according to the evil desires of our flesh, doing the will of the flesh and of the mind, and we were by nature children of wrath like the others. (Ephesians 2:3 ULB) +>Once we all lived among these people, fulfilling the evil desires of our sinful nature, and carrying out the desires of the body and of the mind. We were by nature children of wrath, like the rest of humanity. (Ephesians 2:3 ULB) Children of wrath here are people with whom God is very angry. From 5959b18d5ff4a8fb143fb0d1b4d3b31dd19ce42a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: hmw3 Date: Mon, 1 Oct 2018 18:52:37 -0500 Subject: [PATCH 017/551] Update --- translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md | 22 +++++++++++----------- 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md b/translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md index ccfd71d..9f21ad8 100644 --- a/translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md @@ -18,42 +18,42 @@ Some images from the Bible involving human behavior are listed below. The word i >For nation will rise against nation, and kingdom against kingdom. There will be famines and earthquakes in various places. But all these things are only the beginning of birth pains. (Matthew 24:7-8 ULB) ->My little children, I am suffering labor pains for you again, until Christ will have been formed in you! (Galatians 4:19 ULB) +>My little children, again I am in the pains of childbirth for you until Christ is formed in you. (Galatians 4:19 ULB) #### BEING CALLED SOMETHING represents being that thing ->The Holy One of Israel is your Redeemer; he is called the God of the whole earth. (Isaiah 54:5b ULB) +>The Holy One of Israel is your Redeemer; he is called the God of the whole earth. (Isaiah 54:5b ULB) This is because he actually is the God of the whole earth. ->The one who is wise in heart is called discerning, (Proverbs 16:21a ULB) +>The one who is wise in heart is called discerning, (Proverbs 16:21a ULB) This is because he actually is discerning. ->He will...be called the Son of the Most High. (Luke 1:32 ULB) +>He will ... be called the Son of the Most High. (Luke 1:32 ULB) This is because he actually is the Son of the Most High. ->So the holy one to be born will be called the Son of God. (Luke 1:35 ULB) +>So the holy one to be born will be called the Son of God. (Luke 1:35 ULB) This is because he actually is the Son of God. ->Every male that opens the womb will be called dedicated to the Lord. (Luke 2:23 ULB) +>Every male that opens the womb will be called dedicated to the Lord. (Luke 2:23 ULB) This is because he actually will be dedicated to the Lord. #### CLEANLINESS represents being acceptable for God's purposes -Noah built an altar to Yahweh. He took some of the clean animals and some of the clean birds, and offered burnt offerings on the altar. Yahweh smelled the pleasing aroma... (Genesis 8:20 ULB) +>Noah built an altar to Yahweh. He took some of the clean animals and some of the clean birds, and offered burnt offerings on the altar. (Genesis 8:20 ULB) >The priest will examine him again on the seventh day to see if the disease is better and has not spread farther in the skin. If it has not, then the priest will pronounce him clean. It is a rash. He must wash his clothes, and then he is clean. (Leviticus 13:6 ULB) #### CLEANSING or PURIFYING represents making something acceptable for God's Purposes ->He must go out to the altar that is before Yahweh and make atonement for it, and he must take some of the bull's blood and some of the goat's blood and put it on the horns of the altar all around. He must sprinkle some of the blood on it with his finger seven times to cleanse it and dedicate it to Yahweh, away from the unclean actions of the people of Israel. (Leviticus 16:18-19 ULB) +>He must go out to the altar.... He must sprinkle some of the blood on it with his finger seven times to cleanse it and set it apart to Yahweh, away from the unclean actions of the people of Israel. (Leviticus 16:18-19 ULB) >This is because on this day atonement will be made for you, to cleanse you from all your sins so you will be clean before Yahweh. (Leviticus 16:30 ULB) @@ -61,15 +61,15 @@ Noah built an altar to Yahweh. He took some of the clean animals and some #### UNCLEANLINESS represents not being acceptable for God's purposes ->You may eat any animal that has a split hoof and that also chews the cud. However, some animals either chew the cud or have a split hoof, and you must not eat them, animals such as the camel, because it chews the cud but does not have a split hoof. So the camel is unclean for you. (Leviticus 11:3-4 ULB) +>You may eat any animal that has a split hoof and that also chews the cud. However, some animals either chew the cud or have a split hoof, and you must not eat them, animals such as the camel, because it chews the cud but does not have a split hoof. So the camel is unclean to you. (Leviticus 11:3-4 ULB) ->And if any of them dies and falls on anything, that thing will be unclean, whether it is made of wood, cloth, leather, or sackcloth. Whatever it is and whatever it is used for, it must be put into water; it will be unclean until evening. Then it will be clean. (Leviticus 11:32 ULB) +>If any of them dies and falls on anything, that thing will be unclean, whether it is made of wood, cloth, leather, or sackcloth. Whatever it is and whatever it is used for, it must be put into water; it will be unclean until evening. Then it will be clean. (Leviticus 11:32 ULB) #### MAKING SOMETHING UNCLEAN represents making it unacceptable for God's purposes. ->Or if anyone touches anything God has designated as unclean, whether it be the carcass of an unclean wild animal or the carcass of any livestock that has died, or creeping animal, even if the person did not intend to touch it, he is unclean and guilty. (Leviticus 5:2 ULB) +>Or if anyone touches anything God has designated as unclean, whether it be the carcass of an unclean wild animal or the carcass of any unclean livestock or unclean creatures that move along the ground, even though he was not aware of what he had done, he has become unclean and is guilty. (Leviticus 5:2 ULB) From 4a402bd0a86b04a97aa41c1844598090e984d94d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: hmw3 Date: Mon, 1 Oct 2018 19:01:22 -0500 Subject: [PATCH 018/551] Scripture update --- translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md | 20 ++++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md b/translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md index 9f21ad8..a8c456a 100644 --- a/translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md @@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ This is because he actually will be dedicated to the Lord. #### BEING CUT OFF FROM SOMETHING represents being separated from it ->Uzziah, the king, was a leper to the day of his death, and lived in a separate house, since he was a leper; for he was cut off from the house of Yahweh. (2 Chronicles 26:21 ULB) +>Uzziah, the king, was a leper to the day of his death and lived in a separate house since he was a leper, for he was cut off from the house of Yahweh. (2 Chronicles 26:21 ULB) #### BEING CUT OFF represents being killed @@ -91,9 +91,9 @@ This is because he actually will be dedicated to the Lord. #### COMING AND STANDING BEFORE SOMEONE represents serving him ->How blessed are your people, and how blessed are your servants who constantly stand before you, because they hear your wisdom. (1 Kings 10:8 ULB) +>How blessed are your wives, and how blessed are your servants who constantly stand before you, because they hear your wisdom. (1 Kings 10:8 ULB) ->Covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness come before you. (Psalm 89:14 ULB) +>Steadfast love and faithfulness come before you. (Psalm 89:14 ULB) Covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness are also personified here. (see [Personification](../figs-personification/01.md)) @@ -107,22 +107,22 @@ Too much wine makes a person weak and he staggers. So too, when God judges peopl Another example from Psalm. >But God is the judge; ->he brings one down and raises up another. ->For Yahweh holds a cup in his hand of foaming wine, +>he brings down and he lifts up. +>For Yahweh holds in his hand a cup of foaming wine, >which is mixed with spices, and pours it out. >Surely all the wicked of the earth will drink it to the last drop. (Psalm 75:8 ULB) An example from Revelation. ->he also will drink the wine of God's wrath, the wine that has been prepared and poured unmixed into the cup of his anger. (Revelation 14:10 ULB) +>... he will also drink some of the wine of God's wrath, the wine that has been poured undiluted into the cup of his anger. (Revelation 14:10 ULB) #### EATING UP represents destroying ->God brings [Israel] out of Egypt. ->He has strength like a wild ox. +>God will bring [Israel] out of Egypt. +>He will have strength like a wild ox. >He will eat up the nations who fight against him. >He will break their bones to pieces. ->He will shoot them with his arrows. Numbers 24:8 ULB) +>He will shoot them with his arrows. (Numbers 24:8 ULB) Another word for "eat up" is devour. @@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ Another word for "eat up" is devour. >so their root will rot, and their blossom will blow away like dust. (Isaiah 5:24 ULB) Another example from Isaiah. ->Therefore Yahweh will raise up against him, Rezin, his adversary, and will stir up his enemies, +>Therefore Yahweh will raise up against him Rezin, his adversary, and will stir up his enemies, >the Arameans on the east, and the Philistines on the west. >They will devour Israel with open mouth. (Isaiah 9:11-12 ULB) From 26a2e688afec074f1f1f6f06981100850cc919b8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Tue, 2 Oct 2018 17:13:41 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 019/551] Checked verses with ULB --- translate/bita-animals/01.md | 28 ++++++++++++++-------------- 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/bita-animals/01.md b/translate/bita-animals/01.md index d822aff..d36d219 100644 --- a/translate/bita-animals/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-animals/01.md @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ The "horn of my salvation" is the strong one who saves me. >There I will make a horn to sprout for David. (Psalm 132:17 ULB) -The "horn of David" is King David's military strength. +The "horn" of David is King David's military strength. #### BIRDS represent people who are in danger and defenseless @@ -23,15 +23,17 @@ This is because some birds are easily trapped. >Save yourself like a gazelle from the hand of the hunter, >like a bird from the hand of the fowler. (Proverbs 6:5 ULB) -A fowler is a person who catches birds, and a snare is a small trap. +A fowler is a person who catches birds. >We have escaped like a bird out of the snare of the fowlers; >the snare has been broken, and we have escaped. (Psalm 124:7 ULB) +A snare is a small trap. + #### BIRDS THAT EAT MEAT represent enemies who attack swiftly -In Habakkuk and Hosea, Israel's enemies who would come and attack them were compared to an eagle. -> and their horsemen come from a great distance—they fly like an eagle hurrying to eat! (Habakkuk 1:8 ULB) +In Habakkuk and Hosea, Israel's enemies who would come and attack them were compared to an eagle. +> and their horsemen come from a great distance—they fly like an eagle hurrying to eat. (Habakkuk 1:8 ULB) >An eagle is coming over the house of Yahweh. >... Israel has rejected what is good, @@ -57,26 +59,23 @@ In Psalms, David referred to his enemies as lions. >My life is among lions; >I am among those who are ready to devour me. >I am among people whose teeth are spears and arrows, ->and whose tongues are sharp swords. ->Be exalted, God, above the heavens. (Psalm 57:4 ULB) +>and whose tongues are sharp swords. (Psalm 57:4 ULB) Peter called the devil a roaring lion. ->Be sober, be watchful. Your adversary—the devil—like a roaring lion is stalking around, looking for someone to devour. (1 Peter 5:8 ULB) +>Be sober, be watchful. Your adversary the devil is stalking around like a roaring lion looking for someone to devour. (1 Peter 5:8 ULB) In Matthew, Jesus called false prophets wolves because of the harm they did to people by their lies. ->Beware of false prophets, those who come to you in sheep's clothing, but are truly ravenous wolves. (Matthew 7:15 ULB) +>Beware of false prophets, who come to you in sheep's clothing but are truly ravenous wolves. (Matthew 7:15 ULB) -In Matthew, John the Baptist called the religious leaders poisonous snakes because of the harm they did by teaching lies. ->But when he saw many of the Pharisees and Sadducees coming to him for baptism, he said to them, "You offspring of poisonous snakes, who warned you to flee from the wrath that is coming? (Matthew 3:7 ULB) +In Matthew, John the Baptist called the religious leaders vipers because of the harm they did by teaching lies. Vipers are a kind of poisonous snake. +>But when he saw many of the Pharisees and Sadducees coming to him for baptism, he said to them, "You offspring of vipers, who warned you to flee from the wrath that is coming? (Matthew 3:7 ULB) #### EAGLES represent strength >He satisfies your life with good things >so that your youth is renewed like the eagle. (Psalm 103:5 ULB) - ->For Yahweh says this, "See, the enemy will come flying like an eagle, spreading out his wings over Moab." (Isaiah 48:40 ULB) - +>For Yahweh says this, "See, the enemy will come flying like an eagle, spreading out his wings over Moab." (Jeremiah 48:40 ULB) #### SHEEP or a FLOCK OF SHEEP represents people who need to be led or are in danger @@ -84,7 +83,8 @@ In Matthew, John the Baptist called the religious leaders poisonous snakes becau >He led his own people out like sheep and guided them through the wilderness like a flock. (Psalm 78:52 ULB) ->Israel is a sheep scattered and driven away by lions. First the king of Assyria devoured him; +>Israel is a wandering sheep driven away by lions. +>First the king of Assyria devoured him; >then after this, Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon broke his bones. (Jeremiah 50:17 ULB) From 84c46d4264a7374ed69091d154163e176b2d6966 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Tue, 2 Oct 2018 18:23:53 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 020/551] Checked verses with ULB --- translate/bita-farming/01.md | 17 ++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/bita-farming/01.md b/translate/bita-farming/01.md index 3e7e119..534ede4 100644 --- a/translate/bita-farming/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-farming/01.md @@ -4,30 +4,30 @@ Some images from the Bible related to farming are listed below. The word in all #### A FARMER represents God, and the VINEYARD represents his chosen people >My well beloved had a vineyard on a very fertile hill. ->He spaded it and removed the stones, and planted it with the choicest vine. +>He spaded it, removed the stones, and planted it with an excellent kind of vine. >He built a tower in the middle of it, and also built a winepress. ->He waited for it to produce grapes, but it produced wild grapes. (Isaiah 5:1-2) +>He waited for it to produce grapes, but it only produced wild grapes. (Isaiah 5:1-2) > For the kingdom of heaven is like a landowner who went out early in the morning to hire workers for his vineyard. (Matthew 20:1 ULB) ->There was a man, a person with extensive land. He planted a vineyard, set a hedge about it, dug a winepress in it, built a watchtower, and rented it out to vine growers. Then he went into another country. (Matthew 21:33 ULB) +>There was a man, a landowner. He planted a vineyard, set a hedge about it, dug a winepress in it, built a watchtower, and rented it out to vine growers. Then he went into another country. (Matthew 21:33 ULB) #### The GROUND represents people's hearts (inner being) >For Yahweh says this to each person in Judah and Jerusalem: 'Plow your own ground, >and do not sow among thorns. (Jeremiah 4:3 ULB) ->When anyone hears the word of the kingdom but does not understand it.... This is the seed that was sown beside the road. What was sown on rocky ground is the person who hears the word and immediately receives it with joy....What was sown among the thorn plants, this is the person who hears the word, but the cares of the world and the deceitfulness of riches choke the word.... What was sown on the good soil, this is the person who hears the word and understands it. (Matthew 13:19-23 ULB) +>When anyone hears the word of the kingdom but does not understand it.... This is the seed that was sown beside the road. What was sown on rocky ground is the person who hears the word and immediately receives it with joy....What was sown among the thorn plants, this is the person who hears the word, but the cares of the world and the deceitfulness of riches choke the word.... The seed that was sown on the good soil, this is the person who hears the word and understands it. (Matthew 13:19-23 ULB) >Break up your unplowed ground, >for it is time to seek Yahweh.... (Hosea 10:12 ULB) -#### SOWING represents actions or attitudes, and REAPING represents judgment or reward +#### SOWING or PLANTING represents actions or attitudes, and REAPING or GATHERING, represents judgment or reward ->Based on what I have observed, those who plow iniquity ->and sow trouble reap the same. (Job 4:8 ULB) +>According to what I have seen, those who plow iniquity +>and sow trouble reap it. (Job 4:8 ULB) ->Do not be deceived. God is not mocked. Whatever a man plants, that is what he will also harvest. For he who sows seed to his own sinful nature will harvest destruction, but he who sows seed to the Spirit, will harvest eternal life from the Spirit. (Galatians 6:7-8 ULB) +>Do not be deceived. God is not mocked, for whatever a man plants, that he will also gather in. For he who plants seed to his own sinful nature, from the sinful nature will gather destruction. The one who plants seed to the Spirit, from the spirit will gather in eternal life. (Galatians 6:7-8 ULB) #### THRESHING and WINNOWING represent the separation of evil people from good people @@ -48,5 +48,4 @@ After farmers harvest wheat and other types of grain, they bring them to a _thre >For the land that drinks in the rain that often comes on it, and that gives birth to the plants useful to those for whom the land was worked—this is the land that receives a blessing from God. But if it bears thorns and thistles, it is worthless and is near to a curse. Its end is in burning. (Hebrews 6:7-8 ULB) - >Be patient, then, brothers, until the Lord's coming. See how the farmer waits for the precious fruit from the ground and he is patient about it, until it receives the early and late rains. (James 5:7 ULB) From c28c2f779134f4c2c003e0c4368ed2e652569d34 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Tue, 2 Oct 2018 18:50:54 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 021/551] Checked verses with ULB --- translate/bita-hq/01.md | 22 +++------------------- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/bita-hq/01.md b/translate/bita-hq/01.md index 8d1d56f..a71347c 100644 --- a/translate/bita-hq/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-hq/01.md @@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ To hide one's face from someone is to ignore him. #### The HAND represents a person's agency or power ->Yahweh has burst through my enemies by my hand like a bursting flood of water. (1 Chronicles 14:11 ULB) +>God has burst through my enemies by my hand like a bursting flood of water. (1 Chronicles 14:11 ULB) "Yahweh has burst through my enemies by my hand" means "Yahweh has used me to burst through my enemies." @@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ To hide one's face from someone is to ignore him. >God put all things under Christ's feet and gave him to the church as head over all things. (Ephesians 1:22 ULB) ->Wives, submit to your husbands, as to the Lord. For the husband is the head of the wife, as Christ also is the head of the church, and Christ himself is its Savior. (Ephesians 5:22-23 ULB) +>Wives, submit to your husbands, as to the Lord. For the husband is the head of the wife, as Christ also is the head of the church, and Christ himself is its Savior. (Ephesians 5:22-23 ULB) #### A MASTER represents anything that motivates someone to act @@ -71,14 +71,11 @@ To serve God is to be motivated by God. To serve money is to be motivated by mon >May your God make the name of Solomon better than your name, and make his throne greater than your throne." 1 Kings 1:47 (ULB) - > See, I have sworn by my great name—says Yahweh. My name will no longer be called upon by the mouths of any of the men of Judah in all the land of Egypt." (Jeremiah 44:26 ULB) - If someone's name is great, it means that he is great. ->Listen now to the prayer of your servant and to the prayer of your servants who delight to honor your name. (Nehemiah 1:11 ULB) - +>Yahweh, I beg you, listen now to the prayer of your servant and to the prayer of your servants who delight to honor your name. (Nehemiah 1:11 ULB) To honor someone's name is to honor him. @@ -86,52 +83,40 @@ To honor someone's name is to honor him. >You must no longer profane my holy name with your gifts and your idols. (Ezekiel 20:39 ULB) - To profane God's name is to profane his reputation, that is, to profane how people think about him. >For I will make my great name holy, which you have profaned among the nations. (Ezekiel 36:23 ULB) - To make God's name holy is to cause people to to see that God is holy. >Your servants have come here from a land very far away, because of the name of Yahweh your God. We have heard a report about him and about everything that he did in Egypt. (Joshua 9:9 ULB) - The fact that the men said they heard a report about Yahweh shows that "because of the name of Yahweh" means because of Yahweh's reputation. #### The NOSE represents anger >... the foundations of the world were laid bare at your rebuke, Yahweh, at the blast of the breath of your nostrils. (Psalm 18:15 ULB) - >By the blast of your nostrils the waters were piled up. (Exodus 15:8 ULB) - >Smoke went up from out of his nostrils, and blazing fire came out of his mouth. (2 Samuel 22:9 ULB) - ->This is the Lord Yahweh's declaration: 'My fury will arise in my nostrils!' (Ezekiel 38:18 ULB) - - A blast of air or smoke coming from someone's nose shows his great anger. #### RAISED EYES represents arrogance >For you save afflicted people, but you bring down those with proud, uplifted eyes! (Psalm 18:27 ULB) - Uplifted eyes show that a person is proud. >God humbles a proud man, and he saves the one with lowered eyes. (Job 22:29 ULB) - Lowered eyes show that a person is humble. #### The SON OF SOMETHING shares its qualities >... no son of wickedness will oppress him. (Psalm 89:22b ULB) - A son of wickedness is a wicked person. >May the groans of the prisoners come before you; @@ -141,7 +126,6 @@ Children of death here are people whom others plan to kill. >Once we all lived among these people, fulfilling the evil desires of our sinful nature, and carrying out the desires of the body and of the mind. We were by nature children of wrath, like the rest of humanity. (Ephesians 2:3 ULB) - Children of wrath here are people with whom God is very angry. ### Translation Strategies From ae516b155e31acb3c55b37b4d9ff37beb4bede38 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Tue, 2 Oct 2018 18:53:02 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 022/551] Underline --- translate/bita-hq/01.md | 8 +++----- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/bita-hq/01.md b/translate/bita-hq/01.md index a71347c..1ed504e 100644 --- a/translate/bita-hq/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-hq/01.md @@ -5,13 +5,12 @@ Some images from the Bible involving body parts and human qualities are listed b #### The BODY represents a group of people ->Now you are the body of Christ and individually members of it. (1 Corinthians 12:27 ULB) +>Now you are the body of Christ and individually members of it. (1 Corinthians 12:27 ULB) ->Instead, speaking the truth in love, we are to grow up in every way into him who is the head, that is, Christ. Christ builds the whole body, and it is joined and held together by every supporting ligament, and when each part works together, that makes the body grow so that it builds itself up in love. (Ephesians 4:15-16 ULB) +>Instead, speaking the truth in love, we are to grow up in every way into him who is the head, that is, Christ. Christ builds the whole body, and it is joined and held together by every supporting ligament, and when each part works together, that makes the body grow so that it builds itself up in love. (Ephesians 4:15-16 ULB) In these verses, the body of Christ represents the group of people who follow Christ. - #### The FACE represents someone's presence >Do you not fear me—this is Yahweh's declaration—or tremble before my face? (Jeremiah 5:22 ULB) @@ -58,8 +57,7 @@ To hide one's face from someone is to ignore him. >God put all things under Christ's feet and gave him to the church as head over all things. (Ephesians 1:22 ULB) ->Wives, submit to your husbands, as to the Lord. For the husband is the head of the wife, as Christ also is the head of the church, and Christ himself is its Savior. (Ephesians 5:22-23 ULB) - +>Wives, submit to your husbands, as to the Lord. For the husband is the head of the wife, as Christ also is the head of the church, and Christ himself is its Savior. (Ephesians 5:22-23 ULB) #### A MASTER represents anything that motivates someone to act From d0f66edd70788167bf98e92f5eb29e2b0d805610 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Tue, 2 Oct 2018 21:01:38 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 023/551] Checking verses with ULB Susan, start with "Reigning or Ruling" --- translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md | 68 +++++++++--------------------- 1 file changed, 19 insertions(+), 49 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md b/translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md index a8c456a..b362d06 100644 --- a/translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md @@ -14,10 +14,8 @@ Some images from the Bible involving human behavior are listed below. The word i >There you will be rescued. >There Yahweh will rescue you from the hand of your enemies. (Micah 4:10 ULB) - >For nation will rise against nation, and kingdom against kingdom. There will be famines and earthquakes in various places. But all these things are only the beginning of birth pains. (Matthew 24:7-8 ULB) - >My little children, again I am in the pains of childbirth for you until Christ is formed in you. (Galatians 4:19 ULB) @@ -39,73 +37,56 @@ This is because he actually is the Son of the Most High. This is because he actually is the Son of God. ->Every male that opens the womb will be called dedicated to the Lord. (Luke 2:23 ULB) - -This is because he actually will be dedicated to the Lord. - - #### CLEANLINESS represents being acceptable for God's purposes >Noah built an altar to Yahweh. He took some of the clean animals and some of the clean birds, and offered burnt offerings on the altar. (Genesis 8:20 ULB) >The priest will examine him again on the seventh day to see if the disease is better and has not spread farther in the skin. If it has not, then the priest will pronounce him clean. It is a rash. He must wash his clothes, and then he is clean. (Leviticus 13:6 ULB) - #### CLEANSING or PURIFYING represents making something acceptable for God's Purposes >He must go out to the altar.... He must sprinkle some of the blood on it with his finger seven times to cleanse it and set it apart to Yahweh, away from the unclean actions of the people of Israel. (Leviticus 16:18-19 ULB) - >This is because on this day atonement will be made for you, to cleanse you from all your sins so you will be clean before Yahweh. (Leviticus 16:30 ULB) - #### UNCLEANLINESS represents not being acceptable for God's purposes >You may eat any animal that has a split hoof and that also chews the cud. However, some animals either chew the cud or have a split hoof, and you must not eat them, animals such as the camel, because it chews the cud but does not have a split hoof. So the camel is unclean to you. (Leviticus 11:3-4 ULB) - >If any of them dies and falls on anything, that thing will be unclean, whether it is made of wood, cloth, leather, or sackcloth. Whatever it is and whatever it is used for, it must be put into water; it will be unclean until evening. Then it will be clean. (Leviticus 11:32 ULB) - #### MAKING SOMETHING UNCLEAN represents making it unacceptable for God's purposes. >Or if anyone touches anything God has designated as unclean, whether it be the carcass of an unclean wild animal or the carcass of any unclean livestock or unclean creatures that move along the ground, even though he was not aware of what he had done, he has become unclean and is guilty. (Leviticus 5:2 ULB) - - #### BEING CUT OFF FROM SOMETHING represents being separated from it >Uzziah, the king, was a leper to the day of his death and lived in a separate house since he was a leper, for he was cut off from the house of Yahweh. (2 Chronicles 26:21 ULB) - #### BEING CUT OFF represents being killed >So you must keep the Sabbath, for it must be treated by you as holy, reserved for him. Everyone who defiles it must surely be put to death. Whoever works on the Sabbath, that person must surely be cut off from his people. (Exodus 31:14-15 ULB) - >Whoever does not humble himself on that day must be cut off from his people. Whoever does any work on that day, I, Yahweh, will destroy him from among his people. (Leviticus 23:29-30 ULB) - >But he was cut off from the land of the living. (Isaiah 53:8 ULB) - #### COMING AND STANDING BEFORE SOMEONE represents serving him >How blessed are your wives, and how blessed are your servants who constantly stand before you, because they hear your wisdom. (1 Kings 10:8 ULB) >Steadfast love and faithfulness come before you. (Psalm 89:14 ULB) -Covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness are also personified here. (see [Personification](../figs-personification/01.md)) +Steadfast love and faithfulness are also personified here. (see [Personification](../figs-personification/01.md)) +#### DRUNKENNESS represents suffering, and WINE represents judgment -#### DRUNKENNESS represents suffering and WINE represents judgment +Too much wine makes a person weak, and he staggers. So too, when God judges people, they become weak and stagger. So the idea of wine is used to represent God's judgment. -Too much wine makes a person weak and he staggers. So too, when God judges people, they become weak and stagger. So the idea of wine is used to represent God's judgment. - ->You have shown your people severe things; +>You have made your people see difficult things; >you have made us drink the wine of staggering. (Psalm 60:3 ULB) -Another example from Psalm. +Another example from Psalms. >But God is the judge; >he brings down and he lifts up. >For Yahweh holds in his hand a cup of foaming wine, @@ -115,7 +96,6 @@ Another example from Psalm. An example from Revelation. >... he will also drink some of the wine of God's wrath, the wine that has been poured undiluted into the cup of his anger. (Revelation 14:10 ULB) - #### EATING UP represents destroying >God will bring [Israel] out of Egypt. @@ -124,7 +104,6 @@ An example from Revelation. >He will break their bones to pieces. >He will shoot them with his arrows. (Numbers 24:8 ULB) - Another word for "eat up" is devour. >Therefore as the tongue of fire devours stubble, and as the dry grass goes down in flame, >so their root will rot, and their blossom will blow away like dust. (Isaiah 5:24 ULB) @@ -140,46 +119,40 @@ An example from Deuteronomy. >with the blood of the killed and the captives, >and from the heads of the leaders of the enemy. (Deuteronomy 32:42 ULB) - #### FALLING UPON or BEING UPON represents affecting >Yahweh God caused a deep sleep to fall upon the man, so the man slept. (Genesis 2:21 ULB) +>Will not his majesty terrify you, +>and the dread of him fall upon you? (Job 13:11 ULB) ->Would not his majesty make you afraid? ->Would not his dread fall upon you? (Job 13:11 ULB) - - ->Then the Spirit of Yahweh fell on me and he said to me.... (Ezekiel 11:5 ULB) +>Then the Spirit of Yahweh fell on me and he said for me to say ... (Ezekiel 11:5 ULB) >Now look, the hand of the Lord is upon you, and you will become blind. (Acts 13:11 ULB) - #### FOLLOWING SOMEONE represents being loyal to him ->They broke away from Yahweh, the God of their fathers, who had brought them out of the land of Egypt. They went after other gods, the very gods of the peoples who were around them, and they bowed down to them. They provoked Yahweh to anger because they broke away from Yahweh and worshiped Baal and the Ashtoreths. - - ->For Solomon followed Ashtoreth, the goddess of the Sidonians, and he followed Milcom, the disgusting idol of the Ammonites. (1 Kings 11:5 ULB) +>They broke away from Yahweh, the God of their fathers, who had brought them out of the land of Egypt. They went after other gods, the very gods of the peoples who were around them, and they bowed down to them. They provoked Yahweh to anger because they broke away from Yahweh and worshiped Baal and the Ashtoreths. (Judges 2:12-13 ULB) +>For Solomon followed Ashtoreth, the goddess of the Sidonians, and he followed Molech, the disgusting idol of the Ammonites. (1 Kings 11:5 ULB) >Not one of them who despised me will see it, except for my servant Caleb, because he had another spirit. He has followed me fully; I will bring him into the land which he went to examine. His descendants will possess it. (Numbers 14:23-24 ULB) - #### GOING BEFORE, ACCOMPANYING, OR FOLLOWING A KING WITH HIS OTHER ATTENDANTS represents serving him >See, his reward is with him, and his recompense is going before him. (Isaiah 62:11 ULB) - >Righteousness will go before him and make a way for his footsteps. (Psalm 85:13 ULB) + Rewared, recompense, and righteousness are also personified here. (see [Personification](../figs-personification/01.md)) + #### INHERITING is permanently possessing something >Then the King will say to those on his right hand, "Come, you who have been blessed by my Father, inherit the kingdom prepared for you from the foundation of the world." (Matthew 25:34) The blessing of God's complete rule is given as the permanent possession to those to whom the King is speaking. ->Now this I say, brothers and sisters, that flesh and blood cannot inherit the kingdom of God. Neither does what is perishable inherit what is imperishable. (1 Corinthians 15:50 ULB) +>Now this I say, brothers, that flesh and blood cannot inherit the kingdom of God. Neither does what is perishable inherit what is imperishable. (1 Corinthians 15:50 ULB) People cannot receive the kingdom of God in its complete form as a permanent possession while they are still in their mortal bodies. @@ -193,33 +166,30 @@ The mountain where God will be worshiped is viewed as his permanent possession. Moses asks God to still accept the people of Israel as his special possession, that is, as the people permanently belonging to him. ->the richness of the glory of his inheritance among those who are set apart for him. (Ephesians 1:18 ULB) +>... the richness of his glorious inheritance among all God's holy people. (Ephesians 1:18 ULB) The wonderful things that God will give all who are set apart for him is viewed as their permanent possession. An **HEIR** is someone who permanently possesses something ->For it was not through the law that the promise was given to Abraham and to his descendants, this promise that they would be heirs of the world. (Romans 4:13 ULB) +>For the promise to Abraham and to his descendants that he would be heir of the world did not come through the law but through the righteousness of faith. (Romans 4:13 ULB) The promise was that Abraham and his descendants would permanently possess the entire world. ->God has spoken to us by a Son, whom he appointed to be the heir of all things. (Hebrews 1:2 ULB) +>... he has spoken to us through a Son, whom he appointed to be the heir of all things. (Hebrews 1:2 ULB) God's Son will receive all things as a permanent possession. ->It was by faith that Noah...condemned the world and became an heir of the righteousness that comes through faith. (Hebrews 11:7 ULB) +>It was by faith that Noah...condemned the world and became an heir of the righteousness that is according to faith. (Hebrews 11:7 ULB) Noah received righteousness as a permanent possession. - #### LYING DOWN represents DYING >When your days are fulfilled and you lie down with your fathers, I will raise up a descendant after you, (2 Samuel 7:12 ULB) - ->Ask them, 'Are you really more beautiful than anyone else? Go down and lie with the uncircumcised!' ->They will fall among those who were killed by the sword! Egypt is given to the sword; her enemies will seize her and her servants! (Ezekiel 32:19-20 ULB) - +>[Ask them,] 'Are you really more beautiful than anyone else? Go down and lie down with the uncircumcised!' +>They will fall among those who were killed by the sword! [Egypt] is given to the sword; [her enemies] will seize her and her multitudes! (Ezekiel 32:19-20 ULB) #### REIGNING OR RULING represents controlling From 295517c9b19c6dd202b44bc8f809b5cf5377521f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Wed, 3 Oct 2018 13:54:43 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 024/551] Checked verses with ULB --- translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md | 23 ++++++----------------- 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md b/translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md index b362d06..d5c1bff 100644 --- a/translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md @@ -195,55 +195,44 @@ Noah received righteousness as a permanent possession. >This happened so that, as sin ruled in death, even so grace might rule through righteousness for everlasting life through Jesus Christ our Lord. (Romans 5:21 ULB) - >Therefore do not let sin rule in your mortal body in order that you obey its lusts. (Romans 6:12 ULB) - #### RESTING or a RESTING PLACE represents a permanent beneficial situation >Naomi her mother-in-law said to her, "My daughter, should I not seek a place for you to rest, so that things may go well for you?" (Ruth 3:1 ULB) >Therefore I vowed in my anger that they would never enter into my resting place. (Psalm 95:11 ULB) ->This is my resting place forever; I will live here, for I desire her [Zion]. (Psalm 132:14 ULB) +>This is my resting place forever; I will live here, for I desire [Zion]. (Psalm 132:14 ULB) >The nations will seek him out, and his resting place will be glorious. (Isaiah 11:10 ULB) - #### RISING, STANDING UP represents acting >Rise up for our help and redeem us for the sake of your covenant faithfulness. (Psalm 44:26 ULB) - #### SEEING SOMETHING represents being there ->You will not let the one who has covenant faithfulness see the pit. (Psalm 16:10 ULB) - +>You will not let your faithful one see the pit. (Psalm 16:10 ULB) #### SELLING represents handing over to someone's control. BUYING represents removing from someone's control ->[Yahweh] sold [the Israelites] into the hand of Cushan Rishathaim king of Aram Naharaim. (Judges 3:8 ULB) - +>[Yahweh] sold [the Israelites] into the hand of Cushan-Rishathaim king of Aram Naharaim. (Judges 3:8 ULB) #### SITTING IS RULING ->A throne will be established in covenant faithfulness, and one from David's tent will faithfully sit there. ( Isaiah 16:5 ULB) - +>A throne will be established in covenant faithfulness; and one from David's tent will faithfully sit there. (Isaiah 16:5 ULB) #### STANDING represents successfully resisting ->So the wicked will not stand in the judgment, nor sinners in the assembly of the righteous. (Psalm 1:2 ULB) - +>So the wicked will not stand in the judgment, nor sinners in the assembly of the righteous. (Psalm 1:5 ULB) #### WALKING represents behaving and PATH (WAY) represents behavior >Blessed is the man who does not walk in the advice of the wicked. (Psalm 1:1 ULB) - >For Yahweh approves of the way of the righteous. (Psalm 1:6 ULB) - ->Turn from me the path of deceit. (Psalm 119:28 ULB) - +>Turn from me the path of deceit. (Psalm 119:29 ULB) >I will run in the path of your commandments. (Psalm 119:32 ULB) \ No newline at end of file From 7577c7ddafcd35697f42eef49c98ee22ac6efb31 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Wed, 3 Oct 2018 14:05:17 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 025/551] Checked verses with ULB --- translate/bita-manmade/01.md | 4 +--- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 3 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/bita-manmade/01.md b/translate/bita-manmade/01.md index 33ad840..792efc5 100644 --- a/translate/bita-manmade/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-manmade/01.md @@ -51,8 +51,6 @@ In this case the snare was a persuasion to do evil, which leads to death. >God will likewise destroy you forever; he will take you up and pluck you out of your tent. (Psalm 52:5 ULB) - ->The house of the wicked will be destroyed, but the tent of the upright will flourish. (Proverbs 14:11 ULB) - +>The house of wicked people will be destroyed, but the tent of upright people will flourish. (Proverbs 14:11 ULB) >A throne will be established in covenant faithfulness, and one from David's tent will faithfully sit there. (Isaiah 16:5 ULB) \ No newline at end of file From 51ae1d7fff3d71d797a627bb30d692da22b3febf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Wed, 3 Oct 2018 14:16:53 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 026/551] Checked verses with ULB --- translate/bita-part1/01.md | 14 ++++++-------- 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/bita-part1/01.md b/translate/bita-part1/01.md index 7cd9be2..2fc6f5a 100644 --- a/translate/bita-part1/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-part1/01.md @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ In all languages, most **metaphors** come from broad patterns of pairings of ide The patterns found in the Bible are often unique to the Hebrew and Greek languages. It is useful to recognize these patterns because they repeatedly present translators with the same problems on how to translate them. Once translators think through how they will handle these translation challenges, they will be ready to meet them anywhere. -For example, one pattern of pairings in the Bible is of walking with "behaving" and a path with a kind of behavior. In Psalm 1:1 the walking in the advice of the wicked represents doing what wicked people say to do. +For example, one pattern of pairings in the Bible is of walking with "behaving" and a path with a kind of behavior. In Psalm 1:1 walking in the advice of the wicked represents doing what wicked people say to do. >Blessed is the man who does not walk in the advice of the wicked. (Psalm 1:1 ULB) @@ -22,23 +22,21 @@ This pattern is also seen in Psalm 119:32 where running in the path of God's com These patterns present three challenges to anyone who wants to identify them: -1. When looking at particular metaphors in the Bible, it is not always obvious what two ideas are paired with each other. For example, it may not be immediately obvious that the expression, it is God who puts strength on me like a belt. (Psalm 18:32 ULB) is based on the pairing of clothing with moral quality. In this case, the image of a belt represents strength. (see "Clothing represents a moral quality" in [Biblical Imagery - Man-made Objects](bita-manmade)) +1. When looking at particular metaphors in the Bible, it is not always obvious what two ideas are paired with each other. For example, it may not be immediately obvious that the expression, "It is God who puts strength on me like a belt" (Psalm 18:32 ULB) is based on the pairing of clothing with moral quality. In this case, the image of a belt represents strength. (see "Clothing represents a moral quality" in [Biblical Imagery - Man-made Objects](bita-manmade)) 1. When looking at a particular expression, the translator needs to know whether or not it represents something. This can only be done by considering the surrounding text. The surrounding text shows us, for example, whether "lamp" refers concretely to a container with oil and a wick for giving light or whether "lamp" is an image that represents life. (see "FIRE or LAMP represents life" in [Biblical Imagery - Natural Phenomena](bita-phenom)) -In 1 Kings 7:50, a lamp trimmer is a tool for trimming the wick on an ordinary lamp. In 2 Samuel 21:17 the lamp of Israel represents King David's life. When his men were concerned that he might "put out the lamp of Israel" they were concerned that he might be killed. +In 1 Kings 7:50, a lamp trimmer is a tool for trimming the wick on an ordinary lamp. In 2 Samuel 21:17 the lamp of Israel represents King David's life. When his men were concerned that he might "put out the lamp of Israel," they were concerned that he might be killed. ->The cups, lamp trimmers, basins, spoons, and incense burners were all made of pure gold. (1 Kings 7:50 ULB) - - ->Ishbibenob...intended to kill David. But Abishai the son of Zeruiah rescued David, attacked the Philistine, and killed him. Then the men of David swore to him, saying, "You must not go to battle anymore with us, so that you do not put out the lamp of Israel." (2 Samuel 21:16-17 ULB) +>Solomon also had made the cups, lamp trimmers, basins, spoons, and incense burners, all of which were all made of pure gold. (1 Kings 7:50 ULB) +>Ishbibenob...intended to kill David. But Abishai son of Zeruiah rescued David, attacked the Philistine, and killed him. Then the men of David swore to him, saying, "You must not go to battle anymore with us, so that you do not put out the lamp of Israel." (2 Samuel 21:16-17 ULB) 1. Expressions that are based on these pairings of ideas frequently combine together in complex ways. Moreover, they frequently combine with—and in some cases are based on—common metonymies and cultural models. (see [Biblical Imagery - Common Metonymies](bita-part2) and [Biblical Imagery - Cultural Models](bita-part3)) For example, in 2 Samuel 14:7 below, "the burning coal" is an image for the life of the son, who represents what will cause people to remember his father. So there are two patterns of pairings here: the pairing of the burning coal with the life of the son, and the pairing of the son with the memory of his father. ->They say, 'Hand over the man who struck his brother, so that we may put him to death, to pay for the life of his brother whom he killed.' And so they would also destroy the heir. Thus they will put out the burning coal that I have left, and they will leave for my husband neither name nor descendant on the surface of the earth. (2 Samuel 14:7 ULB) +>They say, 'Give into our hand the man who struck his brother, so that we may put him to death, to pay for the life of his brother whom he killed.' And so they would also destroy the heir. Thus they will put out the burning coal that I have left, and they will leave for my husband neither name nor descendant on the surface of the earth. (2 Samuel 14:7 ULB) ### Links to Lists of Images in the Bible From 2a409cd6b14499f093dbdb28e18053d46df556c0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Wed, 3 Oct 2018 14:26:51 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 027/551] Checked verses with ULB --- translate/bita-part1/01.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/bita-part1/01.md b/translate/bita-part1/01.md index 2fc6f5a..7d29846 100644 --- a/translate/bita-part1/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-part1/01.md @@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ In 1 Kings 7:50, a lamp trimmer is a tool for trimming the wick on an ordinary l >Solomon also had made the cups, lamp trimmers, basins, spoons, and incense burners, all of which were all made of pure gold. (1 Kings 7:50 ULB) ->Ishbibenob...intended to kill David. But Abishai son of Zeruiah rescued David, attacked the Philistine, and killed him. Then the men of David swore to him, saying, "You must not go to battle anymore with us, so that you do not put out the lamp of Israel." (2 Samuel 21:16-17 ULB) +>Ishbi-Benob...intended to kill David. But Abishai son of Zeruiah rescued David, attacked the Philistine, and killed him. Then the men of David swore to him, saying, "You must not go to battle anymore with us, so that you do not put out the lamp of Israel." (2 Samuel 21:16-17 ULB) 1. Expressions that are based on these pairings of ideas frequently combine together in complex ways. Moreover, they frequently combine with—and in some cases are based on—common metonymies and cultural models. (see [Biblical Imagery - Common Metonymies](bita-part2) and [Biblical Imagery - Cultural Models](bita-part3)) From 3441e5fa8f9e52f90f22e481cfb4c1761beb2063 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Wed, 3 Oct 2018 15:09:57 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 028/551] Checked verses with ULB --- translate/bita-part1/01.md | 6 ++---- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/bita-part1/01.md b/translate/bita-part1/01.md index 7d29846..99c582e 100644 --- a/translate/bita-part1/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-part1/01.md @@ -24,15 +24,13 @@ These patterns present three challenges to anyone who wants to identify them: 1. When looking at particular metaphors in the Bible, it is not always obvious what two ideas are paired with each other. For example, it may not be immediately obvious that the expression, "It is God who puts strength on me like a belt" (Psalm 18:32 ULB) is based on the pairing of clothing with moral quality. In this case, the image of a belt represents strength. (see "Clothing represents a moral quality" in [Biblical Imagery - Man-made Objects](bita-manmade)) -1. When looking at a particular expression, the translator needs to know whether or not it represents something. This can only be done by considering the surrounding text. The surrounding text shows us, for example, whether "lamp" refers concretely to a container with oil and a wick for giving light or whether "lamp" is an image that represents life. (see "FIRE or LAMP represents life" in [Biblical Imagery - Natural Phenomena](bita-phenom)) - -In 1 Kings 7:50, a lamp trimmer is a tool for trimming the wick on an ordinary lamp. In 2 Samuel 21:17 the lamp of Israel represents King David's life. When his men were concerned that he might "put out the lamp of Israel," they were concerned that he might be killed. +2. When looking at a particular expression, the translator needs to know whether or not it represents something. This can only be done by considering the surrounding text. The surrounding text shows us, for example, whether "lamp" refers concretely to a container with oil and a wick for giving light or whether "lamp" is an image that represents life. (see "FIRE or LAMP represents life" in [Biblical Imagery - Natural Phenomena](bita-phenom)) In 1 Kings 7:50, a lamp trimmer is a tool for trimming the wick on an ordinary lamp. In 2 Samuel 21:17 the lamp of Israel represents King David's life. When his men were concerned that he might "put out the lamp of Israel," they were concerned that he might be killed. >Solomon also had made the cups, lamp trimmers, basins, spoons, and incense burners, all of which were all made of pure gold. (1 Kings 7:50 ULB) >Ishbi-Benob...intended to kill David. But Abishai son of Zeruiah rescued David, attacked the Philistine, and killed him. Then the men of David swore to him, saying, "You must not go to battle anymore with us, so that you do not put out the lamp of Israel." (2 Samuel 21:16-17 ULB) -1. Expressions that are based on these pairings of ideas frequently combine together in complex ways. Moreover, they frequently combine with—and in some cases are based on—common metonymies and cultural models. (see [Biblical Imagery - Common Metonymies](bita-part2) and [Biblical Imagery - Cultural Models](bita-part3)) +3. Expressions that are based on these pairings of ideas frequently combine together in complex ways. Moreover, they frequently combine with—and in some cases are based on—common metonymies and cultural models. (see [Biblical Imagery - Common Metonymies](bita-part2) and [Biblical Imagery - Cultural Models](bita-part3)) For example, in 2 Samuel 14:7 below, "the burning coal" is an image for the life of the son, who represents what will cause people to remember his father. So there are two patterns of pairings here: the pairing of the burning coal with the life of the son, and the pairing of the son with the memory of his father. From d36b1613dea8aeefd0550213ec7c5b300cd56b51 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: hmw3 Date: Wed, 3 Oct 2018 12:02:15 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 029/551] updated scripture --- translate/writing-quotations/01.md | 12 +++++------- translate/writing-symlanguage/01.md | 27 ++++++++++++++++----------- 2 files changed, 21 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/writing-quotations/01.md b/translate/writing-quotations/01.md index 7cd51bc..8eaf087 100644 --- a/translate/writing-quotations/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-quotations/01.md @@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ The quote margins are underlined below. Also in some languages, the quote margin may have more than one verb meaning "said." ->But his mother answered and said, "No, instead he will be called John." (Luke 1:60 ULB) +>But his mother answered and said, "No. He will be called John." (Luke 1:60 ULB) When writing that someone said something, some languages put the quote (what was said) in quotation marks called inverted commas (" "). Some languages use other symbols around the quotation, such as these angle quote marks (« »), or something else. @@ -27,11 +27,11 @@ When writing that someone said something, some languages put the quote (what was #### Quote margin before the quote ->Zechariah said to the angel, "How will I know this will happen? For I am an old man, and my wife also is very old." (Luke 1:18 ULB) +>Zechariah said to the angel, "How can I know this? For I am an old man and my wife is very old." (Luke 1:18 ULB) ->Then some tax collectors also came to be baptized, and they said to him, "Teacher, what must we do?" (Luke 3:12 ULB) +>Tax collectors also came to be baptized, and they said to him, "Teacher, what must we do?" (Luke 3:12 ULB) ->He said to them, "Do not collect more money than you are supposed to." (Luke 3:13 ULB) +>He said to them, "Do not collect more money than you have been ordered to collect." (Luke 3:13 ULB) ##### Quote margin after the quote @@ -43,8 +43,6 @@ When writing that someone said something, some languages put the quote (what was >"Therefore, those who can," he said, "should go there with us. If there is something wrong with the man, you should accuse him." (Acts 25:5 ULB) ->"For look, days are coming"—this is Yahweh's declaration—"when I will restore the fortunes of my people, Israel" (Jeremiah 30:3 ULB) - ### Translation Strategies 1. Decide where to put the quote margin. @@ -61,7 +59,7 @@ When writing that someone said something, some languages put the quote (what was 1. Decide whether to use one or two words meaning "said." - * **But his mother answered and said, "No, instead he will be called John."** (Luke 1:60 ULB) + * **But his mother answered and said, "No. He will be called John."** (Luke 1:60 ULB) * But his mother replied, "No, instead he will be called John." * But his mother said, "No, instead he will be called John." * But his mother answered like this, "No, instead he will be called John," she said. diff --git a/translate/writing-symlanguage/01.md b/translate/writing-symlanguage/01.md index e2db4bd..5bc0922 100644 --- a/translate/writing-symlanguage/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-symlanguage/01.md @@ -24,33 +24,38 @@ People who read the Bible today may find it hard to recognize that the language ### Examples from the Bible ->After this I saw in my dream at night a fourth animal, terrifying, frightening, and very strong. It had large iron teeth; it devoured, broke in pieces, and trampled underfoot what was left. It was different from the other animals, and it had ten horns. (Daniel 7:7 ULB) +>After this I saw in the visions of the night a fourth animal, terrifying, frightening, and very strong. It had large iron teeth; it devoured, broke in pieces, and trampled underfoot what was left. It was different from the other animals, and it had ten horns. (Daniel 7:7 ULB) The meaning of the underlined symbols is explained in Daniel 7:23-24 as shown below. The animals represent kingdoms, iron teeth represent a powerful army, and the horns represent powerful leaders. >This is what that person said, 'As for the fourth animal, it will be a fourth kingdom on earth that will be different from all the other kingdoms. It will devour the whole earth, and it will trample it down and break it into pieces. As for the ten horns, out of this kingdom ten kings will arise, and another will arise after them. He will be different from the previous ones, and he will conquer the three kings. (Daniel 7:23-24 ULB) ->I turned around to see whose voice was speaking to me, and as I turned I saw seven golden lampstands. In the middle of the lampstands there was one like a Son of Man.... He had in his right hand seven stars, and coming out of his mouth was a sharp two-edged sword…. As for the hidden meaning about the seven stars you saw in my right hand, and the seven golden lampstands: the seven stars are the angels of the seven churches, and the seven lampstands are the seven churches. (Revelation 1:12, 16, 20 ULB) +>I turned around to see whose voice was speaking to me, and as I turned I saw seven golden lampstands. In the middle of the lampstands there was one like a Son of Man.... He had seven stars in his right hand, and a sword with two sharp edges was coming out of his mouth.... As for the hidden meaning about the seven stars you saw in my right hand, and the seven golden lampstands: The seven stars are the angels of the seven churches, and the seven lampstands are the seven churches. (Revelation 1:12, 16, 20 ULB) This passage explains the meaning of the seven lampstands and the seven stars. The two-edged sword represents God's word and judgment. ### Translation Strategies 1. Translate the text with the symbols. Often the speaker or author explains the meaning later in the passage. -1. Translate the text with the symbols. Then explain the symbols in footnotes. +2. Translate the text with the symbols. Then explain the symbols in footnotes. ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied 1. Translate the text with the symbols. Often the speaker or author explains the meaning later in the passage. - * **After this I saw in my dream at night a fourth animal, terrifying, frightening, and very strong. It had large iron teeth; it devoured, broke in pieces, and trampled underfoot what was left. It was different from the other animals, and it had ten horns.** (Daniel 7:7 ULB) - People will be able to understand what the symbols mean when they read the explanation in Daniel 7:23-24. + >**After this I saw in the visions of night a fourth animal, terrifying, frightening, and very strong. It had large iron teeth; it devoured, broke in pieces, and trampled underfoot what was left. It was different from the other animals, and it had ten horns.** (Daniel 7:7 ULB) + + >People will be able to understand what the symbols mean when they read the explanation in Daniel 7:23-24. -1. Translate the text with the symbols. Then explain the symbols in footnotes. +2. Translate the text with the symbols. Then explain the symbols in footnotes. - * **After this I saw in my dream at night a fourth animal, terrifying, frightening, and very strong. It had large iron teeth; it devoured, broke in pieces, and trampled underfoot what was left. It was different from the other animals, and it had ten horns.** (Daniel 7:7 ULB) - * After this I saw in my dream at night a fourth animal,1 terrifying, frightening, and very strong. It had large iron teeth;2 it devoured, broke in pieces, and trampled underfoot what was left. It was different from the other animals, and it had ten horns.3 - * The footnotes would look like: - * [1] The animal is a symbol for a kingdom. - * [2] The iron teeth is a symbol for the kingdom's powerful army. - * [3] The horns are a symbol of powerful kings. + * **After this I saw the visions of night a fourth animal, terrifying, frightening, and very strong. It had large iron teeth; it devoured, broke in pieces, and trampled underfoot what was left. It was different from the other animals, and it had ten horns.** (Daniel 7:7 ULB) + + * After this I saw the visions of at night a fourth animal,1 terrifying, frightening, and very strong. It had large iron teeth;2 it devoured, broke in pieces, and trampled underfoot what was left. It was different from the other animals, and it had ten horns.3 + + * The footnotes would look like this: + + * [1] The animal is a symbol for a kingdom. + * [2] The iron teeth is a symbol for the kingdom's powerful army. + * [3] The horns are a symbol of powerful kings. From b75208331eabea397a0986bccd618bf3cd3d1f01 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Wed, 3 Oct 2018 16:04:12 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 030/551] Checked verses with ULB --- translate/bita-part2/01.md | 21 ++++++++++----------- 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/bita-part2/01.md b/translate/bita-part2/01.md index cca8d6b..ad0a569 100644 --- a/translate/bita-part2/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-part2/01.md @@ -13,33 +13,33 @@ There is so much in the cup that it runs over the top of the cup. People do not drink cups. They drink what is in the cup. -#### The MOUTH represents speech or words +#### The MOUTH, LIPS, or TONGUE represents speech or words ->A fool's mouth is his ruin. (Proverbs 18:7 ULB) +>A fool's mouth is his ruin, and he ensnares himself with his lips. (Proverbs 18:7 ULB) + +>The words of one who speaks rashly are like the thrusts of a sword, but the tongue of the wise brings healing. (Proverbs 12:18) >Oh, how I would encourage you with my mouth! (Job 16:5 ULB) >I heard you when you boasted against me with your mouth; you said many things against me. I heard them. (Ezekiel 35:13 ULB) - -In these examples the mouth refers to what a person says. +In these examples the mouth, lips, and tongue refer to what a person says. #### The MEMORY OF A PERSON represents his descendants The memory of a person represents his descendants, because they are the ones who should remember and honor him. When the Bible says that someone's memory dies, it means that either he will not have any descendants, or his descendants will all die. ->You terrified the nations with your battle cry; +>You rebuked the nations; >you have destroyed the wicked; ->you have blotted out their memory forever. +>you have blotted out their name forever. >The enemy crumbled like ruins >when you overthrew their cities. >All remembrance of them has perished. (Psalm 9:5-6 ULB) -> His memory will perish from the earth (Job 18:17 ULB) - ->Yahweh is against evildoers, ->in order to wipe out their memory from the earth. (Psalm 34:16 ULB) +> His roots will be dried up beneath; above will his branch be cut off. His memory will perish from the earth. (Job 18:16-17 ULB) +>The face of Yahweh is against those who do evil, +>to cut off the memory of them from the earth. (Psalm 34:16 ULB) #### ONE PERSON represents a group of people @@ -54,7 +54,6 @@ This does not refer to a particular wicked person, but to wicked people in gener >Asher's food will be rich, and he will provide royal delicacies. >Naphtali is a doe let loose; he will have beautiful fawns. (Genesis 49:19-21 ULB) - The names Gad, Asher, and Naphtali refer not only to those men, but to their descendants. #### A PERSON represents himself and the people with him From 1468c821ae850d13c1d3e4871e70ac12ae764723 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Wed, 3 Oct 2018 16:05:59 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 031/551] Typo --- translate/bita-part1/01.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/bita-part1/01.md b/translate/bita-part1/01.md index 99c582e..813bd72 100644 --- a/translate/bita-part1/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-part1/01.md @@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ This pattern is also seen in Psalm 119:32 where running in the path of God's com >I will run in the path of your commandments. (Psalm 119:32 ULB) -### Reasons this is a translation Issue +### Reasons this is a translation issue These patterns present three challenges to anyone who wants to identify them: From ab437c76f854558c2b5b4029c6851606a06d74b5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: hmw3 Date: Wed, 3 Oct 2018 13:47:43 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 032/551] scripture updates --- translate/writing-proverbs/01.md | 38 +++++++++++++++----------------- 1 file changed, 18 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/writing-proverbs/01.md b/translate/writing-proverbs/01.md index de214ba..090de55 100644 --- a/translate/writing-proverbs/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-proverbs/01.md @@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ Each language has its own ways of saying proverbs. There are many proverbs in th This means that it is better to be a good person and to have a good reputation than it is to have a lot of money. >Like vinegar on the teeth and smoke in the eyes, ->so is the sluggard to those who send him. (Proverbs 10:26 ULB) +>so is the lazy person to those who send him. (Proverbs 10:26 ULB) This means that a lazy person is very annoying to those who send him to do something. @@ -47,36 +47,34 @@ If translating a proverb literally would be natural and give the right meaning i 1. Find out how people say proverbs in your language, and use one of those ways. -* **A good name is to be chosen over great riches,** + * **A good name is to be chosen over great riches, +and favor is better than silver and gold.** (Proverbs 22:1 ULB) -**and favor is better than silver and gold.** (Proverbs 22:1 ULB) + Here are some ideas for ways that people might say a proverb in their language. -Here are some ideas for ways that people might say a proverb in their language. - -* It is better to have a good name than to have great riches, and to be favored by people than to have silver and gold. -* Wise people choose a good name over great riches, and favor over silver and gold. -* Try to have a good reputation rather than great riches. -* Will riches really help you? I would rather have a good reputation. + * It is better to have a good name than to have great riches, and to be favored by people than to have silver and gold. + * Wise people choose a good name over great riches, and favor over silver and gold. + * Try to have a good reputation rather than great riches. + * Will riches really help you? I would rather have a good reputation. 1. If certain objects in the proverb are not known to many people in your language group, consider replacing them with objects that people know and that function in the same way in your language. -* **Like snow in summer or rain in harvest,** + * **Like snow in summer or rain in harvest, +so a fool does not deserve honor.** (Proverbs 26:1 ULB) -**so a fool does not deserve honor.** (Proverbs 26:1 ULB) - -* It is not natural for a cold wind to blow in the hot season or for it to rain in the harvest season; And it is not natural to honor a foolish person. + * It is not natural for a cold wind to blow in the hot season or for it to rain in the harvest season; And it is not natural to honor a foolish person. 1. Substitute a proverb in your language that has the same teaching as the proverb in the Bible. -* **Do not boast about tomorrow** (Proverbs 27:1 ULB) - * Do not count your chickens before they hatch. + * **Do not boast about tomorrow.** (Proverbs 27:1 ULB) + + * Do not count your chickens before they hatch. 1. Give the same teaching but not in a form of a proverb. -* **A generation that curses their father and does not bless their mother,** + * **A generation that curses their father and does not bless their mother, + that is a generation that is pure in their own eyes, + but they are not washed of their filth.** (Proverbs 30:11-12 ULB) -**that is a generation that is pure in their own eyes,** -**but they are not washed of their filth.** (Proverbs 30:11-12 ULB) - -* People who do not respect their parents think that they are righteous, and they do not turn away from their sin. + * People who do not respect their parents think that they are righteous, and they do not turn away from their sin. From ce4fb74ca527055b190a7de08e0ee6ccebb98a81 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Wed, 3 Oct 2018 18:34:57 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 033/551] Checked verses with ULB I deleted some of verses because the ULB of those verses no longer uses the figure of speech described. --- translate/bita-part3/01.md | 49 +++++++++++++------------------------- 1 file changed, 17 insertions(+), 32 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/bita-part3/01.md b/translate/bita-part3/01.md index c390359..ddcd3c7 100644 --- a/translate/bita-part3/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-part3/01.md @@ -12,9 +12,9 @@ Although the Bible explicitly denies that God is a human being, he is often spok >If we hear the voice of Yahweh our God any longer, we will die. (Deuteronomy 5:25 ULB) ->I have been strengthened by the hand of Yahweh my God (Ezra 7:28 ULB) +>I have been strengthened by the hand of Yahweh my God. (Ezra 7:28 ULB) ->The hand of God also came on Judah, to give them one heart to carry out the command of the king and leaders by the word of Yahweh. (2 Chronicles 30:12 ULB) +>The hand of God also came on Judah, to give them one heart, to carry out the command of the king and leaders by the word of Yahweh. (2 Chronicles 30:12 ULB) The word "hand" here is a metonym that refers to God's power. (See: [Metonymy](figs-metonymy)) @@ -32,11 +32,7 @@ The word "hand" here is a metonym that refers to God's power. (See: [Metonymy](f >"Heaven is my throne, and the earth is my footstool. (Isaiah 66:1 ULB) >God reigns over the nations; ->God sits on his holy throne. ->The princes of the peoples have gathered together ->to the people of the God of Abraham; ->for the shields of the earth belong to God; ->he is greatly exalted. (Psalm 47:8-9 ULB) +>God sits on his holy throne. (Psalm 47:8 ULB) #### God is modeled as a SHEPHERD and his people are modeled as SHEEP @@ -49,20 +45,20 @@ He leads his people like sheep. >He led his own people out like sheep and guided them through the wilderness like a flock. (Psalm 78:52 ULB) He is willing to die in order to save his sheep. ->I am the good shepherd, and I know my own, and my own know me. The Father knows me, and I know the Father, and I lay down my life for the sheep. I have other sheep that are not of this fold. Those, also, I must bring, and they will hear my voice so that there will be one flock and one shepherd. (John 10:14-15 ULB) +>I am the good shepherd, and I know my own, and my own know me. The Father knows me, and I know the Father, and I lay down my life for the sheep. I have other sheep that are not of this sheep pen. I must bring them also, and they will hear my voice so that there will be one flock and one shepherd. (John 10:14-15 ULB) #### God is modeled as a WARRIOR >Yahweh is a warrior. (Exodus 15:3 ULB) ->Yahweh will go out as a warrior; he will proceed as a man of war. He will stir up his zeal. +>Yahweh will go out as a warrior; as a man of war he will stir up his zeal. >He will shout, yes, he will roar his battle cries; he will show his enemies his power. (Isaiah 42:13 ULB) >Your right hand, Yahweh, is glorious in power; >your right hand, Yahweh, has shattered the enemy. (Exodus 15:6 ULB) >But God will shoot them; ->suddenly they will be wounded with his arrows. (Psalm 65:7 ULB) +>suddenly they will be wounded with his arrows. (Psalm 64:7 ULB) >For you will turn them back; you will draw your bow before them. (Psalm 21:12 ULB) @@ -72,7 +68,7 @@ He is willing to die in order to save his sheep. > "Woe to the shepherds who destroy and scatter the sheep of my pasture—this is Yahweh's declaration." (Jeremiah 23:1 ULB) ->Therefore be careful about yourselves, and about all the flock of which the Holy Spirit has made you overseers. Be careful to shepherd the assembly of the Lord, which he purchased with his own blood. 29I know that after my departure, vicious wolves will enter in among you, and not spare the flock. I know that from even among your own selves some men shall come and say corrupt things, in order to draw away the disciples after them. (Acts 20:28-30 ULB) +>Therefore be careful about yourselves, and about all the flock of which the Holy Spirit has made you overseers. Be careful to shepherd the church of God, which he purchased with his own blood. I know that after my departure, vicious wolves will come in among you and will not spare the flock. I know that from even among you some men shall come and distort the truth, in order to draw away the disciples after them. (Acts 20:28-30 ULB) #### The eye is modeled as a LAMP @@ -82,7 +78,7 @@ People see objects, not because of light around the object, but because of light >The eye is the lamp of the body. Therefore, if your eye is good, the whole body is filled with light. (Matthew 6:22 ULB) This light shining from the eyes carries with itself the viewer's character. ->The appetite of the wicked craves evil; his neighbor sees no kindness in his eyes. (Proverbs 21:10 ULB) +>The appetite of the wicked craves evil; his neighbor finds no favor in his eyes. (Proverbs 21:10 ULB) #### Envy and cursing are modeled as looking with an EVIL EYE at someone, and favor is modeled as looking with a GOOD EYE at someone @@ -90,15 +86,9 @@ The primary emotion of a person with the evil eye is envy. The Greek word transl >He said, "It is that which comes out of the person that defiles him. For from within a person, out of the heart, proceed evil thoughts..., envy.... (Mark 7:20-22 ULB) -The context for Matthew 20:15 includes the emotion of envy. "Is your eye evil?" means "Are you envious?" ->Is it not legitimate for me to do what I wish with my own possessions? Or is your eye evil because I am good? (Matthew 20:15 ULB) - If a person's eye is evil, that person is envious of other people's money. >The eye is the lamp of the body. Therefore, if your eye is good, the whole body is filled with light. But if your eye is bad, your whole body is full of darkness. Therefore, if the light that is in you is actually darkness, how great is that darkness! No one can serve two masters, for either he will hate the one and love the other, or else he will be devoted to one and despise the other. You cannot serve God and wealth. (Matthew 6:22-24 ULB) -A person who is envious might put a curse or enchantment on someone by looking at him with an evil eye. ->Foolish Galatians, whose evil eye has harmed you? (Galatians 3:1 ULB) - A person with a good eye can put a blessing on someone by looking at him. >If I have found favor in your eyes... (1 Samuel 27:5 ULB) @@ -113,7 +103,7 @@ If blood is spilled or shed, someone has been killed. >Whoever sheds man's blood, by man will his blood be shed. (Genesis 9:6 ULB) ->In this way, this person would not die by the hand of the one who wanted to avenge the blood that was shed, until the accused person would first stand before the assembly. (Joshua 20:9 ULB) +>This person would not die by the hand of the one who wanted to avenge the blood that was shed, until the accused person would first stand before the assembly. (Joshua 20:9 ULB) If blood cries out, nature itself is crying out for vengeance on a person who killed someone. (This also includes personification, because the blood is pictured as someone that can cry out. See: [Personification](figs-personification)) @@ -121,7 +111,7 @@ If blood cries out, nature itself is crying out for vengeance on a person who ki #### A country is modeled as a WOMAN, and its gods are modeled as HER HUSBAND ->It came about, as soon as Gideon was dead, the people of Israel turned again and prostituted themselves by worshiping the Baals. They made Baal Berith their god. (Judges 8:33 ULB) +>It came about, as soon as Gideon was dead, the people of Israel turned again and prostituted themselves by worshiping the Baals. They made Baal-Berith their god. (Judges 8:33 ULB) #### The nation of Israel is modeled as GOD'S SON @@ -148,11 +138,11 @@ The sun is modeled as a disc with wings, which allow it to "fly" through the air The wind moves quickly and is modeled as having wings. ->He was seen flying on the wings of the wind. (2 Sam. 22:11 ULB) +>He was seen on the wings of the wind. (2 Samuel 22:11 ULB) >He rode on a cherub and flew; he glided on the wings of the wind. (Psalm 18:10 ULB) ->you walk on the wings of the wind (Psalm 104:3 ULB) +>you walk on the wings of the wind. (Psalm 104:3 ULB) #### Futility is modeled as something that the WIND can blow away @@ -166,12 +156,6 @@ Psalm 1 and Job 27 show that wicked people are worthless and will not live long. >The east wind carries him away, and he leaves; >it sweeps him out of his place. (Job 27:21 ULB) -The writer of Ecclesiastes says that everything is worthless. ->Like a vapor of mist, ->like a breeze in the wind, ->everything vanishes, leaving many questions. ->What profit does mankind gain from all the work that they labor at under the sun? (Ecclesiastes 1:2-3 ULB) - In Job 30:15, Job complains that his honor and prosperity are gone. >Terrors are turned upon me; @@ -184,7 +168,7 @@ When there was a war between nations, people believed that the gods of those nat >This happened while the Egyptians were burying all their firstborn, those whom Yahweh had killed among them, for he also inflicted punishment on their gods. (Numbers 33:4 ULB) ->And what nation is like your people Israel, the one nation on earth whom you, God, went and rescued for yourself?...You drove out nations and their gods from before your people, whom you rescued from Egypt. (2 Samuel 7:23 ULB) +>What nation is like your people Israel, the one nation on earth whom you, God, went and rescued for yourself?...You drove out nations and their gods from before your people, whom you rescued from Egypt. (2 Samuel 7:23 ULB) >The servants of the king of Aram said to him, "Their god is a god of the hills. That is why they were stronger than we were. But now let us fight against them in the plain, and surely there we will be stronger than they." (1 Kings 20:23 ULB) @@ -192,9 +176,9 @@ When there was a war between nations, people believed that the gods of those nat The verses below are not about real physical boundaries but about difficulties or the lack of difficulties in life. ->He has built a wall around me, and I cannot escape. He has made my shackles heavy. (Lamentations 3:7 ULB) +>He built a wall around me and I cannot escape. He made my chains heavy. (Lamentations 3:7 ULB) ->He has blocked my path with walls of hewn stone; every way I take is crooked. (Lamentations 3:9 ULB) +>He blocked my path with a wall of hewn stone; he made my paths crooked. (Lamentations 3:9 ULB) >Measuring lines have been laid for me in pleasant places. (Psalm 16:6 ULB) @@ -212,7 +196,8 @@ In Psalm 4 David asks God to rescue him. When Job was distressed because of all the sad things that happened to him, he spoke as if he were in a wilderness. Jackals and ostriches are animals that live in the wilderness. >My heart is troubled and does not rest; >days of affliction have come on me. ->I go about with darkened skin but not because of the sun; +>I have gone about like one who was living in the dark, +>but not because of the sun; >I stand up in the assembly and cry for help. >I am a brother to jackals, >a companion of ostriches. (Job 30:27-29 ULB) From c828a271cfed0318ad5ca0d3a1a20baa2282874f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Wed, 3 Oct 2018 18:47:20 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 034/551] Silent edit for direct quote --- translate/bita-part3/01.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/bita-part3/01.md b/translate/bita-part3/01.md index ddcd3c7..049fd5a 100644 --- a/translate/bita-part3/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-part3/01.md @@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ The wind moves quickly and is modeled as having wings. >He rode on a cherub and flew; he glided on the wings of the wind. (Psalm 18:10 ULB) ->you walk on the wings of the wind. (Psalm 104:3 ULB) +>You walk on the wings of the wind. (Psalm 104:3 ULB) #### Futility is modeled as something that the WIND can blow away From 8234e0e4a209e9d8aec741b113c5a06b3bbe5a63 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: hmw3 Date: Wed, 3 Oct 2018 15:10:11 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 035/551] scripture updates --- translate/writing-pronouns/01.md | 14 +++++++------- 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/writing-pronouns/01.md b/translate/writing-pronouns/01.md index b638842..111328d 100644 --- a/translate/writing-pronouns/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-pronouns/01.md @@ -23,11 +23,11 @@ Each language has its rules and exceptions to this usual way of referring to peo ### Examples from the Bible The example below occurs at the beginning of a chapter. In some languages it might not be clear whom the pronouns refer to. ->Again Jesus walked into the synagogue, and a man with a withered hand was there. They watched him to see if he would heal him on the Sabbath. (Mark 3:1-2 ULB) +>Then he spoke a parable to them about how they should always pray and not become discouraged. (Luke 18:1 ULB) -In the example below, two men are named in the first sentence. It might not be clear whom "he" in the second sentence refers to. ->Now after some days, King Agrippa and Bernice arrived at Caesarea to pay an official visit to Festus. After he had been there for many days, Festus presented Paul's case to the king... (Acts 25:13-14 ULB) +In the example below, two men are named in the first two sentences and the beginning of the third. It might not be clear whom "him," "his," and "he" in the third sentence refer to. +>The prison warden gave into Joseph's hand all the prisoners who were in the prison. Whatever they did there, Joseph was in charge of it. The prison warden did not worry about anything that was in his hand, because Yahweh was with him. Whatever he did, Yahweh prospered. (Genesis 39:22-23 ULB) Jesus is the main character of the book of Matthew, but in the verses below he is referred to four times by name. This may lead speakers of some languages to think that Jesus is not the main character. Or it might lead them to think that there is more than one person named Jesus in this story. Or it might lead them to think that there is some kind of emphasis on him, even though there is no emphasis. @@ -46,17 +46,17 @@ Jesus is the main character of the book of Matthew, but in the verses below he i 1. If it would not be clear to your readers whom or what a pronoun refers to, use a noun or name. - * **Again Jesus walked into the synagogue, and a man with a withered hand was there. They watched him to see if he would heal him on the Sabbath.** (Mark 3:1-2 ULB) - * Again Jesus walked into the synagogue, and a man with a withered hand was there. Some Pharisees watched Jesus to see if he would heal the man on the Sabbath. (Mark 3:1-2 UDB) + * **Then he spoke a parable to them about how they should always pray and not become discouraged.** (Luke 18:1 ULB) + * Then Jesus spoke a parable to his disciples about how they should always pray and not become discouraged. 1. If repeating a noun or name would lead people to think that a main character is not a main character, or that the writer is talking about more than one person with that name, or that there is some kind of emphasis on someone when there is no emphasis, use a pronoun instead. >**At that time Jesus went on the Sabbath day through the grain fields. His disciples were hungry and began to pluck heads of grain and eat them. But when the Pharisees saw that, they said to Jesus , "See, your disciples do what is unlawful to do on the Sabbath."** ->**But Jesus said to them, "Have you never read what David did, when he was hungry, and the men who were with him? ...** +>**But Jesus said to them, "Have you never read what David did when he was hungry, and the men who were with him? ...** >**Then Jesus left from there and went into their synagogue.** (Matthew 12:1-9 ULB) May be translated as: >At that time Jesus went on the Sabbath day through the grain fields. His disciples were hungry and began to pluck heads of grain and eat them. But when the Pharisees saw that, they said to him, "See, your disciples do what is unlawful to do on the Sabbath. ->But he said to them, "Have you never read what David did, when he was hungry, and the men who were with him? ... +>But he said to them, "Have you never read what David did when he was hungry, and the men who were with him? ... >Then he left from there and went into their synagogue. From e65c2801020f772acc0899e4e4037ea4042c1ef4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: hmw3 Date: Wed, 3 Oct 2018 15:29:30 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 036/551] scripture updates --- translate/writing-poetry/01.md | 31 +++++++++++++++++++------------ 1 file changed, 19 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/writing-poetry/01.md b/translate/writing-poetry/01.md index d9911c5..cbf011a 100644 --- a/translate/writing-poetry/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-poetry/01.md @@ -9,16 +9,19 @@ Poetry is one of the ways that people use the words and sounds of their language * Many figures of speech such as [Apostrophe](../figs-apostrophe/01.md). * Parallel lines (see [Parallelism](../figs-parallelism/01.md) and [Parallelism with the Same Meaning](../figs-synonparallelism/01.md)) * Repetition of some or all of a line - * **Praise him, all his angels; praise him, all his angel armies. Praise him, sun and moon; praise him, all you shining stars.** (Psalm 148:2-3 ULB) + >Praise him, all his angels; praise him, all his hosts. + >Praise him, sun and moon; praise him, all you shining stars. (Psalm 148:2-3 ULB) * Lines of similar length. - * **Love is patient and kind; love does not envy or boast; it is not arrogant or rude.** (1 Corinthians 13:4 ULB) + >Love is patient and kind; + >love does not envy or boast; + >it is not arrogant or rude. (1 Corinthians 13:4 ULB) * The same sound used at the end or at the beginning of two or more lines * "Twinkle, twinkle little star. How I wonder what you are." (from an English rhyme) * The same sound repeated many times * "Peter, Peter, pumpkin eater" (from an English rhyme) * Old words and expressions * Dramatic imagery -* Different use of grammar - including: +* Different use of grammar, including * incomplete sentences * lack of connective words @@ -41,24 +44,28 @@ Elegant or fancy speech is similar to poetry in that it uses beautiful language, ### Examples from the Bible The Bible uses poetry for songs, teaching, and prophecy. Almost all of the books of the Old Testament have poetry in them and many of the books are completely poetry. ->for you saw my affliction; ->you knew the distress of my soul. (Psalm 31:7 ULB) This example of [Parallelism with the Same Meaning](../figs-synonparallelism/01.md) has two lines that mean the same thing. ->Yahweh, judge the nations; ->vindicate me, Yahweh, because I am righteous and innocent, Most High. + +>... for you saw my affliction; +>you knew the distress of my soul. (Psalm 31:7 ULB) This example of parallelism shows the contrast between what David wants God to do to him and what he wants God to do to the unrighteous nations. (see [Parallelism](../figs-parallelism/01.md)) ->Keep your servant also from arrogant sins; ->let them not rule over me. (Psalm 19:13 ULB) + +>Yahweh, judge the nations; +>vindicate me, Yahweh, because I am righteous and innocent, Most High. (Psalm 7:8) This example of personification speaks of sins as if they could rule over a person. (see [Personification](../figs-personification/01.md)) ->Oh, give thanks to Yahweh; for he is good, for his covenant faithfulness endures forever. ->Oh, give thanks to the God of gods, for his covenant faithfulness endures forever. ->Oh, give thanks to the Lord of lords, for his covenant faithfulness endures forever. (Psalm 136:1-3 ULB) + +>Keep your servant also from arrogant sins; +>let them not rule over me. (Psalm 19:13 ULB) This example repeats the phrases "give thanks" and "his covenant faithfulness endures forever." +>Oh, give thanks to Yahweh; for he is good, for his covenant faithfulness endures forever. +>Oh, give thanks to the God of gods, for his covenant faithfulness endures forever. +>Oh, give thanks to the Lord of lords, for his covenant faithfulness endures forever. (Psalm 136:1-3 ULB) + ### Translation Strategies If the style of poetry that is used in the source text would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consider using it. If not, here are some other ways of translating it. From 5fa560cf7c70ff7ebfade2d778094dd036e03b71 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Wed, 3 Oct 2018 19:36:25 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 037/551] Checked verses with ULB I deleted some versus because the ULB no longer has the image in the verse. --- translate/bita-phenom/01.md | 45 +++++++++++++------------------------ 1 file changed, 16 insertions(+), 29 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/bita-phenom/01.md b/translate/bita-phenom/01.md index 9f9a869..27902e6 100644 --- a/translate/bita-phenom/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-phenom/01.md @@ -6,20 +6,15 @@ Some images from the Bible involving natural phenomena are listed below. The wor >Yahweh, lift up the light of your face on us. (Psalm 4:6 ULB) - >For they did not obtain the land for their possession by their own sword, >neither did their own arm save them; >but your right hand, your arm, and the light of your face, >because you were favorable to them. (Psalm 44:3 ULB) - ->they did not reject the light of my face. (Job 29:24 ULB) - +>They did not reject the light of my face. (Job 29:24 ULB) >Yahweh, they walk in the light of your face. (Psalm 89:15 ULB) - - #### LIGHT represents goodness, and DARKNESS represents evil @@ -31,10 +26,7 @@ Some images from the Bible involving natural phenomena are listed below. The wor >Yet you have severely broken us in the place of jackals and covered us with the shadow of death. (Psalm 44:19) -#### FIRE represents extreme feelings, particularly love or anger - ->Because iniquity will be increased, the love of many will be extinguished. (Matthew 24:12 ULB) - +#### FIRE or HEAT represents extreme feelings, particularly love or anger >Surging waters cannot quench love. (Song of Songs 8:7 ULB) @@ -42,7 +34,7 @@ Some images from the Bible involving natural phenomena are listed below. The wor >For a fire is kindled by my anger and is burning to the lowest sheol. (Deuteronomy 32:22 ULB) ->Therefore the anger of Yahweh was set on fire against Israel. (Judges 3:8 ULB) +>Therefore, the anger of Yahweh was set on fire against Israel. (Judges 3:8 ULB) >When Yahweh heard this, he was angry; so his fire burned against Jacob, and his anger attacked Israel. (Psalm 78:21 ULB) @@ -50,11 +42,9 @@ Some images from the Bible involving natural phenomena are listed below. The wor #### FIRE OR A LAMP represents life ->They say, 'Hand over the man who struck his brother, so that we may put him to death, to pay for the life of his brother whom he killed.' And so they would also destroy the heir. Thus they will put out the burning coal that I have left, and they will leave for my husband neither name nor descendant on the surface of the earth. 2 Samuel 14:7 ULB) - - ->You must not go to battle anymore with us, so that you do not put out the lamp of Israel. (2 Samuel 21:17 ULB) +>They say, 'Give into our hand the man who struck his brother, so that we may put him to death, to pay for the life of his brother whom he killed.' So they would also destroy the heir. Thus they will put out the burning coal that I have left, and they will leave for my husband neither name nor descendant on the surface of the earth. (2 Samuel 14:7 ULB) +>Ishbi-Benob... intended to kill David. But Abishai son of Zeruiah rescued David.... Then the men of David swore to him, saying, "You must not go to battle anymore with us, so that you do not put out the lamp of Israel (2 Samuel 21:17 ULB) >I will give one tribe to Solomon's son, so that David my servant may always have a lamp before me in Jerusalem. (1 Kings 11:36 ULB) @@ -99,21 +89,13 @@ Some images from the Bible involving natural phenomena are listed below. The wor >Yahweh has burst through my enemies before me like a bursting flood of water. (2 Samuel 5:20 ULB) ->He will make a full end to his enemies with an overwhelming flood. (Nahum 1:8 ULB) - - ->My heart drips because of sadness. (Psalm 119:28 ULB) - +>But he will make a full end to his enemies with an overwhelming flood. (Nahum 1:8 ULB) >I am being poured out like water. (Psalm 22:14 ULB) >It will come about afterward that I will pour out my Spirit on all flesh. (Joel 2:28 ULB) - ->My God, my soul has melted within me. (Psalm 42:6 ULB) - - >For it is great, the anger of Yahweh that has been poured out on us. (2 Chronicles 34:21 ULB) @@ -122,13 +104,13 @@ Some images from the Bible involving natural phenomena are listed below. The wor >A quarreling wife is a constant dripping of water. (Proverbs 19:13 ULB) ->His lips are lilies, dripping myrrh. (Song of Songs 5:13 ULB) +>His lips are lilies, dripping with myrrh. (Song of Songs 5:13 ULB) >My groaning is poured out like water. (Job 3:24 ULB) ->The words of a man's mouth are deep waters; the fountain of wisdom is a flowing stream. (Proverbs 18:3 ULB) +>The words of a man's mouth are deep waters; the fountain of wisdom is a flowing stream. (Proverbs 18:4 ULB) #### FLOODING WATER represents disaster @@ -139,7 +121,7 @@ Some images from the Bible involving natural phenomena are listed below. The wor >Do not let the floods of water overwhelm me. (Psalm 69:15 ULB) ->Reach out your hand from above; rescue me out of many waters from the hands of these foreigners. (Psalm 144:7 ULB) +>Reach out your hand from above; rescue me out of many waters, from the hands of these foreigners. (Psalm 144:7 ULB) #### A SPRING OF WATER represents the origins of something @@ -148,10 +130,15 @@ Some images from the Bible involving natural phenomena are listed below. The wor #### A ROCK represents protection ->Who is a rock except our God? (Psalm 18:31 ULB) +>Yahweh is my rock, my fortress, the one who brings me to safety; he is my God, my rock; I take refuge in him. (Psalm 18:2 ULB) + +>Listen to me; rescue me quickly; be my rock of refuge, a stronghold to save me. (Psalm 31:2) + +> For in the day of trouble he will hide me in his shelter; in the cover of his tent he will conceal me. He will lift me high on a rock! Then my head will be lifted up above my enemies all around me. (Psalm 27:5-6) + + ->Yahweh, my rock, and my redeemer. (Psalm 19:14 ULB) From 0694088bce92f199e6a5707e0bead3bda85d358b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Wed, 3 Oct 2018 19:36:57 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 038/551] Restored a heading --- translate/bita-phenom/01.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/bita-phenom/01.md b/translate/bita-phenom/01.md index 27902e6..e3020c9 100644 --- a/translate/bita-phenom/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-phenom/01.md @@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ Some images from the Bible involving natural phenomena are listed below. The wor >Yet you have severely broken us in the place of jackals and covered us with the shadow of death. (Psalm 44:19) -#### FIRE or HEAT represents extreme feelings, particularly love or anger +#### FIRE represents extreme feelings, particularly love or anger >Surging waters cannot quench love. (Song of Songs 8:7 ULB) From b1303ef89939e24a3e978f950a2ef867b1b1da29 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Wed, 3 Oct 2018 19:46:11 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 039/551] Silent edit for direct block quote --- translate/bita-animals/01.md | 5 ++--- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/bita-animals/01.md b/translate/bita-animals/01.md index d36d219..f8f2484 100644 --- a/translate/bita-animals/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-animals/01.md @@ -33,11 +33,11 @@ A snare is a small trap. #### BIRDS THAT EAT MEAT represent enemies who attack swiftly In Habakkuk and Hosea, Israel's enemies who would come and attack them were compared to an eagle. -> and their horsemen come from a great distance—they fly like an eagle hurrying to eat. (Habakkuk 1:8 ULB) +> Their horsemen come from a great distance—they fly like an eagle hurrying to eat. (Habakkuk 1:8 ULB) >An eagle is coming over the house of Yahweh. >... Israel has rejected what is good, ->and the enemy will pursue him. (Hosea 8:1,3 ULB) +>and the enemy will pursue him. (Hosea 8:1, 3 ULB) In Isaiah, God called a certain foreign king a bird of prey because he would come quickly and attack Israel's enemies. >I call a bird of prey from the east, the man of my choice from a distant land. (Isaiah 46:11 ULB) @@ -87,5 +87,4 @@ In Matthew, John the Baptist called the religious leaders vipers because of the >First the king of Assyria devoured him; >then after this, Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon broke his bones. (Jeremiah 50:17 ULB) - >See, I send you out as sheep in the midst of wolves, so be as wise as serpents and harmless as doves. Watch out for people! They will deliver you up to councils, and they will whip you in their synagogues. (Matthew 10:16 ULB) From 9eb4edfd1bcbc09cba447ed2288d2f658c7f5be8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Wed, 3 Oct 2018 19:49:52 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 040/551] Silent edit of direct block quote --- translate/bita-hq/01.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/bita-hq/01.md b/translate/bita-hq/01.md index 1ed504e..6dd3a7b 100644 --- a/translate/bita-hq/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-hq/01.md @@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ The fact that the men said they heard a report about Yahweh shows that "because #### The NOSE represents anger ->... the foundations of the world were laid bare at your rebuke, Yahweh, at the blast of the breath of your nostrils. (Psalm 18:15 ULB) +>The foundations of the world were laid bare at your rebuke, Yahweh, at the blast of the breath of your nostrils. (Psalm 18:15 ULB) >By the blast of your nostrils the waters were piled up. (Exodus 15:8 ULB) @@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ Lowered eyes show that a person is humble. #### The SON OF SOMETHING shares its qualities ->... no son of wickedness will oppress him. (Psalm 89:22b ULB) +>No son of wickedness will oppress him. (Psalm 89:22 ULB) A son of wickedness is a wicked person. From 412e1f266f4eec5e108aa904c7552f3985935a26 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Wed, 3 Oct 2018 19:54:34 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 041/551] Silent edit of direct block quote --- translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md | 6 +++--- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md b/translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md index d5c1bff..c1fe8ad 100644 --- a/translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md @@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ Some images from the Bible involving human behavior are listed below. The word i This is because he actually is the God of the whole earth. ->The one who is wise in heart is called discerning, (Proverbs 16:21a ULB) +>The one who is wise in heart is called discerning. (Proverbs 16:21a ULB) This is because he actually is discerning. @@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ Another example from Psalms. >Surely all the wicked of the earth will drink it to the last drop. (Psalm 75:8 ULB) An example from Revelation. ->... he will also drink some of the wine of God's wrath, the wine that has been poured undiluted into the cup of his anger. (Revelation 14:10 ULB) +>He will also drink some of the wine of God's wrath, the wine that has been poured undiluted into the cup of his anger. (Revelation 14:10 ULB) #### EATING UP represents destroying @@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ An **HEIR** is someone who permanently possesses something The promise was that Abraham and his descendants would permanently possess the entire world. ->... he has spoken to us through a Son, whom he appointed to be the heir of all things. (Hebrews 1:2 ULB) +>He has spoken to us through a Son, whom he appointed to be the heir of all things. (Hebrews 1:2 ULB) God's Son will receive all things as a permanent possession. From ab7965f677ce0514be44e38f51f72377515a3502 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Wed, 3 Oct 2018 19:56:15 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 042/551] Silent edit of direct block quote --- translate/bita-part2/01.md | 3 +-- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/bita-part2/01.md b/translate/bita-part2/01.md index ad0a569..a12332c 100644 --- a/translate/bita-part2/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-part2/01.md @@ -4,13 +4,12 @@ Some common metonymies from the Bible are listed below in alphabetical order. Th #### A CUP or bowl represents what is in it ->my cup runs over. (Psalm 23:5 ULB) +>My cup runs over. (Psalm 23:5 ULB) There is so much in the cup that it runs over the top of the cup. >For every time you eat this bread and drink this cup, you proclaim the Lord's death until he comes. (1 Corinthians 11:26 ULB) - People do not drink cups. They drink what is in the cup. #### The MOUTH, LIPS, or TONGUE represents speech or words From d9e3b8de585279ae2a0848cb574f93048d92d5c9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Wed, 3 Oct 2018 19:59:10 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 043/551] Silent edit of direct block quotes --- translate/bita-part3/01.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/bita-part3/01.md b/translate/bita-part3/01.md index 049fd5a..3859f36 100644 --- a/translate/bita-part3/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-part3/01.md @@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ If blood cries out, nature itself is crying out for vengeance on a person who ki >Yet their words go out over all the earth and their speech to the end of the world. He has pitched a tent for the sun among them. The sun is like a bridegroom coming out of his chamber and like a strong man who rejoices when he runs his race. (Psalm 19:4-5 ULB) Psalm 110 pictures the sun as being in the womb before it comes out in the morning. ->from the womb of the dawn your youth will be to you like the dew. (Psalm 110:3 ULB) +>From the womb of the dawn your youth will be to you like the dew. (Psalm 110:3 ULB) #### Things that can move fast are modeled as having WINGS From 359f0eb7689cf4248a79371a00056a4ba690215c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Wed, 3 Oct 2018 20:10:04 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 044/551] Checked verses with ULB --- translate/bita-plants/01.md | 16 ++++++++-------- 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/bita-plants/01.md b/translate/bita-plants/01.md index 8937394..27b7e9d 100644 --- a/translate/bita-plants/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-plants/01.md @@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ Some images from the Bible involving plants are listed below in alphabetical ord #### A BRANCH represents a person's descendant In the examples below, Isaiah wrote about one of Jesse's descendants and Jeremiah wrote about one of David's descendants. ->A shoot will sprout from the root of Jesse, and a branch out of his root will bear fruit. ->The Spirit of Yahweh will rest upon him, the spirit of wisdom and understanding. (Isaiah 11:1 ULB) +>A shoot will sprout from the stump of Jesse, and a branch out of his root will bear fruit. +>The Spirit of Yahweh will rest upon him, the Spirit of wisdom and understanding. (Isaiah 11:1-2 ULB) >See, days are coming—this is Yahweh's declaration—when I will raise up for David a righteous branch. ->He will reign as king; he will bring prosperity and carry out justice and righteousness in the land. (Jeremiah 23:5 ULB) +>He will reign as king; he will act wisely and cause justice and righteousness in the land. (Jeremiah 23:5 ULB) In Job when it says "his branch will be cut off," it means that he will not have any descendants. @@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ In Job when it says "his branch will be cut off," it means that he will not have >His roots will be dried up beneath; >above will his branch be cut off. >His memory will perish from the earth; ->he will have no name in the street. (Job 18:17 ULB) +>he will have no name in the street. (Job 18:16-17 ULB) #### A PLANT represents a person @@ -29,13 +29,13 @@ In Job when it says "his branch will be cut off," it means that he will not have #### A PLANT represents an emotion or attitude -Just as planting one kind of seeds results in that kind of plant growing, behaving in one way results in that kind of consequence. +Just as planting one kind of seed results in that kind of plant growing, behaving in one way results in that kind of consequence. The emotion or attitude in the verses is underlined below. >Sow righteousness for yourselves, and reap the fruit of covenant faithfulness. (Hosea 10:12 ULB) ->Based on what I have observed, those who plow iniquity and sow trouble, reap the same. (Job 4:8 ULB) +>According to what I have seen, those who plow iniquity and sow trouble reap it. (Job 4:8 ULB) >For the people sow the wind and reap the whirlwind. (Hosea 8:7 ULB) @@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ The emotion or attitude in the verses is underlined below. >You have turned ... the fruit of righteousness into bitterness. (Amos 6:12 ULB) ->What fruit then did you have at that time of the things of which you are now ashamed? (Romans 6:21 ULB) +>At that time, what fruit then did you have of the things of which you are now ashamed? (Romans 6:21 ULB) #### A TREE represents a person @@ -55,4 +55,4 @@ The emotion or attitude in the verses is underlined below. >I have seen the wicked and terrifying person spread out like a green tree in its native soil. (Psalm 37:35 ULB) ->I am like a green olive tree in God's house. (Psalm 52:8 ULB) \ No newline at end of file +>I am like a green olive tree in the house of God. (Psalm 52:8 ULB) \ No newline at end of file From 4b8ad09a94fe3ec25fc357403792ea89c5bebcaa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: hmw3 Date: Wed, 3 Oct 2018 16:16:48 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 045/551] Scripture updates --- translate/writing-participants/01.md | 34 +++++++++++++++++----------- 1 file changed, 21 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/writing-participants/01.md b/translate/writing-participants/01.md index b66904f..866c703 100644 --- a/translate/writing-participants/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-participants/01.md @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ ### Description The first time that people or things are mentioned in a story, they are new participants. After that, whenever they are mentioned, they are old participants. ->Now there was a Pharisee whose name was Nicodemus... This man came to Jesus at night time... Jesus replied to him (John 3:1) +>Now there was a Pharisee whose name was Nicodemus.... This man came to Jesus at night.... Jesus replied to him. (John 3:1-3) The first underlined phrase introduces Nicodemus as a new participant. He is then referred to as "This man" and "him" when he is an old participant. @@ -16,13 +16,13 @@ In order to make your translation clear and natural, it is necessary to refer to #### New Participants Often the most important new participant is introduced with a phrase that says that he existed, such as "There was a man" in the example below. The phrase "There was" tells us that this man existed. The word "a" in "a man" tells us that the author is speaking about him for the first time. The rest of the sentence tells where this man was from, who is family was, and what his name was. ->There was a man from Zorah, of the family of the Danites, whose name was Manoah. (Judges 13:2 ULB) +>There was a man from Zorah, of the clan of the Danites, whose name was Manoah. (Judges 13:2 ULB) A new participant who is not the most important one is often introduced in relation to the more important person who was already introduced. In the example below, Manoah's wife is simply referred to as "his wife." This phrase shows her relationship to him. ->There was a man from Zorah, of the family of the Danites, whose name was Manoah. His wife was not able to become pregnant and so she had not given birth. (Judges 13:2 ULB) +>There was a man from Zorah, of the clan of the Danites, whose name was Manoah. His wife was not able to become pregnant and so she had not given birth. (Judges 13:2 ULB) Sometimes a new participant is introduced simply by name because the author assumes that the readers know who the person is. In the first verse of 1 Kings, the author assumes that his readers know who King David is, so there is no need to explain who he is. ->When King David was very old, they covered him with blankets, but he could not keep warm. (1 Kings 1:1 ULB) +>When King David was old and advanced in years, they covered him with blankets, but he could not keep warm. (1 Kings 1:1 ULB) #### Old Participants @@ -31,10 +31,10 @@ A person who has already been brought into the story can be referred to with a p >His wife was not able to become pregnant and so she had not given birth. (Judges 13:2 ULB) Old participants can also be referred to in other ways, depending on what is happening in the story. In the example below, the story is about bearing a son, and Manoah's wife is referred to with the noun phrase "the woman." ->The angel of Yahweh appeared to the woman and said to her, (Judges 13:3 ULB) +>The angel of Yahweh appeared to the woman. (Judges 13:3 ULB) If the old participant has not been mentioned for a while, or if there could be confusion between participants, the author may use the participant's name again. In the example below, Manoah is referred to with his name, which the author has not used since verse 2. ->Then Manoah prayed to Yahweh... (Judges 13:8 ULB) +>Then Manoah prayed to Yahweh. (Judges 13:8 ULB) Some languages have something on the verb that tells something about the subject. In some of those languages people do not always use noun phrases or pronouns for old participants when they are the subject of the sentence. The marker on the verb gives enough information for the listener to understand who the subject is. (see [Verbs](../figs-verbs/01.md)) @@ -48,17 +48,25 @@ Some languages have something on the verb that tells something about the subject 1. If the participant is new, use one of your language's ways of introducing new participants. - * **Joseph, a Levite, a man from Cyprus, was given the name Barnabas by the apostles (that is, being interpreted, Son of encouragement).** (Acts 4:36-37 ULB) - Starting the sentence with Joseph's name when he has not been introduced yet might be confusing in some languages. - * There was a man from Cyprus who was a Levite. His name was Joseph, and he was given the name Barnabas by the apostles (that is, being interpreted, Son of encouragement). - * There was a Levite from Cyprus whose name was Joseph. The apostles gave him the name Barnabas, which means Son of encouragement. + * **Joseph, whom the apostles called Barnabas (which means Son of Encouragement), a Levite, a man from Cyprus, sold a field.** (Acts 4:36-37 ULB). + + Starting the sentence with Joseph's name when he has not been introduced yet might be confusing in some languages. + +* There was a man from Cyprus who was a Levite. His name was Joseph, and he was given the name Barnabas by the apostles (that is, being interpreted, Son of encouragement). + +* There was a Levite from Cyprus whose name was Joseph. The apostles gave him the name Barnabas, which means Son of encouragement. 1. If it is not clear who a pronoun refers to, use a noun phrase or name. - * **It happened when he finished praying in a certain place, that one of his disciples said, "Lord, teach us to pray just as John taught his disciples."** (Luke 11:1 ULB) - Since this is the first verse in a chapter, readers might wonder who "he" refers to. - * It happened when Jesus finished praying in a certain place, that one of his disciples said, "Lord, teach us to pray just as John taught his disciples. +If the first verse in a chapter contains only pronouns, readers might wonder whom they refer to. + + * **Then he spoke a parable to them about how they should always pray and not become discouraged.** (Luke 11:1 ULB) + * Then Jesus spoke a parable to his disciples about how they should always pray and not become discouraged. 1. If an old participant is referred to by name or a noun phrase, and people wonder if this is another new participant, try using a pronoun instead. If a pronoun is not needed because people would understand it clearly from the context, then leave out the pronoun. - * **Joseph's master took Joseph and put him in prison, in the place where all the king's prisoners were put, and Joseph stayed there.** (Genesis 39:20 ULB) - Since Joseph is the main person in the story, some languages might find it unnatural or confusing to use his name so much. They might prefer a pronoun. - * Joseph's master took him and put him in prison, in the place where all the king's prisoners were put, and he stayed there in the prison. + * **Now Boaz went up to the gate and sat down there. Soon, the near kinsman of whom Boaz had spoken came by. Boaz said to him....** (Ruth 4:1 ULB) + + Since Boaz is the main person in this part of the story, some languages might find it unnatural or confusing to use his name so much. They might prefer a pronoun. + * Now Boaz went up to the gate and sat down there. Soon, the near kinsman of whom he had spoken came by. He said to the kinsman.... From bbae7888a3a5a80421eb31f3af900a0e67d33033 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Wed, 3 Oct 2018 20:35:53 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 046/551] Checked verses with ULB --- translate/figs-123person/01.md | 11 ++++++----- 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-123person/01.md b/translate/figs-123person/01.md index 455ac7f..2da2f8d 100644 --- a/translate/figs-123person/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-123person/01.md @@ -24,12 +24,13 @@ David referred to himself in the third person as "your servant" and "his." He wa God referred to himself in the third person with the words "God's" and "him." He did this to emphasize that he is God, and he is powerful. Sometimes people use the third person instead of "you" or "your" to refer to the person or people they are speaking to. ->Abraham answered and said, "Look what I have done, taking it upon myself to speak to my Lord, even though I am only dust and ashes! (Genesis 18:27 ULB) +>Abraham answered and said, "Look, I have undertaken to speak to my Lord, even though I am only dust and ashes! (Genesis 18:27 ULB) Abraham was speaking to the Lord, and referred to the Lord as "My Lord" rather than as "you." He did this to show his humility before God. ->So also my heavenly Father will do to you, if each of you does not forgive his brother from your heart. (Matthew 18:35 ULB) -After saying "each of you," Jesus used the third person "his" instead of "your." +>Let each of you look not only to his own interests, but also to the interests of others. (Philippians 2:4 ULB) + +After writing "each of you," Paul used the third person "his" instead of "your" to refer to the same people. ### Translation Strategies @@ -50,6 +51,6 @@ If using the third person to mean "I" or "you" would be natural and give the rig * **Then Yahweh answered Job out of a fierce storm and said, "... Do you have an arm like God's? Can you thunder with a voice like him?** (Job 40:6, 9 ULB) * Then Yahweh answered Job out of a fierce storm and said, "... Do you have an arm like mine? Can you thunder with a voice like me?" - * **So also my heavenly Father will do to you, if each of you does not forgive his brother from your heart.** (Matthew 18:35 ULB) - * So also my heavenly Father will do to you, if each of you does not forgive your brother from your heart. + * **Let each of you look not only to his own interests, but also to the interests of others.** (Philippians 2:4 ULB) + * Let each of you look not only to your own interests, but also to the interests of others. From 1fe8ca0acc403672cdfd017e9af0bdb0bbeea568 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Wed, 3 Oct 2018 20:48:02 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 047/551] Checked verses with ULB --- translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md | 14 +++++++------- 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md b/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md index d0f4569..c7a7eda 100644 --- a/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md @@ -13,11 +13,11 @@ The Bible that you translate from may use abstract nouns to express certain idea ### Examples from the Bible ->..._from childhood you have known the sacred writings ..._ (2 Timothy 3:15 ULB) +>From childhood you have known the sacred writings. (2 Timothy 3:15 ULB) The abstract noun "childhood" refers to when someone is a child. ->But godliness with contentment is great gain. (1 Timothy 6:6 ULB) +>Now godliness with contentment is great gain. (1 Timothy 6:6 ULB) The abstract nouns "godliness" and "contentment" refer to being godly and content. The abstract noun "gain" refers to something that benefits or helps someone. @@ -44,13 +44,13 @@ If an abstract noun would be natural and give the right meaning in your language 1. Reword the sentence with a phrase that expresses the meaning of the abstract noun. Instead of a noun, the new phrase will use a verb, an adverb, or an adjective to express the idea of the abstract noun. - * **... from childhood you have known the sacred writings ...** (2 Timothy 3:15 ULB) + * **From childhood you have known the sacred writings.** (2 Timothy 3:15 ULB) * Ever since you were a child you have known the sacred writings. - * **But godliness with contentment is great gain.** (1 Timothy 6:6 ULB) - * But being godly and content is very beneficial. - * But we benefit greatly when we are godly and content. - * But we benefit greatly when we honor and obey God and when we are happy with what we have. + * **Now godliness with contentment is great gain.** (1 Timothy 6:6 ULB) + * Now being godly and content is very beneficial. + * Now we benefit greatly when we are godly and content. + * Now we benefit greatly when we honor and obey God and when we are happy with what we have. * **Today salvation has come to this house, because he too is a son of Abraham.** (Luke 19:9 ULB) * Today the people in this house have been saved. From d9bbf3eb1f847b8a9166e7250879105daa0bfa80 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: hmw3 Date: Wed, 3 Oct 2018 16:48:56 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 048/551] Scripture update --- translate/writing-newevent/01.md | 40 ++++++++++++++++++-------------- 1 file changed, 22 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/writing-newevent/01.md b/translate/writing-newevent/01.md index 8da5824..4801c6f 100644 --- a/translate/writing-newevent/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-newevent/01.md @@ -8,31 +8,31 @@ When your people tell about events, what information do they give at the beginni ### Examples from the Bible ->In the days of Herod, king of Judea, there was a certain priest named Zechariah, from the division of Abijah. His wife was from the daughters of Aaron, and her name was Elizabeth. (Luke 1:5 ULB) +>In the days of Herod king of Judea there was a certain priest named Zechariah, from the division of Abijah. His wife was from the daughters of Aaron, and her name was Elizabeth. (Luke 1:5 ULB) -The verses above introduce a story about Zechariah. The first underlined phrase tells when it happened, and the next two underlined phrases introduce the main people. The next two verses go on to explain that Zechariah and Elizabeth were old and did not have any children. All of this is the setting. Then the phrase "One day" in Luke 1:8 helps to introduce the first event in this story: +The verses above introduce a story about Zechariah. The first underlined phrase tells when it happened, and the next two underlined phrases introduce the main people. The next two verses go on to explain that Zechariah and Elizabeth were old and did not have any children. All of this is the setting. Then the phrase "Now it came about that" in Luke 1:8 helps to introduce the first event in this story: ->One day while Zechariah was performing his duties as a priest before God in the order of his division, the priests followed their custom and chose him by lot to enter the temple of the Lord and burn incense. (Luke 1:8-9 ULB) +>Now it came about that Zechariah was in God's presence, carrying out the priestly duties in the order of his division. According to the customary way of choosing which priest would serve, he had been chosen by lot to enter into the temple of the Lord to burn incense. (Luke 1:8-9 ULB) ->The birth of Jesus Christ happened in the following way. His mother Mary was engaged to marry Joseph, but before they came together, she was found to be pregnant by the Holy Spirit. (Matthew 1:18 ULB) +>The birth of Jesus Christ happened in the following way. His mother, Mary, was engaged to marry Joseph, but before they came together, she was found to be pregnant by the Holy Spirit. (Matthew 1:18 ULB) The underlined sentence above makes it explicit that a story about Jesus is being introduced. The story will tell about how the birth of Jesus happened. ->After Jesus was born in Bethlehem of Judea in the days of Herod the king, learned men from the east arrived in Jerusalem saying,... (Matthew 2:1 ULB) +>After Jesus was born in Bethlehem of Judea in the days of Herod the king, learned men from the east arrived in Jerusalem. (Matthew 2:1 ULB) The underlined phrase above shows that the events concerning the learned men happened after Jesus was born. ->In those days John the Baptist came preaching in the wilderness of Judea saying, ... (Matthew 3:1-22 ULB) +>In those days John the Baptist came preaching in the wilderness of Judea. (Matthew 3:1 ULB) The underlined phrase above shows that John the Baptist came preaching around the time of the previous events. It is probably very general and refers to when Jesus lived in Nazareth. >Then Jesus came from Galilee to the Jordan River to be baptized by John. (Matthew 3:13 ULB) The word "then" shows that Jesus came to the Jordan River some time after the events in the previous verses. ->Now there was a Pharisee whose name was Nicodemus, a member of the Jewish Council. This man came to Jesus at night time (John 3:1-2 ULB) +>Now there was a Pharisee whose name was Nicodemus, a Jewish leader. This man came to Jesus at night. (John 3:1-2 ULB) -The author first introduced the new person and then told about what he did and when he did it. In some languages it might be more natural to tell about the time first. +The author first introduces the new person and then tells about what he did and when he did it. In some languages it might be more natural to tell about the time first. ->6Noah was six hundred years old when the flood came upon the earth. 7Noah, his sons, his wife, and his sons' wives went into the ark together because of the waters of the flood. (Genesis 7:6-7 ULB) +>Noah was six hundred years old when the flood came upon the earth. Noah, his sons, his wife, and his sons' wives went into the ark together because of the waters of the flood. (Genesis 7:6-7 ULB) Verse 6 is a summary of the events that happen in the rest of chapter 7. Chapter 6 already told about how God told Noah that there would be a flood, and how Noah prepared for it. Chapter 7 verse 6 introduces the part of the story that tells about Noah and his family and the animals going into the ship, the rain starting, and the rain flooding the earth. Some languages might need to make it clear that this verse simply introduces the event, or move this verse after verse 7. Verse 6 is not one of the events of the story. The people went into the ship before the flood came. @@ -49,21 +49,25 @@ If the information given at the beginning of a new event is clear and natural to 1. Put the information that introduces the event in the order that your people put it. - * **Now there was a Pharisee whose name was Nicodemus, a member of the Jewish Council. This man came to Jesus at night time and said to him ...** (John 3:1,2) - * There was a man whose name was Nicodemus. He was a Pharisee and a member of the Jewish Council. One night he came to Jesus and said.... - * One night a man named Nicodemus, who was a Pharisee and a member of the Jewish Council, came to Jesus and said.... + * **Now there was a Pharisee whose name was Nicodemus, a Jewish leader. This man came to Jesus at night.** (John 3:1,2) + * There was a man whose name was Nicodemus. He was a Pharisee and a Jewish leader. One night he came to Jesus. + * One night a man named Nicodemus, who was a Pharisee and a Jewish leader, came to Jesus. - * **As he passed by, he saw Levi the son of Alpheus, who was sitting at the tax collecting place, and he said to him ...** (Mark 2:14 ULB) - * As he passed by, Levi the son of Alpheus was sitting at the tax collecting place. Jesus saw him and and said to him ... - * As he passed by, there was a man sitting at the tax collecting place. His name was Levi, and he was the son of Alpheus. Jesus saw him and said to him ... - * As he passed by, there was a tax collector sitting at the tax collecting place. His name was Levi, and he was the son of Alpheus. Jesus saw him and said to him ... + * **As he passed by, he saw Levi son of Alphaeus sitting at the tax collector's tent....** (Mark 2:14 ULB) + * As he passed by, Levi the son of Alpheus was sitting at the tax collecting tent. Jesus saw him.... + * As he passed by, there was a man sitting at the tax collecting tent. His name was Levi, and he was the son of Alpheus. Jesus saw him.... + * As he passed by, there was a tax collector sitting at the tax collecting place. His name was Levi, and he was the son of Alpheus. Jesus saw him.... 1. If readers would expect certain information but it is not in the Bible, consider using an indefinite word or phrase such as: another time, someone. - * **Noah was six hundred years old when the flood came upon the earth.** (Genesis 7:6 ULB) - If people expect to be told something about when the new event happened, the phrase "after that" can help them see that it happened after the events already mentioned. + * **Noah was six hundred years old when the flood came upon the earth.** (Genesis 7:6 ULB) + + If people expect to be told something about when the new event happened, the phrase "after that" can help them see that it happened after the events already mentioned. * After that, when Noah was six hundred years old, the flood came upon the earth. - * **Again he began to teach beside the lake.** (Mark 4:1 ULB) - In chapter 3 Jesus was teaching at someone's house. Readers may need to be told that this new event happened at another time, or that Jesus actually went to the lake. + * **Again he began to teach beside the lake.** (Mark 4:1 ULB) + + In chapter 3 Jesus was teaching at someone's house. Readers may need to be told that this new event happened at another time, or that Jesus actually went to the lake. * Another time Jesus began to teach people again beside the lake. * Jesus went to the lake and began to teach people again there. From 9dbaf92fc9c01de60184239152d577b026353696 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Wed, 3 Oct 2018 20:52:10 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 049/551] Checked verses with ULB --- translate/figs-activepassive/01.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md b/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md index fc2db83..55d4237 100644 --- a/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md @@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ The passive form is not used for the same purposes in all of the languages that ### Examples from the Bible ->And their shooters shot at your soldiers from off the wall, and some of the king's servants were killed, and your servant Uriah the Hittite was killed too. (2 Samuel 11:24 ULB) +>Then their shooters shot at your soldiers from off the wall, and some of the king's servants were killed, and your servant Uriah the Hittite was killed too. (2 Samuel 11:24 ULB) This means that the enemy's shooters shot and killed some of the king's servants, including Uriah. The point is what happened to the king's servants and Uriah, not who shot them. The purpose of the passive form here is to keep the focus on the king's servants and Uriah. @@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ This means that the enemy's shooters shot and killed some of the king's servants The men of the town saw what had happened to the altar of Baal, but they did not know who broke it down. The purpose of the passive form here is to communicate this event from the perspective of the men of the town. ->It would be better for him if a millstone were put around his neck and he were thrown into the sea (Luke 17:2 ULB) +>It would be better for him if a millstone were put around his neck and he were thrown into the sea. (Luke 17:2 ULB) This describes a situation in which a person ends up in the sea with a millstone around his neck. The purpose of the passive form here is to keep the focus on what happens to this person. Who does these things to the person is not important. From f44f3248f15d0001c04d0fc77f4e0c807d0da019 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: hmw3 Date: Wed, 3 Oct 2018 16:55:29 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 050/551] Scripture update --- translate/writing-endofstory/01.md | 6 ++++-- 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/writing-endofstory/01.md b/translate/writing-endofstory/01.md index 979a3fa..9cca0a8 100644 --- a/translate/writing-endofstory/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-endofstory/01.md @@ -38,7 +38,9 @@ Different languages have different ways of presenting these kinds of information 1. To tell the reader what happens to a specific character after the main part of the story ends ->Mary said,"My soul praises the Lord, and my spirit has rejoiced in God my savior..." Mary stayed with Elizabeth about three months and then returned to her house. (Luke 1:46-47, 56 ULB) +>Mary said,"My soul praises the Lord, +>and my spirit has rejoiced in God my savior...." +>Mary stayed with Elizabeth about three months and then returned to her house. (Luke 1:46-47, 56 ULB) 1. To tell on-going action that continues after the main part of the story ends @@ -46,4 +48,4 @@ Different languages have different ways of presenting these kinds of information 1. To tell what happens after the story as a result of the events that happened in the story itself ->"Woe to you teachers of Jewish laws, because you have taken away the key of knowledge; you do not enter in yourselves, and you hinder those who are entering." After Jesus left there, the scribes and the Pharisees opposed him and argued with him about many things, trying to trap him in his own words. (Luke 11:52-54 ULB) +>"Woe to you experts in the law, because you have taken away the key of knowledge; you do not enter in yourselves, and you hinder those who are entering." After Jesus left there, the scribes and the Pharisees opposed him and argued with him about many things, trying to trap him in his own words. (Luke 11:52-54 ULB) From fc8ad7ee1ec3529a0190d0173e9800d24a6f0e8e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Wed, 3 Oct 2018 20:55:59 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 051/551] Checked verses with ULB --- translate/figs-apostrophe/01.md | 6 +++--- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-apostrophe/01.md b/translate/figs-apostrophe/01.md index f060251..e396416 100644 --- a/translate/figs-apostrophe/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-apostrophe/01.md @@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ Many languages do not use apostrophe, and readers could be confused by it. They ### Examples from the Bible ->Mountains of Gilboa, let there not be dew or rain on you (2 Samuel 1:21 ULB) +>Mountains of Gilboa, let there not be dew or rain on you. (2 Samuel 1:21 ULB) King Saul was killed on Mount Gilboa, and David sang a sad song about it. By telling these mountains that he wanted them to have no dew or rain, he showed how sad he was. @@ -38,6 +38,6 @@ If apostrophe would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, cons * **He cried against the altar by the word of Yahweh: "Altar, altar! This is what Yahweh says, 'See, ... on you they will burn human bones.' "** (1 Kings 13:2 ULB) * He said this about the altar: "This is what Yahweh says about this altar. 'See, ... they will burn people's bones on it.' " - * **Mountains of Gilboa, let there not be dew or rain on you** (2 Samuel 1:21 ULB) - * As for these mountains of Gilboa, let there not be dew or rain on them + * **Mountains of Gilboa, let there not be dew or rain on you.** (2 Samuel 1:21 ULB) + * As for these mountains of Gilboa, let there not be dew or rain on them. From 94d75a1f6f1c3c850c48cb20ea08b03b1bdea5f9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Thu, 4 Oct 2018 12:54:01 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 052/551] Italics to underline --- translate/figs-declarative/01.md | 8 ++++---- 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-declarative/01.md b/translate/figs-declarative/01.md index b399dca..338f9d8 100644 --- a/translate/figs-declarative/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-declarative/01.md @@ -15,15 +15,15 @@ Statements are normally used to give **information**. All of the sentences in Jo A statement can also be used as a **command** to tell someone what to do. In the examples below, the high priest used statements with the verb "will" to tell people what to do. ->He commanded them, saying, "This is what you **must** do. A third of you who come on the Sabbath _will_ keep watch over the king's house, and a third _will_ be at the Sur Gate, and a third at the gate behind the guardhouse." (2 Kings 11:5 ULB) +>He commanded them, saying, "This is what you **must** do. A third of you who come on the Sabbath will keep watch over the king's house, and a third will be at the Sur Gate, and a third at the gate behind the guardhouse." (2 Kings 11:5 ULB) A statement can also be used to give **instructions**. The speaker below was not just telling Joseph about something Joseph would do in the future; he was telling Joseph what he needed to do. ->She will give birth to a son, and _you will call his name Jesus_, for he will save his people from their sins. (Matthew 1:21 ULB) +>She will give birth to a son, and you will call his name Jesus, for he will save his people from their sins. (Matthew 1:21 ULB) A statement can also be used to make a **request**. The man with leprosy was not just saying what Jesus was able to do. He was also asking Jesus to heal him. ->Behold, a leper came to him and bowed before him, saying, "Lord, if you are willing, _you can make me clean_." (Matthew 8:2 ULB) +>Behold, a leper came to him and bowed before him, saying, "Lord, if you are willing, you can make me clean." (Matthew 8:2 ULB) A statement can also be used to **perform** something. By telling Adam that the ground was cursed because of him, God actually cursed it. @@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ A statement can also be used to **perform** something. By telling Adam that the By telling a man that his sins were forgiven, Jesus forgave the man's sins. ->Seeing their faith, Jesus said to the paralyzed man, "Son, _your sins are forgiven_." (Luke 2:5 ULB) +>Seeing their faith, Jesus said to the paralyzed man, "Son, your sins are forgiven." (Luke 2:5 ULB) ### Translation Strategies From 48887aa53e491bf3fc62c8dd7da97e630075a038 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Thu, 4 Oct 2018 13:13:09 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 053/551] Checked verses with ULB I don't understand why there is an extra line after each of the ULB verses in the third translation strategy applied. --- translate/figs-declarative/01.md | 10 +++++----- 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-declarative/01.md b/translate/figs-declarative/01.md index 338f9d8..42f7603 100644 --- a/translate/figs-declarative/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-declarative/01.md @@ -13,9 +13,9 @@ Statements are normally used to give **information**. All of the sentences in Jo >There was a man who was sent from God, whose name was John. He came as a witness to testify about the light, that all might believe through him. John was not the light, but came that he might testify about the light. (John 1:6-8 ULB) -A statement can also be used as a **command** to tell someone what to do. In the examples below, the high priest used statements with the verb "will" to tell people what to do. +A statement can also be used as a **command** to tell someone what to do. In the examples below, the high priest used a statement with the verb "must" and then statements with the verb "will" to tell people what to do. ->He commanded them, saying, "This is what you **must** do. A third of you who come on the Sabbath will keep watch over the king's house, and a third will be at the Sur Gate, and a third at the gate behind the guardhouse." (2 Kings 11:5 ULB) +>He commanded them, saying, "This is what you must do. A third of you who come on the Sabbath will keep watch over the king's house, and a third will be at the Sur Gate, and a third at the gate behind the guardhouse." (2 Kings 11:5-6 ULB) A statement can also be used to give **instructions**. The speaker below was not just telling Joseph about something Joseph would do in the future; he was telling Joseph what he needed to do. @@ -27,11 +27,11 @@ A statement can also be used to make a **request**. The man with leprosy was not A statement can also be used to **perform** something. By telling Adam that the ground was cursed because of him, God actually cursed it. ->... cursed is the ground because of you; (Genesis 3:17 ULB) +>Cursed is the ground because of you. (Genesis 3:17 ULB) By telling a man that his sins were forgiven, Jesus forgave the man's sins. ->Seeing their faith, Jesus said to the paralyzed man, "Son, your sins are forgiven." (Luke 2:5 ULB) +>Seeing their faith, Jesus said to the paralyzed man, "Son, your sins are forgiven." (Mark 2:5 ULB) ### Translation Strategies @@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ By telling a man that his sins were forgiven, Jesus forgave the man's sins. * **She will give birth to a son, and you will call his name Jesus, for he will save his people from their sins.** (Matthew 1:21 ULB) * She will give birth to a son, and you must call his name Jesus, for he will save his people from their sins. - * **Son, your sins are forgiven.** Luke 2:5 ULB) + * **Son, your sins are forgiven.** (Mark 2:5 ULB) * Son, I forgive your sins. * Son, God has forgiven your sins. From fea2aa7ff921c94188e4c41373b39d8c1597d787 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Thu, 4 Oct 2018 13:50:56 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 054/551] Checked verses with ULB --- translate/figs-distinguish/01.md | 22 +++++++++++----------- 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-distinguish/01.md b/translate/figs-distinguish/01.md index abebba6..ad68a0c 100644 --- a/translate/figs-distinguish/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-distinguish/01.md @@ -32,24 +32,24 @@ The phrase "who bore him" distinguishes which woman the son is bitterness to. He **Examples of words and phrases that are used to give added information or a reminder about an item**: These are a translation issue for languages that do not use these. ->... for your righteous judgments are good. (Psalm 119:39 ULB) +>Your righteous judgments are good. (Psalm 119:39 ULB) The word "righteous" simply reminds us that God's judgments are righteous. It does not distinguish his righteous judgements from his unrighteous judgements, because all of his judgments are righteous. ->Can Sarah, who is ninety years old, bear a son? - (Genesis 17:17-18 ULB) +>How can Sarah, who is ninety years old, bear a son? (Genesis 17:17 ULB) The phrase "who is ninety years old" is the reason that Abraham did not think that Sarah could bear a son. He was not distinguishing one woman named Sarah from another woman named Sarah who was a different age, and he was not telling anyone something new about her age. He simply did not think that a woman who was that old could bear a child. ->I will wipe away mankind whom I have created from the surface of the earth. (Genesis 6:7 ULB) +>I will wipe away mankind whom I have created from the surface of the earth. (Genesis 6:7 ULB) -The phrase "whom I have created" is a reminder of the relationship between God and mankind. It is the reason God had the right to wipe away mankind. There is not another mankind that God did not create. +The phrase "whom I have created from the surface of the earth" is a reminder of the relationship between God and mankind. It is the reason God had the right to wipe away mankind. There is not another mankind. ### Translation Strategies If people would understand the purpose of a phrase with a noun, then consider keeping the phrase and the noun together. For languages that use words or phrases with a noun only to distinguish one item from another, here are some strategies for translating phrases that are used to inform or remind. 1. Put the information in another part of the sentence and add words that show its purpose. -1. Use one of your language's ways for expressing that this is just added information. It may be by adding a small word, or by changing the way the voice sounds. Sometimes changes in the voice can be shown with punctuation marks, such as parentheses or commas. +1. Use one of your language's ways for expressing that this is additional information. It may be by adding a small word, or by changing the way the voice sounds. Sometimes changes in the voice can be shown with punctuation marks, such as parentheses or commas. ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied @@ -58,16 +58,16 @@ If people would understand the purpose of a phrase with a noun, then consider ke * **I hate those who serve worthless idols** (Psalm 31:6 ULB) - By saying "worthless idols," David was commenting about all idols and giving his reason for hating those who serve them. He was not distinguishing worthless idols from valuable idols. * Because idols are worthless, I hate those who serve them. - * **... for your righteous judgments are good.** (Psalm 119:39 ULB) - * ... for your judgments are good because they are righteous. + * **Your righteous judgments are good.** (Psalm 119:39 ULB) + * Your judgments are good because they are righteous. - * **Can Sarah, who is ninety years old, bear a son?** (Genesis 17:17-18 ULB) - The phrase "who is ninety years old" is a reminder of Sarah's age. It tells why Abraham was asking the question. He did not expect that a woman who was that old could bear a child. + * **How can Sarah, who is ninety years old, bear a son?** (Genesis 17:17-18 ULB) - The phrase "who is ninety years old" is a reminder of Sarah's age. It tells why Abraham was asking the question. He did not expect that a woman who was that old could bear a child. * Can Sarah bear a son even when she is ninety years old? - * **I will call on Yahweh, who is worthy to be praised** (2 Samuel 22:4 ULB) - There is only one Yahweh. The phrase "who is worthy to be praised" gives a reason for calling on Yahweh. - * I will call on Yahweh, because he is worthy to be praised + * **I will call on Yahweh, who is worthy to be praised.** (2 Samuel 22:4 ULB) - There is only one Yahweh. The phrase "who is worthy to be praised" gives a reason for calling on Yahweh. + * I will call on Yahweh, because he is worthy to be praised. -1. Use one of your language's ways for expressing that this is just added information. +1. Use one of your language's ways for expressing that this is additional information. * **You are my Son, whom I love. I am pleased with you.** (Luke 3:22 ULB) * You are my Son. I love you and I am pleased with you. From 41948249146a2e3de4e85c4cafc52c253da202d1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Thu, 4 Oct 2018 14:36:47 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 055/551] Add 'translate/tA Decisions.md' --- translate/tA Decisions.md | 12 ++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+) create mode 100644 translate/tA Decisions.md diff --git a/translate/tA Decisions.md b/translate/tA Decisions.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c4fe20a --- /dev/null +++ b/translate/tA Decisions.md @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +### Concerning verses in en_ta matching the ULB + +Oct 1, 2018, we started going through tA to sure that all the verses that are said to be from the ULB actually match the current ULB. Some of the quotes are full sentences directly from the ULB; other quotes involve only a portion of the sentence with ellipses at the beginning or end as needed. Thinking that these ellipses would be distracting to the translators, we followed the Chicago Manual of Style regarding block quotes, and capitalized the first letter and used a period at the end of the quoted portion if it made sense. Susan did this with the files starting at the beginning of the folder and going through to figs-distinguish. Henry did this with the files starting at the end of the folder and going through to writing-endofstory. + +Oct 4, 2018, we realized that if translators compare the ULB text in tA with the ULB text in en_ULB, they might find it confusing if the capitalization and punctuation are different. So moving on with our work, we'll make sure that the punctuation and capitalizaton are the same. + +Questions: + If the examples in en_ta need to be from the ULB, which style would be more helpful for the translators? + Do the examples in en_ta need to be from the ULB? Could we have a note at the beginning saying that the examples are from previous or current versions of the ULB? Perhaps we could remove "(ULB)" after the verse reference. + Even if we do not need to make the examples the same as the ULB, it would still be good to check the verse references since there are errors there. + + From e4c888ca7f50a5cc24f3f3006b139fc8621de16e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Thu, 4 Oct 2018 14:37:40 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 056/551] Update 'translate/tA Decisions.md' --- translate/tA Decisions.md | 6 +++--- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/tA Decisions.md b/translate/tA Decisions.md index c4fe20a..6af4300 100644 --- a/translate/tA Decisions.md +++ b/translate/tA Decisions.md @@ -5,8 +5,8 @@ Oct 1, 2018, we started going through tA to sure that all the verses that are s Oct 4, 2018, we realized that if translators compare the ULB text in tA with the ULB text in en_ULB, they might find it confusing if the capitalization and punctuation are different. So moving on with our work, we'll make sure that the punctuation and capitalizaton are the same. Questions: - If the examples in en_ta need to be from the ULB, which style would be more helpful for the translators? - Do the examples in en_ta need to be from the ULB? Could we have a note at the beginning saying that the examples are from previous or current versions of the ULB? Perhaps we could remove "(ULB)" after the verse reference. - Even if we do not need to make the examples the same as the ULB, it would still be good to check the verse references since there are errors there. + If the examples in en_ta need to be from the ULB, which style would be more helpful for the translators? + Do the examples in en_ta need to be from the ULB? Could we have a note at the beginning saying that the examples are from previous or current versions of the ULB? Perhaps we could remove "(ULB)" after the verse reference. + Even if we do not need to make the examples the same as the ULB, it would still be good to check the verse references since there are errors there. From f067784ef4a2b4c22342fc1502ee0fef39050335 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Thu, 4 Oct 2018 14:48:34 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 057/551] Update 'translate/tA Decisions.md' --- translate/tA Decisions.md | 10 +++++++--- 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/tA Decisions.md b/translate/tA Decisions.md index 6af4300..7f4b4b3 100644 --- a/translate/tA Decisions.md +++ b/translate/tA Decisions.md @@ -5,8 +5,12 @@ Oct 1, 2018, we started going through tA to sure that all the verses that are s Oct 4, 2018, we realized that if translators compare the ULB text in tA with the ULB text in en_ULB, they might find it confusing if the capitalization and punctuation are different. So moving on with our work, we'll make sure that the punctuation and capitalizaton are the same. Questions: - If the examples in en_ta need to be from the ULB, which style would be more helpful for the translators? - Do the examples in en_ta need to be from the ULB? Could we have a note at the beginning saying that the examples are from previous or current versions of the ULB? Perhaps we could remove "(ULB)" after the verse reference. - Even if we do not need to make the examples the same as the ULB, it would still be good to check the verse references since there are errors there. +1. If the examples in en_ta need to be from the ULB, which style would be more helpful for the translators? +1. Do the examples in en_ta need to be from the ULB? Could we have a note at the beginning saying that the examples are from previous or current versions of the ULB? Perhaps we could remove "(ULB)" after the verse reference. + +Comments +1. If all of these materials are intended to be dynamic, it seems it will be impossible to guarantee that all the examples in en_ta perfectly match the current ULB -- unless we do this task every time we make a new version available. +1. Even if we do not need to make the examples the same as the ULB, it would still be good to check the verse references since there are errors there. + From 1fb016d31a4c47eaf32e0dc4dc7fbcc437f28b2c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Thu, 4 Oct 2018 14:58:41 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 058/551] Update 'translate/tA Decisions.md' --- translate/tA Decisions.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/tA Decisions.md b/translate/tA Decisions.md index 7f4b4b3..6d97908 100644 --- a/translate/tA Decisions.md +++ b/translate/tA Decisions.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Oct 4, 2018, we realized that if translators compare the ULB text in tA with the Questions: 1. If the examples in en_ta need to be from the ULB, which style would be more helpful for the translators? -1. Do the examples in en_ta need to be from the ULB? Could we have a note at the beginning saying that the examples are from previous or current versions of the ULB? Perhaps we could remove "(ULB)" after the verse reference. +1. Do the examples in en_ta need to be from the ULB? Could we have a note at the beginning saying that the examples are from previous or current versions of the ULB? Perhaps we could remove "ULB" after the verse reference. Comments 1. If all of these materials are intended to be dynamic, it seems it will be impossible to guarantee that all the examples in en_ta perfectly match the current ULB -- unless we do this task every time we make a new version available. From c57e8e308ffcbaf1001eebfd79d22ed298299c7c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Thu, 4 Oct 2018 15:54:55 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 059/551] Update 'translate/tA Decisions.md' --- translate/tA Decisions.md | 24 ++++++++++++++++++++++-- 1 file changed, 22 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/tA Decisions.md b/translate/tA Decisions.md index 6d97908..3892b63 100644 --- a/translate/tA Decisions.md +++ b/translate/tA Decisions.md @@ -4,11 +4,31 @@ Oct 1, 2018, we started going through tA to sure that all the verses that are s Oct 4, 2018, we realized that if translators compare the ULB text in tA with the ULB text in en_ULB, they might find it confusing if the capitalization and punctuation are different. So moving on with our work, we'll make sure that the punctuation and capitalizaton are the same. -Questions: +#### Details for use of ellises in at beginning or end of ULB text in tA: +Ellipsis at beginning: ... text (dot dot dot space text) +Ellipsis at end: text.... (text dot dot dot final-punctuation) + +Final punctuation can be period, question mark, or exclamation mark. + +**Henry**, should the final punctuation always match that of the ULB sentence? The final punctuation tells us about the illocutionary force of the final clause, but not necessarily that of the previous clauses. Here is an example of a question that spans Romans 2:17-20, but I am interested in only a portion of an if-clause in v19. + +> \v 17 But if you call yourself a Jew and rest upon the law and boast in God, +\v 18 and know his will and approve of what is excellent because you have been instructed from the law; +\v 19 and if you are convinced that **you yourself are a guide to the blind**, a light to those who are in darkness, +\v 20 a corrector of the foolish, a teacher of little children, and that you have in the law the form of knowledge and of the truth, then how does this affect the way you live your life? + +If I am using the exmple to deal with "you yourself are a guide to the blind" how would I write it? +>... you yourself are a guide to the blind...? +>... that you yourself are a guide to the blind...? +>... if you are convinced that you yourself are a guide to the blind...? + +Also, how do we write the verse number? (Romans 2:19 ULB) or (Romans 2:19-20 ULB) or (Romans 2:17-20 ULB) + +#### Questions: 1. If the examples in en_ta need to be from the ULB, which style would be more helpful for the translators? 1. Do the examples in en_ta need to be from the ULB? Could we have a note at the beginning saying that the examples are from previous or current versions of the ULB? Perhaps we could remove "ULB" after the verse reference. -Comments +#### Comments 1. If all of these materials are intended to be dynamic, it seems it will be impossible to guarantee that all the examples in en_ta perfectly match the current ULB -- unless we do this task every time we make a new version available. 1. Even if we do not need to make the examples the same as the ULB, it would still be good to check the verse references since there are errors there. From 77ebde0346d62e5d794dd5d0a4e34fb61837306f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Thu, 4 Oct 2018 15:59:41 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 060/551] Checked verses with ULB May need to replace Titus 3:14 with an example that has a normal clause. --- translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md | 18 +++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md b/translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md index 86cf8bb..263c96e 100644 --- a/translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md @@ -6,11 +6,11 @@ A double negative occurs when a clause has two words that each express the meani Negative words are words that have in them the meaning "not." Examples are "no," "not," "none," "no one," "nothing," "nowhere," "never," "nor," "neither," and "without." Also, some words have prefixes or suffixes that mean "not" such as the underlined parts of these words: "unhappy," "impossible," and "useless." A double negative occurs when a sentence has two words that each express the meaning of "not." ->It is not that we do not have authority... (2 Thessalonians 3:9 ULB) +>We did this not because we have no authority.... (2 Thessalonians 3:9 ULB) ->And this better confidence did not happen without the taking of an oath, ... (Hebrews 7:20 ULB.) +>And it was not without an oath! (Hebrews 7:20 ULB) ->Be sure of this—wicked people will not go unpunished (Proverbs 11:21 ULB) +>Be sure of this—the wicked person will not go unpunished.... (Proverbs 11:21 ULB) #### Reason this is a translation issue @@ -25,9 +25,9 @@ To translate sentences with double negatives accurately and clearly in your lang ### Examples from the Bible ->... so that they may not be unfruitful. (Titus 3:14 ULB) +>... and so not be unfruitful. (Titus 3:14 ULB) -This means "so that they will be fruitful." +This means "and so be fruitful." >All things were made through him and without him there was not one thing made that has been made. (John 1:3 ULB) By using a double negative, John emphasized that the Son of God created absolutely everything. @@ -46,13 +46,13 @@ If double negatives are natural and are used to express the positive in your lan * **For we do not have a high priest who cannot feel sympathy for our weaknesses.** (Hebrews 4:15 ULB) * "For we have a high priest who can feel sympathy for our weaknesses." - * **... so that they may not be unfruitful.** (Titus 3:14 ULB) - * "... so that they may be fruitful." + * **... and so not be unfruitful.** (Titus 3:14 ULB) + * "... and so be fruitful." 1. If the purpose of a double negative in the Bible is to make a strong positive statement, and if it would not do that in your language, remove the two negatives and put in a strengthening word or phrase such as "very" or "surely." - * **Be sure of this—wicked people will not go unpunished ...** (Proverbs 11:21 ULB) - * "Be sure of this—wicked people will certainly be punished ..." + * **Be sure of this—wicked people will not go unpunished....** (Proverbs 11:21 ULB) + * "Be sure of this—wicked people will certainly be punished...." * **All things were made through him and without him there was not one thing made that has been made.** (John 1:3 ULB) * "All things were made through him. He made absolutely everything that has been made." From 4abd08af8e7cf519ef2c9a2d9b93c4127e9ea2e7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Henry Whitney Date: Thu, 4 Oct 2018 17:05:07 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 061/551] Attempted answers to questions. --- translate/tA Decisions.md | 9 ++++++++- 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/tA Decisions.md b/translate/tA Decisions.md index 3892b63..32f9b64 100644 --- a/translate/tA Decisions.md +++ b/translate/tA Decisions.md @@ -24,13 +24,20 @@ If I am using the exmple to deal with "you yourself are a guide to the blind" ho Also, how do we write the verse number? (Romans 2:19 ULB) or (Romans 2:19-20 ULB) or (Romans 2:17-20 ULB) +**Susan**: mamma mia! (That's a vocative followed by an exclamation, not an appositive!) Good question. I think I'd punt and do this: + +>... you yourself are a guide to the blind ... (Romans 2:17 ULB) + +That probably violates everything I told you this morning, but I'm making this up as I go along. + #### Questions: 1. If the examples in en_ta need to be from the ULB, which style would be more helpful for the translators? 1. Do the examples in en_ta need to be from the ULB? Could we have a note at the beginning saying that the examples are from previous or current versions of the ULB? Perhaps we could remove "ULB" after the verse reference. +>I'd go with the latter. -hmw #### Comments 1. If all of these materials are intended to be dynamic, it seems it will be impossible to guarantee that all the examples in en_ta perfectly match the current ULB -- unless we do this task every time we make a new version available. -1. Even if we do not need to make the examples the same as the ULB, it would still be good to check the verse references since there are errors there. +1. Even if we do not need to make the examples the same as the ULB, it would still be good to check the verse references, since there are errors there. From 4ff83a7575bc3d71e9e9ada9d346c8fdce184ffc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Thu, 4 Oct 2018 17:10:21 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 062/551] Update 'translate/figs-declarative/01.md' --- translate/figs-declarative/01.md | 4 ---- 1 file changed, 4 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-declarative/01.md b/translate/figs-declarative/01.md index 42f7603..cdd740f 100644 --- a/translate/figs-declarative/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-declarative/01.md @@ -42,21 +42,17 @@ By telling a man that his sins were forgiven, Jesus forgave the man's sins. ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied 1. If the function of a statement would not be understood correctly in your language, use a sentence type that would express that function. - * **She will give birth to a son, and you will call his name Jesus, for he will save his people from their sins.** (Matthew 1:21 ULB) The phrase "you will call his name Jesus" is an instruction. It can be translated using the sentence type of a normal instruction. * She will give birth to a son. Name him Jesus, because he will save his people from their sins. 1. If the function of a statement would not be understood correctly in your language, add a sentence type that would express that function. - * **Lord, if you are willing, you can make me clean.** (Matthew 8:2 ULB) The function of "you can make me clean" is to make a request. In addition to the statement, a request can be added. * Lord, if you are willing, you can make me clean. Please do so. * Lord, if you are willing, please make me clean. I know you can do so. 1. If the function of a statement would not be understood correctly in your language, use a verb form that would express that function. - * **She will give birth to a son, and you will call his name Jesus, for he will save his people from their sins.** (Matthew 1:21 ULB) * She will give birth to a son, and you must call his name Jesus, for he will save his people from their sins. - * **Son, your sins are forgiven.** (Mark 2:5 ULB) * Son, I forgive your sins. * Son, God has forgiven your sins. From eaae31adad8c8dcc717d4159eb441a256498f8de Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Thu, 4 Oct 2018 19:58:37 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 063/551] Checked verses with ULB --- translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md | 15 ++++++++------- 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md b/translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md index 263c96e..67b9e62 100644 --- a/translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ A double negative occurs when a clause has two words that each express the meani ### Description -Negative words are words that have in them the meaning "not." Examples are "no," "not," "none," "no one," "nothing," "nowhere," "never," "nor," "neither," and "without." Also, some words have prefixes or suffixes that mean "not" such as the underlined parts of these words: "unhappy," "impossible," and "useless." +Negative words are words that have in them the meaning "not." Examples are "no," "not," "none," "no one," "nothing," "nowhere," "never," "nor," "neither," "unless," and "without." Also, some words have prefixes or suffixes that mean "not" such as the underlined parts of these words: "unhappy," "impossible," and "useless." A double negative occurs when a sentence has two words that each express the meaning of "not." >We did this not because we have no authority.... (2 Thessalonians 3:9 ULB) @@ -25,10 +25,11 @@ To translate sentences with double negatives accurately and clearly in your lang ### Examples from the Bible ->... and so not be unfruitful. (Titus 3:14 ULB) +>Unless these men stay in the ship, you cannot be saved. (Acts 27:31 ULB) -This means "and so be fruitful." ->All things were made through him and without him there was not one thing made that has been made. (John 1:3 ULB) +This means that they can be saved only if the men stay in the ship. + +>All things were made through him, and without him there was not one thing made that has been made. (John 1:3 ULB) By using a double negative, John emphasized that the Son of God created absolutely everything. @@ -46,14 +47,14 @@ If double negatives are natural and are used to express the positive in your lan * **For we do not have a high priest who cannot feel sympathy for our weaknesses.** (Hebrews 4:15 ULB) * "For we have a high priest who can feel sympathy for our weaknesses." - * **... and so not be unfruitful.** (Titus 3:14 ULB) - * "... and so be fruitful." + * **... I do not want you to be uninformed.** (1 Corinthians 12:1 ULB) + * "... I want you to be informed." 1. If the purpose of a double negative in the Bible is to make a strong positive statement, and if it would not do that in your language, remove the two negatives and put in a strengthening word or phrase such as "very" or "surely." * **Be sure of this—wicked people will not go unpunished....** (Proverbs 11:21 ULB) * "Be sure of this—wicked people will certainly be punished...." - * **All things were made through him and without him there was not one thing made that has been made.** (John 1:3 ULB) + * **All things were made through him, and without him there was not one thing made that has been made.** (John 1:3 ULB) * "All things were made through him. He made absolutely everything that has been made." From e51877c26ada2c70c928a6a22c7af891c74aded4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Fri, 5 Oct 2018 12:59:10 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 064/551] Update 'translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md' --- translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md b/translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md index 67b9e62..60cf265 100644 --- a/translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ A double negative occurs when a clause has two words that each express the meani ### Description -Negative words are words that have in them the meaning "not." Examples are "no," "not," "none," "no one," "nothing," "nowhere," "never," "nor," "neither," "unless," and "without." Also, some words have prefixes or suffixes that mean "not" such as the underlined parts of these words: "unhappy," "impossible," and "useless." +Negative words are words that have in them the meaning "not." Examples are "no," "not," "none," "no one," "nothing," "nowhere," "never," "nor," "neither," "unless," "except," and "without." Also, some words have prefixes or suffixes that mean "not" such as the underlined parts of these words: "unhappy," "impossible," and "useless." A double negative occurs when a sentence has two words that each express the meaning of "not." >We did this not because we have no authority.... (2 Thessalonians 3:9 ULB) From ac480c33ff84e2898e4aa80cb8e5709a9b4516ee Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Fri, 5 Oct 2018 13:11:25 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 065/551] Checked verses with ULB --- translate/figs-doublet/01.md | 14 +++++++------- 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-doublet/01.md b/translate/figs-doublet/01.md index f2ee89f..4564ddf 100644 --- a/translate/figs-doublet/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-doublet/01.md @@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ In some languages people do not use doublets. Or they may use doublets, but only ### Examples from the Bible ->King David was old and advanced in years. (1 Kings 1:1 ULB) +>... King David was old and advanced in years.... (1 Kings 1:1 ULB) The underlined words mean the same thing. Together they mean that he was "very old." @@ -18,11 +18,11 @@ The underlined words mean the same thing. Together they mean that he was "very o This means that they were "much more righteous" than he was. ->You have decided to prepare false and deceptive words (Daniel 2:9 ULB) +>You have decided to prepare false and deceptive words.... (Daniel 2:9 ULB) This means that they had prepared "many false things to say." ->... as of a lamb without blemish and without spot. (1 Peter 1:19 ULB) +>... who was like a lamb without blemish and without spot. (1 Peter 1:19 ULB) This means that he was like a lamb that did not have any blemish--not even one. @@ -38,13 +38,13 @@ If a doublet would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consi 1. Translate only one of the words. - * **You have decided to prepare false and deceptive words** (Daniel 2:9 ULB) - * "You have decided to prepare false things to say." + * **You have decided to prepare false and deceptive words....** (Daniel 2:9 ULB) + * "You have decided to prepare false things to say...." 1. If the doublet is used to intensify the meaning, translate one of the words and add a word that intensifies it such as "very" or "great" or "many." - * **King David was old and advanced in years.** (1 Kings 1:1 ULB) - * "King David was very old." + * **...King David was old and advanced in years....** (1 Kings 1:1 ULB) + * "...King David was very old...." 1. If the doublet is used to intensify or emphasize the meaning, use one of your language's ways of doing that. From 56444cd26023ac9cbebdb65ddef09a057292b971 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Fri, 5 Oct 2018 13:40:44 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 066/551] Added example for "cannot ... except" --- translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md | 6 +++++- 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md b/translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md index 60cf265..175ee66 100644 --- a/translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md @@ -27,7 +27,11 @@ To translate sentences with double negatives accurately and clearly in your lang >Unless these men stay in the ship, you cannot be saved. (Acts 27:31 ULB) -This means that they can be saved only if the men stay in the ship. +Paul was telling them that they could be saved only if the men who were trying to leave the ship stayed in the ship. + +>This kind cannot be cast out except by prayer. (Mark 9:29 ULB) + +Jesus was saying that the only way that kind of demon could be cast out was by prayer. >All things were made through him, and without him there was not one thing made that has been made. (John 1:3 ULB) From 0c9d97e9754c9b0609dae154cf61642fc4f20229 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Fri, 5 Oct 2018 21:08:50 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 067/551] Checked verses with ULB --- translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md | 28 +++++++++++++++++----------- 1 file changed, 17 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md b/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md index dfbe09d..9a50fc3 100644 --- a/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ Ellipsis is what happens when a speaker or writer leaves one or more words out of a sentence because he knows that the hearer or reader will understand the meaning of the sentence and fill in the words in his mind when he hears or reads the words that are there. The information that is omitted has usually already been stated in a preceding sentence or phrase. ->... the wicked will not stand in the judgment, nor sinners in the assembly of the righteous. (Psalm 1:5) +>So the wicked will not stand in the judgment, nor sinners in the assembly of the righteous. (Psalm 1:5) This is ellipsis because "sinners in the assembly of the righteous" is not a complete sentence. The speaker assumes that the hearer will understand what it is that sinners will not do in the assembly of the righteous by filling in the action from the previous clause. @@ -14,13 +14,21 @@ Readers who see incomplete sentences or phrases may not know what the missing in ### Examples from the Bible ->... when the blind man was near, Jesus asked him, "What do you want me to do for you?" He said, "Lord, that I might receive my sight." (Luke 18:40-41 ULB) +>For Adam was formed first, then Eve. (1 Timothy 2:13 ULB) -The man answered in an incomplete sentence because he wanted to be polite and not directly ask Jesus for healing. He knew that Jesus would understand that the only way he could receive his sight would be for Jesus to heal him. +The underlined phrase above means, "then Eve was formed." ->He makes Lebanon skip like a calf and Sirion like a young ox. (Psalm 29:6 ULB) +>... his works were evil and his brother's righteous. (1 John 3:12 ULB) -The writer wants his words to be few and to make good poetry. He did not say that Yahweh makes Sirion skip like a young ox because he knew that his readers could fill in the information themselves. +The underlined phrase above means, "his brother's works were righteous." + +>He makes Lebanon skip like a calf and Sirion like a young ox. (Psalm 29:6 ULB) + +The underlined phrase above means, "he makes Sirion skip like a young ox." + +> Then Saul said to his armor bearer, "Draw your sword and thrust me through with it. ..." But his armor bearer would not, for he was very afraid. (1 Samuel 31:4 ULB) + +The underlined phrase above means, "But his armor bearer would not draw his sword and thrust Saul through with it." ### Translation Strategies @@ -32,12 +40,10 @@ If ellipsis would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consid 1. Add the missing words to the incomplete phrase or sentence. - * **... the wicked will not stand in the judgment, nor sinners in the assembly of the righteous.** (Psalm 1:5) - * ... the wicked will not stand in the judgment, and sinners will not stand in the assembly of the righteous - - * **... when the blind man was near, Jesus asked him, "What do you want me to do for you?" He said, "Lord, that I might receive my sight."** (Luke 18:40-41) - * ... when the blind man was near, Jesus asked him, "What do you want me to do for you?" He said, "Lord, I want you to heal me that I might receive my sight." - + * **... the wicked will not stand in the judgment, nor sinners in the assembly of the righteous.** (Psalm 1:5) + * ... the wicked will not stand in the judgment, nor will sinners stand in the assembly of the righteous. + * ... the wicked will not stand in the judgment, and sinners will not stand in the assembly of the righteous. + * **He makes Lebanon skip like a calf and Sirion like a young ox.** (Psalm 29:6) * He makes Lebanon skip like a calf, and he makes Sirion skip like a young ox. From 7ea9c9b04e95a533aca57eb09763445b88a00466 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Mon, 8 Oct 2018 13:46:05 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 068/551] Checked verses with ULB --- translate/figs-euphemism/01.md | 15 ++++++++------- 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-euphemism/01.md b/translate/figs-euphemism/01.md index 4e325ac..0e9d7aa 100644 --- a/translate/figs-euphemism/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-euphemism/01.md @@ -15,11 +15,11 @@ Different languages use different euphemisms. If the target language does not us ### Examples from the Bible ->... where there was a cave. Saul went inside to relieve himself ... (1 Samuel 24:3 ULB) +>... where there was a cave. Saul went inside to cover his feet. (1 Samuel 24:3 ULB) The original hearers would have understood that Saul went into the cave to use it as a toilet, but the writer wanted to avoid offending or distracting them, so **he did not say specifically** what Saul did or what he left in the cave. ->Mary said to the angel, “How will this happen, since I have not slept with any man?” (Luke 1:34 ULB) +>Mary said to the angel, “How will this happen, since I have not known any man?” (Luke 1:34 ULB) In order **to be polite**, Mary uses a euphemism to say that she has never had sexual intercourse with a man. @@ -34,12 +34,13 @@ If euphemism would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consi 1. Use a euphemism from your own culture. - * **... where there was a cave. Saul went inside to relieve himself.** (1 Samuel 24:3 ULB) - Some languages might use euphemisms like these: - * "...where there was a cave. Saul went into the cave to dig a hole" - * "...where there was a cave. Saul went into the cave to have some time alone" + * **... where there was a cave. Saul went inside to cover his feet.** (1 Samuel 24:3 ULB) - Some languages might use euphemisms like these: + * "...where there was a cave. Saul went into the cave to releave himself." + * "...where there was a cave. Saul went into the cave to dig a hole." + * "...where there was a cave. Saul went into the cave to have some time alone." - * **Mary said to the angel, “How will this happen, since I have not slept with any man?”** (Luke 1:34 ULB) - * Mary said to the angel, “How will this happen, since I do not know a man?” - (This is the euphemism used in the original Greek) + * **Mary said to the angel, “How will this happen, since I have not known any man?”** (Luke 1:34 ULB) + * Mary said to the angel, “How will this happen, since I have not slept with a man?” - (This is the euphemism used in the original Greek) 1. State the information plainly without a euphemism if it would not be offensive. From 0f7f22131a48d2aabf18743c35d0a4acc6f9d58e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Mon, 8 Oct 2018 14:03:55 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 069/551] Update 'translate/tA Decisions.md' --- translate/tA Decisions.md | 5 +++++ 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+) diff --git a/translate/tA Decisions.md b/translate/tA Decisions.md index 32f9b64..ca4be69 100644 --- a/translate/tA Decisions.md +++ b/translate/tA Decisions.md @@ -39,5 +39,10 @@ That probably violates everything I told you this morning, but I'm making this u 1. If all of these materials are intended to be dynamic, it seems it will be impossible to guarantee that all the examples in en_ta perfectly match the current ULB -- unless we do this task every time we make a new version available. 1. Even if we do not need to make the examples the same as the ULB, it would still be good to check the verse references, since there are errors there. +####Dividing up the work by the words the files start with +Susan - biblicalimagery, bita, figs +John - translate +Henry - writing + From bc3c7841034273f1d6bf98fcdef0c5d0791c3eec Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Mon, 8 Oct 2018 15:02:00 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 070/551] Checked verses with ULB --- translate/figs-events/01.md | 20 ++++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-events/01.md b/translate/figs-events/01.md index 3237b3e..d8fa9fa 100644 --- a/translate/figs-events/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-events/01.md @@ -8,11 +8,11 @@ In the Bible, events are not always told in the order in which they occurred. So ### Examples from the Bible ->But then Herod ... had John locked up in prison. Now it came about, while all the people were being baptized by John, that Jesus also was baptized. (Luke 3:20-21 ULB) +>... Herod ... locked John up in prison. Now it came about, when all the people were baptized, Jesus also was baptized.... (Luke 3:19-21 ULB) -This could sound like John baptized Jesus after John was locked up in prison, but John baptized Jesus before John was locked up in prison. +Jesus was baptized by John. The verse above could sound like John baptized Jesus after John was locked up in prison, but John baptized Jesus before John was locked up in prison. ->Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams horns before Yahweh, as they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets. ... But Joshua commanded the people, saying, "Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then must you shout." (Joshua 6:8-10 ULB) +>Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams' horns before Yahweh. As they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets. ... But Joshua commanded the people, saying, "Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then you must shout." (Joshua 6:8-10 ULB) This could sound like Joshua gave the order not to shout after the army had already started their march, but he had given that order before they started marching. @@ -28,23 +28,23 @@ This sounds like a person must first open the scroll and then break its seals, b ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied -1. If your language uses phrases, time words or tenses to show that an event happened before the one just mentioned, consider using one of them. +1. If your language uses phrases or time words to show that an event happened before the one just mentioned, consider using one of them. - * **20 But then Herod ... had John locked up in prison. 21 Now it came about, while all the people were being baptized by John, that Jesus also was baptized.** (Luke 3:20-21 ULB) - * 20 But then Herod ... had John locked up in prison. 21 Before John was put in prison, while all the people were being baptized by John, Jesus also was baptized. + * **... Herod ... locked John up in prison. Now it came about, when all the people were baptized, that Jesus also was baptized....** (Luke 3:29-21 ULB) + * ... Herod ... locked John up in prison. Now before John was put in prison, when all the people were baptized, Jesus also was baptized.... * **Who is worthy to open the scroll and break its seals?** (Revelation 5:2 ULB) * Who is worthy to open the scroll after breaking its seals? 1. If your language uses verb tense or aspect to show that an event happened before one that was already mentioned, consider using that. - * **8 Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams' horns before Yahweh, as they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets...10 But Joshua commanded the people, saying, "Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then must you shout."** (Joshua 6:8-10 ULB) - * 8 Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams horns before Yahweh, as they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets...10 But Joshua had commanded the people, saying, "Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then must you shout. + * **8 Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams' horns before Yahweh. As they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets ... 10 But Joshua commanded the people, saying, "Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then you must shout."** (Joshua 6:8-10 ULB) + * 8 Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams horns before Yahweh. As they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets...10 But Joshua had commanded the people, saying, "Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then you must shout. 1. If your language prefers to tell events in the order that they occur, consider reordering the events. This may require putting two or more verses together (like 5-6). - * **8 Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams horns before Yahweh, as they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets...10 But Joshua commanded the people, saying, "Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then must you shout."** (Joshua 6:8-10 ULB) - * 8-10 Joshua commanded the people, saying, "Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then must you shout." Then just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams horns before Yahweh, as they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets ... + * **8 Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams' horns before Yahweh. As they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets ... 10 But Joshua commanded the people, saying, "Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then you must shout."** (Joshua 6:8-10 ULB) + * 8-10 Joshua commanded the people, saying, "Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then must you shout." Then just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams horns before Yahweh. As they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets.... * **Who is worthy to open the scroll and break its seals?** (Revelation 5:2 ULB) * Who is worthy to break the seals and open the scroll? From d5235469ba810557ba7a0406eaad11d9ee3a72e9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Mon, 8 Oct 2018 15:17:43 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 071/551] Checked verses with ULB --- translate/figs-exclamations/01.md | 6 +++--- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-exclamations/01.md b/translate/figs-exclamations/01.md index f9c3ea3..b81265f 100644 --- a/translate/figs-exclamations/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-exclamations/01.md @@ -49,8 +49,8 @@ Some exclamations in the Bible do not have a main verb. The exclamation below sh 1. Use an exclamation word from your language that shows the strong feeling. The word "wow" below shows that they were astonished. The expression "Oh no" shows that something terrible or frightening has happened. - * **They were absolutely astonished, saying, "He has done everything well. He even makes the deaf to hear and the mute to speak."** (Mark 7:36 ULB) - * "They were absolutely astonished, saying, "Wow! He has done everything well. He even makes the deaf to hear and the mute to speak." " + * **They were extremely astonished, saying, "He has done all things well. He even makes the deaf hear and the mute speak."** (Mark 7:37 ULB) + * "They were extremely astonished, saying, "Wow! He has done all things well. He even makes the deaf hear and the mute speak." " * **Ah, Lord Yahweh! For I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!** (Judges 6:22 ULB) * "__Oh no__, Lord Yahweh! I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!" @@ -69,5 +69,5 @@ Some exclamations in the Bible do not have a main verb. The exclamation below sh 1. If the strong feeling is not clear in the target language, then tell how the person felt. * **Gideon understood that this was the angel of Yahweh. Gideon said, "Ah, Lord Yahweh! For I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!"** (Judges 6:22 ULB) - * "Gideon understood that this was the angel of Yahweh. He was terrified and said, "Ah, Lord Yahweh! I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!" (Judges 6:22 ULB) + * "Gideon understood that this was the angel of Yahweh. Gideon was terrified and said, "Ah, Lord Yahweh! I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!" (Judges 6:22 ULB) From f69c3b1270d6a17d759fbbde6e9379b2682dbb24 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: John Hutchins Date: Mon, 8 Oct 2018 15:41:34 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 072/551] Changed Luke 7:41 to match ULB. --- translate/translate-bmoney/01.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/translate-bmoney/01.md b/translate/translate-bmoney/01.md index bb4f577..cfc8a0d 100644 --- a/translate/translate-bmoney/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-bmoney/01.md @@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ The strategies below are for translating the value of money in the New Testament The translations strategies are all applied to Luke 7:41 below. -* **The one owed five hundred denarii, and the other owed fifty denarii.** (Luke 7:41 ULB) +* **The one owed five hundred denarii, and the other fifty.** (Luke 7:41 ULB) 1. Use the Bible term and spell it in a way that is similar to the way it sounds. (see [Copy or Borrow Words](../translate-transliterate/01.md)) From 5fa42c6a425ecd7b1bdf5395f9f835069cb51ec5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: John Hutchins Date: Mon, 8 Oct 2018 15:56:15 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 073/551] Fixed typo --- translate/tA Decisions.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/tA Decisions.md b/translate/tA Decisions.md index ca4be69..7d0dac9 100644 --- a/translate/tA Decisions.md +++ b/translate/tA Decisions.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ Oct 1, 2018, we started going through tA to sure that all the verses that are s Oct 4, 2018, we realized that if translators compare the ULB text in tA with the ULB text in en_ULB, they might find it confusing if the capitalization and punctuation are different. So moving on with our work, we'll make sure that the punctuation and capitalizaton are the same. -#### Details for use of ellises in at beginning or end of ULB text in tA: +#### Details for use of ellipses in at beginning or end of ULB text in tA: Ellipsis at beginning: ... text (dot dot dot space text) Ellipsis at end: text.... (text dot dot dot final-punctuation) From 299fa62d1f89221631b532db82e1f1121028f69d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: John Hutchins Date: Mon, 8 Oct 2018 15:57:30 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 074/551] Moved footnote marker --- translate/translate-bmoney/01.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/translate-bmoney/01.md b/translate/translate-bmoney/01.md index cfc8a0d..3c1ca19 100644 --- a/translate/translate-bmoney/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-bmoney/01.md @@ -55,12 +55,12 @@ The translations strategies are all applied to Luke 7:41 below. 1. Use the Bible term and give the equivalent amount in the text or a footnote. - * "The one owed five hundred denarii1, and the other owed fifty denarii.2" (Luke 7:41 ULB) The footnotes would look like: + * "The one owed five hundred denarii,1 and the other owed fifty denarii.2" (Luke 7:41 ULB) The footnotes would look like: * [1] five hundred days's wages * [2] fifty day's wages 1. Use the Bible term and explain it in a footnote. - * "The one owed five hundred denarii1, and the other owed fifty denarii." (Luke 7:41 ULB) + * "The one owed five hundred denarii,1 and the other owed fifty denarii." (Luke 7:41 ULB) * [1] A denarius was the amount of silver that people could earn in one day of work. From b8a45ae4e52d4194a184bc2b1ed74547838e6f0a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: John Hutchins Date: Mon, 8 Oct 2018 15:58:52 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 075/551] Fixed typo --- translate/translate-bmoney/01.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/translate-bmoney/01.md b/translate/translate-bmoney/01.md index 3c1ca19..67e3bd9 100644 --- a/translate/translate-bmoney/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-bmoney/01.md @@ -56,8 +56,8 @@ The translations strategies are all applied to Luke 7:41 below. 1. Use the Bible term and give the equivalent amount in the text or a footnote. * "The one owed five hundred denarii,1 and the other owed fifty denarii.2" (Luke 7:41 ULB) The footnotes would look like: - * [1] five hundred days's wages - * [2] fifty day's wages + * [1] five hundred days' wages + * [2] fifty days' wages 1. Use the Bible term and explain it in a footnote. From 6494739c22ffdae7336fbc5a8aae1b8a7717bbb8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Mon, 8 Oct 2018 16:10:07 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 076/551] Update 'translate/tA Decisions.md' --- translate/tA Decisions.md | 13 ++++++++++--- 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/tA Decisions.md b/translate/tA Decisions.md index 7d0dac9..16151b6 100644 --- a/translate/tA Decisions.md +++ b/translate/tA Decisions.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ Oct 1, 2018, we started going through tA to sure that all the verses that are s Oct 4, 2018, we realized that if translators compare the ULB text in tA with the ULB text in en_ULB, they might find it confusing if the capitalization and punctuation are different. So moving on with our work, we'll make sure that the punctuation and capitalizaton are the same. -#### Details for use of ellipses in at beginning or end of ULB text in tA: +### Details for use of ellipses in at beginning or end of ULB text in tA: Ellipsis at beginning: ... text (dot dot dot space text) Ellipsis at end: text.... (text dot dot dot final-punctuation) @@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ Also, how do we write the verse number? (Romans 2:19 ULB) or (Romans 2:19-20 ULB That probably violates everything I told you this morning, but I'm making this up as I go along. -#### Questions: +### Questions: 1. If the examples in en_ta need to be from the ULB, which style would be more helpful for the translators? 1. Do the examples in en_ta need to be from the ULB? Could we have a note at the beginning saying that the examples are from previous or current versions of the ULB? Perhaps we could remove "ULB" after the verse reference. >I'd go with the latter. -hmw @@ -39,7 +39,14 @@ That probably violates everything I told you this morning, but I'm making this u 1. If all of these materials are intended to be dynamic, it seems it will be impossible to guarantee that all the examples in en_ta perfectly match the current ULB -- unless we do this task every time we make a new version available. 1. Even if we do not need to make the examples the same as the ULB, it would still be good to check the verse references, since there are errors there. -####Dividing up the work by the words the files start with +#### Answers from Chris +1. Keep the ellipses to show that a snippet starts or ends in the middle of a sentence. +1. If the new ULB is still a good example, match the verse in the tA to the ULB. +2. If the new ULB is not a good example, leave the example and remove "ULB" from the reference. +3. We are fixing these up in tA this last time. After we are done, we will not continue to fix up the verses in tA to match the ULB. + + +### Dividing up the work by the words the files start with Susan - biblicalimagery, bita, figs John - translate Henry - writing From ac349772b73f862b0a5cf8598be85d620cf786cd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: John Hutchins Date: Mon, 8 Oct 2018 16:10:28 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 077/551] Changed snippet and examples --- translate/translate-bmoney/01.md | 13 ++++++------- 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/translate-bmoney/01.md b/translate/translate-bmoney/01.md index 67e3bd9..23cf236 100644 --- a/translate/translate-bmoney/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-bmoney/01.md @@ -39,28 +39,27 @@ The strategies below are for translating the value of money in the New Testament The translations strategies are all applied to Luke 7:41 below. -* **The one owed five hundred denarii, and the other fifty.** (Luke 7:41 ULB) +* **The one owed five hundred denarii....** (Luke 7:41 ULB) 1. Use the Bible term and spell it in a way that is similar to the way it sounds. (see [Copy or Borrow Words](../translate-transliterate/01.md)) - * "The one owed five hundred denali, and the other owed fifty denali." (Luke 7:41 ULB) + * "The one owed five hundred denali...." 1. Describe the value of the money in terms of what kind of metal it was made of and how many pieces or coins were used. - * "The one owed five hundred silver coins, and the other owed fifty silver coins." (Luke 7:41 ULB) + * "The one owed five hundred silver coins...." 1. Describe the value of the money in terms of what people in Bible times could earn in one day of work. - * "The one owed five hundred days' wages, and the other owed fifty days' wages." + * "The one owed five hundred days' wages...." 1. Use the Bible term and give the equivalent amount in the text or a footnote. - * "The one owed five hundred denarii,1 and the other owed fifty denarii.2" (Luke 7:41 ULB) The footnotes would look like: + * "The one owed five hundred denarii1...." The footnotes would look like: * [1] five hundred days' wages - * [2] fifty days' wages 1. Use the Bible term and explain it in a footnote. - * "The one owed five hundred denarii,1 and the other owed fifty denarii." (Luke 7:41 ULB) + * "The one owed five hundred denarii1...." * [1] A denarius was the amount of silver that people could earn in one day of work. From 5d2edc005806bb5e9ae81b4337eb9f863e917bfc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Mon, 8 Oct 2018 16:16:26 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 078/551] Update 'translate/tA Decisions.md' --- translate/tA Decisions.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/tA Decisions.md b/translate/tA Decisions.md index 16151b6..6385edb 100644 --- a/translate/tA Decisions.md +++ b/translate/tA Decisions.md @@ -35,11 +35,11 @@ That probably violates everything I told you this morning, but I'm making this u 1. Do the examples in en_ta need to be from the ULB? Could we have a note at the beginning saying that the examples are from previous or current versions of the ULB? Perhaps we could remove "ULB" after the verse reference. >I'd go with the latter. -hmw -#### Comments +##### Comments 1. If all of these materials are intended to be dynamic, it seems it will be impossible to guarantee that all the examples in en_ta perfectly match the current ULB -- unless we do this task every time we make a new version available. 1. Even if we do not need to make the examples the same as the ULB, it would still be good to check the verse references, since there are errors there. -#### Answers from Chris +##### Answers from Chris 1. Keep the ellipses to show that a snippet starts or ends in the middle of a sentence. 1. If the new ULB is still a good example, match the verse in the tA to the ULB. 2. If the new ULB is not a good example, leave the example and remove "ULB" from the reference. From 0355666dfa3f2d1c6cf5c6caed9bb815c3c6bef7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Mon, 8 Oct 2018 16:17:10 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 079/551] Update 'translate/tA Decisions.md' --- translate/tA Decisions.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/tA Decisions.md b/translate/tA Decisions.md index 6385edb..0fcf5dd 100644 --- a/translate/tA Decisions.md +++ b/translate/tA Decisions.md @@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ That probably violates everything I told you this morning, but I'm making this u ##### Answers from Chris 1. Keep the ellipses to show that a snippet starts or ends in the middle of a sentence. 1. If the new ULB is still a good example, match the verse in the tA to the ULB. -2. If the new ULB is not a good example, leave the example and remove "ULB" from the reference. +2. If the new ULB is not a good example, keep the example and remove "ULB" from the reference. 3. We are fixing these up in tA this last time. After we are done, we will not continue to fix up the verses in tA to match the ULB. From 95e50505bc27c9f806eb81f2a99523d5c30d4bfe Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Mon, 8 Oct 2018 17:23:00 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 080/551] Checked verses with ULB --- translate/figs-exclusive/01.md | 10 +++++----- 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-exclusive/01.md b/translate/figs-exclusive/01.md index ec0f737..d188261 100644 --- a/translate/figs-exclusive/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-exclusive/01.md @@ -16,18 +16,18 @@ The Bible was first written in the Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek languages. Like En ### Examples from the Bible ->They said, “We have no more than five loaves of bread and two fish, unless we went and bought food for all this crowd of people.” (Luke 9:13 ULB) +>They said, “We have no more than five loaves of bread and two fish, unless we go and buy food for all these people.” (Luke 9:13 ULB) In the first clause, the disciples are telling Jesus how much food they have among them, so this "we" could be the inclusive form or the exclusive form. In the second clause, the disciples are talking about some of them going to buy food, so that "we" would be the exclusive form, since Jesus would not go to buy food. ->we have seen, and bear witness, and declare to you the eternal life, which was with the Father, and was manifested to us (1 John 1:2 ULB) +>... we have seen it, and we bear witness to it. We are announcing to you the eternal life.... (1 John 1:2 ULB) -John is telling people who have not seen Jesus what he and the other apostles have seen. So languages that have exclusive forms of "we" and "us" would use the exclusive forms in this verse. +John is telling people who have not seen Jesus what he and the other apostles have seen. So languages that have an exclusive form of "we" would use it in this verse. ->... the shepherds said one to each other, "Let us now go to Bethlehem, and see this thing that has happened, which the Lord has made known to us." (Luke 2:15 ULB) +>... the shepherds said one to each other, "Let us now go to Bethlehem and see this thing that has happened, which the Lord has made known to us." (Luke 2:15 ULB) The shepherds were speaking to one another. When they said "us," they were including the people they were speaking to - one another. ->Now it happened on one of those days that Jesus and his disciples entered into a boat, and he said to them, "Let us go over to the other side of the lake." Then they set sail. (Luke 8:22 ULB) +>Now one day he got into a boat with his disciples, and he said to them, "Let us go over to the other side of the lake." They set sail. (Luke 8:22 ULB) When Jesus said "us," he was referring to himself and to the disciples he was speaking to, so this would be the inclusive form. From fa5125d6beec2a468e2b40f74c7fc5dffa6039b6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Mon, 8 Oct 2018 17:52:25 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 081/551] Fixed line spacing in Strategies Applied. --- translate/figs-metaphor/01.md | 37 +++++++++++++---------------------- 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md b/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md index 581fe9c..08eb35a 100644 --- a/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md @@ -126,46 +126,37 @@ If people do not or would not understand it, here are some other strategies. ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied 1. If the metaphor is a common expression in the source language or expresses a patterned pair of concepts in a biblical language (a "dead" metaphor), then express the main idea in the simplest way preferred by your language. - * **Then one of the leaders of the synagogue, named Jairus, came, and when he saw him, fell at his feet.** (Mark 5:22 ULB) - * Then one of the leaders of the synagogue, named Jairus, came, and when he saw him, immediately bowed down in front of him. - + * Then one of the leaders of the synagogue, named Jairus, came, and when he saw him, immediately bowed down in front of him. + 1. If the metaphor seems to be a "live" metaphor, you can translate it literally if you think that the target language also uses this metaphor in the same way to mean the same thing as in the Bible. If you do this, be sure to test it to make sure that the language community understands it correctly. In the example below, there is no change. - * **It was because of your hard hearts that he wrote you this law,** (Mark 10:5 ULB) - * It was because of your hard hearts that he wrote you this law, - + * It was because of your hard hearts that he wrote you this law, + 1. If the target audience does not realize that it is a metaphor, then change the metaphor to a simile. Some languages do this by adding words such as "like" or "as." - * **And yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are the clay. You are our potter; and we all are the work of your hand.** (Isaiah 64:8 ULB) - * And yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are like clay. You are like a potter; and we all are the work of your hand. - + * And yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are like clay. You are like a potter; and we all are the work of your hand. + 1. If the target audience would not know the **image**, see [Translate Unknowns](../translate-unknown/01.md) for ideas on how to translate that image. - * **Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? It is hard for you to kick a goad.** (Acts 26:14 ULB) - * Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? It is hard for you to kick against a pointed stick. - + * Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? It is hard for you to kick against a pointed stick. + 1. If the target audience would not use that **image** for that meaning, use an image from your own culture instead. Be sure that it is an image that could have been possible in Bible times. - * **And yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are the clay. You are our potter; and we all are the work of your hand.** (Isaiah 64:8 ULB) * "And yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are the wood. You are our carver; and we all are the work of your hand." - * "And yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are the string. You are the weaver; and we all are the work of your hand." - + * "And yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are the string. You are the weaver; and we all are the work of your hand." + 1. If the target audience would not know what the **topic** is, then state the topic clearly. (However, do not do this if the original audience did not know what the topic was.) - * **Yahweh lives; may my rock be praised. May the God of my salvation be exalted.** (Psalm 18:46 ULB) - * Yahweh lives; He is my rock. May he be praised. May the God of my salvation be exalted. - + * Yahweh lives; He is my rock. May he be praised. May the God of my salvation be exalted. + 1. If the target audience would not know the intended **point of comparison** between the topic and the image, then state it clearly. - * **Yahweh lives; may my rock be praised. May the God of my salvation be exalted.** (Psalm 18:46 ULB) * Yahweh lives; may he be praised because he is the rock under which I can hide from my enemies. May the God of my salvation be exalted. - * **Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? It is hard for you to kick a goad.** (Acts 26:14 ULB) - * Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? You fight against me and hurt yourself like an ox that kicks against its owner's pointed stick. - + * Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? You fight against me and hurt yourself like an ox that kicks against its owner's pointed stick. + 1. If none of these strategies are satisfactory, then simply state the idea plainly without using a metaphor. - * **I will make you become fishers of men.** (Mark 1:17 ULB) * I will make you become people who gather men. * Now you gather fish. I will make you gather people. From 945016b10a695aefcea87a63c88885df41ef4fd5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: John Hutchins Date: Mon, 8 Oct 2018 17:58:08 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 082/551] Changed example to Mat 18:28 ULB --- translate/translate-bmoney/01.md | 18 +++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/translate-bmoney/01.md b/translate/translate-bmoney/01.md index 23cf236..e6999da 100644 --- a/translate/translate-bmoney/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-bmoney/01.md @@ -37,29 +37,29 @@ The strategies below are for translating the value of money in the New Testament ### Translation Strategies -The translations strategies are all applied to Luke 7:41 below. +The translations strategies are all applied to Matthew 18:28 below. -* **The one owed five hundred denarii....** (Luke 7:41 ULB) +* **... who owed him one hundred denarii.** (Matthew 18:28 ULB) 1. Use the Bible term and spell it in a way that is similar to the way it sounds. (see [Copy or Borrow Words](../translate-transliterate/01.md)) - * "The one owed five hundred denali...." + * "... who owed him one hundred denali." 1. Describe the value of the money in terms of what kind of metal it was made of and how many pieces or coins were used. - * "The one owed five hundred silver coins...." - + * "... who owed him one hundred silver coins." + 1. Describe the value of the money in terms of what people in Bible times could earn in one day of work. - * "The one owed five hundred days' wages...." + * "... who owed him one hundred days' wages." 1. Use the Bible term and give the equivalent amount in the text or a footnote. - * "The one owed five hundred denarii1...." The footnotes would look like: - * [1] five hundred days' wages + * "... who owed him one hundred denarii.1" The footnotes would look like: + * [1] one hundred days' wages 1. Use the Bible term and explain it in a footnote. - * "The one owed five hundred denarii1...." + * "... who owed him one hundred denarii.1" * [1] A denarius was the amount of silver that people could earn in one day of work. From 08ada958018ff0d5bc303b498dc8b9ed61eaa125 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Mon, 8 Oct 2018 18:07:25 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 083/551] Update 'translate/tA Decisions.md' --- translate/tA Decisions.md | 23 +++++++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 23 insertions(+) diff --git a/translate/tA Decisions.md b/translate/tA Decisions.md index 0fcf5dd..bb0caec 100644 --- a/translate/tA Decisions.md +++ b/translate/tA Decisions.md @@ -45,6 +45,29 @@ That probably violates everything I told you this morning, but I'm making this u 2. If the new ULB is not a good example, keep the example and remove "ULB" from the reference. 3. We are fixing these up in tA this last time. After we are done, we will not continue to fix up the verses in tA to match the ULB. +### Fixing Line spacing in lists with multiple bullets as in Translation Strategies applied. +1. Remove empty line between examples. +1. Force a line between an application and the next numbered strategy by adding two spaces at the end the application line and two spaces at the beginning of the next blank line. +1. We tried removing the empty line between the numbered strategy and the example following it, but it did not make a difference. It still renders with a blank line between the strategy and the example. + +This is taken from the page for Metaphor: +1. If the target audience would not know what the **topic** is, then state the topic clearly. (However, do not do this if the original audience did not know what the topic was.) + * **Yahweh lives; may my rock be praised. May the God of my salvation be exalted.** (Psalm 18:46 ULB) + * Yahweh lives; He is my rock. May he be praised. May the God of my salvation be exalted. + +1. If the target audience would not know the intended **point of comparison** between the topic and the image, then state it clearly. + * **Yahweh lives; may my rock be praised. May the God of my salvation be exalted.** (Psalm 18:46 ULB) + * Yahweh lives; may he be praised because he is the rock under which I can hide from my enemies. May the God of my salvation be exalted. + * **Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? It is hard for you to kick a goad.** (Acts 26:14 ULB) + * Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? You fight against me and hurt yourself like an ox that kicks against its owner's pointed stick. + +1. If none of these strategies are satisfactory, then simply state the idea plainly without using a metaphor. + * **I will make you become fishers of men.** (Mark 1:17 ULB) + * I will make you become people who gather men. + * Now you gather fish. I will make you gather people. + + + ### Dividing up the work by the words the files start with Susan - biblicalimagery, bita, figs From abc15d05e73d08fa0f7dbf2390ab1fb8b04b97c4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: John Hutchins Date: Mon, 8 Oct 2018 18:14:11 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 084/551] Fixed spacing --- translate/translate-bdistance/01.md | 16 ++++++---------- 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/translate-bdistance/01.md b/translate/translate-bdistance/01.md index 1422445..6a64c0a 100644 --- a/translate/translate-bdistance/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-bdistance/01.md @@ -48,19 +48,15 @@ The strategies are all applied to Exodus 25:10 below. * "They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be two and a half kubits; its width will be one kubit and a half; and its height will be one kubit and a half." 1. Use the metric measurements given in the UDB. The translators of the UDB have already figured how to represent the amounts in the metric system. - - * "They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be one meter; its width will be two thirds of a meter; and its height will be two thirds of a meter." - + * "They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be one meter; its width will be two thirds of a meter; and its height will be two thirds of a meter." + 1. Use measurements that are already used in your language. In order to do this you would need to know how your measurements relate to the metric system and figure out each measurement. For example, if you measure things using the standard foot length, you could translate it as below. - - * "They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be 3 3/4 feet; its width will be 2 1/4 feet; and its height will be 2 1/4 feet." - + * "They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be 3 3/4 feet; its width will be 2 1/4 feet; and its height will be 2 1/4 feet." + 1. Use the measurements from the ULB and include measurements that your people know in the text or a note. The following shows both measurements in the text. - - * "They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be two and a half cubits (one meter); its width will be one cubit and a half (two thirds of a meter); and its height will be one cubit and a half (two thirds of a meter)." - + * "They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be two and a half cubits (one meter); its width will be one cubit and a half (two thirds of a meter); and its height will be one cubit and a half (two thirds of a meter)." + 1. Use measurements that your people know, and include the measurements from the ULB in the text or in a note. The following shows the ULB measurements in notes. - * "They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be one meter1; its width will be two thirds of a meter 2; and its height will be two thirds of a meter." The footnotes would look like: * [1] two and a half cubits * [2] one cubit and a half From 8c07dc8c13790fde147fc8bb35944254115ff307 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: John Hutchins Date: Mon, 8 Oct 2018 18:16:16 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 085/551] Fixed spacing --- translate/translate-bdistance/01.md | 5 ++--- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/translate-bdistance/01.md b/translate/translate-bdistance/01.md index 6a64c0a..2afef50 100644 --- a/translate/translate-bdistance/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-bdistance/01.md @@ -44,9 +44,8 @@ The strategies are all applied to Exodus 25:10 below. * **They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be two and a half cubits; its width will be one cubit and a half; and its height will be one cubit and a half.** (Exodus 25:10 ULB) 1. Use the measurements given in the ULB. These are the same kinds of measurements that the original writers used. Spell them in a way that is similar to the way they sound or are spelled in the ULB. (see [Copy or Borrow Words](../translate-transliterate/01.md)) - - * "They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be two and a half kubits; its width will be one kubit and a half; and its height will be one kubit and a half." - + * "They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be two and a half kubits; its width will be one kubit and a half; and its height will be one kubit and a half." + 1. Use the metric measurements given in the UDB. The translators of the UDB have already figured how to represent the amounts in the metric system. * "They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be one meter; its width will be two thirds of a meter; and its height will be two thirds of a meter." From a27c2b31d2452ace5919641fccc5bf45db41926c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: John Hutchins Date: Mon, 8 Oct 2018 18:19:38 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 086/551] Fixed spacing --- translate/translate-bmoney/01.md | 21 ++++++++------------- 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/translate-bmoney/01.md b/translate/translate-bmoney/01.md index e6999da..433c84d 100644 --- a/translate/translate-bmoney/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-bmoney/01.md @@ -42,24 +42,19 @@ The translations strategies are all applied to Matthew 18:28 below. * **... who owed him one hundred denarii.** (Matthew 18:28 ULB) 1. Use the Bible term and spell it in a way that is similar to the way it sounds. (see [Copy or Borrow Words](../translate-transliterate/01.md)) - - * "... who owed him one hundred denali." - + * "... who owed him one hundred denali." + 1. Describe the value of the money in terms of what kind of metal it was made of and how many pieces or coins were used. - - * "... who owed him one hundred silver coins." - + * "... who owed him one hundred silver coins." + 1. Describe the value of the money in terms of what people in Bible times could earn in one day of work. - - * "... who owed him one hundred days' wages." - + * "... who owed him one hundred days' wages." + 1. Use the Bible term and give the equivalent amount in the text or a footnote. - * "... who owed him one hundred denarii.1" The footnotes would look like: - * [1] one hundred days' wages - + * [1] one hundred days' wages + 1. Use the Bible term and explain it in a footnote. - * "... who owed him one hundred denarii.1" * [1] A denarius was the amount of silver that people could earn in one day of work. From 32f820aa8b53576baa35974208715e238b6055aa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: hmw3 Date: Mon, 8 Oct 2018 13:24:49 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 087/551] Checked verses with ULB --- translate/writing-background/01.md | 10 +++++----- translate/writing-connectingwords/01.md | 12 ++++++------ 2 files changed, 11 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/writing-background/01.md b/translate/writing-background/01.md index b81c1d9..b3d27ec 100644 --- a/translate/writing-background/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-background/01.md @@ -34,11 +34,11 @@ Background information can also be marked with words that tell the reader that t ### Examples from the Bible ->Hagar gave birth to Abram's son, and Abram named his son, whom Hagar bore, Ishmael. Abram was eighty-six years old when Hagar bore Ishmael to Abram. (Genesis 16:16 ULB) +>Hagar gave birth to Abram's son, and Abram named his son, whom Hagar bore, Ishmael. Abram was eighty-six years old when Hagar bore Ishmael to Abram. (Genesis 16:15-16 ULB) The first sentence tells about two events. Hagar gave birth and Abraham named his son. The second sentence is background information about how old Abram was when those things happened. ->Now Jesus himself, when he began to teach, was about thirty years of age. He was the son (as was supposed) of Joseph, the son of Heli. (Luke 3:23 ULB) +>Now Jesus himself, when he began to teach, was about thirty years of age. He was the son (as was supposed) of Joseph, the son of Heli. (Luke 3:23) The verses before this tell about when Jesus was baptized. This sentence introduces background information about Jesus' age and ancestors. The story starts up again in chapter 4 where it tells about Jesus going to the wilderness. @@ -55,11 +55,11 @@ To keep translations clear and natural you will need to study how people tell st ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied -1. Use your language's way of showing that certain information is background information. The examples below explain how this was done in the ULB English translations. +1. Use your language's way of showing that certain information is background information. The examples below explain how this has been done in English translations. -* **Now Jesus himself, when he began to teach, was about thirty years of age. He was the son (as was supposed) of Joseph, the son of Heli.** (Luke 3:23 ULB) English uses the word "now" to show that there is some kind of change in the story. The verb "was" shows that it is background information. +* **Now Jesus himself, when he began to teach, was about thirty years of age. He was the son (as was supposed) of Joseph, the son of Heli.** (Luke 3:23) English uses the word "now" to show that there is some kind of change in the story. The verb "was" shows that it is background information. -* **With many other exhortations also, he preached good news to the people. John also rebuked Herod the tetrarch for marrying his brother's wife, Herodias, and for all the other evil things that Herod had done. But then Herod did another very evil thing. He had John locked up in prison.** (Luke 3:18-20 ULB) The underlined phrases happened before John rebuked Herod. In English, the helping verb "had" in "had done" shows that Herod did those things before John rebuked him. +* **With many other exhortations also, he preached good news to the people. John also rebuked Herod the tetrarch for marrying his brother's wife, Herodias, and for all the other evil things that Herod had done. But then Herod did another very evil thing. He had John locked up in prison.** (Luke 3:18-20) The underlined phrases happened before John rebuked Herod. In English, the helping verb "had" in "had done" shows that Herod did those things before John rebuked him. 1. Reorder the information so that earlier events are mentioned first. diff --git a/translate/writing-connectingwords/01.md b/translate/writing-connectingwords/01.md index ae5572a..bfa2535 100644 --- a/translate/writing-connectingwords/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-connectingwords/01.md @@ -24,15 +24,15 @@ Sometimes people might not use a connecting word because they expect the readers ### Examples from the Bible ->I did not immediately consult with flesh and blood, nor did I go up to Jerusalem to those who had become apostles before me, but instead I went to Arabia and then returned to Damascus. Then after three years I went up to Jerusalem to visit Cephas, and I stayed with him fifteen days. (Galatians 1:16-18 ULB) +>I did not immediately consult with flesh and blood, nor did I go up to Jerusalem to those who had become apostles before me, but instead I went to Arabia and then returned to Damascus. Then after three years I went up to Jerusalem to visit Cephas, and I stayed with him fifteen days. (Galatians 1:16-18) The word "but" introduces something that contrasts with what was said before. The contrast here is between what Paul did not do with what he did do. Here the word "then" introduces something Paul did after he returned to Damascus. ->Therefore whoever breaks the least one of these commandments and teaches others to do so, will be called least in the kingdom of heaven. But whoever keeps them and teaches them will be called great in the kingdom of heaven. (Matthew 5:19 ULB) +>Therefore whoever breaks the least one of these commandments and teaches others to do so will be called least in the kingdom of heaven. But whoever keeps them and teaches them will be called great in the kingdom of heaven. (Matthew 5:19 ULB) The word "Therefore" links this section with the section before it, signalling that the section that came before gave the reason for this section. "Therefore" usually links sections larger than one sentence. The word "and" links only two actions within the same sentence, that of breaking commandments and teaching others. In this verse the word "But" contrasts what one group of people will be called in God's kingdom with what another group of people will be called. ->We do not place a stumbling block in front of anyone, for we do not wish our ministry to be brought into disrepute. Instead, we prove ourselves by all our actions, that we are God's servants. (2 Corinthians 6:3-4 ULB) +>We do not place a stumbling block in front of anyone, for we do not wish our ministry to be discredited. Instead, we prove ourselves by all our actions, that we are God's servants. (2 Corinthians 6:3-4 ULB) Here the word "for" connects what follows as the reason for what came before; the reason that Paul does not place stumbling blocks is that he does not want his ministry brought into disrepute. "Instead" contrasts what Paul does (proving by his actions that he is God's servant) with what he said he does not do (placing stumbling blocks). @@ -49,12 +49,12 @@ If the way the relationship between thoughts is shown in the ULB would be natura 1. Use a connecting word (even if the ULB does not use one). -* **Jesus said to them, "Come after me, and I will make you become fishers of men." Immediately they left the nets and went after him.** (Mark 1:17-18 ULB) - They followed Jesus because he told them to. Some translators may want to mark this with "so." +* **Jesus said to them, "Come after me, and I will make you become fishers of men." Immediately they left the nets and went after him.** (Mark 1:17-18) - They followed Jesus because he told them to. Some translators may want to mark this with "so." * Jesus said to them, "Come after me, and I will make you become fishers of men." So immediately they left the nets and went after him. 1. Do not use a connecting word if it would be odd to use one and people would understand the right relationship between the thoughts without it. -* **Therefore whoever breaks the least one of these commandments and teaches others to do so, will be called least in the kingdom of heaven. But whoever keeps them and teaches them will be called great in the kingdom of heaven.** (Matthew 5:19 ULB) - +* **Therefore whoever breaks the least one of these commandments and teaches others to do so will be called least in the kingdom of heaven. But whoever keeps them and teaches them will be called great in the kingdom of heaven.** (Matthew 5:19 ULB) - Some languages would prefer not to use connecting words here, because the meaning is clear without them and using them would be unnatural. They might translate like this: @@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ Some languages would prefer not to use connecting words here, because the meanin Some languages might not need the words "but" or "then" here. -* I did not immediately consult with flesh and blood, nor did I go up to Jerusalem to those who had become apostles before me. Instead I went to Arabia and then returned to Damascus. After three years I went up to Jerusalem to visit Cephas, and I stayed with him fifteen days. +* I did not immediately consult with flesh and blood, nor did I go up to Jerusalem to those who had become apostles before me. Instead, I went to Arabia and then returned to Damascus. After three years I went up to Jerusalem to visit Cephas, and I stayed with him fifteen days. 1. Use a different connecting word. From d4f34a01d8be8751a5714eb023d1472eabbf7943 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: hmw3 Date: Mon, 8 Oct 2018 13:35:36 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 088/551] Revert "Checked verses with ULB" This reverts commit 49df62880eb1ec85b6e0c5b92750fd2f0f5df45c. --- translate/writing-background/01.md | 10 +++++----- translate/writing-connectingwords/01.md | 12 ++++++------ 2 files changed, 11 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/writing-background/01.md b/translate/writing-background/01.md index b3d27ec..b81c1d9 100644 --- a/translate/writing-background/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-background/01.md @@ -34,11 +34,11 @@ Background information can also be marked with words that tell the reader that t ### Examples from the Bible ->Hagar gave birth to Abram's son, and Abram named his son, whom Hagar bore, Ishmael. Abram was eighty-six years old when Hagar bore Ishmael to Abram. (Genesis 16:15-16 ULB) +>Hagar gave birth to Abram's son, and Abram named his son, whom Hagar bore, Ishmael. Abram was eighty-six years old when Hagar bore Ishmael to Abram. (Genesis 16:16 ULB) The first sentence tells about two events. Hagar gave birth and Abraham named his son. The second sentence is background information about how old Abram was when those things happened. ->Now Jesus himself, when he began to teach, was about thirty years of age. He was the son (as was supposed) of Joseph, the son of Heli. (Luke 3:23) +>Now Jesus himself, when he began to teach, was about thirty years of age. He was the son (as was supposed) of Joseph, the son of Heli. (Luke 3:23 ULB) The verses before this tell about when Jesus was baptized. This sentence introduces background information about Jesus' age and ancestors. The story starts up again in chapter 4 where it tells about Jesus going to the wilderness. @@ -55,11 +55,11 @@ To keep translations clear and natural you will need to study how people tell st ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied -1. Use your language's way of showing that certain information is background information. The examples below explain how this has been done in English translations. +1. Use your language's way of showing that certain information is background information. The examples below explain how this was done in the ULB English translations. -* **Now Jesus himself, when he began to teach, was about thirty years of age. He was the son (as was supposed) of Joseph, the son of Heli.** (Luke 3:23) English uses the word "now" to show that there is some kind of change in the story. The verb "was" shows that it is background information. +* **Now Jesus himself, when he began to teach, was about thirty years of age. He was the son (as was supposed) of Joseph, the son of Heli.** (Luke 3:23 ULB) English uses the word "now" to show that there is some kind of change in the story. The verb "was" shows that it is background information. -* **With many other exhortations also, he preached good news to the people. John also rebuked Herod the tetrarch for marrying his brother's wife, Herodias, and for all the other evil things that Herod had done. But then Herod did another very evil thing. He had John locked up in prison.** (Luke 3:18-20) The underlined phrases happened before John rebuked Herod. In English, the helping verb "had" in "had done" shows that Herod did those things before John rebuked him. +* **With many other exhortations also, he preached good news to the people. John also rebuked Herod the tetrarch for marrying his brother's wife, Herodias, and for all the other evil things that Herod had done. But then Herod did another very evil thing. He had John locked up in prison.** (Luke 3:18-20 ULB) The underlined phrases happened before John rebuked Herod. In English, the helping verb "had" in "had done" shows that Herod did those things before John rebuked him. 1. Reorder the information so that earlier events are mentioned first. diff --git a/translate/writing-connectingwords/01.md b/translate/writing-connectingwords/01.md index bfa2535..ae5572a 100644 --- a/translate/writing-connectingwords/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-connectingwords/01.md @@ -24,15 +24,15 @@ Sometimes people might not use a connecting word because they expect the readers ### Examples from the Bible ->I did not immediately consult with flesh and blood, nor did I go up to Jerusalem to those who had become apostles before me, but instead I went to Arabia and then returned to Damascus. Then after three years I went up to Jerusalem to visit Cephas, and I stayed with him fifteen days. (Galatians 1:16-18) +>I did not immediately consult with flesh and blood, nor did I go up to Jerusalem to those who had become apostles before me, but instead I went to Arabia and then returned to Damascus. Then after three years I went up to Jerusalem to visit Cephas, and I stayed with him fifteen days. (Galatians 1:16-18 ULB) The word "but" introduces something that contrasts with what was said before. The contrast here is between what Paul did not do with what he did do. Here the word "then" introduces something Paul did after he returned to Damascus. ->Therefore whoever breaks the least one of these commandments and teaches others to do so will be called least in the kingdom of heaven. But whoever keeps them and teaches them will be called great in the kingdom of heaven. (Matthew 5:19 ULB) +>Therefore whoever breaks the least one of these commandments and teaches others to do so, will be called least in the kingdom of heaven. But whoever keeps them and teaches them will be called great in the kingdom of heaven. (Matthew 5:19 ULB) The word "Therefore" links this section with the section before it, signalling that the section that came before gave the reason for this section. "Therefore" usually links sections larger than one sentence. The word "and" links only two actions within the same sentence, that of breaking commandments and teaching others. In this verse the word "But" contrasts what one group of people will be called in God's kingdom with what another group of people will be called. ->We do not place a stumbling block in front of anyone, for we do not wish our ministry to be discredited. Instead, we prove ourselves by all our actions, that we are God's servants. (2 Corinthians 6:3-4 ULB) +>We do not place a stumbling block in front of anyone, for we do not wish our ministry to be brought into disrepute. Instead, we prove ourselves by all our actions, that we are God's servants. (2 Corinthians 6:3-4 ULB) Here the word "for" connects what follows as the reason for what came before; the reason that Paul does not place stumbling blocks is that he does not want his ministry brought into disrepute. "Instead" contrasts what Paul does (proving by his actions that he is God's servant) with what he said he does not do (placing stumbling blocks). @@ -49,12 +49,12 @@ If the way the relationship between thoughts is shown in the ULB would be natura 1. Use a connecting word (even if the ULB does not use one). -* **Jesus said to them, "Come after me, and I will make you become fishers of men." Immediately they left the nets and went after him.** (Mark 1:17-18) - They followed Jesus because he told them to. Some translators may want to mark this with "so." +* **Jesus said to them, "Come after me, and I will make you become fishers of men." Immediately they left the nets and went after him.** (Mark 1:17-18 ULB) - They followed Jesus because he told them to. Some translators may want to mark this with "so." * Jesus said to them, "Come after me, and I will make you become fishers of men." So immediately they left the nets and went after him. 1. Do not use a connecting word if it would be odd to use one and people would understand the right relationship between the thoughts without it. -* **Therefore whoever breaks the least one of these commandments and teaches others to do so will be called least in the kingdom of heaven. But whoever keeps them and teaches them will be called great in the kingdom of heaven.** (Matthew 5:19 ULB) - +* **Therefore whoever breaks the least one of these commandments and teaches others to do so, will be called least in the kingdom of heaven. But whoever keeps them and teaches them will be called great in the kingdom of heaven.** (Matthew 5:19 ULB) - Some languages would prefer not to use connecting words here, because the meaning is clear without them and using them would be unnatural. They might translate like this: @@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ Some languages would prefer not to use connecting words here, because the meanin Some languages might not need the words "but" or "then" here. -* I did not immediately consult with flesh and blood, nor did I go up to Jerusalem to those who had become apostles before me. Instead, I went to Arabia and then returned to Damascus. After three years I went up to Jerusalem to visit Cephas, and I stayed with him fifteen days. +* I did not immediately consult with flesh and blood, nor did I go up to Jerusalem to those who had become apostles before me. Instead I went to Arabia and then returned to Damascus. After three years I went up to Jerusalem to visit Cephas, and I stayed with him fifteen days. 1. Use a different connecting word. From 800ac02c549203e1635ab1c081acb6c349eb112a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: hmw3 Date: Mon, 8 Oct 2018 14:30:30 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 089/551] Checked verses with ULB --- translate/writing-apocalypticwriting/01.md | 6 +++--- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting/01.md b/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting/01.md index 96d7129..8b7f6cb 100644 --- a/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting/01.md @@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ Some of these things happened after the prophets told about them, and some of th The following passages describe powerful beings that Ezekiel, Daniel, and John saw. Images that come up in these visions include hair that is white as wool, a voice like many waters, a golden belt, and legs or feet like polished bronze. Though the prophets saw various details, it would be good to translate the details that are the same in the same way. The underlined phrases in the passage from Revelation also occur in the passages from Daniel and Ezekiel -> In the middle of the lampstands there was one like a Son of Man, wearing a long robe that reached down to his feet, and a golden belt around his chest. His head and hair were as white as wool — as white as snow, and his eyes were like a flame of fire. His feet were like burnished bronze, like bronze that had been refined in a furnace, and his voice was like the sound of many rushing waters. He had in his right hand seven stars, and coming out of his mouth was a sharp two-edged sword. His face was shining like the sun at its strongest shining. (Revelation 1:13-16 ULB) +>In the middle of the lampstands there was one like a Son of Man, wearing a long robe that reached down to his feet, and a golden belt around his chest. His head and hair were as white as wool — as white as snow, and his eyes were like a flame of fire. His feet were like burnished bronze, like bronze that had been refined in a furnace, and his voice was like the sound of many rushing waters. He had in his right hand seven stars, and coming out of his mouth was a sharp two-edged sword. His face was shining like the sun at its strongest shining. (Revelation 1:13-16) >As I looked, @@ -47,10 +47,10 @@ The following passages describe powerful beings that Ezekiel, Daniel, and John s >and the hair of his head was like pure wool. (Daniel 7:9 ULB) ->I looked up and saw a man dressed in linen, with a belt around his waist made of pure gold from Uphaz. His body was like topaz, his face was like lightning, his eyes were like flaming torches, his arms and his feet were like polished bronze, and the sound of his words was like the sound of a great crowd. (Daniel 10:5-6 ULB) +>I looked up and saw a man dressed in linen, with a belt around his waist made of pure gold from Uphaz. His body was like topaz, his face was like lightning, his eyes were like flaming torches, his arms and his feet were like polished bronze, and the sound of his words was like the sound of a great crowd. (Daniel 10:5-6) ->Behold! The glory of the God of Israel came from the east; his voice was like the sound of many waters, and the earth shone with his glory! (Ezekiel 43:2 ULB) +>Behold! The glory of the God of Israel came from the east; his voice was like the sound of many waters, and the earth shone with his glory. (Ezekiel 43:2 ULB) The following passage shows the use of the past tense to refer to past events. The underlined verbs refer to past events. From 1adfb54aea029654148aee4e2d3bd86cfe357f1b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Mon, 8 Oct 2018 19:03:09 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 090/551] Checking verses with ULB --- translate/figs-exmetaphor/01.md | 66 ++++++++++++++++----------------- 1 file changed, 32 insertions(+), 34 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-exmetaphor/01.md b/translate/figs-exmetaphor/01.md index 8bed7b2..9906fc4 100644 --- a/translate/figs-exmetaphor/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-exmetaphor/01.md @@ -20,35 +20,34 @@ An extended metaphor occurs when someone speaks of a situation as if it were a d In Psalm 23:1-4, the writer says that God's concern and care for his people can be pictured as the care that a shepherd has for his flock of sheep. Shepherds give sheep what they need, take them to safe places, rescue them, guide them, and protect them. What God does for his people is like these actions. ->1Yahweh is my shepherd; I will lack nothing. ->2He makes me to lie down in green pastures; ->he leads me beside tranquil water. ->3He brings back my life; ->he guides me along right paths for his name's sake. ->4Even though I walk through a valley of darkest shadow, ->I will not fear harm since you are with me; ->your rod and your staff comfort me. (ULB) +>1Yahweh is my shepherd; I will lack nothing. +>2He makes me to lie down in green pastures; +>he leads me beside tranquil water. +>3He brings back my life; +>he guides me along right paths for his name's sake. +>4Even though I walk through a valley of darkest shadow, +>I will not fear harm since you are with me; +>your rod and your staff comfort me. (ULB) In Isaiah 5:1-7, Isaiah presents God's disappointment with his people as the disappointment that a farmer would feel if his vineyard only produced bad fruit. Farmers care for their gardens, but if they only produce bad fruit, farmers eventually stop caring for them. Verses 1 through 6 appear to be simply about a farmer and his vineyard, but verse 7 makes it clear that it is about God and his people. ->1...My well beloved had a vineyard on a very fertile hill. ->2He spaded it and removed the stones, and planted it with the choicest vine. ->He built a tower in the middle of it, and also built a winepress. ->He waited for it to produce grapes, but it produced wild grapes. +>1... My well beloved had a vineyard on a very fertile hill. +>2He spaded it, removed the stones, and planted it with an excellent kind of vine. +>He built a tower in the middle of it, and also built a winepress. +>He waited for it to produce grapes, but it only produced wild grapes. ->3So now, inhabitants of Jerusalem and men of Judah; ->judge between me and my vineyard. ->4What more could have been done for my vineyard, that I have not done for it? ->When I looked for it to produce grapes, why did it produce wild grapes? ->5 Now I will inform you what I will do to my vineyard; I will remove the hedge; ->I will turn it into a pasture; I will break down its wall, and it will be trampled on. ->6I will lay it waste, and it will not be pruned nor hoed. But briers and thorns will spring up, ->I will also command the clouds not to rain on it. +>3So now, inhabitant of Jerusalem and men of Judah; +>judge between me and my vineyard. +>4What more could have been done for my vineyard, that I have not done for it? +>When I looked for it to produce grapes, why did it produce wild grapes? +>5 Now I will tell you what I will do to my vineyard; I will remove the hedge, +>I will turn it into a pasture, I will break down its wall, and it will be trampled on. +>6I will lay it waste, and it will not be pruned nor hoed. Instead, briers and thorns will spring up. +>I will also command the clouds not to rain on it. ->7For the vineyard of Yahweh of hosts is the house of Israel, ->and the men of Judah his pleasant planting; ->he waited for justice, but instead, there was killing; ->for righteousness, but, instead, a cry for help. (ULB) +>7For the vineyard of Yahweh of hosts is the house of Israel, +>and the man of Judah his pleasant planting; +>he waited for justice, but instead, there was killing; for righteousness, but, instead, a cry for help. (ULB) ### Translation Strategies @@ -86,20 +85,19 @@ May be translated as: 1. If the target audience still would not understand, then state it clearly. -Yahweh is my shepherd; I will lack nothing.** (Psalm 23:1 ULB) + * **Yahweh is my shepherd; I will lack nothing.** (Psalm 23:1 ULB) + * "Yahweh cares for me like a shepherd that cares for his sheep, so I will lack nothing." -* "Yahweh cares for me like a shepherd that cares for his sheep, so I will lack nothing." - ->**For the vineyard of Yahweh of hosts is the house of Israel,** ->**and the men of Judah his pleasant planting;** ->**he waited for justice, but instead, there was killing;** +>**For the vineyard of Yahweh of hosts is the house of Israel,** +>**and the men of Judah his pleasant planting;** +>**he waited for justice, but instead, there was killing;** >**for righteousness, but, instead, a cry for help.** (Isaiah 5:7 ULB) Can be translated as: ->For the vineyard of Yahweh of hosts represents the house of Israel, ->and the men of Judah are like his pleasant planting; ->he waited for justice, but instead, there was killing; ->for righteousness, but, instead, a cry for help. +>For the vineyard of Yahweh of hosts represents the house of Israel, +>and the men of Judah are like his pleasant planting; +>he waited for justice, but instead, there was killing; +>for righteousness, but, instead, a cry for help. OR From cf435df0ac4b20e042cd76bb385ab094cd890941 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Mon, 8 Oct 2018 19:20:47 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 091/551] Testing formatting of poetry in Trans Strat Applied --- translate/figs-exmetaphor/01.md | 27 ++++++++++++++++++++++----- 1 file changed, 22 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-exmetaphor/01.md b/translate/figs-exmetaphor/01.md index 9906fc4..0fab3ef 100644 --- a/translate/figs-exmetaphor/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-exmetaphor/01.md @@ -61,15 +61,32 @@ Consider using the same extended metaphor if your readers will understand it in 1. If the target audience would think that the images should be understood literally, translate it as a simile by using "like" or "as." It may be enough to to do this in just the first sentence or two. See Psalm 23:1-2 as an example: ->**Yahweh is my shepherd; I will lack nothing.** ->**He makes me to lie down in green pastures;** ->**he leads me beside tranquil water.** (ULB) +**Formatted as standard Trans Strat Applied ULB with application** + * **Yahweh is my shepherd; I will lack nothing. He makes me to lie down in green pastures; he leads me beside tranquil water.** (Psalm 23:1-2 ULB) + * "Yahweh is like a shepherd to me, so I will lack nothing. Like a shepherd who makes his sheep lie down in green pastures and leads them by peaceful waters, Yahweh helps me to rest peacefully." + +**Formatted as poetry** +>**Yahweh is my shepherd; I will lack nothing.** +>**He makes me to lie down in green pastures;** +>**he leads me beside tranquil water.** (ULB) Can be translated as: ->"Yahweh is like a shepherd to me, so I will lack nothing. ->Like a shepherd who makes his sheep lie down in green pastures and leads them by peaceful waters, +>"Yahweh is like a shepherd to me, so I will lack nothing. +>Like a shepherd who makes his sheep lie down in green pastures and leads them by peaceful waters, >Yahweh helps me to rest peacefully." +**Formatted as Poetry, but using bullets in application so it doesn't look like regular example ULB text.** +>**Yahweh is my shepherd; I will lack nothing.** +>**He makes me to lie down in green pastures;** +>**he leads me beside tranquil water.** (ULB) + +Can be translated as: + * "Yahweh is like a shepherd to me, so I will lack nothing. + * Like a shepherd who makes his sheep lie down in green pastures and leads them by peaceful waters, + * Yahweh helps me to rest peacefully." + + + 1. If the target audience would not know the image, find a way of translating it so they can understand what the image is. >**My well beloved had a vineyard on a very fertile hill.** From 24cce28a6e3e37e6ffcbcd0939663b9c84cd9d5e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: John Hutchins Date: Mon, 8 Oct 2018 19:43:07 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 092/551] Changed measurements to match UDB --- translate/translate-bdistance/01.md | 6 +++--- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/translate-bdistance/01.md b/translate/translate-bdistance/01.md index 2afef50..f2f60a4 100644 --- a/translate/translate-bdistance/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-bdistance/01.md @@ -47,16 +47,16 @@ The strategies are all applied to Exodus 25:10 below. * "They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be two and a half kubits; its width will be one kubit and a half; and its height will be one kubit and a half." 1. Use the metric measurements given in the UDB. The translators of the UDB have already figured how to represent the amounts in the metric system. - * "They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be one meter; its width will be two thirds of a meter; and its height will be two thirds of a meter." + * "They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be one hundred and fifteen centimeters; its width will be sixty-nine centimeters; and its height will be sixty-nine centimeters." 1. Use measurements that are already used in your language. In order to do this you would need to know how your measurements relate to the metric system and figure out each measurement. For example, if you measure things using the standard foot length, you could translate it as below. * "They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be 3 3/4 feet; its width will be 2 1/4 feet; and its height will be 2 1/4 feet." 1. Use the measurements from the ULB and include measurements that your people know in the text or a note. The following shows both measurements in the text. - * "They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be two and a half cubits (one meter); its width will be one cubit and a half (two thirds of a meter); and its height will be one cubit and a half (two thirds of a meter)." + * "They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be two and a half cubits (one hundred and fifteen centimeters); its width will be one cubit and a half (sixty-nine centimeters); and its height will be one cubit and a half (sixty-nine centimeters)." 1. Use measurements that your people know, and include the measurements from the ULB in the text or in a note. The following shows the ULB measurements in notes. - * "They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be one meter1; its width will be two thirds of a meter 2; and its height will be two thirds of a meter." The footnotes would look like: + * "They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be one hundred and fifteen centimeters1; its width will be sixty-nine centimeters 2; and its height will be sixty-nine centimeters." The footnotes would look like: * [1] two and a half cubits * [2] one cubit and a half From 948c257a31e5bc25f95e45d3777a7c5d7bae8886 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Mon, 8 Oct 2018 19:54:41 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 093/551] Fixed Poetry formatting **Examples from the Bible: Looks like poetry Examples of Translation Strategies Applied: Paragraphs to allow standard bulleted formatting. --- translate/figs-exmetaphor/01.md | 70 ++++++--------------------------- 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 58 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-exmetaphor/01.md b/translate/figs-exmetaphor/01.md index 0fab3ef..f482318 100644 --- a/translate/figs-exmetaphor/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-exmetaphor/01.md @@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ In Isaiah 5:1-7, Isaiah presents God's disappointment with his people as the dis >7For the vineyard of Yahweh of hosts is the house of Israel, >and the man of Judah his pleasant planting; ->he waited for justice, but instead, there was killing; for righteousness, but, instead, a cry for help. (ULB) +>he waited for justice, but instead, there was killing; for righteousness, but, instead, a shout for help. (ULB) ### Translation Strategies @@ -59,68 +59,22 @@ Consider using the same extended metaphor if your readers will understand it in ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied -1. If the target audience would think that the images should be understood literally, translate it as a simile by using "like" or "as." It may be enough to to do this in just the first sentence or two. See Psalm 23:1-2 as an example: +1. If the target audience would think that the images should be understood literally, translate it as a simile by using "like" or "as." It may be enough to to do this in just the first sentence or two. -**Formatted as standard Trans Strat Applied ULB with application** * **Yahweh is my shepherd; I will lack nothing. He makes me to lie down in green pastures; he leads me beside tranquil water.** (Psalm 23:1-2 ULB) - * "Yahweh is like a shepherd to me, so I will lack nothing. Like a shepherd who makes his sheep lie down in green pastures and leads them by peaceful waters, Yahweh helps me to rest peacefully." - -**Formatted as poetry** ->**Yahweh is my shepherd; I will lack nothing.** ->**He makes me to lie down in green pastures;** ->**he leads me beside tranquil water.** (ULB) - -Can be translated as: ->"Yahweh is like a shepherd to me, so I will lack nothing. ->Like a shepherd who makes his sheep lie down in green pastures and leads them by peaceful waters, ->Yahweh helps me to rest peacefully." - -**Formatted as Poetry, but using bullets in application so it doesn't look like regular example ULB text.** ->**Yahweh is my shepherd; I will lack nothing.** ->**He makes me to lie down in green pastures;** ->**he leads me beside tranquil water.** (ULB) - -Can be translated as: - * "Yahweh is like a shepherd to me, so I will lack nothing. - * Like a shepherd who makes his sheep lie down in green pastures and leads them by peaceful waters, - * Yahweh helps me to rest peacefully." - - - + * Yahweh is like a shepherd to me, so I will lack nothing. Like a shepherd who makes his sheep lie down in green pastures and leads them by peaceful waters, Yahweh helps me to rest peacefully. + 1. If the target audience would not know the image, find a way of translating it so they can understand what the image is. ->**My well beloved had a vineyard on a very fertile hill.** ->**He spaded it and removed the stones, and planted it with the choicest vine.** ->**He built a tower in the middle of it, and also built a winepress.** ->**He waited for it to produce grapes, but it produced wild grapes.**(Isaiah 5:1-2 ULB) - -May be translated as: ->"My well beloved had a grapevine garden on a very fertile hill. ->He dug up the ground and removed the stones, and planted it with the best grapevines. ->He built a watchtower in the middle of it, and also built a tank where he could crush the juice out of the grapes. ->He waited for it to produce grapes, but it produced wild grapes that were not good for making wine." - + * **My well beloved had a vineyard on a very fertile hill. He spaded it, removed the stones, and planted it with an excellent kind of vine. He built a tower in the middle of it, and also built a winepress. He waited for it to produce grapes, but it only produced wild grapes.**(Isaiah 5:1-2 ULB) + * My well beloved had a grapevine garden on a very fertile hill. He dug up the ground and removed the stones, and planted it with the best grapevines. He built a watchtower in the middle of it, and also built a tank where he could crush the juice out of the grapes. He waited for it to produce grapes, but it produced wild grapes that were not good for making wine." + 1. If the target audience still would not understand, then state it clearly. * **Yahweh is my shepherd; I will lack nothing.** (Psalm 23:1 ULB) - * "Yahweh cares for me like a shepherd that cares for his sheep, so I will lack nothing." - ->**For the vineyard of Yahweh of hosts is the house of Israel,** ->**and the men of Judah his pleasant planting;** ->**he waited for justice, but instead, there was killing;** ->**for righteousness, but, instead, a cry for help.** (Isaiah 5:7 ULB) - -Can be translated as: ->For the vineyard of Yahweh of hosts represents the house of Israel, ->and the men of Judah are like his pleasant planting; ->he waited for justice, but instead, there was killing; ->for righteousness, but, instead, a cry for help. - -OR - -* So as a farmer stops caring for a grapevine garden that produces bad fruit, -* Yahweh will stop protecting Israel and Judah, -* because they do not do what is right. -* he waited for justice, but instead, there was killing; -* for righteousness, but, instead, a cry for help. + * "Yahweh cares for me like a shepherd who cares for his sheep, so I will lack nothing." + * **For the vineyard of Yahweh of hosts is the house of Israel, and the man of Judah his pleasant planting; he waited for justice, but instead, there was killing; for righteousness, but, instead, a shout for help.** (Isaiah 5:7 ULB) + * For the vineyard of Yahweh of hosts represents the house of Israel, and the men of Judah are like his pleasant planting; he waited for justice, but instead, there was killing; for righteousness, but, instead, a cry for help. + * So as a farmer stops caring for a grapevine garden that produces bad fruit, Yahweh will stop protecting Israel and Judah, because they do not do what is right; he waited for justice, but instead, there was killing; for righteousness, but, instead, a cry for help. + From 2573fff9da827652759a6f2ecbb019ab84336160 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Mon, 8 Oct 2018 19:55:11 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 094/551] Update 'translate/tA Decisions.md' --- translate/tA Decisions.md | 2 -- 1 file changed, 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/tA Decisions.md b/translate/tA Decisions.md index bb0caec..5b1989b 100644 --- a/translate/tA Decisions.md +++ b/translate/tA Decisions.md @@ -67,8 +67,6 @@ This is taken from the page for Metaphor: * Now you gather fish. I will make you gather people. - - ### Dividing up the work by the words the files start with Susan - biblicalimagery, bita, figs John - translate From ee7e13c1b9b66f10f3c90f8251eeacff0058ab8c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Mon, 8 Oct 2018 19:57:55 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 095/551] Update 'translate/tA Decisions.md' --- translate/tA Decisions.md | 36 ++++++++++++++++++++---------------- 1 file changed, 20 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/tA Decisions.md b/translate/tA Decisions.md index 5b1989b..e5ff37a 100644 --- a/translate/tA Decisions.md +++ b/translate/tA Decisions.md @@ -4,7 +4,22 @@ Oct 1, 2018, we started going through tA to sure that all the verses that are s Oct 4, 2018, we realized that if translators compare the ULB text in tA with the ULB text in en_ULB, they might find it confusing if the capitalization and punctuation are different. So moving on with our work, we'll make sure that the punctuation and capitalizaton are the same. -### Details for use of ellipses in at beginning or end of ULB text in tA: +### Questions about the need for this: +1. If the examples in en_ta need to be from the ULB, which style would be more helpful for the translators? +1. Do the examples in en_ta need to be from the ULB? Could we have a note at the beginning saying that the examples are from previous or current versions of the ULB? Perhaps we could remove "ULB" after the verse reference. +>I'd go with the latter. -hmw + +##### Comments +1. If all of these materials are intended to be dynamic, it seems it will be impossible to guarantee that all the examples in en_ta perfectly match the current ULB -- unless we do this task every time we make a new version available. +1. Even if we do not need to make the examples the same as the ULB, it would still be good to check the verse references, since there are errors there. + +##### Answers from Chris +1. Keep the ellipses to show that a snippet starts or ends in the middle of a sentence. +1. If the new ULB is still a good example, match the verse in the tA to the ULB. +2. If the new ULB is not a good example, keep the example and remove "ULB" from the reference. +3. We are fixing these up in tA this last time. After we are done, we will not continue to fix up the verses in tA to match the ULB. + +### Details for use of ellipses at beginning or end of ULB text in tA: Ellipsis at beginning: ... text (dot dot dot space text) Ellipsis at end: text.... (text dot dot dot final-punctuation) @@ -30,21 +45,6 @@ Also, how do we write the verse number? (Romans 2:19 ULB) or (Romans 2:19-20 ULB That probably violates everything I told you this morning, but I'm making this up as I go along. -### Questions: -1. If the examples in en_ta need to be from the ULB, which style would be more helpful for the translators? -1. Do the examples in en_ta need to be from the ULB? Could we have a note at the beginning saying that the examples are from previous or current versions of the ULB? Perhaps we could remove "ULB" after the verse reference. ->I'd go with the latter. -hmw - -##### Comments -1. If all of these materials are intended to be dynamic, it seems it will be impossible to guarantee that all the examples in en_ta perfectly match the current ULB -- unless we do this task every time we make a new version available. -1. Even if we do not need to make the examples the same as the ULB, it would still be good to check the verse references, since there are errors there. - -##### Answers from Chris -1. Keep the ellipses to show that a snippet starts or ends in the middle of a sentence. -1. If the new ULB is still a good example, match the verse in the tA to the ULB. -2. If the new ULB is not a good example, keep the example and remove "ULB" from the reference. -3. We are fixing these up in tA this last time. After we are done, we will not continue to fix up the verses in tA to match the ULB. - ### Fixing Line spacing in lists with multiple bullets as in Translation Strategies applied. 1. Remove empty line between examples. 1. Force a line between an application and the next numbered strategy by adding two spaces at the end the application line and two spaces at the beginning of the next blank line. @@ -67,6 +67,10 @@ This is taken from the page for Metaphor: * Now you gather fish. I will make you gather people. +### Poetry in Examples of Translation Strategies Applied. +We can keep the standard bulleted formatting if we do not try to translate it as poetry but as a paragraph. +See https://git.door43.org/WycliffeAssociates/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/figs-exmetaphor/01.md + ### Dividing up the work by the words the files start with Susan - biblicalimagery, bita, figs John - translate From 90796b196884fa68a0963b02d20042cd03d3324f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Mon, 8 Oct 2018 19:58:59 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 096/551] typo --- translate/figs-exmetaphor/01.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-exmetaphor/01.md b/translate/figs-exmetaphor/01.md index f482318..5b541fe 100644 --- a/translate/figs-exmetaphor/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-exmetaphor/01.md @@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ Consider using the same extended metaphor if your readers will understand it in 1. If the target audience would not know the image, find a way of translating it so they can understand what the image is. - * **My well beloved had a vineyard on a very fertile hill. He spaded it, removed the stones, and planted it with an excellent kind of vine. He built a tower in the middle of it, and also built a winepress. He waited for it to produce grapes, but it only produced wild grapes.**(Isaiah 5:1-2 ULB) + * **My well beloved had a vineyard on a very fertile hill. He spaded it, removed the stones, and planted it with an excellent kind of vine. He built a tower in the middle of it, and also built a winepress. He waited for it to produce grapes, but it only produced wild grapes.** (Isaiah 5:1-2 ULB) * My well beloved had a grapevine garden on a very fertile hill. He dug up the ground and removed the stones, and planted it with the best grapevines. He built a watchtower in the middle of it, and also built a tank where he could crush the juice out of the grapes. He waited for it to produce grapes, but it produced wild grapes that were not good for making wine." 1. If the target audience still would not understand, then state it clearly. From bc1276454b996b32a03b5a73c3997a293314afc5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: John Hutchins Date: Mon, 8 Oct 2018 20:00:21 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 097/551] Changed Isa 5:10 to match ULB and fixed spacing --- translate/translate-bvolume/01.md | 31 +++++++++++++------------------ 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/translate-bvolume/01.md b/translate/translate-bvolume/01.md index b7c784d..f7ba100 100644 --- a/translate/translate-bvolume/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-bvolume/01.md @@ -39,32 +39,27 @@ The following terms are the most common units of volume used in the Bible to sta The strategies are all applied to Isaiah 5:10 below. -* **For four hectares of vineyard will yield only one bath, and one homer of seed will yield only an ephah.** (Isaiah 5:10 ULB) +* **For a ten-yoke vineyard will yield only one bath, and one homer of seed will yield only an ephah.** (Isaiah 5:10 ULB) 1. Use the measurements from the ULB. These are the same kinds of measurements that the original writers used. Spell them in a way that is similar to the way they sound or are spelled in the ULB. (see [Copy or Borrow Words](../translate-transliterate/01.md)) - - * "For four hektares of vineyard will yield only one bat, and one homer of seed will yield only an efa." - + * "For a ten-yoke vineyard will yield only one bat, and one homer of seed will yield only an efa." + 1. Use the measurements given in the UDB. Usually they are metric measurements. The translators of the UDB have already figured how to represent the amounts in the metric system. - - * "For four hectares of vineyard will yield only twenty-two liters, and ten baskets of seed will yield only one basket." - * "For four hectares of vineyard will yield only twenty-two liters and 220 liters of seed will yield only twenty-two liters." - + * "For a ten-yoke vineyard will yield only twenty-two liters, and ten baskets of seed will yield only one basket." + * "For a ten-yoke vineyard will yield only twenty-two liters and 220 liters of seed will yield only twenty-two liters." + 1. Use measurements that are already used in your language. In order to do this you would need to know how your measurements relate to the metric system and figure out each measurement. - - * "For four hectares of vineyard will yield only six gallons, and six and a half bushels of seed will yield only twenty quarts." - + * "For a ten-yoke vineyard will yield only six gallons, and six and a half bushels of seed will yield only twenty quarts." + 1. Use the measurements from the ULB and include measurements that your people know in the text or a note. The following shows both measurements in the text. - - * "For four hectares of vineyard will yield only one bath (six gallons), and one homer (six and a half bushels) of seed will yield only an ephah (twenty quarts)." - + * "For a ten-yoke vineyard will yield only one bath (six gallons), and one homer (six and a half bushels) of seed will yield only an ephah (twenty quarts)." + 1. Use measurements that your people know, and include the measurements from the ULB in the text or in a note. The following shows the ULB measurements in footnotes. - - * "For four hectares of vineyard will yield only twenty-two liters1, and 220 liters2 of seed will yield only twenty-two liters3." The footnotes would look like: + * "For a ten-yoke vineyard will yield only twenty-two liters1, and 220 liters2 of seed will yield only twenty-two liters3." The footnotes would look like: * [1]one bath * [2]one homer - * [3]one ephah - + * [3]one ephah + ### When the unit of measure is implied Sometimes the Hebrew does not specify a particular unit of volume but only uses a number. In these cases, many English versions, including the ULB and UDB, add the word "measure." From 8d4dba690964a1d9e03b6350c43e1bf54b9fe7a3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Mon, 8 Oct 2018 20:04:44 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 098/551] Update 'translate/tA Decisions.md' --- translate/tA Decisions.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/tA Decisions.md b/translate/tA Decisions.md index e5ff37a..7ef07a0 100644 --- a/translate/tA Decisions.md +++ b/translate/tA Decisions.md @@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ This is taken from the page for Metaphor: * Now you gather fish. I will make you gather people. -### Poetry in Examples of Translation Strategies Applied. +### Poetry in Examples of Translation Strategies Applied when formatting is not the issue. We can keep the standard bulleted formatting if we do not try to translate it as poetry but as a paragraph. See https://git.door43.org/WycliffeAssociates/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/figs-exmetaphor/01.md From edcf25c61931d0ccdc8aa5011aed4895b337766c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: John Hutchins Date: Mon, 8 Oct 2018 20:05:05 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 099/551] Added underlines where needed --- translate/translate-bvolume/01.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/translate-bvolume/01.md b/translate/translate-bvolume/01.md index f7ba100..de72af2 100644 --- a/translate/translate-bvolume/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-bvolume/01.md @@ -49,13 +49,13 @@ The strategies are all applied to Isaiah 5:10 below. * "For a ten-yoke vineyard will yield only twenty-two liters and 220 liters of seed will yield only twenty-two liters." 1. Use measurements that are already used in your language. In order to do this you would need to know how your measurements relate to the metric system and figure out each measurement. - * "For a ten-yoke vineyard will yield only six gallons, and six and a half bushels of seed will yield only twenty quarts." + * "For a ten-yoke vineyard will yield only six gallons, and six and a half bushels of seed will yield only twenty quarts." 1. Use the measurements from the ULB and include measurements that your people know in the text or a note. The following shows both measurements in the text. * "For a ten-yoke vineyard will yield only one bath (six gallons), and one homer (six and a half bushels) of seed will yield only an ephah (twenty quarts)." 1. Use measurements that your people know, and include the measurements from the ULB in the text or in a note. The following shows the ULB measurements in footnotes. - * "For a ten-yoke vineyard will yield only twenty-two liters1, and 220 liters2 of seed will yield only twenty-two liters3." The footnotes would look like: + * "For a ten-yoke vineyard will yield only twenty-two liters1, and 220 liters2 of seed will yield only twenty-two liters3." The footnotes would look like: * [1]one bath * [2]one homer * [3]one ephah From ecfb900332a3fba49e8056f3aaf93fc1b9712379 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: John Hutchins Date: Mon, 8 Oct 2018 20:08:51 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 100/551] Changed Hag 2:16 to match ULB and fixed typos --- translate/translate-bvolume/01.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/translate-bvolume/01.md b/translate/translate-bvolume/01.md index de72af2..007d27c 100644 --- a/translate/translate-bvolume/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-bvolume/01.md @@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ The strategies are all applied to Isaiah 5:10 below. * "For a ten-yoke vineyard will yield only one bath (six gallons), and one homer (six and a half bushels) of seed will yield only an ephah (twenty quarts)." 1. Use measurements that your people know, and include the measurements from the ULB in the text or in a note. The following shows the ULB measurements in footnotes. - * "For a ten-yoke vineyard will yield only twenty-two liters1, and 220 liters2 of seed will yield only twenty-two liters3." The footnotes would look like: + * "For a ten-yoke vineyard will yield only twenty-two liters,1 and 220 liters2 of seed will yield only twenty-two liters.3" The footnotes would look like: * [1]one bath * [2]one homer * [3]one ephah @@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ The strategies are all applied to Isaiah 5:10 below. Sometimes the Hebrew does not specify a particular unit of volume but only uses a number. In these cases, many English versions, including the ULB and UDB, add the word "measure." -* **whenever anyone came to the grainery for twenty measures of grain, there were only ten, and whenever someone came to the wine vat to draw out fifty measures of wine, there were only twenty.** (Haggai 2:16 ULB) +* **When you came to a heap of twenty measures of grain, there were only ten; and when you came to the wine vat to draw out fifty measures, there were only twenty.** (Haggai 2:16 ULB) #### Translation Strategies From ac9d2b857f0c88ce3c9b09fcdd87c6384d7557f1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: John Hutchins Date: Mon, 8 Oct 2018 20:26:51 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 101/551] Fixed examples under TSA to match ULB. Fixed spacing --- translate/translate-bvolume/01.md | 20 ++++++++------------ 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/translate-bvolume/01.md b/translate/translate-bvolume/01.md index 007d27c..20389a4 100644 --- a/translate/translate-bvolume/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-bvolume/01.md @@ -77,21 +77,17 @@ Sometimes the Hebrew does not specify a particular unit of volume but only uses The strategies are all applied to Haggai 2:16 below. -* **whenever anyone came to the grainery for twenty measures of grain, there were only ten, and whenever someone came to the wine vat to draw out fifty measures of wine, there were only twenty.** (Haggai 2:16 ULB) +* **When you came to a heap of twenty measures of grain, there were only ten; and when you came to the wine vat to draw out fifty measures, there were only twenty.** (Haggai 2:16 ULB) 1. Translate literally by using the number without a unit. - - * whenever anyone came to the grainery for twenty of grain, there were only ten, and whenever someone came to the wine vat to draw out fifty of wine, there were only twenty. - + * When you came to a heap of twenty of grain, there were only ten; and when you came to the wine vat to draw out fifty, there were only twenty. + 1. Use a generic word like "measure" or "quantity" or "amount." - - * whenever anyone came to the grainery for twenty amounts of grain, there were only ten, and whenever someone came to the wine vat to draw out fifty amounts of wine, there were only twenty. - + * When you came to a heap of twenty amounts of grain, there were only ten; and when you came to the wine vat to draw out fifty amounts, there were only twenty. + 1. Use the name of an appropriate container, such as "basket" for grain or "jar" for wine. - - * whenever anyone came to the grainery for twenty baskets of grain, there were only ten, and whenever someone came to the wine vat to draw out fifty jars of wine, there were only twenty. - + * When you came to a heap of twenty baskets of grain, there were only ten; and when you came to the wine vat to draw out fifty jars, there were only twenty. + 1. Use a unit of measure that you are already using in your translation. - - * whenever anyone came to the grainery for twenty liters of grain, there were only ten liters, and whenever someone came to the wine vat to draw out fifty liters of wine, there were only twenty liters. + * When you came to a heap of twenty liters of grain, there were only ten; and when you came to the wine vat to draw out fifty liters, there were only twenty. From 841f9a251dc9ac1fe74fc39e4da3a295b63547c4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Mon, 8 Oct 2018 20:27:21 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 102/551] Update 'translate/figs-explicit/01.md' --- translate/figs-explicit/01.md | 23 ++++++++--------------- 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-explicit/01.md b/translate/figs-explicit/01.md index c8ed1b7..356afea 100644 --- a/translate/figs-explicit/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-explicit/01.md @@ -48,26 +48,19 @@ If readers have enough assumed knowledge to be able to understand the message, a * **Jesus said to him, "Foxes have holes, and the birds of the sky have nests, but the Son of Man has nowhere to lay his head."** (Matthew 8:20 ULB) - Assumed knowledge was that the foxes slept in their holes and birds slept in their nests. * Jesus said to him, "Foxes have holes to live in, and the birds of the sky have nests to live in, but the Son of Man has nowhere to lay his head and sleep." - - * **it will be more tolerable for Tyre and Sidon at the day of judgment than for you** (Matthew 11:22 ULB) - Assumed knowledge was that the people of Tyre and Sidon were very, very wicked. This can be stated explicitly. - - * ... it will be more tolerable for those cities Tyre and Sidon, whose people were very wicked, at the day of judgment than for you - * Or: - * ... it will be more tolerable for those wicked cities Tyre and Sidon at the day of judgment than for you - + * **But it will be more tolerable for Tyre and Sidon at the day of judgment than for you.** (Matthew 11:22 ULB) - Assumed knowledge was that the people of Tyre and Sidon were very, very wicked. This can be stated explicitly. + * But it will be more tolerable for those cities Tyre and Sidon, whose people were very wicked, at the day of judgment than for you. + * But it will be more tolerable for those wicked cities Tyre and Sidon at the day of judgment than for you. * **Why do your disciples violate the traditions of the elders? For they do not wash their hands when they eat.** (Matthew 15:2 ULB) - Assumed knowledge was that one of the traditions of the elders was a ceremony in which people would wash their hands in order to be ritually clean before eating, which they must do to be righteous. It was not to remove germs from their hands to avoid sickness, as a modern reader might think. - - * Why do your disciples violate the traditions of the elders? For they do not go through the ceremonial handwashing ritual of righteousness when they eat. - + * Why do your disciples violate the traditions of the elders? For they do not go through the ceremonial handwashing ritual of righteousness when they eat. + 1. If readers cannot understand the message because they do not know certain implicit information, then state that information clearly, but try to do it in a way that does not imply that the information was new to the original audience. * **Then a scribe came to him and said, "Teacher, I will follow you wherever you go." Jesus said to him, "Foxes have holes, and the birds of the sky have nests, but the Son of Man has nowhere to lay his head."** (Matthew 8:19, 20 ULB) - Implicit information is that Jesus himself is the Son of Man. Other implicit information is that if the scribe wanted to follow Jesus, he would have to live like Jesus without a house. - * Jesus said to him, "Foxes have holes, and the birds of the sky have nests, but I, the Son of Man, have no home to rest in. If you want to follow me, you will live as I live." + * **If the mighty deeds had been done in Tyre and Sidon which were done in you, they would have repented long ago in sackcloth and ashes. But it will be more tolerable for Tyre and Sidon at the day of judgment than for you** (Matthew 11:22 ULB) - Implicit information is that the people of Tyre and Sidon were very wicked, and that God would not only judge the people; he would punish them. These things can be made explicit. + * If the mighty deeds had been done in Tyre and Sidon which were done in you, they would have repented long ago in sackcloth and ashes. But at the day of judgment, God will punish you more severely than Tyre and Sidon, those cities whose people were very wicked. + * If the mighty deeds which were done in you had been done in the wicked cities of Tyre and Sidon, they would have repented long ago in sackcloth and ashes. But at the day of judgment, God will punish them less severely than he will punish you. - * **it will be more tolerable for Tyre and Sidon at the day of judgment than for you** (Matthew 11:22 ULB) - Implicit information is that God would not only judge the people; he would punish them. This can be made explicit. - - * At the day of judgment, God will punish Tyre and Sidon, cities whose people were very wicked, less severely than he will punish you - * At the day of judgment, God will punish you more severely than Tyre and Sidon, cities whose people were very wicked. Modern readers may not know some of the things that the people in the Bible and the people who first read it knew. This can make it hard for them to understand what a speaker or writer says, and to learn things that the speaker left implicit. Translators may need to state some things explicitly in the translation that the original speaker or writer left unstated or implicit. From 27e2c1aa03f35fde0bdc5b16f2264c23fec14927 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: John Hutchins Date: Mon, 8 Oct 2018 20:39:46 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 103/551] Changed Exo 38:29 to match ULB. Fixed spacing --- translate/translate-bweight/01.md | 26 ++++++++++---------------- 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/translate-bweight/01.md b/translate/translate-bweight/01.md index 5d43d4c..53f7c28 100644 --- a/translate/translate-bweight/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-bweight/01.md @@ -33,27 +33,21 @@ The following terms are the most common units of weight in the Bible. The term " The strategies are all applied to Exodus 38:29 below. -* **The bronze from the offering weighed seventy talents and 2,400 shekels.** (Exodus 38:29 ULB) +* **The bronze from the wave offering weighed seventy talents and 2,400 shekels.** (Exodus 38:29 ULB) 1. Use the measurements from the ULB. These are the same kinds of measurements that the original writers used. Spell them in a way that is similar to the way they sound or are spelled in the ULB. (see [Copy or Borrow Words](../translate-transliterate/01.md)) - - * "The bronze from the offering weighed seventy talentes and 2,400 sekeles." - + * "The bronze from the wave offering weighed seventy talentes and 2,400 sekeles." + 1. Use the metric measurements given in the UDB. The translators of the UDB have already figured how to represent the amounts in the metric system. - - * "The bronze from the offering weighed 2,400 kilograms." - + * "The bronze from the wave offering weighed 2,400 kilograms." + 1. Use measurements that are already used in your language. In order to do this you would need to know how your measurements relate to the metric system and figure out each measurement. - - * "The bronze from the offering weighed 5,300 pounds." - + * "The bronze from the wave offering weighed 5,300 pounds." + 1. Use the measurements from the ULB and include measurements that your people know in the text or a footnote. The following shows both measurements in the text. - - * "The bronze from the offering weighed seventy talents (2,380 kilograms) and 2,400 shekels (26.4 kilograms)." - + * "The bronze from the wave offering weighed seventy talents (2,380 kilograms) and 2,400 shekels (26.4 kilograms)." + 1. Use measurements that your people know, and include the measurements from the ULB in the text or in a footnote. The following shows the ULB measurements in notes. - - * "The bronze from the offering weighed seventy talents and 2,400 shekels.1" + * "The bronze from the wave offering weighed seventy talents and 2,400 shekels.1" * The footnote would look like: - [1] This was a total of about 2,400 kilograms. From 14439c0a42c7158fdd9d378e23bb3cdd47d21ca2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: John Hutchins Date: Mon, 8 Oct 2018 20:40:54 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 104/551] Fixed spacing --- translate/translate-bweight/01.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/translate-bweight/01.md b/translate/translate-bweight/01.md index 53f7c28..fdc6db1 100644 --- a/translate/translate-bweight/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-bweight/01.md @@ -49,5 +49,5 @@ The strategies are all applied to Exodus 38:29 below. 1. Use measurements that your people know, and include the measurements from the ULB in the text or in a footnote. The following shows the ULB measurements in notes. * "The bronze from the wave offering weighed seventy talents and 2,400 shekels.1" - * The footnote would look like: + * The footnote would look like: [1] This was a total of about 2,400 kilograms. From 9aa7b7b2311e9deba5dd9d55a92e1571c62b33f4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Mon, 8 Oct 2018 21:19:53 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 105/551] Checking verses with ULB --- translate/figs-explicitinfo/01.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-explicitinfo/01.md b/translate/figs-explicitinfo/01.md index b6eaa80..9ad1507 100644 --- a/translate/figs-explicitinfo/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-explicitinfo/01.md @@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ In Biblical Hebrew, it was normal to start most sentences with a conjunction suc In Biblical Hebrew, it was normal to say that something was burned with fire. In English, the idea of fire is included in the action of burning, and so it is unnatural to state both ideas explicitly. It is enough to say that something was burned and leave the idea of fire implicit. ->The centurion answered and said, "Lord, I am not worthy that you should enter under my roof.” (Matthew 8:8 ULB) +>The centurion answered and said, "Lord, I am not worthy that you should enter under my roof." (Matthew 8:8 ULB) In the biblical languages, it was normal to introduce direct speech with two verbs of speaking. One verb indicated the mode of address, and the other introduced the words of the speaker. English speakers do not do this, so it is very unnatural and confusing to use two verbs. For the English speaker, the idea of speaking is included in the idea of answering. Using two verbs in English implies two separate speeches, rather than just one. So in English, it is better to use only one verb of speaking. From 19027ba078e7b7aad8cb88693c16aeee662fbfbb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: hmw3 Date: Mon, 8 Oct 2018 19:32:48 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 106/551] Checked verses with ULB --- translate/guidelines-accurate/01.md | 4 ++-- translate/guidelines-equal/01.md | 10 +++++----- translate/guidelines-faithful/01.md | 4 ++-- translate/guidelines-historical/01.md | 4 ++-- translate/guidelines-sonofgod/01.md | 17 ++++++++--------- 5 files changed, 19 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/guidelines-accurate/01.md b/translate/guidelines-accurate/01.md index bc17e34..6c37767 100644 --- a/translate/guidelines-accurate/01.md +++ b/translate/guidelines-accurate/01.md @@ -12,10 +12,10 @@ To create an **accurate** translation of the Bible means that the translation co First, read each passage a few times to discover the meaning. Use the two versions of the Bible available in translationStudio: the *Unlocked Dynamic Bible* and the *Unlocked Literal Bible*. Also read the definitions of the translationWords and the translationNotes. First read the *Unlocked Literal Bible*: ->Whatever town you enter, and they receive you, eat what is set before you, and heal the sick that are there. Say to them, 'The kingdom of God has come close to you.' (Luke 10:8-9 ULB) +>Whatever town you enter, and they receive you, eat what is set before you and heal the sick that are there. Say to them, 'The kingdom of God has come close to you.' (Luke 10:8-9 ULB) Look at the *Unlocked Dynamic Bible* in the translationHelps: ->Whenever you enter a town and the people there welcome you, eat whatever food they provide for you. Heal the people there who are sick. Tell them, 'The kingdom of God is right here near you.' (Luke 10:8-9 UDB) +>Whenever you enter a town and the people there welcome you, eat whatever food they provide for you. Heal the people there who are sick. Tell them, 'God will soon rule everywhere as king.' (Luke 10:8-9 UDB) Do you notice the differences? There are some differences in the words each Bible version uses. diff --git a/translate/guidelines-equal/01.md b/translate/guidelines-equal/01.md index 821f6f5..148e7a1 100644 --- a/translate/guidelines-equal/01.md +++ b/translate/guidelines-equal/01.md @@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ It is the **real meaning** of the whole figure of speech that should be translat **Description** - Rhetorical questions are a type of question that does not expect an answer or ask for information. They usually express some kind of emotion and can be intended as a rebuke, a warning, to express surprise, or something else. -See, for example, Matthew 3:7: "You offspring of poisonous snakes, who warned you to flee from the wrath that is coming?" +See, for example, Matthew 3:7: "You offspring of vipers, who warned you to flee from the wrath that is coming?" Here no answer is expected. The speaker is not asking for information; he is rebuking his hearers. It does no good to warn these people of God's wrath, because they refuse the only way to escape it: to repent of their sins. @@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ You may need to restate this rhetorical question as a statement when you transla **Definition** - Languages use exclamations to communicate emotion. Sometimes the exclamation word or words do not have meaning other than the expression of emotion, such as the words "alas" or "wow" in English. -See, for example, 1 Samuel 4:8: **Woe to us**! Who will protect us from the strength of these mighty gods? (ULB) +See, for example, 1 Samuel 4:8: Woe to us! Who will protect us from the strength of these mighty gods? (ULB) The Hebrew word translated as "woe" here expresses strong emotion about something bad happening. If possible, try to find an exclamation in your language that communicates this same emotion. @@ -68,9 +68,9 @@ The Hebrew word translated as "woe" here expresses strong emotion about somethin **Description** - Poetry does this through many different ways that can be different in different languages. These ways can include everything discussed so far, such as figures of speech and exclamations. Poetry might also use grammar differently than ordinary speech, or use wordplays or words with similar sounds or certain rhythms to convey emotion. See, for example, Psalm 36:5: -Your covenant faithfulness, Yahweh, [reaches] to the heavens; -your loyalty [reaches] to the clouds. (ULB) +Your covenant faithfulness, Yahweh, reaches to the heavens; +your loyalty reaches to the clouds. (ULB) -This verse of poetry repeats a similar idea in two lines, which is good Hebrew poetic style. Also, there are no verbs in the Hebrew original, which is a different use of grammar than ordinary speech would use. Poetry in your language may have different things that mark it as poetry. When you are translating poetry, try to use the forms of your language that communicate to the reader that this is poetry, and that communicate the same emotions that the source poem is trying to communicate. +This verse of poetry repeats a similar idea in two lines, which is good Hebrew poetic style. Also, there are no verbs in the Hebrew original, so the ULB translation supplies the word "reaches" in both lines. Poetry in your language may have different things that mark it as poetry. When you are translating poetry, try to use the forms of your language that communicate to the reader that this is poetry, and that communicate the same emotions that the source poem is trying to communicate. **Remember:** Communicate the feelings and attitudes of the original text. Translate them into forms that communicate in a similar way in your language. Consider how that meaning can best be **Accurately**, **Clearly**, **Equally**, and **Naturally Expressed** in the Target Language. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/translate/guidelines-faithful/01.md b/translate/guidelines-faithful/01.md index aeb76b4..63b9c45 100644 --- a/translate/guidelines-faithful/01.md +++ b/translate/guidelines-faithful/01.md @@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ Always translating faithfully can be difficult for several reasons: 1. You might want to translate a Bible passage in a way that accords with your culture, rather than according to what it meant when it was written. - * Example: It is common in North American culture for women to speak and preach in churches. A translator from that culture might be tempted to translate the words of 1 Corinthians 14:34 in a way that is not as strict as the Apostle Paul wrote them: "... the women should keep silent in the churches." But a faithful translator will translate the meaning of the Bible passage just the way it is. + * Example: It is common in North American culture for women to speak and preach in churches. A translator from that culture might be tempted to translate the words of 1 Corinthians 14:34 in a way that is not as strict as the Apostle Paul wrote them: "The women should keep silent in the churches." But a faithful translator will translate the meaning of the Bible passage just the way it is. 1. You might not like something that the Bible says, and be tempted to change it. @@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ Always translating faithfully can be difficult for several reasons: 1. You might know something extra about the Bible passage that you are translating and want to add that to your translation. - * Example: When you are translating Mark 10:11, "Whoever divorces his wife and marries another woman commits adultery against her," you might know that in Matthew 19:9 there is also the phrase, "...except for sexual immorality...." Even so, do not add this phrase into Mark 10:11, because that would not be translating faithfully. Also, do not add any of your own ideas or teachings from your church. Only translate the meaning that is there in the Bible passage. + * Example: When you are translating Mark 10:11, "Whoever divorces his wife and marries another woman commits adultery against her," you might know that in Matthew 19:9 there is also the phrase, "except for sexual immorality." Even so, do not add this phrase into Mark 10:11, because that would not be translating faithfully. Also, do not add any of your own ideas or teachings from your church. Only translate the meaning that is there in the Bible passage. In order to avoid these biases, especially the ones that you might not be aware of, you must study the translationNotes (see http://ufw.io/tn/), translationWords (see http://ufw.io/tw/) and the *Unlocked Dynamic Bible* (see http://ufw.io/udb/), as well as any other translation helps that you have. That way you will know what the meaning of the Bible passage is, and you will be less likely to translate in a biased, unfaithful way. diff --git a/translate/guidelines-historical/01.md b/translate/guidelines-historical/01.md index 99caff0..20897f2 100644 --- a/translate/guidelines-historical/01.md +++ b/translate/guidelines-historical/01.md @@ -18,9 +18,9 @@ Some explanation can be included in the text, as long as it is brief and does no Let us compare 1 Corinthians 10:1 from the ULB and UDB. ->"I want you to know, brothers and sisters that our fathers were all under the cloud and all passed through the sea. " (ULB) +>"I do not want you to be uninformed, brothers, that our fathers were all under the cloud and all passed through the sea." (ULB) ->"I want you to remember, brothers and sisters, that our Jewish ancestors were following God, who led them as a cloud during the day, as they passed through the Red Sea on dry land, long ago in the time of the Exodus." (UDB) +>"I want you to remember, brothers and sisters, that our Jewish ancestors were following God, who led them out of Egypt by means of a cloud during the day, and that they passed through the Sea of Reeds on dry land." (UDB) Notice that the UDB makes several points explicit: the 'fathers were all under the cloud' tells of the time that God led the Jewish ancestors as a cloud. The statement that 'our fathers passed through the sea' is also about the 'passing through the Red Sea in the time of the exodus.' The UDB translator decided to explicitly describe the historical events. This is a way to translate historical events that is more meaningful for those who have little knowledge of Old Testament history. diff --git a/translate/guidelines-sonofgod/01.md b/translate/guidelines-sonofgod/01.md index 971cb03..152e3ed 100644 --- a/translate/guidelines-sonofgod/01.md +++ b/translate/guidelines-sonofgod/01.md @@ -4,34 +4,33 @@ #### The Bible teaches that there is only one God. In the Old Testament: ->Yahweh, he is God; there is no other God! (I Kings 8:60 ULB) +>Yahweh, he is God, and there is no other God!! (1 Kings 8:60 ULB) In the New Testament: ->Jesus said,... "This is everlasting life: that they should know you, the only true God". (John 17:3 ULB) +>Jesus said,... "This is eternal life: That they know you, the only true God". (John 17:3 ULB) (See also: Deuteronomy 4:35, Ephesians 4:5-6, 1 Timothy 2:5, James 2:19) #### The Old Testament begins to reveal God's three persons. ->God created the heavens... The Spirit of God was moving... "Let us make man in our image." (Genesis 1:1-2 ULB) +>God created the heavens ... The Spirit of God was moving ... "Let us make man in our image." (Genesis 1:1-2, 26 ULB) ->God has spoken to us by a Son... through whom he also made the universe. His Son is the radiance of his glory, the very character of his essence... about the Son he says,... "In the beginning, Lord, you laid earth's foundation; the heavens are the work of your hands." (Hebrews 1:2-3, and 8-10 ULB quoting Psalm 102:25) +>But in these last days, he has spoken to us through a Son, whom he appointed to be the heir of all things. ... But to the Son he says, "Your throne, God, is forever and ever. The scepter of your kingdom is the scepter of justice. ... In the beginning, Lord, you laid the earth's foundation. The heavens are the work of your hands." (Hebrews 1:2, 10 ULB, quoting Psalm 45:6; 102:25) #### The Church has always found it necessary to state what the New Testament says about God by affirming that he exists in three distinct persons: The Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. >Jesus said, "...Baptize them into the name of the Father, of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit." (Matthew 28:19 ULB) - ->God sent his Son, born of a woman,... God sent the Spirit of his Son into our hearts, who calls, "Abba, Father." (Galatians 4:4-6 ULB) +>God sent out his Son, born of a woman ... God has sent into our hearts the Spirit of his Son, who calls out, "Abba, Father." (Galatians 4:4-6 ULB) See also: John 14:16-17, 1 Peter 1:2 Each person of God is fully God and is called "God" in the Bible. ->Yet for us there is only one God the Father ... (1 Corinthians 8:6 ULB) +>Yet for us there is only one God, the Father ... (1 Corinthians 8:6 ULB) ->Thomas answered and said to him, "My Lord and my God." Jesus said to him, "Because you have seen me, you have believed. Blessed are those who have not seen, and yet have believed." (John 20:28-29 ULB) +>Thomas answered and said to him, "My Lord and my God." Jesus said to him, "Because you have seen me, you have believed. Blessed are those who have not seen, and believed." (John 20:28-29 ULB) >But Peter said, "Ananias, why has Satan filled your heart to lie to the Holy Spirit and to keep back part of the price of the land?... You have not lied to men, but to God." (Acts 5:3-4 ULB) Each person is also distinct from the other two persons. All three persons can appear separately at the same time. In the verses below, God the Son is baptized while God the Spirit comes down and God the Father speaks from heaven. ->After he was baptized, Jesus came up... from the water... He saw the Spirit of God coming down..., and a voice [the Father's] came out of the heavens saying, "This is my Beloved Son..." (Matthew 3:16-17 ULB) \ No newline at end of file +>After he was baptized, Jesus came up ... from the water.... He saw the Spirit of God coming down ... and a voice [the Father's] came out of the heavens saying, "This is my Beloved Son...." (Matthew 3:16-17 ULB) \ No newline at end of file From 2ba1be58ad004211de86bebd372ed053ed9c4a57 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Tue, 9 Oct 2018 12:36:57 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 107/551] Changed smart quotes to dumb quotes ESV and ULB verses are fine. --- translate/figs-explicitinfo/01.md | 8 ++++---- 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-explicitinfo/01.md b/translate/figs-explicitinfo/01.md index 9ad1507..cedf80d 100644 --- a/translate/figs-explicitinfo/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-explicitinfo/01.md @@ -38,9 +38,9 @@ In the biblical languages, it was normal to introduce direct speech with two ver * Abimelech came to the tower and fought against it and drew near to the door of the tower to burn it. * Abimelech came to the tower and fought against it and drew near to the door of the tower to set it on fire. -In English, it is clear that the action of this verse follows the action of the previous verse without the use of the connector “and” at the beginning, so it was omitted. Also, the words “with fire” were left out, because this information is communicated implicitly by the word “burn.” An alternative translation for “to burn it” is “to set it on fire.” It is not natural in English to use both “burn” and “fire,” so the English translator should choose only one of them. You can test if the readers understood the implicit information by asking, “How would the door burn?” If they knew it was by fire, then they have understood the implicit information. Or, if you chose the second option, you could ask, “What happens to a door that is set on fire?” If the readers answer, “It burns,” then they have understood the implicit information. +In English, it is clear that the action of this verse follows the action of the previous verse without the use of the connector "and" at the beginning, so it was omitted. Also, the words "with fire" were left out, because this information is communicated implicitly by the word "burn." An alternative translation for "to burn it" is "to set it on fire." It is not natural in English to use both "burn” and "fire," so the English translator should choose only one of them. You can test if readers understand the implicit information by asking, "How would the door burn?" If they know it was by fire, then they have understood the implicit information. Or, if you choose the second option, you can ask, "What happens to a door that is set on fire?" If the readers answer, "It burns," then they have understood the implicit information. - * **The centurion answered and said, "Lord, I am not worthy that you should enter under my roof.”** (Matthew 8:8 ULB) - * The centurion answered, "Lord, I am not worthy that you should enter under my roof.” + * **The centurion answered and said, "Lord, I am not worthy that you should enter under my roof."** (Matthew 8:8 ULB) + * The centurion answered, "Lord, I am not worthy that you should enter under my roof." -In English, the information that the centurion answered by speaking is included in the verb “answered,” so the verb “said” can be left implicit. You can test if the readers understood the implicit information by asking, “How did the centurion answer?” If they knew it was by speaking, then they have understood the implicit information. +In English, the information that the centurion answered by speaking is included in the verb "answered," so the verb "said" can be left implicit. You can test if the readers understand the implicit information by asking, "How did the centurion answer?" If they know it was by speaking, then they have understood the implicit information. From 4b4611f2a1dec359d902c1ba889617b1841f1f3e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Tue, 9 Oct 2018 13:03:55 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 108/551] Checked verses with ULB --- translate/figs-gendernotations/01.md | 14 ++++++++------ 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-gendernotations/01.md b/translate/figs-gendernotations/01.md index 9888d30..daac8d2 100644 --- a/translate/figs-gendernotations/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-gendernotations/01.md @@ -3,11 +3,13 @@ In some parts of the Bible, the words "men", "brothers" and "sons" refer only to ### Description -In some languages a word that normally refers to men can also be used in a more general way to refer to both men and women. For example, the Bible sometimes says 'brothers' when it refers to both brothers and sisters. +In some languages a word that normally refers to men can also be used in a more general way to refer to both men and women. For example, the Bible sometimes says "sons" when it refers to both sons and daughters. -Also in some languages, the masculine pronouns "he" and "him" can be used in a more general way for any person if it is not important whether the person is a man or a woman. In the example below, the pronoun is "his", but it is not limited to males. ->A wise child makes his father rejoice ->but a foolish child brings grief to his mother. (Proverbs 10:1 ULB) +>For as many as are led by the Spirit of God, these are sons of God. (Proverbs 10:1 ULB) + +Also in some languages, the masculine pronouns "he" and "him" and "his" can be used in a more general way for any person if it is not important whether the person is a man or a woman. In the example below, the pronouns are "he" and "his," but they do not refer only to males. + +>He who finds his life will lose it. (Matthew 10:39 ULB) #### Reason this is a translation issue @@ -50,8 +52,8 @@ If people would understand that that masculine words like "man," "brother," and 1. Use a word that refers to men and a word that refers to women. - * **For we do not want you to be ignorant, brothers, about the troubles we had in Asia.** (2 Corinthians 1:8) - Paul was writing this letter to both men and women. - * "For we do not want you to be ignorant, brothers and sisters, about the troubles we had in Asia." (2 Corinthians 1:8) + * **For we do not want you to be uninformed, brothers, about the troubles we had in Asia.** (2 Corinthians 1:8) - Paul was writing this letter to both men and women. + * "For we do not want you to be uninformed, brothers and sisters, about the troubles we had in Asia." (2 Corinthians 1:8) 1. Use pronouns that can be used for both men and women. From 748b778b6b2f2eb3b3fab7e1db3cd08d1e3c0758 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Tue, 9 Oct 2018 13:14:04 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 109/551] Checked verses with ULB --- translate/figs-genericnoun/01.md | 33 ++++++++++++++++---------------- 1 file changed, 17 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-genericnoun/01.md b/translate/figs-genericnoun/01.md index d1ec51a..ecd96ba 100644 --- a/translate/figs-genericnoun/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-genericnoun/01.md @@ -4,9 +4,9 @@ Generic noun phrases refer to people or things in general rather than to specific individuals or things. This happens frequently in proverbs, because proverbs tell about things that are true about people in general. ->Can a man walk on hot coals without scorching his feet? +>Can a man walk on hot coals without scorching his feet? >So is the man who goes into his neighbor's wife; ->the one who has relations with her will not go unpunished. (Proverbs 6:28 ULB) +>the one who touches her will not go unpunished. (Proverbs 6:28 ULB) The underlined phrases above do not refer to a specific man. They refer to any man who does these things. @@ -16,11 +16,11 @@ Different languages have different ways of showing that noun phrases refer to so ### Examples from the Bible ->The one who does what is right is kept away from trouble and it comes upon the wicked instead. (Proverbs 11:8 ULB) +>The righteous person is kept away from trouble and it comes upon the wicked instead. (Proverbs 11:8 ULB) The underlined phrases above do not refer to any specific people but to anyone who does what is right or anyone who is wicked. ->People curse the man who refuses to sell them grain. (Proverbs 11:26 ULB) +>People curse the man who refuses to sell them grain.... (Proverbs 11:26 ULB) This does not refer to a particular man, but to any person who refuses to sell grain. >Yahweh gives favor to a good man, but he condemns a man who makes evil plans. (Proverbs 12:2 ULB) @@ -42,26 +42,27 @@ If your language can use the same wording as in the ULB to refer to people or th 1. Use the word "the" in the noun phrase. * **Yahweh gives favor to a good man, but he condemns a man who makes evil plans.** (Proverbs 12:2 ULB) - * "Yahweh gives favor to the good man, but he condemns the man who makes evil plans." (Proverbs 12:2) - + * "Yahweh gives favor to the good man, but he condemns the man who makes evil plans." (Proverbs 12:2) + 1. Use the word "a" in the noun phrase. - * **People curse the man who refuses to sell them grain.** (Proverbs 11:26 ULB) - * "People curse a man who refuses to sell them grain" - + * **People curse the man who refuses to sell them grain....** (Proverbs 11:26 ULB) + * "People curse a man who refuses to sell them grain...." + 1. Use the word "any, as in "any person" or "anyone." - * **People curse the man who refuses to sell them grain.** (Proverbs 11:26 ULB) - * "People curse any man who refuses to sell them grain." - + * **People curse the man who refuses to sell them grain....** (Proverbs 11:26 ULB) + * "People curse any man who refuses to sell them grain...." + 1. Use the plural form, as in "people" (or in this sentence, "men"). * **People curse the man who refuses to sell them grain.** (Proverbs 11:26 ULB) - * "People curse men who refuse to sell them grain" - + * "People curse men who refuse to sell them grain" + 1. Use any other way that is natural in your language. - * **People curse the man who refuses to sell them grain.** (Proverbs 11:26 ULB) - * "People curse whoever refuses to sell them grain." + * **People curse the man who refuses to sell them grain....** (Proverbs 11:26 ULB) + * "People curse whoever refuses to sell them grain...." + * "People curse those who refuse to sell them grain...." From 215d3374e22028cbce384ce1a7fb8e055a5937c2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Tue, 9 Oct 2018 13:25:32 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 110/551] Checking verses with ULB --- translate/figs-go/01.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-go/01.md b/translate/figs-go/01.md index fcc4d11..617d2d7 100644 --- a/translate/figs-go/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-go/01.md @@ -10,13 +10,13 @@ Different languages have different ways of talking about motion. The biblical la ### Examples from the Bible ->Yahweh said to Noah, "Come, you and all your household, into the ark (Genesis 7:1 ULB) +>Yahweh said to Noah, "Come, you and all your household, into the ark.... (Genesis 7:1 ULB) In some languages, this would lead people to think that Yahweh was in the ark. >But you will be free from my oath if you come to my relatives and they will not give her to you. Then you will be free from my oath. (Genesis 24:41 ULB) -Abraham was speaking to his servant. Abraham's relatives lived far away, from where he and his servant were standing and he wanted his servant to go to them, not come toward Abraham. +Abraham was speaking to his servant. Abraham's relatives lived far away from where he and his servant were standing, and he wanted his servant to go to them, not come toward Abraham. >When you have come to the land that Yahweh your God gives you, and when you take possession of it and begin to live in it ... (Deuteronomy 17:14 ULB) From 190c9a9e1ff8b425e016062372196ca95da2d092 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: hmw3 Date: Tue, 9 Oct 2018 11:04:41 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 111/551] Checked verses with ULB --- translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples/01.md | 14 +++++++------- 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples/01.md b/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples/01.md index aa547b4..bfbe6fb 100644 --- a/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples/01.md +++ b/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples/01.md @@ -6,11 +6,11 @@ Door43 supports Bible translations that represent these concepts when they refer **"Father" and "Son" are names that God calls himself in the Bible.** The Bible shows that God called Jesus his Son: ->After he was baptized, Jesus came up immediately from the water, and... a voice came out of the heavens saying, "This is my beloved Son. I am very pleased with him." (Matthew 3:16-17 ULB) +>After he was baptized, Jesus came up immediately from the water, and ... a voice came out of the heavens saying, "This is my beloved Son. I am very pleased with him." (Matthew 3:16-17 ULB) The Bible shows that Jesus called God his Father: ->Jesus said, "I praise you Father, Lord of heaven and earth,... no one knows the Son except the Father, and no one knows the Father except the Son" (Matthew 11:25-27 ULB) (See also: John 6:26-57) +>Jesus said, "I praise you Father, Lord of heaven and earth ... no one knows the Son except the Father, and no one knows the Father except the Son" (Matthew 11:25-27 ULB) (See also: John 6:26-57) Christians have found that "Father" and "Son" are the ideas that most essentially describe the eternal relationship of the First and Second Persons of the Trinity to each other. The Bible indeed refers to them in various ways, but no other terms reflect the eternal love and intimacy between these Persons, nor the interdependent eternal relationship between them. @@ -19,17 +19,17 @@ Jesus referred to God in the following terms: The intimate, loving relationship between the Father and the Son is eternal, just as they are eternal. ->The Father loves the Son. (John 3:35-36; 5:19-20 ULB) +>The Father loves the Son.... (John 3:35-36; 5:19-20 ULB) ->I love the Father, I do what the Father commands me, just as he gave me the commandment. (John 14:31 ULB) +>... the world will know that I love the Father, I do just as the Father commanded me. (John 14:31 ULB) -> ... no one knows who the Son is except the Father, and no one knows who the Father is except the Son. (Luke 10:22 ULB) +> ... no one knows who the Son is except the Father, and no one knows who the Father is except the Son. (Luke 10:22 ULB) The terms "Father" and "Son" also communicate that the Father and the Son are of the same essence; they are both eternal God. ->Jesus said, "Father, glorify your Son so that the Son may glorify you... I glorified you on the earth,... Now Father, glorify me... with the glory that I had with you before the world was created." (John 17:1-5 ULB) +>Jesus ... said, "Father, glorify your Son so that the Son may glorify you ... I glorified you on the earth ... Now Father, glorify me ... with the glory that I had with you before the world was created." (John 17:1-5) ->But in these last days, he [God the Father] has spoken to us through a Son, whom he appointed to be the heir of all things. It is through him that God also made the universe. He is the brightness of God's glory, the very character of his essence. He even holds everything together by the word of his power. (Hebrews 1:2-3 ULB) +>But in these last days, [God the Father] has spoken to us through a Son, whom he appointed to be the heir of all things. It is through him that God also made the universe. He is the brightness of God's glory, the exact representation of his being. He even holds everything together by the word of his power. (Hebrews 1:2-3 ULB) >Jesus said to him, "I have been with you for so long and you still do not know me, Philip? Whoever has seen me has seen the Father. How can you say, 'Show us the Father'? (John 14:9 ULB) From ec5db955ac4eff5de43d82e20c8a4e8f98ed2ed6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: John Hutchins Date: Tue, 9 Oct 2018 15:40:11 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 112/551] Updated verses to match ULB --- translate/translate-chapverse/01.md | 10 +++++----- 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/translate-chapverse/01.md b/translate/translate-chapverse/01.md index 5e83cc8..ad9c525 100644 --- a/translate/translate-chapverse/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-chapverse/01.md @@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ People who speak your language may also use a Bible written in another language. ### Examples from the Bible ->14 But I expect to see you soon, and we will speak face to face. **15** Peace be to you. The friends greet you. Greet the friends by name. (3 John 1:14-15 ULB) +>14 But I hope to see you soon, and we will speak face to face. **15** May peace be with you. The friends greet you. Greet our friends there by name. (3 John 1:14-15 ULB) Since 3 John has only one chapter, some versions do not mark the chapter number. In the ULB and UDB it is marked as chapter 1. Also, some versions do not divide verses 14 and 15 into two verses. Instead they mark it all as verse 14. @@ -34,20 +34,20 @@ If the people who speak your language have another Bible that they use, number t The example below is from 3 John 1. Some Bibles mark this text as verses 14 and 15, and some mark it all as verse 14. You may mark the verse numbers as your other Bible does. -**14 But I expect to see you soon, and we will speak face to face.** 15 **Peace be to you. The friends greet you. Greet the friends by name.** (3 John 1:14-15 ULB) +**14 But I hope to see you soon, and we will speak face to face.** 15 **May peace be with you. The friends greet you. Greet our friends there by name.** (3 John 1:14-15 ULB) -14 But I expect to see you soon, and we will speak face to face. Peace be to you. The friends greet you. Greet the friends by name. (3 John 14) +14 But I hope to see you soon, and we will speak face to face. May peace be with you. The friends greet you. Greet our friends there by name. (3 John 14) Next is an example from Psalm 3. Some Bibles do not mark the explanation at the beginning of the psalm as a verse, and others mark it as verse 1. You may mark the verse numbers as your other Bible does. ***A psalm of David, when he fled from Absalom his son.*** 1 **Yahweh, how many are my enemies!** -**Many have turned away and attacked me.** +**Many have risen against me.** 2 **Many say about me,** **"There is no help for him from God." *Selah*** 1 *A psalm of David, when he fled from Absalom his son.* 2 Yahweh, how many are my enemies! -Many have turned away and attacked me. +Many have risen against me. 3 Many say about me, "There is no help for him from God." *Selah* From 661080857b4218ea8859ae0fb7c3ea2b9f93e87c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: John Hutchins Date: Tue, 9 Oct 2018 15:43:23 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 113/551] Fixed formatting around "Selah" --- translate/translate-chapverse/01.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/translate-chapverse/01.md b/translate/translate-chapverse/01.md index ad9c525..49c966d 100644 --- a/translate/translate-chapverse/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-chapverse/01.md @@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ Next is an example from Psalm 3. Some Bibles do not mark the explanation at the 1 **Yahweh, how many are my enemies!** **Many have risen against me.** 2 **Many say about me,** -**"There is no help for him from God." *Selah*** +**"There is no help for him from God."** ***Selah*** 1 *A psalm of David, when he fled from Absalom his son.* 2 Yahweh, how many are my enemies! From dfa0d00efe28024c2fb0094bc5f2ed82e20b85bb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: John Hutchins Date: Tue, 9 Oct 2018 15:58:32 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 114/551] Updated verses to match ULB and UDB --- translate/translate-decimal/01.md | 15 ++++++++------- 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/translate-decimal/01.md b/translate/translate-decimal/01.md index 4d8626a..b814ad0 100644 --- a/translate/translate-decimal/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-decimal/01.md @@ -34,10 +34,11 @@ In the Unlocked Dynamic Bible (UDB) parts of a number are written as decimals or For telling about parts of a number, the Unlocked Literal Bible (ULB) uses fractions, and the Unlocked Dynamic Bible (UDB) uses mostly decimals when the number is used with a measurement. Another difference between the ULB and the UDB is that when measuring [Biblical Distance](../translate-bdistance/01.md), [Biblical Weight](../translate-bweight/01.md), and [Biblical Volume](../translate-bvolume/01.md), they use different systems, so the numbers in the ULB and the UDB are not the same for these measures. >They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be two and a half cubits; its width will be one cubit and a half; and its height will be one cubit and a half. (Exodus 25:10 ULB) -The ULB uses the fraction "half." This can also be written as a decimal: .5. ->Tell the people to make a sacred chest from acacia wood. It is to be one meter long, 0.7 meter wide, and 0.7 meter high. (Exodus 25:10 UDB) +The ULB uses the fraction "half." The phrases "two and a half cubits ... one cubit and a half" can be written as "2.5 cubits ... 1.5 cubits." -The UDB uses the decimal 0.7. This equals seven tenths. +>They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be one meter; its width will be 0.7 meter; and its height will be 0.7 meter high. (Exodus 25:10) + +Here the decimal 0.7 is used. This equals seven tenths. Two and a half cubits is about one meter. @@ -47,7 +48,7 @@ One and a half cubits is about .7 meter or seven tenths of a meter. * Decide whether you want to use only fractions, only decimals, or a combination of the two. * Decide whether you want to use the measures given in the ULB or the UDB or some other kind of measures. -* If you decide to use fractions and the measures in the ULB, simply translate the numbers and measures in the ULB. +* If you decide to use fractions and the measures in the ULB, simply translate the numbers and measures in the ULB. * If you decide to use decimals and the measures in the UDB, simply translate the numbers and measures in the UDB. @@ -58,9 +59,9 @@ One and a half cubits is about .7 meter or seven tenths of a meter. 1. If you decide to use decimals and the measures in the ULB, you will need to change the fractions in the ULB to decimals. - * **three tenths of an ephah of fine flour mixed with oil as a grain offering, and one log of oil.** (Leviticus 14:10 ULB) - * " 0.3 ephah of fine flour mixed with oil as a grain offering, and one log of oil." - + * **three-tenths of an ephah of fine flour mixed with oil as a grain offering, and one log of oil.** (Leviticus 14:10 ULB) + * " 0.3 ephah of fine flour mixed with oil as a grain offering, and one log of oil." + 1. If you decide to use fractions and the measures in the UDB, you will need to change the decimals in the UDB to fractions. * **about 6.5 liters of a fine flour offering, mixed with olive oil, to be an offering, and about one third liter of olive oil.** (Leviticus 14:10 UDB) From 2158450f7544b474bc7e4806e4ee984cff662d77 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Tue, 9 Oct 2018 17:56:06 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 115/551] Issue 49 Ellipsis Definition --- translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md | 19 ++++++++++++++++--- 1 file changed, 16 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md b/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md index 9a50fc3..576904e 100644 --- a/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md @@ -2,11 +2,16 @@ ### Description -Ellipsis is what happens when a speaker or writer leaves one or more words out of a sentence because he knows that the hearer or reader will understand the meaning of the sentence and fill in the words in his mind when he hears or reads the words that are there. The information that is omitted has usually already been stated in a preceding sentence or phrase. +Ellipsis is the omission of words that would normally be needed to make a sentence complete, but they are understood either by convention or because they were already used in a previous phrase. ->So the wicked will not stand in the judgment, nor sinners in the assembly of the righteous. (Psalm 1:5) +Here are two sentences whose missing words are understood by convention. English speakers normally use the shorter forms. + * "Fire when ready" means "Fire when you are ready." + * "Back to the drawing board" means "We need to go back to the drawing board." -This is ellipsis because "sinners in the assembly of the righteous" is not a complete sentence. The speaker assumes that the hearer will understand what it is that sinners will not do in the assembly of the righteous by filling in the action from the previous clause. +Here are three sentences whose missing words were already used in a previous phrase. + * "I drank water, and Bob milk" means "I drank water, and Bob drank milk. + * "I drank water, not milk" means "I drank water; I did not drink milk. + * "I drank water, and Tom did, too" means "I drank water, and Tom drank water, too." ### Reason this is a translation issue @@ -14,6 +19,8 @@ Readers who see incomplete sentences or phrases may not know what the missing in ### Examples from the Bible +In all of these examples, the missing words are understood because they were in the first phrase. + >For Adam was formed first, then Eve. (1 Timothy 2:13 ULB) The underlined phrase above means, "then Eve was formed." @@ -22,6 +29,10 @@ The underlined phrase above means, "then Eve was formed." The underlined phrase above means, "his brother's works were righteous." +>So the wicked will not stand in the judgment, nor sinners in the assembly of the righteous. (Psalm 1:5) + +The underlind pahrase above means "sinners will not stand in the assembly of the righteous." + >He makes Lebanon skip like a calf and Sirion like a young ox. (Psalm 29:6 ULB) The underlined phrase above means, "he makes Sirion skip like a young ox." @@ -30,6 +41,8 @@ The underlined phrase above means, "he makes Sirion skip like a young ox." The underlined phrase above means, "But his armor bearer would not draw his sword and thrust Saul through with it." + + ### Translation Strategies If ellipsis would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consider using it. If not, here is another option: From ed18bf9506852fa16229ba742d13597c9399ebf6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: John Hutchins Date: Tue, 9 Oct 2018 18:06:07 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 116/551] Updated verses to match ULB --- translate/translate-formatsignals/01.md | 12 ++++++------ 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/translate-formatsignals/01.md b/translate/translate-formatsignals/01.md index 91e6761..683bf2e 100644 --- a/translate/translate-formatsignals/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-formatsignals/01.md @@ -8,20 +8,20 @@ The *Unlocked Literal Bible* (ULB) and *Unlocked Dynamic Bible* (UDB) use ellips **Definition** - Ellipsis marks (...) are used to show that either someone did not finish a sentence he started, or that the author did not quote all of what someone said. -In Matthew 9:4-6, the ellipsis mark shows that Jesus did not finish his sentence to the scribes when he turned his attention to the paralyzed man and spoke to him: +In Matthew 9:3-6, the ellipsis mark shows that Jesus did not finish his sentence to the scribes when he turned his attention to the paralyzed man and spoke to him: ->Behold, some of the scribes said among themselves, "This man is blaspheming."Jesus knew their thoughts and said, "Why are you thinking evil in your hearts? For which is easier to say, 'Your sins are forgiven,' or to say, 'Get up and walk'? But that you may know that the Son of Man has authority on earth to forgive sins,**...**" he said to the paralytic, "Get up, pick up your mat, and go to your house." (ULB) +>Behold, some of the scribes said among themselves, "This man is blaspheming." Jesus knew their thoughts and said, "Why are you thinking evil in your hearts? For which is easier, to say, 'Your sins are forgiven,' or to say, 'Get up and walk'? But that you may know that the Son of Man has authority on earth to forgive sins,**...**" he said to the paralytic, "Get up, pick up your mat, and go to your house." (ULB) In Mark 11:31-33, the ellipsis mark shows that either the religious leaders did not finish their sentence, or Mark did not finish writing what they said. ->They discussed between themselves and argued and said, "If we say, 'From heaven,' he will say, 'Why then did you not believe him?' But if we say, 'From men,' **...**" They feared the people, for they all held that John was a prophet. Then they answered Jesus and said, "We do not know." Then Jesus said to them, "Neither will I tell you by what authority I do these things." (ULB) +>They discussed between themselves and argued and said, "If we say, 'From heaven,' he will say, 'Why then did you not believe him?' But if we say, 'From men,' **...** ." They were afraid of the people, for everyone was convinced that John was a prophet. Then they answered Jesus and said, "We do not know." Then Jesus said to them, "Neither will I tell you by what authority I do these things." (ULB) #### Long Dashes **Definition** - Long dashes (—) introduce information that is immediately relevant to what came before it. For example: ->Then two men will be in a field**—**one will be taken, and one will be left behind. Two women will be grinding with a mill**—**one will be taken, and one will be left. Therefore be on your guard, for you do not know on what day your Lord will come. (Matthew 24:40-41 ULB) +>Then two men will be in a field**—**one will be taken, and one will be left. Two women will be grinding with a mill**—**one will be taken, and one will be left. Therefore be on your guard, for you do not know on what day your Lord will come. (Matthew 24:40-41 ULB) #### Parentheses @@ -31,11 +31,11 @@ It is background information that the writer put in that place to help the reade In John 6:6, John interrupted the story he was writing to explain that Jesus already knew what he was going to do. This is put in parentheses. ->5When Jesus looked up and saw a great crowd coming to him, he said to Philip, "Where are we going to buy bread so that these may eat?" 6 **(**Now Jesus said this to test Philip, for he himself knew what he was going to do.**)** 7Philip answered him, "Two hundred denarii worth of bread would not be sufficient for each one to have even a little." (John 6:5-7 ULB) +>5When Jesus looked up and saw a great crowd coming to him, he said to Philip, "Where are we going to buy bread so that these may eat?" 6 **(**But Jesus said this to test Philip, for he himself knew what he was going to do.**)** 7Philip answered him, "Two hundred denarii worth of bread would not be sufficient for each one to have even a little." (John 6:5-7 ULB) The words in the parentheses below are not what Jesus was saying, but what Matthew was saying to the reader, to alert the reader that Jesus was using words that they would need to think about and interpret. ->"Therefore, when you see the abomination of desolation, which was spoken of by Daniel the prophet, standing in the holy place" **(**let the reader understand**)**, "let those who are in Judea flee to the mountains, let him who is on the housetop not go down to take out anything that is in his house, 18and let him who is in the field not return to take his cloak." (Matthew 24:15-18 ULB) +>"Therefore, when you see the abomination of desolation, which was spoken of by Daniel the prophet, standing in the holy place" **(**let the reader understand**)**, "let those who are in Judea flee to the mountains, let him who is on the housetop not go down to take anything out of his house, and let him who is in the field not return to take his cloak." (Matthew 24:15-18 ULB) #### Indentation From 7f746a8de8b136cee068a11ca484ea27edcba12a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: John Hutchins Date: Tue, 9 Oct 2018 18:07:23 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 117/551] Fixed indentation --- translate/translate-formatsignals/01.md | 6 +++--- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/translate-formatsignals/01.md b/translate/translate-formatsignals/01.md index 683bf2e..192428a 100644 --- a/translate/translate-formatsignals/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-formatsignals/01.md @@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ The words in the parentheses below are not what Jesus was saying, but what Matth This is done for poetry and some lists, to show that the indented lines form a part of the non-indented line above them. For example: ->5 These are the names of the leaders who must fight with you: ->    From the tribe of Reuben, Elizur son of Shedeur; ->    6 from the tribe of Simeon, Shelumiel son of Zurishaddai; +>5 These are the names of the leaders who must fight with you: +>    From the tribe of Reuben, Elizur son of Shedeur; +>    6 from the tribe of Simeon, Shelumiel son of Zurishaddai; >    7 from the tribe of Judah, Nahshon son of Amminadab; (Numbers 1:5-7 ULB) From 112691b54f274d03defcc0e9aa50a2a8b38a2ef1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Tue, 9 Oct 2018 18:13:12 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 118/551] Issue 49 Ellipsis Definition --- translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md b/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md index 576904e..c9bd89f 100644 --- a/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md @@ -4,11 +4,11 @@ Ellipsis is the omission of words that would normally be needed to make a sentence complete, but they are understood either by convention or because they were already used in a previous phrase. -Here are two sentences whose missing words are understood by convention. English speakers normally use the shorter forms. +Here are two examples of elliptical sentences whose missing words are understood by convention. English speakers normally use the shorter forms. * "Fire when ready" means "Fire when you are ready." * "Back to the drawing board" means "We need to go back to the drawing board." -Here are three sentences whose missing words were already used in a previous phrase. +Here are three examples of elliptical sentences whose missing words were already used in a previous phrase. * "I drank water, and Bob milk" means "I drank water, and Bob drank milk. * "I drank water, not milk" means "I drank water; I did not drink milk. * "I drank water, and Tom did, too" means "I drank water, and Tom drank water, too." From a0252e7b853b6e79137c7cdb1fe2d938789e244a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: John Hutchins Date: Tue, 9 Oct 2018 18:18:22 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 119/551] Updated verses to match ULB --- translate/translate-fraction/01.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/translate-fraction/01.md b/translate/translate-fraction/01.md index 833fea4..6c2a7ec 100644 --- a/translate/translate-fraction/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-fraction/01.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Fractions are a kind of number that refer to equal parts of a thing or to equal >For the drink offering, you must offer a third of a hin of wine. (Numbers 15:7 ULB) A hin is a container used for measuring wine and other liquids. They were to think about dividing a hin container into three equal parts and fill up only one of those parts, and offer that amount. ->a third of the ships were destroyed. (Revelation 8:9 ULB) +>... a third of the ships were destroyed. (Revelation 8:9 ULB) There were many ships. If all those ships were divided into three equal groups of ships, one group of ships was destroyed. From af081112eb0ef5a8c2e18ada77087d06cda3f7bf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Tue, 9 Oct 2018 18:18:24 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 120/551] Checking verses with ULB --- translate/figs-go/01.md | 8 ++++---- 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-go/01.md b/translate/figs-go/01.md index 617d2d7..8d40543 100644 --- a/translate/figs-go/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-go/01.md @@ -22,15 +22,15 @@ Abraham was speaking to his servant. Abraham's relatives lived far away from whe Moses is speaking to the people in the wilderness. They had not yet gone into the land that God was giving them. In some languages, it would make more sense to say, "When you have gone into the land..." ->Joseph and Mary brought him up to the temple in Jerusalem to present him to the Lord. (Luke 1:22 ULB) +>... they brought him up to the temple in Jerusalem to present him to the Lord. (Luke 1:22 ULB) -In some languages, it might make more sense to say that Joseph and Mary took or carried Jesus to the temple. +In some languages, it might make more sense to say that Joseph and Mary took or carried Jesus up to the temple. ->Behold, there came a man named Jairus, and he was one of the leaders of the synagogue. Jairus fell down at Jesus' feet and implored him to come to his house, (Luke 8:41 ULB) +>Behold, a man named Jairus ... came and fell down at Jesus' feet, and he begged him to come to his house ... (Luke 8:41 ULB) The man was not at his house when he spoke to Jesus. He wanted Jesus to go with him to his house. ->Some time after this, his wife Elizabeth became pregnant, but she did not go out in public for five months. (Luke 1:24 UDB) +>Some time after this his wife Elizabeth became pregnant, but she did not go out in public for five months. (Luke 1:24 UDB) In some languages, it might make more sense to say that Elizabeth did not come out in public. From 499b07690734f50d6d4bf61f872000515a5435cc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: hmw3 Date: Tue, 9 Oct 2018 14:19:30 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 121/551] Deleted spurious spaces. --- translate/figs-events/01.md | 8 ++++---- translate/figs-exmetaphor/01.md | 2 +- translate/translate-bdistance/01.md | 4 ++-- translate/translate-bmoney/01.md | 4 ++-- translate/translate-bvolume/01.md | 2 +- translate/translate-bweight/01.md | 2 +- translate/translate-chapverse/01.md | 18 +++++++++--------- translate/translate-formatsignals/01.md | 8 ++++---- translate/translate-hebrewmonths/01.md | 2 +- translate/translate-names/01.md | 2 +- translate/translate-textvariants/01.md | 2 +- translate/translate-useulbudb/01.md | 4 ++-- translate/translate-versebridge/01.md | 14 +++++++------- translate/translate-wforw/01.md | 4 ++-- translate/writing-symlanguage/01.md | 8 ++++---- 15 files changed, 42 insertions(+), 42 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-events/01.md b/translate/figs-events/01.md index d8fa9fa..5173499 100644 --- a/translate/figs-events/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-events/01.md @@ -38,13 +38,13 @@ This sounds like a person must first open the scroll and then break its seals, b 1. If your language uses verb tense or aspect to show that an event happened before one that was already mentioned, consider using that. - * **8 Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams' horns before Yahweh. As they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets ... 10 But Joshua commanded the people, saying, "Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then you must shout."** (Joshua 6:8-10 ULB) - * 8 Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams horns before Yahweh. As they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets...10 But Joshua had commanded the people, saying, "Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then you must shout. + * **8Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams' horns before Yahweh. As they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets ... 10But Joshua commanded the people, saying, "Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then you must shout."** (Joshua 6:8-10 ULB) + * 8Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams horns before Yahweh. As they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets...10But Joshua had commanded the people, saying, "Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then you must shout. 1. If your language prefers to tell events in the order that they occur, consider reordering the events. This may require putting two or more verses together (like 5-6). - * **8 Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams' horns before Yahweh. As they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets ... 10 But Joshua commanded the people, saying, "Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then you must shout."** (Joshua 6:8-10 ULB) - * 8-10 Joshua commanded the people, saying, "Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then must you shout." Then just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams horns before Yahweh. As they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets.... + * **8Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams' horns before Yahweh. As they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets ... 10But Joshua commanded the people, saying, "Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then you must shout."** (Joshua 6:8-10 ULB) + * 8-10Joshua commanded the people, saying, "Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then must you shout." Then just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams horns before Yahweh. As they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets.... * **Who is worthy to open the scroll and break its seals?** (Revelation 5:2 ULB) * Who is worthy to break the seals and open the scroll? diff --git a/translate/figs-exmetaphor/01.md b/translate/figs-exmetaphor/01.md index 5b541fe..99edecf 100644 --- a/translate/figs-exmetaphor/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-exmetaphor/01.md @@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ In Isaiah 5:1-7, Isaiah presents God's disappointment with his people as the dis >judge between me and my vineyard. >4What more could have been done for my vineyard, that I have not done for it? >When I looked for it to produce grapes, why did it produce wild grapes? ->5 Now I will tell you what I will do to my vineyard; I will remove the hedge, +>5Now I will tell you what I will do to my vineyard; I will remove the hedge, >I will turn it into a pasture, I will break down its wall, and it will be trampled on. >6I will lay it waste, and it will not be pruned nor hoed. Instead, briers and thorns will spring up. >I will also command the clouds not to rain on it. diff --git a/translate/translate-bdistance/01.md b/translate/translate-bdistance/01.md index f2f60a4..d155036 100644 --- a/translate/translate-bdistance/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-bdistance/01.md @@ -57,6 +57,6 @@ The strategies are all applied to Exodus 25:10 below. 1. Use measurements that your people know, and include the measurements from the ULB in the text or in a note. The following shows the ULB measurements in notes. * "They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be one hundred and fifteen centimeters1; its width will be sixty-nine centimeters 2; and its height will be sixty-nine centimeters." The footnotes would look like: - * [1] two and a half cubits - * [2] one cubit and a half + * [1]two and a half cubits + * [2]one cubit and a half diff --git a/translate/translate-bmoney/01.md b/translate/translate-bmoney/01.md index 433c84d..0b1455f 100644 --- a/translate/translate-bmoney/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-bmoney/01.md @@ -52,9 +52,9 @@ The translations strategies are all applied to Matthew 18:28 below. 1. Use the Bible term and give the equivalent amount in the text or a footnote. * "... who owed him one hundred denarii.1" The footnotes would look like: - * [1] one hundred days' wages + * [1]one hundred days' wages 1. Use the Bible term and explain it in a footnote. * "... who owed him one hundred denarii.1" - * [1] A denarius was the amount of silver that people could earn in one day of work. + * [1]A denarius was the amount of silver that people could earn in one day of work. diff --git a/translate/translate-bvolume/01.md b/translate/translate-bvolume/01.md index 20389a4..a856c74 100644 --- a/translate/translate-bvolume/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-bvolume/01.md @@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ The strategies are all applied to Isaiah 5:10 below. * "For a ten-yoke vineyard will yield only one bath (six gallons), and one homer (six and a half bushels) of seed will yield only an ephah (twenty quarts)." 1. Use measurements that your people know, and include the measurements from the ULB in the text or in a note. The following shows the ULB measurements in footnotes. - * "For a ten-yoke vineyard will yield only twenty-two liters,1 and 220 liters2 of seed will yield only twenty-two liters.3" The footnotes would look like: + * "For a ten-yoke vineyard will yield only twenty-two liters,1and 220 liters2of seed will yield only twenty-two liters.3" The footnotes would look like: * [1]one bath * [2]one homer * [3]one ephah diff --git a/translate/translate-bweight/01.md b/translate/translate-bweight/01.md index fdc6db1..5839eff 100644 --- a/translate/translate-bweight/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-bweight/01.md @@ -50,4 +50,4 @@ The strategies are all applied to Exodus 38:29 below. 1. Use measurements that your people know, and include the measurements from the ULB in the text or in a footnote. The following shows the ULB measurements in notes. * "The bronze from the wave offering weighed seventy talents and 2,400 shekels.1" * The footnote would look like: - [1] This was a total of about 2,400 kilograms. + [1]This was a total of about 2,400 kilograms. diff --git a/translate/translate-chapverse/01.md b/translate/translate-chapverse/01.md index 49c966d..3f54b21 100644 --- a/translate/translate-chapverse/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-chapverse/01.md @@ -10,13 +10,13 @@ People who speak your language may also use a Bible written in another language. ### Examples from the Bible ->14 But I hope to see you soon, and we will speak face to face. **15** May peace be with you. The friends greet you. Greet our friends there by name. (3 John 1:14-15 ULB) +>14But I hope to see you soon, and we will speak face to face. **15** May peace be with you. The friends greet you. Greet our friends there by name. (3 John 1:14-15 ULB) Since 3 John has only one chapter, some versions do not mark the chapter number. In the ULB and UDB it is marked as chapter 1. Also, some versions do not divide verses 14 and 15 into two verses. Instead they mark it all as verse 14. >A psalm of David, when he fled from Absalom his son. ->1 Yahweh, how many are my enemies! (Psalm 3:1 ULB) +>1Yahweh, how many are my enemies! (Psalm 3:1 ULB) Some of the psalms have an explanation before them. In some versions the explanation is not given a verse number, as in the ULB and UDB. In other versions the explanation is verse 1, and the actual psalm starts with verse 2. @@ -34,20 +34,20 @@ If the people who speak your language have another Bible that they use, number t The example below is from 3 John 1. Some Bibles mark this text as verses 14 and 15, and some mark it all as verse 14. You may mark the verse numbers as your other Bible does. -**14 But I hope to see you soon, and we will speak face to face.** 15 **May peace be with you. The friends greet you. Greet our friends there by name.** (3 John 1:14-15 ULB) +**14But I hope to see you soon, and we will speak face to face.** 15**May peace be with you. The friends greet you. Greet our friends there by name.** (3 John 1:14-15 ULB) -14 But I hope to see you soon, and we will speak face to face. May peace be with you. The friends greet you. Greet our friends there by name. (3 John 14) +14But I hope to see you soon, and we will speak face to face. May peace be with you. The friends greet you. Greet our friends there by name. (3 John 14) Next is an example from Psalm 3. Some Bibles do not mark the explanation at the beginning of the psalm as a verse, and others mark it as verse 1. You may mark the verse numbers as your other Bible does. ***A psalm of David, when he fled from Absalom his son.*** -1 **Yahweh, how many are my enemies!** +1**Yahweh, how many are my enemies!** **Many have risen against me.** -2 **Many say about me,** +2**Many say about me,** **"There is no help for him from God."** ***Selah*** -1 *A psalm of David, when he fled from Absalom his son.* -2 Yahweh, how many are my enemies! +1*A psalm of David, when he fled from Absalom his son.* +2Yahweh, how many are my enemies! Many have risen against me. -3 Many say about me, +3Many say about me, "There is no help for him from God." *Selah* diff --git a/translate/translate-formatsignals/01.md b/translate/translate-formatsignals/01.md index 192428a..514597b 100644 --- a/translate/translate-formatsignals/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-formatsignals/01.md @@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ It is background information that the writer put in that place to help the reade In John 6:6, John interrupted the story he was writing to explain that Jesus already knew what he was going to do. This is put in parentheses. ->5When Jesus looked up and saw a great crowd coming to him, he said to Philip, "Where are we going to buy bread so that these may eat?" 6 **(**But Jesus said this to test Philip, for he himself knew what he was going to do.**)** 7Philip answered him, "Two hundred denarii worth of bread would not be sufficient for each one to have even a little." (John 6:5-7 ULB) +>5When Jesus looked up and saw a great crowd coming to him, he said to Philip, "Where are we going to buy bread so that these may eat?" 6**(**But Jesus said this to test Philip, for he himself knew what he was going to do.**)** 7Philip answered him, "Two hundred denarii worth of bread would not be sufficient for each one to have even a little." (John 6:5-7 ULB) The words in the parentheses below are not what Jesus was saying, but what Matthew was saying to the reader, to alert the reader that Jesus was using words that they would need to think about and interpret. @@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ The words in the parentheses below are not what Jesus was saying, but what Matth This is done for poetry and some lists, to show that the indented lines form a part of the non-indented line above them. For example: ->5 These are the names of the leaders who must fight with you: +>5These are the names of the leaders who must fight with you: >    From the tribe of Reuben, Elizur son of Shedeur; ->    6 from the tribe of Simeon, Shelumiel son of Zurishaddai; ->    7 from the tribe of Judah, Nahshon son of Amminadab; (Numbers 1:5-7 ULB) +>    6from the tribe of Simeon, Shelumiel son of Zurishaddai; +>    7from the tribe of Judah, Nahshon son of Amminadab; (Numbers 1:5-7 ULB) diff --git a/translate/translate-hebrewmonths/01.md b/translate/translate-hebrewmonths/01.md index 8532a69..ee0a761 100644 --- a/translate/translate-hebrewmonths/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-hebrewmonths/01.md @@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ The examples below use these two verses. 1. Refer to the time in terms of the season rather than in terms of the month. - * It will always be a statute for you that in the day I choose in early autumn1 you must humble yourselves and do no work. + * It will always be a statute for you that in the day I choose in early autumn1you must humble yourselves and do no work. * The footnote would look like: * [1]The Hebrew says, "the seventh month, on the tenth day of the month." diff --git a/translate/translate-names/01.md b/translate/translate-names/01.md index 6ea83a8..5c4fbfa 100644 --- a/translate/translate-names/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-names/01.md @@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ Readers may not know that the names Saul and Paul refer to the same person. * But Saul, who is also called Paul, was filled with the Holy Spirit; * **It came about in Iconium that Paul and Barnabas entered together into the synagogue** (Acts 14:1 ULB) - * It came about in Iconium that Paul1 and Barnabas entered together into the synagogue + * It came about in Iconium that Paul1and Barnabas entered together into the synagogue * The footnote would look like: * [1]This is the man that was called Saul before Acts 13. diff --git a/translate/translate-textvariants/01.md b/translate/translate-textvariants/01.md index 4c146a9..ca5613b 100644 --- a/translate/translate-textvariants/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-textvariants/01.md @@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ Translators are encouraged to translate the text in the ULB and to write about a Matthew 18:10-11 ULB has a footnote about verse 11. >10See that you do not despise any of these little ones. For I say to you that in heaven their angels always look on the face of my Father who is in heaven. 11[1] -[1] Many authorities, some ancient, insert v. 11. *For the Son of Man came to save that which was lost.* +[1]Many authorities, some ancient, insert v. 11. *For the Son of Man came to save that which was lost.* John 7:53-8:11 is not in the best earliest manuscripts. It has been included in the ULB, but it is marked off with square brackets ([ ]) at the beginning and end, and there is a footnote after verse 11. >53[Then every man went to his own house. ... 11She said, "No one, Lord." Jesus said, "Neither do I condemn you. Go your way; from now on sin no more."][2] diff --git a/translate/translate-useulbudb/01.md b/translate/translate-useulbudb/01.md index a04a53d..a6d9a74 100644 --- a/translate/translate-useulbudb/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-useulbudb/01.md @@ -9,11 +9,11 @@ The UDB tries to present ideas in an order that is more natural in English, or t When you translate, you should put ideas into an order that is natural in the target language. (see [Order of Events](../figs-events/01.md)) ->1 Paul, a servant of Jesus Christ, called to be an apostle, and set apart for the gospel of God...7 This letter is to all who are in Rome, the beloved of God. (Romans 1:1,7 ULB) +>1 Paul, a servant of Jesus Christ, called to be an apostle, and set apart for the gospel of God...7 This letter is to all who are in Rome, the beloved of God. (Romans 1:1,7 ULB) ->1 I, Paul, who serve Christ Jesus, am writing this letter to all of you believers in the city of Rome. (Romans 1:1 UDB) +>1 I, Paul, who serve Christ Jesus, am writing this letter to all of you believers in the city of Rome. (Romans 1:1 UDB) The ULB shows Paul's style of beginning his letters. He does not say who his audience is until verse 7. However, the UDB follows a style that is much more natural in English and many other languages today. diff --git a/translate/translate-versebridge/01.md b/translate/translate-versebridge/01.md index 61af459..bfd2c54 100644 --- a/translate/translate-versebridge/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-versebridge/01.md @@ -4,9 +4,9 @@ In rare cases, you will see in the Unlocked Literal Bible (ULB) or the Unlocked Dynamic Bible (UDB) that two or more verse numbers are combined, such as 17-18. This is called a verse bridge. This means that the information in the verses was rearranged so that the story or message could be more easily understood. ->29 These were the clans of the Horites: Lotan, Shobal, Zibeon, and Anah, 30 Dishon, Ezer, Dishan: these are clans of the Horites, according to their clan lists in the land of Seir. (Genesis 26:29-30 ULB) +>29These were the clans of the Horites: Lotan, Shobal, Zibeon, and Anah, 30Dishon, Ezer, Dishan. These were clans of the Horites, according to their clan lists in the land of Seir. (Genesis 36:29-30 ULB) ->29-30 The people groups who were descendants of Hor lived in Seir land. The names of the people groups are Lotan, Shobal, Zibeon, Anah, Dishon, Ezer, and Dishpan. (Genesis 26:29-30 UDB) +>29-30The people groups who were descendants of Hor lived in Seir land. The names of the people groups are Lotan, Shobal, Zibeon, Anah, Dishon, Ezer, and Dishan. (Genesis 36:29-30 UDB) In the ULB text, verses 29 and 30 are separate, and the information about the people living in Seir is at the end of verse 30. In the UDB text, the verses are joined, and the information about them living in Seir is at the beginning. For many languages, this is a more logical order of information. @@ -14,13 +14,13 @@ In the ULB text, verses 29 and 30 are separate, and the information about the pe Sometimes the ULB has separate verses while the UDB has a verse bridge. ->4 However, there should be no poor among you (for Yahweh will surely bless you in the land that he gives you as an inheritance to possess), 5 if only you diligently listen to the voice of Yahweh your God, to keep all these commandments that I am commanding you today. (Deuteronomy 15:4-5 ULB) +>4However, there should be no poor among you (for Yahweh will surely bless you in the land that he gives you as an inheritance to possess), 5if only you diligently listen to the voice of Yahweh your God, to keep all these commandments that I am commanding you today. (Deuteronomy 15:4-5 ULB) ->4-5 Yahweh our God will bless you in the land that he is giving to you. If you obey Yahweh our God and obey all the commandments that I am giving to you today, there will not be any poor people among you. (Deuteronomy 15:4-5 UDB) +>4-5Yahweh our God will bless you in the land that he is giving to you. If you obey Yahweh our God and obey all the commandments that I am giving to you today, there will not be any poor people among you. (Deuteronomy 15:4-5 UDB) There are also a few verse bridges in the ULB. ->17-18 Ezrah's sons were Jether, Mered, Epher, and Jalon. Mered's Egyptian wife bore Miriam, Shammai, and Ishbah, who became the father of Eshtemoa. These were the sons of Bithiah, daughter of Pharaoh, whom Mered married. Mered's Jewish wife bore Jered, who became the father of Gedor; Heber, who became the father of Soco; and Jekuthiel, who became the father of Zanoah. (1 Chronicles 4:17-18 ULB) +>17-18Ezrah's sons were Jether, Mered, Epher, and Jalon. Mered's Egyptian wife bore Miriam, Shammai, and Ishbah, who became the father of Eshtemoa. These were the sons of Bithiah, daughter of Pharaoh, whom Mered married. Mered's Jewish wife bore Jered, who became the father of Gedor; Heber, who became the father of Soco; and Jekuthiel, who became the father of Zanoah. (1 Chronicles 4:17-18 ULB) The ULB moved the underlined sentence from verse 18 to verse 17 to more clearly show which were the sons of Bithiah. Here is the original order, which is confusing to many readers: @@ -39,8 +39,8 @@ See how to mark verses in the [translationStudio APP](http://help.door43.org/en/ 1. If information from one verse is put before information from an earlier verse, put the verse numbers before the first verse with a hyphen between them. - * **2 you must select three cities for yourself in the middle of your land that Yahweh your God is giving you to possess. 3 You must build a road and divide the borders of your land into three parts, the land that Yahweh your God is causing you to inherit, so that everyone who kills another person may flee there.** (Deuteronomy 19:2-3) - * 2-3 you must divide into three parts the land that he is giving to you. Then select a city in each part. You must make good roads in order that people can get to those cities easily. Someone who kills another person can escape to one of those cities to be safe. (Deuteronomy 19:2-3 UDB) + * **2you must select three cities for yourself in the middle of your land that Yahweh your God is giving you to possess. 3You must build a road and divide the borders of your land into three parts, the land that Yahweh your God is causing you to inherit, so that everyone who kills another person may flee there.** (Deuteronomy 19:2-3) + * 2-3you must divide into three parts the land that he is giving to you. Then select a city in each part. You must make good roads in order that people can get to those cities easily. Someone who kills another person can escape to one of those cities to be safe. (Deuteronomy 19:2-3 UDB) 1. If the ULB has a verse bridge, but another Bible you refer to does not have one, you can choose the order that works best for your language. diff --git a/translate/translate-wforw/01.md b/translate/translate-wforw/01.md index 02e63c1..bd29ef7 100644 --- a/translate/translate-wforw/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-wforw/01.md @@ -37,10 +37,10 @@ The translation must communicate the same meaning as the Greek text. In this exa In addition, word-for-word substitution usually does not take into account that most words in all languages have a range of meanings. In any one passage, usually the writer had only one of those meanings in mind. In a different passage, he may have had a different meaning in mind. But in word-for-word translations, usually only one meaning is chosen and used throughout the translation. For example, the Greek word "aggelos" can refer to a human messenger or to an angel. ->"This is he of whom it is written, 'See, I am sending my messenger before your face, Who will prepare your way before you.' (Luke 7:27) +>This is he of whom it is written, 'See, I am sending my messenger before your face, who will prepare your way before you.' (Luke 7:27) Here the word "aggelos" refers to a human messenger. Jesus was talking about John the Baptist. ->the angels had gone away from them into heaven (Luke 2:15) +>... the angels had gone away from them into heaven ... (Luke 2:15) Here the word "aggelos" refers to angels from heaven. diff --git a/translate/writing-symlanguage/01.md b/translate/writing-symlanguage/01.md index 5bc0922..e90ace3 100644 --- a/translate/writing-symlanguage/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-symlanguage/01.md @@ -51,11 +51,11 @@ This passage explains the meaning of the seven lampstands and the seven stars. T * **After this I saw the visions of night a fourth animal, terrifying, frightening, and very strong. It had large iron teeth; it devoured, broke in pieces, and trampled underfoot what was left. It was different from the other animals, and it had ten horns.** (Daniel 7:7 ULB) - * After this I saw the visions of at night a fourth animal,1 terrifying, frightening, and very strong. It had large iron teeth;2 it devoured, broke in pieces, and trampled underfoot what was left. It was different from the other animals, and it had ten horns.3 + * After this I saw the visions of at night a fourth animal,1 terrifying, frightening, and very strong. It had large iron teeth;2 it devoured, broke in pieces, and trampled underfoot what was left. It was different from the other animals, and it had ten horns.3 * The footnotes would look like this: - * [1] The animal is a symbol for a kingdom. - * [2] The iron teeth is a symbol for the kingdom's powerful army. - * [3] The horns are a symbol of powerful kings. + * [1] The animal is a symbol for a kingdom. + * [2] The iron teeth is a symbol for the kingdom's powerful army. + * [3] The horns are a symbol of powerful kings. From 7500f0d84a23708993f5139b356b5e530c7be743 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Tue, 9 Oct 2018 18:36:29 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 122/551] Typo --- translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md | 4 +--- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 3 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md b/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md index c9bd89f..5a90e56 100644 --- a/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md @@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ The underlined phrase above means, "his brother's works were righteous." >So the wicked will not stand in the judgment, nor sinners in the assembly of the righteous. (Psalm 1:5) -The underlind pahrase above means "sinners will not stand in the assembly of the righteous." +The underlind phrase above means "sinners will not stand in the assembly of the righteous." >He makes Lebanon skip like a calf and Sirion like a young ox. (Psalm 29:6 ULB) @@ -41,8 +41,6 @@ The underlined phrase above means, "he makes Sirion skip like a young ox." The underlined phrase above means, "But his armor bearer would not draw his sword and thrust Saul through with it." - - ### Translation Strategies If ellipsis would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consider using it. If not, here is another option: From 51516490ad614730a57f2eb02dba8b7fc4f0eb93 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: John Hutchins Date: Tue, 9 Oct 2018 18:37:30 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 123/551] Added ellipsis --- translate/translate-dynamic/01.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/translate-dynamic/01.md b/translate/translate-dynamic/01.md index c862b16..e5a14af 100644 --- a/translate/translate-dynamic/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-dynamic/01.md @@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ The **English** translation in the same order as each Greek word, with some alt A literal translation would usually follow the words and order of the Greek text as closely as possible, such as the following. ->Produce fruits that are worthy of repentance (Luke 3:8 ULB) +>Produce fruits that are worthy of repentance ... (Luke 3:8 ULB) Note that this modified-literal translation retains the words "fruits" and "repentance." The word order is also very similar to the Greek text. This is because the ULB is designed to show translators what is in the original text. But it may not be the natural or clear way to communicate this meaning in your language. From ab9134f1a8c34352df7f6fa743bf45f6fbf3b99a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Tue, 9 Oct 2018 18:47:43 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 124/551] Update 'translate/tA Decisions.md' --- translate/tA Decisions.md | 10 ++++++++-- 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/tA Decisions.md b/translate/tA Decisions.md index 7ef07a0..7185a22 100644 --- a/translate/tA Decisions.md +++ b/translate/tA Decisions.md @@ -21,10 +21,14 @@ Oct 4, 2018, we realized that if translators compare the ULB text in tA with the ### Details for use of ellipses at beginning or end of ULB text in tA: Ellipsis at beginning: ... text (dot dot dot space text) -Ellipsis at end: text.... (text dot dot dot final-punctuation) +Ellipsis at end: text ... (text space dot dot dot) -Final punctuation can be period, question mark, or exclamation mark. +We only use ellipsis if the snippet does not start at the beginning of the sentence or if it does not end at the end of the sentence. +See bottom of [[en_ta/translate/translate-bibleorg/01.md]] + +------- +I think my question here about ellisis and final punctuation is obsolete. SQ Oct 9, 2018 **Henry**, should the final punctuation always match that of the ULB sentence? The final punctuation tells us about the illocutionary force of the final clause, but not necessarily that of the previous clauses. Here is an example of a question that spans Romans 2:17-20, but I am interested in only a portion of an if-clause in v19. > \v 17 But if you call yourself a Jew and rest upon the law and boast in God, @@ -45,6 +49,8 @@ Also, how do we write the verse number? (Romans 2:19 ULB) or (Romans 2:19-20 ULB That probably violates everything I told you this morning, but I'm making this up as I go along. +---------- + ### Fixing Line spacing in lists with multiple bullets as in Translation Strategies applied. 1. Remove empty line between examples. 1. Force a line between an application and the next numbered strategy by adding two spaces at the end the application line and two spaces at the beginning of the next blank line. From e8251c668ab49a179ea4f824cc8b2044b790a7a4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: John Hutchins Date: Tue, 9 Oct 2018 18:49:47 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 125/551] Updated verses to match ULB --- translate/translate-fraction/01.md | 22 ++++++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/translate-fraction/01.md b/translate/translate-fraction/01.md index 6c2a7ec..8fc2aac 100644 --- a/translate/translate-fraction/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-fraction/01.md @@ -34,13 +34,15 @@ Some fractions in English do not follow that pattern. ### Examples From the Bible ->Now to one half of the tribe of Manasseh, Moses had given an inheritance in Bashan, but to the other half, Joshua gave an inheritance beside their brothers in the land west of the Jordan. (Joshua 22:7 ULB) +>Now to one half of the tribe of Manasseh Moses had given an inheritance in Bashan, but to the other half, Joshua gave an inheritance beside their brothers in the land west of the Jordan. (Joshua 22:7 ULB) -The tribe of Manasseh divided into two groups. The phrase "one half of the tribe of Manasseh" refers one of those groups. The phrase "the other half" refers to the other group. ->The four angels who had been prepared for that very hour, that day, that month, and that year, were released to kill a third of humanity. (Revelation 9:15 ULB) +The tribe of Manasseh divided into two groups. The phrase "one half of the tribe of Manasseh" refers one of those groups. The phrase "the other half" refers to the other group. + +>The four angels who had been prepared for that very hour, that day, that month, and that year, were released to kill a third of mankind. (Revelation 9:15 ULB) -If all the people were to be divided into three equal groups, then the number of people in one group would be killed. ->You must also prepare a fourth of a hin of wine as the drink offering. (Numbers 15:5 ULB) +If all the people were to be divided into three equal groups, then the number of people in one group would be killed. + +>You must also offer with the burnt offering, or for the sacrifice, one-fourth of a hin of wine for the drink offering for each lamb. (Numbers 15:5 ULB) They were to imagine dividing a hin of wine into four equal parts and prepare the amount equal to one of them. @@ -56,12 +58,12 @@ If a fraction in your language would give the right meaning, consider using it. 1. Tell the number of parts or groups that the item would be divided into, and then tell the number of parts or groups that is being referred to. - * **A third of the ocean became red like blood** (Revelation 8:8 ULB) - * It was like they divided the ocean into three parts, and one part of the ocean became blood. - + * **A third of the ocean became blood ...** (Revelation 8:8 ULB) + * It was like they divided the ocean into three parts, and one part of the ocean became blood. + * **then you must offer with the bull a grain offering of three tenths of an ephah of fine flour mixed with half a hin of oil.** (Numbers 15:9 ULB) - * ... then you must divide an ephah of fine flour into ten parts and divide a hin of oil into two parts. Then mix three of those parts of the flour with one of the parts of oil. Then you must offer that grain offering along with the bull. - + * ... then you must divide an ephah of fine flour into ten parts and divide a hin of oil into two parts. Then mix three of those parts of the flour with one of the parts of oil. Then you must offer that grain offering along with the bull. + 1. For measurements, use the measurements that are given in the UDB. The translators of the UDB have already figured how to represent the amounts in the metric system. * **two thirds of a shekel** (1 Samuel 13:21 ULB) From b0ea17b5232a884a89f65c53123b5a430ae86038 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Tue, 9 Oct 2018 19:00:00 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 126/551] Update 'translate/tA Decisions.md' --- translate/tA Decisions.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/tA Decisions.md b/translate/tA Decisions.md index 7185a22..e8ea976 100644 --- a/translate/tA Decisions.md +++ b/translate/tA Decisions.md @@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ Oct 4, 2018, we realized that if translators compare the ULB text in tA with the Ellipsis at beginning: ... text (dot dot dot space text) Ellipsis at end: text ... (text space dot dot dot) -We only use ellipsis if the snippet does not start at the beginning of the sentence or if it does not end at the end of the sentence. +We only use ellipsis if the snippet does not start at the beginning of the sentence or if it does not end at the end of the sentence. We do not use ellipses simply to mark that there are other sentences in the verse. See bottom of [[en_ta/translate/translate-bibleorg/01.md]] From 84f62aab786fffe49982fcec7cc747a6c1ee21a3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: John Hutchins Date: Tue, 9 Oct 2018 19:00:37 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 127/551] Fixed spacing --- translate/translate-fraction/01.md | 11 +++-------- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/translate-fraction/01.md b/translate/translate-fraction/01.md index 8fc2aac..7aba80b 100644 --- a/translate/translate-fraction/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-fraction/01.md @@ -57,23 +57,18 @@ If a fraction in your language would give the right meaning, consider using it. ### Examples of These Translation Strategies Applied 1. Tell the number of parts or groups that the item would be divided into, and then tell the number of parts or groups that is being referred to. - * **A third of the ocean became blood ...** (Revelation 8:8 ULB) - * It was like they divided the ocean into three parts, and one part of the ocean became blood. - + * It was like they divided the ocean into three parts, and one part of the ocean became blood. * **then you must offer with the bull a grain offering of three tenths of an ephah of fine flour mixed with half a hin of oil.** (Numbers 15:9 ULB) * ... then you must divide an ephah of fine flour into ten parts and divide a hin of oil into two parts. Then mix three of those parts of the flour with one of the parts of oil. Then you must offer that grain offering along with the bull. 1. For measurements, use the measurements that are given in the UDB. The translators of the UDB have already figured how to represent the amounts in the metric system. - * **two thirds of a shekel** (1 Samuel 13:21 ULB) * eight grams of silver (1 Samuel 13:21 UDB) - * **three tenths of an ephah of fine flour mixed with half a hin of oil.** (Numbers 15:9 ULB) - * six and one-half liters of finely ground flour mixed with two liters of olive oil. (Numbers 15:9 UDB) - + * six and one-half liters of finely ground flour mixed with two liters of olive oil. (Numbers 15:9 UDB) + 1. For measurements, use ones that are used in your language. In order to do that you would need to know how your measurements relates to the metric system and figure out each measurement. - * **three tenths of an ephah of fine flour mixed with half a hin of oil.** (Numbers 15:9, ULB) * six quarts of fine flour mixed with two quarts of oil. From 0b3ac39c13688d06ab5407bf9fd7e08412decc6b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Tue, 9 Oct 2018 19:02:11 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 128/551] Update 'translate/tA Decisions.md' --- translate/tA Decisions.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/tA Decisions.md b/translate/tA Decisions.md index e8ea976..3a46148 100644 --- a/translate/tA Decisions.md +++ b/translate/tA Decisions.md @@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ Oct 4, 2018, we realized that if translators compare the ULB text in tA with the Ellipsis at beginning: ... text (dot dot dot space text) Ellipsis at end: text ... (text space dot dot dot) -We only use ellipsis if the snippet does not start at the beginning of the sentence or if it does not end at the end of the sentence. We do not use ellipses simply to mark that there are other sentences in the verse. +We only use ellipsis if the snippet does not start at the beginning of the ULB sentence or if it does not end at the end of the ULB sentence. We do not use ellipses simply to show that there are other sentences in the verse. See bottom of [[en_ta/translate/translate-bibleorg/01.md]] From 7985a447a62bce4cbb9cab4ef21d1ef3025e3a62 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Tue, 9 Oct 2018 19:10:33 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 129/551] Checked verses with ULB --- translate/figs-go/01.md | 20 +++++++------------- 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-go/01.md b/translate/figs-go/01.md index 8d40543..19519ce 100644 --- a/translate/figs-go/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-go/01.md @@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ Different languages have different ways of talking about motion. The biblical la In some languages, this would lead people to think that Yahweh was in the ark. ->But you will be free from my oath if you come to my relatives and they will not give her to you. Then you will be free from my oath. (Genesis 24:41 ULB) +>But you will be free from my oath if you come to my relatives and they will not give her to you. (Genesis 24:41 ULB) Abraham was speaking to his servant. Abraham's relatives lived far away from where he and his servant were standing, and he wanted his servant to go to them, not come toward Abraham. @@ -46,19 +46,13 @@ If the word used in the ULB would be natural and give the right meaning in your 1. Use the word "go," "come," "take," or "bring" that would be natural in your language. * **But you will be free from my oath if you come to my relatives and they will not give her to you.** (Genesis 24:41 ULB) - * But you will be free from my oath if you go to my relatives and they will not give her to you. - - * **Some time after this, his wife Elizabeth became pregnant, but she did not go out in public for five months.** (Luke 1:24 UDB) - * Some time after this, his wife Elizabeth became pregnant, but she did not come out in public for five months. - + * But you will be free from my oath if you go to my relatives and they will not give her to you. + 1. Use another word that expresses the right meaning. - * **When you have come to the land that Yahweh your God gives you, and when you take possession of it and begin to live in it ...** (Deuteronomy 17:14 ULB) - * "When you have arrived in the land that Yahweh your God gives you, and when you take possession of it and begin to live in it ..." - + * **When you have come to the land that Yahweh your God gives you ...** (Deuteronomy 17:14 ULB) + * "When you have arrived in the land that Yahweh your God gives you ..." * **Yahweh said to Noah, "Come, you and all your household, into the ark ...** (Genesis 7:1 ULB) - * "Yahweh said to Noah, "Enter, you and all your household, into the ark ..." - - * **Some time after this, his wife Elizabeth became pregnant, but she did not go out in public for five months.** (Luke 1:24 UDB) - * Some time after this, his wife Elizabeth became pregnant, but she did not appear in public for five months. + * "Yahweh said to Noah, "Enter, you and all your household, into the ark ..." + From 4916c2ac122f37bf915d0fe73100dc97800d6290 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: John Hutchins Date: Tue, 9 Oct 2018 19:12:51 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 130/551] Updated verses to match ULB and UDB --- translate/translate-fraction/01.md | 14 +++++++------- 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/translate-fraction/01.md b/translate/translate-fraction/01.md index 7aba80b..07a8ffe 100644 --- a/translate/translate-fraction/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-fraction/01.md @@ -59,16 +59,16 @@ If a fraction in your language would give the right meaning, consider using it. 1. Tell the number of parts or groups that the item would be divided into, and then tell the number of parts or groups that is being referred to. * **A third of the ocean became blood ...** (Revelation 8:8 ULB) * It was like they divided the ocean into three parts, and one part of the ocean became blood. - * **then you must offer with the bull a grain offering of three tenths of an ephah of fine flour mixed with half a hin of oil.** (Numbers 15:9 ULB) + * **... then you must offer with the bull a grain offering of three-tenths of an ephah of fine flour mixed with half a hin of oil.** (Numbers 15:9 ULB) * ... then you must divide an ephah of fine flour into ten parts and divide a hin of oil into two parts. Then mix three of those parts of the flour with one of the parts of oil. Then you must offer that grain offering along with the bull. 1. For measurements, use the measurements that are given in the UDB. The translators of the UDB have already figured how to represent the amounts in the metric system. - * **two thirds of a shekel** (1 Samuel 13:21 ULB) - * eight grams of silver (1 Samuel 13:21 UDB) - * **three tenths of an ephah of fine flour mixed with half a hin of oil.** (Numbers 15:9 ULB) - * six and one-half liters of finely ground flour mixed with two liters of olive oil. (Numbers 15:9 UDB) + * **The charge was two-thirds of a shekel ...** (1 Samuel 13:21 ULB) + * They needed to pay about eight grams of silver ... (1 Samuel 13:21 UDB) + * **... three-tenths of an ephah of fine flour mixed with half a hin of oil.** (Numbers 15:9 ULB) + * ... about six and one-half liters of finely ground flour mixed with about two liters of olive oil. (Numbers 15:9 UDB) 1. For measurements, use ones that are used in your language. In order to do that you would need to know how your measurements relates to the metric system and figure out each measurement. - * **three tenths of an ephah of fine flour mixed with half a hin of oil.** (Numbers 15:9, ULB) - * six quarts of fine flour mixed with two quarts of oil. + * **... three-tenths of an ephah of fine flour mixed with half a hin of oil.** (Numbers 15:9, ULB) + * ... six quarts of fine flour mixed with two quarts of oil. From ecd585997d4806d92970165d9f14cec747fb4454 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: John Hutchins Date: Tue, 9 Oct 2018 19:15:21 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 131/551] Removed extra comma --- translate/translate-fraction/01.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/translate-fraction/01.md b/translate/translate-fraction/01.md index 07a8ffe..4db59a4 100644 --- a/translate/translate-fraction/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-fraction/01.md @@ -69,6 +69,6 @@ If a fraction in your language would give the right meaning, consider using it. * ... about six and one-half liters of finely ground flour mixed with about two liters of olive oil. (Numbers 15:9 UDB) 1. For measurements, use ones that are used in your language. In order to do that you would need to know how your measurements relates to the metric system and figure out each measurement. - * **... three-tenths of an ephah of fine flour mixed with half a hin of oil.** (Numbers 15:9, ULB) + * **... three-tenths of an ephah of fine flour mixed with half a hin of oil.** (Numbers 15:9 ULB) * ... six quarts of fine flour mixed with two quarts of oil. From bbc49ce6fbb28e23e81cc526c66e828e563bae85 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Tue, 9 Oct 2018 19:22:52 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 132/551] Checked verses with ULB --- translate/figs-hendiadys/01.md | 44 ++++++++++++++++------------------ 1 file changed, 21 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-hendiadys/01.md b/translate/figs-hendiadys/01.md index 920f204..a410cb9 100644 --- a/translate/figs-hendiadys/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-hendiadys/01.md @@ -4,22 +4,22 @@ When a speaker expresses a single idea by using two words that are connected with "and," it is called "hendiadys." In hendiadys, the two words work together. Usually one of the words is the primary idea and the other word further describes the primary one. ->... his own kingdom and glory. (1 Thessalonians 2:12 ULB) +>... who calls you into his own kingdom and glory. (1 Thessalonians 2:12 ULB) -Though "kingdom" and "glory" are both nouns, "glory" actually tells what kind of kingdom it is: it is a **kingdom of glory** or **a glorious kingdom**. +Though "kingdom" and "glory" are both nouns, "glory" actually tells what kind of kingdom it is: it is a **his own kingdom of glory** or **his own glorious kingdom**. #### Reasons this is a translation issue -* Often hendiadys contains an abstract noun. Some languages may not have a noun with the same meaning. -* Many languages do not use hendiadys, so people may not understand how the two words work together; one word describing the other. + * Often hendiadys contains an abstract noun. Some languages may not have a noun with the same meaning. + * Many languages do not use hendiadys, so people may not understand how the two words work together; one word describing the other. ### Examples from the Bible ->... for I will give you words and wisdom ... (Luke 21:15 ULB) +>... for I will give you words and wisdom ... (Luke 21:15 ULB) "Words" and "wisdom" are nouns, but in this figure of speech "wisdom" describes "words." ->... if you are willing and obedient ... (Isaiah 1:19 ULB) +>If you are willing and obedient ... (Isaiah 1:19 ULB) "Willing" and "obedient" are adjectives, but "willing" describes "obedient." @@ -36,27 +36,25 @@ If the hendiadys would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, c 1. Substitute the describing noun with an adjective that means the same thing. - * **for I will give you words and wisdom** (Luke 21:15 ULB) - * for I will give you wise words - - * **that you should walk in a manner that is worthy of God, who calls you to his own kingdom and glory.** (1 Thessalonians 2:12 ULB) - * that you should walk in a manner that is worthy of God, who calls you to his own glorious kingdom. - + * **... for I will give you words and wisdom ...** (Luke 21:15 ULB) + * ... for I will give you wise words ... + * **... who calls you to his own kingdom and glory.** (1 Thessalonians 2:12 ULB) + * ... who calls you to his own glorious kingdom. + 1. Substitute the describing noun with a phrase that means the same thing. - * **for I will give you words and wisdom.** (Luke 21:15 ULB) - * for I will give you words of wisdom. - - * **that you should walk in a manner that is worthy of God, who calls you to his own kingdom and glory.** (1 Thessalonians 2:12 ULB) - * that you should walk in a manner that is worthy of God, who calls you to his own kingdom of glory. - + * **... for I will give you words and wisdom ...** (Luke 21:15 ULB) + * ... for I will give you words of wisdom ... + * **... who calls you into his own kingdom and glory.** (1 Thessalonians 2:12 ULB) + * ... who calls you to his own kingdom of glory. + 1. Substitute the describing adjective with an adverb that means the same thing. - * **if you are willing and obedient** (Isaiah 1:19 ULB) - * if you are willingly obedient - + * **If you are willing and obedient ...** (Isaiah 1:19 ULB) + * If you are willingly obedient ... + 1. Substitute other parts of speech that mean the same thing and show that one word describes the other. - * **if you are, willing and obedient** (Isaiah 1:19 ULB) - The adjective "obedient" can be substituted with the verb "obey." - * if you obey willingly + * **If you are, willing and obedient** (Isaiah 1:19 ULB) - The adjective "obedient" can be substituted with the verb "obey." + * If you obey willingly From ddc362da54c63908bc1e6552000920eaa2da08c0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: hmw3 Date: Tue, 9 Oct 2018 15:33:30 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 133/551] Checked verses with ULB --- translate/translate-useulbudb/01.md | 22 ++++++++++------------ translate/translate-versebridge/01.md | 11 ----------- 2 files changed, 10 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/translate-useulbudb/01.md b/translate/translate-useulbudb/01.md index a6d9a74..11c2397 100644 --- a/translate/translate-useulbudb/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-useulbudb/01.md @@ -9,9 +9,7 @@ The UDB tries to present ideas in an order that is more natural in English, or t When you translate, you should put ideas into an order that is natural in the target language. (see [Order of Events](../figs-events/01.md)) ->1 Paul, a servant of Jesus Christ, called to be an apostle, and set apart for the gospel of God...7 This letter is to all who are in Rome, the beloved of God. (Romans 1:1,7 ULB) - - +>1 Paul, a servant of Jesus Christ, called to be an apostle and set apart for the gospel of God ... 7 To all in Rome who are loved by God and called to be his holy people: Grace to you and peace from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ. (Romans 1:1,7 ULB) >1 I, Paul, who serve Christ Jesus, am writing this letter to all of you believers in the city of Rome. (Romans 1:1 UDB) @@ -25,7 +23,7 @@ The UDB often makes those other ideas explicit. The UDB does this in order to re When you translate, you should decide which of these implied ideas would be understood by your audience without being included. If your audience understands these ideas without including them in the text, then you do not need to make those ideas explicit. Remember also that you might even offend your audience if you needlessly present implied ideas that they would understand anyway. (see [Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information](../figs-explicit/01.md)) ->And Jesus said to Simon, "Do not be afraid, because from now on you will catch men." (Luke 5:10 ULB) +>Jesus said to Simon, "Do not be afraid, because from now on you will catch men." (Luke 5:10 ULB) >But Jesus said to Simon, "Do not be afraid! Until now you gathered in fish, but from now on you will gather in people to become my disciples." (Luke 5:10 UDB) @@ -33,7 +31,7 @@ Here the UDB reminds the reader that Simon was a fisherman by trade. It also mak >When he saw Jesus, he fell on his face and begged him, saying, "Lord, if you are willing, you can make me clean." (Luke 5:12 ULB) ->When he saw Jesus, he bowed down to the ground in front of him and pleaded with him, "Lord, please heal me, because you are able to heal me if you are willing!" (Luke 5:12 UDB) +>When he saw Jesus, he bowed down to the ground in front of him and pleaded with him, "Lord, please heal me, because you are able to heal me if you are willing!" (Luke 5:12 UDB) Here the UDB makes it clear that the man who had leprosy did not fall to the ground by accident. Instead, he deliberately bowed down to the ground. Also, the UDB makes it clear that he is asking Jesus to heal him. In the ULB, he only implies this request. @@ -44,17 +42,17 @@ Here the UDB makes it clear that the man who had leprosy did not fall to the gro The ULB often simply presents the symbolic action with no explanation of what it means. The UDB often presents the meaning expressed by the symbolic action as well. When you translate, you should decide whether your audience will correctly understand a symbolic action. If your audience will not understand, then you should do as the UDB does. (see [Symbolic Action](../translate-symaction/01.md)) ->The high priest tore his garments (Mark 14:63 ULB) +>The high priest tore his garments ... (Mark 14:63 ULB) ->In response to Jesus' words, the high priest was so shocked that he tore his outer garment. (Mark 14:63 UDB) +>In response to Jesus' words, the high priest was so shocked that he tore his outer garment. (Mark 14:63 UDB) Here the UDB makes it clear that it was not by accident that the high priest tore his garment. It also makes clear that it was probably only his outer garment that he tore, and that he did so because he wanted to show that he was sad or angry or both. Because the high priest actually tore his garment, the UDB must, of course, say that he did. However, if a symbolic action never actually took place, you do not have to state that action. Here is such an example: ->Present that to your governor; will he accept you or will he lift up your face?" (Malachi 1:8 ULB) +>Present that to your governor! Will he accept you or will he lift up your face?" (Malachi 1:8 ULB) ->You would not dare to offer such gifts to your own governor! You know that he would not take them. You know that he would be displeased with you and would not welcome you! (Malachi 1:8 UDB) +>You would not dare to offer such gifts to your own governor! You know that he would not take them. You know that he would be displeased with you and would not welcome you! (Malachi 1:8 UDB) Here the symbolic action "lift up someone's face," represented in this way in the ULB, is presented only as its meaning in the UDB: "he would be displeased with you and would not welcome you." It can be presented in this way because Malachi is not actually referring to a particular event that actually took place. He is only referring to the idea represented by that event. @@ -72,9 +70,9 @@ When you translate, you must decide whether the target language can present even Here the UDB uses a verb in the active voice "he marveled" instead of the ULB's verb in the passive voice "was amazed." ->Large crowds of people came together to hear him teach and to be healed of their sicknesses. (Luke 5:15 ULB) +>But the report about him spread even farther, and large crowds of people came together to hear him teach and to be healed of their sicknesses. (Luke 5:15 ULB) ->The result was that large crowds came to Jesus to hear him teach and to have him heal them from their sicknesses. (Luke 5:15 UDB) +>But many people heard about how Jesus had healed the man. The result was that large crowds came to Jesus to hear him teach and to have him heal them from their sicknesses. (Luke 5:15 UDB) Here the UDB avoids the ULB's passive verb form "to be healed." It does this by restructuring the phrase. It says who the healer is: "to have him [Jesus] heal them." @@ -113,7 +111,7 @@ When you translate, you will have to decide how the target language prefers to p >He has made you rich in every way, in all speech and with all knowledge. (1 Corinthians 1:5 ULB) ->Christ has given you so many things. He helped you to speak his truth and to know God. (1 Corinthians 1:5 UDB) +>Christ has given you so many things. He helped you in all your speaking and in all your knowledge. (1 Corinthians 1:5 UDB) Here the ULB expressions "all speech" and "all knowledge" are abstract noun expressions. One problem with them is that readers might not know who is supposed to do the speaking and what they are to speak, or who is doing the knowing and what it is that they know. The UDB answers these questions. diff --git a/translate/translate-versebridge/01.md b/translate/translate-versebridge/01.md index bfd2c54..2d04295 100644 --- a/translate/translate-versebridge/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-versebridge/01.md @@ -18,20 +18,11 @@ Sometimes the ULB has separate verses while the UDB has a verse bridge. >4-5Yahweh our God will bless you in the land that he is giving to you. If you obey Yahweh our God and obey all the commandments that I am giving to you today, there will not be any poor people among you. (Deuteronomy 15:4-5 UDB) -There are also a few verse bridges in the ULB. - ->17-18Ezrah's sons were Jether, Mered, Epher, and Jalon. Mered's Egyptian wife bore Miriam, Shammai, and Ishbah, who became the father of Eshtemoa. These were the sons of Bithiah, daughter of Pharaoh, whom Mered married. Mered's Jewish wife bore Jered, who became the father of Gedor; Heber, who became the father of Soco; and Jekuthiel, who became the father of Zanoah. (1 Chronicles 4:17-18 ULB) - -The ULB moved the underlined sentence from verse 18 to verse 17 to more clearly show which were the sons of Bithiah. -Here is the original order, which is confusing to many readers: ->17 The sons of Ezrah: Jether, Mered, Epher, and Jalon. She conceived and bore Miriam, Shammai, and Ishbah father of Eshtemoa. 18 And his Judahite wife bore Jered father of Gedor, Heber father of Soco, and Jekuthiel father of Zanoah. These were the sons of Bithiah daughter of Pharaoh, whom Mered married. (1 Chronicles 4:17-18 TNK) - ### Translation Strategies Order the information in a way that will be clear to your readers. 1. If you put information from one verse before information from an earlier verse, put a hyphen between the two verse numbers. -1. If the ULB has a verse bridge, but another Bible you refer to does not have one, you can choose the order that works best for your language. See how to mark verses in the [translationStudio APP](http://help.door43.org/en/knowledgebase/13-translationstudio-android/docs/24-marking-verses-in-translationstudio). @@ -42,5 +33,3 @@ See how to mark verses in the [translationStudio APP](http://help.door43.org/en/ * **2you must select three cities for yourself in the middle of your land that Yahweh your God is giving you to possess. 3You must build a road and divide the borders of your land into three parts, the land that Yahweh your God is causing you to inherit, so that everyone who kills another person may flee there.** (Deuteronomy 19:2-3) * 2-3you must divide into three parts the land that he is giving to you. Then select a city in each part. You must make good roads in order that people can get to those cities easily. Someone who kills another person can escape to one of those cities to be safe. (Deuteronomy 19:2-3 UDB) -1. If the ULB has a verse bridge, but another Bible you refer to does not have one, you can choose the order that works best for your language. - From 72ab6ba91c0027b6b6c4409fbb2d245241e61074 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Tue, 9 Oct 2018 19:37:07 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 134/551] Checking verses with ULB Susan, start at Ex of Trans Strat Applied. --- translate/figs-hyperbole/01.md | 19 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-hyperbole/01.md b/translate/figs-hyperbole/01.md index bd2e102..b2e93f3 100644 --- a/translate/figs-hyperbole/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-hyperbole/01.md @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ A speaker or writer can use exactly the same words to say something he means as **Hyperbole**: This is a figure of speech that uses **exaggeration**. A speaker deliberately describes something by an extreme or even unreal statement, usually to show his strong feeling or opinion about it. He expects people to understand that he is exaggerating. ->They will not leave one stone upon another (Luke 19:44 ULB) +>They will not leave one stone upon another ... (Luke 19:44 ULB) * This is an exaggeration. It means that the enemies will completely destroy Jerusalem. @@ -23,13 +23,13 @@ A speaker or writer can use exactly the same words to say something he means as * These generalizations tell about what normally happens to people who ignore instruction and what normally happens to people who learn from correction. ->And when you pray, do not make useless repetitions as the Gentiles do, for they think that they will be heard because of their many words. (Matthew 6:7) +>When you pray, do not make useless repetitions as the Gentiles do, for they think that they will be heard because of their many words. (Matthew 6:7) * This generalization tells about what Gentiles were known for doing. Many Gentiles may have done this. Even though a generalization may have a strong-sounding word like "all," "always," "none," or "never," it does not necessarliy mean **exactly** "all," "always," "none," or "never." It simply means "most, "most of the time," "hardly any" or "rarely." ->Moses was educated in all the learning of the Egyptians (Acts 7:22 ULB) +>Moses was educated in all the wisdom of the Egyptians ... (Acts 7:22 ULB) * This generalization means that he had learned much of what the Egyptians knew and taught. @@ -43,11 +43,11 @@ Even though a generalization may have a strong-sounding word like "all," "always #### Examples of Exaggeration ->If your hand causes you to stumble, cut it off. It is better for you to enter into life maimed. (Mark 9:43 ULB) +>If your hand causes you to stumble, cut it off. It is better for you to enter into life maimed ... (Mark 9:43 ULB) When Jesus said to cut off your hand, he meant that we should do whatever extreme things we need to do in order not to sin. He used this hyperbole to show how extremely important it is to try to stop sinning. ->The Philistines gathered together to fight against Israel: thirty thousand chariots, six thousand men to drive the chariots, and troops as numerous as the sand on the seashore. (1 Samuel 13:5 ULB) +>The Philistines gathered together to fight against Israel, with thirty thousand chariots, six thousand men to drive the chariots, and troops as numerous as the sand on the seashore. (1 Samuel 13:5 ULB) The underlined phrase is an exaggeration. It means that there were many, many soldiers in the Philistine army. @@ -57,21 +57,21 @@ The underlined phrase is an exaggeration. It means that there were many, many The disciples told Jesus that everyone was looking looking for him. They probably did not mean that everyone in the city was looking for him, but that many people were looking for him, or that all of Jesus' closest friends there were looking for him. ->But as his anointing teaches you about all things and is true and is not a lie, and even as it has taught you, remain in him. (1 John 2:27 ULB) +>But as his anointing teaches you everything and is true and is not a lie ... (1 John 2:27 ULB) This is a generalization. God's Spirit teaches us about all things that we need to know, not about everything that is possible to know. #### Caution Do not assume that something is an exaggeration just because it seems to be impossible. God does miraculous things. ->... they saw Jesus walking on the sea and coming near the boat. (John 6:19 ULB) + +>... they saw Jesus walking on the sea ... (John 6:19 ULB) This is not hyperbole. Jesus really walked on the water. It is a literal statement. Do not assume that the word "all" is always a generalization that means "most." ->Yahweh is righteous in all his ways ->and gracious in all he does. (Psalm 145:17 ULB) +>Yahweh is righteous in all his ways ... (Psalm 145:17 ULB) Yahweh is always righteous. This is a completely true statement. @@ -84,7 +84,6 @@ If the exaggeration or generalization would be natural and people would understa 1. For a generalization, add a word like "most" or "almost" to show that the generalization is not exact. 1. For a generalization that has a word like "all," always," "none," or "never," consider deleting that word. - ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied 1. Express the meaning without the exaggeration. From 0b436a6f72709151320206131e40bc7709d83c22 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Tue, 9 Oct 2018 19:57:00 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 135/551] Checked verses with ULB --- translate/figs-hyperbole/01.md | 16 ++++++++-------- 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-hyperbole/01.md b/translate/figs-hyperbole/01.md index b2e93f3..2bf0506 100644 --- a/translate/figs-hyperbole/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-hyperbole/01.md @@ -88,22 +88,22 @@ If the exaggeration or generalization would be natural and people would understa 1. Express the meaning without the exaggeration. - * **The Philistines gathered together to fight against Israel: thirty thousand chariots, six thousand men to drive the chariots, and troops as numerous as the sand on the seashore.** (1 Samuel 13:5 ULB) - * The Philistines gathered together to fight against Israel: thirty thousand chariots, six thousand men to drive the chariots, and a great number of troops. + * **... thirty thousand chariots, six thousand men to drive the chariots, and troops as numerous as the sand on the seashore.** (1 Samuel 13:5 ULB) + * ... thirty thousand chariots, six thousand men to drive the chariots, and a great number of troops. 1. For a generalization, show that it is a generalization by using a phrase like "in general" or "in most cases." * **The one who ignores instruction will have poverty and shame ...** (Proverbs 13:18 ULB) - * In general, the one who ignores instruction will have poverty and shame - * **And when you pray, do not make useless repetitions as the Gentiles do, for they think that they will be heard because of their many words.** (Matthew 6:7) - * "And when you pray, do not make useless repetitions as the Gentiles generally do, for they think that they will be heard because of their many words." - + * In general, the one who ignores instruction will have poverty and shame ... + * **When you pray, do not make useless repetitions as the Gentiles do, for they think that they will be heard because of their many words.** (Matthew 6:7) + * "When you pray, do not make useless repetitions as the Gentiles generally do, for they think that they will be heard because of their many words." + 1. For a generalization, add a word like "most" or "almost" to show that the generalization is not exact.  * **The whole country of Judea and all the people of Jerusalem went out to him.** (Mark 1:5 ULB) * Almost all the country of Judea and almost all the people of Jerusalem went out to him." - * Most of the country of Judea and most of the people of Jerusalem went out to him." - + * Most of the country of Judea and most of the people of Jerusalem went out to him." + 1. For a generalization that has a word like "all," always," "none," or "never," consider deleting that word. * **The whole country of Judea and all the people of Jerusalem went out to him.** (Mark 1:5 ULB) From ba5069e68977c7efcdb4dee0c88afe09e564400e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: hmw3 Date: Tue, 9 Oct 2018 16:00:35 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 136/551] Checked verses with ULB --- translate/translate-transliterate/01.md | 2 +- translate/translate-unknown/01.md | 36 ++++++++++++------------- 2 files changed, 19 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/translate-transliterate/01.md b/translate/translate-transliterate/01.md index 2cba026..01c149c 100644 --- a/translate/translate-transliterate/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-transliterate/01.md @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ When that happens you can "borrow" the word from the Bible into your own langua ### Examples from the Bible ->He saw a fig tree on the roadside (Matthew 21:19 ULB) +>Seeing a fig tree on the roadside ... (Matthew 21:19 ULB) If there are no fig trees where your language is spoken, there might not be a name for this kind of tree in your language. diff --git a/translate/translate-unknown/01.md b/translate/translate-unknown/01.md index b512fe8..08dd0cb 100644 --- a/translate/translate-unknown/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-unknown/01.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ How do I translate words like lion, fig tree, mountain, priest, or temple when p ### Description Unknowns are things that occur in the source text that are not known to the people of your culture. The translationWords pages and the translationNotes will help you understand what they are. After you understand them, you will need to find ways to refer to those things so that people who read your translation will understand what they are. ->We have here only five loaves of bread and two fish (Matthew 14:17 ULB) +>We have here only five loaves of bread and two fish. (Matthew 14:17 ULB) Bread is a particular food made by mixing finely crushed grains with oil, and then cooking the mixture so that it is dry. (Grains are the seeds of a kind of grass.) In some cultures people do not have bread or know what it is. @@ -21,19 +21,19 @@ Bread is a particular food made by mixing finely crushed grains with oil, and th ### Examples from the Bible ->I will turn Jerusalem into piles of ruins, a hideout for jackals (Jeremiah 9:11 ULB) +>So I will turn Jerusalem into piles of ruins, a hideout for jackals. (Jeremiah 9:11 ULB) Jackals are wild animals like dogs that live in only a few parts of the world. So they are not known in many places. ->Beware of false prophets, those who come to you in sheep's clothing, but are truly ravenous wolves. (Matthew 7:15 ULB) +>Beware of false prophets, who come to you in sheep's clothing but are truly ravenous wolves. (Matthew 7:15 ULB) If wolves do not live where the translation will be read, the readers may not understand that they are fierce, wild animals like dogs that attack and eat sheep. ->Then they tried to give Jesus wine that was mixed with myrrh. But he refused to drink it. (Mark 15:23 ULB) +>Then they tried to give Jesus wine mixed with myrrh, but he did not drink it. (Mark 15:23 ULB) People may not know what myrrh is and that it was used as a medicine. ->to him who made great lights (Psalm 136:7 ULB) +>... to him who made great lights ... (Psalm 136:7 ULB) Some languages have terms for things that give light, like the sun and fire, but they have no general term for lights. ->your sins ... will be white like snow (Isaiah 1:18 ULB) +>your sins ... will be white like snow ... (Isaiah 1:18 ULB) People in many parts of the world have not seen snow, but they may have seen it in pictures. @@ -51,12 +51,12 @@ Here are ways you might translate a term that is not known in your language: 1. Use a phrase that describes what the unknown item is, or what is important about the unknown item for the verse being translated. - * **Beware of false prophets, those who come to you in sheep's clothing, but are truly ravenous wolves.** (Matthew 7:15 ULB) - * Beware of false prophets, those who come to you in sheep's clothing, but are truly hungry and dangerous animals. + * **Beware of false prophets, who come to you in sheep's clothing but are truly ravenous wolves.** (Matthew 7:15 ULB) + * Beware of false prophets, who come to you in sheep's clothing but are truly hungry and dangerous animals. "Ravenous wolves" is part of a metaphor here, so the reader needs to know that they are very dangerous to sheep in order to understand this metaphor. (If sheep are also unknown, then you will need to also use one of the translation strategies to translate sheep, or change the metaphor to something else, using a translation strategy for metaphors. See [Translating Metaphors](../figs-metaphor/01.md).) - * **We have here only five loaves of bread and two fish** (Matthew 14:17 ULB) + * **We have here only five loaves of bread and two fish.** (Matthew 14:17 ULB) * We have here only five loaves of baked grain seeds and two fish 1. Substitute something similar from your language if doing so does not falsely represent a historical fact. @@ -67,22 +67,22 @@ Here are ways you might translate a term that is not known in your language: 1. Copy the word from another language, and add a general word or descriptive phrase to help people understand it. - * **Then they tried to give Jesus wine that was mixed with myrrh. But he refused to drink it.** (Mark 15:23 ULB) - People may understand better what myrrh is if it is used with the general word "medicine." - * Then they tried to give Jesus wine that was mixed with a medicine called myrrh. But he refused to drink it. + * **Then they tried to give Jesus wine mixed with myrrh, but he refused to drink it.** (Mark 15:23 ULB) - People may understand better what myrrh is if it is used with the general word "medicine." + * Then they tried to give Jesus wine mixed with a medicine called myrrh, but he refused to drink it. - * **We have here only five loaves of bread and two fish** (Matthew 14:17 ULB) - People may understand better what bread is if it is used with a phrase that tells what it is made of (seeds) and how it is prepared (crushed and baked). - * We have here only five loaves of baked crushed seed bread and two fish + * **We have here only five loaves of bread and two fish.** (Matthew 14:17 ULB) - People may understand better what bread is if it is used with a phrase that tells what it is made of (seeds) and how it is prepared (crushed and baked). + * We have here only five loaves of baked crushed seed bread and two fish. 1. Use a word that is more general in meaning. - * **I will turn Jerusalem into piles of ruins, a hideout for jackals** (Jeremiah 9:11 ULB) - * I will turn Jerusalem into piles of ruins, a hideout for wild dogs + * **So I will turn Jerusalem into piles of ruins, a hideout for jackals**. (Jeremiah 9:11 ULB) + * So I will turn Jerusalem into piles of ruins, a hideout for wild dogs. * **We have here only five loaves of bread and two fish** (Matthew 14:17 ULB) - * We have here only five loaves of baked food and two fish + * We have here only five loaves of baked food and two fish. 1. Use a word or phrase that is more specific in meaning. - * **to him who made great lights** (Psalm 136:7 ULB) - * to him who made the sun and the moon + * **... to him who made great lights ...** (Psalm 136:7 ULB) + * ... to him who made the sun and the moon ... From edab1423157bf101449b2030627909f754c69981 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: John Hutchins Date: Tue, 9 Oct 2018 20:06:32 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 137/551] Updated to match ULB; fixed spacing; changed Abib to Aviv --- translate/translate-hebrewmonths/01.md | 32 +++++++++++--------------- 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/translate-hebrewmonths/01.md b/translate/translate-hebrewmonths/01.md index ee0a761..91887dd 100644 --- a/translate/translate-hebrewmonths/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-hebrewmonths/01.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Description -The Hebrew calendar used in the Bible has twelve months. Unlike the western calendar, its first month begins in the spring of the northern hemisphere. Sometimes a month is called by its name (Abib, Ziv, Sivan), and sometimes it is called by its order in the Hebrew calendar year (first month, second month, third month). +The Hebrew calendar used in the Bible has twelve months. Unlike the western calendar, its first month begins in the spring of the northern hemisphere. Sometimes a month is called by its name (Aviv, Ziv, Sivan), and sometimes it is called by its order in the Hebrew calendar year (first month, second month, third month). #### Reasons this is a translation issue @@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ The Hebrew calendar used in the Bible has twelve months. Unlike the western cale This is a list of the Hebrew months with information about them that may be helpful in the translation. -**Abib** - (This month is called **Nisan** after the Babylonian exile.) This is the first month of the Hebrew calendar. It marks when God brought the people of Israel out of Egypt. It is at the beginning of the spring season when the late rains come and people begin to harvest their crops. It is during the last part of March and the first part April on western calendars. The Passover celebration started on Abib 10, the Festival of Unleavened Bread was right after that, and the Festival of Harvest was a few weeks after that. +**Aviv** - (This month is called **Nisan** after the Babylonian exile.) This is the first month of the Hebrew calendar. It marks when God brought the people of Israel out of Egypt. It is at the beginning of the spring season when the late rains come and people begin to harvest their crops. It is during the last part of March and the first part April on western calendars. The Passover celebration started on Aviv 10, the Festival of Unleavened Bread was right after that, and the Festival of Harvest was a few weeks after that. **Ziv** - This is the second month of the Hebrew calendar. This is during the harvest season. It is during the last part of April and the first part of May on western calendars. @@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ This is a list of the Hebrew months with information about them that may be help #### Examples from the Bible -> You are going out of Egypt on this day, in the month of Abib. (Exodus 13:4 ULB) +> You are going out of Egypt on this day, in the month of Aviv. (Exodus 13:4 ULB) >You must eat unleavened bread from twilight of the fourteenth day in the first month of the year, until twilight of the twenty-first day of the month. (Exodus 12:18 ULB) @@ -58,25 +58,21 @@ You may need to make some information about the months explicit. (see [Assumed K The examples below use these two verses. -* **At that time, you will appear before me in the month of Abib, which is fixed for this purpose. It was in this month that you came out from Egypt.** (Exodus 23:15 ULB) -* **It will always be a statute for you that in the seventh month, on the tenth day of the month, you must humble yourselves and do no work.** (Leviticus 16:29 ULB) +* **At that time, you will appear before me in the month of Aviv, which is fixed for this purpose. It was in this month that you came out from Egypt.** (Exodus 23:15 ULB) +* **It will always be a statute for you that in the seventh month, on the tenth day of the month, you must humble yourselves and do no work ...** (Leviticus 16:29 ULB) 1. Tell the number of the Hebrew month. - - * At that time, you will appear before me in the first month of the year, which is fixed for this purpose. It was in this month that you came out from Egypt. - + * At that time, you will appear before me in the first month of the year, which is fixed for this purpose. It was in this month that you came out from Egypt. + 1. Use the months that people know. - * At that time, you will appear before me in the month of March, which is fixed for this purpose. It was in this month that you came out from Egypt. - * It will always be a statute for you that on the day I choose in late September you must humble yourselves and do no work." - + * It will always be a statute for you that on the day I choose in late September you must humble yourselves and do no work ... + 1. State clearly what season the month occurred in. - - * It will always be a statute for you that in the autumn, on the tenth day of the seventh month, you must humble yourselves and do no work. - + * It will always be a statute for you that in the autumn, on the tenth day of the seventh month, you must humble yourselves and do no work ... + 1. Refer to the time in terms of the season rather than in terms of the month. - - * It will always be a statute for you that in the day I choose in early autumn1you must humble yourselves and do no work. + * It will always be a statute for you that in the day I choose in early autumn1 you must humble yourselves and do no work ... * The footnote would look like: - * [1]The Hebrew says, "the seventh month, on the tenth day of the month." - + * [1]The Hebrew says, "the seventh month, on the tenth day of the month." + From 87e563e19864f5d5a749902487f782295e16ac76 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: hmw3 Date: Tue, 9 Oct 2018 16:10:19 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 138/551] Checked verses with ULB --- translate/translate-textvariants/01.md | 12 ++++++------ 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/translate-textvariants/01.md b/translate/translate-textvariants/01.md index ca5613b..bba9c76 100644 --- a/translate/translate-textvariants/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-textvariants/01.md @@ -13,12 +13,12 @@ Translators are encouraged to translate the text in the ULB and to write about a Matthew 18:10-11 ULB has a footnote about verse 11. >10See that you do not despise any of these little ones. For I say to you that in heaven their angels always look on the face of my Father who is in heaven. 11[1] -[1]Many authorities, some ancient, insert v. 11. *For the Son of Man came to save that which was lost.* +[1]The best ancient Greek copies do not have the sentence that some translations include, **For the Son of Man came to save that which was lost**. John 7:53-8:11 is not in the best earliest manuscripts. It has been included in the ULB, but it is marked off with square brackets ([ ]) at the beginning and end, and there is a footnote after verse 11. ->53[Then every man went to his own house. ... 11She said, "No one, Lord." Jesus said, "Neither do I condemn you. Go your way; from now on sin no more."][2] +>53[Then every man went to his own house. ... 11She said, "No one, Lord." Jesus said, "Neither do I condemn you. Go and sin no more."][2] -[2]The best earliest manuscripts do not have John 7:53-8:11 +[2]The best ancient copies do not have John 7:53-8:11. ### Translation Strategies @@ -32,15 +32,15 @@ When there is a textual variant, you may choose to follow the ULB or another ver The translation strategies are applied to Mark 7:14-16 ULB, which has a footnote about verse 16. * 14**He called the crowd again and said to them, "Listen to me, all of you, and understand. 15There is nothing from outside of a person that can defile him when it enters into him. It is what comes out of the person that defiles him."** 16[1] - * **[1]The best ancient copies omit v. 16. *If any man has ears to hear, let him hear*.** + * **[1]The best ancient copies do not have verse 16. *If any man has ears to hear, let him hear*.** 1. Translate the verses that the ULB does and include the footnote that the ULB provides. * 14He called the crowd again and said to them, "Listen to me, all of you, and understand. 15There is nothing from outside of a person that can defile him when it enters into him. It is what comes out of the person that defiles him." 16[1] - * [1]The best ancient copies omit verse 16. *If any man has ears to hear, let him hear*. + * [1]The best ancient copies do not have verse 16. *If any man has ears to hear, let him hear*. 1. Translate the verses as another version does, and change the footnote so that it fits this situation. * 14He called the crowd again and said to them, "Listen to me, all of you, and understand. 15There is nothing from outside of a person that can defile him when it enters into him. It is what comes out of the person that defiles him. 16If any man has ears to hear, let him hear." [1] - * [1]Some ancient copies do not have verse 16. + * [1]The best ancient copies do not have verse 16. From f3068b1581d567c15de91afb0b140bd2180715bb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: John Hutchins Date: Tue, 9 Oct 2018 20:34:56 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 139/551] Changed Aviv back to Abib to match ULB --- translate/translate-hebrewmonths/01.md | 8 ++++---- 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/translate-hebrewmonths/01.md b/translate/translate-hebrewmonths/01.md index 91887dd..1de9368 100644 --- a/translate/translate-hebrewmonths/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-hebrewmonths/01.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Description -The Hebrew calendar used in the Bible has twelve months. Unlike the western calendar, its first month begins in the spring of the northern hemisphere. Sometimes a month is called by its name (Aviv, Ziv, Sivan), and sometimes it is called by its order in the Hebrew calendar year (first month, second month, third month). +The Hebrew calendar used in the Bible has twelve months. Unlike the western calendar, its first month begins in the spring of the northern hemisphere. Sometimes a month is called by its name (Abib, Ziv, Sivan), and sometimes it is called by its order in the Hebrew calendar year (first month, second month, third month). #### Reasons this is a translation issue @@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ The Hebrew calendar used in the Bible has twelve months. Unlike the western cale This is a list of the Hebrew months with information about them that may be helpful in the translation. -**Aviv** - (This month is called **Nisan** after the Babylonian exile.) This is the first month of the Hebrew calendar. It marks when God brought the people of Israel out of Egypt. It is at the beginning of the spring season when the late rains come and people begin to harvest their crops. It is during the last part of March and the first part April on western calendars. The Passover celebration started on Aviv 10, the Festival of Unleavened Bread was right after that, and the Festival of Harvest was a few weeks after that. +**Abib** - (This month is called **Nisan** after the Babylonian exile.) This is the first month of the Hebrew calendar. It marks when God brought the people of Israel out of Egypt. It is at the beginning of the spring season when the late rains come and people begin to harvest their crops. It is during the last part of March and the first part April on western calendars. The Passover celebration started on Abib 10, the Festival of Unleavened Bread was right after that, and the Festival of Harvest was a few weeks after that. **Ziv** - This is the second month of the Hebrew calendar. This is during the harvest season. It is during the last part of April and the first part of May on western calendars. @@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ This is a list of the Hebrew months with information about them that may be help #### Examples from the Bible -> You are going out of Egypt on this day, in the month of Aviv. (Exodus 13:4 ULB) +> You are going out of Egypt on this day, in the month of Abib. (Exodus 13:4 ULB) >You must eat unleavened bread from twilight of the fourteenth day in the first month of the year, until twilight of the twenty-first day of the month. (Exodus 12:18 ULB) @@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ You may need to make some information about the months explicit. (see [Assumed K The examples below use these two verses. -* **At that time, you will appear before me in the month of Aviv, which is fixed for this purpose. It was in this month that you came out from Egypt.** (Exodus 23:15 ULB) +* **At that time, you will appear before me in the month of Abib, which is fixed for this purpose. It was in this month that you came out from Egypt.** (Exodus 23:15 ULB) * **It will always be a statute for you that in the seventh month, on the tenth day of the month, you must humble yourselves and do no work ...** (Leviticus 16:29 ULB) 1. Tell the number of the Hebrew month. From 6c1dbf8cdf034a88cb37ba619f134b6e96f429e4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Tue, 9 Oct 2018 20:43:07 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 140/551] Removed reference to verse bridges in ULB and added examples --- translate/translate-versebridge/01.md | 27 +++++++++++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 17 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/translate-versebridge/01.md b/translate/translate-versebridge/01.md index 2d04295..194ca9f 100644 --- a/translate/translate-versebridge/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-versebridge/01.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Description -In rare cases, you will see in the Unlocked Literal Bible (ULB) or the Unlocked Dynamic Bible (UDB) that two or more verse numbers are combined, such as 17-18. This is called a verse bridge. This means that the information in the verses was rearranged so that the story or message could be more easily understood. +In rare cases, you will see in the Unlocked Dynamic Bible (UDB) that two or more verse numbers are combined, such as 17-18. This is called a verse bridge. This means that the information in the verses was rearranged so that the story or message could be more easily understood. >29These were the clans of the Horites: Lotan, Shobal, Zibeon, and Anah, 30Dishon, Ezer, Dishan. These were clans of the Horites, according to their clan lists in the land of Seir. (Genesis 36:29-30 ULB) @@ -12,24 +12,31 @@ In the ULB text, verses 29 and 30 are separate, and the information about the pe ### Examples from the Bible -Sometimes the ULB has separate verses while the UDB has a verse bridge. +Sometimes the ULB has separate verses while the UDB has a verse bridge. In the example below the information was rearranged in the UDB so that the information about Yahweh blessing the land appears first. ->4However, there should be no poor among you (for Yahweh will surely bless you in the land that he gives you as an inheritance to possess), 5if only you diligently listen to the voice of Yahweh your God, to keep all these commandments that I am commanding you today. (Deuteronomy 15:4-5 ULB) +>4However, there should be no poor among you (for Yahweh will surely bless you in the land that he gives you as an inheritance to possess), 5if only you diligently listen to the voice of Yahweh your God, to keep all these commandments that I am commanding you today. (Deuteronomy 15:4-5 ULB) + +>4-5Yahweh our God will bless you in the land that he is giving to you. If you obey Yahweh our God and obey all the commandments that I am giving to you today, there will not be any poor people among you. (Deuteronomy 15:4-5 UDB) + +In the example below, the information was rearranged in the UDB so that it shows the order in which the events happened. ->4-5Yahweh our God will bless you in the land that he is giving to you. If you obey Yahweh our God and obey all the commandments that I am giving to you today, there will not be any poor people among you. (Deuteronomy 15:4-5 UDB) +>1Then Joseph went in and told Pharaoh, "My father and my brothers, their flocks, their herds, and all that they own, have arrived from the land of Canaan. See, they are in the land of Goshen." +>2He took five of his brothers and introduced them to Pharaoh. (Genesis 47:1-2 ULB) -### Translation Strategies +>1-2Joseph chose five of his brothers to go with him to talk to the king. He introduced them to the king, and then he said, "My father and my brothers have come from Canaan land. They have brought all their sheep, goats, cattle, and everything else that they own, and they are living now in region of Goshen." (Genesis 47:1-2 UDB) + +### Translation Strategy Order the information in a way that will be clear to your readers. -1. If you put information from one verse before information from an earlier verse, put a hyphen between the two verse numbers. +1. If you put information from one verse before information from an earlier verse, put the first and last verse numbers at the beginning with a hyphen between them. See how to mark verses in the [translationStudio APP](http://help.door43.org/en/knowledgebase/13-translationstudio-android/docs/24-marking-verses-in-translationstudio). -### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied - -1. If information from one verse is put before information from an earlier verse, put the verse numbers before the first verse with a hyphen between them. +### Examples of Translation Strategy Applied +1. If you put information from one verse before information from an earlier verse, put the first and last verse numbers at the beginning with a hyphen between them. * **2you must select three cities for yourself in the middle of your land that Yahweh your God is giving you to possess. 3You must build a road and divide the borders of your land into three parts, the land that Yahweh your God is causing you to inherit, so that everyone who kills another person may flee there.** (Deuteronomy 19:2-3) * 2-3you must divide into three parts the land that he is giving to you. Then select a city in each part. You must make good roads in order that people can get to those cities easily. Someone who kills another person can escape to one of those cities to be safe. (Deuteronomy 19:2-3 UDB) - + * **40These were the names of the heads of clans from Esau's descendants, according to their clans and their regions, by their names: Timna, Alvah, Jetheth, 41 Oholibamah, Elah, Pinon, 42 Kenaz, Teman, Mibzar, 43 Magdiel, and Iram. These were the clan heads of Edom, according to their settlements in the land they possessed. This was Esau, the father of the Edomites.** (Genesis 36:40-43 ULB) + * 40-43Here is a list of all the people groups that were descendants of Esau: Timna, Alvah, Jetheth, Oholibamah, Elah, Pinon, Kenaz, Teman, Mibzar, Magdiel, and Iram. They all lived in the land of Edom. The land where each people group lived got the same name as the name of the people group. (Genesis 36:40-43 UDB) \ No newline at end of file From 2e2d0bbcf7a1d2b8f7e7d903aee215a69d122d11 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: hmw3 Date: Tue, 9 Oct 2018 16:57:25 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 141/551] Checked verses with ULB --- translate/figs-youdual/01.md | 10 +++++++--- translate/figs-youformal/01.md | 4 ++-- translate/figs-yousingular/01.md | 11 ++++++----- 3 files changed, 15 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-youdual/01.md b/translate/figs-youdual/01.md index a997b42..6385fe6 100644 --- a/translate/figs-youdual/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-youdual/01.md @@ -15,18 +15,22 @@ Often the context will make it clear whether the word "you" refers to one person ### Examples from the Bible ->James and John, the sons of Zebedee, came up to him and said, "Teacher, we want you to do for us whatever we ask you." He [Jesus] said to them, "What do you want me to do for you?" (Mark 10:35-36 ULB) +>James and John, the sons of Zebedee, came up to him and said, "Teacher, we want you to do for us whatever we ask you." He said to them, "What do you want me to do for you?" (Mark 10:35-36 ULB) Jesus is asking the **two**, James and John, what they want him to do for them. If the target language has a **dual** form of "you," use that. If the target language does not have a dual form, then the plural form would be appropriate. ->... and Jesus sent out two of his disciples and said to them, "Go into the village opposite us. As soon as you enter it, you will find a colt that has never been ridden. Untie it and bring it to me. (Mark 11:1-2 ULB) +>... Jesus sent out two of his disciples and said to them, "Go into the village opposite us. As soon as you enter it, you will find a colt that has never been ridden. Untie it and bring it to me. (Mark 11:1-2 ULB) -The context makes it clear that Jesus is addressing **two** people. If the target language has a **dual** form of "you," use that. If the target language does not have a dual form, then the plural form would be appropriate. +The context makes it clear that Jesus is addressing **two** people. If the target language has a **dual** form of "you," use that, and if it has a dual form of verbs, use that as well. If the target language does not have a dual form, then the plural form would be appropriate. >James, a servant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ, to the twelve tribes of the Dispersion, greetings. Consider it all joy, my brothers, when you experience various troubles, knowing that the testing of your faith works endurance. (James 1:1-3 ULB) James wrote this letter to many people, so the word "you" refers to many people. If the target language has a **plural** form of "you," it would be best to use it here. +>Jesus answered and said to him, "Are you a teacher of Israel, and yet you do not understand these things? Truly, truly, I say to you, we speak what we know, and we testify about what we have seen. Yet you do not accept our testimony. (John 3:10, 11 ULB) + +Jesus was speaking to one man, so the reader would expect that all the instances of "you" would be singular. However, in the last sentence, Jesus is referring to all of the Pharisees, so the word "you" in that sentence is **plural**. + ### Strategies for finding out how many people "you" refers to 1. Look at the notes to see if they tell whether "you" refers to one person or more than one person. diff --git a/translate/figs-youformal/01.md b/translate/figs-youformal/01.md index 8a6819b..822299d 100644 --- a/translate/figs-youformal/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-youformal/01.md @@ -25,10 +25,10 @@ In some cultures people use the formal "you" when speaking to someone who is old >Yahweh God called to the man and said to him, "Where are you?" (Genesis 3:9 ULB) God is in authority over the man, so languages that have formal and informal forms of "you" would probably use the informal form here. ->So, it seemed good to me also, having investigated everything accurately from the beginning, to write it down for you in order, most excellent Theophilus. I want you to know the certainty of the things that you were taught. (Luke 1:3-4 ULB) +>So it seemed good to me also, because I have accurately investigated everything from the beginning, to write an orderly account for you, most excellent Theophilus, so that you might know the certainty of the things you have been taught. (Luke 1:3-4 ULB) Luke called Theophilus "most excellent." This shows us that Theophilus was probably a high official to whom Luke was showing great respect. Speakers of languages that have a formal form of "you" would probably use that form here. ->Heavenly Father, sanctify your name. (Matthew 6:9 ULB) +>Our Father in heaven, may your name be honored as holy. (Matthew 6:9 ULB) This is part of a prayer that Jesus taught his disciples. Some cultures would use the formal "you" because God is in authority. Other cultures would use the informal "you" because God is our Father. diff --git a/translate/figs-yousingular/01.md b/translate/figs-yousingular/01.md index 8794e20..9a6ba5d 100644 --- a/translate/figs-yousingular/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-yousingular/01.md @@ -16,13 +16,14 @@ Sometimes Greek and Hebrew speakers used "you" singular even though they were sp ### Examples from the Bible ->The ruler said, "All these things I have obeyed from the time I was a youth." When Jesus heard that, he said to him, "One thing you still lack. You must sell all that you have and distribute it to the poor, and you will have treasure in heaven—and come, follow me." (Luke 18:21, 22 ULB) +>Jesus answered and said to him, "Are you a teacher of Israel, and yet you do not understand these things? Truly, truly, I say to you, we speak what we know, and we testify about what we have seen. Yet you do not accept our testimony. (John 3:10, 11 ULB) -The ruler was speaking about just himself when he said "I." This shows us that when Jesus said "you" he was referring only to the ruler. So languages that have singular and plural forms of "you" would have the singular form here. ->The angel said to him, "Dress yourself and put on your sandals." Peter did so. The angel said to him, "Put on your outer garment and follow me." So Peter followed the angel and went out. (Acts 12:8, ULB) +Jesus was speaking to one man, so the reader would expect that all the instances of "you" would be singular. However, in the last sentence, Jesus is referring to all of the Pharisees, so the word "you" in that sentence is plural. -The context makes it clear that the angel was speaking to one person and that only one person did what the the angel commanded. So languages that have singular and plural forms of "you" would have the singular form here for "yourself" and "your". Also, if verbs have different forms for singular and plural subjects, the verbs "dress" and "put on" will need the form for "you" singular. ->To Titus, a true son in our common faith. ... For this purpose I left you in Crete, that you might set in order things not yet complete, and ordain elders in every city as I directed you. ... But you, say what agrees with healthy doctrine. (Titus 1:4,5; 2:1 ULB) +>The angel said to him, "Dress yourself and put on your sandals." Peter did so. The angel said to him, "Put on your outer garment and follow me." (Acts 12:8 ULB) + +The context makes it clear that the angel was speaking to one person and that only one person did what the the angel commanded. So languages that have singular and plural forms of "you" would have the singular form here for "yourself" and "your." Also, if verbs have different forms for singular and plural subjects, the verbs "dress" and "put on" will need the form for "you" singular. +>To Titus, a true son in our common faith. ... For this purpose I left you in Crete, that you might set in order things not yet complete and ordain elders in every city as I directed you. ... But you, speak what fits with faithful instruction. (Titus 1:4,5; 2:1 ULB) Paul wrote this letter to one person, Titus. Most of the time the word "you" in this letter refers only to Titus. From cac37f5d5353ef11cadb8f7f9580ee3788e80472 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Tue, 9 Oct 2018 20:58:06 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 142/551] Changed numbered list of example types to headings --- translate/figs-hypo/01.md | 8 ++++---- 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-hypo/01.md b/translate/figs-hypo/01.md index 7759dfe..34f5298 100644 --- a/translate/figs-hypo/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-hypo/01.md @@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ People sometimes express regrets about things that have not happened or that are ### Examples from the Bible -1. Hypothetical situations in the past +#### Hypothetical situation in the past >"Woe to you, Chorazin! Woe to you, Bethsaida! If the mighty deeds had been done in Tyre and Sidon which were done in you, they would have repented long ago in sackcloth and ashes." (Matthew 11:21 ULB) @@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ Here in Matthew 11:21 Jesus said that if the people living in the ancient Martha said this to express her wish that Jesus had come sooner. But Jesus did not come sooner, and her brother did die. -1. Hypothetical situations in the present +#### Hypothetical situation in the present >Also, no man puts new wine into old wineskins. If he did that, the new wine would burst the skins, and the wine would be spilled, and the wineskins would be destroyed. (Luke 5:37 ULB) @@ -54,14 +54,14 @@ Jesus told about what would happen if a person were to put new wine into old win Jesus asked the religious leaders what they would do on the Sabbath if one of their sheep fell into a hole. He was not saying that their sheep would fall into a hole. He used this imaginary situation to show them that they were wrong to judge him for healing people on the Sabbath. -1. Hypothetical situation in the future +#### Hypothetical situation in the future >Unless those days are shortened, no flesh would be saved; but for the sake of the elect, those days will be shortened. (Matthew 24:22 ULB) Jesus was talking about a future time when very bad things would happen. He told what would happen if those days of trouble were to last a long time. He did this to show about how bad those days will be - so bad that if they lasted a long time, no one would be saved. But then he clarified that God will shorten those days of trouble, so that the elect (those he has chosen) will be saved. -1. Expressing emotion about a hypothetical situation +#### Expressing emotion about a hypothetical situation Regrets and wishes are very similar. >The Israelites said to them, "If only we had died by Yahweh's hand in the land of Egypt when we were sitting by the pots of meat and were eating bread to the full. For you have brought us out into this wilderness to kill our whole community with hunger." (Exodus 16:3 ULB) From 44b146fd0da26201551f8ccff23a25f117c91227 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: John Hutchins Date: Tue, 9 Oct 2018 20:58:42 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 143/551] Updated verses to match ULB; fixed spacing --- translate/translate-names/01.md | 63 ++++++++++++++------------------- 1 file changed, 27 insertions(+), 36 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/translate-names/01.md b/translate/translate-names/01.md index 5c4fbfa..0c5c437 100644 --- a/translate/translate-names/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-names/01.md @@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ Most names in the Bible have meaning. Most of the time, names in the Bible are u Here the writer uses the name "Melchizedek" primarily to refer to a man who had that name, and the title "king of Salem" tells us that he ruled over a certain city. ->His name "Melchizedek" means "king of righteousness," and also "king of Salem," that is, "king of peace." (Hebrews 7:2 ULB) +>First, the translation of his name means, "king of righteousness"; then he is also "king of Salem," that is, "king of peace." (Hebrews 7:2 ULB) Here the writer explains the meanings of Melchizedek's name and title, because those things tell us more about the person. Other times, the writer does not explain the meaning of a name because he expects the reader to already know the meaning. If the meaning of the name is important to understand the passage, you can include the meaning in the text or in a footnote. @@ -24,22 +24,22 @@ Here the writer explains the meanings of Melchizedek's name and title, because t ### Examples from the Bible ->You went over the Jordan and came to Jericho. The leaders of Jericho fought against you, along with the Amorites (Joshua 24:11 ULB) +>You went over the Jordan and came to Jericho. The leaders of Jericho fought against you, along with the Amorites ... (Joshua 24:11 ULB) Readers might not know that "Jordan" is the name of a river, "Jericho" is the name of a city, and "Amorites" is the name of a group of people. ->she said, "Do I really continue to see, even after he has seen me?" Therefore the well was called Beerlahairoi; (Genesis 16:13-14 ULB) +>... she said, "Do I really continue to see, even after he has seen me?" Therefore the well was called Beer Lahai Roi; (Genesis 16:13-14 ULB) -Readers may not understand the second sentence if they do not know that "Beerlahairoi" means "Well of the Living One who sees me." +Readers may not understand the second sentence if they do not know that "Beer Lahai Roi" means "Well of the Living One who sees me." ->She named him Moses and said, "Because I drew him from the water." (Exodus 2:11 ULB) +>She named him Moses and said, "Because I drew him from the water." (Exodus 2:10 ULB) Readers may not understand why she said this if they do not know that the name Moses sounds like the Hebrew words "pull out." ->Saul was in agreement with his death (Acts 8:1 ULB)
+>Saul was in agreement with his death. (Acts 8:1 ULB)
->It came about in Iconium that Paul and Barnabas entered together into the synagogue (Acts 14:1 ULB) +>It came about in Iconium that Paul and Barnabas entered together into the synagogue ... (Acts 14:1 ULB) Readers may not know that the names Saul and Paul refer to the same person. @@ -54,45 +54,36 @@ Readers may not know that the names Saul and Paul refer to the same person. ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied 1. If readers cannot easily understand from the context what kind of a thing a name refers to, you can add a word to clarify it. - - * **You went over the Jordan and came to Jericho. The leaders of Jericho fought against you, along with the Amorites** (Joshua 24:11 ULB) - * You went over the Jordan River and came to the city of Jericho. The leaders of Jericho fought against you, along with the tribe of the Amorites - + * **You went over the Jordan and came to Jericho. The leaders of Jericho fought against you, along with the Amorites ...** (Joshua 24:11 ULB) + * You went over the Jordan River and came to the city of Jericho. The leaders of Jericho fought against you, along with the tribe of the Amorites ... * **Shortly after, some Pharisees came and said to him, "Go and leave here because Herod wants to kill you."** (Luke 13:31 ULB) - * Shortly after, some Pharisees came and said to him, "Go and leave here because King Herod wants to kill you. - + * Shortly after, some Pharisees came and said to him, "Go and leave here because King Herod wants to kill you. + 1. If readers need to understand the meaning of a name in order to understand what is said about it, copy the name and tell about its meaning either in the text or in a footnote. - * **She named him Moses and said, "Because I drew him from the water."** (Exodus 2:11 ULB) - * She named him Moses, which sounds like 'drawn out,' and said, "Because I drew him from the water." - + * She named him Moses, which sounds like 'drawn out,' and said, "Because I drew him from the water." + 1. Or if readers need to understand the meaning of a name in order to understand what is said about it, and that name is used only once, translate the meaning of the name instead of copying the name. - - * **... she said, "Do I really continue to see, even after he has seen me?" Therefore the well was called Beerlahairoi;** (Genesis 16:13-14 ULB) - * ... she said, "Do I really continue to see, even after he has seen me?" Therefore the well was called Well of the Living One who sees me; - + * **... she said, "Do I really continue to see, even after he has seen me?" Therefore the well was called Beer Lahai Roi;** (Genesis 16:13-14 ULB) + * ... she said, "Do I really continue to see, even after he has seen me?" Therefore the well was called Well of the Living One who sees me; + 1. If a person or place has two different names, use one name most of the time and the other name only when the text tells about the person or place having more than one name or when it says something about why the person or place was given that name. Write a footnote when the source text uses the name that is used less frequently. For example, Paul is called "Saul" before Acts 13 and "Paul" after Acts 13. You could translate his name as "Paul" all of the time, except in Acts 13:9 where it talks about him having both names. - - * **... a young man named Saul** (Acts 7:58 ULB) - * ... a young man named Paul1 + * **... a young man named Saul.** (Acts 7:58 ULB) + * ... a young man named Paul.1 * The footnote would look like: * [1]Most versions say Saul here, but most of the time in the Bible he is called Paul. - - * **But Saul, who is also called Paul, was filled with the Holy Spirit;** (Acts 13:9) - * But Saul, who is also called Paul, was filled with the Holy Spirit; - + * **But Saul, who is also called Paul ...** (Acts 13:9) + * But Saul, who is also called Paul ... + 1. Or if a person or place has two names, use whatever name is given in the source text, and add a footnote that gives the other name. For example, you could write "Saul" where the source text has "Saul" and "Paul" where the source text has "Paul." - - * **a young man named Saul** (Acts 7:58 ULB) - * a young man named Saul + * **... a young man named Saul.** (Acts 7:58 ULB) + * ... a young man named Saul. [1] * The footnote would look like: * [1]This is the same man who is called Paul beginning in Acts 13. - * **But Saul, who is also called Paul, was filled with the Holy Spirit;** (Acts 13:9) * But Saul, who is also called Paul, was filled with the Holy Spirit; - - * **It came about in Iconium that Paul and Barnabas entered together into the synagogue** (Acts 14:1 ULB) - * It came about in Iconium that Paul1and Barnabas entered together into the synagogue + * **It came about in Iconium that Paul and Barnabas entered together into the synagogue ...** (Acts 14:1 ULB) + * It came about in Iconium that Paul1 and Barnabas entered together into the synagogue ... * The footnote would look like: - * [1]This is the man that was called Saul before Acts 13. - + * [1]This is the man that was called Saul before Acts 13. + From b2c6ded0fe51ac939190ccc952fb768248b017ee Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: hmw3 Date: Tue, 9 Oct 2018 17:08:37 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 144/551] Checked verses with ULB --- translate/figs-youcrowd/01.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-youcrowd/01.md b/translate/figs-youcrowd/01.md index 777e3a5..7fac079 100644 --- a/translate/figs-youcrowd/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-youcrowd/01.md @@ -13,11 +13,11 @@ Also, speakers and writers of the Old Testament often referred to groups of peop ### Examples from the Bible ->1Take heed that you do not do your acts of righteousness before people to be seen by them, or else you will have no reward from your Father who is in heaven. 2So when you give alms, do not sound a trumpet before yourself as the hypocrites do in the synagogues and in the streets, so that they may have the praise of people. Truly I say to you, they have received their reward. (Matthew 6:1,2 ULB) +>1Take heed that you do not do your acts of righteousness before people to be seen by them, or else you will have no reward from your Father who is in heaven. 2So when you give alms, do not sound a trumpet before yourself as the hypocrites do in the synagogues and in the streets, so that they may have the praise of people. Truly I say to you, they have received their reward. (Matthew 6:1, 2 ULB) Jesus said this to a crowd. He used "you" plural in verse 1, and "you" singular in the first sentence of verse 2. Then in the last sentence he used the plural again. ->God spoke all these words: "I am Yahweh, your God, who brought you out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of slavery. You must have no other gods before me." (Exodus 20:1-3 ULB) +>I am Yahweh your God, who brought you out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of slavery. You must have no other gods before me. (Exodus 20:1-3 ULB) God said this to all the people of Israel. He had taken them all out of Egypt and he wanted them all to obey him, but he used the singular form of you here when speaking to them. From 0b96c4917eaf9ca5944e8c2d5a817a242d398f31 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: hmw3 Date: Tue, 9 Oct 2018 17:37:30 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 145/551] Checked verses with ULB --- translate/figs-sentencetypes/01.md | 10 +++---- translate/figs-simile/01.md | 40 +++++++++++++-------------- translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md | 8 +++--- translate/figs-synonparallelism/01.md | 12 ++++---- 4 files changed, 35 insertions(+), 35 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-sentencetypes/01.md b/translate/figs-sentencetypes/01.md index b486f15..bdb7322 100644 --- a/translate/figs-sentencetypes/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-sentencetypes/01.md @@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ The examples below show each of these types used for their main functions. #### Statements ->In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth. (Genesis 1:1 ULB) +>In the beginning, God created the heavens and the earth. (Genesis 1:1 ULB) Statements can also have other functions. (see [Statements - Other Uses](../figs-declarative/01.md)) @@ -44,14 +44,14 @@ With a **command**, the speaker uses his authority and tells someone to do somet >Rise up, Balak, and hear. Listen to me, you son of Zippor. (Numbers 23:18 ULB) With an **instruction**, the speaker tells someone how to do something. ->...but if you want to enter into life, keep the commandments. ... If you wish to be perfect, go, sell what you have, and give it to the poor, and you will have treasure in heaven. (Matthew 19:17, 21 ULB) +>...but if you want to enter into life, keep the commandments. ... If you wish to be perfect, go, sell what you have, and give to the poor, and you will have treasure in heaven. (Matthew 19:17, 21 ULB) With a **suggestion**, the speaker tells someone something to do or not do that he thinks might help that person. In the example below, it is best for both blind men if they do not try to lead each other. ->A blind man should not try to lead another blind man. If he did, they both would fall into a hole! ( Luke 6:39 UDB) +>A blind man should not try to lead another blind man. If he did, they both would fall into a hole! (Luke 6:39 UDB) Speakers may intend to be part of the group that does what is suggested. In Genesis 11, the people were saying that it would be good for them all to make bricks together. ->They said to one another, "Come, let us make bricks and bake them thoroughly." (Genesis 11:3 ULB) +>Then they said to each other, "Let us make bricks and bake them to make them hard ... (Genesis 11:3 ULB) With an **invitation**, the speaker uses politeness or friendliness to suggest that someone do something if he wants. This is usually something that the speaker thinks the listener will enjoy. >Come with us and we will do you good. (Numbers 10:29) @@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ With a **request**, the speaker uses politeness to say that he wants someone to With a **wish** a person expresses what they want to happen. In English they often start with the word "may" or "let." In Genesis 28, Isaac told Jacob what he wanted God to do for him. ->May God Almighty bless you, make you fruitful and multiply you. (Genesis 28:3 ULB) +>May God Almighty bless you, make you fruitful and multiply you ... (Genesis 28:3 ULB) In Genesis 9, Noah said what he wanted to happen to Canaan. >Cursed be Canaan. May he be a servant to his brothers' servants. (Genesis 9:25 ULB) diff --git a/translate/figs-simile/01.md b/translate/figs-simile/01.md index 1b66904..f05ecf0 100644 --- a/translate/figs-simile/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-simile/01.md @@ -4,10 +4,10 @@ A simile is a comparison of two things that are not normally thought to be simil ### Description A simile is a comparison of two things that are not normally thought to be similar. It focuses on a particular trait the two items have in common, and it includes the words "like," "as" or "than." ->When he saw the crowds, he had compassion for them, because they were worried and confused, because they were like sheep without a shepherd. (Matthew 9:36) +>When he saw the crowds, he had compassion for them, because they were troubled and discouraged. They were like sheep without a shepherd. (Matthew 9:36) -Jesus compared the crowds of people to sheep without a shepherd. Sheep grow frightened when they do not have a good shepherd to lead them in safe places. The crowds were like that because they did not have good religious leaders. ->See, I send you out as sheep in the midst of wolves, so be as wise as serpents and harmless as doves. (Matthew 10:16 ULB) +Jesus compared the crowds of people to sheep without a shepherd. Sheep grow frightened when they do not have a good shepherd to lead them in safe places. The crowds were like that because they did not have good religious leaders. +>See, I send you out as sheep in the midst of wolves, so be as wise as serpents and harmless as doves. (Matthew 10:16 ULB) Jesus compared his disciples to sheep and their enemies to wolves. Wolves attack sheep. Jesus' enemies would attack his disciples. >For the word of God is living and active and sharper than any two-edged sword. (Hebrews 4:12 ULB) @@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ God's word is compared to a two-edged sword. A two-edged sword is a weapon that >Suffer hardship with me, as a good soldier of Christ Jesus. (2 Timothy 2:3 ULB) In this simile, Paul compares suffering with what soldiers endure, and he encourages Timothy to follow their example. ->for as the lightning appears when it flashes from one part of the sky to another part of the sky, so will the Son of Man be in his day. (Luke 17:24 ULB) +>... for as the lightning shines brightly when it flashes from one part of the sky to another part of the sky, so will the Son of Man be in his day. (Luke 17:24 ULB) This verse does not tell how the Son of Man will be like the lightning. But from the context we can understand from the verses before it that just as lighting flashes suddenly and everyone can see it, the Son of Man will come suddenly and everyone will be able to see him. No one will have to be told about it. @@ -39,35 +39,35 @@ This verse does not tell how the Son of Man will be like the lightning. But from If people would understand the correct meaning of a simile, consider using it. If they would not, here are some strategies you can use: 1. If people do not know how the two items are alike, tell how they are alike. However, do not do this if the meaning was not clear to the original audience. -1. If people are not familiar with the item that something is compared to, use an item from your own culture. Be sure that it is one that could have been used in the cultures of the Bible. +1. If people are not familiar with the item that something is compared to, use an item from your own culture. Be sure that it is one that could have been used in the cultures of the Bible. 1. Simply describe the item without comparing it to another. ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied 1. If people do not know how the two items are alike, tell how they are alike. However, do not do this if the meaning was not clear to the original audience. - * **See, I send you out as sheep in the midst of wolves** (Matthew 10:16 ULB) - This compares the danger that Jesus' disciples would be in with the danger that sheep are in when they are surrounded by wolves. - * See, I send you out among wicked people and you will be in danger from them as sheep are in danger when they are among wolves. + * **See, I send you out as sheep in the midst of wolves** (Matthew 10:16 ULB) - This compares the danger that Jesus' disciples would be in with the danger that sheep are in when they are surrounded by wolves. + * See, I send you out among wicked people and you will be in danger from them as sheep are in danger when they are among wolves. - * **For the word of God is living and active and sharper than any two-edged sword.** (Hebrews 4:12 ULB) - * For the word of God is living and active and more powerful than a very sharp two-edged sword + * **For the word of God is living and active and sharper than any two-edged sword.** (Hebrews 4:12 ULB) + * For the word of God is living and active and more powerful than a very sharp two-edged sword -1. If people are not familiar with the item that something is compared to, use an item from your own culture. Be sure that it is one that could have been used in the cultures of the Bible. +1. If people are not familiar with the item that something is compared to, use an item from your own culture. Be sure that it is one that could have been used in the cultures of the Bible. - * **See, I send you out as sheep in the midst of wolves,** (Matthew 10:16 ULB) - If people do not know what sheep and wolves are, or that wolves kill and eat sheep, you could use some other animal that kills another. - * See, I send you out as chickens in the midst of wild dogs, + * **See, I send you out as sheep in the midst of wolves,** (Matthew 10:16 ULB) - If people do not know what sheep and wolves are, or that wolves kill and eat sheep, you could use some other animal that kills another. + * See, I send you out as chickens in the midst of wild dogs, - * **How often did I long to gather your children together, just as a hen gathers her chickens under her wings, but you did not agree!** (Matthew 23:37 ULB) - * How often I wanted to gather your children together, as a mother closely watches over her infants, but you refused! + * **How often did I long to gather your children together, just as a hen gathers her chickens under her wings, but you were not willing!** (Matthew 23:37 ULB) + * How often I wanted to gather your children together, as a mother closely watches over her infants, but you refused! - * **If you have faith even as small as a grain of mustard,** (Matthew 17:20) - * If you have faith even as small as a tiny seed, + * **If you have faith even as small as a grain of mustard seed ...** (Matthew 17:20) + * If you have faith even as small as a tiny seed ... 1. Simply describe the item without comparing it to another. - * **See, I send you out as sheep in the midst of wolves,** (Matthew 10:16 ULB) - * See, I send you out and people will want to harm you. + * **See, I send you out as sheep in the midst of wolves,** (Matthew 10:16 ULB) + * See, I send you out and people will want to harm you. - * **How often did I long to gather your children together, just as a hen gathers her chickens under her wings, but you did not agree!** (Matthew 23:37 ULB) - * How often I wanted to protect you, but you refused! + * **How often did I long to gather your children together, just as a hen gathers her chickens under her wings, but you were not willing!** (Matthew 23:37 ULB) + * How often I wanted to protect you, but you refused! diff --git a/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md b/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md index 44b32e8..7722b07 100644 --- a/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md @@ -3,10 +3,10 @@ ### Description Synecdoche is when a speaker uses a part of something to refer to the whole or uses the whole to refer to a part. ->My soul exalts the Lord. (Luke 1:46 ULB) +>My soul praises the Lord. (Luke 1:46 ULB) Mary was was very happy about what the Lord was doing, so she said "my soul," which means the inner, emotional part of herself, to refer to her whole self. ->the Pharisees said to him, "Look, why are they doing something that is not lawful ...?" (Mark 2:24 ULB) +>The Pharisees said to him, "Look, why are they doing something that is not lawful on the Sabbath day?" (Mark 2:24 ULB) The Pharisees who were standing there did not all say the same words at the same time. Instead, it is more likely that one man representing the group said those words. @@ -31,8 +31,8 @@ If the synecdoche would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, 1. State specifically what the synecdoche refers to. - * **"My soul exalts the Lord."** (Luke 1:46 ULB) - * "I exalt the Lord." + * **"My soul praises the Lord."** (Luke 1:46 ULB) + * "I praise the Lord." * **...the Pharisees said to him** (Mark 2:24 ULB) * ...a representative of the Pharisees said to him ... diff --git a/translate/figs-synonparallelism/01.md b/translate/figs-synonparallelism/01.md index 14d1e8b..7380c18 100644 --- a/translate/figs-synonparallelism/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-synonparallelism/01.md @@ -23,10 +23,10 @@ In some languages people do not expect someone to say the same thing twice, even >Your word is a lamp to my feet and a light for my path. (Psalm 119:105 ULB) Both parts of the sentences are metaphors saying that God's word teaches people how to live. The words "lamp" and "light" are similar in meaning because they refer to light, and the words "my feet" and "my path" are related, because they refer to a person walking. ->Praise Yahweh, all you nations; exalt him, all you peoples! (Psalm 117:1 ULB) +>Praise Yahweh, all you nations; exalt him, all you peoples. (Psalm 117:1 ULB) Both parts of this verse tell people everywhere to praise Yahweh. The words 'Praise' and 'exalt' mean the same thing, 'Yahweh' and 'him' refer to the same person, and 'all you nations' and 'all you peoples' refer to the same people. ->For Yahweh has a lawsuit with his people, and he will fight in court against Israel. (Micah 6:2 ULB) +>For Yahweh has a lawsuit with his people, and he will fight in court against Israel. (Micah 6:2 ULB) The two parts of this verse say that Yahweh has a serious disagreement with his people, Israel. These are not two different disagreements or two different groups of people. @@ -45,8 +45,8 @@ If your language uses parallelism in the same way as the biblical languages, tha * **Until now you have deceived me and told me lies.** (Judges 16:13, ULB) - Delilah expressed this idea twice to emphasize that she was very upset. * Until now you have deceived me with your lies. - * **Yahweh sees everything a person does and watches all the paths he takes.** (Proverbs 5:21 ULB) - The phrase "all the paths he takes" is a metaphor for "all he does." - * Yahweh pays attention to everything a person does. + * **Yahweh sees everything a person does and watches all the paths he takes.** (Proverbs 5:21 ULB) - The word "watches" us a synonym for "sees," and the phrase "all the paths he takes" is a metaphor for "all he does." + * Yahweh pays attention to everything a person does. * **For Yahweh has a lawsuit with his people, and he will fight in court against Israel.** (Micah 6:2 ULB) - This parallelism describes one serious disagreement that Yahweh had with one group of people. If this is unclear, the phrases can be combined: * For Yahweh has a lawsuit with his people, Israel. @@ -54,12 +54,12 @@ If your language uses parallelism in the same way as the biblical languages, tha 1. If it appears that the clauses are used together to show that what they say is really true, you could include words that emphasize the truth such as "truly" or "certainly." * **Yahweh sees everything a person does and watches all the paths he takes.** (Proverbs 5:21 ULB) - * Yahweh truly sees everything a person does. + * Yahweh truly sees everything a person does. 1. If it appears that the clauses are used together to intensify an idea in them, you could use words like "very," "completely" or "all." * **... you have deceived me and told me lies.** (Judges 16:13 ULB) - * All you have done is lie to me. + * ... all you have done is lie to me. * **Yahweh sees everything a person does and watches all the paths he takes.** (Proverbs 5:21 ULB) * Yahweh sees absolutely everything that a person does. From 8538c1719a4a08149c67d62b7fb94a9ebb5da300 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: John Hutchins Date: Wed, 10 Oct 2018 13:35:16 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 146/551] Added brackets around footnote markers --- translate/translate-names/01.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/translate-names/01.md b/translate/translate-names/01.md index 0c5c437..120c623 100644 --- a/translate/translate-names/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-names/01.md @@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ Readers may not know that the names Saul and Paul refer to the same person. 1. If a person or place has two different names, use one name most of the time and the other name only when the text tells about the person or place having more than one name or when it says something about why the person or place was given that name. Write a footnote when the source text uses the name that is used less frequently. For example, Paul is called "Saul" before Acts 13 and "Paul" after Acts 13. You could translate his name as "Paul" all of the time, except in Acts 13:9 where it talks about him having both names. * **... a young man named Saul.** (Acts 7:58 ULB) - * ... a young man named Paul.1 + * ... a young man named Paul.[1] * The footnote would look like: * [1]Most versions say Saul here, but most of the time in the Bible he is called Paul. * **But Saul, who is also called Paul ...** (Acts 13:9) @@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ Readers may not know that the names Saul and Paul refer to the same person. * **But Saul, who is also called Paul, was filled with the Holy Spirit;** (Acts 13:9) * But Saul, who is also called Paul, was filled with the Holy Spirit; * **It came about in Iconium that Paul and Barnabas entered together into the synagogue ...** (Acts 14:1 ULB) - * It came about in Iconium that Paul1 and Barnabas entered together into the synagogue ... + * It came about in Iconium that Paul[1] and Barnabas entered together into the synagogue ... * The footnote would look like: * [1]This is the man that was called Saul before Acts 13. From 544bcbad2e4f009414c9f73e3262d8db8b5ae451 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Wed, 10 Oct 2018 13:45:26 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 147/551] Checked verses with ULB --- translate/figs-hypo/01.md | 23 ++++++++--------------- 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-hypo/01.md b/translate/figs-hypo/01.md index 34f5298..692301f 100644 --- a/translate/figs-hypo/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-hypo/01.md @@ -32,32 +32,27 @@ People sometimes express regrets about things that have not happened or that are #### Hypothetical situation in the past ->"Woe to you, Chorazin! Woe to you, Bethsaida! If the mighty deeds had been done in Tyre and Sidon which were done in you, they would have repented long ago in sackcloth and ashes." (Matthew 11:21 ULB) +>"Woe to you, Chorazin! Woe to you, Bethsaida! If the mighty deeds had been done in Tyre and Sidon which were done in you, they would have repented long ago in sackcloth and ashes." (Matthew 11:21 ULB) +Here in Matthew 11:21 Jesus said that if the people living in the ancient cities of Tyre and Sidon had been able to see the miracles that he performed, they would have repented long ago. The people of Tyre and Sidon did not actually see his miracles and repent. He said this to rebuke the people of Chorazin and Bethsaida who had seen his miracles yet did not repent. -Here in Matthew 11:21 Jesus said that if the people living in the ancient cities of Tyre and Sidon had been able to see the miracles that he performed, they would have repented long ago. The people of Tyre and Sidon did not actually see his miracles and repent. He said this to rebuke the people of Chorazin and Bethsaida who had seen his miracles yet did not repent. +>Martha then said to Jesus, "Lord, if you had been here, my brother would not have died." (John 11:21 ULB) ->Martha then said to Jesus, "Lord, if you had been here, my brother would not have died." (John 11:21 ULB) - - -Martha said this to express her wish that Jesus had come sooner. But Jesus did not come sooner, and her brother did die. +Martha said this to express her wish that Jesus had come sooner. But Jesus had not come sooner, and her brother died. #### Hypothetical situation in the present ->Also, no man puts new wine into old wineskins. If he did that, the new wine would burst the skins, and the wine would be spilled, and the wineskins would be destroyed. (Luke 5:37 ULB) - +>No one puts new wine into old wineskins. If he does that, the new wine will burst the skins, and the wine will be spilled, and the wineskins will be destroyed. (Luke 5:37 ULB) Jesus told about what would happen if a person were to put new wine into old wineskins. But no one would do that. He used this imaginary situation as an example to show that there are times when it is unwise to mix new things with old things. He did this so that people could understand why his disciples were not fasting as people traditionally did. ->Jesus said to them, "What man would there be among you, who, if he had just one sheep, and if this sheep fell into a deep hole on the Sabbath, would not grasp hold of it and lift it out? (Matthew 12:11 ULB) - +>Jesus said to them, "What man would there be among you, who, if he had just one sheep, and if this sheep fell into a deep hole on the Sabbath, would not grasp hold of it and lift it out? (Matthew 12:11 ULB) Jesus asked the religious leaders what they would do on the Sabbath if one of their sheep fell into a hole. He was not saying that their sheep would fall into a hole. He used this imaginary situation to show them that they were wrong to judge him for healing people on the Sabbath. #### Hypothetical situation in the future ->Unless those days are shortened, no flesh would be saved; but for the sake of the elect, those days will be shortened. (Matthew 24:22 ULB) - +>Unless those days are shortened, no flesh would be saved; but for the sake of the elect, those days will be shortened. (Matthew 24:22 ULB) Jesus was talking about a future time when very bad things would happen. He told what would happen if those days of trouble were to last a long time. He did this to show about how bad those days will be - so bad that if they lasted a long time, no one would be saved. But then he clarified that God will shorten those days of trouble, so that the elect (those he has chosen) will be saved. @@ -66,13 +61,11 @@ Jesus was talking about a future time when very bad things would happen. He told Regrets and wishes are very similar. >The Israelites said to them, "If only we had died by Yahweh's hand in the land of Egypt when we were sitting by the pots of meat and were eating bread to the full. For you have brought us out into this wilderness to kill our whole community with hunger." (Exodus 16:3 ULB) - Here the Israelites were afraid they would have to suffer and die of hunger in the wilderness, and so they wished that they had stayed in Egypt and died there with full stomachs. They were complaining, expressing regret that this had not happened. >I know what you have done, and that you are neither cold nor hot. I wish that you were either cold or hot! (Revelation 3:15 ULB) - -Jesus wished that the people were either hot or cold, but they are neither. He was rebuking them, expressing anger at this. +Jesus wished that the people were either hot or cold, but they were neither. He was rebuking them, expressing anger about this. ### Translation Strategies From 2933cbbad376df584793dc6507f29a62c4f6b6a5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: John Hutchins Date: Wed, 10 Oct 2018 13:48:31 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 148/551] Added brackets around footnote markers --- translate/translate-bdistance/01.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/translate-bdistance/01.md b/translate/translate-bdistance/01.md index d155036..9953920 100644 --- a/translate/translate-bdistance/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-bdistance/01.md @@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ The strategies are all applied to Exodus 25:10 below. * "They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be two and a half cubits (one hundred and fifteen centimeters); its width will be one cubit and a half (sixty-nine centimeters); and its height will be one cubit and a half (sixty-nine centimeters)." 1. Use measurements that your people know, and include the measurements from the ULB in the text or in a note. The following shows the ULB measurements in notes. - * "They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be one hundred and fifteen centimeters1; its width will be sixty-nine centimeters 2; and its height will be sixty-nine centimeters." The footnotes would look like: + * "They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be one hundred and fifteen centimeters[1]; its width will be sixty-nine centimeters [2]; and its height will be sixty-nine centimeters." The footnotes would look like: * [1]two and a half cubits * [2]one cubit and a half From 7332ed561348202aa2ad230dec533bb0efb31ea6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: John Hutchins Date: Wed, 10 Oct 2018 13:49:39 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 149/551] Added brackets around footnote markers --- translate/translate-bmoney/01.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/translate-bmoney/01.md b/translate/translate-bmoney/01.md index 0b1455f..40fa907 100644 --- a/translate/translate-bmoney/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-bmoney/01.md @@ -51,10 +51,10 @@ The translations strategies are all applied to Matthew 18:28 below. * "... who owed him one hundred days' wages." 1. Use the Bible term and give the equivalent amount in the text or a footnote. - * "... who owed him one hundred denarii.1" The footnotes would look like: + * "... who owed him one hundred denarii.[1]" The footnotes would look like: * [1]one hundred days' wages 1. Use the Bible term and explain it in a footnote. - * "... who owed him one hundred denarii.1" + * "... who owed him one hundred denarii.[1]" * [1]A denarius was the amount of silver that people could earn in one day of work. From 47067a18b07c2cc9f6d9a1209503b1429212ba92 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: John Hutchins Date: Wed, 10 Oct 2018 13:51:06 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 150/551] Added brackets around footnote markers --- translate/translate-bvolume/01.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/translate-bvolume/01.md b/translate/translate-bvolume/01.md index a856c74..e4ec2b9 100644 --- a/translate/translate-bvolume/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-bvolume/01.md @@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ The strategies are all applied to Isaiah 5:10 below. * "For a ten-yoke vineyard will yield only one bath (six gallons), and one homer (six and a half bushels) of seed will yield only an ephah (twenty quarts)." 1. Use measurements that your people know, and include the measurements from the ULB in the text or in a note. The following shows the ULB measurements in footnotes. - * "For a ten-yoke vineyard will yield only twenty-two liters,1and 220 liters2of seed will yield only twenty-two liters.3" The footnotes would look like: + * "For a ten-yoke vineyard will yield only twenty-two liters,[1]and 220 liters[2]of seed will yield only twenty-two liters.[3]" The footnotes would look like: * [1]one bath * [2]one homer * [3]one ephah From f8d34242642a92504e8ca035901d8a01a82baf3a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: John Hutchins Date: Wed, 10 Oct 2018 13:52:28 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 151/551] Added brackets around footnote markers --- translate/translate-bweight/01.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/translate-bweight/01.md b/translate/translate-bweight/01.md index 5839eff..56794d3 100644 --- a/translate/translate-bweight/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-bweight/01.md @@ -48,6 +48,6 @@ The strategies are all applied to Exodus 38:29 below. * "The bronze from the wave offering weighed seventy talents (2,380 kilograms) and 2,400 shekels (26.4 kilograms)." 1. Use measurements that your people know, and include the measurements from the ULB in the text or in a footnote. The following shows the ULB measurements in notes. - * "The bronze from the wave offering weighed seventy talents and 2,400 shekels.1" + * "The bronze from the wave offering weighed seventy talents and 2,400 shekels.[1]" * The footnote would look like: [1]This was a total of about 2,400 kilograms. From f0b0eb8bc32beef0e1cb329b1f2e25aa06a817de Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: John Hutchins Date: Wed, 10 Oct 2018 13:53:35 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 152/551] Fixed footnote --- translate/translate-bdistance/01.md | 7 ++++--- 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/translate-bdistance/01.md b/translate/translate-bdistance/01.md index 9953920..848bfa6 100644 --- a/translate/translate-bdistance/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-bdistance/01.md @@ -56,7 +56,8 @@ The strategies are all applied to Exodus 25:10 below. * "They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be two and a half cubits (one hundred and fifteen centimeters); its width will be one cubit and a half (sixty-nine centimeters); and its height will be one cubit and a half (sixty-nine centimeters)." 1. Use measurements that your people know, and include the measurements from the ULB in the text or in a note. The following shows the ULB measurements in notes. - * "They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be one hundred and fifteen centimeters[1]; its width will be sixty-nine centimeters [2]; and its height will be sixty-nine centimeters." The footnotes would look like: - * [1]two and a half cubits - * [2]one cubit and a half + * "They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be one hundred and fifteen centimeters[1]; its width will be sixty-nine centimeters [2]; and its height will be sixty-nine centimeters." + * The footnotes would look like: + [1]two and a half cubits + [2]one cubit and a half From 4b2c1c82951b496dffaad4444f1e5882f1b1e0c6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: John Hutchins Date: Wed, 10 Oct 2018 13:54:00 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 153/551] Fixed footnote --- translate/translate-bdistance/01.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/translate-bdistance/01.md b/translate/translate-bdistance/01.md index 848bfa6..2effbe3 100644 --- a/translate/translate-bdistance/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-bdistance/01.md @@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ The strategies are all applied to Exodus 25:10 below. 1. Use measurements that your people know, and include the measurements from the ULB in the text or in a note. The following shows the ULB measurements in notes. * "They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be one hundred and fifteen centimeters[1]; its width will be sixty-nine centimeters [2]; and its height will be sixty-nine centimeters." - * The footnotes would look like: - [1]two and a half cubits + * The footnotes would look like: + [1]two and a half cubits [2]one cubit and a half From 99366e6f1963d121e97f477ad83c080fc7d69a1f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: John Hutchins Date: Wed, 10 Oct 2018 13:55:35 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 154/551] Fixed footnote --- translate/translate-bmoney/01.md | 9 +++++---- 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/translate-bmoney/01.md b/translate/translate-bmoney/01.md index 40fa907..bc4dac7 100644 --- a/translate/translate-bmoney/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-bmoney/01.md @@ -51,10 +51,11 @@ The translations strategies are all applied to Matthew 18:28 below. * "... who owed him one hundred days' wages." 1. Use the Bible term and give the equivalent amount in the text or a footnote. - * "... who owed him one hundred denarii.[1]" The footnotes would look like: - * [1]one hundred days' wages + * "... who owed him one hundred denarii.[1]" + * The footnotes would look like: + [1]one hundred days' wages 1. Use the Bible term and explain it in a footnote. - * "... who owed him one hundred denarii.[1]" - * [1]A denarius was the amount of silver that people could earn in one day of work. + * "... who owed him one hundred denarii.[1]" + [1]A denarius was the amount of silver that people could earn in one day of work. From 970f7b7a3f5ff3806cb38380c2f29c3033146338 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: John Hutchins Date: Wed, 10 Oct 2018 13:57:04 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 155/551] Fixed footnote --- translate/translate-bvolume/01.md | 9 +++++---- 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/translate-bvolume/01.md b/translate/translate-bvolume/01.md index e4ec2b9..33fcb6f 100644 --- a/translate/translate-bvolume/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-bvolume/01.md @@ -55,10 +55,11 @@ The strategies are all applied to Isaiah 5:10 below. * "For a ten-yoke vineyard will yield only one bath (six gallons), and one homer (six and a half bushels) of seed will yield only an ephah (twenty quarts)." 1. Use measurements that your people know, and include the measurements from the ULB in the text or in a note. The following shows the ULB measurements in footnotes. - * "For a ten-yoke vineyard will yield only twenty-two liters,[1]and 220 liters[2]of seed will yield only twenty-two liters.[3]" The footnotes would look like: - * [1]one bath - * [2]one homer - * [3]one ephah + * "For a ten-yoke vineyard will yield only twenty-two liters,[1]and 220 liters[2]of seed will yield only twenty-two liters.[3]" + * The footnotes would look like: + [1]one bath + [2]one homer + [3]one ephah ### When the unit of measure is implied From 9730b93ac3b623825ba2ae0cc9e7b12e1f8b7c99 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: John Hutchins Date: Wed, 10 Oct 2018 14:02:23 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 156/551] Fixed footn --- translate/translate-hebrewmonths/01.md | 6 +++--- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/translate-hebrewmonths/01.md b/translate/translate-hebrewmonths/01.md index 1de9368..09a9cd6 100644 --- a/translate/translate-hebrewmonths/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-hebrewmonths/01.md @@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ The examples below use these two verses. * It will always be a statute for you that in the autumn, on the tenth day of the seventh month, you must humble yourselves and do no work ... 1. Refer to the time in terms of the season rather than in terms of the month. - * It will always be a statute for you that in the day I choose in early autumn1 you must humble yourselves and do no work ... - * The footnote would look like: - * [1]The Hebrew says, "the seventh month, on the tenth day of the month." + * It will always be a statute for you that in the day I choose in early autumn[1] you must humble yourselves and do no work ... + * The footnote would look like: + [1]The Hebrew says, "the seventh month, on the tenth day of the month." From c528b8bf45088bae58710ce5dd0ee08e491f45bf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: John Hutchins Date: Wed, 10 Oct 2018 14:04:28 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 157/551] Fixed footnote --- translate/translate-names/01.md | 14 +++++++------- 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/translate-names/01.md b/translate/translate-names/01.md index 120c623..9825238 100644 --- a/translate/translate-names/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-names/01.md @@ -69,21 +69,21 @@ Readers may not know that the names Saul and Paul refer to the same person. 1. If a person or place has two different names, use one name most of the time and the other name only when the text tells about the person or place having more than one name or when it says something about why the person or place was given that name. Write a footnote when the source text uses the name that is used less frequently. For example, Paul is called "Saul" before Acts 13 and "Paul" after Acts 13. You could translate his name as "Paul" all of the time, except in Acts 13:9 where it talks about him having both names. * **... a young man named Saul.** (Acts 7:58 ULB) - * ... a young man named Paul.[1] - * The footnote would look like: - * [1]Most versions say Saul here, but most of the time in the Bible he is called Paul. + * ... a young man named Paul.[1] + * The footnote would look like: + [1]Most versions say Saul here, but most of the time in the Bible he is called Paul. * **But Saul, who is also called Paul ...** (Acts 13:9) * But Saul, who is also called Paul ... 1. Or if a person or place has two names, use whatever name is given in the source text, and add a footnote that gives the other name. For example, you could write "Saul" where the source text has "Saul" and "Paul" where the source text has "Paul." * **... a young man named Saul.** (Acts 7:58 ULB) * ... a young man named Saul. [1] - * The footnote would look like: - * [1]This is the same man who is called Paul beginning in Acts 13. + * The footnote would look like: + [1]This is the same man who is called Paul beginning in Acts 13. * **But Saul, who is also called Paul, was filled with the Holy Spirit;** (Acts 13:9) * But Saul, who is also called Paul, was filled with the Holy Spirit; * **It came about in Iconium that Paul and Barnabas entered together into the synagogue ...** (Acts 14:1 ULB) * It came about in Iconium that Paul[1] and Barnabas entered together into the synagogue ... - * The footnote would look like: - * [1]This is the man that was called Saul before Acts 13. + * The footnote would look like: + [1]This is the man that was called Saul before Acts 13. From 4beed328ce1f7c79905710276f491aec1b579adc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: John Hutchins Date: Wed, 10 Oct 2018 14:32:34 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 158/551] Updated verses to match ULB --- translate/translate-numbers/01.md | 14 +++++++------- 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/translate-numbers/01.md b/translate/translate-numbers/01.md index 75973d9..db585b7 100644 --- a/translate/translate-numbers/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-numbers/01.md @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ Here the number three thousand is a round number. It may have been a little more >When Jared had lived 162 years, he became the father of Enoch. After he became the father of Enoch, Jared lived eight hundred years. He became the father of more sons and daughters. Jared lived 962 years, and then he died. (Genesis 5:18-20 ULB) The numbers 162, eight hundred, and 962 are exact numbers and should be translated with something as close to those numbers as possible. ->Our sister, may you be the mother of thousands of ten thousands (Genesis 24:60 ULB) +>Our sister, may you be the mother of thousands of ten thousands ... (Genesis 24:60 ULB) This is a rounded number. It does not say exactly how many descendants she should have, but it was a huge number of them. @@ -39,27 +39,27 @@ This is a rounded number. It does not say exactly how many descendants she shoul ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied We will use the following verse in our examples: ->Now, see, at great effort I have prepared for Yahweh's house 100,000 talents of gold, one million talents of silver, and bronze and iron in large quantities. (1 Chronicles 22:14 ULB) +>Now, see, at great effort I have prepared for the house of Yahweh 100,000 talents of gold, one million talents of silver, and bronze and iron in large quantities. (1 Chronicles 22:14 ULB) 1. Write numbers using numerals. - * I have prepared for Yahweh's house 100,000 talents of gold, 1,000,000 talents of silver, and bronze and iron in large quantities. + * I have prepared for the house of Yahweh 100,000 talents of gold, 1,000,000 talents of silver, and bronze and iron in large quantities. 1. Write numbers using your language's words or the gateway language words for those numbers. - * I have prepared for Yahweh's house one hundred thousand talents of gold, one million talents of silver, and bronze and iron in large quantities. + * I have prepared for the house of Yahweh one hundred thousand talents of gold, one million talents of silver, and bronze and iron in large quantities. 1. Write numbers using words, and put the numerals in parenthesis after them. - * I have prepared for Yahweh's house one hundred thousand (100,000) talents of gold, one million (1,000,000) talents of silver, and bronze and iron in large quantities. + * I have prepared for the house of Yahweh one hundred thousand (100,000) talents of gold, one million (1,000,000) talents of silver, and bronze and iron in large quantities. 1. Combine words for large numbers. - * I have prepared for Yahweh's house one hundred thousand talents of gold, a thousand thousand talents of silver, and bronze and iron in large quantities. + * I have prepared for the house of Yahweh one hundred thousand talents of gold, a thousand thousand talents of silver, and bronze and iron in large quantities. 1. Use a very general expression for very large rounded numbers and write the numeral in parentheses afterward. - * I have prepared for Yahweh's house a great amount of gold (100,000 talents), ten times that amount of silver (1,000,000 talents), and bronze and iron in large quantities. + * I have prepared for the house of Yahweh a great amount of gold (100,000 talents), ten times that amount of silver (1,000,000 talents), and bronze and iron in large quantities. #### Consistency From f3203c1b9362f1d3c339ae9044dc52331e58877c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: John Hutchins Date: Wed, 10 Oct 2018 14:41:59 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 159/551] Updated verses to match ULB; fixed spacing --- translate/translate-ordinal/01.md | 14 ++++++-------- 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/translate-ordinal/01.md b/translate/translate-ordinal/01.md index 925e65a..5e74bf8 100644 --- a/translate/translate-ordinal/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-ordinal/01.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ Ordinal numbers are used in the Bible mainly to tell the position of something in a list. ->He gave to the church first apostles, second prophets, third teachers, then those who do powerful deeds (1 Corinthians 12:28 ULB) +>And God has appointed in the church first apostles, second prophets, third teachers, then those who do powerful deeds ... (1 Corinthians 12:28 ULB) This is a list of workers that God gave to the church in their order. @@ -58,13 +58,11 @@ If your language has ordinal numbers and using them would give the right meaning * **The first lot went to Jehoiarib, the second to Jedaiah, the third to Harim, the fourth to Seorim, ... the twenty-third to Delaiah, and the twenty-fourth to Maaziah.** (1 Chronicles 24:7-18 ULB) * There were twenty-four lots. One lot went to Jehoiarib, another to Jedaiah,  another  to Harim, ... another to Delaiah, and the last went to  Maaziah. * There were twenty-four lots. One lot went to Jehoiarib, the next to Jedaiah,  the next  to Harim, ... the next to Delaiah, and the last went to  Maaziah. - - * **A river went out of Eden to water the garden. From there it divided and became four rivers. The name of the first is Pishon. It is the one which flows throughout the whole land of Havilah, where there is gold. The gold of that land is good. There is also bdellium and the onyx stone there. The name of the second river is Gihon. This one flows throughout the whole land of Cush. The name of the third river is Tigris, which flows east of Asshur. The fourth river is the Euphrates.** (Genesis 2:10-14 ULB) - * A river went out of Eden to water the garden. From there it divided and became four rivers. The name of one is Pishon. It is the one which flows throughout the whole land of Havilah, where there is gold. The gold of that land is good. There is also bdellium and the onyx stone there. The name of the next river is Gihon. This one flows throughout the whole land of Cush. The name of the next river is Tigris, which flows east of Asshur. The last river is the Euphrates. - + * **A river went out of Eden to water the garden. From there it divided and became four rivers. The name of the first is Pishon. It is the one which flows throughout the whole land of Havilah, where there is gold. The gold of that land is good. There is also bdellium and the onyx stone. The name of the second river is Gihon. This one flows throughout the whole land of Cush. The name of the third river is Tigris, which flows east of Asshur. The fourth river is the Euphrates.** (Genesis 2:10-14 ULB) + * A river went out of Eden to water the garden. From there it divided and became four rivers. The name of one is Pishon. It is the one which flows throughout the whole land of Havilah, where there is gold. The gold of that land is good. There is also bdellium and the onyx stone. The name of the next river is Gihon. This one flows throughout the whole land of Cush. The name of the next river is Tigris, which flows east of Asshur. The last river is the Euphrates. + 1. Tell the total number of items and then list them or the things associated with them. - * **The first lot went to Jehoiarib, the second to Jedaiah, the third to Harim, the fourth to Seorim, ... the twenty-third to Delaiah, and the twenty-fourth to Maaziah.** (1 Chronicles 24:7-18 ULB) - * They cast twenty-four lots. The lots went to Jerhoiarib, Jedaiah, Harim, Seorim, ... Delaiah, and Maaziah. - + * They cast twenty-four lots. The lots went to Jerhoiarib, Jedaiah, Harim, Seorim, ... Delaiah, and Maaziah. + From dc65eab2abbcaf0d7ff989466a1db77efe8b300b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: hmw3 Date: Wed, 10 Oct 2018 10:54:47 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 160/551] Conforming quote marks in examples. --- translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md | 8 ++++---- translate/figs-doublet/01.md | 10 +++++----- translate/figs-euphemism/01.md | 10 +++++----- translate/figs-rpronouns/01.md | 18 +++++++++--------- translate/figs-rquestion/01.md | 10 +++++----- translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md | 8 ++++---- translate/translate-decimal/01.md | 4 ++-- translate/translate-transliterate/01.md | 10 +++++----- translate/writing-background/01.md | 4 ++-- translate/writing-connectingwords/01.md | 2 +- 10 files changed, 42 insertions(+), 42 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md b/translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md index 175ee66..f4b5fde 100644 --- a/translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md @@ -49,16 +49,16 @@ If double negatives are natural and are used to express the positive in your lan 1. If the purpose of a double negative in the Bible is simply to make a positive statement, and if it would not do that in your language, remove the two negatives so that it is positive. * **For we do not have a high priest who cannot feel sympathy for our weaknesses.** (Hebrews 4:15 ULB) - * "For we have a high priest who can feel sympathy for our weaknesses." + * For we have a high priest who can feel sympathy for our weaknesses. * **... I do not want you to be uninformed.** (1 Corinthians 12:1 ULB) - * "... I want you to be informed." + * ... I want you to be informed. 1. If the purpose of a double negative in the Bible is to make a strong positive statement, and if it would not do that in your language, remove the two negatives and put in a strengthening word or phrase such as "very" or "surely." * **Be sure of this—wicked people will not go unpunished....** (Proverbs 11:21 ULB) - * "Be sure of this—wicked people will certainly be punished...." + * Be sure of this—wicked people will certainly be punished.... * **All things were made through him, and without him there was not one thing made that has been made.** (John 1:3 ULB) - * "All things were made through him. He made absolutely everything that has been made." + * All things were made through him. He made absolutely everything that has been made. diff --git a/translate/figs-doublet/01.md b/translate/figs-doublet/01.md index 4564ddf..6a1ccfa 100644 --- a/translate/figs-doublet/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-doublet/01.md @@ -38,16 +38,16 @@ If a doublet would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consi 1. Translate only one of the words. - * **You have decided to prepare false and deceptive words....** (Daniel 2:9 ULB) - * "You have decided to prepare false things to say...." + * **You have decided to prepare false and deceptive words ...** (Daniel 2:9 ULB) + * You have decided to prepare false things to say ... 1. If the doublet is used to intensify the meaning, translate one of the words and add a word that intensifies it such as "very" or "great" or "many." - * **...King David was old and advanced in years....** (1 Kings 1:1 ULB) - * "...King David was very old...." + * **... King David was old and advanced in years ...** (1 Kings 1:1 ULB) + * ... King David was very old ... 1. If the doublet is used to intensify or emphasize the meaning, use one of your language's ways of doing that. * **... a lamb without blemish and without spot...** (1 Peter 1:19 ULB) - English can emphasize this with "any" and "at all." - * " ... a lamb without any blemish at all ..." + * ... a lamb without any blemish at all ... diff --git a/translate/figs-euphemism/01.md b/translate/figs-euphemism/01.md index 0e9d7aa..0029977 100644 --- a/translate/figs-euphemism/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-euphemism/01.md @@ -35,15 +35,15 @@ If euphemism would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consi 1. Use a euphemism from your own culture. * **... where there was a cave. Saul went inside to cover his feet.** (1 Samuel 24:3 ULB) - Some languages might use euphemisms like these: - * "...where there was a cave. Saul went into the cave to releave himself." - * "...where there was a cave. Saul went into the cave to dig a hole." - * "...where there was a cave. Saul went into the cave to have some time alone." + * ... where there was a cave. Saul went into the cave to releave himself. + * ... where there was a cave. Saul went into the cave to dig a hole. + * ... where there was a cave. Saul went into the cave to have some time alone. * **Mary said to the angel, “How will this happen, since I have not known any man?”** (Luke 1:34 ULB) * Mary said to the angel, “How will this happen, since I have not slept with a man?” - (This is the euphemism used in the original Greek) 1. State the information plainly without a euphemism if it would not be offensive. - * **they found Saul and his sons fallen on Mount Gilboa.** (1 Chronicles 10:8 ULB) - * "they found Saul and his sons dead on Mount Gilboa." + * **... they found Saul and his sons fallen on Mount Gilboa.** (1 Chronicles 10:8 ULB) + * ... they found Saul and his sons dead on Mount Gilboa. diff --git a/translate/figs-rpronouns/01.md b/translate/figs-rpronouns/01.md index acaa20c..bc59eb7 100644 --- a/translate/figs-rpronouns/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-rpronouns/01.md @@ -19,20 +19,20 @@ All languages have ways of showing that the same person fills two different role ### Examples from the Bible Reflexive pronouns are used to show the same person or thing fills two different roles in a sentence. ->If I should testify about myself alone, my testimony would not be true. (John 5:31 ULB) +>If I should testify about myself, my testimony would not be true. (John 5:31 ULB) ->Now the Passover of the Jews was near, and many went up to Jerusalem out of the country before the Passover in order to purify themselves. (John 11:55 ULB) +>Now the Passover of the Jews was near, and many went up to Jerusalem from the country before the Passover in order to purify themselves. (John 11:55 ULB) Reflexive pronouns are used to emphasize a person or thing in the sentence. ->Jesus himself was not baptizing, but his disciples were (John 4:2 ULB) +>... Jesus himself was not baptizing, but his disciples were ... (John 4:2 ULB) ->So they left the crowd, taking Jesus with them, since he was already in the boat. Other boats were also with him. And a violent windstorm arose and the waves were breaking into the boat so that the boat was already full. But Jesus himself was in the stern, asleep on a cushion. (Mark 4:36-38 ULB) +>So they left the crowd, taking Jesus with them, since he was already in the boat. ... And a violent windstorm arose and the waves were breaking into the boat so that the boat was already full. But Jesus himself was in the stern, asleep on a cushion. (Mark 4:36-38 ULB) Reflexive pronouns are used to show that someone did something alone. >When Jesus realized that they were about to come and seize him by force to make him king, he withdrew again up the mountain by himself. (John 6:15 ULB) Reflexive pronouns are used to show that someone or something was alone. ->He saw the linen cloths lying there and the cloth that had been on his head. It was not lying with the linen cloths but was rolled up in its place by itself. (John 20:6-7 ULB) +>He saw the linen cloths lying there and the cloth that had been on his head. It was not lying with the linen cloths but was folded up in a place by itself. (John 20:6-7 ULB) ### Translation Strategies @@ -48,8 +48,8 @@ If a reflexive pronoun would have the same function in your language, consider u 1. In some languages people put something on the verb to show that the object of the verb is the same as the subject. - * **If I should testify about myself alone, my testimony would not be true.** (John 5:31) - * "If I should self-testify alone, my testimony would not be true." + * **If I should testify about myself, my testimony would not be true.** (John 5:31) + * "If I should self-testify, my testimony would not be true." * **Now the Passover of the Jews was near, and many went up to Jerusalem out of the country before the Passover in order to purify themselves.** (John 11:55) * "Now the Passover of the Jews was near, and many went up to Jerusalem out of the country before the Passover in order to self-purify." @@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ If a reflexive pronoun would have the same function in your language, consider u 1. In some languages people emphasize a certain person or thing by referring to it in a special place in the sentence. * **He himself took our sickness and bore our diseases.** (Matthew 8:17 ULB) - * "It was he who took our sickness and bore our diseases." + * "It was he who took our sickness and bore our diseases." * **Jesus himself was not baptizing, but his disciples were.** (John 4:2) * "It was not Jesus who was baptizing, but his disciples were." @@ -74,5 +74,5 @@ If a reflexive pronoun would have the same function in your language, consider u 1. In some languages people show that something was alone by using a phrase that tells about where it was. * **He saw the linen cloths lying there and the cloth that had been on his head. It was not lying with the linen cloths but was rolled up in its place by itself.** (John 20:6-7 ULB) - * "He saw the linen cloths lying there and the cloth that had been on his head. It was not lying with the linen cloths but was rolled up and lying in it's own place." + * He saw the linen cloths lying there and the cloth that had been on his head. It was not lying with the linen cloths but was rolled up and lying in it's own place. diff --git a/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md b/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md index 82bbb03..66de4c3 100644 --- a/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ A rhetorical question is a question that strongly expresses the speaker's attitu >Those who stood by said, "Is this how you insult God's high priest?" (Acts 23:4 ULB) -The people who asked Paul this question were not asking about his way of insulting God’s high priest. Rather they used theis question to accuse Paul of insulting the high priest. +The people who asked Paul this question were using the question to accuse Paul of insulting the high priest. They were not asking him to describe his way of insulting God’s high priest. The Bible contains many rhetorical questions. Some of the purposes of these rhetorical questions are to express attitudes or feelings, to rebuke people, to teach something by reminding people of something they know and encouraging them to apply it to something new, and to introduce something they want to talk about. @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ The Bible contains many rhetorical questions. Some of the purposes of these rhet Jezebel used the question above to remind King Ahab of something he already knew: he still ruled the kingdom of Israel. The rhetorical question made her point more strongly than if she had merely stated it, because it forced Ahab to admit the point himself. She did this in order to rebuke him for being unwilling to take over a poor man's property. She was implying that since he was the king of Israel, he had the power to take the man's property. ->Will a virgin forget her jewelry, a bride her veils? Yet my people have forgotten me for days without number! (Jeremiah 2:32 ULB) +>Will a virgin forget her jewelry, a bride her sash? Yet my people have forgotten me for days without number! (Jeremiah 2:32 ULB) God used the question above to remind his people of something they already knew: a young woman would never forget her jewelry or a bride forget her veils. He then rebuked his people for forgetting him, who is so much greater than those things. @@ -39,17 +39,17 @@ Job used the question above to show deep emotion. This rhetorical question expre Elizabeth used the question above to show how surprised and happy she was that the mother of her Lord came to her. ->Or what man among you is there who, if his son asks him for a loaf of bread, will give him a stone? (Matthew 7:9 ULB) +>Or which one of you, if his son asks for a loaf of bread, will give him a stone? (Matthew 7:9 ULB) Jesus used the question above to remind the people of something they already knew: a good father would never give his son something bad to eat. By introducing this point, Jesus could go on to teach them about God with his next rhetorical question: ->Therefore, if you who are evil know how to give good gifts to your children, how much more will your Father from heaven give good things to those who ask him? (Matthew 7:11 ULB) +>Therefore, if you who are evil know how to give good gifts to your children, how much more will your Father in heaven give good things to those who ask him? (Matthew 7:11 ULB) Jesus used this question to teach the people in an emphatic way that God gives good things to those who ask him. ->What is the kingdom of God like, and what can I compare it to? It is like a mustard seed that a man took and threw into his garden... (Luke 13:18-19 ULB) +>What is the kingdom of God like, and what can I compare it to? It is like a mustard seed that a man took and threw into his garden ... (Luke 13:18-19 ULB) Jesus used the question above to introduce what he was going to talk about. He was going to compare the kingdom of God to something. diff --git a/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md b/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md index 7722b07..ea8fab8 100644 --- a/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md @@ -31,11 +31,11 @@ If the synecdoche would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, 1. State specifically what the synecdoche refers to. - * **"My soul praises the Lord."** (Luke 1:46 ULB) - * "I praise the Lord." + * **My soul praises the Lord.** (Luke 1:46 ULB) + * I praise the Lord. - * **...the Pharisees said to him** (Mark 2:24 ULB) - * ...a representative of the Pharisees said to him ... + * **... the Pharisees said to him** (Mark 2:24 ULB) + * ... a representative of the Pharisees said to him ... * **... I looked on all the deeds that my hands had accomplished ...** (Ecclesiastes 2:11 ULB) * I looked on all the deeds that I had accomplished diff --git a/translate/translate-decimal/01.md b/translate/translate-decimal/01.md index b814ad0..be80694 100644 --- a/translate/translate-decimal/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-decimal/01.md @@ -60,10 +60,10 @@ One and a half cubits is about .7 meter or seven tenths of a meter. 1. If you decide to use decimals and the measures in the ULB, you will need to change the fractions in the ULB to decimals. * **three-tenths of an ephah of fine flour mixed with oil as a grain offering, and one log of oil.** (Leviticus 14:10 ULB) - * " 0.3 ephah of fine flour mixed with oil as a grain offering, and one log of oil." + * 0.3 ephah of fine flour mixed with oil as a grain offering, and one log of oil. 1. If you decide to use fractions and the measures in the UDB, you will need to change the decimals in the UDB to fractions. * **about 6.5 liters of a fine flour offering, mixed with olive oil, to be an offering, and about one third liter of olive oil.** (Leviticus 14:10 UDB) - * "about six and a half liters of a fine flour offering, mixed with olive oil, to be an offering, and about one third liter of olive oil." + * about six and a half liters of a fine flour offering, mixed with olive oil, to be an offering, and about one third liter of olive oil. diff --git a/translate/translate-transliterate/01.md b/translate/translate-transliterate/01.md index 01c149c..3c1e40c 100644 --- a/translate/translate-transliterate/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-transliterate/01.md @@ -40,17 +40,17 @@ There are several ways to borrow a word. 1. If your language uses a different script from the language you are translating from, you can simply substitute each letter shape with the corresponding letter shape of the script of your language. * **צְפַנְיָ֤ה** - A man's name in Hebrew letters. - * "Zephaniah" - The same name in Roman letters + * Zephaniah - The same name in Roman letters 1. You can spell the word as the other language spells it, and pronounce it the way your language normally pronounces those letters. * **Zephaniah** - This is a man's name. - * "Zephaniah" - The name as it is spelled in English, but you can pronounce it according to the rules of your language. + * Zephaniah - The name as it is spelled in English, but you can pronounce it according to the rules of your language. 1. You can pronounce the word similarly to the way the other language does, and adjust the spelling to fit the rules of your language. * **Zephaniah** - If your language does not have the "z", you could use "s". If your writing system does not use "ph" you could use "f". Depending on how you pronounce the "i" you could spell it with "i" or "ai" or "ay". - * "Sefania" - * "Sefanaia" - * "Sefanaya" + * Sefania + * Sefanaia + * Sefanaya diff --git a/translate/writing-background/01.md b/translate/writing-background/01.md index b81c1d9..25d7d68 100644 --- a/translate/writing-background/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-background/01.md @@ -64,8 +64,8 @@ To keep translations clear and natural you will need to study how people tell st 1. Reorder the information so that earlier events are mentioned first. * **Hagar gave birth to Abram's son, and Abram named his son, whom Hagar bore, Ishmael. Abram was eighty-six years old when Hagar bore Ishmael to Abram.** (Genesis 16:16 ULB) - * "When Abram was eighty-six years old, Hagar gave birth to his son, and Abram named his son Ishmael." + * When Abram was eighty-six years old, Hagar gave birth to his son, and Abram named his son Ishmael. * **John also rebuked Herod the tetrarch for marrying his brother's wife, Herodias, and for all the other evil things that Herod had done. But then Herod did another very evil thing. He had John locked up in prison.** (Luke 3:18-20) - The translation below reorders John's rebuke and Herod's actions. - * "Now Herod the tetrarch married his brother's wife, Herodias, and he did many other evil things, so John rebuked him. But then Herod did another very evil thing. He had John locked up in prison." + * Now Herod the tetrarch married his brother's wife, Herodias, and he did many other evil things, so John rebuked him. But then Herod did another very evil thing. He had John locked up in prison. diff --git a/translate/writing-connectingwords/01.md b/translate/writing-connectingwords/01.md index ae5572a..ec5a72f 100644 --- a/translate/writing-connectingwords/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-connectingwords/01.md @@ -72,5 +72,5 @@ Some languages might not need the words "but" or "then" here. * Because of that, whoever breaks the least one of these commandments and teaches others to do so, will be called least in the kingdom of heaven. And whoever keeps them and teaches them will be called great in the kingdom of heaven. * **Since the captain could not tell anything because of all the noise, he ordered that Paul be brought into the fortress.** (Acts 21:34 ULB) - Instead of starting the first part of the sentence with "since," some translators might prefer to start the second part of the sentence with "so" to show the same relationship. - * "The captain could not tell anything because of all the noise, so he ordered that Paul be brought into the fortress." + * The captain could not tell anything because of all the noise, so he ordered that Paul be brought into the fortress. From ac171be7089389fbff8da063b6b982960b9c9755 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: John Hutchins Date: Wed, 10 Oct 2018 15:32:02 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 161/551] Updated verses to match ULB; fixed spacing --- translate/translate-symaction/01.md | 34 ++++++++++++----------------- 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/translate-symaction/01.md b/translate/translate-symaction/01.md index c0915ee..fbbbef9 100644 --- a/translate/translate-symaction/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-symaction/01.md @@ -37,25 +37,19 @@ If people would correctly understand what a symbolic action meant to the people ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied 1. Tell what the person did and why he did it. - - * **Jairus fell down at Jesus' feet.** (Luke 8:41 ULB) - * Jairus fell down at Jesus' feet in order to show that he greatly respected him. - - * **Look, I stand at the door and knock.** (Revelation 3:20 ULB) - * Look, I stand at the door and knock on it, asking you to let me in. - + * **Behold, a man named Jairus ... fell down at Jesus' feet ...** (Luke 8:41 ULB) + * Behold, a man named Jairus ... fell down at Jesus' feet in order to show that he greatly respected him ... + * **Look, I am standing at the door and am knocking.** (Revelation 3:20 ULB) + * Look, I am standing at the door and knocking on it, asking you to let me in. + 1. Do not tell what the person did, but tell what he meant. - - * **Jairus fell down at Jesus' feet.** (Luke 8:41) - * Jairus showed Jesus great respect. - - * **Look, I stand at the door and knock.** (Revelation 3:20) - * Look, I stand at the door and ask you to let me in. - + * **Behold, a man named Jairus ... fell down at Jesus' feet ...** (Luke 8:41) + * Behold, a man named Jairus ... showed Jesus great respect ... + * **Look, I am standing at the door and am knocking.** (Revelation 3:20) + * Look, I am standing at the door and asking you to let me in. + 1. Use an action from your own culture that has the same meaning. - - * **Jairus fell down at Jesus' feet.** (Luke 8:41 ULB) - Since Jairus actually did this, we would not substitute an action from our own culture. - - * **Look, I stand at the door and knock.** (Revelation 3:20 ULB) - Jesus was not standing at a real door. Rather he was speaking about wanting to have a relationship with people. So in cultures where it is polite to clear one's throat when wanting to be let into a house, you could use that. - * Look, I stand at the door and clear my throat. - + * **Behold, a man named Jairus ... fell down at Jesus' feet ...** (Luke 8:41 ULB) - Since Jairus actually did this, we would not substitute an action from our own culture. + * **Look, I am standing at the door and am knocking.** (Revelation 3:20 ULB) - Jesus was not standing at a real door. Rather he was speaking about wanting to have a relationship with people. So in cultures where it is polite to clear one's throat when wanting to be let into a house, you could use that. + * Look, I am standing at the door and clearing my throat. + From 1e459e72babe57dd7fe9b5390328e3e53709218a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: John Hutchins Date: Wed, 10 Oct 2018 15:34:30 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 162/551] Updated verses to match ULB --- translate/translate-symaction/01.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/translate-symaction/01.md b/translate/translate-symaction/01.md index fbbbef9..319322a 100644 --- a/translate/translate-symaction/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-symaction/01.md @@ -19,10 +19,10 @@ Translators need to understand what people in the Bible meant when they used sym ### Examples from the Bible ->Jairus fell down at Jesus' feet. (Luke 8:41 ULB) +>Behold, a man named Jairus ... fell down at Jesus' feet ... (Luke 8:41 ULB) Meaning of symbolic action: He did this to show great respect to Jesus. ->Look, I stand at the door and knock. If anyone hears my voice and opens the door, I will come in to his home, and have a meal with him, and he with me. (Revelation 3:20 ULB) +>Look, I am standing at the door and am knocking. If anyone hears my voice and opens the door, I will come in to his home and will eat with him, and he with me. (Revelation 3:20 ULB) Meaning of symbolic action: When people wanted someone to welcome them into their home, they stood at the door and knocked on it. From 7a5795e33ec06dde822f57394b53e8f84d9bda33 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: John Hutchins Date: Wed, 10 Oct 2018 15:38:52 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 163/551] Added underline --- translate/translate-symaction/01.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/translate-symaction/01.md b/translate/translate-symaction/01.md index 319322a..6a04970 100644 --- a/translate/translate-symaction/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-symaction/01.md @@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ Translators need to understand what people in the Bible meant when they used sym ### Examples from the Bible ->Behold, a man named Jairus ... fell down at Jesus' feet ... (Luke 8:41 ULB) +>Behold, a man named Jairus ... fell down at Jesus' feet ... (Luke 8:41 ULB) Meaning of symbolic action: He did this to show great respect to Jesus. >Look, I am standing at the door and am knocking. If anyone hears my voice and opens the door, I will come in to his home and will eat with him, and he with me. (Revelation 3:20 ULB) From 8aa736f6ed82718fd96acd306c00d774c81408ba Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Wed, 10 Oct 2018 15:42:25 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 164/551] Checked verses with ULB --- translate/figs-idiom/01.md | 34 +++++++++++++++++----------------- 1 file changed, 17 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-idiom/01.md b/translate/figs-idiom/01.md index e06bd98..cab2eea 100644 --- a/translate/figs-idiom/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-idiom/01.md @@ -10,17 +10,17 @@ An idiom is a figure of speech made up of a group of words that, as a whole, has An idiom is a phrase that has a special meaning to the people of the language or culture who use it. Its meaning is different than what a person would understand from the meanings of the individual words that form the phrase. ->he resolutely set his face to go to Jerusalem. (Luke 9:51 ULB) +>... he set his face to go to Jerusalem. (Luke 9:51 ULB) -The words "set his face" is an idiom that means "decided." +The words "set his face" is an idiom that means "firmly decided and began." He firmly decided to go to Jerusalem, and he started on his way. Sometimes people may be able to understand an idiom from another culture, but it might sound like a strange way to express the meaning. ->I am not worthy that you should enter under my roof. (Luke 7:6 ULB) +>... I am not worthy for you to come under my roof. (Luke 7:6 ULB) -The phrase "enter under my roof" is an idiom that means "enter my house." +The phrase "come under my roof" is an idiom that means "enter my house." ->Let these words go deeply into your ears. (Luke 9:44 ULB) +>Let these words go deeply into your ears ... (Luke 9:44 ULB) This idiom means "Listen carefully and remember what I say." @@ -40,11 +40,11 @@ An idiom is created in a culture probably somewhat by accident when someone desc This means, "We and you belong to the same race, the same family." ->the children of Israel went out with a high hand. (Exodus 14:8 ASV) +>... the children of Israel went out with a high hand. (Exodus 14:8 ASV) This means, "The Israelites went out defiantly." ->the one who lifts up my head (Psalm 3:3 ULB) +>... the one who lifts up my head. (Psalm 3:3 ULB) This means, "the one who helps me." @@ -59,20 +59,20 @@ If the idiom would be clearly understood in your language, consider using it. If 1. Translate the meaning plainly without using an idiom. - * **Then all Israel came to David at Hebron and said, "Look, we are your flesh and bone."** ( 1 Chronicles 11:1 ULB) - * ...Look, we all belong to the same nation. + * **Look, we are your flesh and bone.** ( 1 Chronicles 11:1 ULB) + * Look, we all belong to the same nation. - * **he resolutely set his face to go to Jerusalem.** (Luke 9:51 ULB) - * He started to travel to Jerusalem, determined to reach it. + * **... he set his face to go to Jerusalem.** (Luke 9:51 ULB) + * ... he started to travel to Jerusalem, determined to reach it. - * **I am not worthy that you should enter under my roof.** (Luke 7:6 ULB) - * I am not worthy that you should enter my house. + * **... I am not worthy for you to come under my roof.** (Luke 7:6 ULB) + * ... I am not worthy for you to come into my house. 1. Use an idiom that people use in your own language that has the same meaning. - * **Let these words go deeply into your ears** (Luke 9:44 ULB) - * Be all ears when I say these words to you. + * **Let these words go deeply into your ears ...** (Luke 9:44 ULB) + * Be all ears when I say these words to you ... - * **"My eyes grow dim from grief** (Psalm 6:7 ULB) - * I am crying my eyes out + * **My eyes grow dim from grief ...** (Psalm 6:7 ULB) + * I cry my eyes out ... From 6b2ba2325045954f37a4d3aa7db7208e454a524e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Wed, 10 Oct 2018 16:03:02 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 165/551] Checked verses with ULB --- translate/figs-imperative/01.md | 30 ++++++++++++------------------ 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-imperative/01.md b/translate/figs-imperative/01.md index cf8b07a..20fc362 100644 --- a/translate/figs-imperative/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-imperative/01.md @@ -12,14 +12,14 @@ Some languages would not use an imperative sentence for some of the functions th Speakers often use imperative sentences to tell or ask their listeners to do something. In Genesis 2, God spoke to Isaac and told him not to go to Egypt but to live where God would tell him to live. ->Now Yahweh appeared to him and said, "Do not go down to Egypt; live in the land that I tell you to live in. (Genesis 26:2 ULB) +>Do not go down to Egypt; live in the land that I tell you to live in. (Genesis 26:2 ULB) Sometimes imperative sentences in the Bible have other uses. #### Imperatives that make things happen God can make things happen by commanding that they happen. Jesus healed a man by commanding that the man be healed. The man could not do anything to obey the command, but Jesus caused him to be healed by commanding it. ("Be clean" means "Be healed.") ->"I am willing. Be clean." Immediately he was cleansed of his leprosy. (Matthew 8:3 ULB) +>Jesus reached out his hand and touched him, saying, "I am willing. Be clean." Immediately he was cleansed of his leprosy. (Matthew 8:3 ULB) In Genesis 1, God commanded that there should be light, and by commanding it, he caused it to exist. Some languages, such as the Hebrew of the Bible, have commands that are in the third person. English does not do that, and so it must turn the third-person command into a general second-person command, as in the ULB: >God said, "Let there be light," and there was light. (Genesis 1:3 ULB) @@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ Languages that have third-person commands can follow the original Hebrew, which In the Bible, God blesses people by using imperatives. This indicates what his will is for them. ->God blessed them and said to them, "Be fruitful, and multiply. Fill the earth, and subdue it. Have dominion over the fish of the sea, over the birds of the sky, and over every living thing that moves upon the earth." +>God blessed them and said to them, "Be fruitful, and multiply. Fill the earth, and subdue it. Have dominion over the fish of the sea, over the birds of the sky, and over every living thing that moves upon the earth." (Genesis 1:28 ULB) #### Imperatives that function as conditions @@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ The purpose of Proverbs 22:6 below is teach what people can expect to happen if 1. If people would not use an imperative sentence for one of the functions in the Bible, try using a statement instead. 1. If people would not understand that a sentence is used to cause something to happen, add a connecting word like "so" to show that what happened was a result of what was said. -1. If people would not use a command as a condition, translate it as a statement with the words "if" and "then." +1. If a command in the ULB functions as a condition, and people would not use a command that way, translate it as a condition with the words "if" and "then." ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied @@ -57,24 +57,18 @@ The purpose of Proverbs 22:6 below is teach what people can expect to happen if * **Be clean.** (Matthew 8:3 ULB) * "You are now clean." * "I now cleanse you." - * **God said, "Let there be light," and there was light.** (Genesis 1:3 ULB) * God said, "There is now light" and there was light. - * **God blessed them and said to them, "Be fruitful, and multiply. Fill the earth, and subdue it. Have dominion over the fish of the sea, over the birds of the sky, and over every living thing that moves upon the earth."** (Genesis 1:3 ULB) - * God blessed them and said to them, "My will for you is that you be fruitful, and multiply. Fill the earth, and subdue it. I want you to have dominion over the fish of the sea, over the birds of the sky, and over every living thing that moves upon the earth." - + * God blessed them and said to them, "My will for you is that you be fruitful, and multiply. Fill the earth, and subdue it. I want you to have dominion over the fish of the sea, over the birds of the sky, and over every living thing that moves upon the earth." + 1. If people would not understand that a sentence is used to cause something to happen, add a connecting word like "so" to show that what happened was a result of what was said. - * **God said, "Let there be light," and there was light.** (Genesis 1:3 ULB) + * **God said, "Let there be light," and there was light.** (Genesis 1:28 ULB) * God said, 'Let there be light,' so there was light. - * God said, "Light must be;" as a result, there was light. + * God said, "Light must be;" as a result, there was light. + +1. If a command in the ULB functions as a condition, and people would not use a command that way, translate it as a condition with the words "if" and "then." -1. If people would not use a command as a condition, translate it as a statement with the words "if" and "then." - ->**Teach a child the way he should go,** ->**and when he is old he will not turn away from that instruction.** (Proverbs 22:6 ULB) - -Translated as: ->"If you teach a child the way he should go, ->then when he is old he will not turn away from that instruction." + * **Teach a child the way he should go, and when he is old he will not turn away from that instruction.** (Proverbs 22:6 ULB) + * If you teach a child the way he should go, then when he is old he will not turn away from that instruction. From 5adcc28d4bff0c8ee1fec0ea57dfcc11d3bec1b6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: John Hutchins Date: Wed, 10 Oct 2018 17:18:40 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 166/551] Removed references to AT --- translate/resources-alter/01.md | 11 +++++------ 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/resources-alter/01.md b/translate/resources-alter/01.md index 8e7f271..89431d2 100644 --- a/translate/resources-alter/01.md +++ b/translate/resources-alter/01.md @@ -7,14 +7,13 @@ The alternate translation suggestion may involve, for example, stating implicit ### Translation Notes Examples -The "AT:" indicates that this is an alternate translation. Some examples are: **Making Implicit Information Clear** >it is the law of the Medes and Persians, that no decree or statute that the king issues can be changed. (Daniel 6:15 ULB) -* **no decree...can be changed** - An additional sentence may be added here to aid in understanding. AT: "no decree...can be changed. So they must throw Daniel into the pit of lions." (See: *Explicit*) +* **no decree...can be changed** - An additional sentence may be added here to aid in understanding. Alternate translation: "no decree...can be changed. So they must throw Daniel into the pit of lions." (See: *Explicit*) The additional sentence shows what the speaker wanted the king to understand from his reminder that the king's decrees and statues cannot be changed. Translators may need to state some things clearly in the translation that the original speaker or writer left unstated or implicit. @@ -23,15 +22,15 @@ The additional sentence shows what the speaker wanted the king to understand fro >to him who blasphemes against the Holy Spirit, it will not be forgiven. (Luke 12:10 ULB) -* **it will not be forgiven** - This can be expressed with an active verb. AT: God will not forgive him. This can also be expressed in a positive way using a verb that means the opposite of "forgive." AT: "God will consider him guilty forever" (See: *Active Passive*) +* **it will not be forgiven** - This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will not forgive him"(See: *Active Passive*) -This Note provides an example of how translators can translate this passive sentence if their languages do not use passive sentences. +This note provides an example of how translators can translate this passive sentence if their languages do not use passive sentences. **Rhetorical Question** >Saul, Saul, why are you persecuting me? (Acts 9:4 ULB) -* **why are you persecuting me?** - This rhetorical question communicates a rebuke to Saul. In some languages, a statement would be more natural (AT): "You are persecuting me!" or a command (AT): "Stop persecuting me!" (See: *Rhetorical Questions*) +* **why are you persecuting me?** - This rhetorical question communicates a rebuke to Saul. In some languages, it may be more natural to translate this as a statement or command. Alternate translation: "You are persecuting me!" or "Stop persecuting me!" (See: *Rhetorical Questions*) -The translation suggestion here provides an alternate way to translate (AT) the rhetorical question if your language does not use that form of rhetorical question to rebuke someone. \ No newline at end of file +The translation suggestion here provides an alternate way to translate the rhetorical question if your language does not use that form of rhetorical question to rebuke someone. \ No newline at end of file From 701b66691b4f7a69abc7dffe3a48dd03384c375f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: John Hutchins Date: Wed, 10 Oct 2018 17:25:44 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 167/551] Updated verses to match ULB --- translate/resources-alter/01.md | 6 +++--- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/resources-alter/01.md b/translate/resources-alter/01.md index 89431d2..6a056cc 100644 --- a/translate/resources-alter/01.md +++ b/translate/resources-alter/01.md @@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ The alternate translation suggestion may involve, for example, stating implicit **Making Implicit Information Clear** ->it is the law of the Medes and Persians, that no decree or statute that the king issues can be changed. (Daniel 6:15 ULB) +>... it is a law of the Medes and Persians, that no decree or statute that the king issues can be changed. (Daniel 6:15 ULB) * **no decree...can be changed** - An additional sentence may be added here to aid in understanding. Alternate translation: "no decree...can be changed. So they must throw Daniel into the pit of lions." (See: *Explicit*) @@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ The additional sentence shows what the speaker wanted the king to understand fro **Passive to Active** ->to him who blasphemes against the Holy Spirit, it will not be forgiven. (Luke 12:10 ULB) +>... to him who blasphemes against the Holy Spirit, it will not be forgiven. (Luke 12:10 ULB) * **it will not be forgiven** - This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will not forgive him"(See: *Active Passive*) @@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ This note provides an example of how translators can translate this passive sent **Rhetorical Question** ->Saul, Saul, why are you persecuting me? (Acts 9:4 ULB) +>... Saul, Saul, why are you persecuting me? (Acts 9:4 ULB) * **why are you persecuting me?** - This rhetorical question communicates a rebuke to Saul. In some languages, it may be more natural to translate this as a statement or command. Alternate translation: "You are persecuting me!" or "Stop persecuting me!" (See: *Rhetorical Questions*) From 7315f2dcab40ac380664a97cc47491d09593f0fe Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: John Hutchins Date: Wed, 10 Oct 2018 17:30:38 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 168/551] Updated verses to match ULB --- translate/resources-alterm/01.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/resources-alterm/01.md b/translate/resources-alterm/01.md index 8898a6a..2c96db3 100644 --- a/translate/resources-alterm/01.md +++ b/translate/resources-alterm/01.md @@ -11,11 +11,11 @@ The translator needs to decide which meaning to translate. Translators may choos >But take a small number of hairs from them and tie them into the folds of your robe. (Ezekiel 5:3 ULB) -* **the folds of your robe** -- Possible meanings are 1) "the cloth on your arms" ("your sleeves") (UDB) or 2) "the end of the cloth on your robe" ("your hem") or 3) the fold in the garment where it is tucked into the belt. +* **the folds of your robe** -- Possible meanings are 1) "the cloth on your arms" or "your sleeves" or 2) "the end of the cloth on your robe" or "your hem" or 3) the fold in the garment where it is tucked into the belt. This note has the ULB text followed by three possible meanings. The word translated by "the folds of your robe" refers to the loose parts of the robe. Most scholars believe it refers here to the sleeves, but it could also refer to the loose part at the bottom or also to the folds in the middle, around the belt. ->But Simon Peter, when he saw it, fell down at Jesus' knees (Luke 5:8 ULB) +>But Simon Peter, when he saw it, fell down at Jesus' knees ... (Luke 5:8 ULB) * **fell down at Jesus' knees** - Possible meanings are 1) "knelt down before Jesus" or 2) "bowed down at Jesus' feet" or 3) "lay down on the ground at Jesus' feet." Peter did not fall accidentally. He did this as a sign of humility and respect for Jesus. From 0e80fd0ffe4b4e7b3ba5e13e977aa42e6dc974a8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: John Hutchins Date: Wed, 10 Oct 2018 17:59:56 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 169/551] Updated verses and notes to match ULB and current notes --- translate/resources-connect/01.md | 24 ++++++++++-------------- 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/resources-connect/01.md b/translate/resources-connect/01.md index e68ce56..928d9dd 100644 --- a/translate/resources-connect/01.md +++ b/translate/resources-connect/01.md @@ -21,39 +21,35 @@ Both types of notes are to help you understand the passage better and be aware o #### Whether this chunk is at the beginning, continuation, or end of a passage ->1It came about that when Jesus had finished instructing his twelve disciples, he departed from there to teach and preach in their cities. 2Now when John heard in the prison about the deeds of the Christ, he sent a message by his disciples 3and said to him, "Are you the Coming One, or is there another person we should be looking for?" (Matthew 11:1-3 ULB) +>1It came about that when Jesus had finished instructing his twelve disciples, he departed from there to teach and preach in their cities. (Matthew 11:1 ULB) -* **General Information**: - This is the beginning of a new part of the story where the writer tells of how Jesus responded to disciples of John the Baptist. (See: *Introduction of New Event*) +* **General Information**: - This is the beginning of a new part of the story where Matthew tells of how Jesus responded to disciples of John the Baptist. (See: *Introduction of New Event*) This note alerts you to the beginning of a new part of a story and gives you a link to a page that tells more about new events and issues concerning translating them. #### Who is speaking ->17For he was one of us and received his share of the benefits of this ministry." 18(Now this man bought a field with the earnings of his evil act. Then he fell head first, and his body burst wide open, and all his bowels poured out. 19It became known to all those living in Jerusalem that the field was called in their own language Akeldama, that is, The field of blood.) (Acts 1:17-19 ULB) +>17For he was one of us and received his share of the benefits of this ministry." (Acts 1:17 ULB) - -* **Connecting Statement:** - Peter continues his speech to the believers that he began in *Acts 1:16*. +* **Connecting Statement:** - In verse 17 Peter continues his speech to the believers that he began in *Acts 1:16*. This note tells you that it is still Peter speaking in verse 17 so you can mark that correctly in your language. #### The person or thing that pronouns refer to ->20And Isaiah is very bold and says, +>20Then Isaiah was very bold when he says, >"I was found by those who did not seek me. ->I appeared to those who did not ask for me." ->21But to Israel he says, "All the day long I reached out my hands ->to a disobedient and resistant people." (Romans 10:20-21 ULB) +>I appeared to those who did not ask for me." (Romans 10:20 ULB) -* **General Information:** - Here the words "I," "me," and "my" refer to God. +* **General Information:** - Here the words "I" and "me" refer to God. This note lets you know who the pronouns refer to. You may need to add something so that readers will know that Isaiah is not speaking for himself, but is quoting what God said. #### Important background or implied information ->26Now an angel of the Lord spoke to Philip and said, "Arise and go toward the south to the road that goes down from Jerusalem to Gaza." (This road is in a desert.) 27He arose and went. Behold, there was a man from Ethiopia, a eunuch of great authority under Candace, queen of the Ethiopians. He was in charge of all her treasure. He had come to Jerusalem to worship. 28He was returning and sitting in his chariot, and was reading the prophet Isaiah. (Acts 8:26-28 ULB) +>27He arose and went. Behold, there was a man from Ethiopia, a eunuch of great authority under Candace, queen of the Ethiopians. He was in charge of all her treasure. He had come to Jerusalem to worship. (Acts 8:27 ULB) +* **General Information:** - This verse gives background information about the man from Ethiopia. (See: *Backgrounds*) -* **General Information:** - This is the beginning of the part of the story about Philip and the man from Ethiopia. Verse 27 gives background information about the man from Ethiopia. (See: *Backgrounds*) - -This note alerts you to the beginning of a new part of a story and to some background information so you can be aware of these things and use your language's ways of showing these things. The note includes a link to the page about background information so you can learn more about how to translate that kind of information. \ No newline at end of file +This note alerts you to some background information so you can use your language's ways of showing this. The note includes a link to the page about background information so you can learn more about how to translate that kind of information. \ No newline at end of file From 2aa1aeb18f9f1d5ab3b6c6607d24e4ed2d58883a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: John Hutchins Date: Wed, 10 Oct 2018 18:18:33 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 170/551] Updating ULB verses and notes --- translate/resources-def/01.md | 7 +++---- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/resources-def/01.md b/translate/resources-def/01.md index 63eca03..ab75ee9 100644 --- a/translate/resources-def/01.md +++ b/translate/resources-def/01.md @@ -6,12 +6,11 @@ Sometimes you may not know what a word in the ULB means. The notes may have a de ### Translation Notes Examples Simple definitions of words or phrases are added without quotes or sentence format. Here are examples: ->It is like children playing in the marketplace, who sit and call to one another and say, "We played a flute for you." (Matthew 11:16-17 ULB) +>It is like children playing in the marketplace... (Matthew 11:16 ULB) -* **marketplace** - a large, open-air area where people would come to sell their goods -* **flute** - a long, hollow musical instrument which is played by blowing air in or over one end +* **marketplace** - a large, open-air area where people buy and sell items ->people who dress in splendid clothing and live in luxury are in kings' palaces (Luke 7:25 ULB) +>Look, those who wear expensive clothing and who live in luxury are in kings' palaces. (Luke 7:25 ULB) * **kings' palaces** - a large, expensive house that a king lives in From 52a0b9b5581db9f772e3c0f37c1f95cd9178b6f9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: John Hutchins Date: Wed, 10 Oct 2018 18:24:35 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 171/551] Fixed ellipsis format --- translate/resources-def/01.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/resources-def/01.md b/translate/resources-def/01.md index ab75ee9..ec2768b 100644 --- a/translate/resources-def/01.md +++ b/translate/resources-def/01.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Sometimes you may not know what a word in the ULB means. The notes may have a de ### Translation Notes Examples Simple definitions of words or phrases are added without quotes or sentence format. Here are examples: ->It is like children playing in the marketplace... (Matthew 11:16 ULB) +>It is like children playing in the marketplace ... (Matthew 11:16 ULB) * **marketplace** - a large, open-air area where people buy and sell items From 5e2a996c05d10ac90b4fdbbc26a4972a3b2e3c58 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Wed, 10 Oct 2018 18:33:25 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 172/551] Delete document and folder? --- translate/figs-informremind/01.md | 2 ++ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) diff --git a/translate/figs-informremind/01.md b/translate/figs-informremind/01.md index ed8888a..a3bbdc8 100644 --- a/translate/figs-informremind/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-informremind/01.md @@ -1,4 +1,6 @@ +### Should we delete this document and folder? + Some languages can use a word or phrase with a noun to give information about that noun or to remind people of something about it. * Mary gave some of the food to her sister, who was very thankful. From c3a828a8a1496c2942dab2005cd6d3e07470b37d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: John Hutchins Date: Wed, 10 Oct 2018 18:37:56 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 173/551] Updated verses and notes to match ULB and current notes --- translate/resources-def/01.md | 8 +++++--- 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/resources-def/01.md b/translate/resources-def/01.md index ec2768b..945e971 100644 --- a/translate/resources-def/01.md +++ b/translate/resources-def/01.md @@ -10,9 +10,10 @@ Simple definitions of words or phrases are added without quotes or sentence form * **marketplace** - a large, open-air area where people buy and sell items ->Look, those who wear expensive clothing and who live in luxury are in kings' palaces. (Luke 7:25 ULB) +>The garments that they must make are ... a turban, and a sash. (Exodus 28:4 ULB) -* **kings' palaces** - a large, expensive house that a king lives in +* **turban** - a tall head covering made from cloth wrapped around the head several times +* **sash** - a piece of cloth that people wear around their waist or across their chest ### Translation Principles @@ -22,4 +23,5 @@ Simple definitions of words or phrases are added without quotes or sentence form ### Translation Strategies -See [Translate Unknowns](../translate-unknown/01.md) for more information on translating words or phrases that are not known in your language. \ No newline at end of file +See [Translate Unknowns](../translate-unknown/01.md) for more information on translating words or phrases that are not known in your language. + From da26503700736fd7408129cf9b36b0146ac4e68b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Wed, 10 Oct 2018 18:43:44 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 174/551] Delete document and folder? --- translate/figs-infostructure/01.md | 8 ++++---- 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-infostructure/01.md b/translate/figs-infostructure/01.md index 3395087..0ba5819 100644 --- a/translate/figs-infostructure/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-infostructure/01.md @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ - +### Should we delete this document and folder? ### Description @@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ In English, this means that the people ate everything. But the next verse says t In this verse, what the disciples say to Jesus puts the important information first - that he should send the crowd away. But in languages that put the important information last, people would understand that the reason that they give - being in an isolated place - is the most important part of their message to Jesus. They might then think that the disciples are afraid of the spirits in that place, and that sending the people to buy food is a way to protect them from the spirits. That is the wrong message. ->Woe to you, when all men speak well of you, for that is how their ancestors treated the false prophets. (Luke 6:26 ULB) +>Woe to you when all men speak well of you, for that is how their ancestors treated the false prophets. (Luke 6:26 ULB) In this verse, the most important part of the information is first - that "woe" is coming on the people for what they are doing. The reason that supports that warning comes last. This could be confusing for people who expect the important information to come last. @@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ In this verse, the most important part of the information is first - that "woe" * And he went out from there and came to the hometown his, and they followed him the disciples his. (Mark 6:1) This is the verse in the original Greek order. The ULB has put this into the normal order for English: ->And he went out from there and came into his hometown, and his disciples followed him. (Mark 6:1 ULB) +>He went out from there and came to his hometown, and his disciples followed him. (Mark 6:1 ULB) 1. Study where your language puts the new or important information, and rearrange the order of information so that it follows the way it is done in your language. @@ -65,5 +65,5 @@ If your language puts the important information last, you can change the order o If your language puts the important information last, you can change the order of the verse: -* When all men speak well of you, which is just as people's ancestors treated the false prophets, then woe to you! +* When all men speak well of you, which is just as their ancestors treated the false prophets, then woe to you! From 66f56df6b6cb0e2b63db37bf7c546480b6234e9f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: hmw3 Date: Wed, 10 Oct 2018 14:51:30 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 175/551] Conforming quote marks in examples. --- translate/figs-exclamations/01.md | 12 ++++++------ translate/figs-rpronouns/01.md | 12 ++++++------ 2 files changed, 12 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-exclamations/01.md b/translate/figs-exclamations/01.md index b81265f..4e0e9f5 100644 --- a/translate/figs-exclamations/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-exclamations/01.md @@ -42,18 +42,18 @@ Some exclamations in the Bible do not have a main verb. The exclamation below sh 1. If an exclamation in your language needs a verb, add one. Often a good verb is "is" or "are." * **You worthless person!** (Matthew 5:22 ULB) - * "You are such a worthless person!" + * You are such a worthless person! * **Oh, the depth of the riches both of the wisdom and the knowledge of God!** (Romans 11:33 ULB) - * "Oh, the riches of the wisdom and the knowledge of God are so deep!" + * Oh, the riches of the wisdom and the knowledge of God are so deep! 1. Use an exclamation word from your language that shows the strong feeling. The word "wow" below shows that they were astonished. The expression "Oh no" shows that something terrible or frightening has happened. * **They were extremely astonished, saying, "He has done all things well. He even makes the deaf hear and the mute speak."** (Mark 7:37 ULB) - * "They were extremely astonished, saying, "Wow! He has done all things well. He even makes the deaf hear and the mute speak." " + * They were extremely astonished, saying, "Wow! He has done all things well. He even makes the deaf hear and the mute speak." * **Ah, Lord Yahweh! For I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!** (Judges 6:22 ULB) - * "__Oh no__, Lord Yahweh! I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!" + * __Oh no__, Lord Yahweh! I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face! 1. Translate the exclamation word with a sentence that shows the feeling. @@ -64,10 +64,10 @@ Some exclamations in the Bible do not have a main verb. The exclamation below sh 1. Use a word that emphasizes the part of the sentence that brings about the strong feeling. * **How unsearchable are his judgments, and his ways beyond discovering!** (Romans 11:33 ULB) - * "His judgements are so unsearchable and his ways are far beyond discovering!" + * His judgements are so unsearchable and his ways are far beyond discovering! 1. If the strong feeling is not clear in the target language, then tell how the person felt. * **Gideon understood that this was the angel of Yahweh. Gideon said, "Ah, Lord Yahweh! For I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!"** (Judges 6:22 ULB) - * "Gideon understood that this was the angel of Yahweh. Gideon was terrified and said, "Ah, Lord Yahweh! I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!" (Judges 6:22 ULB) + * Gideon understood that this was the angel of Yahweh. Gideon was terrified and said, "Ah, Lord Yahweh! I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face! (Judges 6:22 ULB) diff --git a/translate/figs-rpronouns/01.md b/translate/figs-rpronouns/01.md index bc59eb7..7bf647c 100644 --- a/translate/figs-rpronouns/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-rpronouns/01.md @@ -49,18 +49,18 @@ If a reflexive pronoun would have the same function in your language, consider u 1. In some languages people put something on the verb to show that the object of the verb is the same as the subject. * **If I should testify about myself, my testimony would not be true.** (John 5:31) - * "If I should self-testify, my testimony would not be true." + * If I should self-testify, my testimony would not be true. * **Now the Passover of the Jews was near, and many went up to Jerusalem out of the country before the Passover in order to purify themselves.** (John 11:55) - * "Now the Passover of the Jews was near, and many went up to Jerusalem out of the country before the Passover in order to self-purify." + * Now the Passover of the Jews was near, and many went up to Jerusalem out of the country before the Passover in order to self-purify. 1. In some languages people emphasize a certain person or thing by referring to it in a special place in the sentence. * **He himself took our sickness and bore our diseases.** (Matthew 8:17 ULB) - * "It was he who took our sickness and bore our diseases." + * It was he who took our sickness and bore our diseases. * **Jesus himself was not baptizing, but his disciples were.** (John 4:2) - * "It was not Jesus who was baptizing, but his disciples were." + * It was not Jesus who was baptizing, but his disciples were. 1. In some languages people emphasize a certain person or thing by adding something to that word or putting another word with it. English adds the reflexive pronoun. @@ -69,10 +69,10 @@ If a reflexive pronoun would have the same function in your language, consider u 1. In some languages people show that someone did something alone by using a word like "alone." * **When Jesus realized that they were about to come and seize him by force to make him king, he withdrew again up the mountain by himself.** (John 6:15) - * "When Jesus realized that they were about to come and seize him by force to make him king, he withdrew again alone up the mountain." + * When Jesus realized that they were about to come and seize him by force to make him king, he withdrew again alone up the mountain. 1. In some languages people show that something was alone by using a phrase that tells about where it was. * **He saw the linen cloths lying there and the cloth that had been on his head. It was not lying with the linen cloths but was rolled up in its place by itself.** (John 20:6-7 ULB) - * He saw the linen cloths lying there and the cloth that had been on his head. It was not lying with the linen cloths but was rolled up and lying in it's own place. + * He saw the linen cloths lying there and the cloth that had been on his head. It was not lying with the linen cloths but was rolled up and lying in its own place. From 37ab91515fca4444a22e7fe1161226f604c6073f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: hmw3 Date: Wed, 10 Oct 2018 15:01:17 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 176/551] Conforming quote marks in examples. --- translate/figs-exmetaphor/01.md | 2 +- translate/figs-gendernotations/01.md | 8 ++++---- translate/figs-genericnoun/01.md | 20 ++++++++++---------- translate/figs-go/01.md | 4 ++-- translate/figs-hyperbole/01.md | 2 +- translate/figs-imperative/01.md | 4 ++-- translate/figs-informremind/01.md | 8 ++++---- translate/figs-litotes/01.md | 6 +++--- translate/figs-metaphor/01.md | 4 ++-- translate/figs-metonymy/01.md | 12 ++++++------ translate/figs-parallelism/01.md | 12 ++++++------ translate/figs-pastforfuture/01.md | 4 ++-- translate/figs-possession/01.md | 2 +- 13 files changed, 44 insertions(+), 44 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-exmetaphor/01.md b/translate/figs-exmetaphor/01.md index 99edecf..a853ca8 100644 --- a/translate/figs-exmetaphor/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-exmetaphor/01.md @@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ Consider using the same extended metaphor if your readers will understand it in 1. If the target audience still would not understand, then state it clearly. * **Yahweh is my shepherd; I will lack nothing.** (Psalm 23:1 ULB) - * "Yahweh cares for me like a shepherd who cares for his sheep, so I will lack nothing." + * Yahweh cares for me like a shepherd who cares for his sheep, so I will lack nothing. * **For the vineyard of Yahweh of hosts is the house of Israel, and the man of Judah his pleasant planting; he waited for justice, but instead, there was killing; for righteousness, but, instead, a shout for help.** (Isaiah 5:7 ULB) * For the vineyard of Yahweh of hosts represents the house of Israel, and the men of Judah are like his pleasant planting; he waited for justice, but instead, there was killing; for righteousness, but, instead, a cry for help. * So as a farmer stops caring for a grapevine garden that produces bad fruit, Yahweh will stop protecting Israel and Judah, because they do not do what is right; he waited for justice, but instead, there was killing; for righteousness, but, instead, a cry for help. diff --git a/translate/figs-gendernotations/01.md b/translate/figs-gendernotations/01.md index daac8d2..2abcb25 100644 --- a/translate/figs-gendernotations/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-gendernotations/01.md @@ -47,16 +47,16 @@ If people would understand that that masculine words like "man," "brother," and 1. Use nouns that can be used for both men and women. * **The wise man dies just like the fool dies.** (Ecclesiastes 2:16 ULB) - * "The wise person dies just like the fool dies." - * "Wise people die just like fools die." + * The wise person dies just like the fool dies. + * Wise people die just like fools die. 1. Use a word that refers to men and a word that refers to women. * **For we do not want you to be uninformed, brothers, about the troubles we had in Asia.** (2 Corinthians 1:8) - Paul was writing this letter to both men and women. - * "For we do not want you to be uninformed, brothers and sisters, about the troubles we had in Asia." (2 Corinthians 1:8) + * For we do not want you to be uninformed, brothers and sisters, about the troubles we had in Asia. (2 Corinthians 1:8) 1. Use pronouns that can be used for both men and women. * **If anyone wants to follow me, he must deny himself, take up his cross, and follow me."** (Matthew 16:24 ULB) - English speakers can change the masculine singular pronouns, "he," "himself," and "his" to plural pronouns that do not mark gender, "they," "themselves," and "their" in order to show that it applies to all people, not just men. - * "If people want to follow me, they must deny themselves, take up their cross, and follow me." + * If people want to follow me, they must deny themselves, take up their cross, and follow me. diff --git a/translate/figs-genericnoun/01.md b/translate/figs-genericnoun/01.md index ecd96ba..48fd015 100644 --- a/translate/figs-genericnoun/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-genericnoun/01.md @@ -42,27 +42,27 @@ If your language can use the same wording as in the ULB to refer to people or th 1. Use the word "the" in the noun phrase. * **Yahweh gives favor to a good man, but he condemns a man who makes evil plans.** (Proverbs 12:2 ULB) - * "Yahweh gives favor to the good man, but he condemns the man who makes evil plans." (Proverbs 12:2) + * Yahweh gives favor to the good man, but he condemns the man who makes evil plans. (Proverbs 12:2) 1. Use the word "a" in the noun phrase. - * **People curse the man who refuses to sell them grain....** (Proverbs 11:26 ULB) - * "People curse a man who refuses to sell them grain...." + * **People curse the man who refuses to sell them grain ...** (Proverbs 11:26 ULB) + * People curse a man who refuses to sell them grain ... 1. Use the word "any, as in "any person" or "anyone." - * **People curse the man who refuses to sell them grain....** (Proverbs 11:26 ULB) - * "People curse any man who refuses to sell them grain...." + * **People curse the man who refuses to sell them grain ...** (Proverbs 11:26 ULB) + * People curse any man who refuses to sell them grain ... 1. Use the plural form, as in "people" (or in this sentence, "men"). - * **People curse the man who refuses to sell them grain.** (Proverbs 11:26 ULB) - * "People curse men who refuse to sell them grain" + * **People curse the man who refuses to sell them grain ...** (Proverbs 11:26 ULB) + * People curse men who refuse to sell them grain ... 1. Use any other way that is natural in your language. - * **People curse the man who refuses to sell them grain....** (Proverbs 11:26 ULB) - * "People curse whoever refuses to sell them grain...." - * "People curse those who refuse to sell them grain...." + * **People curse the man who refuses to sell them grain ...** (Proverbs 11:26 ULB) + * People curse whoever refuses to sell them grain ... + * People curse those who refuse to sell them grain ... diff --git a/translate/figs-go/01.md b/translate/figs-go/01.md index 19519ce..1433f8d 100644 --- a/translate/figs-go/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-go/01.md @@ -51,8 +51,8 @@ If the word used in the ULB would be natural and give the right meaning in your 1. Use another word that expresses the right meaning. * **When you have come to the land that Yahweh your God gives you ...** (Deuteronomy 17:14 ULB) - * "When you have arrived in the land that Yahweh your God gives you ..." + * When you have arrived in the land that Yahweh your God gives you ... * **Yahweh said to Noah, "Come, you and all your household, into the ark ...** (Genesis 7:1 ULB) - * "Yahweh said to Noah, "Enter, you and all your household, into the ark ..." + * Yahweh said to Noah, "Enter, you and all your household, into the ark ... diff --git a/translate/figs-hyperbole/01.md b/translate/figs-hyperbole/01.md index 2bf0506..d93b6d5 100644 --- a/translate/figs-hyperbole/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-hyperbole/01.md @@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ If the exaggeration or generalization would be natural and people would understa * **The one who ignores instruction will have poverty and shame ...** (Proverbs 13:18 ULB) * In general, the one who ignores instruction will have poverty and shame ... * **When you pray, do not make useless repetitions as the Gentiles do, for they think that they will be heard because of their many words.** (Matthew 6:7) - * "When you pray, do not make useless repetitions as the Gentiles generally do, for they think that they will be heard because of their many words." + * When you pray, do not make useless repetitions as the Gentiles generally do, for they think that they will be heard because of their many words. 1. For a generalization, add a word like "most" or "almost" to show that the generalization is not exact.  diff --git a/translate/figs-imperative/01.md b/translate/figs-imperative/01.md index 20fc362..b7ed4ac 100644 --- a/translate/figs-imperative/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-imperative/01.md @@ -55,8 +55,8 @@ The purpose of Proverbs 22:6 below is teach what people can expect to happen if 1. If people would not use an imperative sentence for one of the functions in the Bible, try using a statement instead. * **Be clean.** (Matthew 8:3 ULB) - * "You are now clean." - * "I now cleanse you." + * You are now clean. + * I now cleanse you. * **God said, "Let there be light," and there was light.** (Genesis 1:3 ULB) * God said, "There is now light" and there was light. * **God blessed them and said to them, "Be fruitful, and multiply. Fill the earth, and subdue it. Have dominion over the fish of the sea, over the birds of the sky, and over every living thing that moves upon the earth."** (Genesis 1:3 ULB) diff --git a/translate/figs-informremind/01.md b/translate/figs-informremind/01.md index a3bbdc8..4c5f39e 100644 --- a/translate/figs-informremind/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-informremind/01.md @@ -57,20 +57,20 @@ If people would understand the purpose of a phrase with a noun, then consider ke 1. Put the information in another part of the sentence and add words that show its purpose. * **I hate those who serve worthless idols** (Psalm 31:6 ULB) - By saying "worthless idols," David was commenting about all idols and giving his reason for hating those who serve them. He was not distinguishing worthless idols from valuable idols. - * "Because idols are worthless, I hate those who serve them." + * Because idols are worthless, I hate those who serve them. * **... for your righteous judgments are good.** (Psalm 119:39 ULB) * ... for your judgments are good because they are righteous. * **Can Sarah, who is ninety years old, bear a son?** (Genesis 17:17-18 ULB) - The phrase "who is ninety years old" is a reminder of Sarah's age. It tells why Abraham was asking the question. He did not expect that a woman who was that old could bear a child. - * "Can Sarah bear a son even when she is ninety years old?" + * Can Sarah bear a son even when she is ninety years old? * **I will call on Yahweh, who is worthy to be praised ...** (2 Samuel 22:4 ULB) - There is only one Yahweh. The phrase "who is worthy to be praised" gives a reason for calling on Yahweh. - * "I will call on Yahweh, because he is worthy to be praised" + * I will call on Yahweh, because he is worthy to be praised ... 1. Use one of your language's ways for expressing information in a weak way. * **The name of the third river is Tigris, which flows east of Asshur.** (Genesis 2:14 ULB) - * "The name of the third river is Tigris. It flows east of Asshur. + * The name of the third river is Tigris. It flows east of Asshur. diff --git a/translate/figs-litotes/01.md b/translate/figs-litotes/01.md index 5f14940..22fce03 100644 --- a/translate/figs-litotes/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-litotes/01.md @@ -36,9 +36,9 @@ If the litotes would be understood correctly, consider using it. 1. If the meaning with the negative would not be clear, give the positive meaning in a strong way. * **For you yourselves know, brothers, our coming to you was not useless.** (1 Thessalonians 2:1 ULB) - * "For you yourselves know, brothers, our visit to you did much good." + * For you yourselves know, brothers, our visit to you did much good. * **Now when it became day, there was no small excitement among the soldiers, regarding what had happened to Peter.** (Acts 12:18 ULB) - * "Now when it became day, there was great excitement among the soldiers, regarding what had happened to Peter." - * "Now when it became day, the soldiers were very concerned because of what had happened to Peter." + * Now when it became day, there was great excitement among the soldiers, regarding what had happened to Peter. + * Now when it became day, the soldiers were very concerned because of what had happened to Peter. diff --git a/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md b/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md index 08eb35a..fd01ca4 100644 --- a/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md @@ -143,8 +143,8 @@ If people do not or would not understand it, here are some other strategies. 1. If the target audience would not use that **image** for that meaning, use an image from your own culture instead. Be sure that it is an image that could have been possible in Bible times. * **And yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are the clay. You are our potter; and we all are the work of your hand.** (Isaiah 64:8 ULB) - * "And yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are the wood. You are our carver; and we all are the work of your hand." - * "And yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are the string. You are the weaver; and we all are the work of your hand." + * And yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are the wood. You are our carver; and we all are the work of your hand. + * And yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are the string. You are the weaver; and we all are the work of your hand. 1. If the target audience would not know what the **topic** is, then state the topic clearly. (However, do not do this if the original audience did not know what the topic was.) * **Yahweh lives; may my rock be praised. May the God of my salvation be exalted.** (Psalm 18:46 ULB) diff --git a/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md b/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md index 828c118..f311a45 100644 --- a/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md @@ -43,16 +43,16 @@ If people would easily understand the metonym, consider using it. Otherwise, her 1. Use the metonym along with the name of the thing it represents. * **He took the cup in the same way after supper, saying, "This cup is the new covenant in my blood, which is poured out for you.** (Luke 22:20 ULB) - * "He took the cup in the same way after supper, saying, "The wine in this cup is the new covenant in my blood, which is poured out for you." + * He took the cup in the same way after supper, saying, "The wine in this cup is the new covenant in my blood, which is poured out for you. 1. Use the name of the thing the metonym represents. - * **The Lord God will give him the throne of his father, David.** (Luke 1:32 ULB) - * "The Lord God will give him the kingly authority of his father, David." - * "The Lord God will make him king like his ancestor, King David." + * **The Lord God will give him the throne of his father, David.** (Luke 1:32 ULB) + * The Lord God will give him the kingly authority of his father, David. + * The Lord God will make him king like his ancestor, King David. - * **who warned you to flee from the wrath to come?** (Luke 3:7 ULB) - * "who warned you to flee from God's coming punishment?" + * **... who warned you to flee from the wrath to come?** (Luke 3:7 ULB) + * ... who warned you to flee from God's coming punishment? To learn about some common metonymies, see [Biblical Imagery - Common Metonymies](../bita-part2/01.md). diff --git a/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md b/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md index 50ac471..4673a0e 100644 --- a/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md @@ -75,24 +75,24 @@ For most kinds of parallelism, it is good to translate both of the clauses or ph 1. Combine the ideas of both clauses into one. * **Until now you have deceived me and told me lies.** (Judges 16:13, ULB) - Delilah expressed this idea twice to emphasize that she was very upset. - * "Until now you have deceived me with your lies." + * Until now you have deceived me with your lies. * **Yahweh sees everything a person does and watches all the paths he takes.** (Proverbs 5:21 ULB) - The phrase "all the paths he takes" is a metaphor for "all he does." - * "Yahweh pays attention to everything a person does." + * Yahweh pays attention to everything a person does. * **For Yahweh has a lawsuit with his people, and he will fight in court against Israel.** (Micah 6:2 ULB) - This parallelism describes one serious disagreement that Yahweh had with one group of people. If this is unclear, the phrases can be combined: - * "For Yahweh has a lawsuit with his people, Israel." + * For Yahweh has a lawsuit with his people, Israel. 1. If it appears that the clauses are used together to show that what they say is really true, you could include words that emphasize the truth such as "truly" or "certainly." * **Yahweh sees everything a person does and watches all the paths he takes.** (Proverbs 5:21 ULB) - * "Yahweh truly sees everything a person does." + * Yahweh truly sees everything a person does. 1. If it appears that the clauses are used together to intensify an idea in them, you could use words like "very," "completely" or "all." * **you have deceived me and told me lies.** (Judges 16:13 ULB) - * "All you have done is lie to me." + * All you have done is lie to me. * **Yahweh sees everything a person does and watches all the paths he takes.** (Proverbs 5:21 ULB) - * "Yahweh sees absolutely everything that a person does." + * Yahweh sees absolutely everything that a person does. diff --git a/translate/figs-pastforfuture/01.md b/translate/figs-pastforfuture/01.md index a85b45b..112577c 100644 --- a/translate/figs-pastforfuture/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-pastforfuture/01.md @@ -42,8 +42,8 @@ If the past tense would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, 1. Use the future tense to refer to future events. -* **For to us a child has been born, to us a son has been given;** (Isaiah 9:6a ULB) - * "For to us a child will be born, to us a son will be given; +* **For to us a child has been born, to us a son has been given** ... (Isaiah 9:6a ULB) + * For to us a child will be born, to us a son will be given ... 1. If it refers to something that would happen very soon, use a form that shows that. diff --git a/translate/figs-possession/01.md b/translate/figs-possession/01.md index a0ecd77..06a5e5c 100644 --- a/translate/figs-possession/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-possession/01.md @@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ If possession would be a natural way to show a particular relationship between t 1. Use an adjective to show that one describes the other. The adjective below is in **bold** print. * **On their heads were something like crowns of gold** (Revelation 9:7) - * "On their heads were **gold** crowns" + * On their heads were **gold** crowns 1. Use a verb to show how the two are related. In the example below, the added verb is in bold. From a8bfadd8802c76cb6fbf1f936dff4318d86de396 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: John Hutchins Date: Wed, 10 Oct 2018 19:03:08 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 177/551] Updated verses and notes to match ULB and current notes --- translate/resources-eplain/01.md | 10 ++-------- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/resources-eplain/01.md b/translate/resources-eplain/01.md index 36bbce7..5752900 100644 --- a/translate/resources-eplain/01.md +++ b/translate/resources-eplain/01.md @@ -12,14 +12,8 @@ Simple explanations about words or phrases are written as full sentences. They b If you did not know that fishermen used nets to catch fish, you might wonder why the fishermen were cleaning their nets. This explanation can help you choose good words for "were washing" and "nets." ->they motioned to their partners in the other boat (Luke 5:7 ULB) +>So they motioned to their partners in the other boat ... (Luke 5:7 ULB) * **motioned** - They were too far from shore to call so they made gestures, probably waving their arms. -This note can help you understand what kind of motion the people made. It was a motion that people would be able to see from a distance. This will help you choose a good word or phrase for "motioned." - ->He will be filled with the Holy Spirit, even while in his mother's womb. (Luke 1:14 ULB) - -* **even while in his mother's womb** - The word "even" here indicates that this is especially surprising news. People had been filled with the Holy Spirit before, but no one had heard of an unborn baby being filled with the Holy Spirit. - -This note can help you understand what the word "even" means in this sentence, so that you can find a way of showing how surprising this was. \ No newline at end of file +This note can help you understand what kind of motion the people made. It was a motion that people would be able to see from a distance. This will help you choose a good word or phrase for "motioned." \ No newline at end of file From 8b08e2a01896e915c7ebb490a80e5b5581865879 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: John Hutchins Date: Wed, 10 Oct 2018 19:13:16 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 178/551] Updated verses and notes to match ULB and current notes --- translate/resources-fofs/01.md | 10 +++++----- 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/resources-fofs/01.md b/translate/resources-fofs/01.md index baffa45..77ffe24 100644 --- a/translate/resources-fofs/01.md +++ b/translate/resources-fofs/01.md @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ Figures of speech are ways of saying things that use words in non-literal ways. That is, the meaning of a figure of speech is not the same as the more direct meaning of its words. There are many different types of figures of speech. -In the translationNotes there will be an explanation about the meaning of a figure of speech that is in the passage. Sometimes an alternate translation is provided. This is marked as "AT," which is the initial letters of "Alternate Translation." There will also be a link to a translationAcademy (tA) page that gives additional information and translation strategies for that kind of figure of speech. +In the translationNotes there will be an explanation about the meaning of a figure of speech that is in the passage. Sometimes an alternate translation is provided. There will also be a link to a translationAcademy (tA) page that gives additional information and translation strategies for that kind of figure of speech. In order to translate the meaning, you need to be able to recognize the figure of speech and know what it means in the source language. Then you can choose either a figure of speech or a direct way to communicate that same meaning in the target language. @@ -11,12 +11,12 @@ In order to translate the meaning, you need to be able to recognize the figure o >Many will come in my name and say, 'I am he,' and they will lead many astray. (Mark 13:6 ULB) -* **in my name** - Possible meanings are 1) AT: "claiming my authority" or 2) "claiming that God sent them." (See: [Metonymy](../figs-metonymy/01.md) and [Idiom](../figs-idiom/01.md)) +* **in my name** - This is metonym. Possible meanings are 1) Alternate translation: "claiming my authority" or 2) Alternate translation: "claiming that God sent them." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -The figure of speech in this Note is called a metonymy. The phrase "in my name" does not refer to the speaker's name (Jesus), but to his person and authority. The Note explains the metonymy in this passage by giving two alternate translations. After that, there is a link to the tA page about metonymy. Click on the link to learn about metonymy and general strategies for translating metonymys. Because this phrase is also a common idiom, the Note includes a link to the tA page that explains idioms. +The figure of speech in this Note is called a metonymy. The phrase "in my name" does not refer to the speaker's name (Jesus), but to his person and authority. The Note explains the metonymy in this passage by giving two alternate translations. After that, there is a link to the tA page about metonymy. Click on the link to learn about metonymy and general strategies for translating metonymys. ->"You offspring of vipers! Who warned you to run away from the wrath that is coming? (Luke 3:7 ULB) +>... "You offspring of vipers! Who warned you to run away from the wrath that is coming? (Luke 3:7 ULB) -* **You offspring of vipers** - In this metaphor, John compares the crowd to vipers, which were deadly or dangerous snakes and represent evil. AT: "You evil poisonous snakes" or "People should stay away from you just like they avoid poisonous snakes" (See: [Metaphor](../figs-metaphor/01.md)) +* **You offspring of vipers** - This is a metaphor. Here "offspring of" means "having the characteristic of." Vipers are poisonous snakes that are dangerous and represent evil. Alternate translation: "You evil poisonous snakes" or "You are evil, like poisonous snakes (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) The figure of speech in this Note is called a metaphor. The Note explains the metaphor and gives two alternate translations. After that, there is a link to the tA page about metaphors. Click on the link to learn about metaphors and general strategies for translating them. \ No newline at end of file From 910f6e6723a6943cac158571f2155bbe2b4eb996 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: hmw3 Date: Wed, 10 Oct 2018 15:25:08 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 179/551] Checked verses with ULB --- translate/figs-quotesinquotes/01.md | 26 +++++++++++++------------- 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-quotesinquotes/01.md b/translate/figs-quotesinquotes/01.md index 099bb1d..647a6e7 100644 --- a/translate/figs-quotesinquotes/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-quotesinquotes/01.md @@ -2,11 +2,11 @@ ### Description -A quotation may have a quote within it, and quotes that are inside of other quotes can also have quotes within them. When a quote has quotes within it, we can talk about it having layers of quotation, and each of the quotes is a layer. When there are many layers of quotes inside of quotes, it can be hard for listeners and readers to know who is saying what. Some languages use a combination of direct quotes and indirect quotes to make it easier. +A quotation may have a quote within it, and quotes that are inside of other quotes can also have quotes within them. When a quote has quotes within it, we can talk about it having layers of quotation, and each of the quotes is a layer. When there are many layers of quotes inside of quotes, it can be hard for listeners and readers to know who is saying what. Some languages use a combination of direct quotes and indirect quotes to make it easier. #### Reasons this is a translation issue -1. When there is a quote within a quote, the listener needs to know who the pronouns refer to. For example if a quote that is inside a quote has the word "I," the listener needs to know whether "I" refers to the speaker of the inner quote or the outer quote. +1. When there is a quote within a quote, the listener needs to know who the pronouns refer to. For example if a quote that is inside a quote has the word "I," the listener needs to know whether "I" refers to the speaker of the inner quote or the outer quote. 1. Some languages make this clear by using different kinds of quotes when there are quotes within quotes. They may use direct quotes for some and indirect quotes for others. 1. Some languages do not use indirect quotes. @@ -14,26 +14,26 @@ A quotation may have a quote within it, and quotes that are inside of other quot #### A quotation with only one layer ->But Paul said, "I was born a Roman citizen." (Acts 22:28 ULB) +>But Paul said, "I was born a Roman citizen." (Acts 22:28 ULB) #### Quotations with two layers ->Jesus answered and said to them, "Be careful that no one leads you astray. For many will come in my name. They will say, 'I am the Christ,' and will lead many astray." Matthew 24:4-5 ULB +>Then some of his disciples said to one another, "What is this that he says to us, 'A short amount of time you will no longer see me and after another short amount of time you will see me,' and, 'Because I go to the Father'?" (John 16:17 ULB) -The outermost layer is what Jesus said to his disciples. The second layer is what other people will say. ->Jesus answered, "You say that I am a king." (John 18:37 ULB) +The outermost layer is what the disciples said to one another. The second layer is what Jesus had said. (We have underlined the second layer.) +>Jesus answered, "You say that I am a king." (John 18:37 ULB) -The outermost layer is what Jesus said to Pilate. The second layer is what Pilate said about Jesus. +The outermost layer is what Jesus said to Pilate. The second layer is what Pilate said about Jesus. (We have underlined the second layer.) #### A quotation with three layers ->Abraham said, "... I said to her, 'You must show me this faithfulness as my wife: At every place where we go, say about me, "He is my brother." ' " (Genesis 20:10-13 ULB) +>Then the chief priests of the Jews said to Pilate, "Do not write, 'The King of the Jews,' but rather, 'This one said, "I am King of the Jews."'" (John 19:21 ULB) -The outermost layer is what Abraham said to Abimelech. The second layer is what Abraham had told his wife. The third layer is what he wanted his wife to say. (We have underlined the third layer.) +The outermost layer is what the chief priests said to Pilate. The second layer is what their command not to write. The third layer is what "this one" supposedly said. (We have underlined the third layer.) #### A quotation with four layers ->They said to him, "A man came to meet us who said to us, 'Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, "Yahweh says this: 'Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.' " ' " (2 Kings 1:6 ULB) +>They said to him, "A man came to meet us who said to us, 'Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, "Yahweh says this: 'Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal-Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.'"'" (2 Kings 1:6 ULB) The outermost layer is what the messengers said to the king. The second layer is what the man who had met the messengers told them. The third is what that man wanted the messengers to say to the king. The fourth is what Yahweh said. (We have underlined the fourth layer.) @@ -49,13 +49,13 @@ Some languages use only direct quotes. Other languages use a combination of dire 1. Translate all of the quotes as direct quotes. In the example below we have underlined the indirect quotes in the ULB and the quotes that we have changed to direct quotes below it. * **Festus presented Paul's case to the king; he said, "A certain man was left behind here by Felix as a prisoner. ...I was puzzled about how to investigate this matter, and I asked him if he would go to Jerusalem to be judged there about these things. But when Paul called to be kept under guard for the Emperor's decision, I ordered him to be kept until I send him to Caesar."** (Acts 25:14-21 ULB) - * Festus presented Paul's case to the king; he said, "A certain man was left behind here by Felix as a prisoner. ...I was puzzled about how to investigate this matter, and I asked him, 'Will you go to Jerusalem to be judged there about these things?' But when Paul said, 'I want to be kept under guard for the Emperor's decision,' I told the guard, 'Keep him under guard until I send him to Caesar.'" + * Festus presented Paul's case to the king; he said, "A certain man was left behind here by Felix as a prisoner. ... I was puzzled about how to investigate this matter, and I asked him, 'Will you go to Jerusalem to be judged there about these things?' But when Paul said, 'I want to be kept under guard for the Emperor's decision,' I told the guard, 'Keep him under guard until I send him to Caesar.'" 1. Translate one or some of the quotes as indirect quotes. In English the word "that" can come before indirect quotes. It is underlined in the examples below. The pronouns that changed because of the indirect quote are also underlined. * **Then Yahweh spoke to Moses and said, "I have heard the grumbling of the Israelites. Tell them, 'At twilight you will eat meat, and in the morning you will be filled with bread. Then you will know that I am Yahweh your God.' "** (Exodus 16:11-12 ULB) * Then Yahweh spoke to Moses and said, "I have heard the grumbling of the Israelites. Tell them that at twilight they will eat meat, and in the morning they will be filled with bread. Then they will know that I am Yahweh their God." - * **They said to him, "A man came to meet us who said to us, 'Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, "Yahweh says this: 'Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.' " ' "** (2 Kings 1:6 ULB) - * They told him that a man had come to meet them who said to them, "Go back to the king who sent you, and tell him that Yahweh says this: 'Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.' " + * **They said to him, "A man came to meet us who said to us, 'Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, "Yahweh says this: 'Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal-Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.'"'" (2 Kings 1:6 ULB)** (2 Kings 1:6 ULB) + * They told him that a man had come to meet them who said to them, "Go back to the king who sent you, and tell him that Yahweh says this: 'Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.'" From 7e039313511e5850cdb35a7fb76d285c78235232 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: John Hutchins Date: Wed, 10 Oct 2018 19:25:42 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 180/551] Updated verses and notes to match ULB and current notes --- translate/resources-iordquote/01.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/resources-iordquote/01.md b/translate/resources-iordquote/01.md index a678caa..62b7328 100644 --- a/translate/resources-iordquote/01.md +++ b/translate/resources-iordquote/01.md @@ -9,9 +9,9 @@ There may be a note about direct and indirect quotes when a quote has another qu ### Translation Notes Examples ->He instructed him to tell no one (Luke 5:14 ULB) +>He instructed him to tell no one but told him "Go on your way ... (Luke 5:14 ULB) -* **to tell no one** - This can be translated as a direct quote: "Do not tell anyone" There is implied information that can also be stated explicitly (AT): "do not tell anyone that you have been healed" (See: [Direct and Indirect Quotations](../figs-quotations/01.md) and [Ellipsis](../figs-ellipsis/01.md)) +* **He instructed him to tell no one but told him "Go on your way** - Jesus' instruction can be stated as a direct quote. Alternate translation: "'Do not tell anyone but go on your way" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) Here the translationNote shows how to change the indirect quote to a direct quote, in case that would be clearer or more natural in the target language. From 72498e92e43d28ceac37ea0565efb2ff71b74b23 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: John Hutchins Date: Wed, 10 Oct 2018 19:26:30 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 181/551] Fixed typo --- translate/resources-iordquote/01.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/resources-iordquote/01.md b/translate/resources-iordquote/01.md index 62b7328..b546dee 100644 --- a/translate/resources-iordquote/01.md +++ b/translate/resources-iordquote/01.md @@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ There may be a note about direct and indirect quotes when a quote has another qu >He instructed him to tell no one but told him "Go on your way ... (Luke 5:14 ULB) -* **He instructed him to tell no one but told him "Go on your way** - Jesus' instruction can be stated as a direct quote. Alternate translation: "'Do not tell anyone but go on your way" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) +* **He instructed him to tell no one but told him "Go on your way** - Jesus' instruction can be stated as a direct quote. Alternate translation: "'Do not tell anyone, but go on your way" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) Here the translationNote shows how to change the indirect quote to a direct quote, in case that would be clearer or more natural in the target language. From 6c631c79864f32b44d0186cd58ff5a4e638542be Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: hmw3 Date: Wed, 10 Oct 2018 15:32:27 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 182/551] Checked verses with ULB --- translate/figs-quotemarks/01.md | 16 ++++++++-------- 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-quotemarks/01.md b/translate/figs-quotemarks/01.md index faead7a..7867dac 100644 --- a/translate/figs-quotemarks/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-quotemarks/01.md @@ -37,12 +37,12 @@ A second layer direct quote has single quote marks around it. We have underlined #### A quotation with three layers A third layer direct quote has double quote marks around it. We have underlined it for you to see it clearly. ->Abraham said, "Because I thought, 'Surely there is no fear of God in this place, and they will kill me because of my wife.' Besides, she is indeed my sister, the daughter of my father, but not the daughter of my mother; and she became my wife. When God caused me to leave my father's house and travel from place to place, I said to her, 'You must show me this faithfulness as my wife: At every place where we go, say about me, "He is my brother." ' " (Genesis 20:10-13 ULB) +>Abraham said, "Because I thought, 'Surely there is no fear of God in this place, and they will kill me because of my wife.' Besides, she is indeed my sister, the daughter of my father, but not the daughter of my mother; and she became my wife. When God caused me to leave my father's house and travel from place to place, I said to her, 'You must show me this faithfulness as my wife: At every place where we go, say about me, "He is my brother."'" (Genesis 20:10-13 ULB) #### A quotation with four layers A fourth layer direct quote has single quote marks around it. We have underlined it for you to see it clearly. ->They said to him, "A man came to meet us who said to us, 'Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, "Yahweh says this: 'Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.' " ' " (2 Kings 1:5-6 ULB) +>They said to him, "A man came to meet us who said to us, 'Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, "Yahweh says this: 'Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal-Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.'"'" (2 Kings 1:5-6 ULB) ### Quote Marking Strategies @@ -56,19 +56,19 @@ Here are some ways you may be able to help readers see where each quote starts a 1. Alternate two kinds of quote marks to show layers of direct quotation as shown in the ULB text below. ->They said to him, "A man came to meet us who said to us, 'Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, "Yahweh says this: 'Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.' " ' " (2 Kings 1:6 ULB) +>They said to him, "A man came to meet us who said to us, 'Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, "Yahweh says this: 'Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal-Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.'"'" (2 Kings 1:6 ULB) 1. Translate one or some of the quotes as indirect quotes in order to use fewer quote marks, since indirect quotes do not need them. In English the word "that" can introduce an indirect quote. In the example below, everything after the word "that" is an indirect quote of what the messengers said to the king. Within that indirect quote, there are some direct quotes marked with " and '. ->They said to him, "A man came to meet us who said to us, 'Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, "Yahweh says this: 'Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.' " ' " (2 Kings 1:6 ULB) +>They said to him, "A man came to meet us who said to us, 'Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, "Yahweh says this: 'Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal-Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.'"'" (2 Kings 1:6 ULB) -* They told him that a man came to meet them who said to them, "Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, 'Yahweh says this: "Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die." ' " +* They told him that a man came to meet them who said to them, "Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, 'Yahweh says this: "Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal-Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die."'" 1. If a quotation is very long and has many layers of quotation in it, indent the main overall quote, and use quote marks only for the direct quotes inside of it. ->They said to him, "A man came to meet us who said to us, 'Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, "Yahweh says this: 'Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.' " ' " (2 Kings 1:6 ULB) +>They said to him, "A man came to meet us who said to us, 'Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, "Yahweh says this: 'Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal-Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.'"'" (2 Kings 1:6 ULB) -* They said to him, - * A man came to meet us who said to us, "Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, 'Yahweh says this: "Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die." ' " +* They said to him, + A man came to meet us who said to us, "Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, 'Yahweh says this: "Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal-Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die."'" From 55d37ca831fc6af2dc05d858eab2e0bd5a6d45cc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: hmw3 Date: Wed, 10 Oct 2018 15:50:44 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 183/551] Checked verses with ULB --- translate/figs-personification/01.md | 4 ++-- translate/figs-possession/01.md | 2 +- 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-personification/01.md b/translate/figs-personification/01.md index e4c8487..8053f25 100644 --- a/translate/figs-personification/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-personification/01.md @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ Such as wisdom: >Does not Wisdom call out? (Proverbs 8:1 ULB) Or sin: ->sin crouches at the door (Genesis 4:7 ULB) +>... sin crouches at the door ... (Genesis 4:7 ULB) People also do this because it is sometimes easier to talk about people's relationships with non-human things, such as wealth, as if they were like relationships between people. @@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ If the personification would be understood clearly, consider using it. If it wou 1. Find a way to translate it without the personification. - * ** ... even the winds and the sea obey him** (Matthew 8:27 ULB) - The men speak of the "wind and the sea as if they are able to hear" and obey Jesus as people can. This could also be translated without the idea of obedience by speaking of Jesus controlling them. + * ** ... even the winds and the sea obey him ...** (Matthew 8:27 ULB) - The men speak of the "wind and the sea as if they are able to hear" and obey Jesus as people can. This could also be translated without the idea of obedience by speaking of Jesus controlling them. * He even controls the winds and the sea. diff --git a/translate/figs-possession/01.md b/translate/figs-possession/01.md index 06a5e5c..e4a939d 100644 --- a/translate/figs-possession/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-possession/01.md @@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ If possession would be a natural way to show a particular relationship between t * ... Whoever gives you a cup that **has** water in it to drink ... will not lose his reward. * **Wealth is worthless on the day of wrath** (Proverbs 11:4 ULB) - * Wealth is worthless on the day when God **shows** his wrath. + * Wealth is worthless on the day when God **shows** his wrath. * Wealth is worthless on the day when God **punishes** people because of his wrath. 1. If one of the nouns refers to an event, translate it as a verb. In the example below, that verb is in bold. From 801b98ea01a9a9cc9c65eaef492c142ebac90a4e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: John Hutchins Date: Wed, 10 Oct 2018 19:52:08 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 184/551] Updated examples to match current notes --- translate/resources-links/01.md | 8 ++++---- 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/resources-links/01.md b/translate/resources-links/01.md index f11c0e6..06b3d5d 100644 --- a/translate/resources-links/01.md +++ b/translate/resources-links/01.md @@ -15,8 +15,8 @@ There are several reasons to read the translationAcademy topic information: #### Examples * **evening and morning** - This refers to the whole day. Two parts of the day are used to refer to the whole day. In the Jewish culture, a day begins when the sun sets. (See: *Merism*) -* **walking** - "obeying" (See: *Metaphor*) -* **made it known** - "communicated it" (See: *Idiom*) +* **walking** - Here walking is a metaphor meaning to obey. Alternate translation: "obeying" (See: *Metaphor*) +* **made it known** - This is an idiom. Alternate translation: "communicated it" (See: *Idiom*) @@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ These links will only take you back to notes in the book that you are working on #### Examples -* **be fruitful and multiply** - See how you translated these commands in Genesis 1:28. +* **be fruitful and multiply** - See how you translated these commands in Genesis 1:22. * **everything that creeps along the ground** - This includes all types of small animals. See how you translated this in Genesis 1:25. -* **will be blessed in him** - AT: "will be blessed because of Abraham" or "will be blessed because I have blessed Abraham." For translating "in him," see how you translated "through you" in Genesis 12:3. +* **will be blessed in him** - "will be blessed because of Abraham" or "will be blessed because I have blessed Abraham." For translating "in him" see how you translated "through you" in Genesis 12:3. From 5b59d5a20890afdc6d99d1aecf5977d4c5e34457 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: John Hutchins Date: Wed, 10 Oct 2018 19:55:15 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 185/551] Updated verses and notes to match ULB and current notes --- translate/resources-long/01.md | 6 +++--- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/resources-long/01.md b/translate/resources-long/01.md index f2a34d5..0d89088 100644 --- a/translate/resources-long/01.md +++ b/translate/resources-long/01.md @@ -5,9 +5,9 @@ Sometimes there are notes for a phrase and separate notes for portions of that p ### Translation Notes Examples ->But it is to the extent of your hardness and unrepentant heart that you are storing up for yourself wrath in the day of wrath (Romans 2:5 ULB) +>But it is to the extent of your hardness and unrepentant heart that you are storing up for yourself wrath in the day of wrath ... (Romans 2:5 ULB) -* **But it is to the extent of your hardness and unrepentant heart** - Paul uses a metaphor to compare a person who refuses to obey God to something hard, like a stone. He also uses the metonym "heart" to represent the whole person. AT: "It is because you refuse to listen and repent" (See: [Metaphor](../figs-metaphor/01.md) and [Metonymy](../figs-metonymy/01.md)) -* **hardness and unrepentant heart** - The phrase "unrepentant heart" explains the word "hardness" (See: [Doublet](../figs-doublet/01.md)) +* **But it is to the extent of your hardness and unrepentant heart** - Paul uses a metaphor to compare a person who refuses to obey God to something hard, like a stone. He also uses the metonym "heart" to represent the whole person. Alternate translation: "It is because you refuse to listen and repent" (See: [Metaphor](../figs-metaphor/01.md) and [Metonymy](../figs-metonymy/01.md)) +* **hardness and unrepentant heart** - This is a doublet that you can combine as "unrepentant heart." (See: [Doublet](../figs-doublet/01.md)) In this example the first note explains the metaphor and the metonymy, and the second explains the doublet in the same passage. \ No newline at end of file From 14628637825abb30829c3efb400b2644c98d2862 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: hmw3 Date: Wed, 10 Oct 2018 16:14:04 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 186/551] Checked verses with ULB --- translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md | 2 +- translate/figs-parables/01.md | 8 ++++---- 2 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md b/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md index aedcba3..23a7086 100644 --- a/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ ### Description In some languages an adjective can be used to refer to a class of things that the adjective describes. When it does, it acts like a noun. For example, the word "rich" is an adjective. Here are two sentences that show that "rich" is an adjective. ->... The rich man had huge numbers of flocks and herds ... (2 Samuel 12:2 ULB) +>The rich man had a great number of sheep and cattle ... (2 Samuel 12:2 ULB) The adjective "rich" comes before the word "man" and describes "man." >He will not be rich; his wealth will not last ... (Job 15:29 ULB) diff --git a/translate/figs-parables/01.md b/translate/figs-parables/01.md index a622e7c..16aa465 100644 --- a/translate/figs-parables/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-parables/01.md @@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ This parable teaches that if a person does not have spiritual understanding, he >Neither do people light a lamp and put it under a basket, but rather, on the lampstand, and it shines for everyone in the house. Let your light shine before people in such a way that they see your good deeds and praise your Father who is in heaven. (Matthew 5:15-16 ULB) This parable teaches us not to hide the way we live for God from other people. ->Then Jesus presented another parable to them. He said, "The kingdom of heaven is like a mustard seed which a man took and sowed in his field. This seed is indeed the smallest of all other seeds. But when it has grown, it is greater than the garden plants and becomes a tree, so that the birds of the air come and nest in its branches." (Matthew 13:31-32 ULB) +>Then Jesus presented another parable to them. He said, "The kingdom of heaven is like a mustard seed which a man took and sowed in his field. This seed is indeed the smallest of all seeds. But when it has grown, it is greater than the garden plants. It becomes a tree, so that the birds of the air come and nest in its branches." (Matthew 13:31-32 ULB) This parable teaches that the kingdom of God may seem small at first, but it will grow and spread throughout the world. @@ -26,16 +26,16 @@ This parable teaches that the kingdom of God may seem small at first, but it wil 1. If a parable is hard to understand because it has unknown things in it, you can replace the unknown things with things that people in your culture know. However, be careful to keep the teaching the same. - * **Jesus said to them, "Do you bring a lamp inside the house to put it under a basket, or under the bed? You bring it in and you put it on a lampstand"**. (Mark 4:21 ULB) - If people do not know what a lampstand is, you could substitute something else that people put a light on so it can give light to the house. + * **Jesus said to them, "Do you bring a lamp inside the house to put it under a basket, or under the bed? You bring it in and you put it on a lampstand."** (Mark 4:21 ULB) - If people do not know what a lampstand is, you could substitute something else that people put a light on so it can give light to the house. * Jesus said to them, "Do you bring a lamp inside the house to put it under a basket, or under the bed? You bring it in and you put it on a high shelf. - * **Then Jesus presented another parable to them. He said, "The kingdom of heaven is like a mustard seed which a man took and sowed in his field. This seed is indeed the smallest of all other seeds. But when it has grown, it is greater than the garden plants and becomes a tree, so that the birds of the air come and nest in its branches."** (Matthew 13:31-32 ULB) - To sow seeds means to toss them so that they scatter on the ground. If people are not familiar with sowing, you can substitute planting. + * **Then Jesus presented another parable to them. He said, "The kingdom of heaven is like a mustard seed which a man took and sowed in his field. This seed is indeed the smallest of all seeds. But when it has grown, it is greater than the garden plants. It becomes a tree, so that the birds of the air come and nest in its branches."** (Matthew 13:31-32 ULB) - To sow seeds means to toss them so that they scatter on the ground. If people are not familiar with sowing, you can substitute planting. * Then Jesus presented another parable to them. He said, "The kingdom of heaven is like a mustard seed which a man took and planted in his field. This seed is indeed the smallest of all other seeds. But when it has grown, it is greater than the garden plants and becomes a tree, so that the birds of the air come and nest in its branches." 1. If the teaching of the parable is unclear, consider telling a little about what it teaches in the introduction, such as "Jesus told this story about being generous." * **Jesus said to them, "Do you bring a lamp inside the house to put it under a basket, or under the bed? You bring it in and you put it on a lampstand"**. (Mark 4:21 ULB) - * Jesus told them a parable about why they should witness openly. "Do you bring a lamp inside the house to put it under a basket, or under the bed? You bring it in and you put it on a lampstand." (Mark 4:21 ULB) + * Jesus told them a parable about why they should witness openly. "Do you bring a lamp inside the house to put it under a basket, or under the bed? You bring it in and you put it on a lampstand." * **Then Jesus presented another parable to them. He said, "The kingdom of heaven is like a mustard seed which a man took and sowed in his field. This seed is indeed the smallest of all other seeds. But when it has grown, it is greater than the garden plants and becomes a tree, so that the birds of the air come and nest in its branches."** (Matthew 13:31-32 ULB) * Then Jesus presented another parable to them about how the Kingdom of God grows. He said, "The kingdom of heaven is like a mustard seed which a man took and sowed in his field. This seed is indeed the smallest of all other seeds. But when it has grown, it is greater than the garden plants and becomes a tree, so that the birds of the air come and nest in its branches." From 24dd3e2c2367f88ad7559ea61d1063b682d2ad47 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Wed, 10 Oct 2018 20:15:14 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 187/551] Checked verses with ULB Added a few clearer examples. --- translate/figs-irony/01.md | 42 +++++++++++++++++++------------------- 1 file changed, 21 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-irony/01.md b/translate/figs-irony/01.md index 584a730..9005a65 100644 --- a/translate/figs-irony/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-irony/01.md @@ -3,7 +3,11 @@ Irony is a figure of speech in which the sense that the speaker intends to communicate is actually the opposite of the literal meaning of the words. Sometimes a person does this by using someone else's words, but in a way that communicates that he does not agree with them. People do this to emphasize how different something is from what it should be, or how someone else's belief about something is wrong or foolish. It is often humorous. ->Jesus answered them, "People who are in good health do not need a physician, only people who are sick need one. I did not come to call righteous people to repentance, but to call sinners to repentance." (Luke 5:31-32 ULB) +>No doubt you are the people; wisdom will die with you. But I have understanding as well as you; I am not inferior to you. (Job 12:2-3 ULB) + +Job said this to men who thought that they were so much wiser than he was. He was angry with them. He did not believe that they were really so wise and that when they died there would be no more wise people. + +>Jesus answered them, "People who are well do not need a physician; only people who are sick need one. I did not come to call righteous people, but to call sinners to repentance." (Luke 5:31-32) When Jesus spoke of "righteous people," he was not referring to people who were truly righteous, but to people who wrongly believed that they were righteous. By using irony, Jesus communicated that they were wrong to think that they were better than others and did not need to repent. @@ -15,7 +19,7 @@ When Jesus spoke of "righteous people," he was not referring to people who were >How well you reject the commandment of God so you may keep your tradition! (Mark 7:9 ULB) - Here Jesus praises the Pharisees for doing something that is obviously wrong. Through irony, he communicates the opposite of praise: He communicates that the Pharisees, who take great pride in keeping the commandments, are so far from God that they do not even recognize that their traditions are breaking God's commandments. The use of irony makes the Pharisee's sin more obvious and startling. +Here Jesus appears to praise the Pharisees for doing something that is obviously wrong. Through irony, he communicates the opposite of praise: He communicates that the Pharisees, who take great pride in keeping the commandments, are so far from God that they do not even recognize that their traditions are breaking God's commandments. The use of irony makes the Pharisee's sin more obvious and startling. >"Present your case," says Yahweh; "present your best arguments for your idols," says the King of Jacob. "Let them bring us their own arguments; have them come forward and declare to us what will happen, so we may know these things well. Have them tell us of earlier predictive declarations, so we can reflect on them and know how they were fulfilled." (Isaiah 41:21-22 ULB) @@ -32,6 +36,10 @@ Job thought that he was wise. Yahweh used irony to show Job that he was not so w The Corinthians considered themselves to be very wise, self-sufficient, and not in need of any instruction from the Apostle Paul. Paul used irony, speaking as if he agreed with them, to show how proudly they were acting and how far from being wise they really were. +>How honored the king of Israel was today, who undressed himself today before the eyes of the slave girls among his servants, like one of the crude fellows who shamelessly undresses himself!" + +King David's wife said this when she was angry with him for wearing so little clothing when he danced before Yahweh out in the street. When she said "How honored the king of Israel was today," she really meant that he was dishonored and that she was angry about it. + ### Translation Strategies If the irony would be understood correctly in your language, translate it as it is stated. If not, here are some other strategies. @@ -43,26 +51,18 @@ If the irony would be understood correctly in your language, translate it as it 1. Translate it in a way that shows that the speaker is saying what someone else believes. -* **How well you reject the commandment of God so you may keep your tradition!** (Mark 7:9 ULB) - * You think that you are doing well when you reject God's commandment so you may keep your tradition! + * **How well you reject the commandment of God so you may keep your tradition!** (Mark 7:9 ULB) + * You think that you are doing so well, but you reject God's commandment in order to keep your tradition! * You act like it is good to reject God's commandment so you may keep your tradition! - -* **I did not come to call righteous people to repentance, but to call sinners to repentance.** (Luke 5:32 ULB) - * I did not come to call people who think that they are righteous to repentance, but to call sinners to repentance. - + * **I did not come to call righteous people, but to call sinners to repentance.** (Luke 5:32) + * I did not come to call people who think that they are righteous, but to call sinners to repentance. + 1. Translate the actual, intended meaning of the statement of irony. -* **How well you reject the commandment of God so you may keep your tradition!** (Mark 7:9 ULB) - * You are doing a terrible thing when you reject the commandment of God so you may keep your tradition! - -* **"Present your case," says Yahweh; "present your best arguments for your idols," says the King of Jacob. "Let them bring us their own arguments; have them come forward and declare to us what will happen, so we may know these things well. Have them tell us of earlier predictive declarations, so we can reflect on them and know how they were fulfilled."** (Isaiah 41:21-22 ULB) - * 'Present your case,' says Yahweh; 'present your best arguments for your idols,' says the King of Jacob. Your idols cannot bring us their own arguments or come forward to declare to us what will happen so we may know these things well. We cannot hear them because they cannot speak to tell us their earlier predictive declarations, so we cannot reflect on them and know how they were fulfilled. - -* **Can you lead light and darkness to their places of work?** - -**Can you find the way back to their houses for them?** -**Undoubtedly you know, for you were born then;** -**the number of your days is so large!"** (Job 38:20, 21 ULB) - -* Can you lead light and darkness to their places of work? Can you find the way back to their houses for them? You act like you know how light and darkness were created, as if you were there; as if you are as old as creation, but you are not! + * **How well you reject the commandment of God so you may keep your tradition!** (Mark 7:9 ULB) + * You are doing a terrible thing when you reject the commandment of God so you may keep your tradition! + * **"Present your case," says Yahweh; "present your best arguments for your idols," says the King of Jacob. "Let them bring us their own arguments; have them come forward and declare to us what will happen, so we may know these things well. Have them tell us of earlier predictive declarations, so we can reflect on them and know how they were fulfilled."** (Isaiah 41:21-22 ULB) + * 'Present your case,' says Yahweh; 'present your best arguments for your idols,' says the King of Jacob. Your idols cannot bring us their own arguments or come forward to declare to us what will happen so we may know these things well. We cannot hear them because they cannot speak to tell us their earlier predictive declarations, so we cannot reflect on them and know how they were fulfilled. + * **Can you lead light and darkness to their places of work? Can you find the way back to their houses for them? Undoubtedly you know, for you were born then; the number of your days is so large!"** (Job 38:20, 21 ULB) + * Can you lead light and darkness to their places of work? Can you find the way back to their houses for them? You act like you know how light and darkness were created, as if you were there; as if you are as old as creation, but you are not! From 51518cc8d20d17a598cf1305dabd6da90650e135 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: John Hutchins Date: Wed, 10 Oct 2018 20:16:54 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 188/551] Updated verses and notes to match ULB and current notes --- translate/resources-synequi/01.md | 6 +++--- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/resources-synequi/01.md b/translate/resources-synequi/01.md index 02bab7a..baa2cab 100644 --- a/translate/resources-synequi/01.md +++ b/translate/resources-synequi/01.md @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Some Notes provide a translation suggestion that can replace the word or phrase ### Translation Notes Examples ->Make ready the way of the Lord, (Luke 3:4 ULB) +>Make ready the way of the Lord ... (Luke 3:4 ULB) * **the way** - "the path" or "the road" @@ -13,6 +13,6 @@ In this example, the words "the path" or the words "the road" can replace the wo >Deacons, likewise, should be dignified, not double-talkers. (1 Timothy 3:8 ULB) -* **Deacons, likewise** - "In the same way, deacons" or "Deacons, like overseers" +* **Deacons, likewise** - "Deacons, like overseers" -In this example, the words "In the same way, deacons" or "Deacons, like overseers" can replace the words "Deacons, likewise" in the ULB. You, as the translator, can decide what is natural for your language. \ No newline at end of file +In this example, the words "Deacons, like overseers" can replace the words "Deacons, likewise" in the ULB. You, as the translator, can decide what is natural for your language. \ No newline at end of file From f03d78b43d0825f61b63d85ab9b0352c915ee8e5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: John Hutchins Date: Wed, 10 Oct 2018 20:20:39 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 189/551] Updated statements --- translate/resources-types/01.md | 6 +++--- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/resources-types/01.md b/translate/resources-types/01.md index 36ec6c4..435cbc6 100644 --- a/translate/resources-types/01.md +++ b/translate/resources-types/01.md @@ -27,15 +27,15 @@ There are several types of suggested translations. * **[Notes with Synonyms and Equivalent Phrases](../resources-synequi/01.md)** - Sometimes the Notes provide a translation suggestion that can replace the word or phrases in the ULB. These replacements can fit into the sentence without changing the meaning of the sentence. These are synonyms and equivalent phrases and are written in double-quotes. These mean the same as the text in the ULB. -* **[Notes with Alternate Translations (AT)](../resources-alter/01.md)** - An alternate translation is a suggested change to the form or content of the ULB because the target language may prefer a different form. The alternate translation should only be used when the ULB form or content is not accurate or natural in your language. +* **[Notes with Alternate Translations](../resources-alter/01.md)** - An alternate translation is a suggested change to the form or content of the ULB because the target language may prefer a different form. The alternate translation should only be used when the ULB form or content is not accurate or natural in your language. -* **[Notes that Clarify the UDB Translation](../resources-clarify/01.md)** - When the UDB provides a good alternate translation for the ULB, then there may be no Note providing an Alternate Translation. However, on occasion a Note will provide Alternate Translations in addition to the text from the UDB, and sometimes it will quote the text from the UDB as an Alternate Translation. In that case, the Note will say "(UDB)" after the text from the UDB. +* **[Notes that Clarify the UDB Translation](../resources-clarify/01.md)** - When the UDB provides a good alternate translation for the ULB, then there may be no Note providing an Alternate Translation. However, on occasion a Note will provide Alternate Translations in addition to the text from the UDB, and sometimes it will quote the text from the UDB as an Alternate Translation. * **[Notes that have Alternate Meanings](../resources-alterm/01.md)** - Some Notes provide Alternate Meanings when a word or phrase can be understood in more than one way. When this happens, the Note will put the most probable meaning first. * **[Notes with Probable or Possible Meanings](../resources-porp/01.md)** - Sometimes Bible scholars do not know for sure, or do not agree on, what a particular phrase or sentence in the Bible means. Some reasons for this include: there are minor differences in the ancient Bible texts, or a word may have more than one meaning or use, or it may not be clear what a word (such as a pronoun) refers to in a particular phrase. In this case, the Note will give the most probable meaning, or will list several possible meanings, with the most probable meaning first. -* **[Notes that Identify Figures of Speech](../resources-fofs/01.md)** - When there is a Figure of Speech in the ULB text, then the notes will provide an explanation of how to translate that Figure of Speech. Sometimes an Alternate Translation (AT:) is provided. There will also be a link to the translationAcademy page for additional information and translation strategies to help the translator accurately translate the meaning of that type of Figure of Speech. +* **[Notes that Identify Figures of Speech](../resources-fofs/01.md)** - When there is a Figure of Speech in the ULB text, then the notes will provide an explanation of how to translate that Figure of Speech. Sometimes an Alternate Translation is provided. There will also be a link to the translationAcademy page for additional information and translation strategies to help the translator accurately translate the meaning of that type of Figure of Speech. * **[Notes that Identify Indirect and Direct Quotes](../resources-iordquote/01.md)** - There are two kinds of quotations: direct quotation and indirect quotation. When translating a quotation, translators need to decide whether to translate it as a direct quotation or an indirect quotation. These Notes will alert the translator to the choice that needs to be made. From 5b7ab17d4088803653b58e7f3d2ebdd7761a73f5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Wed, 10 Oct 2018 20:22:51 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 190/551] Checked verses with ULB --- translate/figs-litotes/01.md | 15 +++++++-------- 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-litotes/01.md b/translate/figs-litotes/01.md index 22fce03..a0fdb24 100644 --- a/translate/figs-litotes/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-litotes/01.md @@ -10,15 +10,15 @@ Some languages do not use litotes. People who speak those languages might not un ### Examples from the Bible ->For you yourselves know, brothers, our coming to you was not useless, (1 Thessalonians 2:1 ULB) +>For you yourselves know, brothers, that our coming to you was not useless, (1 Thessalonians 2:1 ULB) By using litotes, Paul emphasized that his visit with them was very useful. ->Now when it became day, there was no small excitement among the soldiers, regarding what had happened to Peter. (Acts 12:18 ULB) +>Now when it became day, there was no small disturbance among the soldiers, over what had happened to Peter. (Acts 12:18 ULB) By using litotes, Luke emphasized that there was a lot of excitement or anxiety among the soldiers about what happened to Peter. (Peter had been in prison, and even though there were soldiers guarding him, he escaped when an angel let him out. So they were very agitated.) ->And you, Bethlehem, in the land of Judah, +>But you, Bethlehem, in the land of Judah, >are not the least among the leaders of Judah, >for from you will come a ruler >who will shepherd my people Israel. (Matthew 2:6 ULB) @@ -35,10 +35,9 @@ If the litotes would be understood correctly, consider using it. 1. If the meaning with the negative would not be clear, give the positive meaning in a strong way. - * **For you yourselves know, brothers, our coming to you was not useless.** (1 Thessalonians 2:1 ULB) - * For you yourselves know, brothers, our visit to you did much good. - - * **Now when it became day, there was no small excitement among the soldiers, regarding what had happened to Peter.** (Acts 12:18 ULB) - * Now when it became day, there was great excitement among the soldiers, regarding what had happened to Peter. + * **For you yourselves know, brothers, that our coming to you was not useless.** (1 Thessalonians 2:1 ULB) + * For you yourselves know, brothers, that our visit to you did much good. + * **Now when it became day, there was no small disturbance among the soldiers over what had happened to Peter.** (Acts 12:18 ULB) + * Now when it became day, there was great excitement among the soldiers over what had happened to Peter. * Now when it became day, the soldiers were very concerned because of what had happened to Peter. From 7ecb40795aea259b8238213afc17b67c77b69bca Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: hmw3 Date: Wed, 10 Oct 2018 16:24:00 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 191/551] Checked verses with ULB --- translate/figs-metonymy/01.md | 12 ++++++------ 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md b/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md index f311a45..c63989f 100644 --- a/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ ### Description **Metonymy** is a figure of speech in which a thing or idea is called not by its own name, but by the name of something closely associated with it. A **metonym** is a word or phrase used as a substitute for something it is associated with. ->and the blood of Jesus his Son cleanses us from all sin. (1 John 1:7 ULB) +>... and the blood of Jesus his Son cleanses us from all sin. (1 John 1:7 ULB) The blood represents Christ's death. >He took the cup in the same way after supper, saying, "This cup is the new covenant in my blood, which is poured out for you. (Luke 22:20 ULB) @@ -21,13 +21,13 @@ The Bible uses metonymy very often. Speakers of some languages are not used to m ### Examples from the Bible ->The Lord God will give him the throne of his father, David. (Luke 1:32 ULB) +>The Lord God will give him the throne of his ancestor David. (Luke 1:32 ULB) A throne represents the authority of a king. "Throne" is a metonym for "kingly authority," "kingship" or "reign." This means that God would make him become the king that would follow King David. ->Immediately his mouth was opened (Luke 1:64 ULB) +>Immediately his mouth was opened ... (Luke 1:64 ULB) The mouth here represents the power to speak. This means that he was able to talk again. ->... who warned you to flee from the wrath that is coming? (Luke 3:7 ULB) +>Who warned you to flee from the wrath that is coming? (Luke 3:7 ULB) The word "wrath" or "anger" is a metonym for "punishment." God was extremely angry with the people, and as a result, he would punish them. @@ -51,8 +51,8 @@ If people would easily understand the metonym, consider using it. Otherwise, her * The Lord God will give him the kingly authority of his father, David. * The Lord God will make him king like his ancestor, King David. - * **... who warned you to flee from the wrath to come?** (Luke 3:7 ULB) - * ... who warned you to flee from God's coming punishment? + * **Who warned you to flee from the wrath to come?** (Luke 3:7 ULB) + * Who warned you to flee from God's coming punishment? To learn about some common metonymies, see [Biblical Imagery - Common Metonymies](../bita-part2/01.md). From 00e20549e599d15749d68d3dec14ce6267f4c540 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: hmw3 Date: Wed, 10 Oct 2018 16:24:40 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 192/551] Deleted spurious spaces. --- README.md | 8 +-- checking/headings/01.md | 2 +- checking/level1/01.md | 8 +-- checking/other-methods/01.md | 2 +- checking/spelling/01.md | 2 +- .../vol2-backtranslation-guidelines/01.md | 2 +- checking/vol2-backtranslation-purpose/01.md | 2 +- checking/vol2-intro/01.md | 2 +- checking/vol2-steps/01.md | 2 +- intro/finding-answers/01.md | 2 +- intro/open-license/01.md | 2 +- intro/ta-intro/01.md | 2 +- intro/translate-why/01.md | 2 +- intro/translation-guidelines/01.md | 14 ++-- process/intro-publishing/01.md | 2 +- process/platforms/01.md | 4 +- process/process-manual/01.md | 2 +- process/setup-ts/01.md | 8 +-- process/share-content/01.md | 6 +- process/source-text-process/01.md | 16 ++--- translate/bita-animals/01.md | 2 +- translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md | 2 +- translate/bita-manmade/01.md | 4 +- translate/bita-part1/01.md | 4 +- translate/bita-part3/01.md | 2 +- translate/figs-123person/01.md | 4 +- translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md | 6 +- translate/figs-activepassive/01.md | 14 ++-- translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md | 6 +- translate/figs-doublet/01.md | 4 +- translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md | 4 +- translate/figs-events/01.md | 2 +- translate/figs-exmetaphor/01.md | 62 +++++++++--------- translate/figs-explicit/01.md | 10 +-- translate/figs-genericnoun/01.md | 16 ++--- translate/figs-go/01.md | 8 +-- translate/figs-grammar/01.md | 8 +-- translate/figs-hendiadys/01.md | 14 ++-- translate/figs-hyperbole/01.md | 12 ++-- translate/figs-hypo/01.md | 2 +- translate/figs-imperative/01.md | 10 +-- translate/figs-informremind/01.md | 4 +- translate/figs-irony/01.md | 4 +- translate/figs-metaphor/01.md | 32 +++++----- translate/figs-parallelism/01.md | 4 +- translate/figs-partsofspeech/01.md | 4 +- translate/figs-personification/01.md | 2 +- translate/figs-possession/01.md | 2 +- translate/figs-quotations/01.md | 4 +- translate/figs-quotemarks/01.md | 10 +-- translate/figs-quotesinquotes/01.md | 2 +- translate/figs-rpronouns/01.md | 2 +- translate/figs-rquestion/01.md | 4 +- translate/figs-sentences/01.md | 2 +- translate/figs-sentencetypes/01.md | 10 +-- translate/figs-synonparallelism/01.md | 4 +- translate/figs-verbs/01.md | 4 +- translate/figs-youformal/01.md | 6 +- translate/figs-yousingular/01.md | 4 +- translate/file-formats/01.md | 24 +++---- translate/guidelines-equal/01.md | 10 +-- translate/guidelines-historical/01.md | 2 +- translate/resources-alterm/01.md | 2 +- translate/resources-connect/01.md | 4 +- translate/resources-eplain/01.md | 2 +- translate/resources-iordquote/01.md | 2 +- translate/resources-links/01.md | 4 +- translate/resources-porp/01.md | 2 +- translate/resources-synequi/01.md | 6 +- translate/resources-types/01.md | 4 +- translate/tA Decisions.md | 40 ++++++------ translate/translate-alphabet2/01.md | 58 ++++++++--------- translate/translate-bdistance/01.md | 40 ++++++------ translate/translate-bmoney/01.md | 32 +++++----- translate/translate-bvolume/01.md | 64 +++++++++---------- translate/translate-bweight/01.md | 32 +++++----- translate/translate-chapverse/01.md | 2 +- translate/translate-decimal/01.md | 16 ++--- translate/translate-dynamic/01.md | 10 +-- translate/translate-formatsignals/01.md | 8 +-- translate/translate-fraction/01.md | 22 +++---- translate/translate-hebrewmonths/01.md | 20 +++--- translate/translate-help/01.md | 6 +- translate/translate-names/01.md | 32 +++++----- translate/translate-ordinal/01.md | 32 +++++----- translate/translate-problem/01.md | 2 +- translate/translate-source-version/01.md | 2 +- translate/translate-symaction/01.md | 18 +++--- translate/translate-transliterate/01.md | 8 +-- translate/translate-unknown/01.md | 2 +- translate/translate-versebridge/01.md | 8 +-- translate/translate-wforw/01.md | 4 +- translate/translation-difficulty/01.md | 2 +- translate/writing-background/01.md | 2 +- translate/writing-connectingwords/01.md | 8 +-- translate/writing-endofstory/01.md | 2 +- translate/writing-intro/01.md | 2 +- translate/writing-newevent/01.md | 8 +-- translate/writing-participants/01.md | 14 ++-- translate/writing-poetry/01.md | 24 +++---- translate/writing-proverbs/01.md | 14 ++-- translate/writing-symlanguage/01.md | 20 +++--- 102 files changed, 503 insertions(+), 503 deletions(-) diff --git a/README.md b/README.md index 0c43f07..c1f53fe 100644 --- a/README.md +++ b/README.md @@ -4,14 +4,14 @@ translationAcademy is intended to enable anyone, anywhere to equip themselves so that they will be able to make high-quality translations of biblical content into their own language. translationAcademy is designed to be highly flexible. It can be used in a systematic, in-advance approach or it can be used for just-in-time learning (or both, as needed). It is modular in structure. -translationAcademy was developed by the [Door43 World Missions Community](https://door43.org) in conjunction with [Wycliffe Associates](http://www.wycliffeassociates.org/). The entire project is made +translationAcademy was developed by the [Door43 World Missions Community](https://door43.org) in conjunction with [Wycliffe Associates](http://www.wycliffeassociates.org/). The entire project is made available under a [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0), see the [LICENSE](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/src/master/LICENSE.md) file for more information. Please use the [issue queue](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_ta/issues) to provide feedback or suggestions for improvement. ## Resources -If you want to download English translationAcademy to use, go here: https://unfoldingword.org/academy/. tA is also included in [tS](http://ufw.io/ts) and [tC](http://ufw.io/tc). +If you want to download English translationAcademy to use, go here: https://unfoldingword.org/academy/. tA is also included in [tS](http://ufw.io/ts) and [tC](http://ufw.io/tc). ## Contributing or Translating @@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ You can translate the "text to display" inside the square brackets but not the w You are free to add additional pages. In order for the new page to be included when tA is published, all of the following conditions need to be satisfied: -1. You must create a directory in one of the manual directories (like the translate directory) that has the short name of the module you want to write. For example, to create a new module on "testing" in the Translation Manual, you will want to put the file in "translate/testing/01.md". +1. You must create a directory in one of the manual directories (like the translate directory) that has the short name of the module you want to write. For example, to create a new module on "testing" in the Translation Manual, you will want to put the file in "translate/testing/01.md". 1. The file must be included in the table of contents, `toc.yaml` for the appropriate manual. @@ -87,4 +87,4 @@ You are free to add additional pages. In order for the new page to be included w ## Historical -If you would like to see the deprecated tranlsationAcademy pages in DokuWiki, go to https://dw.door43.org/en/ta. You can still see the workbench pages at https://dw.door43.org/en/ta/workbench. +If you would like to see the deprecated tranlsationAcademy pages in DokuWiki, go to https://dw.door43.org/en/ta. You can still see the workbench pages at https://dw.door43.org/en/ta/workbench. diff --git a/checking/headings/01.md b/checking/headings/01.md index cd5ac3d..ea649d0 100644 --- a/checking/headings/01.md +++ b/checking/headings/01.md @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ One of the decisions that the translation team will have to make is whether or n Using section headings requires more work, because you will have to either write or translate each one, in addition to the text of the Bible. It will also make your translation of the Bible longer. But section headings can be very helpful to your readers. Section headings make it much easier to find where the Bible talks about different things. If a person is looking for something in particular, he can just read the section headings until he finds one that introduces the topic that he wants to read about. Then he can read that section. -If you have decided to use section headings, then you will need to decide which kind to use. Again, you will want to find out which kind of section heading the language community prefers, and you may also choose to follow the style of the national language. Be sure to use a kind of section heading that the people will understand is not part of the text that it introduces. The section heading is not a part of scripture; it is just a guide to the different parts of scripture. You might be able to make this clear by putting a space before and after the section heading and using a different font (style of letters), or a different size of letters. See how the Bible in the national language does this, and test different methods with the language community. +If you have decided to use section headings, then you will need to decide which kind to use. Again, you will want to find out which kind of section heading the language community prefers, and you may also choose to follow the style of the national language. Be sure to use a kind of section heading that the people will understand is not part of the text that it introduces. The section heading is not a part of scripture; it is just a guide to the different parts of scripture. You might be able to make this clear by putting a space before and after the section heading and using a different font (style of letters), or a different size of letters. See how the Bible in the national language does this, and test different methods with the language community. ### Kinds of Section Headings diff --git a/checking/level1/01.md b/checking/level1/01.md index 5cb0801..e8ee860 100644 --- a/checking/level1/01.md +++ b/checking/level1/01.md @@ -9,10 +9,10 @@ For the purposes of the unfoldingWord project, translations of Bible texts and b These are the steps that the translation team must follow in order to achieve Checking Level One: -1. **Contact.** Make contact with at least one element of the unfoldingWord network, notifying unfoldingWord that you intend to begin translation. To get information about how to do that, see [Finding Answers](../../intro/finding-answers/01.md) -1. **Review.** Review the [Translation Guidelines](../../intro/translation-guidelines/01.md). -1. **Agree.** Agree that the Statement of Faith is an accurate reflection of your own beliefs and that you intend to translate the content in harmony with it and also in accordance with the Translation Guidelines by signing the form. (see http://ufw.io/forms/) -1. **Draft.** Make a draft translation of some portions of the text. For instructions on how to make a draft translation, see [First Draft](../../translate/first-draft/01.md) +1. **Contact.** Make contact with at least one element of the unfoldingWord network, notifying unfoldingWord that you intend to begin translation. To get information about how to do that, see [Finding Answers](../../intro/finding-answers/01.md) +1. **Review.** Review the [Translation Guidelines](../../intro/translation-guidelines/01.md). +1. **Agree.** Agree that the Statement of Faith is an accurate reflection of your own beliefs and that you intend to translate the content in harmony with it and also in accordance with the Translation Guidelines by signing the form. (see http://ufw.io/forms/) +1. **Draft.** Make a draft translation of some portions of the text. For instructions on how to make a draft translation, see [First Draft](../../translate/first-draft/01.md) 1. **Self Check**. For instructions on how to do a Self Check of your draft translation, see [Self Check](../self-check/01.md). 1. **Peer Check**. For instructions on how to do a Peer Check of your draft translation, see [Peer Check](../peer-check/01.md). 1. **translationWord Check**. For instructions on how to do an translationWord Check of your draft translation, see [translationWord Check](../important-term-check/01.md). diff --git a/checking/other-methods/01.md b/checking/other-methods/01.md index 61dd5ca..b83135d 100644 --- a/checking/other-methods/01.md +++ b/checking/other-methods/01.md @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ As well as asking questions, there are other checking methods that you may also use to ensure that the translation is easy to read and sounds natural to the listeners. Here are some other methods that you may like to try: -* **Retell Method**: You, the translator or tester, can read a few verses and ask someone else to retell what was said. This helps to check the clarity and naturalness of the translation and offers alternate ways of saying the same thing. +* **Retell Method**: You, the translator or tester, can read a few verses and ask someone else to retell what was said. This helps to check the clarity and naturalness of the translation and offers alternate ways of saying the same thing. * **Reading Method**: Someone other than you, the translator or tester, should read a portion of the translation while you take notes where the pauses and mistakes occur. This will show how easy or how difficult it is to read and understand the translation. Look at the places in the translation where the reader paused or made mistakes and consider what part of the translation was difficult. You may need to revise the translation at those points so that it is easier to read and understand. diff --git a/checking/spelling/01.md b/checking/spelling/01.md index a6d9109..fd28aac 100644 --- a/checking/spelling/01.md +++ b/checking/spelling/01.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -In order for the reader to be able to read and understand the translation easily, it is important that you spell words consistently. This can be difficult if there is not a tradition of writing or spelling in the target language. Several people working on different parts of a translation also makes this difficult. For that reason, it is important for the translation team to meet together before they start translating to talk about how they plan to spell words. +In order for the reader to be able to read and understand the translation easily, it is important that you spell words consistently. This can be difficult if there is not a tradition of writing or spelling in the target language. Several people working on different parts of a translation also makes this difficult. For that reason, it is important for the translation team to meet together before they start translating to talk about how they plan to spell words. Discuss the words that are difficult to spell as a team. If the words have sounds in them that are difficult to represent, then you may need to make a change in the writing system that you are using (see [Alphabet/Orthography](../../translate/translate-alphabet/01.md)). If the sounds in the words can be represented in different ways, then the team will need to agree on how to spell them. Make a list of the agreed upon spellings of these words in alphabetical order. Make sure that each member of the team has a copy of the list, to consult when translating. Add to the list as you come across more difficult words, but make sure everyone has the current list. It may be helpful to use a spreadsheet to maintain your spelling list. diff --git a/checking/vol2-backtranslation-guidelines/01.md b/checking/vol2-backtranslation-guidelines/01.md index d2cd958..b9db5df 100644 --- a/checking/vol2-backtranslation-guidelines/01.md +++ b/checking/vol2-backtranslation-guidelines/01.md @@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ The back translator should use the same punctuation in the back translation as t #### e. Express the full meaning of complex words -Sometimes words in the target language will be more complex than words in the language of wider communication. In this case, the back translator will need to represent the target language word with a longer phrase in the language of wider communication. This is necessary so that the translation checker can see as much of the meaning as possible. For example, to translate one word in the target language it might be necessary to use a phrase in the language of wider communication such as, "go up," or "be lying down." Also, many languages have words that contain more information than the equivalent words in the language of wider communication. In this case, it is most helpful if the back translator includes that additional information in parentheses, such as "we (inclusive)," or "you (feminine, plural)." +Sometimes words in the target language will be more complex than words in the language of wider communication. In this case, the back translator will need to represent the target language word with a longer phrase in the language of wider communication. This is necessary so that the translation checker can see as much of the meaning as possible. For example, to translate one word in the target language it might be necessary to use a phrase in the language of wider communication such as, "go up," or "be lying down." Also, many languages have words that contain more information than the equivalent words in the language of wider communication. In this case, it is most helpful if the back translator includes that additional information in parentheses, such as "we (inclusive)," or "you (feminine, plural)." ### 2. Use the Language of Wider Communication Style for Sentence and Logical Structure diff --git a/checking/vol2-backtranslation-purpose/01.md b/checking/vol2-backtranslation-purpose/01.md index f9fcacf..0472ed8 100644 --- a/checking/vol2-backtranslation-purpose/01.md +++ b/checking/vol2-backtranslation-purpose/01.md @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ ### Why is a back translation necessary? -The purpose of a back translation is to allow a consultant or checker of biblical material who does not understand the target language to be able to see what is in the target language translation, even though he or she does not understand the target language. Therefore, the language of the back translation needs to be a language that both the person doing the back translation (the back translator) and the checker understand well. Often this means that the back translator will need to translate the target language text back into the same language of wider communication that was used for the source text. +The purpose of a back translation is to allow a consultant or checker of biblical material who does not understand the target language to be able to see what is in the target language translation, even though he or she does not understand the target language. Therefore, the language of the back translation needs to be a language that both the person doing the back translation (the back translator) and the checker understand well. Often this means that the back translator will need to translate the target language text back into the same language of wider communication that was used for the source text. Some people might consider this to be unnecessary, since the biblical text already exists in the source language. But remember the purpose of the back translation: it is to allow the checker to see what is in the target language translation. Just reading the original source language text does not allow the checker to see what is in the target language translation. Therefore, the back translator must make a new translation back into the language of wider communication that is based only on the target language translation. For this reason, the back translator *cannot* look at the source language text when doing his back translation, but *only* at the target language text. In this way, the checker can identify any problems that might exist in the target language translation and work with the translator to fix those problems. diff --git a/checking/vol2-intro/01.md b/checking/vol2-intro/01.md index 0adeafe..2716e42 100644 --- a/checking/vol2-intro/01.md +++ b/checking/vol2-intro/01.md @@ -3,4 +3,4 @@ We have seen where the translation team will do a lot of checking of their own t For Level Two and Level Three, the translation team needs to bring their work to members of the language community and to the church leaders. This is necessary because the translation team is very close to and involved in their work, and so they sometimes do not see mistakes that others can see more easily. Other speakers of the language can suggest better ways of saying things that the translation team may not have thought of. Sometimes the translation team makes the translation sound strange because they are following the words of the source language too closely. Other speakers of the language can help them fix that. Also, the translation team may lack some of the expertise or knowledge of the Bible that others have, and so there may be some mistakes that others can correct for them. For these reasons, people that are not part of the translation team need to check the translation. -The rest of this manual will go over the guidelines that the church leaders can use to guide them in checking the translation for both Level Two and Level Three. \ No newline at end of file +The rest of this manual will go over the guidelines that the church leaders can use to guide them in checking the translation for both Level Two and Level Three. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/checking/vol2-steps/01.md b/checking/vol2-steps/01.md index 8c8d4a4..e87a4ff 100644 --- a/checking/vol2-steps/01.md +++ b/checking/vol2-steps/01.md @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ #### While Checking 1. **Ask Questions**. When you see something that you think might be a problem in the translation, do not make a statement to the translator that there is a problem in the translation. If you do not speak the target language, then you do not know if there is a problem or not. You only suspect that there could be a problem. Even if you do speak the target language, it is more polite to ask a question than to make a statement that something is wrong. You could ask something like, "What would you think about saying it this way?" and then suggest an alternative way to translate it. Then together you can discuss the different translation ideas, and you can give reasons why you think one translation alternative might be better than another. Then, after considering the alternatives, the translator or translation team must decide which way is best. -1. **Explore the target language and culture**. The questions that you ask will be to discover what the phrase means in the target language. The best questions are the ones that help the translator to think about what the phrase means and how it is used. Useful questions are, "In what situations is this phrase used in your language?" or "Who usually says things like this, and why do they say it?" It is also useful to help the translator to think about what a person from his village would say if in the same situation as the person in the Bible. +1. **Explore the target language and culture**. The questions that you ask will be to discover what the phrase means in the target language. The best questions are the ones that help the translator to think about what the phrase means and how it is used. Useful questions are, "In what situations is this phrase used in your language?" or "Who usually says things like this, and why do they say it?" It is also useful to help the translator to think about what a person from his village would say if in the same situation as the person in the Bible. 1. **Teach the translator**. After you explore the meaning of a phrase in the target language and culture, you can tell the translator what the phrase means in the source language and culture. Then together you can decide if the phrase in the translation or the phrase he has just thought of has that same meaning or not. #### Checking the Translation Directly diff --git a/intro/finding-answers/01.md b/intro/finding-answers/01.md index 90e552d..b21f3c1 100644 --- a/intro/finding-answers/01.md +++ b/intro/finding-answers/01.md @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ There are several resources available for finding answers to questions: * **translationAcademy** - This training manual is available at http://ufw.io/ta and has much information including: * [Introduction](../ta-intro/01.md) - introduces the unfoldingWord project - * [Process Manual](../../process/process-manual/01.md) - answers the question "what next?" + * [Process Manual](../../process/process-manual/01.md) - answers the question "what next?" * [Translation Manual](../../translate/translate-manual/01.md) - explains the basics of translation theory and practical translation helps * [Checking Manual](../../checking/intro-check/01.md) - explains the basics of checking theory and best practices * **Slack Chatroom** - Join the Team43 community, post your questions to the "#helpdesk" channel, and get real-time answers to your questions (sign up at http://ufw.io/team43) diff --git a/intro/open-license/01.md b/intro/open-license/01.md index 526766d..f5dfe68 100644 --- a/intro/open-license/01.md +++ b/intro/open-license/01.md @@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ Suggested attribution statement for derivative works: “Original work created b When importing a resource into Door43, the original work must be attributed as specified by the open license under which it is available. For example, the artwork used in Open Bible Stories is clearly attributed on the project's [main page](http://openbiblestories.com). -Contributors to projects on Door43 agree that **the attribution that occurs automatically in the revision history of every page is sufficient attribution for their work.** That is, every contributor on Door43 may be listed as "the Door43 World Missions Community" or something to that effect. The contributions of each contributor are preserved in the revision history for that work. +Contributors to projects on Door43 agree that **the attribution that occurs automatically in the revision history of every page is sufficient attribution for their work.** That is, every contributor on Door43 may be listed as "the Door43 World Missions Community" or something to that effect. The contributions of each contributor are preserved in the revision history for that work. ### Source Texts diff --git a/intro/ta-intro/01.md b/intro/ta-intro/01.md index 224ca30..41e874e 100644 --- a/intro/ta-intro/01.md +++ b/intro/ta-intro/01.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ The "translationAcademy" is intended to enable anyone, anywhere to equip themsel translationAcademy contains the following sections: * [Introduction](../ta-intro/01.md) - introduces translationAcademy and the unfoldingWord project -* [Process Manual](../../process/process-manual/01.md) - answers the question "what next?" +* [Process Manual](../../process/process-manual/01.md) - answers the question "what next?" * [Translation Manual](../../translate/translate-manual/01.md) - explains the basics of translation theory and practical translation helps * [Checking Manual](../../checking/intro-check/01.md) - explains the basics of checking theory and best practices diff --git a/intro/translate-why/01.md b/intro/translate-why/01.md index 5cbbb6a..2230e6a 100644 --- a/intro/translate-why/01.md +++ b/intro/translate-why/01.md @@ -7,6 +7,6 @@ Today, people in your country do not understand Hebrew, Aramaic and Greek. But t Someone's "mother tongue" or "heart language" means the language they first spoke as a child and the one which they use at home. This is the language in which they are most comfortable and which they use to express their deepest thoughts. We want everyone to be able to read God's Word in their heart language. -Every language is important and valuable. Small languages are just as important as the national languages spoken in your country, and they can express meaning just as well. No one should be ashamed to speak their dialect. Sometimes, those in minority groups feel ashamed of their language and try not to use it around the people who are in the majority in their nation. But there is nothing inherently more important, more prestigious, or more educated about the national language than there is about local languages. Each language has nuances and shades of meaning that are unique. We should use the language we are most comfortable with and with which we best communicate with others. +Every language is important and valuable. Small languages are just as important as the national languages spoken in your country, and they can express meaning just as well. No one should be ashamed to speak their dialect. Sometimes, those in minority groups feel ashamed of their language and try not to use it around the people who are in the majority in their nation. But there is nothing inherently more important, more prestigious, or more educated about the national language than there is about local languages. Each language has nuances and shades of meaning that are unique. We should use the language we are most comfortable with and with which we best communicate with others. *Credits: Taken from "Bible Translation Theory & Practice" by Todd Price, Ph.D. CC BY-SA 4.0* diff --git a/intro/translation-guidelines/01.md b/intro/translation-guidelines/01.md index abf90ac..9a4674f 100644 --- a/intro/translation-guidelines/01.md +++ b/intro/translation-guidelines/01.md @@ -3,12 +3,12 @@ *The following statement on the principles and procedures used in translation is subscribed to by all member organizations of and contributors to the unfoldingWord project (see https://unfoldingword.org). All translation activities are carried out according to these common guidelines.* -1. **Accurate** — Translate accurately, without detracting from, changing, or adding to the meaning of the original text. Translated content should faithfully communicate as precisely as possible the meaning of the original text as it would have been understood by the original audience. (see [Create Accurate Translations](../../translate/guidelines-accurate/01.md)) -1. **Clear** — Use whatever language structures are necessary to achieve the highest level of comprehension. This includes rearranging the form of a text and using as many or as few terms as necessary to communicate the original meaning as clearly as possible. (see [Create Clear Translations](../../translate/guidelines-clear/01.md)) -1. **Natural** — Use language forms that are effective and that reflect the way your language is used in corresponding contexts. (see [Create Natural Translations](../../translate/guidelines-natural/01.md)) -1. **Faithful** — Avoid any political, denominational, ideological, social, cultural, or theological bias in your translation. Use key terms that are faithful to the vocabulary of the original biblical languages. Use equivalent common language terms for the biblical words that describe the relationship between God the Father and God the Son. These may be clarified, as needed, in footnotes or other supplemental resources. (see [Create Faithful Translations](../../translate/guidelines-faithful/01.md)) -1. **Authoritative** — Use the original language biblical texts as the highest authority for translation of biblical content. Reliable biblical content in other languages may be used for clarification and as intermediary source texts. (see [Create Authoritative Translations](../../translate/guidelines-authoritative/01.md)) -1. **Historical** — Communicate historical events and facts accurately, providing additional information as needed in order to accurately communicate the intended message to people who do not share the same context and culture as the original recipients of the original content. (see [Create Historical Translations](../../translate/guidelines-historical/01.md) +1. **Accurate** — Translate accurately, without detracting from, changing, or adding to the meaning of the original text. Translated content should faithfully communicate as precisely as possible the meaning of the original text as it would have been understood by the original audience. (see [Create Accurate Translations](../../translate/guidelines-accurate/01.md)) +1. **Clear** — Use whatever language structures are necessary to achieve the highest level of comprehension. This includes rearranging the form of a text and using as many or as few terms as necessary to communicate the original meaning as clearly as possible. (see [Create Clear Translations](../../translate/guidelines-clear/01.md)) +1. **Natural** — Use language forms that are effective and that reflect the way your language is used in corresponding contexts. (see [Create Natural Translations](../../translate/guidelines-natural/01.md)) +1. **Faithful** — Avoid any political, denominational, ideological, social, cultural, or theological bias in your translation. Use key terms that are faithful to the vocabulary of the original biblical languages. Use equivalent common language terms for the biblical words that describe the relationship between God the Father and God the Son. These may be clarified, as needed, in footnotes or other supplemental resources. (see [Create Faithful Translations](../../translate/guidelines-faithful/01.md)) +1. **Authoritative** — Use the original language biblical texts as the highest authority for translation of biblical content. Reliable biblical content in other languages may be used for clarification and as intermediary source texts. (see [Create Authoritative Translations](../../translate/guidelines-authoritative/01.md)) +1. **Historical** — Communicate historical events and facts accurately, providing additional information as needed in order to accurately communicate the intended message to people who do not share the same context and culture as the original recipients of the original content. (see [Create Historical Translations](../../translate/guidelines-historical/01.md) 1. **Equal** — Communicate the same intent as the source text, including expressions of feeling and attitudes. As much as possible, maintain the different kinds of literature in the original text, including narrative, poetry, exhortation, and prophecy, representing them with corresponding forms that communicate in a similar way in your language. (see [Create Equal Translations](../../translate/guidelines-equal/01.md)) ### Identifying and Managing Translation Quality @@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ The quality of a translation generally refers to the fidelity of the translation The specific steps involved may vary significantly, depending on the language and context of the translation project. Generally, we consider a good translation to be one that has been reviewed by the speakers of the language community and also by the leadership of the church in the language group so that it is: 1. **Accurate, Clear, Natural, and Equal** — Faithful to the intended meaning of the original, as determined by the Church in that people group and in alignment with the Church global and historical, and consequently: -1. **Affirmed by the Church** - Endorsed and used by the Church. (see [Create Church-Approved Translations](../../translate/guidelines-church-approved/01.md)) +1. **Affirmed by the Church** - Endorsed and used by the Church. (see [Create Church-Approved Translations](../../translate/guidelines-church-approved/01.md)) We also recommend that the translation work be: diff --git a/process/intro-publishing/01.md b/process/intro-publishing/01.md index 84ba7ba..53ae898 100644 --- a/process/intro-publishing/01.md +++ b/process/intro-publishing/01.md @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ ### Publishing Overview -Once a work has been uploaded to Door43, it is automatically available online under your user account. This is referred to as self-publishing. You will have access to a web version of your project at http://door43.org/u/user_name/project_name (where user_name is your username and project_name is your translation project). The translationStudio app will give you the correct link when you upload. You can also browse all works on http://door43.org. +Once a work has been uploaded to Door43, it is automatically available online under your user account. This is referred to as self-publishing. You will have access to a web version of your project at http://door43.org/u/user_name/project_name (where user_name is your username and project_name is your translation project). The translationStudio app will give you the correct link when you upload. You can also browse all works on http://door43.org. From your Door43 project page you can: diff --git a/process/platforms/01.md b/process/platforms/01.md index f9c60e8..59539de 100644 --- a/process/platforms/01.md +++ b/process/platforms/01.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ ### Recommended Platform -The recommended platform for doing translation in the Door43 ecosystem is translationStudio (http://ufw.io/ts/). This is where the translation and checking teams will do their work. You may set up translationStudio on Android, Windows, Mac, or Linux devices, (see [Setting up translationStudio](../setup-ts/01.md) for more information). +The recommended platform for doing translation in the Door43 ecosystem is translationStudio (http://ufw.io/ts/). This is where the translation and checking teams will do their work. You may set up translationStudio on Android, Windows, Mac, or Linux devices, (see [Setting up translationStudio](../setup-ts/01.md) for more information). ### Other Options -If using translationStudio is not an option for your team, then you may consider using other online or offline tools. Note that it will be your responsibility to get the content into USFM or Markdown format if you do not use translationStudio (see [File Formats](../../translate/file-formats/01.md) for more information). \ No newline at end of file +If using translationStudio is not an option for your team, then you may consider using other online or offline tools. Note that it will be your responsibility to get the content into USFM or Markdown format if you do not use translationStudio (see [File Formats](../../translate/file-formats/01.md) for more information). \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/process/process-manual/01.md b/process/process-manual/01.md index f32477f..0eada9f 100644 --- a/process/process-manual/01.md +++ b/process/process-manual/01.md @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ ### Welcome -The Process Manual is a step-by-step guide to help translation teams know what they need to do, from the start of a project to its completion. This guide will help a translation team from its initial setup to final publishing of translated and checked content. +The Process Manual is a step-by-step guide to help translation teams know what they need to do, from the start of a project to its completion. This guide will help a translation team from its initial setup to final publishing of translated and checked content. ### Getting Started diff --git a/process/setup-ts/01.md b/process/setup-ts/01.md index 37783e0..d0fbd00 100644 --- a/process/setup-ts/01.md +++ b/process/setup-ts/01.md @@ -1,17 +1,17 @@ ### Installing tS for Mobile -The mobile (Android) edition of translationStudio is available from the [Google Play Store](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.translationstudio.androidapp ) or via direct download from http://ufw.io/ts/. If you install from the Play Store, then you will be notified by the Play Store when a new version is available. Note that you may also side load the installation apk to other devices to share the app. +The mobile (Android) edition of translationStudio is available from the [Google Play Store](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.translationstudio.androidapp ) or via direct download from http://ufw.io/ts/. If you install from the Play Store, then you will be notified by the Play Store when a new version is available. Note that you may also side load the installation apk to other devices to share the app. ### Installing tS for Desktop -The latest version of translationStudio for desktop or laptop computers (Windows, Mac, or Linux) is available from http://ufw.io/ts/. To install the program, navigate to the "Desktop" section and download the latest release. Note that you may also copy the installation file to other computers to share the app. +The latest version of translationStudio for desktop or laptop computers (Windows, Mac, or Linux) is available from http://ufw.io/ts/. To install the program, navigate to the "Desktop" section and download the latest release. Note that you may also copy the installation file to other computers to share the app. ### Using tS -Once installed, both editions of translationStudio are designed to work similarly. You *do not* need an internet connection to use translationStudio! First-time use of translationStudio will require an agreement to the [Statement of Faith](../../intro/statement-of-faith/01.md), the [Translation Guidelines](../../intro/translation-guidelines/01.md), and the [Open License](../../intro/open-license/01.md). +Once installed, both editions of translationStudio are designed to work similarly. You *do not* need an internet connection to use translationStudio! First-time use of translationStudio will require an agreement to the [Statement of Faith](../../intro/statement-of-faith/01.md), the [Translation Guidelines](../../intro/translation-guidelines/01.md), and the [Open License](../../intro/open-license/01.md). -After the first-use screen, you will be brought to the Home screen where you can create a new project. Once your project is created, you may start translating right away. There are translationHelps built right into the app which you are encouraged to use to gain a better understanding of the source text. Note that your work is automatically saved. You may also choose to back up, share, or upload your work at various intervals (use the menu to access these functions). +After the first-use screen, you will be brought to the Home screen where you can create a new project. Once your project is created, you may start translating right away. There are translationHelps built right into the app which you are encouraged to use to gain a better understanding of the source text. Note that your work is automatically saved. You may also choose to back up, share, or upload your work at various intervals (use the menu to access these functions). ### After Using tS diff --git a/process/share-content/01.md b/process/share-content/01.md index 6edca14..7378603 100644 --- a/process/share-content/01.md +++ b/process/share-content/01.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ ### Sharing Content from tS -Sharing content that is in translationStudio is easy. For offine sharing, use the Backup feature from the tS menu. For online sharing, use the Upload feature from the tS menu. +Sharing content that is in translationStudio is easy. For offine sharing, use the Backup feature from the tS menu. For online sharing, use the Upload feature from the tS menu. ### Sharing Content on Door43 -If you upload your work from translationStudio, then it automatically appears on the Internet on Door43. All of your uploaded content will appear under your user account. For example, if your username is *test_user* then you may find all your work at http://door43.org/u/test_user/. You can share your work with others online by giving them the link to the projects you have uploaded. +If you upload your work from translationStudio, then it automatically appears on the Internet on Door43. All of your uploaded content will appear under your user account. For example, if your username is *test_user* then you may find all your work at http://door43.org/u/test_user/. You can share your work with others online by giving them the link to the projects you have uploaded. ### Sharing Content Offline -You may also generate and download documents from your project pages on Door43. Once you have these downloaded, you can transfer them to others however you would like, including printing and distributing hard copies. \ No newline at end of file +You may also generate and download documents from your project pages on Door43. Once you have these downloaded, you can transfer them to others however you would like, including printing and distributing hard copies. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/process/source-text-process/01.md b/process/source-text-process/01.md index 4392db2..de97822 100644 --- a/process/source-text-process/01.md +++ b/process/source-text-process/01.md @@ -1,27 +1,27 @@ ### Source Text Process -Source text publishing is required for all Gateway Languages so that they can be used as source texts by Other Languages. Note that this process only applies to Gateway Languages. +Source text publishing is required for all Gateway Languages so that they can be used as source texts by Other Languages. Note that this process only applies to Gateway Languages. #### Prerequisites Before a Gateway Language translation can become a source text, the following prerequisites must all be met: -* **Whole Resource** - The whole resource must be translated and checked to the required level. Parts of resources (e.g. half of the Open Bible Stories, only a few chapters of a book of the Bible) cannot be published. -* **Checking** - A translation must have reached the appropriate checking level. For Bible translations, that means [Checking Level Three - Affirmation by Church Leadership](../../checking/level3/01.md). -* **On Door43** - Door43 must have the version that will be published. If the work was done on multiple devices, then it may need to be merged together. Get the help of a Content Tech to make merging easier (either email or use the #content-techs channel on Slack). -* **Agreements** - Everyone involved in the translation and checking must have agreed to the [Statement of Faith](../../intro/statement-of-faith/01.md), the [Translation Guidelines](../../intro/translation-guidelines/01.md), and the [Open License](../../intro/open-license/01.md). This can be done by either creating Door43 accounts or by physically signing the documents and digitizing them (scanning or photos). See http://ufw.io/forms for downloadable agreement forms. +* **Whole Resource** - The whole resource must be translated and checked to the required level. Parts of resources (e.g. half of the Open Bible Stories, only a few chapters of a book of the Bible) cannot be published. +* **Checking** - A translation must have reached the appropriate checking level. For Bible translations, that means [Checking Level Three - Affirmation by Church Leadership](../../checking/level3/01.md). +* **On Door43** - Door43 must have the version that will be published. If the work was done on multiple devices, then it may need to be merged together. Get the help of a Content Tech to make merging easier (either email or use the #content-techs channel on Slack). +* **Agreements** - Everyone involved in the translation and checking must have agreed to the [Statement of Faith](../../intro/statement-of-faith/01.md), the [Translation Guidelines](../../intro/translation-guidelines/01.md), and the [Open License](../../intro/open-license/01.md). This can be done by either creating Door43 accounts or by physically signing the documents and digitizing them (scanning or photos). See http://ufw.io/forms for downloadable agreement forms. #### Source Text Request Form -Once you have the prerequisites, you may fill out the source text request form at http://ufw.io/pub/. A few notes about the form: +Once you have the prerequisites, you may fill out the source text request form at http://ufw.io/pub/. A few notes about the form: * You must have a Door43 account to create a request. -* You must include the names or pseudonyms of everyone involved. You must also include their Door43 usernames if you are not attaching signed license agreements for them. +* You must include the names or pseudonyms of everyone involved. You must also include their Door43 usernames if you are not attaching signed license agreements for them. * Note that the information you enter will be public and will become a part of the front matter of the source text. -After your form has been submitted, you will be contacted if anything is missing. Once the request has been approved, it will go into the publishing queue where a developer will work to make the translation a source text. You may also be contacted by the developer if there are any issues encounted during the publishing process. You will be notified when the process is completed and you may review a PDF of the work. +After your form has been submitted, you will be contacted if anything is missing. Once the request has been approved, it will go into the publishing queue where a developer will work to make the translation a source text. You may also be contacted by the developer if there are any issues encounted during the publishing process. You will be notified when the process is completed and you may review a PDF of the work. ### Finishing the Source Text Process diff --git a/translate/bita-animals/01.md b/translate/bita-animals/01.md index f8f2484..6603838 100644 --- a/translate/bita-animals/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-animals/01.md @@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ In Matthew, John the Baptist called the religious leaders vipers because of the >He led his own people out like sheep and guided them through the wilderness like a flock. (Psalm 78:52 ULB) ->Israel is a wandering sheep driven away by lions. +>Israel is a wandering sheep driven away by lions. >First the king of Assyria devoured him; >then after this, Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon broke his bones. (Jeremiah 50:17 ULB) diff --git a/translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md b/translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md index c1fe8ad..146daa3 100644 --- a/translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md @@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ An example from Deuteronomy. >Righteousness will go before him and make a way for his footsteps. (Psalm 85:13 ULB) - Rewared, recompense, and righteousness are also personified here. (see [Personification](../figs-personification/01.md)) + Rewared, recompense, and righteousness are also personified here. (see [Personification](../figs-personification/01.md)) #### INHERITING is permanently possessing something diff --git a/translate/bita-manmade/01.md b/translate/bita-manmade/01.md index 792efc5..df3a4da 100644 --- a/translate/bita-manmade/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-manmade/01.md @@ -4,12 +4,12 @@ Some images from the Bible involving man-made objects are listed below in alphab #### BRONZE represents strength ->He trains ... my arms to bend a bow of bronze. Psalm 18:34 ULB) +>He trains ... my arms to bend a bow of bronze. Psalm 18:34 ULB) #### CHAINS represent control ->Let us tear off the shackles they put on us and throw off their chains. Psalm 2:3 +>Let us tear off the shackles they put on us and throw off their chains. Psalm 2:3 #### CLOTHING represents moral qualities (emotions, attitudes, spirit, life) diff --git a/translate/bita-part1/01.md b/translate/bita-part1/01.md index 813bd72..663dcf9 100644 --- a/translate/bita-part1/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-part1/01.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ This page discusses ideas that are paired together in limited ways. (For a discu ### Description -In all languages, most **metaphors** come from broad patterns of pairings of ideas in which one idea represents another. For example, some languages have the pattern of pairing __height__ with "much" and pairing __being low__ with "not much," so that __height__ represents "much" and __being low__ represents "not much." This could be because when there is a lot of something in a pile, that pile will be high. So also if something costs a lot money, in some languages people would say that the price is __high__, or if a city has more people in it than it used to have, we might say that its number of people has gone __up__. Likewise if someone gets thinner and loses weight, we would say that their weight has gone __down__. +In all languages, most **metaphors** come from broad patterns of pairings of ideas in which one idea represents another. For example, some languages have the pattern of pairing __height__ with "much" and pairing __being low__ with "not much," so that __height__ represents "much" and __being low__ represents "not much." This could be because when there is a lot of something in a pile, that pile will be high. So also if something costs a lot money, in some languages people would say that the price is __high__, or if a city has more people in it than it used to have, we might say that its number of people has gone __up__. Likewise if someone gets thinner and loses weight, we would say that their weight has gone __down__. The patterns found in the Bible are often unique to the Hebrew and Greek languages. It is useful to recognize these patterns because they repeatedly present translators with the same problems on how to translate them. Once translators think through how they will handle these translation challenges, they will be ready to meet them anywhere. @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ These patterns present three challenges to anyone who wants to identify them: 1. When looking at particular metaphors in the Bible, it is not always obvious what two ideas are paired with each other. For example, it may not be immediately obvious that the expression, "It is God who puts strength on me like a belt" (Psalm 18:32 ULB) is based on the pairing of clothing with moral quality. In this case, the image of a belt represents strength. (see "Clothing represents a moral quality" in [Biblical Imagery - Man-made Objects](bita-manmade)) -2. When looking at a particular expression, the translator needs to know whether or not it represents something. This can only be done by considering the surrounding text. The surrounding text shows us, for example, whether "lamp" refers concretely to a container with oil and a wick for giving light or whether "lamp" is an image that represents life. (see "FIRE or LAMP represents life" in [Biblical Imagery - Natural Phenomena](bita-phenom)) In 1 Kings 7:50, a lamp trimmer is a tool for trimming the wick on an ordinary lamp. In 2 Samuel 21:17 the lamp of Israel represents King David's life. When his men were concerned that he might "put out the lamp of Israel," they were concerned that he might be killed. +2. When looking at a particular expression, the translator needs to know whether or not it represents something. This can only be done by considering the surrounding text. The surrounding text shows us, for example, whether "lamp" refers concretely to a container with oil and a wick for giving light or whether "lamp" is an image that represents life. (see "FIRE or LAMP represents life" in [Biblical Imagery - Natural Phenomena](bita-phenom)) In 1 Kings 7:50, a lamp trimmer is a tool for trimming the wick on an ordinary lamp. In 2 Samuel 21:17 the lamp of Israel represents King David's life. When his men were concerned that he might "put out the lamp of Israel," they were concerned that he might be killed. >Solomon also had made the cups, lamp trimmers, basins, spoons, and incense burners, all of which were all made of pure gold. (1 Kings 7:50 ULB) diff --git a/translate/bita-part3/01.md b/translate/bita-part3/01.md index 3859f36..cc26006 100644 --- a/translate/bita-part3/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-part3/01.md @@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ He is willing to die in order to save his sheep. >Then all the tribes of Israel came to David at Hebron and said, "Look...when Saul was king over us, it was you who led the Israelite army. Yahweh said to you, 'You will shepherd my people Israel, and you will become ruler over Israel.' " (2 Samuel 5:1-2 ULB) -> "Woe to the shepherds who destroy and scatter the sheep of my pasture—this is Yahweh's declaration." (Jeremiah 23:1 ULB) +> "Woe to the shepherds who destroy and scatter the sheep of my pasture—this is Yahweh's declaration." (Jeremiah 23:1 ULB) >Therefore be careful about yourselves, and about all the flock of which the Holy Spirit has made you overseers. Be careful to shepherd the church of God, which he purchased with his own blood. I know that after my departure, vicious wolves will come in among you and will not spare the flock. I know that from even among you some men shall come and distort the truth, in order to draw away the disciples after them. (Acts 20:28-30 ULB) diff --git a/translate/figs-123person/01.md b/translate/figs-123person/01.md index 2da2f8d..1a47adf 100644 --- a/translate/figs-123person/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-123person/01.md @@ -3,8 +3,8 @@ Normally a speaker refers to himself as "I" and the person he is speaking to as ### Description -* **First person** - This is how a speaker normally refers to himself. English uses the pronouns "I" and "we." (Also: me, my, mine; us, our, ours) -* **Second person** - This is how a speaker normally refers to the person or people he is speaking to. English uses the pronoun "you." (Also: your, yours) +* **First person** - This is how a speaker normally refers to himself. English uses the pronouns "I" and "we." (Also: me, my, mine; us, our, ours) +* **Second person** - This is how a speaker normally refers to the person or people he is speaking to. English uses the pronoun "you." (Also: your, yours) * **Third person** - This is how a speaker refers to someone else. English uses the pronouns "he," "she," "it" and "they." (Also: him, his, her, hers, its; them, their, theirs) Noun phrases like "the man" or "the woman" are also third person. ### Reason this is a Translation Issue diff --git a/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md b/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md index c7a7eda..d2e8b6d 100644 --- a/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md @@ -44,11 +44,11 @@ If an abstract noun would be natural and give the right meaning in your language 1. Reword the sentence with a phrase that expresses the meaning of the abstract noun. Instead of a noun, the new phrase will use a verb, an adverb, or an adjective to express the idea of the abstract noun. - * **From childhood you have known the sacred writings.** (2 Timothy 3:15 ULB) - * Ever since you were a child you have known the sacred writings. + * **From childhood you have known the sacred writings.** (2 Timothy 3:15 ULB) + * Ever since you were a child you have known the sacred writings. * **Now godliness with contentment is great gain.** (1 Timothy 6:6 ULB) - * Now being godly and content is very beneficial. + * Now being godly and content is very beneficial. * Now we benefit greatly when we are godly and content. * Now we benefit greatly when we honor and obey God and when we are happy with what we have. diff --git a/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md b/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md index 55d4237..c3321c4 100644 --- a/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ Some languages have both active and passive sentences. In active sentences, the subject does the action. In passive sentences, the subject is the one that receives the action. Here are some examples with their subjects underlined: * ACTIVE: My father built the house in 2010. -* PASSIVE: The house was built in 2010. +* PASSIVE: The house was built in 2010. Translators whose languages do not have passive sentences will need to know how they can translate passive sentences that they find in the Bible. Other translators will need to decide when to use a passive sentence and when to use the active form. @@ -11,13 +11,13 @@ Translators whose languages do not have passive sentences will need to know how Some languages have both active and passive forms of sentences. * In the **ACTIVE** form, the subject does the action and is always mentioned. -* In the **PASSIVE** form, the action is done to the subject, and the one who does the action is *not always* mentioned. +* In the **PASSIVE** form, the action is done to the subject, and the one who does the action is *not always* mentioned. In the examples of active and passive sentences below, we have underlined the subject. -* **ACTIVE**: My father built the house in 2010. -* **PASSIVE**: The house was built by my father in 2010. -* **PASSIVE**: The house was built in 2010. (This does not tell who did the action.) +* **ACTIVE**: My father built the house in 2010. +* **PASSIVE**: The house was built by my father in 2010. +* **PASSIVE**: The house was built in 2010. (This does not tell who did the action.) #### Reasons this is a translation issue @@ -53,13 +53,13 @@ This describes a situation in which a person ends up in the sea with a millstone If you decide that it is better to translate without a passive form, here are some strategies you might consider. -1. Use the same verb in an active sentence and tell who or what did the action. If you do this, try to keep the focus on the person receiving the action. +1. Use the same verb in an active sentence and tell who or what did the action. If you do this, try to keep the focus on the person receiving the action. 1. Use the same verb in an active sentence, and do not tell  who or what did the action. Instead, use a generic expression like "they" or  "people" or  "someone."  1. Use a different verb. ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied -1. Use the same verb in an active sentence and tell who did the action. If you do this, try to keep the focus on the person receiving the action. +1. Use the same verb in an active sentence and tell who did the action. If you do this, try to keep the focus on the person receiving the action. * **A loaf of bread was given him every day from the street of the bakers.** (Jeremiah 37:21 ULB) * The king's servants gave Jeremiah a loaf of bread every day from the street of the bakers. diff --git a/translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md b/translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md index f4b5fde..1433331 100644 --- a/translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -A double negative occurs when a clause has two words that each express the meaning of "not." Double negatives mean very different things in different languages. To translate sentences that have double negatives accurately and clearly, you need to know what a double negative means in the Bible and how to express this idea in your language. +A double negative occurs when a clause has two words that each express the meaning of "not." Double negatives mean very different things in different languages. To translate sentences that have double negatives accurately and clearly, you need to know what a double negative means in the Bible and how to express this idea in your language. ### Description @@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ By using a double negative, John emphasized that the Son of God created absolute ### Translation Strategies -If double negatives are natural and are used to express the positive in your language, consider using them. Otherwise, you could consider these strategies: +If double negatives are natural and are used to express the positive in your language, consider using them. Otherwise, you could consider these strategies: 1. If the purpose of a double negative in the Bible is simply to make a positive statement, and if it would not do that in your language, remove the two negatives so that it is positive. 1. If the purpose of a double negative in the Bible is to make a strong positive statement, and if it would not do that in your language, remove the two negatives and put in a strengthening word or phrase such as "very" or "surely." @@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ If double negatives are natural and are used to express the positive in your lan 1. If the purpose of a double negative in the Bible is simply to make a positive statement, and if it would not do that in your language, remove the two negatives so that it is positive. - * **For we do not have a high priest who cannot feel sympathy for our weaknesses.** (Hebrews 4:15 ULB) + * **For we do not have a high priest who cannot feel sympathy for our weaknesses.** (Hebrews 4:15 ULB) * For we have a high priest who can feel sympathy for our weaknesses. * **... I do not want you to be uninformed.** (1 Corinthians 12:1 ULB) diff --git a/translate/figs-doublet/01.md b/translate/figs-doublet/01.md index 6a1ccfa..f9f8cef 100644 --- a/translate/figs-doublet/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-doublet/01.md @@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ If a doublet would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consi 1. Translate only one of the words. - * **You have decided to prepare false and deceptive words ...** (Daniel 2:9 ULB) + * **You have decided to prepare false and deceptive words ...** (Daniel 2:9 ULB) * You have decided to prepare false things to say ... 1. If the doublet is used to intensify the meaning, translate one of the words and add a word that intensifies it such as "very" or "great" or "many." @@ -49,5 +49,5 @@ If a doublet would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consi 1. If the doublet is used to intensify or emphasize the meaning, use one of your language's ways of doing that. * **... a lamb without blemish and without spot...** (1 Peter 1:19 ULB) - English can emphasize this with "any" and "at all." - * ... a lamb without any blemish at all ... + * ... a lamb without any blemish at all ... diff --git a/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md b/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md index 5a90e56..5f064b7 100644 --- a/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md @@ -53,8 +53,8 @@ If ellipsis would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consid * **... the wicked will not stand in the judgment, nor sinners in the assembly of the righteous.** (Psalm 1:5) * ... the wicked will not stand in the judgment, nor will sinners stand in the assembly of the righteous. - * ... the wicked will not stand in the judgment, and sinners will not stand in the assembly of the righteous. - + * ... the wicked will not stand in the judgment, and sinners will not stand in the assembly of the righteous. + * **He makes Lebanon skip like a calf and Sirion like a young ox.** (Psalm 29:6) * He makes Lebanon skip like a calf, and he makes Sirion skip like a young ox. diff --git a/translate/figs-events/01.md b/translate/figs-events/01.md index 5173499..a8cc59d 100644 --- a/translate/figs-events/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-events/01.md @@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ This sounds like a person must first open the scroll and then break its seals, b 1. If your language prefers to tell events in the order that they occur, consider reordering the events. This may require putting two or more verses together (like 5-6). - * **8Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams' horns before Yahweh. As they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets ... 10But Joshua commanded the people, saying, "Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then you must shout."** (Joshua 6:8-10 ULB) + * **8Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams' horns before Yahweh. As they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets ... 10But Joshua commanded the people, saying, "Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then you must shout."** (Joshua 6:8-10 ULB) * 8-10Joshua commanded the people, saying, "Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then must you shout." Then just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams horns before Yahweh. As they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets.... * **Who is worthy to open the scroll and break its seals?** (Revelation 5:2 ULB) diff --git a/translate/figs-exmetaphor/01.md b/translate/figs-exmetaphor/01.md index a853ca8..0d4cf4d 100644 --- a/translate/figs-exmetaphor/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-exmetaphor/01.md @@ -20,33 +20,33 @@ An extended metaphor occurs when someone speaks of a situation as if it were a d In Psalm 23:1-4, the writer says that God's concern and care for his people can be pictured as the care that a shepherd has for his flock of sheep. Shepherds give sheep what they need, take them to safe places, rescue them, guide them, and protect them. What God does for his people is like these actions. ->1Yahweh is my shepherd; I will lack nothing. ->2He makes me to lie down in green pastures; ->he leads me beside tranquil water. ->3He brings back my life; ->he guides me along right paths for his name's sake. ->4Even though I walk through a valley of darkest shadow, ->I will not fear harm since you are with me; ->your rod and your staff comfort me. (ULB) +>1Yahweh is my shepherd; I will lack nothing. +>2He makes me to lie down in green pastures; +>he leads me beside tranquil water. +>3He brings back my life; +>he guides me along right paths for his name's sake. +>4Even though I walk through a valley of darkest shadow, +>I will not fear harm since you are with me; +>your rod and your staff comfort me. (ULB) In Isaiah 5:1-7, Isaiah presents God's disappointment with his people as the disappointment that a farmer would feel if his vineyard only produced bad fruit. Farmers care for their gardens, but if they only produce bad fruit, farmers eventually stop caring for them. Verses 1 through 6 appear to be simply about a farmer and his vineyard, but verse 7 makes it clear that it is about God and his people. ->1... My well beloved had a vineyard on a very fertile hill. ->2He spaded it, removed the stones, and planted it with an excellent kind of vine. ->He built a tower in the middle of it, and also built a winepress. ->He waited for it to produce grapes, but it only produced wild grapes. +>1... My well beloved had a vineyard on a very fertile hill. +>2He spaded it, removed the stones, and planted it with an excellent kind of vine. +>He built a tower in the middle of it, and also built a winepress. +>He waited for it to produce grapes, but it only produced wild grapes. ->3So now, inhabitant of Jerusalem and men of Judah; ->judge between me and my vineyard. ->4What more could have been done for my vineyard, that I have not done for it? ->When I looked for it to produce grapes, why did it produce wild grapes? ->5Now I will tell you what I will do to my vineyard; I will remove the hedge, ->I will turn it into a pasture, I will break down its wall, and it will be trampled on. +>3So now, inhabitant of Jerusalem and men of Judah; +>judge between me and my vineyard. +>4What more could have been done for my vineyard, that I have not done for it? +>When I looked for it to produce grapes, why did it produce wild grapes? +>5Now I will tell you what I will do to my vineyard; I will remove the hedge, +>I will turn it into a pasture, I will break down its wall, and it will be trampled on. >6I will lay it waste, and it will not be pruned nor hoed. Instead, briers and thorns will spring up. ->I will also command the clouds not to rain on it. +>I will also command the clouds not to rain on it. ->7For the vineyard of Yahweh of hosts is the house of Israel, ->and the man of Judah his pleasant planting; +>7For the vineyard of Yahweh of hosts is the house of Israel, +>and the man of Judah his pleasant planting; >he waited for justice, but instead, there was killing; for righteousness, but, instead, a shout for help. (ULB) ### Translation Strategies @@ -59,22 +59,22 @@ Consider using the same extended metaphor if your readers will understand it in ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied -1. If the target audience would think that the images should be understood literally, translate it as a simile by using "like" or "as." It may be enough to to do this in just the first sentence or two. +1. If the target audience would think that the images should be understood literally, translate it as a simile by using "like" or "as." It may be enough to to do this in just the first sentence or two. * **Yahweh is my shepherd; I will lack nothing. He makes me to lie down in green pastures; he leads me beside tranquil water.** (Psalm 23:1-2 ULB) - * Yahweh is like a shepherd to me, so I will lack nothing. Like a shepherd who makes his sheep lie down in green pastures and leads them by peaceful waters, Yahweh helps me to rest peacefully. - -1. If the target audience would not know the image, find a way of translating it so they can understand what the image is. + * Yahweh is like a shepherd to me, so I will lack nothing. Like a shepherd who makes his sheep lie down in green pastures and leads them by peaceful waters, Yahweh helps me to rest peacefully. + +1. If the target audience would not know the image, find a way of translating it so they can understand what the image is. * **My well beloved had a vineyard on a very fertile hill. He spaded it, removed the stones, and planted it with an excellent kind of vine. He built a tower in the middle of it, and also built a winepress. He waited for it to produce grapes, but it only produced wild grapes.** (Isaiah 5:1-2 ULB) - * My well beloved had a grapevine garden on a very fertile hill. He dug up the ground and removed the stones, and planted it with the best grapevines. He built a watchtower in the middle of it, and also built a tank where he could crush the juice out of the grapes. He waited for it to produce grapes, but it produced wild grapes that were not good for making wine." - -1. If the target audience still would not understand, then state it clearly. + * My well beloved had a grapevine garden on a very fertile hill. He dug up the ground and removed the stones, and planted it with the best grapevines. He built a watchtower in the middle of it, and also built a tank where he could crush the juice out of the grapes. He waited for it to produce grapes, but it produced wild grapes that were not good for making wine." + +1. If the target audience still would not understand, then state it clearly. * **Yahweh is my shepherd; I will lack nothing.** (Psalm 23:1 ULB) * Yahweh cares for me like a shepherd who cares for his sheep, so I will lack nothing. * **For the vineyard of Yahweh of hosts is the house of Israel, and the man of Judah his pleasant planting; he waited for justice, but instead, there was killing; for righteousness, but, instead, a shout for help.** (Isaiah 5:7 ULB) - * For the vineyard of Yahweh of hosts represents the house of Israel, and the men of Judah are like his pleasant planting; he waited for justice, but instead, there was killing; for righteousness, but, instead, a cry for help. - * So as a farmer stops caring for a grapevine garden that produces bad fruit, Yahweh will stop protecting Israel and Judah, because they do not do what is right; he waited for justice, but instead, there was killing; for righteousness, but, instead, a cry for help. - + * For the vineyard of Yahweh of hosts represents the house of Israel, and the men of Judah are like his pleasant planting; he waited for justice, but instead, there was killing; for righteousness, but, instead, a cry for help. + * So as a farmer stops caring for a grapevine garden that produces bad fruit, Yahweh will stop protecting Israel and Judah, because they do not do what is right; he waited for justice, but instead, there was killing; for righteousness, but, instead, a cry for help. + diff --git a/translate/figs-explicit/01.md b/translate/figs-explicit/01.md index 356afea..87e50d6 100644 --- a/translate/figs-explicit/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-explicit/01.md @@ -23,11 +23,11 @@ All three kinds of information are part of the speaker's message. If one of thes Jesus did not say what foxes and birds use holes and nests for, because he assumed that the scribe would have known that foxes sleep in holes in the ground and birds sleep in their nests. This is **assumed knowledge**. -Jesus did not directly say here "I am the Son of Man" but, if the scribe did not already know it, then that fact would be **implicit information** that he could learn because Jesus referred to himself that way. Also, Jesus did not state explicitly that he travelled a lot and did not have a house that he slept in every night. That is **implicit information** that the scribe could learn when Jesus said that he had nowhere to lay his head. +Jesus did not directly say here "I am the Son of Man" but, if the scribe did not already know it, then that fact would be **implicit information** that he could learn because Jesus referred to himself that way. Also, Jesus did not state explicitly that he travelled a lot and did not have a house that he slept in every night. That is **implicit information** that the scribe could learn when Jesus said that he had nowhere to lay his head. >Woe to you, Chorazin! Woe to you, Bethsaida! If the mighty deeds had been done in Tyre and Sidon which were done in you, they would have repented long ago in sackcloth and ashes. But it will be more tolerable for Tyre and Sidon at the day of judgment than for you. (Matthew 11:21, 22 ULB) -Jesus assumed that the people he was speaking to knew that Tyre and Sidon were very wicked, and that the day of judgment is a time when God will judge every person. Jesus also knew that the people he was talking to believed that they were good and did not need to repent. Jesus did not need to tell them these things. This is all **assumed knowledge**. +Jesus assumed that the people he was speaking to knew that Tyre and Sidon were very wicked, and that the day of judgment is a time when God will judge every person. Jesus also knew that the people he was talking to believed that they were good and did not need to repent. Jesus did not need to tell them these things. This is all **assumed knowledge**. An important piece of **implicit information** here is that because the people he was speaking to did not repent, they would be judged more severely than the people of Tyre and Sidon would be judged. @@ -51,9 +51,9 @@ If readers have enough assumed knowledge to be able to understand the message, a * **But it will be more tolerable for Tyre and Sidon at the day of judgment than for you.** (Matthew 11:22 ULB) - Assumed knowledge was that the people of Tyre and Sidon were very, very wicked. This can be stated explicitly. * But it will be more tolerable for those cities Tyre and Sidon, whose people were very wicked, at the day of judgment than for you. * But it will be more tolerable for those wicked cities Tyre and Sidon at the day of judgment than for you. - * **Why do your disciples violate the traditions of the elders? For they do not wash their hands when they eat.** (Matthew 15:2 ULB) - Assumed knowledge was that one of the traditions of the elders was a ceremony in which people would wash their hands in order to be ritually clean before eating, which they must do to be righteous. It was not to remove germs from their hands to avoid sickness, as a modern reader might think. - * Why do your disciples violate the traditions of the elders? For they do not go through the ceremonial handwashing ritual of righteousness when they eat. - + * **Why do your disciples violate the traditions of the elders? For they do not wash their hands when they eat.** (Matthew 15:2 ULB) - Assumed knowledge was that one of the traditions of the elders was a ceremony in which people would wash their hands in order to be ritually clean before eating, which they must do to be righteous. It was not to remove germs from their hands to avoid sickness, as a modern reader might think. + * Why do your disciples violate the traditions of the elders? For they do not go through the ceremonial handwashing ritual of righteousness when they eat. + 1. If readers cannot understand the message because they do not know certain implicit information, then state that information clearly, but try to do it in a way that does not imply that the information was new to the original audience. * **Then a scribe came to him and said, "Teacher, I will follow you wherever you go." Jesus said to him, "Foxes have holes, and the birds of the sky have nests, but the Son of Man has nowhere to lay his head."** (Matthew 8:19, 20 ULB) - Implicit information is that Jesus himself is the Son of Man. Other implicit information is that if the scribe wanted to follow Jesus, he would have to live like Jesus without a house. diff --git a/translate/figs-genericnoun/01.md b/translate/figs-genericnoun/01.md index 48fd015..b670cc7 100644 --- a/translate/figs-genericnoun/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-genericnoun/01.md @@ -42,23 +42,23 @@ If your language can use the same wording as in the ULB to refer to people or th 1. Use the word "the" in the noun phrase. * **Yahweh gives favor to a good man, but he condemns a man who makes evil plans.** (Proverbs 12:2 ULB) - * Yahweh gives favor to the good man, but he condemns the man who makes evil plans. (Proverbs 12:2) - + * Yahweh gives favor to the good man, but he condemns the man who makes evil plans. (Proverbs 12:2) + 1. Use the word "a" in the noun phrase. * **People curse the man who refuses to sell them grain ...** (Proverbs 11:26 ULB) - * People curse a man who refuses to sell them grain ... - + * People curse a man who refuses to sell them grain ... + 1. Use the word "any, as in "any person" or "anyone." * **People curse the man who refuses to sell them grain ...** (Proverbs 11:26 ULB) - * People curse any man who refuses to sell them grain ... - + * People curse any man who refuses to sell them grain ... + 1. Use the plural form, as in "people" (or in this sentence, "men"). * **People curse the man who refuses to sell them grain ...** (Proverbs 11:26 ULB) - * People curse men who refuse to sell them grain ... - + * People curse men who refuse to sell them grain ... + 1. Use any other way that is natural in your language. * **People curse the man who refuses to sell them grain ...** (Proverbs 11:26 ULB) diff --git a/translate/figs-go/01.md b/translate/figs-go/01.md index 1433f8d..9530e2b 100644 --- a/translate/figs-go/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-go/01.md @@ -46,13 +46,13 @@ If the word used in the ULB would be natural and give the right meaning in your 1. Use the word "go," "come," "take," or "bring" that would be natural in your language. * **But you will be free from my oath if you come to my relatives and they will not give her to you.** (Genesis 24:41 ULB) - * But you will be free from my oath if you go to my relatives and they will not give her to you. - + * But you will be free from my oath if you go to my relatives and they will not give her to you. + 1. Use another word that expresses the right meaning. * **When you have come to the land that Yahweh your God gives you ...** (Deuteronomy 17:14 ULB) * When you have arrived in the land that Yahweh your God gives you ... * **Yahweh said to Noah, "Come, you and all your household, into the ark ...** (Genesis 7:1 ULB) - * Yahweh said to Noah, "Enter, you and all your household, into the ark ... - + * Yahweh said to Noah, "Enter, you and all your household, into the ark ... + diff --git a/translate/figs-grammar/01.md b/translate/figs-grammar/01.md index 181ed2c..5ba1052 100644 --- a/translate/figs-grammar/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-grammar/01.md @@ -1,17 +1,17 @@ Grammar has two main parts: words and structure. Structure involves how we put words together to form phrase, clauses, and sentences. -**Parts of Speech** - All words in a language belong to a category called a part of speech. (see [Parts of Speech](../figs-partsofspeech/01.md)) +**Parts of Speech** - All words in a language belong to a category called a part of speech. (see [Parts of Speech](../figs-partsofspeech/01.md)) -**Sentences** - When we speak, we organize our thoughts in sentences. A sentence usually has a complete thought about an event or a situation or state of being. (see [Sentence Structure](../figs-sentences/01.md)) +**Sentences** - When we speak, we organize our thoughts in sentences. A sentence usually has a complete thought about an event or a situation or state of being. (see [Sentence Structure](../figs-sentences/01.md)) * Sentences can be statements, questions, commands, or exclamations. (see [Exclamations](../figs-sentencetypes/01.md)) * Sentences can have more than one clause. (see [Sentence Structure](../figs-sentences/01.md)) -* Some languages have both active and passive sentences. (see [Active or Passive](../figs-activepassive/01.md)) +* Some languages have both active and passive sentences. (see [Active or Passive](../figs-activepassive/01.md)) **Possession** - This shows that there is a relationship between two nouns. In English it is marked with "of" as in "the love of God," or with "'s" as in "God's love," or with a possessive pronoun as in "his love." (see [Possession](../figs-possession/01.md)) -**Quotations** - A quotation is a report of what someone else has said. +**Quotations** - A quotation is a report of what someone else has said. * Quotations normally have two parts: Information about who said something and what the person said. (see [Quotations and Quote Margins](../writing-quotations/01.md)) * Quotations can be either direct quotes or indirect quotes. (see [Direct and Indirect Quotations](../figs-quotations/01.md)) diff --git a/translate/figs-hendiadys/01.md b/translate/figs-hendiadys/01.md index a410cb9..c25962b 100644 --- a/translate/figs-hendiadys/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-hendiadys/01.md @@ -38,21 +38,21 @@ If the hendiadys would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, c * **... for I will give you words and wisdom ...** (Luke 21:15 ULB) * ... for I will give you wise words ... - * **... who calls you to his own kingdom and glory.** (1 Thessalonians 2:12 ULB) - * ... who calls you to his own glorious kingdom. - + * **... who calls you to his own kingdom and glory.** (1 Thessalonians 2:12 ULB) + * ... who calls you to his own glorious kingdom. + 1. Substitute the describing noun with a phrase that means the same thing. * **... for I will give you words and wisdom ...** (Luke 21:15 ULB) * ... for I will give you words of wisdom ... * **... who calls you into his own kingdom and glory.** (1 Thessalonians 2:12 ULB) - * ... who calls you to his own kingdom of glory. - + * ... who calls you to his own kingdom of glory. + 1. Substitute the describing adjective with an adverb that means the same thing. * **If you are willing and obedient ...** (Isaiah 1:19 ULB) - * If you are willingly obedient ... - + * If you are willingly obedient ... + 1. Substitute other parts of speech that mean the same thing and show that one word describes the other. * **If you are, willing and obedient** (Isaiah 1:19 ULB) - The adjective "obedient" can be substituted with the verb "obey." diff --git a/translate/figs-hyperbole/01.md b/translate/figs-hyperbole/01.md index d93b6d5..b921bf2 100644 --- a/translate/figs-hyperbole/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-hyperbole/01.md @@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ A speaker or writer can use exactly the same words to say something he means as * This generalization tells about what Gentiles were known for doing. Many Gentiles may have done this. -Even though a generalization may have a strong-sounding word like "all," "always," "none," or "never," it does not necessarliy mean **exactly** "all," "always," "none," or "never." It simply means "most, "most of the time," "hardly any" or "rarely." +Even though a generalization may have a strong-sounding word like "all," "always," "none," or "never," it does not necessarliy mean **exactly** "all," "always," "none," or "never." It simply means "most, "most of the time," "hardly any" or "rarely." >Moses was educated in all the wisdom of the Egyptians ... (Acts 7:22 ULB) @@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ Do not assume that something is an exaggeration just because it seems to be impo >... they saw Jesus walking on the sea ... (John 6:19 ULB) -This is not hyperbole. Jesus really walked on the water. It is a literal statement. +This is not hyperbole. Jesus really walked on the water. It is a literal statement. Do not assume that the word "all" is always a generalization that means "most." @@ -96,14 +96,14 @@ If the exaggeration or generalization would be natural and people would understa * **The one who ignores instruction will have poverty and shame ...** (Proverbs 13:18 ULB) * In general, the one who ignores instruction will have poverty and shame ... * **When you pray, do not make useless repetitions as the Gentiles do, for they think that they will be heard because of their many words.** (Matthew 6:7) - * When you pray, do not make useless repetitions as the Gentiles generally do, for they think that they will be heard because of their many words. - + * When you pray, do not make useless repetitions as the Gentiles generally do, for they think that they will be heard because of their many words. + 1. For a generalization, add a word like "most" or "almost" to show that the generalization is not exact.  * **The whole country of Judea and all the people of Jerusalem went out to him.** (Mark 1:5 ULB) * Almost all the country of Judea and almost all the people of Jerusalem went out to him." - * Most of the country of Judea and most of the people of Jerusalem went out to him." - + * Most of the country of Judea and most of the people of Jerusalem went out to him." + 1. For a generalization that has a word like "all," always," "none," or "never," consider deleting that word. * **The whole country of Judea and all the people of Jerusalem went out to him.** (Mark 1:5 ULB) diff --git a/translate/figs-hypo/01.md b/translate/figs-hypo/01.md index 692301f..c8ea41b 100644 --- a/translate/figs-hypo/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-hypo/01.md @@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ Jesus asked the religious leaders what they would do on the Sabbath if one of th Jesus was talking about a future time when very bad things would happen. He told what would happen if those days of trouble were to last a long time. He did this to show about how bad those days will be - so bad that if they lasted a long time, no one would be saved. But then he clarified that God will shorten those days of trouble, so that the elect (those he has chosen) will be saved. -#### Expressing emotion about a hypothetical situation +#### Expressing emotion about a hypothetical situation Regrets and wishes are very similar. >The Israelites said to them, "If only we had died by Yahweh's hand in the land of Egypt when we were sitting by the pots of meat and were eating bread to the full. For you have brought us out into this wilderness to kill our whole community with hunger." (Exodus 16:3 ULB) diff --git a/translate/figs-imperative/01.md b/translate/figs-imperative/01.md index b7ed4ac..0014844 100644 --- a/translate/figs-imperative/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-imperative/01.md @@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ In the Bible, God blesses people by using imperatives. This indicates what his w #### Imperatives that function as conditions -An imperative sentence can also be used to tell the **condition** under which something will happen. The proverbs mainly tell about life and things that often happen. The purpose of Proverbs 4:6 below is not primarily to give a command, but to teach what people can expect to happen **if** they love wisdom. +An imperative sentence can also be used to tell the **condition** under which something will happen. The proverbs mainly tell about life and things that often happen. The purpose of Proverbs 4:6 below is not primarily to give a command, but to teach what people can expect to happen **if** they love wisdom. >... do not abandon wisdom and she will watch over you; >love her and she will keep you safe. (Proverbs 4:6 ULB) @@ -60,14 +60,14 @@ The purpose of Proverbs 22:6 below is teach what people can expect to happen if * **God said, "Let there be light," and there was light.** (Genesis 1:3 ULB) * God said, "There is now light" and there was light. * **God blessed them and said to them, "Be fruitful, and multiply. Fill the earth, and subdue it. Have dominion over the fish of the sea, over the birds of the sky, and over every living thing that moves upon the earth."** (Genesis 1:3 ULB) - * God blessed them and said to them, "My will for you is that you be fruitful, and multiply. Fill the earth, and subdue it. I want you to have dominion over the fish of the sea, over the birds of the sky, and over every living thing that moves upon the earth." - + * God blessed them and said to them, "My will for you is that you be fruitful, and multiply. Fill the earth, and subdue it. I want you to have dominion over the fish of the sea, over the birds of the sky, and over every living thing that moves upon the earth." + 1. If people would not understand that a sentence is used to cause something to happen, add a connecting word like "so" to show that what happened was a result of what was said. * **God said, "Let there be light," and there was light.** (Genesis 1:28 ULB) * God said, 'Let there be light,' so there was light. - * God said, "Light must be;" as a result, there was light. - + * God said, "Light must be;" as a result, there was light. + 1. If a command in the ULB functions as a condition, and people would not use a command that way, translate it as a condition with the words "if" and "then." * **Teach a child the way he should go, and when he is old he will not turn away from that instruction.** (Proverbs 22:6 ULB) diff --git a/translate/figs-informremind/01.md b/translate/figs-informremind/01.md index 4c5f39e..9861175 100644 --- a/translate/figs-informremind/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-informremind/01.md @@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ The phrase "who was very thankful" immediately follows the word "sister" and inf * If your language does not use phrases with a noun for new information or a reminder, you may need to put that information or reminder in a different part of the sentence. * Try to present it in a weak way. -* Ask yourself: In our language, how do we express information in a strong way, and how do we express it in a weaker way? +* Ask yourself: In our language, how do we express information in a strong way, and how do we express it in a weaker way? ### Examples from the Bible @@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ There is only one Tigris River. The phrase "which flows east of Asshur" gives mo The phrase "whom I have created" is a reminder of the relationship between God and mankind. It is the reason God had the right to wipe away mankind. ->I will bring an end to the worthless idols of Memphis. (Ezekiel 30:13 ULB) +>I will bring an end to the worthless idols of Memphis. (Ezekiel 30:13 ULB) All idols are worthless. This is why God said he would destroy them. diff --git a/translate/figs-irony/01.md b/translate/figs-irony/01.md index 9005a65..0087dc2 100644 --- a/translate/figs-irony/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-irony/01.md @@ -55,8 +55,8 @@ If the irony would be understood correctly in your language, translate it as it * You think that you are doing so well, but you reject God's commandment in order to keep your tradition! * You act like it is good to reject God's commandment so you may keep your tradition! * **I did not come to call righteous people, but to call sinners to repentance.** (Luke 5:32) - * I did not come to call people who think that they are righteous, but to call sinners to repentance. - + * I did not come to call people who think that they are righteous, but to call sinners to repentance. + 1. Translate the actual, intended meaning of the statement of irony. * **How well you reject the commandment of God so you may keep your tradition!** (Mark 7:9 ULB) diff --git a/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md b/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md index fd01ca4..50bc0aa 100644 --- a/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md @@ -26,8 +26,8 @@ Patterned pairs of concepts are constantly used for metaphorical purposes in the When these metaphors are used in normal ways, it is rare that the speaker and audience regard them as figurative speech. Examples of metaphors in English that go unrecognized are: -* "Turn the heat *up*." MORE is spoken of as UP. -* "Let us *go ahead* with our debate." DOING WHAT WAS PLANNED is spoken of as WALKING or ADVANCING. +* "Turn the heat *up*." MORE is spoken of as UP. +* "Let us *go ahead* with our debate." DOING WHAT WAS PLANNED is spoken of as WALKING or ADVANCING. * "You *defend* your theory well." ARGUMENT is spoken of as WAR. * "A *flow* of words" WORDS are spoken of as LIQUIDS. @@ -127,35 +127,35 @@ If people do not or would not understand it, here are some other strategies. 1. If the metaphor is a common expression in the source language or expresses a patterned pair of concepts in a biblical language (a "dead" metaphor), then express the main idea in the simplest way preferred by your language. * **Then one of the leaders of the synagogue, named Jairus, came, and when he saw him, fell at his feet.** (Mark 5:22 ULB) - * Then one of the leaders of the synagogue, named Jairus, came, and when he saw him, immediately bowed down in front of him. - + * Then one of the leaders of the synagogue, named Jairus, came, and when he saw him, immediately bowed down in front of him. + 1. If the metaphor seems to be a "live" metaphor, you can translate it literally if you think that the target language also uses this metaphor in the same way to mean the same thing as in the Bible. If you do this, be sure to test it to make sure that the language community understands it correctly. In the example below, there is no change. * **It was because of your hard hearts that he wrote you this law,** (Mark 10:5 ULB) - * It was because of your hard hearts that he wrote you this law, - + * It was because of your hard hearts that he wrote you this law, + 1. If the target audience does not realize that it is a metaphor, then change the metaphor to a simile. Some languages do this by adding words such as "like" or "as." * **And yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are the clay. You are our potter; and we all are the work of your hand.** (Isaiah 64:8 ULB) - * And yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are like clay. You are like a potter; and we all are the work of your hand. - + * And yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are like clay. You are like a potter; and we all are the work of your hand. + 1. If the target audience would not know the **image**, see [Translate Unknowns](../translate-unknown/01.md) for ideas on how to translate that image. * **Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? It is hard for you to kick a goad.** (Acts 26:14 ULB) - * Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? It is hard for you to kick against a pointed stick. - + * Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? It is hard for you to kick against a pointed stick. + 1. If the target audience would not use that **image** for that meaning, use an image from your own culture instead. Be sure that it is an image that could have been possible in Bible times. * **And yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are the clay. You are our potter; and we all are the work of your hand.** (Isaiah 64:8 ULB) * And yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are the wood. You are our carver; and we all are the work of your hand. - * And yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are the string. You are the weaver; and we all are the work of your hand. - + * And yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are the string. You are the weaver; and we all are the work of your hand. + 1. If the target audience would not know what the **topic** is, then state the topic clearly. (However, do not do this if the original audience did not know what the topic was.) * **Yahweh lives; may my rock be praised. May the God of my salvation be exalted.** (Psalm 18:46 ULB) - * Yahweh lives; He is my rock. May he be praised. May the God of my salvation be exalted. - + * Yahweh lives; He is my rock. May he be praised. May the God of my salvation be exalted. + 1. If the target audience would not know the intended **point of comparison** between the topic and the image, then state it clearly. * **Yahweh lives; may my rock be praised. May the God of my salvation be exalted.** (Psalm 18:46 ULB) * Yahweh lives; may he be praised because he is the rock under which I can hide from my enemies. May the God of my salvation be exalted. * **Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? It is hard for you to kick a goad.** (Acts 26:14 ULB) - * Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? You fight against me and hurt yourself like an ox that kicks against its owner's pointed stick. - + * Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? You fight against me and hurt yourself like an ox that kicks against its owner's pointed stick. + 1. If none of these strategies are satisfactory, then simply state the idea plainly without using a metaphor. * **I will make you become fishers of men.** (Mark 1:17 ULB) * I will make you become people who gather men. diff --git a/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md b/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md index 4673a0e..96cfd89 100644 --- a/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ In **parallelism** two phrases or clauses that are similar in structure or idea 1. The second completes what is said in the first. 1. The second says something that contrasts with the first, but adds to the same idea. -Parallelism is most commonly found in Old Testament poetry, such as in the books of Psalms and Proverbs. It also occurs in Greek in the New Testament, both in the four gospels and in the apostles' letters. +Parallelism is most commonly found in Old Testament poetry, such as in the books of Psalms and Proverbs. It also occurs in Greek in the New Testament, both in the four gospels and in the apostles' letters. Synonymous parallelism (the kind in which the two phrases mean the same thing) in the poetry of the original languages has several effects: @@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ Synonymous parallelism (the kind in which the two phrases mean the same thing) i Some languages would not use synonymous parallelism. They would either think it odd that someone said the same thing twice, or they would think that the two phrases must have some difference in meaning. For them it is confusing, rather than beautiful. -Note: We use the term "synonymous parallelism" for long phrases or clauses that have the same meaning. We use the term [Doublet](../figs-doublet/01.md) for words or very short phrases that mean basically the same thing and are used together. +Note: We use the term "synonymous parallelism" for long phrases or clauses that have the same meaning. We use the term [Doublet](../figs-doublet/01.md) for words or very short phrases that mean basically the same thing and are used together. ### Examples from the Bible diff --git a/translate/figs-partsofspeech/01.md b/translate/figs-partsofspeech/01.md index 8df274e..a7ea6aa 100644 --- a/translate/figs-partsofspeech/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-partsofspeech/01.md @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ ### Description -Parts of speech are categories of words. The different categories of words have different functions in a sentence. All languages have parts of speech, and all words in a language belong to a part of speech. Most languages have these basic parts of speech, with some variations, and some languages have more categories than this. This is not an exhaustive list of parts of speech, but it covers the basic categories. +Parts of speech are categories of words. The different categories of words have different functions in a sentence. All languages have parts of speech, and all words in a language belong to a part of speech. Most languages have these basic parts of speech, with some variations, and some languages have more categories than this. This is not an exhaustive list of parts of speech, but it covers the basic categories. **VERBS** are words that express either an action (such as come, go, eat) or a state-of-being (such as is, are, was). More detailed information can be found on [Verbs](../figs-verbs/01.md). @@ -15,6 +15,6 @@ Parts of speech are categories of words. The different categories of words have **ARTICLES** are words that are used with nouns to show whether or not the speaker is referring to something that his listener should be able to identify. In English these words are: "a", an, the. The words a and an mean the same thing. If a speaker says "a dog, he does not expect his listener to know which dog he is talking about; this might be the first time he says anything about a dog. If a speaker says the dog, he is usually referring to a specific dog, and he expects his listener to know which dog he is talking about. English speakers also use the to show that they are talking about something in general. For example, they can say "The elephant is a large animal" and refer to elephants in general, not a specific elephant. More information about this can be found on [Generic Noun Phrases](../figs-genericnoun/01.md). -**ADJECTIVES** are words that describe nouns and express such things as quantity, size, color, and age. Some examples are: many, big, blue, old, smart, tired. Sometimes people use adjectives to give some information about something, and sometimes people use them to distinguish one item from another. For example, in my elderly father the adjective elderly simply tells something about my father. But in my eldest sister the word eldest distinguishes that sister from any other older sisters I might have. More information about this can be found on [Distinguishing versus Informing or Reminding](../figs-distinguish/01.md). +**ADJECTIVES** are words that describe nouns and express such things as quantity, size, color, and age. Some examples are: many, big, blue, old, smart, tired. Sometimes people use adjectives to give some information about something, and sometimes people use them to distinguish one item from another. For example, in my elderly father the adjective elderly simply tells something about my father. But in my eldest sister the word eldest distinguishes that sister from any other older sisters I might have. More information about this can be found on [Distinguishing versus Informing or Reminding](../figs-distinguish/01.md). **ADVERBS** are words that describe verbs or adjectives and tell such things as how, when, where, why, and to what extent. Many English adverbs end in ly. Some examples of adverbs: slowly, later, far, intentionally, very. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/translate/figs-personification/01.md b/translate/figs-personification/01.md index 8053f25..847ed39 100644 --- a/translate/figs-personification/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-personification/01.md @@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ If the personification would be understood clearly, consider using it. If it wou 1. Add words or phrases to make it clear. - * ** ... sin crouches at the door** (Genesis 4:7 ULB) - God speaks of sin as a wild animal that is waiting for the chance to attack. This shows how dangerous sin is. An additional phrase can be added to make this danger clear. + * ** ... sin crouches at the door** (Genesis 4:7 ULB) - God speaks of sin as a wild animal that is waiting for the chance to attack. This shows how dangerous sin is. An additional phrase can be added to make this danger clear. * ... sin is at your door, waiting to attack you 1. Use words such as "like" or "as" to show that the sentences is not to be understood literally. diff --git a/translate/figs-possession/01.md b/translate/figs-possession/01.md index e4a939d..9f28841 100644 --- a/translate/figs-possession/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-possession/01.md @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ Possession is used in Hebrew, Greek, and English for a variety of situations. He * Ownership - Someone owns something. * My clothes - The clothes that I own * Social relationship - Someone has some kind of social relationship with another. - * my mother - the woman who gave birth to me, or the woman who cared for me + * my mother - the woman who gave birth to me, or the woman who cared for me * my teacher - the person who teaches me * Contents - Something has something in it. * a bag of potatoes - a bag that has potatoes in it, or a bag that is full of potatoes diff --git a/translate/figs-quotations/01.md b/translate/figs-quotations/01.md index 3619248..82cca81 100644 --- a/translate/figs-quotations/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-quotations/01.md @@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ The verses in the examples below contain both direct and indirect quotations. In * Indirect quote: Being asked by the Pharisees when the kingdom of God would come, * Direct quote: Jesus answered them and said, "The kingdom of God is not something that can be observed. Neither will they say, 'Look here!' or, 'Look there!' because the kingdom of God is among you." -* Direct quotes: Neither will they say, 'Look here!' or, 'Look there!' +* Direct quotes: Neither will they say, 'Look here!' or, 'Look there!' ### Translation Strategies @@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ If the kind of quote used in the source text would work well in your language, c * **He instructed him to tell no one, but told him, "Go on your way, and show yourself to the priest and offer a sacrifice for your cleansing, according to what Moses commanded, for a testimony to them."** (Luke 5:14 ULB) * He instructed him to tell no one, but to go on his way, and to show himself to the priest and to offer a sacrifice for his cleansing, according to what Moses commanded, for a testimony to them." -1. If an indirect quote would not work well in your language, change it to a direct quote. +1. If an indirect quote would not work well in your language, change it to a direct quote. * **He instructed him, to tell no one, but told him, "Go on your way, and show yourself to the priest and offer a sacrifice for your cleansing, according to what Moses commanded, for a testimony to them."** (Luke 5:14 ULB) * He instructed him, "Tell no one. Just go on your way, and show yourself to the priest and offer a sacrifice for your cleansing, according to what Moses commanded, for a testimony to them." diff --git a/translate/figs-quotemarks/01.md b/translate/figs-quotemarks/01.md index 7867dac..61bc2ea 100644 --- a/translate/figs-quotemarks/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-quotemarks/01.md @@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ Quotation marks are not used with indirect quotes. * John said that he did not know when he would arrive. -When there are many layers of quotes inside of quotes, it might be hard for readers to understand who is saying what. Alternating two kinds of quote marks can help careful readers to keep track of them. In English the outermost quote has double quote marks, and the next quote inside has single marks. The next quote inside of that has double quote marks. +When there are many layers of quotes inside of quotes, it might be hard for readers to understand who is saying what. Alternating two kinds of quote marks can help careful readers to keep track of them. In English the outermost quote has double quote marks, and the next quote inside has single marks. The next quote inside of that has double quote marks. * Mary said, "John said, 'I do not know when I will arrive.' " * Bob said, "Mary said, 'John said, "I do not know when I will arrive." ' " @@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ Here are some ways you may be able to help readers see where each quote starts a 1. Alternate two kinds of quote marks to show layers of direct quotation. English alternates double quote marks and single quote marks. 1. Translate one or some of the quotes as indirect quotes in order to use fewer quote marks, since indirect quotes do not need them. (see [Direct and Indirect Quotations](../figs-quotations/01.md)) -1. If a quotation is very long and has many layers of quotation in it, indent the main overall quote, and use quote marks only for the direct quotes inside of it. +1. If a quotation is very long and has many layers of quotation in it, indent the main overall quote, and use quote marks only for the direct quotes inside of it. ### Examples of Quote Marking Strategies Applied @@ -63,12 +63,12 @@ Here are some ways you may be able to help readers see where each quote starts a >They said to him, "A man came to meet us who said to us, 'Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, "Yahweh says this: 'Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal-Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.'"'" (2 Kings 1:6 ULB) -* They told him that a man came to meet them who said to them, "Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, 'Yahweh says this: "Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal-Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die."'" +* They told him that a man came to meet them who said to them, "Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, 'Yahweh says this: "Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal-Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die."'" 1. If a quotation is very long and has many layers of quotation in it, indent the main overall quote, and use quote marks only for the direct quotes inside of it. >They said to him, "A man came to meet us who said to us, 'Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, "Yahweh says this: 'Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal-Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.'"'" (2 Kings 1:6 ULB) -* They said to him, - A man came to meet us who said to us, "Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, 'Yahweh says this: "Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal-Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die."'" +* They said to him, + A man came to meet us who said to us, "Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, 'Yahweh says this: "Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal-Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die."'" diff --git a/translate/figs-quotesinquotes/01.md b/translate/figs-quotesinquotes/01.md index 647a6e7..fdb4001 100644 --- a/translate/figs-quotesinquotes/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-quotesinquotes/01.md @@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ Some languages use only direct quotes. Other languages use a combination of dire 1. Translate all of the quotes as direct quotes. In the example below we have underlined the indirect quotes in the ULB and the quotes that we have changed to direct quotes below it. * **Festus presented Paul's case to the king; he said, "A certain man was left behind here by Felix as a prisoner. ...I was puzzled about how to investigate this matter, and I asked him if he would go to Jerusalem to be judged there about these things. But when Paul called to be kept under guard for the Emperor's decision, I ordered him to be kept until I send him to Caesar."** (Acts 25:14-21 ULB) - * Festus presented Paul's case to the king; he said, "A certain man was left behind here by Felix as a prisoner. ... I was puzzled about how to investigate this matter, and I asked him, 'Will you go to Jerusalem to be judged there about these things?' But when Paul said, 'I want to be kept under guard for the Emperor's decision,' I told the guard, 'Keep him under guard until I send him to Caesar.'" + * Festus presented Paul's case to the king; he said, "A certain man was left behind here by Felix as a prisoner. ... I was puzzled about how to investigate this matter, and I asked him, 'Will you go to Jerusalem to be judged there about these things?' But when Paul said, 'I want to be kept under guard for the Emperor's decision,' I told the guard, 'Keep him under guard until I send him to Caesar.'" 1. Translate one or some of the quotes as indirect quotes. In English the word "that" can come before indirect quotes. It is underlined in the examples below. The pronouns that changed because of the indirect quote are also underlined. diff --git a/translate/figs-rpronouns/01.md b/translate/figs-rpronouns/01.md index 7bf647c..c8672f9 100644 --- a/translate/figs-rpronouns/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-rpronouns/01.md @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ Reflexive pronouns are used to show the same person or thing fills two different >Now the Passover of the Jews was near, and many went up to Jerusalem from the country before the Passover in order to purify themselves. (John 11:55 ULB) Reflexive pronouns are used to emphasize a person or thing in the sentence. ->... Jesus himself was not baptizing, but his disciples were ... (John 4:2 ULB) +>... Jesus himself was not baptizing, but his disciples were ... (John 4:2 ULB) >So they left the crowd, taking Jesus with them, since he was already in the boat. ... And a violent windstorm arose and the waves were breaking into the boat so that the boat was already full. But Jesus himself was in the stern, asleep on a cushion. (Mark 4:36-38 ULB) diff --git a/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md b/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md index 66de4c3..463ada1 100644 --- a/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ A rhetorical question is a question that strongly expresses the speaker's attitu >Those who stood by said, "Is this how you insult God's high priest?" (Acts 23:4 ULB) -The people who asked Paul this question were using the question to accuse Paul of insulting the high priest. They were not asking him to describe his way of insulting God’s high priest. +The people who asked Paul this question were using the question to accuse Paul of insulting the high priest. They were not asking him to describe his way of insulting God’s high priest. The Bible contains many rhetorical questions. Some of the purposes of these rhetorical questions are to express attitudes or feelings, to rebuke people, to teach something by reminding people of something they know and encouraging them to apply it to something new, and to introduce something they want to talk about. @@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ Jezebel used the question above to remind King Ahab of something he already knew >Will a virgin forget her jewelry, a bride her sash? Yet my people have forgotten me for days without number! (Jeremiah 2:32 ULB) -God used the question above to remind his people of something they already knew: a young woman would never forget her jewelry or a bride forget her veils. He then rebuked his people for forgetting him, who is so much greater than those things. +God used the question above to remind his people of something they already knew: a young woman would never forget her jewelry or a bride forget her veils. He then rebuked his people for forgetting him, who is so much greater than those things. >Why did I not die when I came out from the womb? (Job 3:11 ULB) diff --git a/translate/figs-sentences/01.md b/translate/figs-sentences/01.md index ca6344c..83c3771 100644 --- a/translate/figs-sentences/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-sentences/01.md @@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ When the sentence is a command, in many languages it does not have a subject pro #### Predicate -The predicate is the part of a sentence that tells something about the subject. It usually has a verb. (See: [Verbs](figs-verbs)) In the sentences below, the subjects are "the man" and "he." The predicates are underlined and the verbs are in bold. +The predicate is the part of a sentence that tells something about the subject. It usually has a verb. (See: [Verbs](figs-verbs)) In the sentences below, the subjects are "the man" and "he." The predicates are underlined and the verbs are in bold. * The man **is** strong. * He **worked** hard. diff --git a/translate/figs-sentencetypes/01.md b/translate/figs-sentencetypes/01.md index bdb7322..fb3641b 100644 --- a/translate/figs-sentencetypes/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-sentencetypes/01.md @@ -4,10 +4,10 @@ A **sentence** is a group of words that expresses a complete thought. The basic types of sentences are listed below with the functions they are mainly used for. -* **Statements** - These are mainly used to give information. '_This is a fact._' -* **Questions** - These are mainly used to ask for information. '_Do you know him?_' -* **Imperative Sentences** - These are mainly used to express a desire or requirement that someone do something. '_Pick that up._' -* **Exclamations** - These are mainly used to express a strong feeling. '_Ouch, that hurt!_' +* **Statements** - These are mainly used to give information. '_This is a fact._' +* **Questions** - These are mainly used to ask for information. '_Do you know him?_' +* **Imperative Sentences** - These are mainly used to express a desire or requirement that someone do something. '_Pick that up._' +* **Exclamations** - These are mainly used to express a strong feeling. '_Ouch, that hurt!_' ### Reasons this is a translation Issue @@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ With an **invitation**, the speaker uses politeness or friendliness to suggest t >Come with us and we will do you good. (Numbers 10:29) With a **request**, the speaker uses politeness to say that he wants someone to do something. This may include the word 'please' to make it clear that it is a request and not a command. This is usually something that would benefit the speaker. ->Give us today our daily bread. (Matthew 6:11 ULB) +>Give us today our daily bread. (Matthew 6:11 ULB) >Please excuse me. (Luke 14:18 ULB) diff --git a/translate/figs-synonparallelism/01.md b/translate/figs-synonparallelism/01.md index 7380c18..b46d0f3 100644 --- a/translate/figs-synonparallelism/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-synonparallelism/01.md @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ **Parallelism with the same meaning** is a poetic device in which one complex idea is expressed in two or more different ways. Speakers may do this in order to emphasize the idea that is the same in the two phrases. This is also called "synonymous parallelism." -Note: We use the term "parallelism with the same meaning" for long phrases or clauses that have the same meaning. We use the term [Doublet](../figs-doublet/01.md) for words or very short phrases that mean basically the same thing and are used together. +Note: We use the term "parallelism with the same meaning" for long phrases or clauses that have the same meaning. We use the term [Doublet](../figs-doublet/01.md) for words or very short phrases that mean basically the same thing and are used together. >Yahweh sees everything a person does and watches all the paths he takes. (Proverbs 5:21 ULB) The first underlined phrase and the second underlined phrase mean the same thing. There are three ideas that are the same between these two phrases. "Sees" corresponds to "watches," "everything ... does" corresponds to "all the paths ... takes," and "a person" corresponds to "he." @@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ Synonymous parallelism in poetry has several effects: #### Reason this is a Translation Issue -In some languages people do not expect someone to say the same thing twice, even in different ways. They expect that if there are two phrases or two sentences, they must have different meanings. So they do not understand that the repetition of ideas serves to emphasize the idea. +In some languages people do not expect someone to say the same thing twice, even in different ways. They expect that if there are two phrases or two sentences, they must have different meanings. So they do not understand that the repetition of ideas serves to emphasize the idea. ### Examples from the Bible diff --git a/translate/figs-verbs/01.md b/translate/figs-verbs/01.md index 75acaa9..5d7258d 100644 --- a/translate/figs-verbs/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-verbs/01.md @@ -33,14 +33,14 @@ Some verbs never have an object. For many verbs in English, it is alright to leave out the object when the object is not important in the sentence. * He never eats at night. -* He sings all the time. +* He sings all the time. * He reads well. * He cannot see. In some languages, a verb that needs an object must always take one, even if the object is not very important. People who speak those languages might say the sentences above like this. * He never eats **food** at night. -* He sings **songs** all the time. +* He sings **songs** all the time. * He reads **words** well. * He cannot see **anything**. diff --git a/translate/figs-youformal/01.md b/translate/figs-youformal/01.md index 822299d..0fbc92e 100644 --- a/translate/figs-youformal/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-youformal/01.md @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ ### Description -Some languages make a distinction between the formal form of "you" and the informal form of "you." This page is primarily for people whose language makes this distinction. +Some languages make a distinction between the formal form of "you" and the informal form of "you." This page is primarily for people whose language makes this distinction. In some cultures people use the formal "you" when speaking to someone who is older or in authority, and they use the informal "you" when speaking to someone who is their own age or younger or who has less authority. In other cultures, people use the formal "you" when speaking to strangers or people they do not know well, and the informal "you" when speaking with family members and close friends. @@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ In some cultures people use the formal "you" when speaking to someone who is old * The Bible was written in Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek. These languages do not have formal and informal forms of "you." * English and many other source languages do not have formal and informal forms of "you." -* Translators who use a source text in a language that does have formal and informal forms of "you" will need to understand how those forms are used in that language. The rules in that language may not be exactly the same as the rules in the translator's language. +* Translators who use a source text in a language that does have formal and informal forms of "you" will need to understand how those forms are used in that language. The rules in that language may not be exactly the same as the rules in the translator's language. * Translators will need to understand the relationship between two speakers in order to choose the appropriate form in their language. #### Translation Principles @@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ God is in authority over the man, so languages that have formal and informal for Luke called Theophilus "most excellent." This shows us that Theophilus was probably a high official to whom Luke was showing great respect. Speakers of languages that have a formal form of "you" would probably use that form here. >Our Father in heaven, may your name be honored as holy. (Matthew 6:9 ULB) -This is part of a prayer that Jesus taught his disciples. Some cultures would use the formal "you" because God is in authority. Other cultures would use the informal "you" because God is our Father. +This is part of a prayer that Jesus taught his disciples. Some cultures would use the formal "you" because God is in authority. Other cultures would use the informal "you" because God is our Father. ### Translation Strategies diff --git a/translate/figs-yousingular/01.md b/translate/figs-yousingular/01.md index 9a6ba5d..001f911 100644 --- a/translate/figs-yousingular/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-yousingular/01.md @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ The Bible was first written in the Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek languages. These l #### Reason this is a Translation Issue -* Translators who speak a language that has distinct singular and plural forms of "you" will always need to know what the speaker meant so they can choose the right word for "you" in their language. +* Translators who speak a language that has distinct singular and plural forms of "you" will always need to know what the speaker meant so they can choose the right word for "you" in their language. * Many languages also have different forms of the verb depending on whether the subject is singular or plural. So even if there is no pronoun meaning "you", translators of these languages will need to know if the speaker was referring to one person or more than one. Often the context will make it clear whether the word "you" refers to one person or more than one. If you look at the other pronouns in the sentence, they will help you know the number of people the speaker was speaking to. @@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ Jesus was speaking to one man, so the reader would expect that all the instances >The angel said to him, "Dress yourself and put on your sandals." Peter did so. The angel said to him, "Put on your outer garment and follow me." (Acts 12:8 ULB) The context makes it clear that the angel was speaking to one person and that only one person did what the the angel commanded. So languages that have singular and plural forms of "you" would have the singular form here for "yourself" and "your." Also, if verbs have different forms for singular and plural subjects, the verbs "dress" and "put on" will need the form for "you" singular. ->To Titus, a true son in our common faith. ... For this purpose I left you in Crete, that you might set in order things not yet complete and ordain elders in every city as I directed you. ... But you, speak what fits with faithful instruction. (Titus 1:4,5; 2:1 ULB) +>To Titus, a true son in our common faith. ... For this purpose I left you in Crete, that you might set in order things not yet complete and ordain elders in every city as I directed you. ... But you, speak what fits with faithful instruction. (Titus 1:4,5; 2:1 ULB) Paul wrote this letter to one person, Titus. Most of the time the word "you" in this letter refers only to Titus. diff --git a/translate/file-formats/01.md b/translate/file-formats/01.md index 7a79c6b..1945f1b 100644 --- a/translate/file-formats/01.md +++ b/translate/file-formats/01.md @@ -9,10 +9,10 @@ For many years, the standard format for Bible translation has been USFM (which s USFM is a type of markup language that tells a computer program how to format the text. For instance, each chapter is marked like this ''\c 1'' or ''\c 33''. Verse markers might look like ''\v 8'' or ''\v 14''. Paragraphs are marked ''\p''. There are many other markers like this that have specific meaning. So a passage like John 1:1-2 in USFM will look like this: - \c 1 - \p - \v 1 In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. - \v 2 This one, the Word, was in the beginning with God. + \c 1 + \p + \v 1 In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. + \v 2 This one, the Word, was in the beginning with God. When a computer program that can read USFM sees this, it is able to format all of the chapter markers the same way (for instance, with a larger number) and all the verse numbers the same way (for instance, with a small superscript number). @@ -31,27 +31,27 @@ Though it is strongly encouraged to only do a translation using USFM notation, s ### Markdown for Other Content -Markdown is a very common markup language that is used in many places on the Internet. Using Markdown makes it very easy for the same text to be used in a variety of formats (such as webpage, mobile app, PDF, etc). +Markdown is a very common markup language that is used in many places on the Internet. Using Markdown makes it very easy for the same text to be used in a variety of formats (such as webpage, mobile app, PDF, etc). Markdown supports **bold** and *italic*, written like this: - Markdown supports **bold** and *italic*. + Markdown supports **bold** and *italic*. Markdown also supports headings like this: - # Heading 1 - ## Heading 2 - ### Heading 3 + # Heading 1 + ## Heading 2 + ### Heading 3 Markdown also supports links. Links display like this https://unfoldingword.org and are written like this: - https://unfoldingword.org + https://unfoldingword.org Customized wording for links are also supported, like this: - [uW Website](https://unfoldingword.org) + [uW Website](https://unfoldingword.org) -Note that HTML is also valid Markdown. For a complete listing of Markdown syntax please visit http://ufw.io/md. +Note that HTML is also valid Markdown. For a complete listing of Markdown syntax please visit http://ufw.io/md. ### Conclusion diff --git a/translate/guidelines-equal/01.md b/translate/guidelines-equal/01.md index 148e7a1..b9d03db 100644 --- a/translate/guidelines-equal/01.md +++ b/translate/guidelines-equal/01.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -An **equal** translation communicates any expressive meaning from the source language in an equal way in the target language. Especially notice the forms in the source text that communicate certain kinds of emotions and choose forms in the target language that communicate the same emotions. Examples of some of these forms follow. +An **equal** translation communicates any expressive meaning from the source language in an equal way in the target language. Especially notice the forms in the source text that communicate certain kinds of emotions and choose forms in the target language that communicate the same emotions. Examples of some of these forms follow. #### Idioms @@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ Here are some examples: * I was shattered! The speaker was not literally broken, but he felt very bad. * He closed his ears to what I was saying. Meaning, "he chose to not listen to what I was saying." * The wind moaned in the trees. This means that the wind blowing through the trees sounded like a person moaning. -* The whole world came to the meeting. Everyone in the world did not attend the meeting. Most likely there were many people at the meeting. +* The whole world came to the meeting. Everyone in the world did not attend the meeting. Most likely there were many people at the meeting. Each language uses different figures of speech. Make sure you can: @@ -47,9 +47,9 @@ It is the **real meaning** of the whole figure of speech that should be translat See, for example, Matthew 3:7: "You offspring of vipers, who warned you to flee from the wrath that is coming?" -Here no answer is expected. The speaker is not asking for information; he is rebuking his hearers. It does no good to warn these people of God's wrath, because they refuse the only way to escape it: to repent of their sins. +Here no answer is expected. The speaker is not asking for information; he is rebuking his hearers. It does no good to warn these people of God's wrath, because they refuse the only way to escape it: to repent of their sins. -You may need to restate this rhetorical question as a statement when you translate, if your language does not use rhetorical questions in this way. But remember, be sure to keep the same purpose and meaning, and communicate the same emotion as the original rhetorical question had. If your language communicates the purpose, meaning, and emotion of a rhetorical question with a different kind of figure of speech, then use that figure of speech. +You may need to restate this rhetorical question as a statement when you translate, if your language does not use rhetorical questions in this way. But remember, be sure to keep the same purpose and meaning, and communicate the same emotion as the original rhetorical question had. If your language communicates the purpose, meaning, and emotion of a rhetorical question with a different kind of figure of speech, then use that figure of speech. (see [Rhetorical Questions](../figs-rquestion/01.md)) @@ -73,4 +73,4 @@ your loyalty reaches to the clouds. (ULB) This verse of poetry repeats a similar idea in two lines, which is good Hebrew poetic style. Also, there are no verbs in the Hebrew original, so the ULB translation supplies the word "reaches" in both lines. Poetry in your language may have different things that mark it as poetry. When you are translating poetry, try to use the forms of your language that communicate to the reader that this is poetry, and that communicate the same emotions that the source poem is trying to communicate. -**Remember:** Communicate the feelings and attitudes of the original text. Translate them into forms that communicate in a similar way in your language. Consider how that meaning can best be **Accurately**, **Clearly**, **Equally**, and **Naturally Expressed** in the Target Language. \ No newline at end of file +**Remember:** Communicate the feelings and attitudes of the original text. Translate them into forms that communicate in a similar way in your language. Consider how that meaning can best be **Accurately**, **Clearly**, **Equally**, and **Naturally Expressed** in the Target Language. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/translate/guidelines-historical/01.md b/translate/guidelines-historical/01.md index 20897f2..0731431 100644 --- a/translate/guidelines-historical/01.md +++ b/translate/guidelines-historical/01.md @@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ Notice that the UDB makes several points explicit: the 'fathers were all under t Include or refer to the needed implicit information intended by the original writer that will be necessary for your community to understand what is written. -Maintain the historical accuracy of the message. Avoid referring to items and events that were not present in the Bible times. Do not make your translation sound like it is a modern-day event. +Maintain the historical accuracy of the message. Avoid referring to items and events that were not present in the Bible times. Do not make your translation sound like it is a modern-day event. Remember: diff --git a/translate/resources-alterm/01.md b/translate/resources-alterm/01.md index 2c96db3..87be0b3 100644 --- a/translate/resources-alterm/01.md +++ b/translate/resources-alterm/01.md @@ -17,6 +17,6 @@ This note has the ULB text followed by three possible meanings. The word transla >But Simon Peter, when he saw it, fell down at Jesus' knees ... (Luke 5:8 ULB) -* **fell down at Jesus' knees** - Possible meanings are 1) "knelt down before Jesus" or 2) "bowed down at Jesus' feet" or 3) "lay down on the ground at Jesus' feet." Peter did not fall accidentally. He did this as a sign of humility and respect for Jesus. +* **fell down at Jesus' knees** - Possible meanings are 1) "knelt down before Jesus" or 2) "bowed down at Jesus' feet" or 3) "lay down on the ground at Jesus' feet." Peter did not fall accidentally. He did this as a sign of humility and respect for Jesus. This note explains what "fell down at Jesus' knees" might mean. The first meaning is most likely correct, but the other meanings are also possible. If your language does not have a general expression that could include various actions like these, you may need to choose one of these possibilities that describe more specifically what Simon Peter did. It is also helpful to think about why Simon Peter did this, and what kind of action would communicate the same attitude of humility and respect in your culture. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/translate/resources-connect/01.md b/translate/resources-connect/01.md index 928d9dd..a1ad69a 100644 --- a/translate/resources-connect/01.md +++ b/translate/resources-connect/01.md @@ -3,13 +3,13 @@ Sometimes, at the top of the list of notes, there are notes that start with **Connecting Statement** or **General Information**. -A **connecting statement** tells how the scripture in a chunk is related to scripture in earlier chunks. The following are some of the kinds of information in the connecting statements. +A **connecting statement** tells how the scripture in a chunk is related to scripture in earlier chunks. The following are some of the kinds of information in the connecting statements. * whether this chunk is at the beginning, middle, or end of a passage * who is speaking * whom the speaker is speaking to -A **general information** note tells about issues in the chunk that cover more than one phrase. The following are some of the kinds of information that appear in a general information statement. +A **general information** note tells about issues in the chunk that cover more than one phrase. The following are some of the kinds of information that appear in a general information statement. * the person or thing that pronouns refer to * important background or implied information that is needed to understand the text in the chunk diff --git a/translate/resources-eplain/01.md b/translate/resources-eplain/01.md index 5752900..fefb815 100644 --- a/translate/resources-eplain/01.md +++ b/translate/resources-eplain/01.md @@ -14,6 +14,6 @@ If you did not know that fishermen used nets to catch fish, you might wonder why >So they motioned to their partners in the other boat ... (Luke 5:7 ULB) -* **motioned** - They were too far from shore to call so they made gestures, probably waving their arms. +* **motioned** - They were too far from shore to call so they made gestures, probably waving their arms. This note can help you understand what kind of motion the people made. It was a motion that people would be able to see from a distance. This will help you choose a good word or phrase for "motioned." \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/translate/resources-iordquote/01.md b/translate/resources-iordquote/01.md index b546dee..d43938c 100644 --- a/translate/resources-iordquote/01.md +++ b/translate/resources-iordquote/01.md @@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ There may be a note about direct and indirect quotes when a quote has another qu >He instructed him to tell no one but told him "Go on your way ... (Luke 5:14 ULB) -* **He instructed him to tell no one but told him "Go on your way** - Jesus' instruction can be stated as a direct quote. Alternate translation: "'Do not tell anyone, but go on your way" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) +* **He instructed him to tell no one but told him "Go on your way** - Jesus' instruction can be stated as a direct quote. Alternate translation: "'Do not tell anyone, but go on your way" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) Here the translationNote shows how to change the indirect quote to a direct quote, in case that would be clearer or more natural in the target language. diff --git a/translate/resources-links/01.md b/translate/resources-links/01.md index 06b3d5d..4c5e944 100644 --- a/translate/resources-links/01.md +++ b/translate/resources-links/01.md @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ There are two types of links in the translationNotes: links to a translationAcad The translationAcademy topics are intended to enable anyone, anywhere to learn the basics of how to translate the Bible into their own language. They are intended to be highly flexible for just-in-time learning in web and offline mobile video formats. -Each translationNote follows a phrase from the ULB and will provide immediate help on how to translate that phrase. Sometimes there will be a statement in parenthesis at the end of the suggested translation that may look like this: (See: *Metaphor*). The word or words in green are a link to a translationAcademy topic. You can click on the link to learn more about the topic. +Each translationNote follows a phrase from the ULB and will provide immediate help on how to translate that phrase. Sometimes there will be a statement in parenthesis at the end of the suggested translation that may look like this: (See: *Metaphor*). The word or words in green are a link to a translationAcademy topic. You can click on the link to learn more about the topic. There are several reasons to read the translationAcademy topic information: @@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ There are several reasons to read the translationAcademy topic information: ### Repeated Phrases in a Book -Sometimes a phrase is used multiple times in one book. When this happens, there will be a link in the translationNotes-green chapter and verse numbers that you can click on-that will take you back to where you have translated that phrase before. There are several reasons why you will want to go to the place where the word or phrase was translated before: +Sometimes a phrase is used multiple times in one book. When this happens, there will be a link in the translationNotes-green chapter and verse numbers that you can click on-that will take you back to where you have translated that phrase before. There are several reasons why you will want to go to the place where the word or phrase was translated before: * This will make it easier for you to translate this phrase by reminding you of how you have already translated it. * This will make your translation faster and more consistent because you will be reminded to translate that phrase in the same way each time. diff --git a/translate/resources-porp/01.md b/translate/resources-porp/01.md index 8261b73..07d5423 100644 --- a/translate/resources-porp/01.md +++ b/translate/resources-porp/01.md @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ Sometimes Bible scholars do not know for sure, or do not agree on, what a partic When many scholars say that a word or phrase means one thing, and many others say that it means other things, we show the most common meanings that they give. Our notes for these situations begin with "Possible meanings are" and then give a **numbered list**. We recommend that you use the first meaning given. However, if people in your community have access to another Bible that uses one of the other possible meanings, you may decide that it is better to use that meaning. >But Simon Peter, when he saw it, fell down at Jesus' knees, saying, "Depart from me, for I am a sinful man, Lord." (Luke 5:8 ULB) -* **fell down at Jesus' knees** - Possible meanings are 1) "knelt down before Jesus" or 2) "bowed down at Jesus feet" or 3) "lay down on the ground at Jesus feet." Peter did not fall accidentally. He did this as a sign of humility and respect for Jesus. +* **fell down at Jesus' knees** - Possible meanings are 1) "knelt down before Jesus" or 2) "bowed down at Jesus feet" or 3) "lay down on the ground at Jesus feet." Peter did not fall accidentally. He did this as a sign of humility and respect for Jesus. ### Translation Strategies diff --git a/translate/resources-synequi/01.md b/translate/resources-synequi/01.md index baa2cab..8f1f691 100644 --- a/translate/resources-synequi/01.md +++ b/translate/resources-synequi/01.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ ### Description -Some Notes provide a translation suggestion that can replace the word or phrase that they quote from the ULB. These replacements can fit into the sentence without changing the meaning of the sentence. These are synonyms and equivalent phrases and are written in double-quotes. These mean the same as the text in the ULB. This kind of Note can help you to think of other ways to say the same thing, in case the word or phrase in the ULB does not seem to have a natural equivalent in your language. +Some Notes provide a translation suggestion that can replace the word or phrase that they quote from the ULB. These replacements can fit into the sentence without changing the meaning of the sentence. These are synonyms and equivalent phrases and are written in double-quotes. These mean the same as the text in the ULB. This kind of Note can help you to think of other ways to say the same thing, in case the word or phrase in the ULB does not seem to have a natural equivalent in your language. ### Translation Notes Examples >Make ready the way of the Lord ... (Luke 3:4 ULB) -* **the way** - "the path" or "the road" +* **the way** - "the path" or "the road" In this example, the words "the path" or the words "the road" can replace the words "the way" in the ULB. You can decide whether it is natural to say "way," "path," or "road" in your language. >Deacons, likewise, should be dignified, not double-talkers. (1 Timothy 3:8 ULB) -* **Deacons, likewise** - "Deacons, like overseers" +* **Deacons, likewise** - "Deacons, like overseers" In this example, the words "Deacons, like overseers" can replace the words "Deacons, likewise" in the ULB. You, as the translator, can decide what is natural for your language. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/translate/resources-types/01.md b/translate/resources-types/01.md index 435cbc6..594fb90 100644 --- a/translate/resources-types/01.md +++ b/translate/resources-types/01.md @@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ TranslationNotes are words or phrases copied from the ULB and then explained. In English, every Note that explains the ULB starts the same. There is a bullet point, the ULB text is in bold followed by a dash, and then there are translation suggestions or information for the translator. The Notes follow this format: -* **copied ULB text** - translation suggestion or information for the translator. +* **copied ULB text** - translation suggestion or information for the translator. ### Types of Notes @@ -39,6 +39,6 @@ There are several types of suggested translations. * **[Notes that Identify Indirect and Direct Quotes](../resources-iordquote/01.md)** - There are two kinds of quotations: direct quotation and indirect quotation. When translating a quotation, translators need to decide whether to translate it as a direct quotation or an indirect quotation. These Notes will alert the translator to the choice that needs to be made. -* **[Notes for Long ULB Phrases](../resources-long/01.md)** - Sometimes there are Notes that refer to a phrase and separate Notes that refer to portions of that phrase. In that case, the Note for the larger phrase is first, and the Notes for its smaller parts follow afterward. In that way, the Notes can give translation suggestions or explanations for the whole as well as each part. +* **[Notes for Long ULB Phrases](../resources-long/01.md)** - Sometimes there are Notes that refer to a phrase and separate Notes that refer to portions of that phrase. In that case, the Note for the larger phrase is first, and the Notes for its smaller parts follow afterward. In that way, the Notes can give translation suggestions or explanations for the whole as well as each part. diff --git a/translate/tA Decisions.md b/translate/tA Decisions.md index 3a46148..2f46029 100644 --- a/translate/tA Decisions.md +++ b/translate/tA Decisions.md @@ -1,17 +1,17 @@ ### Concerning verses in en_ta matching the ULB -Oct 1, 2018, we started going through tA to sure that all the verses that are said to be from the ULB actually match the current ULB. Some of the quotes are full sentences directly from the ULB; other quotes involve only a portion of the sentence with ellipses at the beginning or end as needed. Thinking that these ellipses would be distracting to the translators, we followed the Chicago Manual of Style regarding block quotes, and capitalized the first letter and used a period at the end of the quoted portion if it made sense. Susan did this with the files starting at the beginning of the folder and going through to figs-distinguish. Henry did this with the files starting at the end of the folder and going through to writing-endofstory. +Oct 1, 2018, we started going through tA to sure that all the verses that are said to be from the ULB actually match the current ULB. Some of the quotes are full sentences directly from the ULB; other quotes involve only a portion of the sentence with ellipses at the beginning or end as needed. Thinking that these ellipses would be distracting to the translators, we followed the Chicago Manual of Style regarding block quotes, and capitalized the first letter and used a period at the end of the quoted portion if it made sense. Susan did this with the files starting at the beginning of the folder and going through to figs-distinguish. Henry did this with the files starting at the end of the folder and going through to writing-endofstory. Oct 4, 2018, we realized that if translators compare the ULB text in tA with the ULB text in en_ULB, they might find it confusing if the capitalization and punctuation are different. So moving on with our work, we'll make sure that the punctuation and capitalizaton are the same. ### Questions about the need for this: -1. If the examples in en_ta need to be from the ULB, which style would be more helpful for the translators? -1. Do the examples in en_ta need to be from the ULB? Could we have a note at the beginning saying that the examples are from previous or current versions of the ULB? Perhaps we could remove "ULB" after the verse reference. +1. If the examples in en_ta need to be from the ULB, which style would be more helpful for the translators? +1. Do the examples in en_ta need to be from the ULB? Could we have a note at the beginning saying that the examples are from previous or current versions of the ULB? Perhaps we could remove "ULB" after the verse reference. >I'd go with the latter. -hmw ##### Comments -1. If all of these materials are intended to be dynamic, it seems it will be impossible to guarantee that all the examples in en_ta perfectly match the current ULB -- unless we do this task every time we make a new version available. -1. Even if we do not need to make the examples the same as the ULB, it would still be good to check the verse references, since there are errors there. +1. If all of these materials are intended to be dynamic, it seems it will be impossible to guarantee that all the examples in en_ta perfectly match the current ULB -- unless we do this task every time we make a new version available. +1. Even if we do not need to make the examples the same as the ULB, it would still be good to check the verse references, since there are errors there. ##### Answers from Chris 1. Keep the ellipses to show that a snippet starts or ends in the middle of a sentence. @@ -19,9 +19,9 @@ Oct 4, 2018, we realized that if translators compare the ULB text in tA with the 2. If the new ULB is not a good example, keep the example and remove "ULB" from the reference. 3. We are fixing these up in tA this last time. After we are done, we will not continue to fix up the verses in tA to match the ULB. -### Details for use of ellipses at beginning or end of ULB text in tA: -Ellipsis at beginning: ... text (dot dot dot space text) -Ellipsis at end: text ... (text space dot dot dot) +### Details for use of ellipses at beginning or end of ULB text in tA: +Ellipsis at beginning: ... text (dot dot dot space text) +Ellipsis at end: text ... (text space dot dot dot) We only use ellipsis if the snippet does not start at the beginning of the ULB sentence or if it does not end at the end of the ULB sentence. We do not use ellipses simply to show that there are other sentences in the verse. @@ -36,9 +36,9 @@ I think my question here about ellisis and final punctuation is obsolete. SQ Oct \v 19 and if you are convinced that **you yourself are a guide to the blind**, a light to those who are in darkness, \v 20 a corrector of the foolish, a teacher of little children, and that you have in the law the form of knowledge and of the truth, then how does this affect the way you live your life? -If I am using the exmple to deal with "you yourself are a guide to the blind" how would I write it? ->... you yourself are a guide to the blind...? ->... that you yourself are a guide to the blind...? +If I am using the exmple to deal with "you yourself are a guide to the blind" how would I write it? +>... you yourself are a guide to the blind...? +>... that you yourself are a guide to the blind...? >... if you are convinced that you yourself are a guide to the blind...? Also, how do we write the verse number? (Romans 2:19 ULB) or (Romans 2:19-20 ULB) or (Romans 2:17-20 ULB) @@ -59,14 +59,14 @@ That probably violates everything I told you this morning, but I'm making this u This is taken from the page for Metaphor: 1. If the target audience would not know what the **topic** is, then state the topic clearly. (However, do not do this if the original audience did not know what the topic was.) * **Yahweh lives; may my rock be praised. May the God of my salvation be exalted.** (Psalm 18:46 ULB) - * Yahweh lives; He is my rock. May he be praised. May the God of my salvation be exalted. - + * Yahweh lives; He is my rock. May he be praised. May the God of my salvation be exalted. + 1. If the target audience would not know the intended **point of comparison** between the topic and the image, then state it clearly. * **Yahweh lives; may my rock be praised. May the God of my salvation be exalted.** (Psalm 18:46 ULB) * Yahweh lives; may he be praised because he is the rock under which I can hide from my enemies. May the God of my salvation be exalted. * **Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? It is hard for you to kick a goad.** (Acts 26:14 ULB) - * Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? You fight against me and hurt yourself like an ox that kicks against its owner's pointed stick. - + * Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? You fight against me and hurt yourself like an ox that kicks against its owner's pointed stick. + 1. If none of these strategies are satisfactory, then simply state the idea plainly without using a metaphor. * **I will make you become fishers of men.** (Mark 1:17 ULB) * I will make you become people who gather men. @@ -78,9 +78,9 @@ We can keep the standard bulleted formatting if we do not try to translate it as See https://git.door43.org/WycliffeAssociates/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/figs-exmetaphor/01.md ### Dividing up the work by the words the files start with -Susan - biblicalimagery, bita, figs -John - translate -Henry - writing +Susan - biblicalimagery, bita, figs +John - translate +Henry - writing - - + + diff --git a/translate/translate-alphabet2/01.md b/translate/translate-alphabet2/01.md index c524e01..98c8b84 100644 --- a/translate/translate-alphabet2/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-alphabet2/01.md @@ -37,13 +37,13 @@ Vowel sounds are the basic part of syllables. English has only five vowels symbo [add articulation picture] **The Vowels of English** - Position in the Mouth Front – Mid – Back - Rounding (unrounded) (unrounded) (rounded) - Tongue Height High i “beat” u “boot” - Mid-High i “bit” u “book” - Mid e “bait” u “but” o “boat” - Low-Mid e “bet” o “bought” - Low a “bat” a “body” + Position in the Mouth Front – Mid – Back + Rounding (unrounded) (unrounded) (rounded) + Tongue Height High i “beat” u “boot” + Mid-High i “bit” u “book” + Mid e “bait” u “but” o “boat” + Low-Mid e “bet” o “bought” + Low a “bat” a “body” (Each of these vowels has its own symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet.) @@ -60,21 +60,21 @@ The **manner of articulation** describes how the airflow is slowed. It can come **Voicing** shows whether or not the vocal chords are vibrating when the air passes through them. Most vowels, such as “a, e, i, u, o” are voiced sounds. Consonants can be voiced (+v), like “b,d,g,v,” or voiceless (-v) such as “p,t,k,f." These are made at the same point of articulation and with the same articulators as the voiced consonants first mentioned. The only difference between “b,d,g,v” and “p,t,k,f” is voicing (+v and –v). **The consonants of English** - Points of Articulation Lips Teeth Ridge Palate Velum Uvula Glottis - Voicing -v/+v -v/+v -v/+v -v/+v -v/+v -v/+v -v/+v - Articulator - Manner - Lips - Stop p / b - Lip - Fricative f / v - Tongue Tip - - Stop t / d - Liquid / l / r - Tongue Blade - - Fricative ch/dg - Tongue Back - - Stop k / g - Tongue Root - - Semi-Vowel / w / y h / - Nose – Continuant / m / n + Points of Articulation Lips Teeth Ridge Palate Velum Uvula Glottis + Voicing -v/+v -v/+v -v/+v -v/+v -v/+v -v/+v -v/+v + Articulator - Manner + Lips - Stop p / b + Lip - Fricative f / v + Tongue Tip - + Stop t / d + Liquid / l / r + Tongue Blade - + Fricative ch/dg + Tongue Back - + Stop k / g + Tongue Root - + Semi-Vowel / w / y h / + Nose – Continuant / m / n **Naming the sounds** can be done by calling their features. The sound of “b” is called a Voiced Bilabial (two lips) Stop. The sound of “f” is known as a Voicelss Labio-dental (lip-teeth) Fricative. The sound of “n” is called a Voiced Alveolar (Ridge) Nasal. @@ -83,10 +83,10 @@ The **manner of articulation** describes how the airflow is slowed. It can come **Consonant Chart** – a consonant symbol chart is offered here without mentioning the Articulators. As you explore the sounds of your language, listening for voicing and feeling the position of your tongue and lips when you make the sound, you can fill out the charts in this article with symbols to represent those sounds. - Points of Articulation Lips Teeth Ridge Palate Velum Uvula Glottis - Voicing -v/+v -v/+v -v/+v -v/+v -v/+v -v/+v -v/+v - Manner Stop p/ b t/ d k/ g - Fricative f/ v ch/dg - Liquid /l /r - Semi-vowel /w /y h/ - Nasals /m /n + Points of Articulation Lips Teeth Ridge Palate Velum Uvula Glottis + Voicing -v/+v -v/+v -v/+v -v/+v -v/+v -v/+v -v/+v + Manner Stop p/ b t/ d k/ g + Fricative f/ v ch/dg + Liquid /l /r + Semi-vowel /w /y h/ + Nasals /m /n diff --git a/translate/translate-bdistance/01.md b/translate/translate-bdistance/01.md index 2effbe3..34a49f9 100644 --- a/translate/translate-bdistance/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-bdistance/01.md @@ -5,19 +5,19 @@ The following terms are the most common measures for distance or length that wer * The **handbreadth** was the width of the palm of a man's hand. * The **span** or handspan was the width of a man's hand with the fingers spread out. -* The **cubit** was the length of a man's forearm, from the elbow to the tip of the longest finger. -* The **"long" cubit** is used only in Ezekiel 40-48. It is the length of a normal cubit plus a span. +* The **cubit** was the length of a man's forearm, from the elbow to the tip of the longest finger. +* The **"long" cubit** is used only in Ezekiel 40-48. It is the length of a normal cubit plus a span. * The **stadium** (plural, **stadia**) referred to a certain footrace that was about 185 meters in length. Some older English versions translated this word as "furlong", which referred to the average length of a plowed field. The metric values in the table below are close but not exactly equal to the biblical measures. The biblical measures probably differed in exact length from time to time and place to place. The equivalents below are an attempt to give an average measurement. | Original Measure | Metric Measure | | -------- | -------- | -| handbreadth | 8 centimeters | -| span | 23 centimeters | -| cubit | 46 centimeters | -| "long" cubit | 54 centimeters | -| stadia | 185 meters | +| handbreadth | 8 centimeters | +| span | 23 centimeters | +| cubit | 46 centimeters | +| "long" cubit | 54 centimeters | +| stadia | 185 meters | #### Translation Principles @@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ The metric values in the table below are close but not exactly equal to the bibl 1. The people in the Bible did not use modern measures such as meters, liters, and kilograms. Using the original measures can help readers know that the Bible really was written long ago in a time when people used those measures. 1. Using modern measures can help readers understand the text more easily. 1. Whatever measure you use, it would be good, if possible, to tell about the other kind of measure in the text or a footnote. -1. If you do not use the Biblical measures, try not to give the readers the idea that the measurements are exact. For example, if you translate one cubit as ".46 meters" or even as "46 centimeters," readers might think that the measurement is exact. It would be better to say "half a meter," "45 centimeters," or "50 centimeters." +1. If you do not use the Biblical measures, try not to give the readers the idea that the measurements are exact. For example, if you translate one cubit as ".46 meters" or even as "46 centimeters," readers might think that the measurement is exact. It would be better to say "half a meter," "45 centimeters," or "50 centimeters." 1. Sometimes it can be helpful to use the word "about" to show that a measurement is not exact. For example, Luke 24:13 says that Emmaus was sixty stadia from Jerusalem. This can be translated as "about ten kilometers" from Jerusalem. 1. When God tells people how long something should be, and when people make things according to those lengths, do not use "about" in the translation. Otherwise it will give the impression that God did not care exactly how long something should be. @@ -44,20 +44,20 @@ The strategies are all applied to Exodus 25:10 below. * **They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be two and a half cubits; its width will be one cubit and a half; and its height will be one cubit and a half.** (Exodus 25:10 ULB) 1. Use the measurements given in the ULB. These are the same kinds of measurements that the original writers used. Spell them in a way that is similar to the way they sound or are spelled in the ULB. (see [Copy or Borrow Words](../translate-transliterate/01.md)) - * "They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be two and a half kubits; its width will be one kubit and a half; and its height will be one kubit and a half." - + * "They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be two and a half kubits; its width will be one kubit and a half; and its height will be one kubit and a half." + 1. Use the metric measurements given in the UDB. The translators of the UDB have already figured how to represent the amounts in the metric system. - * "They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be one hundred and fifteen centimeters; its width will be sixty-nine centimeters; and its height will be sixty-nine centimeters." - + * "They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be one hundred and fifteen centimeters; its width will be sixty-nine centimeters; and its height will be sixty-nine centimeters." + 1. Use measurements that are already used in your language. In order to do this you would need to know how your measurements relate to the metric system and figure out each measurement. For example, if you measure things using the standard foot length, you could translate it as below. - * "They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be 3 3/4 feet; its width will be 2 1/4 feet; and its height will be 2 1/4 feet." - + * "They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be 3 3/4 feet; its width will be 2 1/4 feet; and its height will be 2 1/4 feet." + 1. Use the measurements from the ULB and include measurements that your people know in the text or a note. The following shows both measurements in the text. - * "They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be two and a half cubits (one hundred and fifteen centimeters); its width will be one cubit and a half (sixty-nine centimeters); and its height will be one cubit and a half (sixty-nine centimeters)." - -1. Use measurements that your people know, and include the measurements from the ULB in the text or in a note. The following shows the ULB measurements in notes. + * "They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be two and a half cubits (one hundred and fifteen centimeters); its width will be one cubit and a half (sixty-nine centimeters); and its height will be one cubit and a half (sixty-nine centimeters)." + +1. Use measurements that your people know, and include the measurements from the ULB in the text or in a note. The following shows the ULB measurements in notes. * "They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be one hundred and fifteen centimeters[1]; its width will be sixty-nine centimeters [2]; and its height will be sixty-nine centimeters." - * The footnotes would look like: - [1]two and a half cubits - [2]one cubit and a half + * The footnotes would look like: + [1]two and a half cubits + [2]one cubit and a half diff --git a/translate/translate-bmoney/01.md b/translate/translate-bmoney/01.md index bc4dac7..6af4cb5 100644 --- a/translate/translate-bmoney/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-bmoney/01.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ ### Description: -In early Old Testament times, people weighed their metals such as silver and gold and would give a certain weight of that metal in order to buy things. Later people started to make coins that each contained a standard amount of a certain metal. The daric is one such coin. In New Testament times, people used silver and copper coins. +In early Old Testament times, people weighed their metals such as silver and gold and would give a certain weight of that metal in order to buy things. Later people started to make coins that each contained a standard amount of a certain metal. The daric is one such coin. In New Testament times, people used silver and copper coins. The two tables below show some of the most well-known units of money found in the Old Testament (OT) and New Testament (NT). The table for Old Testament units shows what kind of metal was used and how much it weighed. The table for New Testament units shows what kind of metal was used and how much it was worth in terms of a day's wage. -| Unit in OT | Metal | Weight | +| Unit in OT | Metal | Weight | | -------- | -------- | -------- | -| daric | gold coin | 8.4 grams | +| daric | gold coin | 8.4 grams | | shekel | various metals | 11 grams | | talent | various metals | 33 kilograms| -| Unit in NT | Metal | Day's Wage | +| Unit in NT | Metal | Day's Wage | | -------- | -------- | -------- | | denarius/denarii | silver coin | 1 day | | drachma | silver coin | 1 day | @@ -42,20 +42,20 @@ The translations strategies are all applied to Matthew 18:28 below. * **... who owed him one hundred denarii.** (Matthew 18:28 ULB) 1. Use the Bible term and spell it in a way that is similar to the way it sounds. (see [Copy or Borrow Words](../translate-transliterate/01.md)) - * "... who owed him one hundred denali." - + * "... who owed him one hundred denali." + 1. Describe the value of the money in terms of what kind of metal it was made of and how many pieces or coins were used. - * "... who owed him one hundred silver coins." - + * "... who owed him one hundred silver coins." + 1. Describe the value of the money in terms of what people in Bible times could earn in one day of work. - * "... who owed him one hundred days' wages." - + * "... who owed him one hundred days' wages." + 1. Use the Bible term and give the equivalent amount in the text or a footnote. - * "... who owed him one hundred denarii.[1]" - * The footnotes would look like: - [1]one hundred days' wages - + * "... who owed him one hundred denarii.[1]" + * The footnotes would look like: + [1]one hundred days' wages + 1. Use the Bible term and explain it in a footnote. - * "... who owed him one hundred denarii.[1]" - [1]A denarius was the amount of silver that people could earn in one day of work. + * "... who owed him one hundred denarii.[1]" + [1]A denarius was the amount of silver that people could earn in one day of work. diff --git a/translate/translate-bvolume/01.md b/translate/translate-bvolume/01.md index 33fcb6f..44d80a5 100644 --- a/translate/translate-bvolume/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-bvolume/01.md @@ -3,19 +3,19 @@ The following terms are the most common units of volume used in the Bible to state how much a certain container could hold. The containers and measurements are given for both liquids (such as wine) and dry solids (such as grain). The metric values are not exactly equal to the biblical measures. The biblical measures probably differed in exact amount from time to time and place to place. The equivalents below are an attempt to give an average measurement. -| Type | Original Measure | Liters | +| Type | Original Measure | Liters | | -------- | -------- | -------- | -| Dry | omer | 2 liters | -| Dry | ephah | 22 liters | -| Dry | homer | 220 liters | -| Dry | cor | 220 liters | -| Dry | seah | 7.7 liters | -| Dry | lethek | 114.8 liters | -| Liquid | metrete | 40 liters | -| Liquid | bath | 22 liters | -| Liquid | hin | 3.7 liters | -| Liquid | kab | 1.23 liters | -| Liquid | log | 0.31 liters | +| Dry | omer | 2 liters | +| Dry | ephah | 22 liters | +| Dry | homer | 220 liters | +| Dry | cor | 220 liters | +| Dry | seah | 7.7 liters | +| Dry | lethek | 114.8 liters | +| Liquid | metrete | 40 liters | +| Liquid | bath | 22 liters | +| Liquid | hin | 3.7 liters | +| Liquid | kab | 1.23 liters | +| Liquid | log | 0.31 liters | #### Translation Principles @@ -42,25 +42,25 @@ The strategies are all applied to Isaiah 5:10 below. * **For a ten-yoke vineyard will yield only one bath, and one homer of seed will yield only an ephah.** (Isaiah 5:10 ULB) 1. Use the measurements from the ULB. These are the same kinds of measurements that the original writers used. Spell them in a way that is similar to the way they sound or are spelled in the ULB. (see [Copy or Borrow Words](../translate-transliterate/01.md)) - * "For a ten-yoke vineyard will yield only one bat, and one homer of seed will yield only an efa." - + * "For a ten-yoke vineyard will yield only one bat, and one homer of seed will yield only an efa." + 1. Use the measurements given in the UDB. Usually they are metric measurements. The translators of the UDB have already figured how to represent the amounts in the metric system. * "For a ten-yoke vineyard will yield only twenty-two liters, and ten baskets of seed will yield only one basket." - * "For a ten-yoke vineyard will yield only twenty-two liters and 220 liters of seed will yield only twenty-two liters." - + * "For a ten-yoke vineyard will yield only twenty-two liters and 220 liters of seed will yield only twenty-two liters." + 1. Use measurements that are already used in your language. In order to do this you would need to know how your measurements relate to the metric system and figure out each measurement. - * "For a ten-yoke vineyard will yield only six gallons, and six and a half bushels of seed will yield only twenty quarts." - -1. Use the measurements from the ULB and include measurements that your people know in the text or a note. The following shows both measurements in the text. - * "For a ten-yoke vineyard will yield only one bath (six gallons), and one homer (six and a half bushels) of seed will yield only an ephah (twenty quarts)." - + * "For a ten-yoke vineyard will yield only six gallons, and six and a half bushels of seed will yield only twenty quarts." + +1. Use the measurements from the ULB and include measurements that your people know in the text or a note. The following shows both measurements in the text. + * "For a ten-yoke vineyard will yield only one bath (six gallons), and one homer (six and a half bushels) of seed will yield only an ephah (twenty quarts)." + 1. Use measurements that your people know, and include the measurements from the ULB in the text or in a note. The following shows the ULB measurements in footnotes. * "For a ten-yoke vineyard will yield only twenty-two liters,[1]and 220 liters[2]of seed will yield only twenty-two liters.[3]" - * The footnotes would look like: - [1]one bath - [2]one homer - [3]one ephah - + * The footnotes would look like: + [1]one bath + [2]one homer + [3]one ephah + ### When the unit of measure is implied Sometimes the Hebrew does not specify a particular unit of volume but only uses a number. In these cases, many English versions, including the ULB and UDB, add the word "measure." @@ -81,14 +81,14 @@ The strategies are all applied to Haggai 2:16 below. * **When you came to a heap of twenty measures of grain, there were only ten; and when you came to the wine vat to draw out fifty measures, there were only twenty.** (Haggai 2:16 ULB) 1. Translate literally by using the number without a unit. - * When you came to a heap of twenty of grain, there were only ten; and when you came to the wine vat to draw out fifty, there were only twenty. - + * When you came to a heap of twenty of grain, there were only ten; and when you came to the wine vat to draw out fifty, there were only twenty. + 1. Use a generic word like "measure" or "quantity" or "amount." - * When you came to a heap of twenty amounts of grain, there were only ten; and when you came to the wine vat to draw out fifty amounts, there were only twenty. - + * When you came to a heap of twenty amounts of grain, there were only ten; and when you came to the wine vat to draw out fifty amounts, there were only twenty. + 1. Use the name of an appropriate container, such as "basket" for grain or "jar" for wine. - * When you came to a heap of twenty baskets of grain, there were only ten; and when you came to the wine vat to draw out fifty jars, there were only twenty. - + * When you came to a heap of twenty baskets of grain, there were only ten; and when you came to the wine vat to draw out fifty jars, there were only twenty. + 1. Use a unit of measure that you are already using in your translation. * When you came to a heap of twenty liters of grain, there were only ten; and when you came to the wine vat to draw out fifty liters, there were only twenty. diff --git a/translate/translate-bweight/01.md b/translate/translate-bweight/01.md index 56794d3..3cb547d 100644 --- a/translate/translate-bweight/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-bweight/01.md @@ -5,12 +5,12 @@ The following terms are the most common units of weight in the Bible. The term " | Original Measure | Shekels | Grams | Kilograms | |--------------------|----------|---------|------------| -|shekel | 1 shekel |11 grams | - | -| bekah | 1/2 shekel | 5.7 grams | - | -| pim | 2/3 shekel | 7.6 grams | - | -| gerah | 1/20 shekel | 0.57 grams | - | -| mina | 50 shekels | 550 grams | 1/2 kilogram | -| talent | 3,000 shekels | - | 34 kilograms | +|shekel | 1 shekel |11 grams | - | +| bekah | 1/2 shekel | 5.7 grams | - | +| pim | 2/3 shekel | 7.6 grams | - | +| gerah | 1/20 shekel | 0.57 grams | - | +| mina | 50 shekels | 550 grams | 1/2 kilogram | +| talent | 3,000 shekels | - | 34 kilograms | #### Translation Principles @@ -36,18 +36,18 @@ The strategies are all applied to Exodus 38:29 below. * **The bronze from the wave offering weighed seventy talents and 2,400 shekels.** (Exodus 38:29 ULB) 1. Use the measurements from the ULB. These are the same kinds of measurements that the original writers used. Spell them in a way that is similar to the way they sound or are spelled in the ULB. (see [Copy or Borrow Words](../translate-transliterate/01.md)) - * "The bronze from the wave offering weighed seventy talentes and 2,400 sekeles." - + * "The bronze from the wave offering weighed seventy talentes and 2,400 sekeles." + 1. Use the metric measurements given in the UDB. The translators of the UDB have already figured how to represent the amounts in the metric system. - * "The bronze from the wave offering weighed 2,400 kilograms." - + * "The bronze from the wave offering weighed 2,400 kilograms." + 1. Use measurements that are already used in your language. In order to do this you would need to know how your measurements relate to the metric system and figure out each measurement. - * "The bronze from the wave offering weighed 5,300 pounds." - + * "The bronze from the wave offering weighed 5,300 pounds." + 1. Use the measurements from the ULB and include measurements that your people know in the text or a footnote. The following shows both measurements in the text. - * "The bronze from the wave offering weighed seventy talents (2,380 kilograms) and 2,400 shekels (26.4 kilograms)." - + * "The bronze from the wave offering weighed seventy talents (2,380 kilograms) and 2,400 shekels (26.4 kilograms)." + 1. Use measurements that your people know, and include the measurements from the ULB in the text or in a footnote. The following shows the ULB measurements in notes. * "The bronze from the wave offering weighed seventy talents and 2,400 shekels.[1]" - * The footnote would look like: - [1]This was a total of about 2,400 kilograms. + * The footnote would look like: + [1]This was a total of about 2,400 kilograms. diff --git a/translate/translate-chapverse/01.md b/translate/translate-chapverse/01.md index 3f54b21..c6fd173 100644 --- a/translate/translate-chapverse/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-chapverse/01.md @@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ In some versions this is the last verse of Daniel 5. In other versions this is t If the people who speak your language have another Bible that they use, number the chapters and verses the way it does. -The example below is from 3 John 1. Some Bibles mark this text as verses 14 and 15, and some mark it all as verse 14. You may mark the verse numbers as your other Bible does. +The example below is from 3 John 1. Some Bibles mark this text as verses 14 and 15, and some mark it all as verse 14. You may mark the verse numbers as your other Bible does. **14But I hope to see you soon, and we will speak face to face.** 15**May peace be with you. The friends greet you. Greet our friends there by name.** (3 John 1:14-15 ULB) diff --git a/translate/translate-decimal/01.md b/translate/translate-decimal/01.md index be80694..2156c28 100644 --- a/translate/translate-decimal/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-decimal/01.md @@ -9,17 +9,17 @@ In the Unlocked Dynamic Bible (UDB) parts of a number are written as decimals or #### Decimal Numbers in the UDB -| Decimal | Fraction | Simpler Fraction | +| Decimal | Fraction | Simpler Fraction | | -------- | -------- | -------- | -|.1 |one tenth | | +|.1 |one tenth | | |.2 |two tenths | one fifth | -|.3 |three tenths | | +|.3 |three tenths | | |.4 |four tenths | two fifths| |.5 |five tenths | one half | |.6 |six tenths | three fifths | -|.7 |seven tenths | | +|.7 |seven tenths | | |.8 |eight tenths | four fifths | -|.9 |nine tenths | | +|.9 |nine tenths | | |.25 |twenty-five one hundredths | one fourth | |.75 |seventy-five one hundredths | three fourths | @@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ In the Unlocked Dynamic Bible (UDB) parts of a number are written as decimals or For telling about parts of a number, the Unlocked Literal Bible (ULB) uses fractions, and the Unlocked Dynamic Bible (UDB) uses mostly decimals when the number is used with a measurement. Another difference between the ULB and the UDB is that when measuring [Biblical Distance](../translate-bdistance/01.md), [Biblical Weight](../translate-bweight/01.md), and [Biblical Volume](../translate-bvolume/01.md), they use different systems, so the numbers in the ULB and the UDB are not the same for these measures. >They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be two and a half cubits; its width will be one cubit and a half; and its height will be one cubit and a half. (Exodus 25:10 ULB) -The ULB uses the fraction "half." The phrases "two and a half cubits ... one cubit and a half" can be written as "2.5 cubits ... 1.5 cubits." +The ULB uses the fraction "half." The phrases "two and a half cubits ... one cubit and a half" can be written as "2.5 cubits ... 1.5 cubits." >They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be one meter; its width will be 0.7 meter; and its height will be 0.7 meter high. (Exodus 25:10) @@ -60,8 +60,8 @@ One and a half cubits is about .7 meter or seven tenths of a meter. 1. If you decide to use decimals and the measures in the ULB, you will need to change the fractions in the ULB to decimals. * **three-tenths of an ephah of fine flour mixed with oil as a grain offering, and one log of oil.** (Leviticus 14:10 ULB) - * 0.3 ephah of fine flour mixed with oil as a grain offering, and one log of oil. - + * 0.3 ephah of fine flour mixed with oil as a grain offering, and one log of oil. + 1. If you decide to use fractions and the measures in the UDB, you will need to change the decimals in the UDB to fractions. * **about 6.5 liters of a fine flour offering, mixed with olive oil, to be an offering, and about one third liter of olive oil.** (Leviticus 14:10 UDB) diff --git a/translate/translate-dynamic/01.md b/translate/translate-dynamic/01.md index e5a14af..dc01c4c 100644 --- a/translate/translate-dynamic/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-dynamic/01.md @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ ### Introduction -We have looked closely at literal translations. Now, we will look at meaning-based translations. These translations are also called: +We have looked closely at literal translations. Now, we will look at meaning-based translations. These translations are also called: * meaning-equivalent * idiomatic @@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ We have looked closely at literal translations. Now, we will look at meaning-bas ### Key Characteristic -The key characteristic of meaning-based translations is that they give priority to translating the meaning over reproducing the form of the source text. That is, they **change the form of the text as needed in order to make the meaning clear.** The most common types of changes that meaning-based translations make are: +The key characteristic of meaning-based translations is that they give priority to translating the meaning over reproducing the form of the source text. That is, they **change the form of the text as needed in order to make the meaning clear.** The most common types of changes that meaning-based translations make are: * change word order to match the grammar of the target language * replace foreign grammatical structures with natural ones @@ -29,11 +29,11 @@ What does a meaning-based translation look like? We will look at how different v In Luke 3:8, *John the Baptist rebukes the self-righteous people who came to be baptized.* -The **Greek** text of the first half of the verse is shown below. +The **Greek** text of the first half of the verse is shown below. >Ποιήσατε οὖν καρποὺς ἀξίους τῆς μετανοίας -The **English** translation in the same order as each Greek word, with some alternative English words to choose from, is below. +The **English** translation in the same order as each Greek word, with some alternative English words to choose from, is below. >Do/make/produce therefore fruits fit/appropriate of the repentance @@ -60,4 +60,4 @@ From the Unlocked Dynamic Bible Notice that these translations have changed the word order to be more natural in English. Also, the word "fruits" no longer appears. In fact, the Living Bible translation uses almost none of the words in the ULB translation. Instead, rather than "fruits," the meaning-based translations refer to "deeds" or to "the way you live." "Fruits" in this verse is used as part of a metaphor. The meaning of "fruits" in this metaphor is "the things that a person does." (See [Metaphor](../figs-metaphor/01.md).) -So these translations translated the meaning in context, rather than just the words. They also used more understandable phrases such as "turned from sin" or "turned away from your sinful behavior" rather than the single difficult word "repentance," or they explained the word by saying, "repented of your sins and turned to God." The meaning in all of them is the same, but the form is very different. In the meaning-based translations, the meaning is much clearer. \ No newline at end of file +So these translations translated the meaning in context, rather than just the words. They also used more understandable phrases such as "turned from sin" or "turned away from your sinful behavior" rather than the single difficult word "repentance," or they explained the word by saying, "repented of your sins and turned to God." The meaning in all of them is the same, but the form is very different. In the meaning-based translations, the meaning is much clearer. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/translate/translate-formatsignals/01.md b/translate/translate-formatsignals/01.md index 514597b..dc47db2 100644 --- a/translate/translate-formatsignals/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-formatsignals/01.md @@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ In Mark 11:31-33, the ellipsis mark shows that either the religious leaders did #### Parentheses -**Definition** - Parentheses "( )" show that some information is an explanation or afterthought. +**Definition** - Parentheses "( )" show that some information is an explanation or afterthought. It is background information that the writer put in that place to help the reader understand the material around it. @@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ The words in the parentheses below are not what Jesus was saying, but what Matth This is done for poetry and some lists, to show that the indented lines form a part of the non-indented line above them. For example: ->5These are the names of the leaders who must fight with you: ->    From the tribe of Reuben, Elizur son of Shedeur; ->    6from the tribe of Simeon, Shelumiel son of Zurishaddai; +>5These are the names of the leaders who must fight with you: +>    From the tribe of Reuben, Elizur son of Shedeur; +>    6from the tribe of Simeon, Shelumiel son of Zurishaddai; >    7from the tribe of Judah, Nahshon son of Amminadab; (Numbers 1:5-7 ULB) diff --git a/translate/translate-fraction/01.md b/translate/translate-fraction/01.md index 4db59a4..e0b2e9d 100644 --- a/translate/translate-fraction/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-fraction/01.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Description -Fractions are a kind of number that refer to equal parts of a thing or to equal groups within a larger group of people or things. An item or a group of items is divided into two or more parts or groups, and a fraction refers to one or more of those parts or groups. +Fractions are a kind of number that refer to equal parts of a thing or to equal groups within a larger group of people or things. An item or a group of items is divided into two or more parts or groups, and a fraction refers to one or more of those parts or groups. >For the drink offering, you must offer a third of a hin of wine. (Numbers 15:7 ULB) A hin is a container used for measuring wine and other liquids. They were to think about dividing a hin container into three equal parts and fill up only one of those parts, and offer that amount. @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ There were many ships. If all those ships were divided into three equal groups o Most fractions in English simply have "-th" added to the end of the number. -| Number of parts the whole is divided into | Fraction | +| Number of parts the whole is divided into | Fraction | | -------- | -------- | | four | fourth | | ten | tenth | @@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ Most fractions in English simply have "-th" added to the end of the number. Some fractions in English do not follow that pattern. -| Number of parts the whole is divided into | Fraction | +| Number of parts the whole is divided into | Fraction | | -------- | -------- | | two | half | | three | third | @@ -36,12 +36,12 @@ Some fractions in English do not follow that pattern. >Now to one half of the tribe of Manasseh Moses had given an inheritance in Bashan, but to the other half, Joshua gave an inheritance beside their brothers in the land west of the Jordan. (Joshua 22:7 ULB) -The tribe of Manasseh divided into two groups. The phrase "one half of the tribe of Manasseh" refers one of those groups. The phrase "the other half" refers to the other group. - +The tribe of Manasseh divided into two groups. The phrase "one half of the tribe of Manasseh" refers one of those groups. The phrase "the other half" refers to the other group. + >The four angels who had been prepared for that very hour, that day, that month, and that year, were released to kill a third of mankind. (Revelation 9:15 ULB) -If all the people were to be divided into three equal groups, then the number of people in one group would be killed. - +If all the people were to be divided into three equal groups, then the number of people in one group would be killed. + >You must also offer with the burnt offering, or for the sacrifice, one-fourth of a hin of wine for the drink offering for each lamb. (Numbers 15:5 ULB) They were to imagine dividing a hin of wine into four equal parts and prepare the amount equal to one of them. @@ -60,14 +60,14 @@ If a fraction in your language would give the right meaning, consider using it. * **A third of the ocean became blood ...** (Revelation 8:8 ULB) * It was like they divided the ocean into three parts, and one part of the ocean became blood. * **... then you must offer with the bull a grain offering of three-tenths of an ephah of fine flour mixed with half a hin of oil.** (Numbers 15:9 ULB) - * ... then you must divide an ephah of fine flour into ten parts and divide a hin of oil into two parts. Then mix three of those parts of the flour with one of the parts of oil. Then you must offer that grain offering along with the bull. - + * ... then you must divide an ephah of fine flour into ten parts and divide a hin of oil into two parts. Then mix three of those parts of the flour with one of the parts of oil. Then you must offer that grain offering along with the bull. + 1. For measurements, use the measurements that are given in the UDB. The translators of the UDB have already figured how to represent the amounts in the metric system. * **The charge was two-thirds of a shekel ...** (1 Samuel 13:21 ULB) * They needed to pay about eight grams of silver ... (1 Samuel 13:21 UDB) * **... three-tenths of an ephah of fine flour mixed with half a hin of oil.** (Numbers 15:9 ULB) - * ... about six and one-half liters of finely ground flour mixed with about two liters of olive oil. (Numbers 15:9 UDB) - + * ... about six and one-half liters of finely ground flour mixed with about two liters of olive oil. (Numbers 15:9 UDB) + 1. For measurements, use ones that are used in your language. In order to do that you would need to know how your measurements relates to the metric system and figure out each measurement. * **... three-tenths of an ephah of fine flour mixed with half a hin of oil.** (Numbers 15:9 ULB) * ... six quarts of fine flour mixed with two quarts of oil. diff --git a/translate/translate-hebrewmonths/01.md b/translate/translate-hebrewmonths/01.md index 09a9cd6..830dbde 100644 --- a/translate/translate-hebrewmonths/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-hebrewmonths/01.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Description -The Hebrew calendar used in the Bible has twelve months. Unlike the western calendar, its first month begins in the spring of the northern hemisphere. Sometimes a month is called by its name (Abib, Ziv, Sivan), and sometimes it is called by its order in the Hebrew calendar year (first month, second month, third month). +The Hebrew calendar used in the Bible has twelve months. Unlike the western calendar, its first month begins in the spring of the northern hemisphere. Sometimes a month is called by its name (Abib, Ziv, Sivan), and sometimes it is called by its order in the Hebrew calendar year (first month, second month, third month). #### Reasons this is a translation issue @@ -62,17 +62,17 @@ The examples below use these two verses. * **It will always be a statute for you that in the seventh month, on the tenth day of the month, you must humble yourselves and do no work ...** (Leviticus 16:29 ULB) 1. Tell the number of the Hebrew month. - * At that time, you will appear before me in the first month of the year, which is fixed for this purpose. It was in this month that you came out from Egypt. - + * At that time, you will appear before me in the first month of the year, which is fixed for this purpose. It was in this month that you came out from Egypt. + 1. Use the months that people know. * At that time, you will appear before me in the month of March, which is fixed for this purpose. It was in this month that you came out from Egypt. - * It will always be a statute for you that on the day I choose in late September you must humble yourselves and do no work ... - + * It will always be a statute for you that on the day I choose in late September you must humble yourselves and do no work ... + 1. State clearly what season the month occurred in. - * It will always be a statute for you that in the autumn, on the tenth day of the seventh month, you must humble yourselves and do no work ... - + * It will always be a statute for you that in the autumn, on the tenth day of the seventh month, you must humble yourselves and do no work ... + 1. Refer to the time in terms of the season rather than in terms of the month. * It will always be a statute for you that in the day I choose in early autumn[1] you must humble yourselves and do no work ... - * The footnote would look like: - [1]The Hebrew says, "the seventh month, on the tenth day of the month." - + * The footnote would look like: + [1]The Hebrew says, "the seventh month, on the tenth day of the month." + diff --git a/translate/translate-help/01.md b/translate/translate-help/01.md index 7b4109a..c6af089 100644 --- a/translate/translate-help/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-help/01.md @@ -3,11 +3,11 @@ To help translators make the best translation possible, **translationNotes**, **translationWords**, and **translationQuestions** have been created. -**translationNotes** are cultural, linguistic, and exegetical notes that help to describe and explain some of the Bible background that the translator needs to know to translate accurately. The translationNotes also inform translators about different ways that they might express the same meaning. See http://ufw.io/tn/. +**translationNotes** are cultural, linguistic, and exegetical notes that help to describe and explain some of the Bible background that the translator needs to know to translate accurately. The translationNotes also inform translators about different ways that they might express the same meaning. See http://ufw.io/tn/. -The **translationWords** are key terms found in Open Bible Stories and the Bible that are important to translate correctly. Each of these words or phrases has a small article written about it as well as cross-references to other places where that term is used in either Open Bible Stories or the Bible. This is to show the translator other ways that the translationWord is used and to ensure that it has been translated correctly in those places, too. See http://ufw.io/tw/. +The **translationWords** are key terms found in Open Bible Stories and the Bible that are important to translate correctly. Each of these words or phrases has a small article written about it as well as cross-references to other places where that term is used in either Open Bible Stories or the Bible. This is to show the translator other ways that the translationWord is used and to ensure that it has been translated correctly in those places, too. See http://ufw.io/tw/. -The **translationQuestions** are comprehension questions that can be used to self-check your translation. If you can correctly answer the translationQuestions using only the Target Language translation, then it is an accurate translation. The translationQuestions are also a good tool to use for checking with the target language community. See http://ufw.io/tq/. +The **translationQuestions** are comprehension questions that can be used to self-check your translation. If you can correctly answer the translationQuestions using only the Target Language translation, then it is an accurate translation. The translationQuestions are also a good tool to use for checking with the target language community. See http://ufw.io/tq/. Once you have consulted the translationNotes, translationWords and translationQuestions, then you are ready to make the best translation. diff --git a/translate/translate-names/01.md b/translate/translate-names/01.md index 9825238..121d4fc 100644 --- a/translate/translate-names/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-names/01.md @@ -57,33 +57,33 @@ Readers may not know that the names Saul and Paul refer to the same person. * **You went over the Jordan and came to Jericho. The leaders of Jericho fought against you, along with the Amorites ...** (Joshua 24:11 ULB) * You went over the Jordan River and came to the city of Jericho. The leaders of Jericho fought against you, along with the tribe of the Amorites ... * **Shortly after, some Pharisees came and said to him, "Go and leave here because Herod wants to kill you."** (Luke 13:31 ULB) - * Shortly after, some Pharisees came and said to him, "Go and leave here because King Herod wants to kill you. - + * Shortly after, some Pharisees came and said to him, "Go and leave here because King Herod wants to kill you. + 1. If readers need to understand the meaning of a name in order to understand what is said about it, copy the name and tell about its meaning either in the text or in a footnote. * **She named him Moses and said, "Because I drew him from the water."** (Exodus 2:11 ULB) - * She named him Moses, which sounds like 'drawn out,' and said, "Because I drew him from the water." - + * She named him Moses, which sounds like 'drawn out,' and said, "Because I drew him from the water." + 1. Or if readers need to understand the meaning of a name in order to understand what is said about it, and that name is used only once, translate the meaning of the name instead of copying the name. * **... she said, "Do I really continue to see, even after he has seen me?" Therefore the well was called Beer Lahai Roi;** (Genesis 16:13-14 ULB) - * ... she said, "Do I really continue to see, even after he has seen me?" Therefore the well was called Well of the Living One who sees me; - + * ... she said, "Do I really continue to see, even after he has seen me?" Therefore the well was called Well of the Living One who sees me; + 1. If a person or place has two different names, use one name most of the time and the other name only when the text tells about the person or place having more than one name or when it says something about why the person or place was given that name. Write a footnote when the source text uses the name that is used less frequently. For example, Paul is called "Saul" before Acts 13 and "Paul" after Acts 13. You could translate his name as "Paul" all of the time, except in Acts 13:9 where it talks about him having both names. * **... a young man named Saul.** (Acts 7:58 ULB) - * ... a young man named Paul.[1] - * The footnote would look like: - [1]Most versions say Saul here, but most of the time in the Bible he is called Paul. + * ... a young man named Paul.[1] + * The footnote would look like: + [1]Most versions say Saul here, but most of the time in the Bible he is called Paul. * **But Saul, who is also called Paul ...** (Acts 13:9) - * But Saul, who is also called Paul ... - + * But Saul, who is also called Paul ... + 1. Or if a person or place has two names, use whatever name is given in the source text, and add a footnote that gives the other name. For example, you could write "Saul" where the source text has "Saul" and "Paul" where the source text has "Paul." * **... a young man named Saul.** (Acts 7:58 ULB) * ... a young man named Saul. [1] - * The footnote would look like: - [1]This is the same man who is called Paul beginning in Acts 13. + * The footnote would look like: + [1]This is the same man who is called Paul beginning in Acts 13. * **But Saul, who is also called Paul, was filled with the Holy Spirit;** (Acts 13:9) * But Saul, who is also called Paul, was filled with the Holy Spirit; * **It came about in Iconium that Paul and Barnabas entered together into the synagogue ...** (Acts 14:1 ULB) * It came about in Iconium that Paul[1] and Barnabas entered together into the synagogue ... - * The footnote would look like: - [1]This is the man that was called Saul before Acts 13. - + * The footnote would look like: + [1]This is the man that was called Saul before Acts 13. + diff --git a/translate/translate-ordinal/01.md b/translate/translate-ordinal/01.md index 5e74bf8..8ca5624 100644 --- a/translate/translate-ordinal/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-ordinal/01.md @@ -10,23 +10,23 @@ This is a list of workers that God gave to the church in their order. #### Ordinal Numbers in English -Most ordinal numbers in English simply have "-th" added to the end. +Most ordinal numbers in English simply have "-th" added to the end. -| Numeral | Number | Ordinal Number | +| Numeral | Number | Ordinal Number | | -------- | -------- | -------- | -| 4 | four | fourth | -| 10 | ten | tenth | -| 100 | one hundred | one hundredth | -| 1,000| one thousand | one thousandth | +| 4 | four | fourth | +| 10 | ten | tenth | +| 100 | one hundred | one hundredth | +| 1,000| one thousand | one thousandth | Some ordinal numbers in English do not follow that pattern. -| Numeral | Number | Ordinal Number | +| Numeral | Number | Ordinal Number | | -------- | -------- | -------- | -| 1 | one | first | -| 2 | two | second | -| 3 | three | third | +| 1 | one | first | +| 2 | two | second | +| 3 | three | third | | 5 | five | fifth | | 12 | twelve | twelfth | @@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ Some languages do not have special numbers for showing the order of items in a l People tossed lots and one went to each of these people in the order given. ->You must place in it four rows of precious stones. The first row must have a ruby, a topaz, and a garnet. The second row must have an emerald, a sapphire, and a diamond. The third row must have a jacinth, an agate, and an amethyst. The fourth row must have a beryl, and an onyx, and a jasper. They must be mounted in gold settings. (Exodus 28:17-20 ULB) +>You must place in it four rows of precious stones. The first row must have a ruby, a topaz, and a garnet. The second row must have an emerald, a sapphire, and a diamond. The third row must have a jacinth, an agate, and an amethyst. The fourth row must have a beryl, and an onyx, and a jasper. They must be mounted in gold settings. (Exodus 28:17-20 ULB) This describes four rows of stones. The first row is probably the top row, and the fourth row is probably the bottom row. @@ -55,14 +55,14 @@ If your language has ordinal numbers and using them would give the right meaning 1. Tell the total number of items, and use "one" with the first item and "another" or "the next" with the rest. - * **The first lot went to Jehoiarib, the second to Jedaiah, the third to Harim, the fourth to Seorim, ... the twenty-third to Delaiah, and the twenty-fourth to Maaziah.** (1 Chronicles 24:7-18 ULB) + * **The first lot went to Jehoiarib, the second to Jedaiah, the third to Harim, the fourth to Seorim, ... the twenty-third to Delaiah, and the twenty-fourth to Maaziah.** (1 Chronicles 24:7-18 ULB) * There were twenty-four lots. One lot went to Jehoiarib, another to Jedaiah,  another  to Harim, ... another to Delaiah, and the last went to  Maaziah. * There were twenty-four lots. One lot went to Jehoiarib, the next to Jedaiah,  the next  to Harim, ... the next to Delaiah, and the last went to  Maaziah. * **A river went out of Eden to water the garden. From there it divided and became four rivers. The name of the first is Pishon. It is the one which flows throughout the whole land of Havilah, where there is gold. The gold of that land is good. There is also bdellium and the onyx stone. The name of the second river is Gihon. This one flows throughout the whole land of Cush. The name of the third river is Tigris, which flows east of Asshur. The fourth river is the Euphrates.** (Genesis 2:10-14 ULB) - * A river went out of Eden to water the garden. From there it divided and became four rivers. The name of one is Pishon. It is the one which flows throughout the whole land of Havilah, where there is gold. The gold of that land is good. There is also bdellium and the onyx stone. The name of the next river is Gihon. This one flows throughout the whole land of Cush. The name of the next river is Tigris, which flows east of Asshur. The last river is the Euphrates. - + * A river went out of Eden to water the garden. From there it divided and became four rivers. The name of one is Pishon. It is the one which flows throughout the whole land of Havilah, where there is gold. The gold of that land is good. There is also bdellium and the onyx stone. The name of the next river is Gihon. This one flows throughout the whole land of Cush. The name of the next river is Tigris, which flows east of Asshur. The last river is the Euphrates. + 1. Tell the total number of items and then list them or the things associated with them. * **The first lot went to Jehoiarib, the second to Jedaiah, the third to Harim, the fourth to Seorim, ... the twenty-third to Delaiah, and the twenty-fourth to Maaziah.** (1 Chronicles 24:7-18 ULB) - * They cast twenty-four lots. The lots went to Jerhoiarib, Jedaiah, Harim, Seorim, ... Delaiah, and Maaziah. - + * They cast twenty-four lots. The lots went to Jerhoiarib, Jedaiah, Harim, Seorim, ... Delaiah, and Maaziah. + diff --git a/translate/translate-problem/01.md b/translate/translate-problem/01.md index 93b953f..ddf0518 100644 --- a/translate/translate-problem/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-problem/01.md @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Literal translations keep the form of the source text in the target text. Some t ### Different languages use different orders of words and phrases -If you keep the source word order in your translation, it will be very difficult, and sometimes impossible, for the people who speak your language to understand it. You must use the natural word order of the target language so that people can understand the meaning of the text. +If you keep the source word order in your translation, it will be very difficult, and sometimes impossible, for the people who speak your language to understand it. You must use the natural word order of the target language so that people can understand the meaning of the text. ### Different languages use different idioms and expressions diff --git a/translate/translate-source-version/01.md b/translate/translate-source-version/01.md index 690c572..1ee745f 100644 --- a/translate/translate-source-version/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-source-version/01.md @@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ Version numbers are only given when a work is released, not when they are edited ![](https://cdn.door43.org/ta/jpg/versioning.jpg) -Each source text is given a whole number for each release (version 1, 2, 3, etc). Any translations based on that source text will take the version number of the source text and add .1 (a translation from English OBS version 4 would become version 4.1). Any further translation based on the intermediate translation would add another .1 to the version number it was created from (for example 4.1.1). New releases of any of these texts increment their "decimal place" by 1. +Each source text is given a whole number for each release (version 1, 2, 3, etc). Any translations based on that source text will take the version number of the source text and add .1 (a translation from English OBS version 4 would become version 4.1). Any further translation based on the intermediate translation would add another .1 to the version number it was created from (for example 4.1.1). New releases of any of these texts increment their "decimal place" by 1. Please see http://ufw.io/versioning for more details. diff --git a/translate/translate-symaction/01.md b/translate/translate-symaction/01.md index 6a04970..eef2291 100644 --- a/translate/translate-symaction/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-symaction/01.md @@ -7,11 +7,11 @@ A symbolic action is something that someone does in order to express a certain i #### Examples of symbolic actions * In some cultures people shake hands when they meet to show that they are willing to be friendly. -* In some cultures people bow when they meet to show respect to each other. +* In some cultures people bow when they meet to show respect to each other. #### Reason this is a translation issue -An action may have a meaning in one culture, and a different meaning or no meaning at all in another culture. For example, in some cultures raising the eyebrows means "I am surprised" or "What did you say?" In others cultures it means "Yes." +An action may have a meaning in one culture, and a different meaning or no meaning at all in another culture. For example, in some cultures raising the eyebrows means "I am surprised" or "What did you say?" In others cultures it means "Yes." In the Bible people did things that had certain meanings in their culture. When we read the Bible we might not understand what someone meant if we interpret the action based on what it means in our own culture. @@ -40,16 +40,16 @@ If people would correctly understand what a symbolic action meant to the people * **Behold, a man named Jairus ... fell down at Jesus' feet ...** (Luke 8:41 ULB) * Behold, a man named Jairus ... fell down at Jesus' feet in order to show that he greatly respected him ... * **Look, I am standing at the door and am knocking.** (Revelation 3:20 ULB) - * Look, I am standing at the door and knocking on it, asking you to let me in. - + * Look, I am standing at the door and knocking on it, asking you to let me in. + 1. Do not tell what the person did, but tell what he meant. * **Behold, a man named Jairus ... fell down at Jesus' feet ...** (Luke 8:41) * Behold, a man named Jairus ... showed Jesus great respect ... * **Look, I am standing at the door and am knocking.** (Revelation 3:20) - * Look, I am standing at the door and asking you to let me in. - + * Look, I am standing at the door and asking you to let me in. + 1. Use an action from your own culture that has the same meaning. * **Behold, a man named Jairus ... fell down at Jesus' feet ...** (Luke 8:41 ULB) - Since Jairus actually did this, we would not substitute an action from our own culture. - * **Look, I am standing at the door and am knocking.** (Revelation 3:20 ULB) - Jesus was not standing at a real door. Rather he was speaking about wanting to have a relationship with people. So in cultures where it is polite to clear one's throat when wanting to be let into a house, you could use that. - * Look, I am standing at the door and clearing my throat. - + * **Look, I am standing at the door and am knocking.** (Revelation 3:20 ULB) - Jesus was not standing at a real door. Rather he was speaking about wanting to have a relationship with people. So in cultures where it is polite to clear one's throat when wanting to be let into a house, you could use that. + * Look, I am standing at the door and clearing my throat. + diff --git a/translate/translate-transliterate/01.md b/translate/translate-transliterate/01.md index 3c1e40c..89d012d 100644 --- a/translate/translate-transliterate/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-transliterate/01.md @@ -2,9 +2,9 @@ ### Description -Sometimes the Bible includes things that are not part of your culture and that your language may not have a word for. It also includes people and places that you may not have names for. +Sometimes the Bible includes things that are not part of your culture and that your language may not have a word for. It also includes people and places that you may not have names for. -When that happens you can "borrow" the word from the Bible into your own language. This means that you basically copy it from the other language. This page tells how to "borrow" words. (There are also other ways to translate words for things that are not in your language. See [Translate Unknowns](../translate-unknown/01.md).) +When that happens you can "borrow" the word from the Bible into your own language. This means that you basically copy it from the other language. This page tells how to "borrow" words. (There are also other ways to translate words for things that are not in your language. See [Translate Unknowns](../translate-unknown/01.md).) ### Examples from the Bible @@ -44,12 +44,12 @@ There are several ways to borrow a word. 1. You can spell the word as the other language spells it, and pronounce it the way your language normally pronounces those letters. - * **Zephaniah** - This is a man's name. + * **Zephaniah** - This is a man's name. * Zephaniah - The name as it is spelled in English, but you can pronounce it according to the rules of your language. 1. You can pronounce the word similarly to the way the other language does, and adjust the spelling to fit the rules of your language. - * **Zephaniah** - If your language does not have the "z", you could use "s". If your writing system does not use "ph" you could use "f". Depending on how you pronounce the "i" you could spell it with "i" or "ai" or "ay". + * **Zephaniah** - If your language does not have the "z", you could use "s". If your writing system does not use "ph" you could use "f". Depending on how you pronounce the "i" you could spell it with "i" or "ai" or "ay". * Sefania * Sefanaia * Sefanaya diff --git a/translate/translate-unknown/01.md b/translate/translate-unknown/01.md index 08dd0cb..c4244b2 100644 --- a/translate/translate-unknown/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-unknown/01.md @@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ Bread is a particular food made by mixing finely crushed grains with oil, and th >So I will turn Jerusalem into piles of ruins, a hideout for jackals. (Jeremiah 9:11 ULB) -Jackals are wild animals like dogs that live in only a few parts of the world. So they are not known in many places. +Jackals are wild animals like dogs that live in only a few parts of the world. So they are not known in many places. >Beware of false prophets, who come to you in sheep's clothing but are truly ravenous wolves. (Matthew 7:15 ULB) If wolves do not live where the translation will be read, the readers may not understand that they are fierce, wild animals like dogs that attack and eat sheep. diff --git a/translate/translate-versebridge/01.md b/translate/translate-versebridge/01.md index 194ca9f..b777399 100644 --- a/translate/translate-versebridge/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-versebridge/01.md @@ -14,10 +14,10 @@ In the ULB text, verses 29 and 30 are separate, and the information about the pe Sometimes the ULB has separate verses while the UDB has a verse bridge. In the example below the information was rearranged in the UDB so that the information about Yahweh blessing the land appears first. ->4However, there should be no poor among you (for Yahweh will surely bless you in the land that he gives you as an inheritance to possess), 5if only you diligently listen to the voice of Yahweh your God, to keep all these commandments that I am commanding you today. (Deuteronomy 15:4-5 ULB) - ->4-5Yahweh our God will bless you in the land that he is giving to you. If you obey Yahweh our God and obey all the commandments that I am giving to you today, there will not be any poor people among you. (Deuteronomy 15:4-5 UDB) - +>4However, there should be no poor among you (for Yahweh will surely bless you in the land that he gives you as an inheritance to possess), 5if only you diligently listen to the voice of Yahweh your God, to keep all these commandments that I am commanding you today. (Deuteronomy 15:4-5 ULB) + +>4-5Yahweh our God will bless you in the land that he is giving to you. If you obey Yahweh our God and obey all the commandments that I am giving to you today, there will not be any poor people among you. (Deuteronomy 15:4-5 UDB) + In the example below, the information was rearranged in the UDB so that it shows the order in which the events happened. >1Then Joseph went in and told Pharaoh, "My father and my brothers, their flocks, their herds, and all that they own, have arrived from the land of Canaan. See, they are in the land of Goshen." diff --git a/translate/translate-wforw/01.md b/translate/translate-wforw/01.md index bd29ef7..fda7a55 100644 --- a/translate/translate-wforw/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-wforw/01.md @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ That translation is clear and easy to understand. But suppose the translators ha Here, translated in English, are the words in the same order as the original Greek. ->answered saying to all the John I indeed with water baptize you he comes but who mightier than I of whom not I am worthy untie the strap of the sandals of him he you will baptize with spirit holy and fire +>answered saying to all the John I indeed with water baptize you he comes but who mightier than I of whom not I am worthy untie the strap of the sandals of him he you will baptize with spirit holy and fire This translation is awkward and does not make sense in English. @@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ Here the word "aggelos" refers to a human messenger. Jesus was talking about Joh Here the word "aggelos" refers to angels from heaven. -A word-for-word translation process might use the same word in both verses, even though it is used to refer to two different kinds of beings. This would be confusing to the reader. +A word-for-word translation process might use the same word in both verses, even though it is used to refer to two different kinds of beings. This would be confusing to the reader. #### Figures of Speech diff --git a/translate/translation-difficulty/01.md b/translate/translation-difficulty/01.md index 9a44187..72b177b 100644 --- a/translate/translation-difficulty/01.md +++ b/translate/translation-difficulty/01.md @@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ Though Open Bible Stories was not assessed according to this rating system, it s * Since it is not Scripture, Open Bible Stories removes the fear that many translators have of translating the Word of God. * Translating Open Bible Stories before translating the Bible gives the translators experience and training in translation, so that when they translate the. - Bible, they will do it well. By translating Open Bible Stories, the translation team will gain: + Bible, they will do it well. By translating Open Bible Stories, the translation team will gain: * Experience in creating a translation and checking team * Experience in doing the translation and checking process diff --git a/translate/writing-background/01.md b/translate/writing-background/01.md index 25d7d68..484094b 100644 --- a/translate/writing-background/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-background/01.md @@ -66,6 +66,6 @@ To keep translations clear and natural you will need to study how people tell st * **Hagar gave birth to Abram's son, and Abram named his son, whom Hagar bore, Ishmael. Abram was eighty-six years old when Hagar bore Ishmael to Abram.** (Genesis 16:16 ULB) * When Abram was eighty-six years old, Hagar gave birth to his son, and Abram named his son Ishmael. -* **John also rebuked Herod the tetrarch for marrying his brother's wife, Herodias, and for all the other evil things that Herod had done. But then Herod did another very evil thing. He had John locked up in prison.** (Luke 3:18-20) - The translation below reorders John's rebuke and Herod's actions. +* **John also rebuked Herod the tetrarch for marrying his brother's wife, Herodias, and for all the other evil things that Herod had done. But then Herod did another very evil thing. He had John locked up in prison.** (Luke 3:18-20) - The translation below reorders John's rebuke and Herod's actions. * Now Herod the tetrarch married his brother's wife, Herodias, and he did many other evil things, so John rebuked him. But then Herod did another very evil thing. He had John locked up in prison. diff --git a/translate/writing-connectingwords/01.md b/translate/writing-connectingwords/01.md index ec5a72f..0a71d81 100644 --- a/translate/writing-connectingwords/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-connectingwords/01.md @@ -4,8 +4,8 @@ **Connecting words** show how thoughts are related to other thoughts. They are also called **conjunctions**. This page is about connecting words that connect statements and groups of statements to others. Some examples of connecting words are: and, but, for, so, therefore, now, if, if only, since, then, when, while, whenever, because, yet, unless. -* It was raining, so I opened my umbrella. -* It was raining, but I did not have an umbrella. So I got very wet. +* It was raining, so I opened my umbrella. +* It was raining, but I did not have an umbrella. So I got very wet. Sometimes people might not use a connecting word because they expect the readers to understand the relationship between the thoughts because of the context. @@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ If the way the relationship between thoughts is shown in the ULB would be natura 1. Use a connecting word (even if the ULB does not use one). * **Jesus said to them, "Come after me, and I will make you become fishers of men." Immediately they left the nets and went after him.** (Mark 1:17-18 ULB) - They followed Jesus because he told them to. Some translators may want to mark this with "so." - * Jesus said to them, "Come after me, and I will make you become fishers of men." So immediately they left the nets and went after him. + * Jesus said to them, "Come after me, and I will make you become fishers of men." So immediately they left the nets and went after him. 1. Do not use a connecting word if it would be odd to use one and people would understand the right relationship between the thoughts without it. @@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ Some languages would prefer not to use connecting words here, because the meanin * Therefore whoever breaks the least one of these commandments, teaching others to do so as well, will be called least in the kingdom of heaven. Whoever keeps them and teaches them will be called great in the kingdom of heaven. -* **I did not immediately consult with flesh and blood, nor did I go up to Jerusalem to those who had become apostles before me, but instead I went to Arabia and then returned to Damascus. Then after three years I went up to Jerusalem to visit Cephas, and I stayed with him fifteen days.** (Galatians 1:16-18 ULB) - +* **I did not immediately consult with flesh and blood, nor did I go up to Jerusalem to those who had become apostles before me, but instead I went to Arabia and then returned to Damascus. Then after three years I went up to Jerusalem to visit Cephas, and I stayed with him fifteen days.** (Galatians 1:16-18 ULB) - Some languages might not need the words "but" or "then" here. diff --git a/translate/writing-endofstory/01.md b/translate/writing-endofstory/01.md index 9cca0a8..8f46143 100644 --- a/translate/writing-endofstory/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-endofstory/01.md @@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ Different languages have different ways of presenting these kinds of information 1. To tell the reader what happens to a specific character after the main part of the story ends ->Mary said,"My soul praises the Lord, +>Mary said,"My soul praises the Lord, >and my spirit has rejoiced in God my savior...." >Mary stayed with Elizabeth about three months and then returned to her house. (Luke 1:46-47, 56 ULB) diff --git a/translate/writing-intro/01.md b/translate/writing-intro/01.md index 90a28bd..60b9eb5 100644 --- a/translate/writing-intro/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-intro/01.md @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ ### Description -There are different kinds or types of writing, and each type of writing has its own purpose. Because these purposes are different, the different kinds of writing are organized in different ways. They use different verbs, different kinds of sentences, and refer to the people and things that they write about in different ways. These differences help the reader to quickly know the purpose of the writing, and they work to communicate the author's meaning in the best way. +There are different kinds or types of writing, and each type of writing has its own purpose. Because these purposes are different, the different kinds of writing are organized in different ways. They use different verbs, different kinds of sentences, and refer to the people and things that they write about in different ways. These differences help the reader to quickly know the purpose of the writing, and they work to communicate the author's meaning in the best way. ### Types of Writing diff --git a/translate/writing-newevent/01.md b/translate/writing-newevent/01.md index 4801c6f..de2397f 100644 --- a/translate/writing-newevent/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-newevent/01.md @@ -61,13 +61,13 @@ If the information given at the beginning of a new event is clear and natural to 1. If readers would expect certain information but it is not in the Bible, consider using an indefinite word or phrase such as: another time, someone. * **Noah was six hundred years old when the flood came upon the earth.** (Genesis 7:6 ULB) - - If people expect to be told something about when the new event happened, the phrase "after that" can help them see that it happened after the events already mentioned. + + If people expect to be told something about when the new event happened, the phrase "after that" can help them see that it happened after the events already mentioned. * After that, when Noah was six hundred years old, the flood came upon the earth. * **Again he began to teach beside the lake.** (Mark 4:1 ULB) - - In chapter 3 Jesus was teaching at someone's house. Readers may need to be told that this new event happened at another time, or that Jesus actually went to the lake. + + In chapter 3 Jesus was teaching at someone's house. Readers may need to be told that this new event happened at another time, or that Jesus actually went to the lake. * Another time Jesus began to teach people again beside the lake. * Jesus went to the lake and began to teach people again there. diff --git a/translate/writing-participants/01.md b/translate/writing-participants/01.md index 866c703..f80d96e 100644 --- a/translate/writing-participants/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-participants/01.md @@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ In order to make your translation clear and natural, it is necessary to refer to Often the most important new participant is introduced with a phrase that says that he existed, such as "There was a man" in the example below. The phrase "There was" tells us that this man existed. The word "a" in "a man" tells us that the author is speaking about him for the first time. The rest of the sentence tells where this man was from, who is family was, and what his name was. >There was a man from Zorah, of the clan of the Danites, whose name was Manoah. (Judges 13:2 ULB) -A new participant who is not the most important one is often introduced in relation to the more important person who was already introduced. In the example below, Manoah's wife is simply referred to as "his wife." This phrase shows her relationship to him. +A new participant who is not the most important one is often introduced in relation to the more important person who was already introduced. In the example below, Manoah's wife is simply referred to as "his wife." This phrase shows her relationship to him. >There was a man from Zorah, of the clan of the Danites, whose name was Manoah. His wife was not able to become pregnant and so she had not given birth. (Judges 13:2 ULB) Sometimes a new participant is introduced simply by name because the author assumes that the readers know who the person is. In the first verse of 1 Kings, the author assumes that his readers know who King David is, so there is no need to explain who he is. @@ -49,11 +49,11 @@ Some languages have something on the verb that tells something about the subject 1. If the participant is new, use one of your language's ways of introducing new participants. * **Joseph, whom the apostles called Barnabas (which means Son of Encouragement), a Levite, a man from Cyprus, sold a field.** (Acts 4:36-37 ULB). - - Starting the sentence with Joseph's name when he has not been introduced yet might be confusing in some languages. - + + Starting the sentence with Joseph's name when he has not been introduced yet might be confusing in some languages. + * There was a man from Cyprus who was a Levite. His name was Joseph, and he was given the name Barnabas by the apostles (that is, being interpreted, Son of encouragement). - + * There was a Levite from Cyprus whose name was Joseph. The apostles gave him the name Barnabas, which means Son of encouragement. 1. If it is not clear who a pronoun refers to, use a noun phrase or name. @@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ If the first verse in a chapter contains only pronouns, readers might wonder who 1. If an old participant is referred to by name or a noun phrase, and people wonder if this is another new participant, try using a pronoun instead. If a pronoun is not needed because people would understand it clearly from the context, then leave out the pronoun. * **Now Boaz went up to the gate and sat down there. Soon, the near kinsman of whom Boaz had spoken came by. Boaz said to him....** (Ruth 4:1 ULB) - - Since Boaz is the main person in this part of the story, some languages might find it unnatural or confusing to use his name so much. They might prefer a pronoun. + + Since Boaz is the main person in this part of the story, some languages might find it unnatural or confusing to use his name so much. They might prefer a pronoun. * Now Boaz went up to the gate and sat down there. Soon, the near kinsman of whom he had spoken came by. He said to the kinsman.... diff --git a/translate/writing-poetry/01.md b/translate/writing-poetry/01.md index cbf011a..b9bf62b 100644 --- a/translate/writing-poetry/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-poetry/01.md @@ -2,19 +2,19 @@ ### Description -Poetry is one of the ways that people use the words and sounds of their language to make their speech and writing more beautiful and to express strong emotion. Through poetry, people can communicate deeper emotion than they can through simple non-poetic forms. Poetry gives more weight and elegance to statements of truth, such as proverbs, and is also easier to remember than ordinary speech. +Poetry is one of the ways that people use the words and sounds of their language to make their speech and writing more beautiful and to express strong emotion. Through poetry, people can communicate deeper emotion than they can through simple non-poetic forms. Poetry gives more weight and elegance to statements of truth, such as proverbs, and is also easier to remember than ordinary speech. #### Some things commonly found in poetry * Many figures of speech such as [Apostrophe](../figs-apostrophe/01.md). * Parallel lines (see [Parallelism](../figs-parallelism/01.md) and [Parallelism with the Same Meaning](../figs-synonparallelism/01.md)) * Repetition of some or all of a line - >Praise him, all his angels; praise him, all his hosts. - >Praise him, sun and moon; praise him, all you shining stars. (Psalm 148:2-3 ULB) + >Praise him, all his angels; praise him, all his hosts. + >Praise him, sun and moon; praise him, all you shining stars. (Psalm 148:2-3 ULB) * Lines of similar length. - >Love is patient and kind; - >love does not envy or boast; - >it is not arrogant or rude. (1 Corinthians 13:4 ULB) + >Love is patient and kind; + >love does not envy or boast; + >it is not arrogant or rude. (1 Corinthians 13:4 ULB) * The same sound used at the end or at the beginning of two or more lines * "Twinkle, twinkle little star. How I wonder what you are." (from an English rhyme) * The same sound repeated many times @@ -47,23 +47,23 @@ The Bible uses poetry for songs, teaching, and prophecy. Almost all of the books This example of [Parallelism with the Same Meaning](../figs-synonparallelism/01.md) has two lines that mean the same thing. ->... for you saw my affliction; +>... for you saw my affliction; >you knew the distress of my soul. (Psalm 31:7 ULB) This example of parallelism shows the contrast between what David wants God to do to him and what he wants God to do to the unrighteous nations. (see [Parallelism](../figs-parallelism/01.md)) ->Yahweh, judge the nations; +>Yahweh, judge the nations; >vindicate me, Yahweh, because I am righteous and innocent, Most High. (Psalm 7:8) This example of personification speaks of sins as if they could rule over a person. (see [Personification](../figs-personification/01.md)) ->Keep your servant also from arrogant sins; +>Keep your servant also from arrogant sins; >let them not rule over me. (Psalm 19:13 ULB) This example repeats the phrases "give thanks" and "his covenant faithfulness endures forever." ->Oh, give thanks to Yahweh; for he is good, for his covenant faithfulness endures forever. ->Oh, give thanks to the God of gods, for his covenant faithfulness endures forever. +>Oh, give thanks to Yahweh; for he is good, for his covenant faithfulness endures forever. +>Oh, give thanks to the God of gods, for his covenant faithfulness endures forever. >Oh, give thanks to the Lord of lords, for his covenant faithfulness endures forever. (Psalm 136:1-3 ULB) ### Translation Strategies @@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ If the style of poetry that is used in the source text would be natural and give 1. Translate the poetry using one of your styles of poetry. 1. Translate the poetry using your style of elegant speech. -1. Translate the poetry using your style of ordinary speech. +1. Translate the poetry using your style of ordinary speech. If you use poetry it may be more beautiful. diff --git a/translate/writing-proverbs/01.md b/translate/writing-proverbs/01.md index 090de55..8272521 100644 --- a/translate/writing-proverbs/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-proverbs/01.md @@ -47,10 +47,10 @@ If translating a proverb literally would be natural and give the right meaning i 1. Find out how people say proverbs in your language, and use one of those ways. - * **A good name is to be chosen over great riches, + * **A good name is to be chosen over great riches, and favor is better than silver and gold.** (Proverbs 22:1 ULB) - Here are some ideas for ways that people might say a proverb in their language. + Here are some ideas for ways that people might say a proverb in their language. * It is better to have a good name than to have great riches, and to be favored by people than to have silver and gold. * Wise people choose a good name over great riches, and favor over silver and gold. @@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ and favor is better than silver and gold.** (Proverbs 22:1 ULB) 1. If certain objects in the proverb are not known to many people in your language group, consider replacing them with objects that people know and that function in the same way in your language. - * **Like snow in summer or rain in harvest, + * **Like snow in summer or rain in harvest, so a fool does not deserve honor.** (Proverbs 26:1 ULB) * It is not natural for a cold wind to blow in the hot season or for it to rain in the harvest season; And it is not natural to honor a foolish person. @@ -67,14 +67,14 @@ so a fool does not deserve honor.** (Proverbs 26:1 ULB) 1. Substitute a proverb in your language that has the same teaching as the proverb in the Bible. * **Do not boast about tomorrow.** (Proverbs 27:1 ULB) - + * Do not count your chickens before they hatch. 1. Give the same teaching but not in a form of a proverb. - * **A generation that curses their father and does not bless their mother, - that is a generation that is pure in their own eyes, - but they are not washed of their filth.** (Proverbs 30:11-12 ULB) + * **A generation that curses their father and does not bless their mother, + that is a generation that is pure in their own eyes, + but they are not washed of their filth.** (Proverbs 30:11-12 ULB) * People who do not respect their parents think that they are righteous, and they do not turn away from their sin. diff --git a/translate/writing-symlanguage/01.md b/translate/writing-symlanguage/01.md index e90ace3..3b9e9d0 100644 --- a/translate/writing-symlanguage/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-symlanguage/01.md @@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ People who read the Bible today may find it hard to recognize that the language The meaning of the underlined symbols is explained in Daniel 7:23-24 as shown below. The animals represent kingdoms, iron teeth represent a powerful army, and the horns represent powerful leaders. ->This is what that person said, 'As for the fourth animal, it will be a fourth kingdom on earth that will be different from all the other kingdoms. It will devour the whole earth, and it will trample it down and break it into pieces. As for the ten horns, out of this kingdom ten kings will arise, and another will arise after them. He will be different from the previous ones, and he will conquer the three kings. (Daniel 7:23-24 ULB) +>This is what that person said, 'As for the fourth animal, it will be a fourth kingdom on earth that will be different from all the other kingdoms. It will devour the whole earth, and it will trample it down and break it into pieces. As for the ten horns, out of this kingdom ten kings will arise, and another will arise after them. He will be different from the previous ones, and he will conquer the three kings. (Daniel 7:23-24 ULB) >I turned around to see whose voice was speaking to me, and as I turned I saw seven golden lampstands. In the middle of the lampstands there was one like a Son of Man.... He had seven stars in his right hand, and a sword with two sharp edges was coming out of his mouth.... As for the hidden meaning about the seven stars you saw in my right hand, and the seven golden lampstands: The seven stars are the angels of the seven churches, and the seven lampstands are the seven churches. (Revelation 1:12, 16, 20 ULB) @@ -43,19 +43,19 @@ This passage explains the meaning of the seven lampstands and the seven stars. T 1. Translate the text with the symbols. Often the speaker or author explains the meaning later in the passage. - >**After this I saw in the visions of night a fourth animal, terrifying, frightening, and very strong. It had large iron teeth; it devoured, broke in pieces, and trampled underfoot what was left. It was different from the other animals, and it had ten horns.** (Daniel 7:7 ULB) - - >People will be able to understand what the symbols mean when they read the explanation in Daniel 7:23-24. + >**After this I saw in the visions of night a fourth animal, terrifying, frightening, and very strong. It had large iron teeth; it devoured, broke in pieces, and trampled underfoot what was left. It was different from the other animals, and it had ten horns.** (Daniel 7:7 ULB) + + >People will be able to understand what the symbols mean when they read the explanation in Daniel 7:23-24. 2. Translate the text with the symbols. Then explain the symbols in footnotes. * **After this I saw the visions of night a fourth animal, terrifying, frightening, and very strong. It had large iron teeth; it devoured, broke in pieces, and trampled underfoot what was left. It was different from the other animals, and it had ten horns.** (Daniel 7:7 ULB) - - * After this I saw the visions of at night a fourth animal,1 terrifying, frightening, and very strong. It had large iron teeth;2 it devoured, broke in pieces, and trampled underfoot what was left. It was different from the other animals, and it had ten horns.3 - + + * After this I saw the visions of at night a fourth animal,1 terrifying, frightening, and very strong. It had large iron teeth;2 it devoured, broke in pieces, and trampled underfoot what was left. It was different from the other animals, and it had ten horns.3 + * The footnotes would look like this: - - * [1] The animal is a symbol for a kingdom. - * [2] The iron teeth is a symbol for the kingdom's powerful army. + + * [1] The animal is a symbol for a kingdom. + * [2] The iron teeth is a symbol for the kingdom's powerful army. * [3] The horns are a symbol of powerful kings. From ac6ec43a14fc1e94a9ad20ebd2bad2f3452d413e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Thu, 11 Oct 2018 12:36:30 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 193/551] Typo --- translate/figs-metaphor/01.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md b/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md index 50bc0aa..450286e 100644 --- a/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md @@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ When these metaphors are used in normal ways, it is rare that the speaker and au English speakers do not view these as unusual or metaphorical expressions, so it would be wrong to translate them into other languages in a way that would lead people to pay special attention to them as figurative speech. -For a description of important patterns of this kind of metaphor in biblical languages, please see [Biblical Imagery - Common Patterns](../bita-part1/01.md)and the pages it will direct you to. +For a description of important patterns of this kind of metaphor in biblical languages, please see [Biblical Imagery - Common Patterns](../bita-part1/01.md) and the pages it will direct you to. When translating something that is a dead metaphor into another language, do not treat it as a metaphor. Instead, just use the best expression for that thing or concept in the target language. From ec2d74cdd51ca244891820419c684965c0965560 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: John Hutchins Date: Thu, 11 Oct 2018 14:15:24 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 194/551] Updated verses to match ULB --- translate/figs-metaphor/01.md | 8 ++++---- 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md b/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md index 450286e..b1cf653 100644 --- a/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md @@ -41,11 +41,11 @@ When translating something that is a dead metaphor into another language, do not These are metaphors that people recognize as one concept standing for another concept, or one thing for another thing. They make people think about how the one thing is like the other thing, because in most ways the two things are very different. People also easily recognize these metaphors as giving strength and unusual qualities to the message. For this reason, people pay attention to these metaphors. For example, ->For you who fear my name, the sun of righteousness will rise with healing in its wings. (Malachi 4:2 ULB) +>But for you who fear my name, the sun of righteousness will rise with healing in its wings. (Malachi 4:2 ULB) Here God speaks about his salvation as if it were the sun rising in order to shine its rays on the people whom he loves. He also speaks of the sun's rays as if they were wings. Also, he speaks of these wings as if they were bringing medicine that would heal his people. Here is another example: ->"Jesus said, 'Go and tell that fox...,'" (Luke 13:32 ULB) +>Jesus said, "Go and tell that fox ... (Luke 13:32 ULB) Here, "that fox" refers to King Herod. The people listening to Jesus certainly understood that Jesus was intending for them to apply certain characteristics of a fox to Herod. They probably understood that Jesus intended to communicate that Herod was evil, either in a cunning way or as someone who was destructive, murderous, or who took things that did not belong to him, or all of these. @@ -92,13 +92,13 @@ In this metaphor, Jesus called himself the bread of life. The **topic** is "I," ### Examples from the Bible ->Listen to this word, you cows of Bashan, (Amos 4:1 ULB) +>Listen to this word, you cows of Bashan ... (Amos 4:1 ULB) In this metaphor Amos speaks to the upper-class women of Samaria (the topic is "you") as if they were cows (the image). Amos does not say what points of comparison he intends between these women and cows. He wants the reader to think of them, and fully expects that readers from his culture will easily do so. From the context, we can see that he means that the women are like cows in that they are fat and interested only in feeding themselves. If we were to apply points of comparison from a different culture, such as that cows are sacred and should be worshipped, we would get the wrong meaning from this verse. Note, also, that Amos does not actually mean that the women are cows. He speaks to them as human beings. ->And yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are the clay. You are our potter; and we all are the work of your hand. (Isaiah 64:8 ULB) +>Yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are the clay. You are our potter; and we all are the work of your hand. (Isaiah 64:8 ULB) The example above has two related metaphors. The topics are "we" and "you," and the images are "clay and "potter." The intended point of comparison between a potter and God is the fact that both make what they wish out of their material: the potter makes what he wishes out of the clay, and God makes what he wishes out of his people. The point of comparison between the potter's clay and "us" is that neither the clay nor God's people have a right to complain about what they are becoming. From 77a683175fb905e38658e35bec89b378f4442adf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: John Hutchins Date: Thu, 11 Oct 2018 14:19:58 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 195/551] Fixed spacing --- translate/figs-metaphor/01.md | 32 ++++++++++++++++---------------- 1 file changed, 16 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md b/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md index b1cf653..b4fddad 100644 --- a/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md @@ -127,39 +127,39 @@ If people do not or would not understand it, here are some other strategies. 1. If the metaphor is a common expression in the source language or expresses a patterned pair of concepts in a biblical language (a "dead" metaphor), then express the main idea in the simplest way preferred by your language. * **Then one of the leaders of the synagogue, named Jairus, came, and when he saw him, fell at his feet.** (Mark 5:22 ULB) - * Then one of the leaders of the synagogue, named Jairus, came, and when he saw him, immediately bowed down in front of him. - + * Then one of the leaders of the synagogue, named Jairus, came, and when he saw him, immediately bowed down in front of him. + 1. If the metaphor seems to be a "live" metaphor, you can translate it literally if you think that the target language also uses this metaphor in the same way to mean the same thing as in the Bible. If you do this, be sure to test it to make sure that the language community understands it correctly. In the example below, there is no change. * **It was because of your hard hearts that he wrote you this law,** (Mark 10:5 ULB) - * It was because of your hard hearts that he wrote you this law, - + * It was because of your hard hearts that he wrote you this law, + 1. If the target audience does not realize that it is a metaphor, then change the metaphor to a simile. Some languages do this by adding words such as "like" or "as." * **And yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are the clay. You are our potter; and we all are the work of your hand.** (Isaiah 64:8 ULB) - * And yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are like clay. You are like a potter; and we all are the work of your hand. - + * And yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are like clay. You are like a potter; and we all are the work of your hand. + 1. If the target audience would not know the **image**, see [Translate Unknowns](../translate-unknown/01.md) for ideas on how to translate that image. * **Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? It is hard for you to kick a goad.** (Acts 26:14 ULB) - * Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? It is hard for you to kick against a pointed stick. - + * Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? It is hard for you to kick against a pointed stick. + 1. If the target audience would not use that **image** for that meaning, use an image from your own culture instead. Be sure that it is an image that could have been possible in Bible times. * **And yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are the clay. You are our potter; and we all are the work of your hand.** (Isaiah 64:8 ULB) * And yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are the wood. You are our carver; and we all are the work of your hand. - * And yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are the string. You are the weaver; and we all are the work of your hand. - + * And yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are the string. You are the weaver; and we all are the work of your hand. + 1. If the target audience would not know what the **topic** is, then state the topic clearly. (However, do not do this if the original audience did not know what the topic was.) * **Yahweh lives; may my rock be praised. May the God of my salvation be exalted.** (Psalm 18:46 ULB) - * Yahweh lives; He is my rock. May he be praised. May the God of my salvation be exalted. - + * Yahweh lives; He is my rock. May he be praised. May the God of my salvation be exalted. + 1. If the target audience would not know the intended **point of comparison** between the topic and the image, then state it clearly. * **Yahweh lives; may my rock be praised. May the God of my salvation be exalted.** (Psalm 18:46 ULB) * Yahweh lives; may he be praised because he is the rock under which I can hide from my enemies. May the God of my salvation be exalted. * **Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? It is hard for you to kick a goad.** (Acts 26:14 ULB) - * Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? You fight against me and hurt yourself like an ox that kicks against its owner's pointed stick. - + * Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? You fight against me and hurt yourself like an ox that kicks against its owner's pointed stick. + 1. If none of these strategies are satisfactory, then simply state the idea plainly without using a metaphor. * **I will make you become fishers of men.** (Mark 1:17 ULB) * I will make you become people who gather men. - * Now you gather fish. I will make you gather people. - + * Now you gather fish. I will make you gather people. + To learn more about specific metaphors, see [Biblical Imagery - Common Patterns](../bita-part1/01.md). From 2b0fdd1d3e7d854fde66778a81446b867865613c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: John Hutchins Date: Thu, 11 Oct 2018 14:35:50 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 196/551] Updated verses to match ULB --- translate/figs-metaphor/01.md | 32 ++++++++++++++++---------------- 1 file changed, 16 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md b/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md index b4fddad..f80231a 100644 --- a/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md @@ -126,25 +126,25 @@ If people do not or would not understand it, here are some other strategies. ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied 1. If the metaphor is a common expression in the source language or expresses a patterned pair of concepts in a biblical language (a "dead" metaphor), then express the main idea in the simplest way preferred by your language. - * **Then one of the leaders of the synagogue, named Jairus, came, and when he saw him, fell at his feet.** (Mark 5:22 ULB) - * Then one of the leaders of the synagogue, named Jairus, came, and when he saw him, immediately bowed down in front of him. + * **Then one of the leaders of the synagogue named Jairus came, and when he saw him, fell at his feet.** (Mark 5:22 ULB) + * Then one of the leaders of the synagogue named Jairus came, and when he saw him, immediately bowed down in front of him. 1. If the metaphor seems to be a "live" metaphor, you can translate it literally if you think that the target language also uses this metaphor in the same way to mean the same thing as in the Bible. If you do this, be sure to test it to make sure that the language community understands it correctly. In the example below, there is no change. - * **It was because of your hard hearts that he wrote you this law,** (Mark 10:5 ULB) - * It was because of your hard hearts that he wrote you this law, + * **It was because of your hard hearts that he wrote you this law ...** (Mark 10:5 ULB) + * It was because of your hard hearts that he wrote you this law ... 1. If the target audience does not realize that it is a metaphor, then change the metaphor to a simile. Some languages do this by adding words such as "like" or "as." - * **And yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are the clay. You are our potter; and we all are the work of your hand.** (Isaiah 64:8 ULB) - * And yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are like clay. You are like a potter; and we all are the work of your hand. + * **Yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are the clay. You are our potter; and we all are the work of your hand.** (Isaiah 64:8 ULB) + * Yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are like clay. You are like a potter; and we all are the work of your hand. 1. If the target audience would not know the **image**, see [Translate Unknowns](../translate-unknown/01.md) for ideas on how to translate that image. - * **Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? It is hard for you to kick a goad.** (Acts 26:14 ULB) - * Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? It is hard for you to kick against a pointed stick. + * **... Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? It is hard for you to kick a goad.** (Acts 26:14 ULB) + * ... Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? It is hard for you to kick against a pointed stick. 1. If the target audience would not use that **image** for that meaning, use an image from your own culture instead. Be sure that it is an image that could have been possible in Bible times. - * **And yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are the clay. You are our potter; and we all are the work of your hand.** (Isaiah 64:8 ULB) - * And yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are the wood. You are our carver; and we all are the work of your hand. - * And yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are the string. You are the weaver; and we all are the work of your hand. + * **Yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are the clay. You are our potter; and we all are the work of your hand.** (Isaiah 64:8 ULB) + * Yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are the wood. You are our carver; and we all are the work of your hand. + * Yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are the string. You are the weaver; and we all are the work of your hand. 1. If the target audience would not know what the **topic** is, then state the topic clearly. (However, do not do this if the original audience did not know what the topic was.) * **Yahweh lives; may my rock be praised. May the God of my salvation be exalted.** (Psalm 18:46 ULB) @@ -153,13 +153,13 @@ If people do not or would not understand it, here are some other strategies. 1. If the target audience would not know the intended **point of comparison** between the topic and the image, then state it clearly. * **Yahweh lives; may my rock be praised. May the God of my salvation be exalted.** (Psalm 18:46 ULB) * Yahweh lives; may he be praised because he is the rock under which I can hide from my enemies. May the God of my salvation be exalted. - * **Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? It is hard for you to kick a goad.** (Acts 26:14 ULB) - * Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? You fight against me and hurt yourself like an ox that kicks against its owner's pointed stick. + * **... Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? It is hard for you to kick a goad.** (Acts 26:14 ULB) + * ... Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? You fight against me and hurt yourself like an ox that kicks against its owner's pointed stick. 1. If none of these strategies are satisfactory, then simply state the idea plainly without using a metaphor. - * **I will make you become fishers of men.** (Mark 1:17 ULB) - * I will make you become people who gather men. - * Now you gather fish. I will make you gather people. + * **... I will make you fishers of men.** (Mark 1:17 ULB) + * ... I will make you people who gather men. + * ... Now you gather fish. I will make you gather people. To learn more about specific metaphors, see [Biblical Imagery - Common Patterns](../bita-part1/01.md). From 24426eb3a687ac310a36f665d65a46ff512e78f0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: John Hutchins Date: Thu, 11 Oct 2018 17:48:59 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 197/551] Fixed spacing --- translate/translate-bdistance/01.md | 24 ++++++++++++------------ 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/translate-bdistance/01.md b/translate/translate-bdistance/01.md index 34a49f9..8985c04 100644 --- a/translate/translate-bdistance/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-bdistance/01.md @@ -44,20 +44,20 @@ The strategies are all applied to Exodus 25:10 below. * **They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be two and a half cubits; its width will be one cubit and a half; and its height will be one cubit and a half.** (Exodus 25:10 ULB) 1. Use the measurements given in the ULB. These are the same kinds of measurements that the original writers used. Spell them in a way that is similar to the way they sound or are spelled in the ULB. (see [Copy or Borrow Words](../translate-transliterate/01.md)) - * "They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be two and a half kubits; its width will be one kubit and a half; and its height will be one kubit and a half." - + * "They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be two and a half kubits; its width will be one kubit and a half; and its height will be one kubit and a half." + 1. Use the metric measurements given in the UDB. The translators of the UDB have already figured how to represent the amounts in the metric system. - * "They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be one hundred and fifteen centimeters; its width will be sixty-nine centimeters; and its height will be sixty-nine centimeters." - + * "They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be one hundred and fifteen centimeters; its width will be sixty-nine centimeters; and its height will be sixty-nine centimeters." + 1. Use measurements that are already used in your language. In order to do this you would need to know how your measurements relate to the metric system and figure out each measurement. For example, if you measure things using the standard foot length, you could translate it as below. - * "They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be 3 3/4 feet; its width will be 2 1/4 feet; and its height will be 2 1/4 feet." - + * "They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be 3 3/4 feet; its width will be 2 1/4 feet; and its height will be 2 1/4 feet." + 1. Use the measurements from the ULB and include measurements that your people know in the text or a note. The following shows both measurements in the text. - * "They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be two and a half cubits (one hundred and fifteen centimeters); its width will be one cubit and a half (sixty-nine centimeters); and its height will be one cubit and a half (sixty-nine centimeters)." - + * "They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be two and a half cubits (one hundred and fifteen centimeters); its width will be one cubit and a half (sixty-nine centimeters); and its height will be one cubit and a half (sixty-nine centimeters)." + 1. Use measurements that your people know, and include the measurements from the ULB in the text or in a note. The following shows the ULB measurements in notes. * "They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be one hundred and fifteen centimeters[1]; its width will be sixty-nine centimeters [2]; and its height will be sixty-nine centimeters." - * The footnotes would look like: - [1]two and a half cubits - [2]one cubit and a half - + * The footnotes would look like: + [1]two and a half cubits + [2]one cubit and a half + From 8188878e67b6cfce81a17b1a7736a733763db6d6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: John Hutchins Date: Thu, 11 Oct 2018 17:51:18 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 198/551] Fixed spacing --- translate/translate-bmoney/01.md | 8 ++++---- 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/translate-bmoney/01.md b/translate/translate-bmoney/01.md index 6af4cb5..b74fa4e 100644 --- a/translate/translate-bmoney/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-bmoney/01.md @@ -52,10 +52,10 @@ The translations strategies are all applied to Matthew 18:28 below. 1. Use the Bible term and give the equivalent amount in the text or a footnote. * "... who owed him one hundred denarii.[1]" - * The footnotes would look like: + * The footnotes would look like: [1]one hundred days' wages 1. Use the Bible term and explain it in a footnote. - * "... who owed him one hundred denarii.[1]" - [1]A denarius was the amount of silver that people could earn in one day of work. - + * "... who owed him one hundred denarii.[1]" + [1]A denarius was the amount of silver that people could earn in one day of work. + From da6e91a166d6091b11f0a0cbb334a1d40f0d2437 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: John Hutchins Date: Thu, 11 Oct 2018 18:06:47 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 199/551] Removed space between period and footnote marker --- translate/translate-names/01.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/translate-names/01.md b/translate/translate-names/01.md index 121d4fc..e500246 100644 --- a/translate/translate-names/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-names/01.md @@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ Readers may not know that the names Saul and Paul refer to the same person. 1. Or if a person or place has two names, use whatever name is given in the source text, and add a footnote that gives the other name. For example, you could write "Saul" where the source text has "Saul" and "Paul" where the source text has "Paul." * **... a young man named Saul.** (Acts 7:58 ULB) - * ... a young man named Saul. [1] + * ... a young man named Saul.[1] * The footnote would look like: [1]This is the same man who is called Paul beginning in Acts 13. * **But Saul, who is also called Paul, was filled with the Holy Spirit;** (Acts 13:9) From 950cd7217be8c26e5504cb3a078055eb456b78cf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: John Hutchins Date: Thu, 11 Oct 2018 18:09:31 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 200/551] Added brackets around footnote markers --- translate/writing-symlanguage/01.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/writing-symlanguage/01.md b/translate/writing-symlanguage/01.md index 3b9e9d0..c1d8a2c 100644 --- a/translate/writing-symlanguage/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-symlanguage/01.md @@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ This passage explains the meaning of the seven lampstands and the seven stars. T * **After this I saw the visions of night a fourth animal, terrifying, frightening, and very strong. It had large iron teeth; it devoured, broke in pieces, and trampled underfoot what was left. It was different from the other animals, and it had ten horns.** (Daniel 7:7 ULB) - * After this I saw the visions of at night a fourth animal,1 terrifying, frightening, and very strong. It had large iron teeth;2 it devoured, broke in pieces, and trampled underfoot what was left. It was different from the other animals, and it had ten horns.3 + * After this I saw the visions of at night a fourth animal,[1] terrifying, frightening, and very strong. It had large iron teeth;[2] it devoured, broke in pieces, and trampled underfoot what was left. It was different from the other animals, and it had ten horns.[3] * The footnotes would look like this: From 8dd259a9143ee02850582e5a1d6404f7e5f4efcd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Thu, 11 Oct 2018 20:30:15 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 201/551] Distinguishing from alterm page --- translate/resources-porp/01.md | 17 ++++++++++++++--- 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/resources-porp/01.md b/translate/resources-porp/01.md index 07d5423..70be8bf 100644 --- a/translate/resources-porp/01.md +++ b/translate/resources-porp/01.md @@ -4,12 +4,23 @@ Sometimes Bible scholars do not know for sure, or do not agree on, what a particular phrase or sentence in the Bible means. Some reasons for this include: 1. There are minor differences in the ancient Bible texts. -1. A word may have more than one meaning or use. -1. It may not be clear what a word (such as a pronoun) refers to in a particular phrase. +1. A word in the original language may have more than one meaning or use. +1. It may not be clear what a word (such as a pronoun) in the original language refers to in a particular phrase. + +When many scholars say that a word or phrase means one thing, and many others say that it means other things, we often have notes showing the most common meanings that they give. + +Sometimes translators can translate the text into their language in such a way that readers can understand any of the possible meanings. Sometimes translators have to decide which meaning to translate. + +When the ULB translators could translate the text in a way such that readers can understand the multiple meanings, our notes begin with "Possible meanings are" and then give a **numbered list**. We recommend that you use the first meaning given. However, if people in your community have access to another Bible that uses one of the other possible meanings, you may decide that it is better to use that meaning. ### Translation Notes Examples -When many scholars say that a word or phrase means one thing, and many others say that it means other things, we show the most common meanings that they give. Our notes for these situations begin with "Possible meanings are" and then give a **numbered list**. We recommend that you use the first meaning given. However, if people in your community have access to another Bible that uses one of the other possible meanings, you may decide that it is better to use that meaning. +>But take a small number of hairs from them and tie them into the folds of your robe. (Ezekiel 5:3 ULB) + +* **the folds of your robe** -- Possible meanings are 1) "the cloth on your arms" or "your sleeves" or 2) "the end of the cloth on your robe" or "your hem" or 3) the fold in the garment where it is tucked into the belt. + +This note has the ULB text followed by three possible meanings. The word translated by "the folds of your robe" refers to the loose parts of the robe. Most scholars believe it refers here to the sleeves, but it could also refer to the loose part at the bottom or also to the folds in the middle, around the belt. + >But Simon Peter, when he saw it, fell down at Jesus' knees, saying, "Depart from me, for I am a sinful man, Lord." (Luke 5:8 ULB) * **fell down at Jesus' knees** - Possible meanings are 1) "knelt down before Jesus" or 2) "bowed down at Jesus feet" or 3) "lay down on the ground at Jesus feet." Peter did not fall accidentally. He did this as a sign of humility and respect for Jesus. From 3397332fdfb82b0cd812e15350e5cb65ffed957e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Thu, 11 Oct 2018 21:00:18 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 202/551] Distinguishing from resources-porp (Possible meanings) --- translate/resources-alterm/01.md | 32 +++++++++++++++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 23 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/resources-alterm/01.md b/translate/resources-alterm/01.md index 87be0b3..e248377 100644 --- a/translate/resources-alterm/01.md +++ b/translate/resources-alterm/01.md @@ -1,22 +1,36 @@ #### Description -Alternate meanings refer to when Bible scholars have different understandings of what a word or phrase means. +Sometimes Bible scholars do not know for sure, or do not agree on, what a particular phrase or sentence in the Bible means. Some reasons for this include: -The note will have the ULB text followed by an explanation starting with the words "Possible meanings are." The meanings are numbered, and the first one is the one that most Bible scholars consider to be correct. If a meaning is given in a way that it can be used as a translation, it will have quote marks around it. +1. There are minor differences in the ancient Bible texts. +1. A word in the original language may have more than one meaning or use. +1. It may not be clear what a word (such as a pronoun) in the original language refers to in a particular phrase. -The translator needs to decide which meaning to translate. Translators may choose the first meaning, or they may choose one of the other meanings if the people in their community use and respect another Bible version that has one of those other meanings. +When many scholars say that a word or phrase means one thing, and many others say that it means other things, we often have notes showing the most common meanings that they give. + +Sometimes translators can translate the text into their language in such a way that readers can understand any of the possible meanings. Sometimes translators have to decide which meaning to translate. + +Sometimes the ULB translators had to choose one of the meanings in order to make the text understandable. Our notes for these situations tell about the meanings that are used in other "versions". + +The translator needs to decide which meaning to translate. He may choose the meaning used in the ULB or he may choose one of the other meanings if the people in their community use and respect another Bible version that has one of those other meanings. ### Translation Notes Examples ->But take a small number of hairs from them and tie them into the folds of your robe. (Ezekiel 5:3 ULB) +**the father of Hebron** +Some versions read, "the founder of the clan of Hebron" -* **the folds of your robe** -- Possible meanings are 1) "the cloth on your arms" or "your sleeves" or 2) "the end of the cloth on your robe" or "your hem" or 3) the fold in the garment where it is tucked into the belt. +**Tartan ... Rabsaris** +Some Bibles translate these as proper names. Other versions of the Bible translate them as titles. Alternate translation: "the Tartan ... the Rabsaris" or "the leader of the soldier ... a court official" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -This note has the ULB text followed by three possible meanings. The word translated by "the folds of your robe" refers to the loose parts of the robe. Most scholars believe it refers here to the sleeves, but it could also refer to the loose part at the bottom or also to the folds in the middle, around the belt. +**the mountains** Isa 45:2 +The Hebrew word used in the text is rare and is of an uncertain meaning. Some modern versions have "rough places" or "crooked places." ->But Simon Peter, when he saw it, fell down at Jesus' knees ... (Luke 5:8 ULB) +**cakes** +The meaning of the Hebrew word translated here as "cakes" is uncertain. Other versions may translate it as another type of food. -* **fell down at Jesus' knees** - Possible meanings are 1) "knelt down before Jesus" or 2) "bowed down at Jesus' feet" or 3) "lay down on the ground at Jesus' feet." Peter did not fall accidentally. He did this as a sign of humility and respect for Jesus. +### Translation Strategies -This note explains what "fell down at Jesus' knees" might mean. The first meaning is most likely correct, but the other meanings are also possible. If your language does not have a general expression that could include various actions like these, you may need to choose one of these possibilities that describe more specifically what Simon Peter did. It is also helpful to think about why Simon Peter did this, and what kind of action would communicate the same attitude of humility and respect in your culture. \ No newline at end of file +1. Translate it in such a way that the reader could understand either meaning as a possibility. +1. If it is not possible to do that in your language, then choose a meaning and translate it with that meaning. +1. If not choosing a meaning would make it hard for the readers to understand the passage in general, then choose a meaning and translate it with that meaning. \ No newline at end of file From 68708ca1f0c2033cbe67bd5e02fe2e4a50d440ac Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Fri, 12 Oct 2018 13:05:07 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 203/551] Update 'translate/tA Decisions.md' --- translate/tA Decisions.md | 8 ++++---- 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/tA Decisions.md b/translate/tA Decisions.md index 2f46029..84ef70c 100644 --- a/translate/tA Decisions.md +++ b/translate/tA Decisions.md @@ -59,14 +59,14 @@ That probably violates everything I told you this morning, but I'm making this u This is taken from the page for Metaphor: 1. If the target audience would not know what the **topic** is, then state the topic clearly. (However, do not do this if the original audience did not know what the topic was.) * **Yahweh lives; may my rock be praised. May the God of my salvation be exalted.** (Psalm 18:46 ULB) - * Yahweh lives; He is my rock. May he be praised. May the God of my salvation be exalted. - + * Yahweh lives; He is my rock. May he be praised. May the God of my salvation be exalted. + 1. If the target audience would not know the intended **point of comparison** between the topic and the image, then state it clearly. * **Yahweh lives; may my rock be praised. May the God of my salvation be exalted.** (Psalm 18:46 ULB) * Yahweh lives; may he be praised because he is the rock under which I can hide from my enemies. May the God of my salvation be exalted. * **Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? It is hard for you to kick a goad.** (Acts 26:14 ULB) - * Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? You fight against me and hurt yourself like an ox that kicks against its owner's pointed stick. - + * Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? You fight against me and hurt yourself like an ox that kicks against its owner's pointed stick. + 1. If none of these strategies are satisfactory, then simply state the idea plainly without using a metaphor. * **I will make you become fishers of men.** (Mark 1:17 ULB) * I will make you become people who gather men. From 4d3e4b4f1721c3c5b925d90f3d77f64595482d25 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: hmw3 Date: Fri, 12 Oct 2018 09:53:51 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 204/551] First attempt to fix wrongly deleted spurious spaces --- translate/translate-bvolume/01.md | 6 +++--- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/translate-bvolume/01.md b/translate/translate-bvolume/01.md index 44d80a5..20e83ae 100644 --- a/translate/translate-bvolume/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-bvolume/01.md @@ -82,13 +82,13 @@ The strategies are all applied to Haggai 2:16 below. 1. Translate literally by using the number without a unit. * When you came to a heap of twenty of grain, there were only ten; and when you came to the wine vat to draw out fifty, there were only twenty. - + 1. Use a generic word like "measure" or "quantity" or "amount." * When you came to a heap of twenty amounts of grain, there were only ten; and when you came to the wine vat to draw out fifty amounts, there were only twenty. - + 1. Use the name of an appropriate container, such as "basket" for grain or "jar" for wine. * When you came to a heap of twenty baskets of grain, there were only ten; and when you came to the wine vat to draw out fifty jars, there were only twenty. - + 1. Use a unit of measure that you are already using in your translation. * When you came to a heap of twenty liters of grain, there were only ten; and when you came to the wine vat to draw out fifty liters, there were only twenty. From d50527533f7359e797f14e5c8b374679d1d7a52b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Fri, 12 Oct 2018 13:53:55 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 205/551] Issue 58 Redundant Pages? --- translate/resources-alterm/01.md | 28 +++++++++++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 19 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/resources-alterm/01.md b/translate/resources-alterm/01.md index e248377..c953973 100644 --- a/translate/resources-alterm/01.md +++ b/translate/resources-alterm/01.md @@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ Sometimes Bible scholars do not know for sure, or do not agree on, what a particular phrase or sentence in the Bible means. Some reasons for this include: 1. There are minor differences in the ancient Bible texts. +1. A word in the ancient Bible texts is rarely used, so its meaning is not clearly known. 1. A word in the original language may have more than one meaning or use. 1. It may not be clear what a word (such as a pronoun) in the original language refers to in a particular phrase. @@ -11,23 +12,32 @@ When many scholars say that a word or phrase means one thing, and many others sa Sometimes translators can translate the text into their language in such a way that readers can understand any of the possible meanings. Sometimes translators have to decide which meaning to translate. -Sometimes the ULB translators had to choose one of the meanings in order to make the text understandable. Our notes for these situations tell about the meanings that are used in other "versions". +Sometimes the ULB translators had to choose one of the meanings in order to make the text understandable. Our notes for these situations tell about the meanings that are used in other versions. The translator needs to decide which meaning to translate. He may choose the meaning used in the ULB or he may choose one of the other meanings if the people in their community use and respect another Bible version that has one of those other meanings. ### Translation Notes Examples -**the father of Hebron** -Some versions read, "the founder of the clan of Hebron" +>When she did so, he measured six large measures of barley into it and put the load on her. Then he went into the city. -**Tartan ... Rabsaris** -Some Bibles translate these as proper names. Other versions of the Bible translate them as titles. Alternate translation: "the Tartan ... the Rabsaris" or "the leader of the soldier ... a court official" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) + * **Then he went into the city** - Most ancient copies have "he went," but some have "she went." There are English versions with both. The better choice is "he went." -**the mountains** Isa 45:2 -The Hebrew word used in the text is rare and is of an uncertain meaning. Some modern versions have "rough places" or "crooked places." +>I will go before you and level the mountains ... (Isaiah 45:2 ULB) + + * **the mountains** - The Hebrew word used in the text is rare and is of an uncertain meaning. Some modern versions have "rough places" or "crooked places." + +> But the king of Assyria mobilized his great army, sending Tartan and Rabsaris and the chief commander ... (2 Kings 18:17 ULB) + + * **Tartan ... Rabsaris** - Some Bibles translate these as proper names. Other versions of the Bible translate them as titles. Alternate translation: "the Tartan ... the Rabsaris" or "the leader of the soldier ... a court official" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) + + + + +>While he was speaking to me using these words, I turned my face toward the ground and was unable to speak. One who was like the sons of man touched my lips and I opened my mouth and spoke to him who stood before me ... (Daniel 10: 15-16 ULB) + + * **One who was like the sons of man** +This may refer to the one who had just spoken to Daniel. However, some versions interpret it as referring to a different person. Alternate translation: "This one, who looked like a human" -**cakes** -The meaning of the Hebrew word translated here as "cakes" is uncertain. Other versions may translate it as another type of food. ### Translation Strategies From 20b85f246efc6f908bb6f6edcbde6c9d9c8b2353 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Fri, 12 Oct 2018 13:55:48 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 206/551] Issue 58 Redundant Page? Combine? --- translate/resources-porp/01.md | 1 + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) diff --git a/translate/resources-porp/01.md b/translate/resources-porp/01.md index 70be8bf..5d5ac8f 100644 --- a/translate/resources-porp/01.md +++ b/translate/resources-porp/01.md @@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ Sometimes Bible scholars do not know for sure, or do not agree on, what a particular phrase or sentence in the Bible means. Some reasons for this include: 1. There are minor differences in the ancient Bible texts. +2. A word in the ancient Bible texts is rarely used, so its meaning is not clearly known. 1. A word in the original language may have more than one meaning or use. 1. It may not be clear what a word (such as a pronoun) in the original language refers to in a particular phrase. From d28bb4e3fe78a58fef4edb80aba025a960910000 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Henry Whitney Date: Fri, 12 Oct 2018 13:57:00 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 207/551] Further spaces fix --- translate/translate-bvolume/01.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/translate-bvolume/01.md b/translate/translate-bvolume/01.md index 20e83ae..0dc8405 100644 --- a/translate/translate-bvolume/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-bvolume/01.md @@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ The strategies are all applied to Haggai 2:16 below. * When you came to a heap of twenty of grain, there were only ten; and when you came to the wine vat to draw out fifty, there were only twenty. 1. Use a generic word like "measure" or "quantity" or "amount." - * When you came to a heap of twenty amounts of grain, there were only ten; and when you came to the wine vat to draw out fifty amounts, there were only twenty. + * When you came to a heap of twenty amounts of grain, there were only ten; and when you came to the wine vat to draw out fifty amounts, there were only twenty. 1. Use the name of an appropriate container, such as "basket" for grain or "jar" for wine. * When you came to a heap of twenty baskets of grain, there were only ten; and when you came to the wine vat to draw out fifty jars, there were only twenty. From 5489b57a4d4bf174c949cccec061caffe93b16fd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: hmw3 Date: Fri, 12 Oct 2018 10:09:43 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 208/551] Second attempt to fix wrongly deleted spurious spaces --- translate/translate-bmoney/01.md | 16 ++++++++-------- translate/translate-bvolume/01.md | 16 ++++++++-------- translate/translate-bweight/01.md | 16 ++++++++-------- translate/translate-hebrewmonths/01.md | 16 ++++++++-------- 4 files changed, 32 insertions(+), 32 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/translate-bmoney/01.md b/translate/translate-bmoney/01.md index b74fa4e..a81f84b 100644 --- a/translate/translate-bmoney/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-bmoney/01.md @@ -42,20 +42,20 @@ The translations strategies are all applied to Matthew 18:28 below. * **... who owed him one hundred denarii.** (Matthew 18:28 ULB) 1. Use the Bible term and spell it in a way that is similar to the way it sounds. (see [Copy or Borrow Words](../translate-transliterate/01.md)) - * "... who owed him one hundred denali." - + * "... who owed him one hundred denali." + 1. Describe the value of the money in terms of what kind of metal it was made of and how many pieces or coins were used. - * "... who owed him one hundred silver coins." + * "... who owed him one hundred silver coins." 1. Describe the value of the money in terms of what people in Bible times could earn in one day of work. - * "... who owed him one hundred days' wages." - + * "... who owed him one hundred days' wages." + 1. Use the Bible term and give the equivalent amount in the text or a footnote. * "... who owed him one hundred denarii.[1]" * The footnotes would look like: - [1]one hundred days' wages - + [1]one hundred days' wages + 1. Use the Bible term and explain it in a footnote. * "... who owed him one hundred denarii.[1]" [1]A denarius was the amount of silver that people could earn in one day of work. - + diff --git a/translate/translate-bvolume/01.md b/translate/translate-bvolume/01.md index 0dc8405..cbc4814 100644 --- a/translate/translate-bvolume/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-bvolume/01.md @@ -42,18 +42,18 @@ The strategies are all applied to Isaiah 5:10 below. * **For a ten-yoke vineyard will yield only one bath, and one homer of seed will yield only an ephah.** (Isaiah 5:10 ULB) 1. Use the measurements from the ULB. These are the same kinds of measurements that the original writers used. Spell them in a way that is similar to the way they sound or are spelled in the ULB. (see [Copy or Borrow Words](../translate-transliterate/01.md)) - * "For a ten-yoke vineyard will yield only one bat, and one homer of seed will yield only an efa." - + * "For a ten-yoke vineyard will yield only one bat, and one homer of seed will yield only an efa." + 1. Use the measurements given in the UDB. Usually they are metric measurements. The translators of the UDB have already figured how to represent the amounts in the metric system. * "For a ten-yoke vineyard will yield only twenty-two liters, and ten baskets of seed will yield only one basket." - * "For a ten-yoke vineyard will yield only twenty-two liters and 220 liters of seed will yield only twenty-two liters." - + * "For a ten-yoke vineyard will yield only twenty-two liters and 220 liters of seed will yield only twenty-two liters." + 1. Use measurements that are already used in your language. In order to do this you would need to know how your measurements relate to the metric system and figure out each measurement. - * "For a ten-yoke vineyard will yield only six gallons, and six and a half bushels of seed will yield only twenty quarts." - + * "For a ten-yoke vineyard will yield only six gallons, and six and a half bushels of seed will yield only twenty quarts." + 1. Use the measurements from the ULB and include measurements that your people know in the text or a note. The following shows both measurements in the text. - * "For a ten-yoke vineyard will yield only one bath (six gallons), and one homer (six and a half bushels) of seed will yield only an ephah (twenty quarts)." - + * "For a ten-yoke vineyard will yield only one bath (six gallons), and one homer (six and a half bushels) of seed will yield only an ephah (twenty quarts)." + 1. Use measurements that your people know, and include the measurements from the ULB in the text or in a note. The following shows the ULB measurements in footnotes. * "For a ten-yoke vineyard will yield only twenty-two liters,[1]and 220 liters[2]of seed will yield only twenty-two liters.[3]" * The footnotes would look like: diff --git a/translate/translate-bweight/01.md b/translate/translate-bweight/01.md index 3cb547d..63e01ab 100644 --- a/translate/translate-bweight/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-bweight/01.md @@ -36,17 +36,17 @@ The strategies are all applied to Exodus 38:29 below. * **The bronze from the wave offering weighed seventy talents and 2,400 shekels.** (Exodus 38:29 ULB) 1. Use the measurements from the ULB. These are the same kinds of measurements that the original writers used. Spell them in a way that is similar to the way they sound or are spelled in the ULB. (see [Copy or Borrow Words](../translate-transliterate/01.md)) - * "The bronze from the wave offering weighed seventy talentes and 2,400 sekeles." - + * "The bronze from the wave offering weighed seventy talentes and 2,400 sekeles." + 1. Use the metric measurements given in the UDB. The translators of the UDB have already figured how to represent the amounts in the metric system. - * "The bronze from the wave offering weighed 2,400 kilograms." - + * "The bronze from the wave offering weighed 2,400 kilograms." + 1. Use measurements that are already used in your language. In order to do this you would need to know how your measurements relate to the metric system and figure out each measurement. - * "The bronze from the wave offering weighed 5,300 pounds." - + * "The bronze from the wave offering weighed 5,300 pounds." + 1. Use the measurements from the ULB and include measurements that your people know in the text or a footnote. The following shows both measurements in the text. - * "The bronze from the wave offering weighed seventy talents (2,380 kilograms) and 2,400 shekels (26.4 kilograms)." - + * "The bronze from the wave offering weighed seventy talents (2,380 kilograms) and 2,400 shekels (26.4 kilograms)." + 1. Use measurements that your people know, and include the measurements from the ULB in the text or in a footnote. The following shows the ULB measurements in notes. * "The bronze from the wave offering weighed seventy talents and 2,400 shekels.[1]" * The footnote would look like: diff --git a/translate/translate-hebrewmonths/01.md b/translate/translate-hebrewmonths/01.md index 830dbde..ec448fb 100644 --- a/translate/translate-hebrewmonths/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-hebrewmonths/01.md @@ -58,19 +58,19 @@ You may need to make some information about the months explicit. (see [Assumed K The examples below use these two verses. -* **At that time, you will appear before me in the month of Abib, which is fixed for this purpose. It was in this month that you came out from Egypt.** (Exodus 23:15 ULB) -* **It will always be a statute for you that in the seventh month, on the tenth day of the month, you must humble yourselves and do no work ...** (Leviticus 16:29 ULB) + * **At that time, you will appear before me in the month of Abib, which is fixed for this purpose. It was in this month that you came out from Egypt.** (Exodus 23:15 ULB) + * **It will always be a statute for you that in the seventh month, on the tenth day of the month, you must humble yourselves and do no work ...** (Leviticus 16:29 ULB) 1. Tell the number of the Hebrew month. - * At that time, you will appear before me in the first month of the year, which is fixed for this purpose. It was in this month that you came out from Egypt. - + * At that time, you will appear before me in the first month of the year, which is fixed for this purpose. It was in this month that you came out from Egypt. + 1. Use the months that people know. * At that time, you will appear before me in the month of March, which is fixed for this purpose. It was in this month that you came out from Egypt. - * It will always be a statute for you that on the day I choose in late September you must humble yourselves and do no work ... - + * It will always be a statute for you that on the day I choose in late September you must humble yourselves and do no work ... + 1. State clearly what season the month occurred in. - * It will always be a statute for you that in the autumn, on the tenth day of the seventh month, you must humble yourselves and do no work ... - + * It will always be a statute for you that in the autumn, on the tenth day of the seventh month, you must humble yourselves and do no work ... + 1. Refer to the time in terms of the season rather than in terms of the month. * It will always be a statute for you that in the day I choose in early autumn[1] you must humble yourselves and do no work ... * The footnote would look like: From 85d7ed085ec790c83225334a182780a695f84714 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: hmw3 Date: Fri, 12 Oct 2018 11:20:52 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 209/551] Second attempt to fix wrongly deleted spurious spaces, cont'd --- translate/figs-simile/01.md | 8 ++++---- 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-simile/01.md b/translate/figs-simile/01.md index f05ecf0..4e35afb 100644 --- a/translate/figs-simile/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-simile/01.md @@ -50,8 +50,8 @@ If people would understand the correct meaning of a simile, consider using it. I * See, I send you out among wicked people and you will be in danger from them as sheep are in danger when they are among wolves. * **For the word of God is living and active and sharper than any two-edged sword.** (Hebrews 4:12 ULB) - * For the word of God is living and active and more powerful than a very sharp two-edged sword - + * For the word of God is living and active and more powerful than a very sharp two-edged sword + 1. If people are not familiar with the item that something is compared to, use an item from your own culture. Be sure that it is one that could have been used in the cultures of the Bible. * **See, I send you out as sheep in the midst of wolves,** (Matthew 10:16 ULB) - If people do not know what sheep and wolves are, or that wolves kill and eat sheep, you could use some other animal that kills another. @@ -61,8 +61,8 @@ If people would understand the correct meaning of a simile, consider using it. I * How often I wanted to gather your children together, as a mother closely watches over her infants, but you refused! * **If you have faith even as small as a grain of mustard seed ...** (Matthew 17:20) - * If you have faith even as small as a tiny seed ... - + * If you have faith even as small as a tiny seed ... + 1. Simply describe the item without comparing it to another. * **See, I send you out as sheep in the midst of wolves,** (Matthew 10:16 ULB) From 06dfb12bd9760a4ff94303424e9b6482eb9f9fd2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Henry Whitney Date: Fri, 12 Oct 2018 15:29:55 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 210/551] Checking how multiple two-line entries under each numbered item work --- translate/figs-simile/01.md | 21 +++++++-------------- 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-simile/01.md b/translate/figs-simile/01.md index 4e35afb..c049a9b 100644 --- a/translate/figs-simile/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-simile/01.md @@ -45,29 +45,22 @@ If people would understand the correct meaning of a simile, consider using it. I ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied 1. If people do not know how the two items are alike, tell how they are alike. However, do not do this if the meaning was not clear to the original audience. - * **See, I send you out as sheep in the midst of wolves** (Matthew 10:16 ULB) - This compares the danger that Jesus' disciples would be in with the danger that sheep are in when they are surrounded by wolves. - * See, I send you out among wicked people and you will be in danger from them as sheep are in danger when they are among wolves. - + * See, I send you out among wicked people and you will be in danger from them as sheep are in danger when they are among wolves. * **For the word of God is living and active and sharper than any two-edged sword.** (Hebrews 4:12 ULB) - * For the word of God is living and active and more powerful than a very sharp two-edged sword + * For the word of God is living and active and more powerful than a very sharp two-edged sword 1. If people are not familiar with the item that something is compared to, use an item from your own culture. Be sure that it is one that could have been used in the cultures of the Bible. - * **See, I send you out as sheep in the midst of wolves,** (Matthew 10:16 ULB) - If people do not know what sheep and wolves are, or that wolves kill and eat sheep, you could use some other animal that kills another. - * See, I send you out as chickens in the midst of wild dogs, - + * See, I send you out as chickens in the midst of wild dogs, * **How often did I long to gather your children together, just as a hen gathers her chickens under her wings, but you were not willing!** (Matthew 23:37 ULB) - * How often I wanted to gather your children together, as a mother closely watches over her infants, but you refused! - + * How often I wanted to gather your children together, as a mother closely watches over her infants, but you refused! * **If you have faith even as small as a grain of mustard seed ...** (Matthew 17:20) - * If you have faith even as small as a tiny seed ... + * If you have faith even as small as a tiny seed ... 1. Simply describe the item without comparing it to another. - * **See, I send you out as sheep in the midst of wolves,** (Matthew 10:16 ULB) - * See, I send you out and people will want to harm you. - + * See, I send you out and people will want to harm you. * **How often did I long to gather your children together, just as a hen gathers her chickens under her wings, but you were not willing!** (Matthew 23:37 ULB) - * How often I wanted to protect you, but you refused! + * How often I wanted to protect you, but you refused! From 1356f860d3478b021e33349a46273ce680e81850 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: hmw3 Date: Fri, 12 Oct 2018 11:38:58 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 211/551] Second attempt to fix wrongly deleted spurious spaces, cont'd --- translate/figs-idiom/01.md | 17 ++++++----------- translate/figs-synonparallelism/01.md | 22 ++++++++-------------- 2 files changed, 14 insertions(+), 25 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-idiom/01.md b/translate/figs-idiom/01.md index cab2eea..f8fe0f9 100644 --- a/translate/figs-idiom/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-idiom/01.md @@ -58,21 +58,16 @@ If the idiom would be clearly understood in your language, consider using it. If ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied 1. Translate the meaning plainly without using an idiom. - - * **Look, we are your flesh and bone.** ( 1 Chronicles 11:1 ULB) + * **Look, we are your flesh and bone.** ( 1 Chronicles 11:1 ULB) * Look, we all belong to the same nation. - - * **... he set his face to go to Jerusalem.** (Luke 9:51 ULB) + * **... he set his face to go to Jerusalem.** (Luke 9:51 ULB) * ... he started to travel to Jerusalem, determined to reach it. - - * **... I am not worthy for you to come under my roof.** (Luke 7:6 ULB) + * **... I am not worthy for you to come under my roof.** (Luke 7:6 ULB) * ... I am not worthy for you to come into my house. - + 1. Use an idiom that people use in your own language that has the same meaning. - - * **Let these words go deeply into your ears ...** (Luke 9:44 ULB) + * **Let these words go deeply into your ears ...** (Luke 9:44 ULB) * Be all ears when I say these words to you ... - - * **My eyes grow dim from grief ...** (Psalm 6:7 ULB) + * **My eyes grow dim from grief ...** (Psalm 6:7 ULB) * I cry my eyes out ... diff --git a/translate/figs-synonparallelism/01.md b/translate/figs-synonparallelism/01.md index b46d0f3..aa23d9a 100644 --- a/translate/figs-synonparallelism/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-synonparallelism/01.md @@ -41,26 +41,20 @@ If your language uses parallelism in the same way as the biblical languages, tha ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied 1. Combine the ideas of both clauses into one. - - * **Until now you have deceived me and told me lies.** (Judges 16:13, ULB) - Delilah expressed this idea twice to emphasize that she was very upset. + * **Until now you have deceived me and told me lies.** (Judges 16:13, ULB) - Delilah expressed this idea twice to emphasize that she was very upset. * Until now you have deceived me with your lies. - - * **Yahweh sees everything a person does and watches all the paths he takes.** (Proverbs 5:21 ULB) - The word "watches" us a synonym for "sees," and the phrase "all the paths he takes" is a metaphor for "all he does." + * **Yahweh sees everything a person does and watches all the paths he takes.** (Proverbs 5:21 ULB) - The word "watches" us a synonym for "sees," and the phrase "all the paths he takes" is a metaphor for "all he does." * Yahweh pays attention to everything a person does. - - * **For Yahweh has a lawsuit with his people, and he will fight in court against Israel.** (Micah 6:2 ULB) - This parallelism describes one serious disagreement that Yahweh had with one group of people. If this is unclear, the phrases can be combined: + * **For Yahweh has a lawsuit with his people, and he will fight in court against Israel.** (Micah 6:2 ULB) - This parallelism describes one serious disagreement that Yahweh had with one group of people. If this is unclear, the phrases can be combined: * For Yahweh has a lawsuit with his people, Israel. - + 1. If it appears that the clauses are used together to show that what they say is really true, you could include words that emphasize the truth such as "truly" or "certainly." - - * **Yahweh sees everything a person does and watches all the paths he takes.** (Proverbs 5:21 ULB) + * **Yahweh sees everything a person does and watches all the paths he takes.** (Proverbs 5:21 ULB) * Yahweh truly sees everything a person does. - + 1. If it appears that the clauses are used together to intensify an idea in them, you could use words like "very," "completely" or "all." - - * **... you have deceived me and told me lies.** (Judges 16:13 ULB) + * **... you have deceived me and told me lies.** (Judges 16:13 ULB) * ... all you have done is lie to me. - - * **Yahweh sees everything a person does and watches all the paths he takes.** (Proverbs 5:21 ULB) + * **Yahweh sees everything a person does and watches all the paths he takes.** (Proverbs 5:21 ULB) * Yahweh sees absolutely everything that a person does. From 264215a77d8a21579ccde5656509cd79e906359f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: hmw3 Date: Fri, 12 Oct 2018 11:42:26 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 212/551] Second attempt to fix wrongly deleted spurious spaces, cont'd --- translate/figs-synonparallelism/01.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-synonparallelism/01.md b/translate/figs-synonparallelism/01.md index aa23d9a..8be57bc 100644 --- a/translate/figs-synonparallelism/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-synonparallelism/01.md @@ -46,11 +46,11 @@ If your language uses parallelism in the same way as the biblical languages, tha * **Yahweh sees everything a person does and watches all the paths he takes.** (Proverbs 5:21 ULB) - The word "watches" us a synonym for "sees," and the phrase "all the paths he takes" is a metaphor for "all he does." * Yahweh pays attention to everything a person does. * **For Yahweh has a lawsuit with his people, and he will fight in court against Israel.** (Micah 6:2 ULB) - This parallelism describes one serious disagreement that Yahweh had with one group of people. If this is unclear, the phrases can be combined: - * For Yahweh has a lawsuit with his people, Israel. + * For Yahweh has a lawsuit with his people, Israel. 1. If it appears that the clauses are used together to show that what they say is really true, you could include words that emphasize the truth such as "truly" or "certainly." * **Yahweh sees everything a person does and watches all the paths he takes.** (Proverbs 5:21 ULB) - * Yahweh truly sees everything a person does. + * Yahweh truly sees everything a person does. 1. If it appears that the clauses are used together to intensify an idea in them, you could use words like "very," "completely" or "all." * **... you have deceived me and told me lies.** (Judges 16:13 ULB) From 9f0dc03be978abf3d335f254fdea4a89a34915ec Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Henry Whitney Date: Fri, 12 Oct 2018 17:47:40 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 213/551] Formatting Examples of Translation Strategies Applied --- translate/writing-poetry/01.md | 31 ++++++++++++++----------------- 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/writing-poetry/01.md b/translate/writing-poetry/01.md index b9bf62b..ad90ce6 100644 --- a/translate/writing-poetry/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-poetry/01.md @@ -84,24 +84,21 @@ If you use ordinary speech it may be more clear. >or stand in the pathway with sinners, >or sit in the assembly of mockers. >But his delight is in the law of Yahweh, ->and on his law he meditates day and night.** (Psalm 1:1,2 ULB) +>and on his law he meditates day and night.** (Psalm 1:1, 2 ULB) The following are examples of how people might translate Psalm 1:1,2. -1) Translate the poetry using one of your styles of poetry. (The style in this example has words that sound similar at the end of each line.) - ->"Happy is the person not encouraged to sin ->Disrespect for God he will not begin ->To those who laugh at God, he is no kin. ->God is his constant delight ->He does what God says is right ->He thinks of it all day and night - -1) Translate the poetry using your style of elegant speech. - -* This is the kind of person who is truly blessed: the one who does not follow the advice of wicked people, or stop along the road to speak with sinners, or join the gathering of those who mock God. Rather he takes great joy in Yahweh's law, and he meditates on it day and night. - -1) Translate the poetry using your style of ordinary speech. - -* The people who do not listen to the advice of bad people are really happy. They do not spend time with people who continually do evil things or with those who do not respect God. They love to obey Yahweh's law, and they think about it all the time. +1. Translate the poetry using one of your styles of poetry. (The style in this example has words that sound similar at the end of each line.) + * Happy is the person not encouraged to sin
+Disrespect for God he will not begin.
+To those who laugh at God, he is no kin
+God is his constant delight.
+He does what God says is right.
+He thinks of it all day and night. + +1. Translate the poetry using your style of elegant speech. + * This is the kind of person who is truly blessed: the one who does not follow the advice of wicked people, or stop along the road to speak with sinners, or join the gathering of those who mock God. Rather he takes great joy in Yahweh's law, and he meditates on it day and night. + +1. Translate the poetry using your style of ordinary speech. + * The people who do not listen to the advice of bad people are really happy. They do not spend time with people who continually do evil things or with those who do not respect God. They love to obey Yahweh's law, and they think about it all the time. From 13c2a48b19ae1720ad9e9de8712ef00ea508e983 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Fri, 12 Oct 2018 17:54:56 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 214/551] Update 'translate/tA Decisions.md' --- translate/tA Decisions.md | 16 +++++++++++----- 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/tA Decisions.md b/translate/tA Decisions.md index 84ef70c..bbbcad7 100644 --- a/translate/tA Decisions.md +++ b/translate/tA Decisions.md @@ -77,10 +77,16 @@ This is taken from the page for Metaphor: We can keep the standard bulleted formatting if we do not try to translate it as poetry but as a paragraph. See https://git.door43.org/WycliffeAssociates/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/figs-exmetaphor/01.md -### Dividing up the work by the words the files start with -Susan - biblicalimagery, bita, figs -John - translate -Henry - writing +### Poetry in Examples of Transl Strat Applied when formatting is the issue: +To put poetry in examples, put br/ in wedges at the end of each line but the last. + +1. Translate the poetry using one of your styles of poetry. (The style in this example has words that sound similar at the end of each line.) + * Happy is the person not encouraged to sin
+Disrespect for God he will not begin.
+To those who laugh at God, he is no kin
+God is his constant delight.
+He does what God says is right.
+He thinks of it all day and night. + - From 4b9f0b82e4f79ee03a1e1eaf5488309a8ffbd314 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Fri, 12 Oct 2018 18:25:21 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 215/551] Update 'translate/figs-hypo/01.md' --- translate/figs-hypo/01.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-hypo/01.md b/translate/figs-hypo/01.md index c8ea41b..3d48304 100644 --- a/translate/figs-hypo/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-hypo/01.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -"If the sun stopped shining...," "What if the sun stopped shining...," "Suppose the sun stopped shining...," "If only the sun had not stopped shining...." We use such expressions to set up hypothetical situations, imagining what might have happened or what could happen in the future but probably will not. We also use them to express regret or wishes. These occur often in the Bible. We need to translate them in a way that people will know that the event did not actually happen, and that they will understand why the event was imagined. +"If the sun had stopped shining...," "What if the sun had stopped shining...," "Suppose the sun had stopped shining...," "If only the sun had not stopped shining...." We use such expressions to set up hypothetical situations, imagining what might have happened or what could happen in the future but probably will not. We also use them to express regret or wishes. These occur often in the Bible. We need to translate them in a way that people will know that the event did not actually happen, and that they will understand why the event was imagined. ### Description From cdc5b2ce57780dbf23ec3abb790042387035b950 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Henry Whitney Date: Fri, 12 Oct 2018 20:32:41 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 216/551] Had to format by hand. --- translate/writing-participants/01.md | 31 +++++++++++----------------- 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/writing-participants/01.md b/translate/writing-participants/01.md index f80d96e..766fe37 100644 --- a/translate/writing-participants/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-participants/01.md @@ -47,26 +47,19 @@ Some languages have something on the verb that tells something about the subject ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied 1. If the participant is new, use one of your language's ways of introducing new participants. + * **Joseph, whom the apostles called Barnabas (which means Son of Encouragement), a Levite, a man from Cyprus, sold a field.** (Acts 4:36-37 ULB)

Starting the sentence with Joseph's name when he has not been introduced yet might be confusing in some languages.
+ * There was a man from Cyprus who was a Levite. His name was Joseph, and he was given the name Barnabas by the apostles (that is, being interpreted, Son of encouragement). + * There was a Levite from Cyprus whose name was Joseph. The apostles gave him the name Barnabas, which means Son of encouragement. + +1. If it is not clear who a pronoun refers to, use a noun phrase or name. For example, if the first verse in a chapter contains only pronouns, readers might wonder whom they refer to. - * **Joseph, whom the apostles called Barnabas (which means Son of Encouragement), a Levite, a man from Cyprus, sold a field.** (Acts 4:36-37 ULB). - - Starting the sentence with Joseph's name when he has not been introduced yet might be confusing in some languages. - -* There was a man from Cyprus who was a Levite. His name was Joseph, and he was given the name Barnabas by the apostles (that is, being interpreted, Son of encouragement). - -* There was a Levite from Cyprus whose name was Joseph. The apostles gave him the name Barnabas, which means Son of encouragement. - -1. If it is not clear who a pronoun refers to, use a noun phrase or name. - -If the first verse in a chapter contains only pronouns, readers might wonder whom they refer to. - - * **Then he spoke a parable to them about how they should always pray and not become discouraged.** (Luke 11:1 ULB) - * Then Jesus spoke a parable to his disciples about how they should always pray and not become discouraged. - + * **Then he spoke a parable to them about how they should always pray and not become discouraged.** (Luke 11:1 ULB) + * Then Jesus spoke a parable to his disciples about how they should always pray and not become discouraged. + 1. If an old participant is referred to by name or a noun phrase, and people wonder if this is another new participant, try using a pronoun instead. If a pronoun is not needed because people would understand it clearly from the context, then leave out the pronoun. + * **Now Boaz went up to the gate and sat down there. Soon, the near kinsman of whom Boaz had spoken came by. Boaz said to him....** (Ruth 4:1 ULB)

+Since Boaz is the main person in this part of the story, some languages might find it unnatural or confusing to use his name so much. They might prefer a pronoun. + + * Now Boaz went up to the gate and sat down there. Soon, the near kinsman of whom he had spoken came by. He said to the kinsman.... - * **Now Boaz went up to the gate and sat down there. Soon, the near kinsman of whom Boaz had spoken came by. Boaz said to him....** (Ruth 4:1 ULB) - - Since Boaz is the main person in this part of the story, some languages might find it unnatural or confusing to use his name so much. They might prefer a pronoun. - * Now Boaz went up to the gate and sat down there. Soon, the near kinsman of whom he had spoken came by. He said to the kinsman.... From 56ec3d0266f67cc0272965917d35d0fef95e593f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Henry Whitney Date: Fri, 12 Oct 2018 20:43:32 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 217/551] Had to be done by hand. --- translate/writing-newevent/01.md | 33 ++++++++++++-------------------- 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/writing-newevent/01.md b/translate/writing-newevent/01.md index de2397f..8537016 100644 --- a/translate/writing-newevent/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-newevent/01.md @@ -48,37 +48,28 @@ If the information given at the beginning of a new event is clear and natural to ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied 1. Put the information that introduces the event in the order that your people put it. - * **Now there was a Pharisee whose name was Nicodemus, a Jewish leader. This man came to Jesus at night.** (John 3:1,2) * There was a man whose name was Nicodemus. He was a Pharisee and a Jewish leader. One night he came to Jesus. * One night a man named Nicodemus, who was a Pharisee and a Jewish leader, came to Jesus. - * **As he passed by, he saw Levi son of Alphaeus sitting at the tax collector's tent....** (Mark 2:14 ULB) - * As he passed by, Levi the son of Alpheus was sitting at the tax collecting tent. Jesus saw him.... - * As he passed by, there was a man sitting at the tax collecting tent. His name was Levi, and he was the son of Alpheus. Jesus saw him.... - * As he passed by, there was a tax collector sitting at the tax collecting place. His name was Levi, and he was the son of Alpheus. Jesus saw him.... - + * As he passed by, Levi the son of Alpheus was sitting at the tax collecting tent. Jesus saw him ... + * As he passed by, there was a man sitting at the tax collecting tent. His name was Levi, and he was the son of Alpheus. Jesus saw him ... + * As he passed by, there was a tax collector sitting at the tax collecting place. His name was Levi, and he was the son of Alpheus. Jesus saw him ... + 1. If readers would expect certain information but it is not in the Bible, consider using an indefinite word or phrase such as: another time, someone. - - * **Noah was six hundred years old when the flood came upon the earth.** (Genesis 7:6 ULB) - - If people expect to be told something about when the new event happened, the phrase "after that" can help them see that it happened after the events already mentioned. - * After that, when Noah was six hundred years old, the flood came upon the earth. - - * **Again he began to teach beside the lake.** (Mark 4:1 ULB) - - In chapter 3 Jesus was teaching at someone's house. Readers may need to be told that this new event happened at another time, or that Jesus actually went to the lake. + * **Noah was six hundred years old when the flood came upon the earth.** (Genesis 7:6 ULB)

If people expect to be told something about when the new event happened, the phrase "after that" can help them see that it happened after the events already mentioned.

+ * After that, when Noah was six hundred years old, the flood came upon the earth.

+ * **Again he began to teach beside the lake.** (Mark 4:1 ULB)

In chapter 3 Jesus was teaching at someone's house. Readers may need to be told that this new event happened at another time, or that Jesus actually went to the lake.

* Another time Jesus began to teach people again beside the lake. - * Jesus went to the lake and began to teach people again there. - + * Jesus went to the lake and began to teach people again there. + 1. If the introduction is a summary of the whole event, use your language's way of showing that it is a summary. - * **Noah was six hundred years old when the flood came upon the earth.** (Genesis 7:6 ULB) * Now this is what happened when Noah was six hundred years old and the flood came upon the earth. - * This part tells about what happened when the flood came upon the earth. It happened when Noah was six hundred years old. - + * This part tells about what happened when the flood came upon the earth. It happened when Noah was six hundred years old. + 1. If it would be strange in the target language to give a summary of the event at the beginning, show that the event would actually happen later in the story. - * **Noah was six hundred years old when the flood came upon the earth. Noah, his sons, his wife, and his sons' wives went into the ark together because of the waters of the flood.** (Genesis 7:6-7 ULB) * Now this is what happened when Noah was six hundred years old. Noah, his sons, his wife, and his sons' wives went into the ark together because God had said that the waters of the flood would come. + From d938cd9e44ad7a72277987aabb9f55253ea8b231 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: hmw3 Date: Fri, 12 Oct 2018 17:28:08 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 218/551] Formatting examples --- translate/figs-distinguish/01.md | 17 ++++++----------- translate/figs-go/01.md | 6 ++---- translate/figs-hyperbole/01.md | 10 +++------- translate/figs-personification/01.md | 13 +++++-------- translate/figs-possession/01.md | 2 +- translate/writing-background/01.md | 17 +++++++---------- 6 files changed, 24 insertions(+), 41 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-distinguish/01.md b/translate/figs-distinguish/01.md index ad68a0c..bc1c8a4 100644 --- a/translate/figs-distinguish/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-distinguish/01.md @@ -54,22 +54,17 @@ If people would understand the purpose of a phrase with a noun, then consider ke ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied 1. Put the information in another part of the sentence and add words that show its purpose. - - * **I hate those who serve worthless idols** (Psalm 31:6 ULB) - By saying "worthless idols," David was commenting about all idols and giving his reason for hating those who serve them. He was not distinguishing worthless idols from valuable idols. + * **I hate those who serve worthless idols** (Psalm 31:6 ULB) - By saying "worthless idols," David was commenting about all idols and giving his reason for hating those who serve them. He was not distinguishing worthless idols from valuable idols. * Because idols are worthless, I hate those who serve them. - - * **Your righteous judgments are good.** (Psalm 119:39 ULB) + * **Your righteous judgments are good.** (Psalm 119:39 ULB) * Your judgments are good because they are righteous. - - * **How can Sarah, who is ninety years old, bear a son?** (Genesis 17:17-18 ULB) - The phrase "who is ninety years old" is a reminder of Sarah's age. It tells why Abraham was asking the question. He did not expect that a woman who was that old could bear a child. + * **How can Sarah, who is ninety years old, bear a son?** (Genesis 17:17-18 ULB) - The phrase "who is ninety years old" is a reminder of Sarah's age. It tells why Abraham was asking the question. He did not expect that a woman who was that old could bear a child. * Can Sarah bear a son even when she is ninety years old? - - * **I will call on Yahweh, who is worthy to be praised.** (2 Samuel 22:4 ULB) - There is only one Yahweh. The phrase "who is worthy to be praised" gives a reason for calling on Yahweh. + * **I will call on Yahweh, who is worthy to be praised.** (2 Samuel 22:4 ULB) - There is only one Yahweh. The phrase "who is worthy to be praised" gives a reason for calling on Yahweh. * I will call on Yahweh, because he is worthy to be praised. - + 1. Use one of your language's ways for expressing that this is additional information. - - * **You are my Son, whom I love. I am pleased with you.** (Luke 3:22 ULB) + * **You are my Son, whom I love. I am pleased with you.** (Luke 3:22 ULB) * You are my Son. I love you and I am pleased with you. * Receiving my love, you are my Son. I am pleased with you. diff --git a/translate/figs-go/01.md b/translate/figs-go/01.md index 9530e2b..9958cbd 100644 --- a/translate/figs-go/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-go/01.md @@ -44,15 +44,13 @@ If the word used in the ULB would be natural and give the right meaning in your ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied 1. Use the word "go," "come," "take," or "bring" that would be natural in your language. - * **But you will be free from my oath if you come to my relatives and they will not give her to you.** (Genesis 24:41 ULB) * But you will be free from my oath if you go to my relatives and they will not give her to you. - + 1. Use another word that expresses the right meaning. - * **When you have come to the land that Yahweh your God gives you ...** (Deuteronomy 17:14 ULB) * When you have arrived in the land that Yahweh your God gives you ... * **Yahweh said to Noah, "Come, you and all your household, into the ark ...** (Genesis 7:1 ULB) * Yahweh said to Noah, "Enter, you and all your household, into the ark ... - + diff --git a/translate/figs-hyperbole/01.md b/translate/figs-hyperbole/01.md index b921bf2..2f73233 100644 --- a/translate/figs-hyperbole/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-hyperbole/01.md @@ -87,25 +87,21 @@ If the exaggeration or generalization would be natural and people would understa ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied 1. Express the meaning without the exaggeration. - * **... thirty thousand chariots, six thousand men to drive the chariots, and troops as numerous as the sand on the seashore.** (1 Samuel 13:5 ULB) * ... thirty thousand chariots, six thousand men to drive the chariots, and a great number of troops. - + 1. For a generalization, show that it is a generalization by using a phrase like "in general" or "in most cases." - * **The one who ignores instruction will have poverty and shame ...** (Proverbs 13:18 ULB) * In general, the one who ignores instruction will have poverty and shame ... * **When you pray, do not make useless repetitions as the Gentiles do, for they think that they will be heard because of their many words.** (Matthew 6:7) * When you pray, do not make useless repetitions as the Gentiles generally do, for they think that they will be heard because of their many words. - + 1. For a generalization, add a word like "most" or "almost" to show that the generalization is not exact.  - * **The whole country of Judea and all the people of Jerusalem went out to him.** (Mark 1:5 ULB) * Almost all the country of Judea and almost all the people of Jerusalem went out to him." * Most of the country of Judea and most of the people of Jerusalem went out to him." - + 1. For a generalization that has a word like "all," always," "none," or "never," consider deleting that word. - * **The whole country of Judea and all the people of Jerusalem went out to him.** (Mark 1:5 ULB) * The country of Judea and the people of Jerusalem went out to him. diff --git a/translate/figs-personification/01.md b/translate/figs-personification/01.md index 847ed39..ab3893e 100644 --- a/translate/figs-personification/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-personification/01.md @@ -41,18 +41,15 @@ If the personification would be understood clearly, consider using it. If it wou ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied 1. Add words or phrases to make it clear. - - * ** ... sin crouches at the door** (Genesis 4:7 ULB) - God speaks of sin as a wild animal that is waiting for the chance to attack. This shows how dangerous sin is. An additional phrase can be added to make this danger clear. + * **... sin crouches at the door** (Genesis 4:7 ULB) - God speaks of sin as a wild animal that is waiting for the chance to attack. This shows how dangerous sin is. An additional phrase can be added to make this danger clear. * ... sin is at your door, waiting to attack you - + 1. Use words such as "like" or "as" to show that the sentences is not to be understood literally. - - * ** ... sin crouches at the door** (Genesis 4:7 ULB) - This can be translated with the word "as." + * **... sin crouches at the door** (Genesis 4:7 ULB) - This can be translated with the word "as." * ... sin is crouching at the door, just as a wild animal does waiting to attack a person. - + 1. Find a way to translate it without the personification. - - * ** ... even the winds and the sea obey him ...** (Matthew 8:27 ULB) - The men speak of the "wind and the sea as if they are able to hear" and obey Jesus as people can. This could also be translated without the idea of obedience by speaking of Jesus controlling them. + * **... even the winds and the sea obey him ...** (Matthew 8:27 ULB) - The men speak of the "wind and the sea as if they are able to hear" and obey Jesus as people can. This could also be translated without the idea of obedience by speaking of Jesus controlling them. * He even controls the winds and the sea. diff --git a/translate/figs-possession/01.md b/translate/figs-possession/01.md index 9f28841..0bb3041 100644 --- a/translate/figs-possession/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-possession/01.md @@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ If possession would be a natural way to show a particular relationship between t 1. Use a verb to show how the two are related. In the example below, the added verb is in bold. - * ** ... Whoever gives you a cup of water to drink ... will not lose his reward.** (Mark 9:41 ULB) + * **... Whoever gives you a cup of water to drink ... will not lose his reward.** (Mark 9:41 ULB) * ... Whoever gives you a cup that **has** water in it to drink ... will not lose his reward. * **Wealth is worthless on the day of wrath** (Proverbs 11:4 ULB) diff --git a/translate/writing-background/01.md b/translate/writing-background/01.md index 484094b..7cfa779 100644 --- a/translate/writing-background/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-background/01.md @@ -56,16 +56,13 @@ To keep translations clear and natural you will need to study how people tell st ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied 1. Use your language's way of showing that certain information is background information. The examples below explain how this was done in the ULB English translations. + * **Now Jesus himself, when he began to teach, was about thirty years of age. He was the son (as was supposed) of Joseph, the son of Heli.** (Luke 3:23 ULB) English uses the word "now" to show that there is some kind of change in the story. The verb "was" shows that it is background information. -* **Now Jesus himself, when he began to teach, was about thirty years of age. He was the son (as was supposed) of Joseph, the son of Heli.** (Luke 3:23 ULB) English uses the word "now" to show that there is some kind of change in the story. The verb "was" shows that it is background information. - -* **With many other exhortations also, he preached good news to the people. John also rebuked Herod the tetrarch for marrying his brother's wife, Herodias, and for all the other evil things that Herod had done. But then Herod did another very evil thing. He had John locked up in prison.** (Luke 3:18-20 ULB) The underlined phrases happened before John rebuked Herod. In English, the helping verb "had" in "had done" shows that Herod did those things before John rebuked him. - + * **With many other exhortations also, he preached good news to the people. John also rebuked Herod the tetrarch for marrying his brother's wife, Herodias, and for all the other evil things that Herod had done. But then Herod did another very evil thing. He had John locked up in prison.** (Luke 3:18-20 ULB) The underlined phrases happened before John rebuked Herod. In English, the helping verb "had" in "had done" shows that Herod did those things before John rebuked him. + 1. Reorder the information so that earlier events are mentioned first. - -* **Hagar gave birth to Abram's son, and Abram named his son, whom Hagar bore, Ishmael. Abram was eighty-six years old when Hagar bore Ishmael to Abram.** (Genesis 16:16 ULB) - * When Abram was eighty-six years old, Hagar gave birth to his son, and Abram named his son Ishmael. - -* **John also rebuked Herod the tetrarch for marrying his brother's wife, Herodias, and for all the other evil things that Herod had done. But then Herod did another very evil thing. He had John locked up in prison.** (Luke 3:18-20) - The translation below reorders John's rebuke and Herod's actions. - * Now Herod the tetrarch married his brother's wife, Herodias, and he did many other evil things, so John rebuked him. But then Herod did another very evil thing. He had John locked up in prison. + * **Hagar gave birth to Abram's son, and Abram named his son, whom Hagar bore, Ishmael. Abram was eighty-six years old when Hagar bore Ishmael to Abram.** (Genesis 16:16 ULB) + * When Abram was eighty-six years old, Hagar gave birth to his son, and Abram named his son Ishmael. + * **John also rebuked Herod the tetrarch for marrying his brother's wife, Herodias, and for all the other evil things that Herod had done. But then Herod did another very evil thing. He had John locked up in prison.** (Luke 3:18-20) - The translation below reorders John's rebuke and Herod's actions. + * Now Herod the tetrarch married his brother's wife, Herodias, and he did many other evil things, so John rebuked him. But then Herod did another very evil thing. He had John locked up in prison. From 53add52bd743d30e50a4ed69a97a081a631ba6b9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: hmw3 Date: Sat, 13 Oct 2018 09:26:11 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 219/551] Second attempt to fix wrongly deleted spurious spaces, cont'd --- translate/tA Decisions.md | 1 - 1 file changed, 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/tA Decisions.md b/translate/tA Decisions.md index bbbcad7..117f8de 100644 --- a/translate/tA Decisions.md +++ b/translate/tA Decisions.md @@ -72,7 +72,6 @@ This is taken from the page for Metaphor: * I will make you become people who gather men. * Now you gather fish. I will make you gather people. - ### Poetry in Examples of Translation Strategies Applied when formatting is not the issue. We can keep the standard bulleted formatting if we do not try to translate it as poetry but as a paragraph. See https://git.door43.org/WycliffeAssociates/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/figs-exmetaphor/01.md From 57b0dd2b5bc7dc59da0906fa881ea857edc85ec4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: hmw3 Date: Sat, 13 Oct 2018 09:26:47 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 220/551] Second attempt to fix wrongly deleted spurious spaces, cont'd --- README.md | 1 - checking/intro-check/01.md | 2 -- checking/vol2-things-to-check/01.md | 1 - intro/finding-answers/01.md | 1 - intro/ta-intro/01.md | 2 -- intro/uw-intro/01.md | 1 - process/source-text-process/01.md | 1 - translate/biblicalimageryta/01.md | 1 - translate/bita-animals/01.md | 1 - translate/bita-farming/01.md | 1 - translate/bita-hq/01.md | 2 -- translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md | 2 -- translate/bita-manmade/01.md | 11 -------- translate/bita-part1/01.md | 3 -- translate/bita-part3/01.md | 3 -- translate/bita-phenom/01.md | 31 -------------------- translate/bita-plants/01.md | 12 -------- translate/figs-123person/01.md | 5 +--- translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md | 5 ---- translate/figs-activepassive/01.md | 7 ++--- translate/figs-apostrophe/01.md | 2 -- translate/figs-declarative/01.md | 4 +-- translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md | 6 +--- translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md | 2 -- translate/figs-euphemism/01.md | 5 +--- translate/figs-events/01.md | 11 ++------ translate/figs-exclamations/01.md | 16 +++-------- translate/figs-exmetaphor/01.md | 7 ++--- translate/figs-explicit/01.md | 6 ++-- translate/figs-explicitinfo/01.md | 11 ++------ translate/figs-extrainfo/01.md | 2 +- translate/figs-gendernotations/01.md | 9 ++---- translate/figs-genericnoun/01.md | 14 +++------ translate/figs-go/01.md | 1 - translate/figs-hendiadys/01.md | 10 ++----- translate/figs-hyperbole/01.md | 1 - translate/figs-imperative/01.md | 8 ++---- translate/figs-inclusive/01.md | 1 - translate/figs-informremind/01.md | 10 +------ translate/figs-irony/01.md | 4 +-- translate/figs-litotes/01.md | 1 - translate/figs-merism/01.md | 7 +---- translate/figs-metaphor/01.md | 3 +- translate/figs-metonymy/01.md | 6 +--- translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md | 2 -- translate/figs-order/01.md | 1 - translate/figs-parables/01.md | 6 +--- translate/figs-parallelism/01.md | 10 ++----- translate/figs-pastforfuture/01.md | 8 ++---- translate/figs-personification/01.md | 3 +- translate/figs-possession/01.md | 10 ++----- translate/figs-quotations/01.md | 5 ++-- translate/figs-quotemarks/01.md | 2 -- translate/figs-quotesinquotes/01.md | 5 +--- translate/figs-rpronouns/01.md | 15 +++------- translate/figs-rquestion/01.md | 24 ++-------------- translate/figs-sentences/01.md | 1 - translate/figs-sentencetypes/01.md | 1 - translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md | 3 -- translate/figs-synonparallelism/01.md | 6 ++-- translate/figs-you/01.md | 1 - translate/figs-yousingular/01.md | 1 - translate/file-formats/01.md | 1 - translate/guidelines-equal/01.md | 1 - translate/resources-alter/01.md | 4 --- translate/resources-alterm/01.md | 4 --- translate/resources-connect/01.md | 1 - translate/resources-links/01.md | 2 -- translate/resources-types/01.md | 1 - translate/translate-alphabet2/01.md | 1 - translate/translate-bdistance/01.md | 1 - translate/translate-bmoney/01.md | 1 - translate/translate-chapverse/01.md | 25 ++++++++-------- translate/translate-decimal/01.md | 6 +--- translate/translate-formatsignals/01.md | 1 - translate/translate-fraction/01.md | 3 -- translate/translate-hebrewmonths/01.md | 3 +- translate/translate-manual/01.md | 1 - translate/translate-names/01.md | 10 +++---- translate/translate-numbers/01.md | 11 ++++---- translate/translate-ordinal/01.md | 4 +-- translate/translate-symaction/01.md | 5 ++-- translate/translate-textvariants/01.md | 21 +++++--------- translate/translate-transliterate/01.md | 8 ++---- translate/translate-unknown/01.md | 16 +++-------- translate/writing-apocalypticwriting/01.md | 5 ---- translate/writing-connectingwords/01.md | 5 ++-- translate/writing-newevent/01.md | 1 - translate/writing-participants/01.md | 1 - translate/writing-poetry/01.md | 2 +- translate/writing-pronouns/01.md | 16 ++--------- translate/writing-proverbs/01.md | 33 +++++++++------------- translate/writing-quotations/01.md | 5 +--- translate/writing-symlanguage/01.md | 16 ++++------- 94 files changed, 130 insertions(+), 429 deletions(-) diff --git a/README.md b/README.md index c1f53fe..f534329 100644 --- a/README.md +++ b/README.md @@ -26,7 +26,6 @@ Submitting an issue is the preferred way to let the Oversight Team know of error To contribute to the content of the translationAcademy please fork a copy of the repository, make your changes and then submit a Pull Request to the repository. The Oversight Team will then review the PR and then decide on the merging of the content into the master repository. - ### Explanation of the content file layout Each manual has it's own directory in this repository (for example, the Checking Manual is in the checking directory). The content of the files are in a hybrid YAML/markdown format, beginning with a YAML header followed by the body of the article in markdown. diff --git a/checking/intro-check/01.md b/checking/intro-check/01.md index 0cf939a..ffacb04 100644 --- a/checking/intro-check/01.md +++ b/checking/intro-check/01.md @@ -3,8 +3,6 @@ This manual describes how to check translated biblical content for accuracy, clarity, and naturalness. - The manual begins with instructions for checking the translation that the translation team will use to check each other's work. If they follow these instructions, they will complete checking level one. Then there are instructions for the translation team to use for checking the translation with the language community for clarity and naturalness, and for church leaders to use when they check the translation for accuracy. If they follow these instructions, they will complete checking level two. This manual also contains instructions for the leaders of church networks to use for checking the translation for accuracy at level three. - The manual also includes further instructions for checking the translation that the leaders of church networks can use to check the translation. Because many leaders of church networks do not speak the language of the translation, there are also instructions for creating a back translation, which allows people to check a translation in a language that they do not speak. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/checking/vol2-things-to-check/01.md b/checking/vol2-things-to-check/01.md index dfb08db..bfc84a9 100644 --- a/checking/vol2-things-to-check/01.md +++ b/checking/vol2-things-to-check/01.md @@ -1,7 +1,6 @@ ### Types of things to check - 1. Ask about anything that does not seem right to you, so that the translation team can explain it. If it also does not seem right to them, they can adjust the translation. In general: 1. Check for anything that appears to be added, that was not a part of the meaning of the source text. (Remember, the original meaning also includes [Implicit Information](../../translate/figs-explicit/01.md).) diff --git a/intro/finding-answers/01.md b/intro/finding-answers/01.md index b21f3c1..f030de3 100644 --- a/intro/finding-answers/01.md +++ b/intro/finding-answers/01.md @@ -11,4 +11,3 @@ There are several resources available for finding answers to questions: * **Slack Chatroom** - Join the Team43 community, post your questions to the "#helpdesk" channel, and get real-time answers to your questions (sign up at http://ufw.io/team43) * **Helpdesk** - email with your questions - diff --git a/intro/ta-intro/01.md b/intro/ta-intro/01.md index 41e874e..84dfece 100644 --- a/intro/ta-intro/01.md +++ b/intro/ta-intro/01.md @@ -10,5 +10,3 @@ translationAcademy contains the following sections: * [Translation Manual](../../translate/translate-manual/01.md) - explains the basics of translation theory and practical translation helps * [Checking Manual](../../checking/intro-check/01.md) - explains the basics of checking theory and best practices - - diff --git a/intro/uw-intro/01.md b/intro/uw-intro/01.md index 6f7c59e..8915691 100644 --- a/intro/uw-intro/01.md +++ b/intro/uw-intro/01.md @@ -41,4 +41,3 @@ How do we accomplish the goal of **unrestricted biblical content in every langua * **Training** - We create resources to train mother tongue translation teams. translationAcademy (this resource) is our primary training tool. We also have audio recording and training resources. See http://ufw.io/training/ for a complete list of training materials. - diff --git a/process/source-text-process/01.md b/process/source-text-process/01.md index de97822..b79cff1 100644 --- a/process/source-text-process/01.md +++ b/process/source-text-process/01.md @@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ Before a Gateway Language translation can become a source text, the following pr * **On Door43** - Door43 must have the version that will be published. If the work was done on multiple devices, then it may need to be merged together. Get the help of a Content Tech to make merging easier (either email or use the #content-techs channel on Slack). * **Agreements** - Everyone involved in the translation and checking must have agreed to the [Statement of Faith](../../intro/statement-of-faith/01.md), the [Translation Guidelines](../../intro/translation-guidelines/01.md), and the [Open License](../../intro/open-license/01.md). This can be done by either creating Door43 accounts or by physically signing the documents and digitizing them (scanning or photos). See http://ufw.io/forms for downloadable agreement forms. - #### Source Text Request Form Once you have the prerequisites, you may fill out the source text request form at http://ufw.io/pub/. A few notes about the form: diff --git a/translate/biblicalimageryta/01.md b/translate/biblicalimageryta/01.md index ea48add..2582db1 100644 --- a/translate/biblicalimageryta/01.md +++ b/translate/biblicalimageryta/01.md @@ -30,7 +30,6 @@ The Bible often speaks of God as if he were a shepherd and his people were sheep >He led his own people out like sheep and guided them through the wilderness like a flock. (Psalm 78:52 ULB) - Some of the cultural models in the Bible were used much by the cultures in the Ancient Near East, and not only by the Israelites. "see [Biblical Imagery - Cultural Models](bita-part3) for a list of cultural models in the Bible." diff --git a/translate/bita-animals/01.md b/translate/bita-animals/01.md index 6603838..aac1c98 100644 --- a/translate/bita-animals/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-animals/01.md @@ -1,7 +1,6 @@ Some images from the Bible involving body parts and human qualities are listed below in alphabetical order. The word in all capital letters represents an idea. The word does not necessarily appear in every verse that has the image, but the idea that the word represents does. - #### An ANIMAL HORN represents strength >God is my rock. I take refuge in him. diff --git a/translate/bita-farming/01.md b/translate/bita-farming/01.md index 534ede4..ee09e54 100644 --- a/translate/bita-farming/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-farming/01.md @@ -35,7 +35,6 @@ After farmers harvest wheat and other types of grain, they bring them to a _thre >So I will winnow them with a pitchfork at the gates of the land. I will bereave them. I will destroy my people since they will not turn from their ways. (Jeremiah 15:7 ULB) - > His winnowing fork is in his hand to thoroughly clear off his threshing floor and to gather the wheat into his storehouse. But he will burn up the chaff with fire that can never be put out. (Luke 3:17 ULB) #### GRAFTING represents God's allowing the Gentiles to become his people diff --git a/translate/bita-hq/01.md b/translate/bita-hq/01.md index 6dd3a7b..98b3325 100644 --- a/translate/bita-hq/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-hq/01.md @@ -37,7 +37,6 @@ To hide one's face from someone is to ignore him. > They cover the face of the earth and they are right now next to me. (Numbers 22:5 ULB) - #### The HAND represents a person's agency or power >God has burst through my enemies by my hand like a bursting flood of water. (1 Chronicles 14:11 ULB) @@ -56,7 +55,6 @@ To hide one's face from someone is to ignore him. >God put all things under Christ's feet and gave him to the church as head over all things. (Ephesians 1:22 ULB) - >Wives, submit to your husbands, as to the Lord. For the husband is the head of the wife, as Christ also is the head of the church, and Christ himself is its Savior. (Ephesians 5:22-23 ULB) #### A MASTER represents anything that motivates someone to act diff --git a/translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md b/translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md index 146daa3..3fa084d 100644 --- a/translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md @@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ Some images from the Bible involving human behavior are listed below. The word i >Yahweh supports all who are falling and raises up all those who are bent over. (Psalm 145:14 ULB) - #### BIRTH PAINS represent the suffering that is necessary to achieve a new condition >Be in pain and labor to give birth, daughter of Zion, like a woman in labor. @@ -18,7 +17,6 @@ Some images from the Bible involving human behavior are listed below. The word i >My little children, again I am in the pains of childbirth for you until Christ is formed in you. (Galatians 4:19 ULB) - #### BEING CALLED SOMETHING represents being that thing >The Holy One of Israel is your Redeemer; he is called the God of the whole earth. (Isaiah 54:5b ULB) diff --git a/translate/bita-manmade/01.md b/translate/bita-manmade/01.md index df3a4da..439158a 100644 --- a/translate/bita-manmade/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-manmade/01.md @@ -6,43 +6,32 @@ Some images from the Bible involving man-made objects are listed below in alphab >He trains ... my arms to bend a bow of bronze. Psalm 18:34 ULB) - #### CHAINS represent control >Let us tear off the shackles they put on us and throw off their chains. Psalm 2:3 - #### CLOTHING represents moral qualities (emotions, attitudes, spirit, life) >It is God who puts strength on me like a belt. (Psalm 18:32 ULB) - >Righteousness will be the belt of his waist, and faithfulness the belt around his hips. (Isaiah 11:5 ULB) - >May my adversaries be clothed with shame; may they wear their shame like a robe. (Psalm 109:29 ULB) - >I will clothe his enemies with shame. (Psalm 132:18 ULB) - #### A SNARE (A LIGHT TRAP FOR BIRDS WORKED BY CORDS) represents death >For he will rescue you from the snare of the hunter. (Psalm 91:3 ULB) - >The cords of death surrounded me, and the snares of sheol confronted me. (Psalm 116:3 ULB) - >The cords of the wicked have ensnared me. (Psalm 119:61 ULB) - >The wicked have set a snare for me. (Psalm 119:110 ULB) - >The wicked is ensnared by his own actions. (Psalm 9:16 ULB) - >They mingled with the nations and learned their ways and worshiped their idols, which became a snare to them. (Psalm 106:35-36 ULB) In this case the snare was a persuasion to do evil, which leads to death. diff --git a/translate/bita-part1/01.md b/translate/bita-part1/01.md index 663dcf9..848b49a 100644 --- a/translate/bita-part1/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-part1/01.md @@ -12,12 +12,10 @@ For example, one pattern of pairings in the Bible is of walking with "beh >Blessed is the man who does not walk in the advice of the wicked. (Psalm 1:1 ULB) - This pattern is also seen in Psalm 119:32 where running in the path of God's commands represents doing what God commands. Since running is more intense than walking, the idea of running here might give the idea of doing this whole-heartedly. >I will run in the path of your commandments. (Psalm 119:32 ULB) - ### Reasons this is a translation issue These patterns present three challenges to anyone who wants to identify them: @@ -36,7 +34,6 @@ For example, in 2 Samuel 14:7 below, "the burning coal" is an image for the life >They say, 'Give into our hand the man who struck his brother, so that we may put him to death, to pay for the life of his brother whom he killed.' And so they would also destroy the heir. Thus they will put out the burning coal that I have left, and they will leave for my husband neither name nor descendant on the surface of the earth. (2 Samuel 14:7 ULB) - ### Links to Lists of Images in the Bible The following pages have lists of some of the ideas that represent others in the Bible, together with examples from the Bible. They are organized according to the kinds of image: diff --git a/translate/bita-part3/01.md b/translate/bita-part3/01.md index cc26006..7f4ac48 100644 --- a/translate/bita-part3/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-part3/01.md @@ -117,7 +117,6 @@ If blood cries out, nature itself is crying out for vengeance on a person who ki >When Israel was a young man I loved him, and I called my son out of Egypt. (Hosea 11:1 ULB) - #### The sun is modeled as BEING IN A CONTAINER AT NIGHT >Yet their words go out over all the earth and their speech to the end of the world. He has pitched a tent for the sun among them. The sun is like a bridegroom coming out of his chamber and like a strong man who rejoices when he runs his race. (Psalm 19:4-5 ULB) @@ -125,7 +124,6 @@ If blood cries out, nature itself is crying out for vengeance on a person who ki Psalm 110 pictures the sun as being in the womb before it comes out in the morning. >From the womb of the dawn your youth will be to you like the dew. (Psalm 110:3 ULB) - #### Things that can move fast are modeled as having WINGS This is especially true of things that move in the air or the sky. @@ -190,7 +188,6 @@ In Psalm 4 David asks God to rescue him. >give me room when I am hemmed in. >Have mercy on me and listen to my prayer. (Psalm 4:1 ULB) - #### A distressing situation is modeled as a WILDERNESS When Job was distressed because of all the sad things that happened to him, he spoke as if he were in a wilderness. Jackals and ostriches are animals that live in the wilderness. diff --git a/translate/bita-phenom/01.md b/translate/bita-phenom/01.md index e3020c9..9bc54e1 100644 --- a/translate/bita-phenom/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-phenom/01.md @@ -17,29 +17,22 @@ Some images from the Bible involving natural phenomena are listed below. The wor #### LIGHT represents goodness, and DARKNESS represents evil - >But if your eye is bad, your whole body is full of darkness. Therefore, if the light that is in you is actually darkness, how great is that darkness! (Matthew 6:23 ULB) - #### SHADOW or DARKNESS represents death >Yet you have severely broken us in the place of jackals and covered us with the shadow of death. (Psalm 44:19) - #### FIRE represents extreme feelings, particularly love or anger >Surging waters cannot quench love. (Song of Songs 8:7 ULB) - >For a fire is kindled by my anger and is burning to the lowest sheol. (Deuteronomy 32:22 ULB) - >Therefore, the anger of Yahweh was set on fire against Israel. (Judges 3:8 ULB) - >When Yahweh heard this, he was angry; so his fire burned against Jacob, and his anger attacked Israel. (Psalm 78:21 ULB) - #### FIRE OR A LAMP represents life >They say, 'Give into our hand the man who struck his brother, so that we may put him to death, to pay for the life of his brother whom he killed.' So they would also destroy the heir. Thus they will put out the burning coal that I have left, and they will leave for my husband neither name nor descendant on the surface of the earth. (2 Samuel 14:7 ULB) @@ -48,19 +41,14 @@ Some images from the Bible involving natural phenomena are listed below. The wor >I will give one tribe to Solomon's son, so that David my servant may always have a lamp before me in Jerusalem. (1 Kings 11:36 ULB) - >Nevertheless for David's sake, Yahweh his God gave him a lamp in Jerusalem by raising up his son after him in order to strengthen Jerusalem. (1 Kings 15:4 ULB) - >Indeed, the light of the wicked person will be put out; the spark of his fire will not shine. The light will be dark in his tent; his lamp above him will be put out. (Job 18:5-6 ULB) - >For you give light to my lamp; Yahweh my God lights up my darkness. (Psalm 18:28 ULB) - >A dimly burning wick he will not quench. (Isaiah 42:3 ULB) - #### A WIDE SPACE reperesents safetey, security, and ease >They came against me on the day of my distress but Yahweh was my support! @@ -73,7 +61,6 @@ Some images from the Bible involving natural phenomena are listed below. The wor >we went through fire and water, >but you brought us out into a spacious place. (Psalm 66:12 ULB) - #### A NARROW SPACE represents danger or difficulties >Answer me when I call, God of my righteousness; @@ -83,51 +70,40 @@ Some images from the Bible involving natural phenomena are listed below. The wor >For a prostitute is a deep pit, >and an immoral woman is a narrow well. (Proverbs 23:27 ULB) - #### LIQUID represents a moral quality (emotion, attitude, spirit, life) >Yahweh has burst through my enemies before me like a bursting flood of water. (2 Samuel 5:20 ULB) - >But he will make a full end to his enemies with an overwhelming flood. (Nahum 1:8 ULB) >I am being poured out like water. (Psalm 22:14 ULB) - >It will come about afterward that I will pour out my Spirit on all flesh. (Joel 2:28 ULB) >For it is great, the anger of Yahweh that has been poured out on us. (2 Chronicles 34:21 ULB) - #### WATER represents what someone says >A quarreling wife is a constant dripping of water. (Proverbs 19:13 ULB) - >His lips are lilies, dripping with myrrh. (Song of Songs 5:13 ULB) - >My groaning is poured out like water. (Job 3:24 ULB) - >The words of a man's mouth are deep waters; the fountain of wisdom is a flowing stream. (Proverbs 18:4 ULB) - #### FLOODING WATER represents disaster >I have come into deep waters, where the floods flow over me. (Psalm 69:2 ULB) - >Do not let the floods of water overwhelm me. (Psalm 69:15 ULB) - >Reach out your hand from above; rescue me out of many waters, from the hands of these foreigners. (Psalm 144:7 ULB) #### A SPRING OF WATER represents the origins of something >The fear of Yahweh is a fountain of life. (Proverbs 14:27 ULB) - #### A ROCK represents protection >Yahweh is my rock, my fortress, the one who brings me to safety; he is my God, my rock; I take refuge in him. (Psalm 18:2 ULB) @@ -136,10 +112,3 @@ Some images from the Bible involving natural phenomena are listed below. The wor > For in the day of trouble he will hide me in his shelter; in the cover of his tent he will conceal me. He will lift me high on a rock! Then my head will be lifted up above my enemies all around me. (Psalm 27:5-6) - - - - - - - diff --git a/translate/bita-plants/01.md b/translate/bita-plants/01.md index 27b7e9d..ce35a52 100644 --- a/translate/bita-plants/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-plants/01.md @@ -2,18 +2,15 @@ Some images from the Bible involving plants are listed below in alphabetical order. The word in all capital letters represents an idea. The word does not necessarily appear in every verse that has the image, but the idea that the word represents does. - #### A BRANCH represents a person's descendant In the examples below, Isaiah wrote about one of Jesse's descendants and Jeremiah wrote about one of David's descendants. >A shoot will sprout from the stump of Jesse, and a branch out of his root will bear fruit. >The Spirit of Yahweh will rest upon him, the Spirit of wisdom and understanding. (Isaiah 11:1-2 ULB) - >See, days are coming—this is Yahweh's declaration—when I will raise up for David a righteous branch. >He will reign as king; he will act wisely and cause justice and righteousness in the land. (Jeremiah 23:5 ULB) - In Job when it says "his branch will be cut off," it means that he will not have any descendants. >His roots will be dried up beneath; @@ -21,12 +18,10 @@ In Job when it says "his branch will be cut off," it means that he will not have >His memory will perish from the earth; >he will have no name in the street. (Job 18:16-17 ULB) - #### A PLANT represents a person >God will likewise destroy you forever; he will ... root you out of the land of the living. (Psalm 52:5 ULB) - #### A PLANT represents an emotion or attitude Just as planting one kind of seed results in that kind of plant growing, behaving in one way results in that kind of consequence. @@ -34,25 +29,18 @@ Just as planting one kind of seed results in that kind of plant growing, behavin The emotion or attitude in the verses is underlined below. >Sow righteousness for yourselves, and reap the fruit of covenant faithfulness. (Hosea 10:12 ULB) - >According to what I have seen, those who plow iniquity and sow trouble reap it. (Job 4:8 ULB) - >For the people sow the wind and reap the whirlwind. (Hosea 8:7 ULB) - >You have turned ... the fruit of righteousness into bitterness. (Amos 6:12 ULB) - >At that time, what fruit then did you have of the things of which you are now ashamed? (Romans 6:21 ULB) - #### A TREE represents a person >He will be like a tree planted by the streams of water that produces its fruit in its season, whose leaves do not wither; whatever he does will prosper. (Psalm 1:3 ULB) - >I have seen the wicked and terrifying person spread out like a green tree in its native soil. (Psalm 37:35 ULB) - >I am like a green olive tree in the house of God. (Psalm 52:8 ULB) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/translate/figs-123person/01.md b/translate/figs-123person/01.md index 1a47adf..16572b8 100644 --- a/translate/figs-123person/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-123person/01.md @@ -42,15 +42,12 @@ If using the third person to mean "I" or "you" would be natural and give the rig ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied 1. Use the third person phrase along with the pronoun "I" or "you." - * **But David said to Saul, "Your servant used to keep his father's sheep."** (1 Samuel 17:34) * But David said to Saul, "I, your servant, used to keep my father's sheep." - + 1. Simply use the first person ("I") or second person ("you") instead of the third person. - * **Then Yahweh answered Job out of a fierce storm and said, "... Do you have an arm like God's? Can you thunder with a voice like him?** (Job 40:6, 9 ULB) * Then Yahweh answered Job out of a fierce storm and said, "... Do you have an arm like mine? Can you thunder with a voice like me?" - * **Let each of you look not only to his own interests, but also to the interests of others.** (Philippians 2:4 ULB) * Let each of you look not only to your own interests, but also to the interests of others. diff --git a/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md b/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md index d2e8b6d..347ba68 100644 --- a/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md @@ -43,22 +43,17 @@ If an abstract noun would be natural and give the right meaning in your language ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied 1. Reword the sentence with a phrase that expresses the meaning of the abstract noun. Instead of a noun, the new phrase will use a verb, an adverb, or an adjective to express the idea of the abstract noun. - * **From childhood you have known the sacred writings.** (2 Timothy 3:15 ULB) * Ever since you were a child you have known the sacred writings. - * **Now godliness with contentment is great gain.** (1 Timothy 6:6 ULB) * Now being godly and content is very beneficial. * Now we benefit greatly when we are godly and content. * Now we benefit greatly when we honor and obey God and when we are happy with what we have. - * **Today salvation has come to this house, because he too is a son of Abraham.** (Luke 19:9 ULB) * Today the people in this house have been saved. * Today God has saved the people in this house. - * **The Lord does not move slowly concerning his promises, as some consider slowness to be.** (2 Peter 3:9 ULB) * The Lord does not move slowly concerning his promises, as some consider moving slowly to be. - * **He will bring to light the hidden things of darkness and reveal the purposes of the heart.** (1 Corinthians 4:5 ULB) * He will bring to light the hidden things of darkness and reveal the things that people want to do and the reasons they want to do them. diff --git a/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md b/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md index c3321c4..66784d7 100644 --- a/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md @@ -60,18 +60,15 @@ If you decide that it is better to translate without a passive form, here are so ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied 1. Use the same verb in an active sentence and tell who did the action. If you do this, try to keep the focus on the person receiving the action. - * **A loaf of bread was given him every day from the street of the bakers.** (Jeremiah 37:21 ULB) * The king's servants gave Jeremiah a loaf of bread every day from the street of the bakers. - + 1. Use the same verb in an active sentence, and do not tell  who did the action. Instead, use a generic expression like "they" or  "people" or  "someone."  - * **It would be better for him if a millstone were put around his neck and he were thrown into the sea.** (Luke 17:2 ULB) * It would be better for him if they were to put a millstone around his neck and throw him into the sea. * It would be better for him if someone were to put a heavy stone around his neck and throw him into the sea. - + 1. Use a different verb in an active sentence.  - * **A loaf of bread was given him every day from the street of the bakers.** (Jeremiah 37:21 ULB) * He received a loaf of bread every day from the street of the bakers. diff --git a/translate/figs-apostrophe/01.md b/translate/figs-apostrophe/01.md index e396416..8b96795 100644 --- a/translate/figs-apostrophe/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-apostrophe/01.md @@ -34,10 +34,8 @@ If apostrophe would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, cons ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied 1. If this way of speaking would be confusing to your people, let the speaker continue speaking to the people that are listening to him as he tells them his message or feelings about the people or thing that cannot hear him. - * **He cried against the altar by the word of Yahweh: "Altar, altar! This is what Yahweh says, 'See, ... on you they will burn human bones.' "** (1 Kings 13:2 ULB) * He said this about the altar: "This is what Yahweh says about this altar. 'See, ... they will burn people's bones on it.' " - * **Mountains of Gilboa, let there not be dew or rain on you.** (2 Samuel 1:21 ULB) * As for these mountains of Gilboa, let there not be dew or rain on them. diff --git a/translate/figs-declarative/01.md b/translate/figs-declarative/01.md index cdd740f..81a490f 100644 --- a/translate/figs-declarative/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-declarative/01.md @@ -44,12 +44,12 @@ By telling a man that his sins were forgiven, Jesus forgave the man's sins. 1. If the function of a statement would not be understood correctly in your language, use a sentence type that would express that function. * **She will give birth to a son, and you will call his name Jesus, for he will save his people from their sins.** (Matthew 1:21 ULB) The phrase "you will call his name Jesus" is an instruction. It can be translated using the sentence type of a normal instruction. * She will give birth to a son. Name him Jesus, because he will save his people from their sins. - + 1. If the function of a statement would not be understood correctly in your language, add a sentence type that would express that function. * **Lord, if you are willing, you can make me clean.** (Matthew 8:2 ULB) The function of "you can make me clean" is to make a request. In addition to the statement, a request can be added. * Lord, if you are willing, you can make me clean. Please do so. * Lord, if you are willing, please make me clean. I know you can do so. - + 1. If the function of a statement would not be understood correctly in your language, use a verb form that would express that function. * **She will give birth to a son, and you will call his name Jesus, for he will save his people from their sins.** (Matthew 1:21 ULB) * She will give birth to a son, and you must call his name Jesus, for he will save his people from their sins. diff --git a/translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md b/translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md index 1433331..be8a91a 100644 --- a/translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md @@ -47,18 +47,14 @@ If double negatives are natural and are used to express the positive in your lan ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied 1. If the purpose of a double negative in the Bible is simply to make a positive statement, and if it would not do that in your language, remove the two negatives so that it is positive. - * **For we do not have a high priest who cannot feel sympathy for our weaknesses.** (Hebrews 4:15 ULB) * For we have a high priest who can feel sympathy for our weaknesses. - * **... I do not want you to be uninformed.** (1 Corinthians 12:1 ULB) * ... I want you to be informed. - + 1. If the purpose of a double negative in the Bible is to make a strong positive statement, and if it would not do that in your language, remove the two negatives and put in a strengthening word or phrase such as "very" or "surely." - * **Be sure of this—wicked people will not go unpunished....** (Proverbs 11:21 ULB) * Be sure of this—wicked people will certainly be punished.... - * **All things were made through him, and without him there was not one thing made that has been made.** (John 1:3 ULB) * All things were made through him. He made absolutely everything that has been made. diff --git a/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md b/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md index 5f064b7..5d9c80a 100644 --- a/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md @@ -50,11 +50,9 @@ If ellipsis would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consid ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied 1. Add the missing words to the incomplete phrase or sentence. - * **... the wicked will not stand in the judgment, nor sinners in the assembly of the righteous.** (Psalm 1:5) * ... the wicked will not stand in the judgment, nor will sinners stand in the assembly of the righteous. * ... the wicked will not stand in the judgment, and sinners will not stand in the assembly of the righteous. - * **He makes Lebanon skip like a calf and Sirion like a young ox.** (Psalm 29:6) * He makes Lebanon skip like a calf, and he makes Sirion skip like a young ox. diff --git a/translate/figs-euphemism/01.md b/translate/figs-euphemism/01.md index 0029977..e4ab311 100644 --- a/translate/figs-euphemism/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-euphemism/01.md @@ -33,17 +33,14 @@ If euphemism would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consi ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied 1. Use a euphemism from your own culture. - * **... where there was a cave. Saul went inside to cover his feet.** (1 Samuel 24:3 ULB) - Some languages might use euphemisms like these: * ... where there was a cave. Saul went into the cave to releave himself. * ... where there was a cave. Saul went into the cave to dig a hole. * ... where there was a cave. Saul went into the cave to have some time alone. - * **Mary said to the angel, “How will this happen, since I have not known any man?”** (Luke 1:34 ULB) * Mary said to the angel, “How will this happen, since I have not slept with a man?” - (This is the euphemism used in the original Greek) - + 1. State the information plainly without a euphemism if it would not be offensive. - * **... they found Saul and his sons fallen on Mount Gilboa.** (1 Chronicles 10:8 ULB) * ... they found Saul and his sons dead on Mount Gilboa. diff --git a/translate/figs-events/01.md b/translate/figs-events/01.md index a8cc59d..7747931 100644 --- a/translate/figs-events/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-events/01.md @@ -29,25 +29,20 @@ This sounds like a person must first open the scroll and then break its seals, b ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied 1. If your language uses phrases or time words to show that an event happened before the one just mentioned, consider using one of them. - * **... Herod ... locked John up in prison. Now it came about, when all the people were baptized, that Jesus also was baptized....** (Luke 3:29-21 ULB) * ... Herod ... locked John up in prison. Now before John was put in prison, when all the people were baptized, Jesus also was baptized.... - * **Who is worthy to open the scroll and break its seals?** (Revelation 5:2 ULB) * Who is worthy to open the scroll after breaking its seals? - + 1. If your language uses verb tense or aspect to show that an event happened before one that was already mentioned, consider using that. - * **8Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams' horns before Yahweh. As they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets ... 10But Joshua commanded the people, saying, "Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then you must shout."** (Joshua 6:8-10 ULB) * 8Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams horns before Yahweh. As they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets...10But Joshua had commanded the people, saying, "Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then you must shout. - + 1. If your language prefers to tell events in the order that they occur, consider reordering the events. This may require putting two or more verses together (like 5-6). - * **8Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams' horns before Yahweh. As they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets ... 10But Joshua commanded the people, saying, "Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then you must shout."** (Joshua 6:8-10 ULB) * 8-10Joshua commanded the people, saying, "Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then must you shout." Then just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams horns before Yahweh. As they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets.... - * **Who is worthy to open the scroll and break its seals?** (Revelation 5:2 ULB) * Who is worthy to break the seals and open the scroll? - You may also want to watch the video at http://ufw.io/figs_events. + diff --git a/translate/figs-exclamations/01.md b/translate/figs-exclamations/01.md index 4e0e9f5..01b58f6 100644 --- a/translate/figs-exclamations/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-exclamations/01.md @@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ Exclamations are words or sentences that show strong feeling such as surprise, j >Save us, Lord; we are about to die! (Matthew 8:25 ULB) - >When the demon had been driven out, the mute man spoke. The crowds were astonished and said, "This has never been seen before in Israel!" (Matthew 9:33 ULB) ### Reason this is a translation issue @@ -40,34 +39,27 @@ Some exclamations in the Bible do not have a main verb. The exclamation below sh ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied 1. If an exclamation in your language needs a verb, add one. Often a good verb is "is" or "are." - * **You worthless person!** (Matthew 5:22 ULB) * You are such a worthless person! - * **Oh, the depth of the riches both of the wisdom and the knowledge of God!** (Romans 11:33 ULB) * Oh, the riches of the wisdom and the knowledge of God are so deep! - + 1. Use an exclamation word from your language that shows the strong feeling. The word "wow" below shows that they were astonished. The expression "Oh no" shows that something terrible or frightening has happened. - * **They were extremely astonished, saying, "He has done all things well. He even makes the deaf hear and the mute speak."** (Mark 7:37 ULB) * They were extremely astonished, saying, "Wow! He has done all things well. He even makes the deaf hear and the mute speak." - * **Ah, Lord Yahweh! For I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!** (Judges 6:22 ULB) * __Oh no__, Lord Yahweh! I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face! - + 1. Translate the exclamation word with a sentence that shows the feeling. - * **Ah, Lord Yahweh! For I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!** (Judges 6:22 ULB) * Lord Yahweh, what will happen to me? For I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!" * Help, Lord Yahweh! For I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face! - + 1. Use a word that emphasizes the part of the sentence that brings about the strong feeling. - * **How unsearchable are his judgments, and his ways beyond discovering!** (Romans 11:33 ULB) * His judgements are so unsearchable and his ways are far beyond discovering! - + 1. If the strong feeling is not clear in the target language, then tell how the person felt. - * **Gideon understood that this was the angel of Yahweh. Gideon said, "Ah, Lord Yahweh! For I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!"** (Judges 6:22 ULB) * Gideon understood that this was the angel of Yahweh. Gideon was terrified and said, "Ah, Lord Yahweh! I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face! (Judges 6:22 ULB) diff --git a/translate/figs-exmetaphor/01.md b/translate/figs-exmetaphor/01.md index 0d4cf4d..bf025d1 100644 --- a/translate/figs-exmetaphor/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-exmetaphor/01.md @@ -60,17 +60,14 @@ Consider using the same extended metaphor if your readers will understand it in ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied 1. If the target audience would think that the images should be understood literally, translate it as a simile by using "like" or "as." It may be enough to to do this in just the first sentence or two. - * **Yahweh is my shepherd; I will lack nothing. He makes me to lie down in green pastures; he leads me beside tranquil water.** (Psalm 23:1-2 ULB) * Yahweh is like a shepherd to me, so I will lack nothing. Like a shepherd who makes his sheep lie down in green pastures and leads them by peaceful waters, Yahweh helps me to rest peacefully. - + 1. If the target audience would not know the image, find a way of translating it so they can understand what the image is. - * **My well beloved had a vineyard on a very fertile hill. He spaded it, removed the stones, and planted it with an excellent kind of vine. He built a tower in the middle of it, and also built a winepress. He waited for it to produce grapes, but it only produced wild grapes.** (Isaiah 5:1-2 ULB) * My well beloved had a grapevine garden on a very fertile hill. He dug up the ground and removed the stones, and planted it with the best grapevines. He built a watchtower in the middle of it, and also built a tank where he could crush the juice out of the grapes. He waited for it to produce grapes, but it produced wild grapes that were not good for making wine." - + 1. If the target audience still would not understand, then state it clearly. - * **Yahweh is my shepherd; I will lack nothing.** (Psalm 23:1 ULB) * Yahweh cares for me like a shepherd who cares for his sheep, so I will lack nothing. * **For the vineyard of Yahweh of hosts is the house of Israel, and the man of Judah his pleasant planting; he waited for justice, but instead, there was killing; for righteousness, but, instead, a shout for help.** (Isaiah 5:7 ULB) diff --git a/translate/figs-explicit/01.md b/translate/figs-explicit/01.md index 87e50d6..0ee73da 100644 --- a/translate/figs-explicit/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-explicit/01.md @@ -45,7 +45,6 @@ If readers have enough assumed knowledge to be able to understand the message, a ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied 1. If readers cannot understand the message because they do not have certain assumed knowledge, then provide that knowledge as explicit information. - * **Jesus said to him, "Foxes have holes, and the birds of the sky have nests, but the Son of Man has nowhere to lay his head."** (Matthew 8:20 ULB) - Assumed knowledge was that the foxes slept in their holes and birds slept in their nests. * Jesus said to him, "Foxes have holes to live in, and the birds of the sky have nests to live in, but the Son of Man has nowhere to lay his head and sleep." * **But it will be more tolerable for Tyre and Sidon at the day of judgment than for you.** (Matthew 11:22 ULB) - Assumed knowledge was that the people of Tyre and Sidon were very, very wicked. This can be stated explicitly. @@ -53,14 +52,13 @@ If readers have enough assumed knowledge to be able to understand the message, a * But it will be more tolerable for those wicked cities Tyre and Sidon at the day of judgment than for you. * **Why do your disciples violate the traditions of the elders? For they do not wash their hands when they eat.** (Matthew 15:2 ULB) - Assumed knowledge was that one of the traditions of the elders was a ceremony in which people would wash their hands in order to be ritually clean before eating, which they must do to be righteous. It was not to remove germs from their hands to avoid sickness, as a modern reader might think. * Why do your disciples violate the traditions of the elders? For they do not go through the ceremonial handwashing ritual of righteousness when they eat. - + 1. If readers cannot understand the message because they do not know certain implicit information, then state that information clearly, but try to do it in a way that does not imply that the information was new to the original audience. - * **Then a scribe came to him and said, "Teacher, I will follow you wherever you go." Jesus said to him, "Foxes have holes, and the birds of the sky have nests, but the Son of Man has nowhere to lay his head."** (Matthew 8:19, 20 ULB) - Implicit information is that Jesus himself is the Son of Man. Other implicit information is that if the scribe wanted to follow Jesus, he would have to live like Jesus without a house. * Jesus said to him, "Foxes have holes, and the birds of the sky have nests, but I, the Son of Man, have no home to rest in. If you want to follow me, you will live as I live." * **If the mighty deeds had been done in Tyre and Sidon which were done in you, they would have repented long ago in sackcloth and ashes. But it will be more tolerable for Tyre and Sidon at the day of judgment than for you** (Matthew 11:22 ULB) - Implicit information is that the people of Tyre and Sidon were very wicked, and that God would not only judge the people; he would punish them. These things can be made explicit. * If the mighty deeds had been done in Tyre and Sidon which were done in you, they would have repented long ago in sackcloth and ashes. But at the day of judgment, God will punish you more severely than Tyre and Sidon, those cities whose people were very wicked. * If the mighty deeds which were done in you had been done in the wicked cities of Tyre and Sidon, they would have repented long ago in sackcloth and ashes. But at the day of judgment, God will punish them less severely than he will punish you. - Modern readers may not know some of the things that the people in the Bible and the people who first read it knew. This can make it hard for them to understand what a speaker or writer says, and to learn things that the speaker left implicit. Translators may need to state some things explicitly in the translation that the original speaker or writer left unstated or implicit. + diff --git a/translate/figs-explicitinfo/01.md b/translate/figs-explicitinfo/01.md index cedf80d..e309196 100644 --- a/translate/figs-explicitinfo/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-explicitinfo/01.md @@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ Some languages have ways of saying things that are natural for them but sound strange when translated into other languages. One of the reasons for this is that some languages say things explicitly that the other languages would leave as implicit information. - #### Reasons this is a translation issue If you translate all of the explicit information from the source language into the explicit information in the target language, it could sound foreign, unnatural, or perhaps even unintelligent if the target language would not make that information explicit. Instead, it is best to leave that kind of information implicit in the target language. @@ -31,16 +30,12 @@ In the biblical languages, it was normal to introduce direct speech with two ver 1. If the explicit information of the source language sounds natural in the target language, then translate it as explicit information. * There would be no change to the text using this strategy, so no examples are given here. - + 1. If the explicit information does not sound natural in the target language or seems unnecessary or confusing, leave the explicit information implicit. Only do this if the reader can understand this information from the context. You can test this by asking the reader a question about the passage. - * **And Abimelech came to the tower and fought against it and drew near to the door of the tower to burn it with fire.** (Judges 9:52 ESV) * Abimelech came to the tower and fought against it and drew near to the door of the tower to burn it. - * Abimelech came to the tower and fought against it and drew near to the door of the tower to set it on fire. - -In English, it is clear that the action of this verse follows the action of the previous verse without the use of the connector "and" at the beginning, so it was omitted. Also, the words "with fire" were left out, because this information is communicated implicitly by the word "burn." An alternative translation for "to burn it" is "to set it on fire." It is not natural in English to use both "burn” and "fire," so the English translator should choose only one of them. You can test if readers understand the implicit information by asking, "How would the door burn?" If they know it was by fire, then they have understood the implicit information. Or, if you choose the second option, you can ask, "What happens to a door that is set on fire?" If the readers answer, "It burns," then they have understood the implicit information. + * Abimelech came to the tower and fought against it and drew near to the door of the tower to set it on fire.

In English, it is clear that the action of this verse follows the action of the previous verse without the use of the connector "and" at the beginning, so it was omitted. Also, the words "with fire" were left out, because this information is communicated implicitly by the word "burn." An alternative translation for "to burn it" is "to set it on fire." It is not natural in English to use both "burn” and "fire," so the English translator should choose only one of them. You can test if readers understand the implicit information by asking, "How would the door burn?" If they know it was by fire, then they have understood the implicit information. Or, if you choose the second option, you can ask, "What happens to a door that is set on fire?" If the readers answer, "It burns," then they have understood the implicit information. * **The centurion answered and said, "Lord, I am not worthy that you should enter under my roof."** (Matthew 8:8 ULB) - * The centurion answered, "Lord, I am not worthy that you should enter under my roof." + * The centurion answered, "Lord, I am not worthy that you should enter under my roof."

In English, the information that the centurion answered by speaking is included in the verb "answered," so the verb "said" can be left implicit. You can test if the readers understand the implicit information by asking, "How did the centurion answer?" If they know it was by speaking, then they have understood the implicit information. -In English, the information that the centurion answered by speaking is included in the verb "answered," so the verb "said" can be left implicit. You can test if the readers understand the implicit information by asking, "How did the centurion answer?" If they know it was by speaking, then they have understood the implicit information. diff --git a/translate/figs-extrainfo/01.md b/translate/figs-extrainfo/01.md index 982c608..3484920 100644 --- a/translate/figs-extrainfo/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-extrainfo/01.md @@ -33,4 +33,4 @@ This page does not have any translation strategies. ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied -This page does not have any translation strategies applied. \ No newline at end of file +This page does not have any translation strategies applied. diff --git a/translate/figs-gendernotations/01.md b/translate/figs-gendernotations/01.md index 2abcb25..89c80b9 100644 --- a/translate/figs-gendernotations/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-gendernotations/01.md @@ -45,18 +45,15 @@ If people would understand that that masculine words like "man," "brother," and ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied 1. Use nouns that can be used for both men and women. - * **The wise man dies just like the fool dies.** (Ecclesiastes 2:16 ULB) * The wise person dies just like the fool dies. * Wise people die just like fools die. - + 1. Use a word that refers to men and a word that refers to women. - * **For we do not want you to be uninformed, brothers, about the troubles we had in Asia.** (2 Corinthians 1:8) - Paul was writing this letter to both men and women. * For we do not want you to be uninformed, brothers and sisters, about the troubles we had in Asia. (2 Corinthians 1:8) - + 1. Use pronouns that can be used for both men and women. - - * **If anyone wants to follow me, he must deny himself, take up his cross, and follow me."** (Matthew 16:24 ULB) - English speakers can change the masculine singular pronouns, "he," "himself," and "his" to plural pronouns that do not mark gender, "they," "themselves," and "their" in order to show that it applies to all people, not just men. + * **If anyone wants to follow me, he must deny himself, take up his cross, and follow me."** (Matthew 16:24 ULB)

English speakers can change the masculine singular pronouns, "he," "himself," and "his" to plural pronouns that do not mark gender, "they," "themselves," and "their" in order to show that it applies to all people, not just men.

* If people want to follow me, they must deny themselves, take up their cross, and follow me. diff --git a/translate/figs-genericnoun/01.md b/translate/figs-genericnoun/01.md index b670cc7..657a392 100644 --- a/translate/figs-genericnoun/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-genericnoun/01.md @@ -40,29 +40,23 @@ If your language can use the same wording as in the ULB to refer to people or th ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied 1. Use the word "the" in the noun phrase. - * **Yahweh gives favor to a good man, but he condemns a man who makes evil plans.** (Proverbs 12:2 ULB) * Yahweh gives favor to the good man, but he condemns the man who makes evil plans. (Proverbs 12:2) - + 1. Use the word "a" in the noun phrase. - * **People curse the man who refuses to sell them grain ...** (Proverbs 11:26 ULB) * People curse a man who refuses to sell them grain ... - + 1. Use the word "any, as in "any person" or "anyone." - * **People curse the man who refuses to sell them grain ...** (Proverbs 11:26 ULB) * People curse any man who refuses to sell them grain ... - + 1. Use the plural form, as in "people" (or in this sentence, "men"). - * **People curse the man who refuses to sell them grain ...** (Proverbs 11:26 ULB) * People curse men who refuse to sell them grain ... - + 1. Use any other way that is natural in your language. - * **People curse the man who refuses to sell them grain ...** (Proverbs 11:26 ULB) * People curse whoever refuses to sell them grain ... * People curse those who refuse to sell them grain ... - diff --git a/translate/figs-go/01.md b/translate/figs-go/01.md index 9958cbd..f6b17b8 100644 --- a/translate/figs-go/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-go/01.md @@ -53,4 +53,3 @@ If the word used in the ULB would be natural and give the right meaning in your * **Yahweh said to Noah, "Come, you and all your household, into the ark ...** (Genesis 7:1 ULB) * Yahweh said to Noah, "Enter, you and all your household, into the ark ... - diff --git a/translate/figs-hendiadys/01.md b/translate/figs-hendiadys/01.md index c25962b..fa34eab 100644 --- a/translate/figs-hendiadys/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-hendiadys/01.md @@ -35,26 +35,22 @@ If the hendiadys would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, c ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied 1. Substitute the describing noun with an adjective that means the same thing. - * **... for I will give you words and wisdom ...** (Luke 21:15 ULB) * ... for I will give you wise words ... * **... who calls you to his own kingdom and glory.** (1 Thessalonians 2:12 ULB) * ... who calls you to his own glorious kingdom. - + 1. Substitute the describing noun with a phrase that means the same thing. - * **... for I will give you words and wisdom ...** (Luke 21:15 ULB) * ... for I will give you words of wisdom ... * **... who calls you into his own kingdom and glory.** (1 Thessalonians 2:12 ULB) * ... who calls you to his own kingdom of glory. - + 1. Substitute the describing adjective with an adverb that means the same thing. - * **If you are willing and obedient ...** (Isaiah 1:19 ULB) * If you are willingly obedient ... - + 1. Substitute other parts of speech that mean the same thing and show that one word describes the other. - * **If you are, willing and obedient** (Isaiah 1:19 ULB) - The adjective "obedient" can be substituted with the verb "obey." * If you obey willingly diff --git a/translate/figs-hyperbole/01.md b/translate/figs-hyperbole/01.md index 2f73233..d67951d 100644 --- a/translate/figs-hyperbole/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-hyperbole/01.md @@ -38,7 +38,6 @@ Even though a generalization may have a strong-sounding word like "all," "always 1. Readers need to be able to understand whether or not a statement is completely true. 1. If readers realize that a statement is not completely true, they need to be able to understand whether it is a hyperbole, a generalization, or a lie. (Though the Bible is completely true, it tells about people who did not always tell the truth.) - ### Examples from the Bible #### Examples of Exaggeration diff --git a/translate/figs-imperative/01.md b/translate/figs-imperative/01.md index 0014844..6cd7d7b 100644 --- a/translate/figs-imperative/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-imperative/01.md @@ -53,7 +53,6 @@ The purpose of Proverbs 22:6 below is teach what people can expect to happen if ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied 1. If people would not use an imperative sentence for one of the functions in the Bible, try using a statement instead. - * **Be clean.** (Matthew 8:3 ULB) * You are now clean. * I now cleanse you. @@ -61,14 +60,13 @@ The purpose of Proverbs 22:6 below is teach what people can expect to happen if * God said, "There is now light" and there was light. * **God blessed them and said to them, "Be fruitful, and multiply. Fill the earth, and subdue it. Have dominion over the fish of the sea, over the birds of the sky, and over every living thing that moves upon the earth."** (Genesis 1:3 ULB) * God blessed them and said to them, "My will for you is that you be fruitful, and multiply. Fill the earth, and subdue it. I want you to have dominion over the fish of the sea, over the birds of the sky, and over every living thing that moves upon the earth." - + 1. If people would not understand that a sentence is used to cause something to happen, add a connecting word like "so" to show that what happened was a result of what was said. - * **God said, "Let there be light," and there was light.** (Genesis 1:28 ULB) * God said, 'Let there be light,' so there was light. * God said, "Light must be;" as a result, there was light. - + 1. If a command in the ULB functions as a condition, and people would not use a command that way, translate it as a condition with the words "if" and "then." - * **Teach a child the way he should go, and when he is old he will not turn away from that instruction.** (Proverbs 22:6 ULB) * If you teach a child the way he should go, then when he is old he will not turn away from that instruction. + diff --git a/translate/figs-inclusive/01.md b/translate/figs-inclusive/01.md index 03b2886..a78458e 100644 --- a/translate/figs-inclusive/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-inclusive/01.md @@ -16,7 +16,6 @@ See the pictures. The people on the right are the people that the speaker is tal >... the shepherds said one to each other, "Let us now go to Bethlehem, and see this thing that has happened, which the Lord has made known to us." (Luke 2:15 ULB) - The shepherds were speaking to one another. When they said "us," they were including the people they were speaking to - one another. >Now it happened on one of those days that Jesus and his disciples entered into a boat, and he said to them, "Let us go over to the other side of the lake." Then they set sail. (Luke 8:22 ULB) diff --git a/translate/figs-informremind/01.md b/translate/figs-informremind/01.md index 9861175..04e9a40 100644 --- a/translate/figs-informremind/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-informremind/01.md @@ -43,7 +43,6 @@ All idols are worthless. This is why God said he would destroy them. All of God's judgments are righteous. This is why the person who wrote this psalm said that they are good. - ### Translation Strategies If people would understand the purpose of a phrase with a noun, then consider keeping the phrase and the noun together. Otherwise, here are other strategies of showing that the phrase is used to inform or remind. @@ -51,26 +50,19 @@ If people would understand the purpose of a phrase with a noun, then consider ke 1. Put the information in another part of the sentence and add words that show its purpose. 1. Use one of your language's ways for expressing information in a weak way. It may be by adding a small word, or by changing the way the voice sounds. Sometimes changes in the voice can be shown with punctuation marks, such as parentheses or commas. - ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied 1. Put the information in another part of the sentence and add words that show its purpose. - * **I hate those who serve worthless idols** (Psalm 31:6 ULB) - By saying "worthless idols," David was commenting about all idols and giving his reason for hating those who serve them. He was not distinguishing worthless idols from valuable idols. * Because idols are worthless, I hate those who serve them. - * **... for your righteous judgments are good.** (Psalm 119:39 ULB) * ... for your judgments are good because they are righteous. - * **Can Sarah, who is ninety years old, bear a son?** (Genesis 17:17-18 ULB) - The phrase "who is ninety years old" is a reminder of Sarah's age. It tells why Abraham was asking the question. He did not expect that a woman who was that old could bear a child. * Can Sarah bear a son even when she is ninety years old? - * **I will call on Yahweh, who is worthy to be praised ...** (2 Samuel 22:4 ULB) - There is only one Yahweh. The phrase "who is worthy to be praised" gives a reason for calling on Yahweh. * I will call on Yahweh, because he is worthy to be praised ... - + 1. Use one of your language's ways for expressing information in a weak way. - * **The name of the third river is Tigris, which flows east of Asshur.** (Genesis 2:14 ULB) * The name of the third river is Tigris. It flows east of Asshur. - diff --git a/translate/figs-irony/01.md b/translate/figs-irony/01.md index 0087dc2..9b29725 100644 --- a/translate/figs-irony/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-irony/01.md @@ -50,15 +50,13 @@ If the irony would be understood correctly in your language, translate it as it ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied 1. Translate it in a way that shows that the speaker is saying what someone else believes. - * **How well you reject the commandment of God so you may keep your tradition!** (Mark 7:9 ULB) * You think that you are doing so well, but you reject God's commandment in order to keep your tradition! * You act like it is good to reject God's commandment so you may keep your tradition! * **I did not come to call righteous people, but to call sinners to repentance.** (Luke 5:32) * I did not come to call people who think that they are righteous, but to call sinners to repentance. - + 1. Translate the actual, intended meaning of the statement of irony. - * **How well you reject the commandment of God so you may keep your tradition!** (Mark 7:9 ULB) * You are doing a terrible thing when you reject the commandment of God so you may keep your tradition! * **"Present your case," says Yahweh; "present your best arguments for your idols," says the King of Jacob. "Let them bring us their own arguments; have them come forward and declare to us what will happen, so we may know these things well. Have them tell us of earlier predictive declarations, so we can reflect on them and know how they were fulfilled."** (Isaiah 41:21-22 ULB) diff --git a/translate/figs-litotes/01.md b/translate/figs-litotes/01.md index a0fdb24..ba2fa77 100644 --- a/translate/figs-litotes/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-litotes/01.md @@ -34,7 +34,6 @@ If the litotes would be understood correctly, consider using it. ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied 1. If the meaning with the negative would not be clear, give the positive meaning in a strong way. - * **For you yourselves know, brothers, that our coming to you was not useless.** (1 Thessalonians 2:1 ULB) * For you yourselves know, brothers, that our visit to you did much good. * **Now when it became day, there was no small disturbance among the soldiers over what had happened to Peter.** (Acts 12:18 ULB) diff --git a/translate/figs-merism/01.md b/translate/figs-merism/01.md index e16be51..04e9fc2 100644 --- a/translate/figs-merism/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-merism/01.md @@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ Merism is a figure of speech in which a person refers to something by speaking of two extreme parts of it. By referring to the extreme parts, the speaker intends to include also everything in between those parts. >"I am the Alpha and the Omega," says the Lord God, "the one who is, and who was, and who is to come, the Almighty." (Revelation 1:8, ULB) - >I am the Alpha and the Omega, the First and the Last, the Beginning and the End. (Revelation 22:13, ULB) Alpha and Omega are the first and last letters of the Greek alphabet. This is a merism that includes everything from the beginning to the end. It means eternal. @@ -36,18 +35,14 @@ If the merism would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, cons ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied 1. Identify what the merism refers to without mentioning the parts. - * **I praise you, Father, Lord of heaven and earth ...** (Matthew 11:25 ULB) * I praise you, Father, Lord of everything ... - * **From the rising of the sun to its setting, Yahweh's name should be praised.** (Psalm 113:3 ULB) * In all places, people should praise Yahweh's name. - + 1. Identify what the merism refers to and include the parts. - * **I praise you, Father, Lord of heaven and earth.** (Matthew 11:25 ULB) * I praise you, Father, Lord of everything, including both what is in heaven and what is on earth. - * **He will bless those who honor him, both young and old.** (Psalm 115:13 ULB) * He will bless all those who honor him, regardless of whether they are young or old. diff --git a/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md b/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md index f80231a..7965872 100644 --- a/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md @@ -106,7 +106,6 @@ The example above has two related metaphors. The topics are "we" and "you," and Jesus used a metaphor here, but his disciples did not realize it. When he said "yeast," they thought he was talking about bread, but "yeast" was the image in his metaphor, and the topic was the teaching of the Pharisees and Sadducees. Since the disciples (the original audience) did not understand what Jesus meant, it would not be good to state clearly here what Jesus meant. - ### Translation Strategies If people would understand the metaphor in the same way that the original readers would have understood it, go ahead and use it. Be sure to test the translation to make sure that people do understand it in the right way. @@ -122,7 +121,6 @@ If people do not or would not understand it, here are some other strategies. 1. If the target audience would not know the intended **point of comparison** between the topic and the image, then state it clearly. 1. If none of these strategies is satisfactory, then simply state the idea plainly without using a metaphor. - ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied 1. If the metaphor is a common expression in the source language or expresses a patterned pair of concepts in a biblical language (a "dead" metaphor), then express the main idea in the simplest way preferred by your language. @@ -163,3 +161,4 @@ If people do not or would not understand it, here are some other strategies. To learn more about specific metaphors, see [Biblical Imagery - Common Patterns](../bita-part1/01.md). + diff --git a/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md b/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md index c63989f..60a065a 100644 --- a/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md @@ -41,19 +41,15 @@ If people would easily understand the metonym, consider using it. Otherwise, her ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied 1. Use the metonym along with the name of the thing it represents. - * **He took the cup in the same way after supper, saying, "This cup is the new covenant in my blood, which is poured out for you.** (Luke 22:20 ULB) * He took the cup in the same way after supper, saying, "The wine in this cup is the new covenant in my blood, which is poured out for you. - + 1. Use the name of the thing the metonym represents. - * **The Lord God will give him the throne of his father, David.** (Luke 1:32 ULB) * The Lord God will give him the kingly authority of his father, David. * The Lord God will make him king like his ancestor, King David. - * **Who warned you to flee from the wrath to come?** (Luke 3:7 ULB) * Who warned you to flee from God's coming punishment? - To learn about some common metonymies, see [Biblical Imagery - Common Metonymies](../bita-part2/01.md). diff --git a/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md b/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md index 23a7086..616764c 100644 --- a/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md @@ -40,10 +40,8 @@ If your language uses adjectives as nouns to refer to a class of people, conside ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied 1. Use the adjective with a plural form of the noun that the adjective describes. - * **The scepter of wickedness must not rule in the land of the righteous.** (Psalm 125:3 ULB) * The scepter of wickedness must not rule in the land of righteous people. - * **Blessed are the meek ...** (Matthew 5:5 ULB) * Blessed are people who are meek ... diff --git a/translate/figs-order/01.md b/translate/figs-order/01.md index 7c408c7..53581cd 100644 --- a/translate/figs-order/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-order/01.md @@ -77,5 +77,4 @@ Word order can also change * Use your language's preferred word order unless there is some reason in your language to change it. * Translate the sentence so that the meaning is accurate and clear and so that it sounds natural. - You may also want to watch the video at http://ufw.io/figs_order. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/translate/figs-parables/01.md b/translate/figs-parables/01.md index 16aa465..36d3b9c 100644 --- a/translate/figs-parables/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-parables/01.md @@ -25,18 +25,14 @@ This parable teaches that the kingdom of God may seem small at first, but it wil ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied 1. If a parable is hard to understand because it has unknown things in it, you can replace the unknown things with things that people in your culture know. However, be careful to keep the teaching the same. - * **Jesus said to them, "Do you bring a lamp inside the house to put it under a basket, or under the bed? You bring it in and you put it on a lampstand."** (Mark 4:21 ULB) - If people do not know what a lampstand is, you could substitute something else that people put a light on so it can give light to the house. * Jesus said to them, "Do you bring a lamp inside the house to put it under a basket, or under the bed? You bring it in and you put it on a high shelf. - * **Then Jesus presented another parable to them. He said, "The kingdom of heaven is like a mustard seed which a man took and sowed in his field. This seed is indeed the smallest of all seeds. But when it has grown, it is greater than the garden plants. It becomes a tree, so that the birds of the air come and nest in its branches."** (Matthew 13:31-32 ULB) - To sow seeds means to toss them so that they scatter on the ground. If people are not familiar with sowing, you can substitute planting. * Then Jesus presented another parable to them. He said, "The kingdom of heaven is like a mustard seed which a man took and planted in his field. This seed is indeed the smallest of all other seeds. But when it has grown, it is greater than the garden plants and becomes a tree, so that the birds of the air come and nest in its branches." - + 1. If the teaching of the parable is unclear, consider telling a little about what it teaches in the introduction, such as "Jesus told this story about being generous." - * **Jesus said to them, "Do you bring a lamp inside the house to put it under a basket, or under the bed? You bring it in and you put it on a lampstand"**. (Mark 4:21 ULB) * Jesus told them a parable about why they should witness openly. "Do you bring a lamp inside the house to put it under a basket, or under the bed? You bring it in and you put it on a lampstand." - * **Then Jesus presented another parable to them. He said, "The kingdom of heaven is like a mustard seed which a man took and sowed in his field. This seed is indeed the smallest of all other seeds. But when it has grown, it is greater than the garden plants and becomes a tree, so that the birds of the air come and nest in its branches."** (Matthew 13:31-32 ULB) * Then Jesus presented another parable to them about how the Kingdom of God grows. He said, "The kingdom of heaven is like a mustard seed which a man took and sowed in his field. This seed is indeed the smallest of all other seeds. But when it has grown, it is greater than the garden plants and becomes a tree, so that the birds of the air come and nest in its branches." diff --git a/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md b/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md index 96cfd89..e7524e8 100644 --- a/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md @@ -73,26 +73,20 @@ For most kinds of parallelism, it is good to translate both of the clauses or ph ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied 1. Combine the ideas of both clauses into one. - * **Until now you have deceived me and told me lies.** (Judges 16:13, ULB) - Delilah expressed this idea twice to emphasize that she was very upset. * Until now you have deceived me with your lies. - * **Yahweh sees everything a person does and watches all the paths he takes.** (Proverbs 5:21 ULB) - The phrase "all the paths he takes" is a metaphor for "all he does." * Yahweh pays attention to everything a person does. - * **For Yahweh has a lawsuit with his people, and he will fight in court against Israel.** (Micah 6:2 ULB) - This parallelism describes one serious disagreement that Yahweh had with one group of people. If this is unclear, the phrases can be combined: * For Yahweh has a lawsuit with his people, Israel. - + 1. If it appears that the clauses are used together to show that what they say is really true, you could include words that emphasize the truth such as "truly" or "certainly." - * **Yahweh sees everything a person does and watches all the paths he takes.** (Proverbs 5:21 ULB) * Yahweh truly sees everything a person does. - + 1. If it appears that the clauses are used together to intensify an idea in them, you could use words like "very," "completely" or "all." - * **you have deceived me and told me lies.** (Judges 16:13 ULB) * All you have done is lie to me. - * **Yahweh sees everything a person does and watches all the paths he takes.** (Proverbs 5:21 ULB) * Yahweh sees absolutely everything that a person does. diff --git a/translate/figs-pastforfuture/01.md b/translate/figs-pastforfuture/01.md index 112577c..d15902f 100644 --- a/translate/figs-pastforfuture/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-pastforfuture/01.md @@ -17,19 +17,15 @@ Readers who are not aware of the past tense being used in prophecy to refer to f >Now all the entrances to Jericho were closed because of the army of Israel. No one went out and no one came in. Yahweh said to Joshua, "See, I have handed over to you Jericho, its king, and its trained soldiers." (Joshua 6:1-2 ULB) - >For to us a child has been born, to us a son has been given; >and the rule will be on his shoulder; (Isaiah 9:6 ULB) - In the examples above, God spoke of things that would happen in the future as if they had already happened. >And about these people also Enoch, the seventh in line from Adam, foretold, saying, "Look, the Lord came with tens of thousands of his holy ones, (Jude 1:14 ULB) - Enoch was speaking of something that would happen in the future, but he used the past tense when he said "the Lord came.” - ### Translation Strategies If the past tense would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consider using it. If not, here are some other options. @@ -44,12 +40,12 @@ If the past tense would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, * **For to us a child has been born, to us a son has been given** ... (Isaiah 9:6a ULB) * For to us a child will be born, to us a son will be given ... - + 1. If it refers to something that would happen very soon, use a form that shows that. * **Yahweh said to Joshua, "See, I have handed over to you Jericho, its king, and its trained soldiers."** (Joshua 6:2 ULB) * Yahweh said to Joshua, "See, I am about to hand over to you Jericho, its king, and its trained soldiers." - + 1. Some languages may use the present tense to show that something will happen very soon. * **Yahweh said to Joshua, "See, I have handed over to you Jericho, its king, and its trained soldiers."** (Joshua 6:2 ULB) diff --git a/translate/figs-personification/01.md b/translate/figs-personification/01.md index ab3893e..d9a5756 100644 --- a/translate/figs-personification/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-personification/01.md @@ -14,7 +14,6 @@ People also do this because it is sometimes easier to talk about people's relati >You cannot serve God and wealth. (Matthew 6:24 ULB) - ### Reasons this is a translation issue * Some languages do not use personification. @@ -52,5 +51,5 @@ If the personification would be understood clearly, consider using it. If it wou * **... even the winds and the sea obey him ...** (Matthew 8:27 ULB) - The men speak of the "wind and the sea as if they are able to hear" and obey Jesus as people can. This could also be translated without the idea of obedience by speaking of Jesus controlling them. * He even controls the winds and the sea. - **Note**: We have broadened our definition of "personification" to include "zoomorphism" (speaking of other things as if they had animal characteristics) and "anthropomorphism" (speaking of non-human things as if they had human characteristics.) + diff --git a/translate/figs-possession/01.md b/translate/figs-possession/01.md index 0bb3041..a9feef8 100644 --- a/translate/figs-possession/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-possession/01.md @@ -81,27 +81,21 @@ If possession would be a natural way to show a particular relationship between t ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied 1. Use an adjective to show that one describes the other. The adjective below is in **bold** print. - * **On their heads were something like crowns of gold** (Revelation 9:7) * On their heads were **gold** crowns - + 1. Use a verb to show how the two are related. In the example below, the added verb is in bold. - * **... Whoever gives you a cup of water to drink ... will not lose his reward.** (Mark 9:41 ULB) * ... Whoever gives you a cup that **has** water in it to drink ... will not lose his reward. - * **Wealth is worthless on the day of wrath** (Proverbs 11:4 ULB) * Wealth is worthless on the day when God **shows** his wrath. * Wealth is worthless on the day when God **punishes** people because of his wrath. - + 1. If one of the nouns refers to an event, translate it as a verb. In the example below, that verb is in bold. - * **Notice that I am not speaking to your children, who have not known or seen the punishment of Yahweh your God,** (Deuteronomy 11:2 ULB) * Notice that I am not speaking to your children who have not known or seen how Yahweh your God **punished** the people of Egypt. - * **You will only observe and see the punishment of the wicked.** (Psalm 91:8 ULB) * You will only observe and see how Yahweh **punishes** the wicked. - * **... you will receive the gift of the Holy Spirit.** (Acts 2:38 ULB) * ... you will receive the Holy Spirit, whom God will **give** to you. diff --git a/translate/figs-quotations/01.md b/translate/figs-quotations/01.md index 82cca81..caefadf 100644 --- a/translate/figs-quotations/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-quotations/01.md @@ -40,13 +40,12 @@ If the kind of quote used in the source text would work well in your language, c ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied 1. If a direct quote would not work well in your language, change it to an indirect quote. - * **He instructed him to tell no one, but told him, "Go on your way, and show yourself to the priest and offer a sacrifice for your cleansing, according to what Moses commanded, for a testimony to them."** (Luke 5:14 ULB) * He instructed him to tell no one, but to go on his way, and to show himself to the priest and to offer a sacrifice for his cleansing, according to what Moses commanded, for a testimony to them." - + 1. If an indirect quote would not work well in your language, change it to a direct quote. - * **He instructed him, to tell no one, but told him, "Go on your way, and show yourself to the priest and offer a sacrifice for your cleansing, according to what Moses commanded, for a testimony to them."** (Luke 5:14 ULB) * He instructed him, "Tell no one. Just go on your way, and show yourself to the priest and offer a sacrifice for your cleansing, according to what Moses commanded, for a testimony to them." You may also want to watch the video at http://ufw.io/figs_quotations. + diff --git a/translate/figs-quotemarks/01.md b/translate/figs-quotemarks/01.md index 61bc2ea..e9e80a2 100644 --- a/translate/figs-quotemarks/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-quotemarks/01.md @@ -31,7 +31,6 @@ A first layer direct quote has double quote marks around it. A second layer direct quote has single quote marks around it. We have underlined it and the phrase for you to see it clearly. >They asked him, "Who is the man that said to you, 'Pick up your bed and walk'?" (John 5:12 ULB) - >... he sent two of the disciples, saying, "Go into the next village. As you enter, you will find a colt that has never been ridden. Untie it and bring it to me. If any one asks you, 'Why are you untying it?' say, 'The Lord has need of it.' " (Luke 19:29-31 ULB) #### A quotation with three layers @@ -62,7 +61,6 @@ Here are some ways you may be able to help readers see where each quote starts a >They said to him, "A man came to meet us who said to us, 'Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, "Yahweh says this: 'Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal-Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.'"'" (2 Kings 1:6 ULB) - * They told him that a man came to meet them who said to them, "Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, 'Yahweh says this: "Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal-Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die."'" 1. If a quotation is very long and has many layers of quotation in it, indent the main overall quote, and use quote marks only for the direct quotes inside of it. diff --git a/translate/figs-quotesinquotes/01.md b/translate/figs-quotesinquotes/01.md index fdb4001..27725ae 100644 --- a/translate/figs-quotesinquotes/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-quotesinquotes/01.md @@ -47,15 +47,12 @@ Some languages use only direct quotes. Other languages use a combination of dire ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied 1. Translate all of the quotes as direct quotes. In the example below we have underlined the indirect quotes in the ULB and the quotes that we have changed to direct quotes below it. - * **Festus presented Paul's case to the king; he said, "A certain man was left behind here by Felix as a prisoner. ...I was puzzled about how to investigate this matter, and I asked him if he would go to Jerusalem to be judged there about these things. But when Paul called to be kept under guard for the Emperor's decision, I ordered him to be kept until I send him to Caesar."** (Acts 25:14-21 ULB) * Festus presented Paul's case to the king; he said, "A certain man was left behind here by Felix as a prisoner. ... I was puzzled about how to investigate this matter, and I asked him, 'Will you go to Jerusalem to be judged there about these things?' But when Paul said, 'I want to be kept under guard for the Emperor's decision,' I told the guard, 'Keep him under guard until I send him to Caesar.'" - + 1. Translate one or some of the quotes as indirect quotes. In English the word "that" can come before indirect quotes. It is underlined in the examples below. The pronouns that changed because of the indirect quote are also underlined. - * **Then Yahweh spoke to Moses and said, "I have heard the grumbling of the Israelites. Tell them, 'At twilight you will eat meat, and in the morning you will be filled with bread. Then you will know that I am Yahweh your God.' "** (Exodus 16:11-12 ULB) * Then Yahweh spoke to Moses and said, "I have heard the grumbling of the Israelites. Tell them that at twilight they will eat meat, and in the morning they will be filled with bread. Then they will know that I am Yahweh their God." - * **They said to him, "A man came to meet us who said to us, 'Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, "Yahweh says this: 'Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal-Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.'"'" (2 Kings 1:6 ULB)** (2 Kings 1:6 ULB) * They told him that a man had come to meet them who said to them, "Go back to the king who sent you, and tell him that Yahweh says this: 'Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.'" diff --git a/translate/figs-rpronouns/01.md b/translate/figs-rpronouns/01.md index c8672f9..cb7e783 100644 --- a/translate/figs-rpronouns/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-rpronouns/01.md @@ -47,32 +47,25 @@ If a reflexive pronoun would have the same function in your language, consider u ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied 1. In some languages people put something on the verb to show that the object of the verb is the same as the subject. - * **If I should testify about myself, my testimony would not be true.** (John 5:31) * If I should self-testify, my testimony would not be true. - * **Now the Passover of the Jews was near, and many went up to Jerusalem out of the country before the Passover in order to purify themselves.** (John 11:55) * Now the Passover of the Jews was near, and many went up to Jerusalem out of the country before the Passover in order to self-purify. - + 1. In some languages people emphasize a certain person or thing by referring to it in a special place in the sentence. - * **He himself took our sickness and bore our diseases.** (Matthew 8:17 ULB) * It was he who took our sickness and bore our diseases. - * **Jesus himself was not baptizing, but his disciples were.** (John 4:2) * It was not Jesus who was baptizing, but his disciples were. - + 1. In some languages people emphasize a certain person or thing by adding something to that word or putting another word with it. English adds the reflexive pronoun. - * **Now Jesus said this to test Philip, for he himself knew what he was going to do.** (John 6:6) - + 1. In some languages people show that someone did something alone by using a word like "alone." - * **When Jesus realized that they were about to come and seize him by force to make him king, he withdrew again up the mountain by himself.** (John 6:15) * When Jesus realized that they were about to come and seize him by force to make him king, he withdrew again alone up the mountain. - + 1. In some languages people show that something was alone by using a phrase that tells about where it was. - * **He saw the linen cloths lying there and the cloth that had been on his head. It was not lying with the linen cloths but was rolled up in its place by itself.** (John 20:6-7 ULB) * He saw the linen cloths lying there and the cloth that had been on his head. It was not lying with the linen cloths but was rolled up and lying in its own place. diff --git a/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md b/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md index 463ada1..c841fe4 100644 --- a/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md @@ -21,43 +21,34 @@ The Bible contains many rhetorical questions. Some of the purposes of these rhet >Do you not still rule the kingdom of Israel? (1 Kings 21:7 ULB) - Jezebel used the question above to remind King Ahab of something he already knew: he still ruled the kingdom of Israel. The rhetorical question made her point more strongly than if she had merely stated it, because it forced Ahab to admit the point himself. She did this in order to rebuke him for being unwilling to take over a poor man's property. She was implying that since he was the king of Israel, he had the power to take the man's property. >Will a virgin forget her jewelry, a bride her sash? Yet my people have forgotten me for days without number! (Jeremiah 2:32 ULB) - God used the question above to remind his people of something they already knew: a young woman would never forget her jewelry or a bride forget her veils. He then rebuked his people for forgetting him, who is so much greater than those things. >Why did I not die when I came out from the womb? (Job 3:11 ULB) - Job used the question above to show deep emotion. This rhetorical question expresses how sad he was that he did not die as soon as he was born. He wished that he had not lived. >And why has it happened to me that the mother of my Lord should come to me? (Luke 1:43 ULB) - Elizabeth used the question above to show how surprised and happy she was that the mother of her Lord came to her. >Or which one of you, if his son asks for a loaf of bread, will give him a stone? (Matthew 7:9 ULB) - Jesus used the question above to remind the people of something they already knew: a good father would never give his son something bad to eat. By introducing this point, Jesus could go on to teach them about God with his next rhetorical question: >Therefore, if you who are evil know how to give good gifts to your children, how much more will your Father in heaven give good things to those who ask him? (Matthew 7:11 ULB) - Jesus used this question to teach the people in an emphatic way that God gives good things to those who ask him. >What is the kingdom of God like, and what can I compare it to? It is like a mustard seed that a man took and threw into his garden ... (Luke 13:18-19 ULB) - Jesus used the question above to introduce what he was going to talk about. He was going to compare the kingdom of God to something. - ### Translation Strategies - In order to translate a rhetorical question accurately, first be sure that the question you are translating truly is a rhetorical question and is not an information question. Ask yourself, "Does the person asking the question already know the answer to the question?" If so, it is a rhetorical question. Or, if no one answers the question, is the one who asked it bothered that he did not get an answer? If not, it is a rhetorical question. When you are sure that the question is rhetorical, then be sure that you know what the purpose of the rhetorical question is. Is it to encourage or rebuke or shame the hearer? Is it to bring up a new topic? Is it to do something else? @@ -74,37 +65,28 @@ If using the rhetorical question would be natural and give the right meaning in ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied 1. Add the answer after the question. - * **Will a virgin forget her jewelry, a bride her veils? Yet my people have forgotten me for days without number!** (Jeremiah 2:32 ULB) * Will a virgin forget her jewelry, a bride her veils? Of course not! Yet my people have forgotten me for days without number! - * **Or what man among you is there who, if his son asks him for a loaf of bread, will give him a stone?** (Matthew 7:9 ULB) * Or what man among you is there who, if his son asks him for a loaf of bread, will give him a stone? None of you would do that! - + 1. Change the rhetorical question to a statement or exclamation. - * **What is the kingdom of God like, and what can I compare it to? It is like a mustard seed...** (Luke 13:18-19 ULB) * This is what the kingdom of God is like. It is like a mustard seed..." - * **Is this how you insult God's high priest?** (Acts 23:4 ULB) * You should not insult God's high priest! - * **Why did I not die when I came out from the womb?** (Job 3:11 ULB) * I wish I had died when I came out from the womb! - * **And why has it happened to me that the mother of my Lord should come to me?** (Luke 1:43 ULB) * How wonderful it is that the mother of my Lord has come to me! - + 1. Change the rhetorical question to a statement, and then follow it with a short question. - * **Do you not still rule the kingdom of Israel?** (1 Kings 21:7 ULB) * You still rule the kingdom of Israel, do you not? - + 1. Change the form of the question so that it communicates in your langauge what the orignal speaker communicated in his. - * **Or what man among you is there who, if his son asks him for a loaf of bread, will give him a stone?** (Matthew 7:9 ULB) * If your son asks you for a loaf of bread, would you give him a stone? - * **Will a virgin forget her jewelry, a bride her veils? Yet my people have forgotten me for days without number!** (Jeremiah 2:32 ULB) * What virgin would forget her jewelry, and what bride would forget her veils? Yet my poeple have forgotten me for days without number diff --git a/translate/figs-sentences/01.md b/translate/figs-sentences/01.md index 83c3771..0dd1f50 100644 --- a/translate/figs-sentences/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-sentences/01.md @@ -1,6 +1,5 @@ - ### Description The simplest sentence structure in English includes a **subject** and an **action** word: diff --git a/translate/figs-sentencetypes/01.md b/translate/figs-sentencetypes/01.md index fb3641b..976e2fa 100644 --- a/translate/figs-sentencetypes/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-sentencetypes/01.md @@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ A **sentence** is a group of words that expresses a complete thought. The basic * **Imperative Sentences** - These are mainly used to express a desire or requirement that someone do something. '_Pick that up._' * **Exclamations** - These are mainly used to express a strong feeling. '_Ouch, that hurt!_' - ### Reasons this is a translation Issue * Languages have different ways of using sentence types to express particular functions. diff --git a/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md b/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md index ea8fab8..b888b93 100644 --- a/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md @@ -30,13 +30,10 @@ If the synecdoche would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied 1. State specifically what the synecdoche refers to. - * **My soul praises the Lord.** (Luke 1:46 ULB) * I praise the Lord. - * **... the Pharisees said to him** (Mark 2:24 ULB) * ... a representative of the Pharisees said to him ... - * **... I looked on all the deeds that my hands had accomplished ...** (Ecclesiastes 2:11 ULB) * I looked on all the deeds that I had accomplished diff --git a/translate/figs-synonparallelism/01.md b/translate/figs-synonparallelism/01.md index 8be57bc..ac94fe2 100644 --- a/translate/figs-synonparallelism/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-synonparallelism/01.md @@ -41,11 +41,11 @@ If your language uses parallelism in the same way as the biblical languages, tha ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied 1. Combine the ideas of both clauses into one. - * **Until now you have deceived me and told me lies.** (Judges 16:13, ULB) - Delilah expressed this idea twice to emphasize that she was very upset. + * **Until now you have deceived me and told me lies.** (Judges 16:13, ULB)

Delilah expressed this idea twice to emphasize that she was very upset.

* Until now you have deceived me with your lies. - * **Yahweh sees everything a person does and watches all the paths he takes.** (Proverbs 5:21 ULB) - The word "watches" us a synonym for "sees," and the phrase "all the paths he takes" is a metaphor for "all he does." + * **Yahweh sees everything a person does and watches all the paths he takes.** (Proverbs 5:21 ULB)

The word "watches" us a synonym for "sees," and the phrase "all the paths he takes" is a metaphor for "all he does."

* Yahweh pays attention to everything a person does. - * **For Yahweh has a lawsuit with his people, and he will fight in court against Israel.** (Micah 6:2 ULB) - This parallelism describes one serious disagreement that Yahweh had with one group of people. If this is unclear, the phrases can be combined: + * **For Yahweh has a lawsuit with his people, and he will fight in court against Israel.** (Micah 6:2 ULB)

This parallelism describes one serious disagreement that Yahweh had with one group of people. If this is unclear, the phrases can be combined:

* For Yahweh has a lawsuit with his people, Israel. 1. If it appears that the clauses are used together to show that what they say is really true, you could include words that emphasize the truth such as "truly" or "certainly." diff --git a/translate/figs-you/01.md b/translate/figs-you/01.md index c43b95c..9ec0a0c 100644 --- a/translate/figs-you/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-you/01.md @@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ Some languages have more than one word for "you" based on how many people the wo You may also want to watch the video at http://ufw.io/figs_younum. - Sometimes in the Bible a speaker uses a singular form of "you" even though he is speaking to a crowd. * [Singular Pronouns that Refer to Groups](../figs-youcrowd/01.md) diff --git a/translate/figs-yousingular/01.md b/translate/figs-yousingular/01.md index 001f911..f39b09e 100644 --- a/translate/figs-yousingular/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-yousingular/01.md @@ -34,5 +34,4 @@ Paul wrote this letter to one person, Titus. Most of the time the word "you" in 1. If you have a Bible that is written in a language that distinguishes "you" singular from "you" plural, see which form of "you" that Bible has in that sentence. 1. Look at the context to see how many people the speaker was talking to and who responded. - You may also want to watch the video at http://ufw.io/figs_younum. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/translate/file-formats/01.md b/translate/file-formats/01.md index 1945f1b..71a04d6 100644 --- a/translate/file-formats/01.md +++ b/translate/file-formats/01.md @@ -28,7 +28,6 @@ Most people do not know how to write in USFM. This is one of the reasons why we Though it is strongly encouraged to only do a translation using USFM notation, sometimes a translation is done without using USFM markup. This type of translation still can be used, but first the USFM markers must be added. One way to do this is to copy and paste it into translationStudio, then place the verse markers in the correct place. When this is done, the translation will be able to be exported as USFM. This is a very arduous task, so we strongly recommend doing your Bible translation work from the beginning in translationStudio or some other program that uses USFM. - ### Markdown for Other Content Markdown is a very common markup language that is used in many places on the Internet. Using Markdown makes it very easy for the same text to be used in a variety of formats (such as webpage, mobile app, PDF, etc). diff --git a/translate/guidelines-equal/01.md b/translate/guidelines-equal/01.md index b9d03db..770fe48 100644 --- a/translate/guidelines-equal/01.md +++ b/translate/guidelines-equal/01.md @@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ These are all accusations of guilt. Some are using idioms with the word "blood" #### Figures of Speech - **Definition** - A figure of speech is a special way of saying something in order to catch the attention or express an emotion about what is said. **Description** - The meaning of a figure of speech as a whole is different from the normal meaning of the individual words. diff --git a/translate/resources-alter/01.md b/translate/resources-alter/01.md index 6a056cc..bd72f93 100644 --- a/translate/resources-alter/01.md +++ b/translate/resources-alter/01.md @@ -7,12 +7,10 @@ The alternate translation suggestion may involve, for example, stating implicit ### Translation Notes Examples - **Making Implicit Information Clear** >... it is a law of the Medes and Persians, that no decree or statute that the king issues can be changed. (Daniel 6:15 ULB) - * **no decree...can be changed** - An additional sentence may be added here to aid in understanding. Alternate translation: "no decree...can be changed. So they must throw Daniel into the pit of lions." (See: *Explicit*) The additional sentence shows what the speaker wanted the king to understand from his reminder that the king's decrees and statues cannot be changed. Translators may need to state some things clearly in the translation that the original speaker or writer left unstated or implicit. @@ -21,7 +19,6 @@ The additional sentence shows what the speaker wanted the king to understand fro >... to him who blasphemes against the Holy Spirit, it will not be forgiven. (Luke 12:10 ULB) - * **it will not be forgiven** - This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will not forgive him"(See: *Active Passive*) This note provides an example of how translators can translate this passive sentence if their languages do not use passive sentences. @@ -30,7 +27,6 @@ This note provides an example of how translators can translate this passive sent >... Saul, Saul, why are you persecuting me? (Acts 9:4 ULB) - * **why are you persecuting me?** - This rhetorical question communicates a rebuke to Saul. In some languages, it may be more natural to translate this as a statement or command. Alternate translation: "You are persecuting me!" or "Stop persecuting me!" (See: *Rhetorical Questions*) The translation suggestion here provides an alternate way to translate the rhetorical question if your language does not use that form of rhetorical question to rebuke someone. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/translate/resources-alterm/01.md b/translate/resources-alterm/01.md index c953973..e927044 100644 --- a/translate/resources-alterm/01.md +++ b/translate/resources-alterm/01.md @@ -30,15 +30,11 @@ The translator needs to decide which meaning to translate. He may choose the mea * **Tartan ... Rabsaris** - Some Bibles translate these as proper names. Other versions of the Bible translate them as titles. Alternate translation: "the Tartan ... the Rabsaris" or "the leader of the soldier ... a court official" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) - - - >While he was speaking to me using these words, I turned my face toward the ground and was unable to speak. One who was like the sons of man touched my lips and I opened my mouth and spoke to him who stood before me ... (Daniel 10: 15-16 ULB) * **One who was like the sons of man** This may refer to the one who had just spoken to Daniel. However, some versions interpret it as referring to a different person. Alternate translation: "This one, who looked like a human" - ### Translation Strategies 1. Translate it in such a way that the reader could understand either meaning as a possibility. diff --git a/translate/resources-connect/01.md b/translate/resources-connect/01.md index a1ad69a..6e83992 100644 --- a/translate/resources-connect/01.md +++ b/translate/resources-connect/01.md @@ -41,7 +41,6 @@ This note tells you that it is still Peter speaking in verse 17 so you can mark >"I was found by those who did not seek me. >I appeared to those who did not ask for me." (Romans 10:20 ULB) - * **General Information:** - Here the words "I" and "me" refer to God. This note lets you know who the pronouns refer to. You may need to add something so that readers will know that Isaiah is not speaking for himself, but is quoting what God said. diff --git a/translate/resources-links/01.md b/translate/resources-links/01.md index 4c5e944..f73d643 100644 --- a/translate/resources-links/01.md +++ b/translate/resources-links/01.md @@ -18,8 +18,6 @@ There are several reasons to read the translationAcademy topic information: * **walking** - Here walking is a metaphor meaning to obey. Alternate translation: "obeying" (See: *Metaphor*) * **made it known** - This is an idiom. Alternate translation: "communicated it" (See: *Idiom*) - - ### Repeated Phrases in a Book Sometimes a phrase is used multiple times in one book. When this happens, there will be a link in the translationNotes-green chapter and verse numbers that you can click on-that will take you back to where you have translated that phrase before. There are several reasons why you will want to go to the place where the word or phrase was translated before: diff --git a/translate/resources-types/01.md b/translate/resources-types/01.md index 594fb90..ca4cdc2 100644 --- a/translate/resources-types/01.md +++ b/translate/resources-types/01.md @@ -41,4 +41,3 @@ There are several types of suggested translations. * **[Notes for Long ULB Phrases](../resources-long/01.md)** - Sometimes there are Notes that refer to a phrase and separate Notes that refer to portions of that phrase. In that case, the Note for the larger phrase is first, and the Notes for its smaller parts follow afterward. In that way, the Notes can give translation suggestions or explanations for the whole as well as each part. - diff --git a/translate/translate-alphabet2/01.md b/translate/translate-alphabet2/01.md index 98c8b84..8b4de59 100644 --- a/translate/translate-alphabet2/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-alphabet2/01.md @@ -76,7 +76,6 @@ The **manner of articulation** describes how the airflow is slowed. It can come Semi-Vowel / w / y h / Nose – Continuant / m / n - **Naming the sounds** can be done by calling their features. The sound of “b” is called a Voiced Bilabial (two lips) Stop. The sound of “f” is known as a Voicelss Labio-dental (lip-teeth) Fricative. The sound of “n” is called a Voiced Alveolar (Ridge) Nasal. **Symbolizing the sounds** can be done one of two ways. Either we can use the symbol for that sound found in the International Phonetic Alphabet, or we can use well-known symbols from an alphabet known by the reader. diff --git a/translate/translate-bdistance/01.md b/translate/translate-bdistance/01.md index 8985c04..8914c49 100644 --- a/translate/translate-bdistance/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-bdistance/01.md @@ -19,7 +19,6 @@ The metric values in the table below are close but not exactly equal to the bibl | "long" cubit | 54 centimeters | | stadia | 185 meters | - #### Translation Principles 1. The people in the Bible did not use modern measures such as meters, liters, and kilograms. Using the original measures can help readers know that the Bible really was written long ago in a time when people used those measures. diff --git a/translate/translate-bmoney/01.md b/translate/translate-bmoney/01.md index a81f84b..cb3af38 100644 --- a/translate/translate-bmoney/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-bmoney/01.md @@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ The two tables below show some of the most well-known units of money found in th | shekel | various metals | 11 grams | | talent | various metals | 33 kilograms| - | Unit in NT | Metal | Day's Wage | | -------- | -------- | -------- | | denarius/denarii | silver coin | 1 day | diff --git a/translate/translate-chapverse/01.md b/translate/translate-chapverse/01.md index c6fd173..7a647e3 100644 --- a/translate/translate-chapverse/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-chapverse/01.md @@ -34,20 +34,19 @@ If the people who speak your language have another Bible that they use, number t The example below is from 3 John 1. Some Bibles mark this text as verses 14 and 15, and some mark it all as verse 14. You may mark the verse numbers as your other Bible does. -**14But I hope to see you soon, and we will speak face to face.** 15**May peace be with you. The friends greet you. Greet our friends there by name.** (3 John 1:14-15 ULB) - -14But I hope to see you soon, and we will speak face to face. May peace be with you. The friends greet you. Greet our friends there by name. (3 John 14) + * ***14But I hope to see you soon, and we will speak face to face. 15May peace be with you. The friends greet you. Greet our friends there by name.** (3 John 1:14-15 ULB) + * 14But I hope to see you soon, and we will speak face to face. May peace be with you. The friends greet you. Greet our friends there by name. (3 John 14) Next is an example from Psalm 3. Some Bibles do not mark the explanation at the beginning of the psalm as a verse, and others mark it as verse 1. You may mark the verse numbers as your other Bible does. -***A psalm of David, when he fled from Absalom his son.*** -1**Yahweh, how many are my enemies!** -**Many have risen against me.** -2**Many say about me,** -**"There is no help for him from God."** ***Selah*** - -1*A psalm of David, when he fled from Absalom his son.* -2Yahweh, how many are my enemies! -Many have risen against me. -3Many say about me, + * ***A psalm of David, when he fled from Absalom his son.*
+1Yahweh, how many are my enemies!
+Many have risen against me.
+2Many say about me,
+"There is no help for him from God." *Selah*** + * 1*A psalm of David, when he fled from Absalom his son.*
+2Yahweh, how many are my enemies!
+Many have risen against me.
+3Many say about me,
"There is no help for him from God." *Selah* + diff --git a/translate/translate-decimal/01.md b/translate/translate-decimal/01.md index 2156c28..93a1c4d 100644 --- a/translate/translate-decimal/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-decimal/01.md @@ -23,7 +23,6 @@ In the Unlocked Dynamic Bible (UDB) parts of a number are written as decimals or |.25 |twenty-five one hundredths | one fourth | |.75 |seventy-five one hundredths | three fourths | - #### Reasons this is a translation issue * If translators want to use the measures in the UDB, they will need to be able to understand the decimal numbers that are used with them. @@ -51,19 +50,16 @@ One and a half cubits is about .7 meter or seven tenths of a meter. * If you decide to use fractions and the measures in the ULB, simply translate the numbers and measures in the ULB. * If you decide to use decimals and the measures in the UDB, simply translate the numbers and measures in the UDB. - 1. If you decide to use decimals and the measures in the ULB, you will need to change the fractions in the ULB to decimals. 1. If you decide to use fractions and the measures in the UDB, you will need to change the decimals in the UDB to fractions. ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied 1. If you decide to use decimals and the measures in the ULB, you will need to change the fractions in the ULB to decimals. - * **three-tenths of an ephah of fine flour mixed with oil as a grain offering, and one log of oil.** (Leviticus 14:10 ULB) * 0.3 ephah of fine flour mixed with oil as a grain offering, and one log of oil. - + 1. If you decide to use fractions and the measures in the UDB, you will need to change the decimals in the UDB to fractions. - * **about 6.5 liters of a fine flour offering, mixed with olive oil, to be an offering, and about one third liter of olive oil.** (Leviticus 14:10 UDB) * about six and a half liters of a fine flour offering, mixed with olive oil, to be an offering, and about one third liter of olive oil. diff --git a/translate/translate-formatsignals/01.md b/translate/translate-formatsignals/01.md index dc47db2..1b0be63 100644 --- a/translate/translate-formatsignals/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-formatsignals/01.md @@ -16,7 +16,6 @@ In Mark 11:31-33, the ellipsis mark shows that either the religious leaders did >They discussed between themselves and argued and said, "If we say, 'From heaven,' he will say, 'Why then did you not believe him?' But if we say, 'From men,' **...** ." They were afraid of the people, for everyone was convinced that John was a prophet. Then they answered Jesus and said, "We do not know." Then Jesus said to them, "Neither will I tell you by what authority I do these things." (ULB) - #### Long Dashes **Definition** - Long dashes (—) introduce information that is immediately relevant to what came before it. For example: diff --git a/translate/translate-fraction/01.md b/translate/translate-fraction/01.md index e0b2e9d..4d3a6d1 100644 --- a/translate/translate-fraction/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-fraction/01.md @@ -19,7 +19,6 @@ Most fractions in English simply have "-th" added to the end of the number. | one hundred | one hundredth | | one thousand | one thousandth | - Some fractions in English do not follow that pattern. | Number of parts the whole is divided into | Fraction | @@ -28,8 +27,6 @@ Some fractions in English do not follow that pattern. | three | third | | five | fifth | - - **Reason this is a translation issue:** Some languages do not use fractions. They may simply talk about parts or groups, but they do not use fractions to tell how big a part is or how many are included in a group. ### Examples From the Bible diff --git a/translate/translate-hebrewmonths/01.md b/translate/translate-hebrewmonths/01.md index ec448fb..a4c49d1 100644 --- a/translate/translate-hebrewmonths/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-hebrewmonths/01.md @@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ The examples below use these two verses. * **At that time, you will appear before me in the month of Abib, which is fixed for this purpose. It was in this month that you came out from Egypt.** (Exodus 23:15 ULB) * **It will always be a statute for you that in the seventh month, on the tenth day of the month, you must humble yourselves and do no work ...** (Leviticus 16:29 ULB) - + 1. Tell the number of the Hebrew month. * At that time, you will appear before me in the first month of the year, which is fixed for this purpose. It was in this month that you came out from Egypt. @@ -76,3 +76,4 @@ The examples below use these two verses. * The footnote would look like: [1]The Hebrew says, "the seventh month, on the tenth day of the month." + diff --git a/translate/translate-manual/01.md b/translate/translate-manual/01.md index c9a9e8c..b3141bf 100644 --- a/translate/translate-manual/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-manual/01.md @@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ This manual teaches translation theory and how to make a good translation for Other Languages (OLs). Some of the principles of translation in this manual also apply to Gateway Language translation. For specific instruction on how to translate the set of translation tools for Gateway Languages, however, please see the Gateway Language Manual. It will be very helpful to study many of these modules before starting any type of translation project. Other modules, such as the ones about grammar, are only needed for "just-in-time" learning. - Some highlights in the Translation Manual: * [The Qualities of a Good Translation](../guidelines-intro/01.md) - defining a good translation diff --git a/translate/translate-names/01.md b/translate/translate-names/01.md index e500246..4283fbe 100644 --- a/translate/translate-names/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-names/01.md @@ -38,7 +38,6 @@ Readers may not understand why she said this if they do not know that the name M >Saul was in agreement with his death. (Acts 8:1 ULB)
- >It came about in Iconium that Paul and Barnabas entered together into the synagogue ... (Acts 14:1 ULB) Readers may not know that the names Saul and Paul refer to the same person. @@ -58,15 +57,15 @@ Readers may not know that the names Saul and Paul refer to the same person. * You went over the Jordan River and came to the city of Jericho. The leaders of Jericho fought against you, along with the tribe of the Amorites ... * **Shortly after, some Pharisees came and said to him, "Go and leave here because Herod wants to kill you."** (Luke 13:31 ULB) * Shortly after, some Pharisees came and said to him, "Go and leave here because King Herod wants to kill you. - + 1. If readers need to understand the meaning of a name in order to understand what is said about it, copy the name and tell about its meaning either in the text or in a footnote. * **She named him Moses and said, "Because I drew him from the water."** (Exodus 2:11 ULB) * She named him Moses, which sounds like 'drawn out,' and said, "Because I drew him from the water." - + 1. Or if readers need to understand the meaning of a name in order to understand what is said about it, and that name is used only once, translate the meaning of the name instead of copying the name. * **... she said, "Do I really continue to see, even after he has seen me?" Therefore the well was called Beer Lahai Roi;** (Genesis 16:13-14 ULB) * ... she said, "Do I really continue to see, even after he has seen me?" Therefore the well was called Well of the Living One who sees me; - + 1. If a person or place has two different names, use one name most of the time and the other name only when the text tells about the person or place having more than one name or when it says something about why the person or place was given that name. Write a footnote when the source text uses the name that is used less frequently. For example, Paul is called "Saul" before Acts 13 and "Paul" after Acts 13. You could translate his name as "Paul" all of the time, except in Acts 13:9 where it talks about him having both names. * **... a young man named Saul.** (Acts 7:58 ULB) * ... a young man named Paul.[1] @@ -74,7 +73,7 @@ Readers may not know that the names Saul and Paul refer to the same person. [1]Most versions say Saul here, but most of the time in the Bible he is called Paul. * **But Saul, who is also called Paul ...** (Acts 13:9) * But Saul, who is also called Paul ... - + 1. Or if a person or place has two names, use whatever name is given in the source text, and add a footnote that gives the other name. For example, you could write "Saul" where the source text has "Saul" and "Paul" where the source text has "Paul." * **... a young man named Saul.** (Acts 7:58 ULB) * ... a young man named Saul.[1] @@ -87,3 +86,4 @@ Readers may not know that the names Saul and Paul refer to the same person. * The footnote would look like: [1]This is the man that was called Saul before Acts 13. + diff --git a/translate/translate-numbers/01.md b/translate/translate-numbers/01.md index db585b7..b13d166 100644 --- a/translate/translate-numbers/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-numbers/01.md @@ -40,23 +40,23 @@ This is a rounded number. It does not say exactly how many descendants she shoul We will use the following verse in our examples: >Now, see, at great effort I have prepared for the house of Yahweh 100,000 talents of gold, one million talents of silver, and bronze and iron in large quantities. (1 Chronicles 22:14 ULB) - + 1. Write numbers using numerals. * I have prepared for the house of Yahweh 100,000 talents of gold, 1,000,000 talents of silver, and bronze and iron in large quantities. - + 1. Write numbers using your language's words or the gateway language words for those numbers. * I have prepared for the house of Yahweh one hundred thousand talents of gold, one million talents of silver, and bronze and iron in large quantities. - + 1. Write numbers using words, and put the numerals in parenthesis after them. * I have prepared for the house of Yahweh one hundred thousand (100,000) talents of gold, one million (1,000,000) talents of silver, and bronze and iron in large quantities. - + 1. Combine words for large numbers. * I have prepared for the house of Yahweh one hundred thousand talents of gold, a thousand thousand talents of silver, and bronze and iron in large quantities. - + 1. Use a very general expression for very large rounded numbers and write the numeral in parentheses afterward. * I have prepared for the house of Yahweh a great amount of gold (100,000 talents), ten times that amount of silver (1,000,000 talents), and bronze and iron in large quantities. @@ -76,3 +76,4 @@ Be consistent in your translations. Decide how the numbers will be translated, u The *Unlocked Literal Bible* (ULB) and the *Unlocked Dynamic Bible* (UDB) use words for numbers that have only one or two words (nine, sixteen, three hundred). They use numerals for numbers that have more than two words (the numerals "130" instead of "one hundred thirty"). >When Adam had lived 130 years, he became the father of a son in his own likeness, after his image, and he called his name Seth. After Adam became the father of Seth, he lived eight hundred years. He became the father of more sons and daughters. Adam lived 930 years, and then he died. (Genesis 5:3-5 ULB) + diff --git a/translate/translate-ordinal/01.md b/translate/translate-ordinal/01.md index 8ca5624..5717ae1 100644 --- a/translate/translate-ordinal/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-ordinal/01.md @@ -19,7 +19,6 @@ Most ordinal numbers in English simply have "-th" added to the end. | 100 | one hundred | one hundredth | | 1,000| one thousand | one thousandth | - Some ordinal numbers in English do not follow that pattern. | Numeral | Number | Ordinal Number | @@ -54,13 +53,12 @@ If your language has ordinal numbers and using them would give the right meaning ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied 1. Tell the total number of items, and use "one" with the first item and "another" or "the next" with the rest. - * **The first lot went to Jehoiarib, the second to Jedaiah, the third to Harim, the fourth to Seorim, ... the twenty-third to Delaiah, and the twenty-fourth to Maaziah.** (1 Chronicles 24:7-18 ULB) * There were twenty-four lots. One lot went to Jehoiarib, another to Jedaiah,  another  to Harim, ... another to Delaiah, and the last went to  Maaziah. * There were twenty-four lots. One lot went to Jehoiarib, the next to Jedaiah,  the next  to Harim, ... the next to Delaiah, and the last went to  Maaziah. * **A river went out of Eden to water the garden. From there it divided and became four rivers. The name of the first is Pishon. It is the one which flows throughout the whole land of Havilah, where there is gold. The gold of that land is good. There is also bdellium and the onyx stone. The name of the second river is Gihon. This one flows throughout the whole land of Cush. The name of the third river is Tigris, which flows east of Asshur. The fourth river is the Euphrates.** (Genesis 2:10-14 ULB) * A river went out of Eden to water the garden. From there it divided and became four rivers. The name of one is Pishon. It is the one which flows throughout the whole land of Havilah, where there is gold. The gold of that land is good. There is also bdellium and the onyx stone. The name of the next river is Gihon. This one flows throughout the whole land of Cush. The name of the next river is Tigris, which flows east of Asshur. The last river is the Euphrates. - + 1. Tell the total number of items and then list them or the things associated with them. * **The first lot went to Jehoiarib, the second to Jedaiah, the third to Harim, the fourth to Seorim, ... the twenty-third to Delaiah, and the twenty-fourth to Maaziah.** (1 Chronicles 24:7-18 ULB) * They cast twenty-four lots. The lots went to Jerhoiarib, Jedaiah, Harim, Seorim, ... Delaiah, and Maaziah. diff --git a/translate/translate-symaction/01.md b/translate/translate-symaction/01.md index eef2291..9286bd9 100644 --- a/translate/translate-symaction/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-symaction/01.md @@ -41,15 +41,16 @@ If people would correctly understand what a symbolic action meant to the people * Behold, a man named Jairus ... fell down at Jesus' feet in order to show that he greatly respected him ... * **Look, I am standing at the door and am knocking.** (Revelation 3:20 ULB) * Look, I am standing at the door and knocking on it, asking you to let me in. - + 1. Do not tell what the person did, but tell what he meant. * **Behold, a man named Jairus ... fell down at Jesus' feet ...** (Luke 8:41) * Behold, a man named Jairus ... showed Jesus great respect ... * **Look, I am standing at the door and am knocking.** (Revelation 3:20) * Look, I am standing at the door and asking you to let me in. - + 1. Use an action from your own culture that has the same meaning. * **Behold, a man named Jairus ... fell down at Jesus' feet ...** (Luke 8:41 ULB) - Since Jairus actually did this, we would not substitute an action from our own culture. * **Look, I am standing at the door and am knocking.** (Revelation 3:20 ULB) - Jesus was not standing at a real door. Rather he was speaking about wanting to have a relationship with people. So in cultures where it is polite to clear one's throat when wanting to be let into a house, you could use that. * Look, I am standing at the door and clearing my throat. + diff --git a/translate/translate-textvariants/01.md b/translate/translate-textvariants/01.md index bba9c76..5bab776 100644 --- a/translate/translate-textvariants/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-textvariants/01.md @@ -11,14 +11,10 @@ Translators are encouraged to translate the text in the ULB and to write about a ### Examples from the Bible Matthew 18:10-11 ULB has a footnote about verse 11. ->10See that you do not despise any of these little ones. For I say to you that in heaven their angels always look on the face of my Father who is in heaven. 11[1] - -[1]The best ancient Greek copies do not have the sentence that some translations include, **For the Son of Man came to save that which was lost**. +>10See that you do not despise any of these little ones. For I say to you that in heaven their angels always look on the face of my Father who is in heaven. 11[1][1]The best ancient Greek copies do not have the sentence that some translations include, **For the Son of Man came to save that which was lost**. John 7:53-8:11 is not in the best earliest manuscripts. It has been included in the ULB, but it is marked off with square brackets ([ ]) at the beginning and end, and there is a footnote after verse 11. ->53[Then every man went to his own house. ... 11She said, "No one, Lord." Jesus said, "Neither do I condemn you. Go and sin no more."][2] - -[2]The best ancient copies do not have John 7:53-8:11. +>53[Then every man went to his own house. ... 11She said, "No one, Lord." Jesus said, "Neither do I condemn you. Go and sin no more."][2]

[2]The best ancient copies do not have John 7:53-8:11. ### Translation Strategies @@ -31,16 +27,13 @@ When there is a textual variant, you may choose to follow the ULB or another ver The translation strategies are applied to Mark 7:14-16 ULB, which has a footnote about verse 16. -* 14**He called the crowd again and said to them, "Listen to me, all of you, and understand. 15There is nothing from outside of a person that can defile him when it enters into him. It is what comes out of the person that defiles him."** 16[1] - * **[1]The best ancient copies do not have verse 16. *If any man has ears to hear, let him hear*.** - +* 14**He called the crowd again and said to them, "Listen to me, all of you, and understand. 15There is nothing from outside of a person that can defile him when it enters into him. It is what comes out of the person that defiles him."** 16[1]

**[1]The best ancient copies do not have verse 16. *If any man has ears to hear, let him hear*.** + 1. Translate the verses that the ULB does and include the footnote that the ULB provides. - * 14He called the crowd again and said to them, "Listen to me, all of you, and understand. 15There is nothing from outside of a person that can defile him when it enters into him. It is what comes out of the person that defiles him." 16[1] - * [1]The best ancient copies do not have verse 16. *If any man has ears to hear, let him hear*. - + * 14He called the crowd again and said to them, "Listen to me, all of you, and understand. 15There is nothing from outside of a person that can defile him when it enters into him. It is what comes out of the person that defiles him." 16[1]

[1]The best ancient copies do not have verse 16. *If any man has ears to hear, let him hear*. + 1. Translate the verses as another version does, and change the footnote so that it fits this situation. - * 14He called the crowd again and said to them, "Listen to me, all of you, and understand. 15There is nothing from outside of a person that can defile him when it enters into him. It is what comes out of the person that defiles him. 16If any man has ears to hear, let him hear." [1] - * [1]The best ancient copies do not have verse 16. + * 14He called the crowd again and said to them, "Listen to me, all of you, and understand. 15There is nothing from outside of a person that can defile him when it enters into him. It is what comes out of the person that defiles him. 16If any man has ears to hear, let him hear." [1]

[1]The best ancient copies do not have verse 16. diff --git a/translate/translate-transliterate/01.md b/translate/translate-transliterate/01.md index 89d012d..3d3d9e0 100644 --- a/translate/translate-transliterate/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-transliterate/01.md @@ -34,21 +34,17 @@ There are several ways to borrow a word. 1. You can spell the word as the other language spells it, and pronounce it the way your language normally pronounces those letters. 1. You can pronounce the word similarly to the way the other language does, and adjust the spelling to fit the rules of your language. - ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied 1. If your language uses a different script from the language you are translating from, you can simply substitute each letter shape with the corresponding letter shape of the script of your language. - * **צְפַנְיָ֤ה** - A man's name in Hebrew letters. * Zephaniah - The same name in Roman letters - + 1. You can spell the word as the other language spells it, and pronounce it the way your language normally pronounces those letters. - * **Zephaniah** - This is a man's name. * Zephaniah - The name as it is spelled in English, but you can pronounce it according to the rules of your language. - + 1. You can pronounce the word similarly to the way the other language does, and adjust the spelling to fit the rules of your language. - * **Zephaniah** - If your language does not have the "z", you could use "s". If your writing system does not use "ph" you could use "f". Depending on how you pronounce the "i" you could spell it with "i" or "ai" or "ay". * Sefania * Sefanaia diff --git a/translate/translate-unknown/01.md b/translate/translate-unknown/01.md index c4244b2..12c73fc 100644 --- a/translate/translate-unknown/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-unknown/01.md @@ -50,39 +50,31 @@ Here are ways you might translate a term that is not known in your language: ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied 1. Use a phrase that describes what the unknown item is, or what is important about the unknown item for the verse being translated. - * **Beware of false prophets, who come to you in sheep's clothing but are truly ravenous wolves.** (Matthew 7:15 ULB) * Beware of false prophets, who come to you in sheep's clothing but are truly hungry and dangerous animals. "Ravenous wolves" is part of a metaphor here, so the reader needs to know that they are very dangerous to sheep in order to understand this metaphor. (If sheep are also unknown, then you will need to also use one of the translation strategies to translate sheep, or change the metaphor to something else, using a translation strategy for metaphors. See [Translating Metaphors](../figs-metaphor/01.md).) - * **We have here only five loaves of bread and two fish.** (Matthew 14:17 ULB) * We have here only five loaves of baked grain seeds and two fish - + 1. Substitute something similar from your language if doing so does not falsely represent a historical fact. - * **your sins ... will be white like snow** (Isaiah 1:18 ULB) This verse is not about snow. It uses snow in a figure of speech to help people understand how white something will be. * your sins ... will be white like milk * your sins ... will be white like the moon - + 1. Copy the word from another language, and add a general word or descriptive phrase to help people understand it. - * **Then they tried to give Jesus wine mixed with myrrh, but he refused to drink it.** (Mark 15:23 ULB) - People may understand better what myrrh is if it is used with the general word "medicine." * Then they tried to give Jesus wine mixed with a medicine called myrrh, but he refused to drink it. - * **We have here only five loaves of bread and two fish.** (Matthew 14:17 ULB) - People may understand better what bread is if it is used with a phrase that tells what it is made of (seeds) and how it is prepared (crushed and baked). * We have here only five loaves of baked crushed seed bread and two fish. - + 1. Use a word that is more general in meaning. - * **So I will turn Jerusalem into piles of ruins, a hideout for jackals**. (Jeremiah 9:11 ULB) * So I will turn Jerusalem into piles of ruins, a hideout for wild dogs. - * **We have here only five loaves of bread and two fish** (Matthew 14:17 ULB) * We have here only five loaves of baked food and two fish. - + 1. Use a word or phrase that is more specific in meaning. - * **... to him who made great lights ...** (Psalm 136:7 ULB) * ... to him who made the sun and the moon ... diff --git a/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting/01.md b/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting/01.md index 8b7f6cb..a589da4 100644 --- a/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting/01.md @@ -32,27 +32,22 @@ Some of these things happened after the prophets told about them, and some of th * Translate tense in a way that the readers can understand what the speaker meant. If readers would not understand the predictive past, it is acceptable to use the future tense. * Some of the prophecies were fulfilled after the prophets wrote about them. Some of them have not been fulfilled yet. Do not clarify in the prophecy when these prophecies were fulfilled or how they were fulfilled. - ### Examples from the Bible The following passages describe powerful beings that Ezekiel, Daniel, and John saw. Images that come up in these visions include hair that is white as wool, a voice like many waters, a golden belt, and legs or feet like polished bronze. Though the prophets saw various details, it would be good to translate the details that are the same in the same way. The underlined phrases in the passage from Revelation also occur in the passages from Daniel and Ezekiel >In the middle of the lampstands there was one like a Son of Man, wearing a long robe that reached down to his feet, and a golden belt around his chest. His head and hair were as white as wool — as white as snow, and his eyes were like a flame of fire. His feet were like burnished bronze, like bronze that had been refined in a furnace, and his voice was like the sound of many rushing waters. He had in his right hand seven stars, and coming out of his mouth was a sharp two-edged sword. His face was shining like the sun at its strongest shining. (Revelation 1:13-16) - >As I looked, >thrones were set in place, >and the Ancient of Days took his seat. >His clothing was as white as snow, >and the hair of his head was like pure wool. (Daniel 7:9 ULB) - >I looked up and saw a man dressed in linen, with a belt around his waist made of pure gold from Uphaz. His body was like topaz, his face was like lightning, his eyes were like flaming torches, his arms and his feet were like polished bronze, and the sound of his words was like the sound of a great crowd. (Daniel 10:5-6) - >Behold! The glory of the God of Israel came from the east; his voice was like the sound of many waters, and the earth shone with his glory. (Ezekiel 43:2 ULB) - The following passage shows the use of the past tense to refer to past events. The underlined verbs refer to past events. >The vision of Isaiah son of Amoz, that he saw concerning Judah and Jerusalem, in the days of Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah, kings of Judah. diff --git a/translate/writing-connectingwords/01.md b/translate/writing-connectingwords/01.md index 0a71d81..4a68fbb 100644 --- a/translate/writing-connectingwords/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-connectingwords/01.md @@ -36,7 +36,6 @@ The word "Therefore" links this section with the section before it, signalling t Here the word "for" connects what follows as the reason for what came before; the reason that Paul does not place stumbling blocks is that he does not want his ministry brought into disrepute. "Instead" contrasts what Paul does (proving by his actions that he is God's servant) with what he said he does not do (placing stumbling blocks). - ### Translation Strategies If the way the relationship between thoughts is shown in the ULB would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, then consider using it. If not, here are some other options. @@ -51,7 +50,7 @@ If the way the relationship between thoughts is shown in the ULB would be natura * **Jesus said to them, "Come after me, and I will make you become fishers of men." Immediately they left the nets and went after him.** (Mark 1:17-18 ULB) - They followed Jesus because he told them to. Some translators may want to mark this with "so." * Jesus said to them, "Come after me, and I will make you become fishers of men." So immediately they left the nets and went after him. - + 1. Do not use a connecting word if it would be odd to use one and people would understand the right relationship between the thoughts without it. * **Therefore whoever breaks the least one of these commandments and teaches others to do so, will be called least in the kingdom of heaven. But whoever keeps them and teaches them will be called great in the kingdom of heaven.** (Matthew 5:19 ULB) - @@ -65,7 +64,7 @@ Some languages would prefer not to use connecting words here, because the meanin Some languages might not need the words "but" or "then" here. * I did not immediately consult with flesh and blood, nor did I go up to Jerusalem to those who had become apostles before me. Instead I went to Arabia and then returned to Damascus. After three years I went up to Jerusalem to visit Cephas, and I stayed with him fifteen days. - + 1. Use a different connecting word. * **Therefore whoever breaks the least one of these commandments and teaches others to do so, will be called least in the kingdom of heaven. But whoever keeps them and teaches them will be called great in the kingdom of heaven.** (Matthew 5:19 ULB) Instead of a word like "therefore," a language might need a phrase to indicate that there was a section before it that gave the reason for the section that follows. Also, the word "but" is used here because of the contrast between the two groups of people. But in some languages, the word "but" would show that what comes after it is surprising because of what came before it. So "and" might be clearer for those languages. diff --git a/translate/writing-newevent/01.md b/translate/writing-newevent/01.md index 8537016..3531192 100644 --- a/translate/writing-newevent/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-newevent/01.md @@ -72,4 +72,3 @@ If the information given at the beginning of a new event is clear and natural to * **Noah was six hundred years old when the flood came upon the earth. Noah, his sons, his wife, and his sons' wives went into the ark together because of the waters of the flood.** (Genesis 7:6-7 ULB) * Now this is what happened when Noah was six hundred years old. Noah, his sons, his wife, and his sons' wives went into the ark together because God had said that the waters of the flood would come. - diff --git a/translate/writing-participants/01.md b/translate/writing-participants/01.md index 766fe37..4a92983 100644 --- a/translate/writing-participants/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-participants/01.md @@ -62,4 +62,3 @@ Since Boaz is the main person in this part of the story, some languages might fi * Now Boaz went up to the gate and sat down there. Soon, the near kinsman of whom he had spoken came by. He said to the kinsman.... - diff --git a/translate/writing-poetry/01.md b/translate/writing-poetry/01.md index ad90ce6..8c130c5 100644 --- a/translate/writing-poetry/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-poetry/01.md @@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ If you use ordinary speech it may be more clear. >and on his law he meditates day and night.** (Psalm 1:1, 2 ULB) The following are examples of how people might translate Psalm 1:1,2. - + 1. Translate the poetry using one of your styles of poetry. (The style in this example has words that sound similar at the end of each line.) * Happy is the person not encouraged to sin
Disrespect for God he will not begin.
diff --git a/translate/writing-pronouns/01.md b/translate/writing-pronouns/01.md index 111328d..64492e0 100644 --- a/translate/writing-pronouns/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-pronouns/01.md @@ -25,18 +25,15 @@ Each language has its rules and exceptions to this usual way of referring to peo The example below occurs at the beginning of a chapter. In some languages it might not be clear whom the pronouns refer to. >Then he spoke a parable to them about how they should always pray and not become discouraged. (Luke 18:1 ULB) - In the example below, two men are named in the first two sentences and the beginning of the third. It might not be clear whom "him," "his," and "he" in the third sentence refer to. >The prison warden gave into Joseph's hand all the prisoners who were in the prison. Whatever they did there, Joseph was in charge of it. The prison warden did not worry about anything that was in his hand, because Yahweh was with him. Whatever he did, Yahweh prospered. (Genesis 39:22-23 ULB) - Jesus is the main character of the book of Matthew, but in the verses below he is referred to four times by name. This may lead speakers of some languages to think that Jesus is not the main character. Or it might lead them to think that there is more than one person named Jesus in this story. Or it might lead them to think that there is some kind of emphasis on him, even though there is no emphasis. >At that time Jesus went on the Sabbath day through the grainfields. His disciples were hungry and began to pluck heads of grain and eat them. But when the Pharisees saw that, they said to Jesus, "See, your disciples do what is unlawful to do on the Sabbath." >But Jesus said to them, "Have you never read what David did, when he was hungry, and the men who were with him? ..." >Then Jesus left from there and went into their synagogue. (Matthew 12:1-9 ULB) - ### Translation Strategies 1. If it would not be clear to your readers whom or what a pronoun refers to, use a noun or name. @@ -45,18 +42,11 @@ Jesus is the main character of the book of Matthew, but in the verses below he i ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied 1. If it would not be clear to your readers whom or what a pronoun refers to, use a noun or name. - * **Then he spoke a parable to them about how they should always pray and not become discouraged.** (Luke 18:1 ULB) * Then Jesus spoke a parable to his disciples about how they should always pray and not become discouraged. - + 1. If repeating a noun or name would lead people to think that a main character is not a main character, or that the writer is talking about more than one person with that name, or that there is some kind of emphasis on someone when there is no emphasis, use a pronoun instead. ->**At that time Jesus went on the Sabbath day through the grain fields. His disciples were hungry and began to pluck heads of grain and eat them. But when the Pharisees saw that, they said to Jesus , "See, your disciples do what is unlawful to do on the Sabbath."** ->**But Jesus said to them, "Have you never read what David did when he was hungry, and the men who were with him? ...** ->**Then Jesus left from there and went into their synagogue.** (Matthew 12:1-9 ULB) + * **At that time Jesus went on the Sabbath day through the grain fields. His disciples were hungry and began to pluck heads of grain and eat them. But when the Pharisees saw that, they said to Jesus , "See, your disciples do what is unlawful to do on the Sabbath." But Jesus said to them, "Have you never read what David did when he was hungry, and the men who were with him? ... Then Jesus left from there and went into their synagogue.** (Matthew 12:1-9 ULB) + * At that time Jesus went on the Sabbath day through the grain fields. His disciples were hungry and began to pluck heads of grain and eat them. But when the Pharisees saw that, they said to him, "See, your disciples do what is unlawful to do on the Sabbath. But he said to them, "Have you never read what David did when he was hungry, and the men who were with him? ... Then he left from there and went into their synagogue. -May be translated as: - ->At that time Jesus went on the Sabbath day through the grain fields. His disciples were hungry and began to pluck heads of grain and eat them. But when the Pharisees saw that, they said to him, "See, your disciples do what is unlawful to do on the Sabbath. ->But he said to them, "Have you never read what David did when he was hungry, and the men who were with him? ... ->Then he left from there and went into their synagogue. diff --git a/translate/writing-proverbs/01.md b/translate/writing-proverbs/01.md index 8272521..23c58d9 100644 --- a/translate/writing-proverbs/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-proverbs/01.md @@ -46,35 +46,28 @@ If translating a proverb literally would be natural and give the right meaning i ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied 1. Find out how people say proverbs in your language, and use one of those ways. +* **A good name is to be chosen over great riches, +and favor is better than silver and gold.** (Proverbs 22:1 ULB) - * **A good name is to be chosen over great riches, -and favor is better than silver and gold.** (Proverbs 22:1 ULB) - - Here are some ideas for ways that people might say a proverb in their language. + Here are some ideas for ways that people might say a proverb in their language. * It is better to have a good name than to have great riches, and to be favored by people than to have silver and gold. * Wise people choose a good name over great riches, and favor over silver and gold. * Try to have a good reputation rather than great riches. * Will riches really help you? I would rather have a good reputation. - -1. If certain objects in the proverb are not known to many people in your language group, consider replacing them with objects that people know and that function in the same way in your language. - - * **Like snow in summer or rain in harvest, -so a fool does not deserve honor.** (Proverbs 26:1 ULB) - - * It is not natural for a cold wind to blow in the hot season or for it to rain in the harvest season; And it is not natural to honor a foolish person. - -1. Substitute a proverb in your language that has the same teaching as the proverb in the Bible. - - * **Do not boast about tomorrow.** (Proverbs 27:1 ULB) - * Do not count your chickens before they hatch. - +1. If certain objects in the proverb are not known to many people in your language group, consider replacing them with objects that people know and that function in the same way in your language. + * **Like snow in summer or rain in harvest, +so a fool does not deserve honor.** (Proverbs 26:1 ULB) + * It is not natural for a cold wind to blow in the hot season or for it to rain in the harvest season; And it is not natural to honor a foolish person. + +1. Substitute a proverb in your language that has the same teaching as the proverb in the Bible. + * **Do not boast about tomorrow.** (Proverbs 27:1 ULB) + * Do not count your chickens before they hatch. + 1. Give the same teaching but not in a form of a proverb. - * **A generation that curses their father and does not bless their mother, that is a generation that is pure in their own eyes, but they are not washed of their filth.** (Proverbs 30:11-12 ULB) - - * People who do not respect their parents think that they are righteous, and they do not turn away from their sin. + * People who do not respect their parents think that they are righteous, and they do not turn away from their sin. diff --git a/translate/writing-quotations/01.md b/translate/writing-quotations/01.md index 8eaf087..da65238 100644 --- a/translate/writing-quotations/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-quotations/01.md @@ -1,6 +1,5 @@ - ### Description When saying that someone said something, we often tell who spoke, whom they spoke to, and what they said. The information about who spoke and whom they spoke to is called the **quote margin**. What the person said is the **quotation**. (This is also called a quote.) In some languages the quote margin may come first, last, or even in between two parts of the quotation. @@ -51,14 +50,12 @@ When writing that someone said something, some languages put the quote (what was ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied 1. Decide where to put the quote margin. - * **"Therefore, those who can," he said, "should go there with us. If there is something wrong with the man, you should accuse him."** (Acts 25:5 ULB) * He said, "Therefore, those who can should go there with us. If there is something wrong with the man, you should accuse him." * "Therefore, those who can should go there with us. If there is something wrong with the man, you should accuse him," he said. * "Therefore, those who can should go there with us," he said. "If there is something wrong with the man, you should accuse him." - + 1. Decide whether to use one or two words meaning "said." - * **But his mother answered and said, "No. He will be called John."** (Luke 1:60 ULB) * But his mother replied, "No, instead he will be called John." * But his mother said, "No, instead he will be called John." diff --git a/translate/writing-symlanguage/01.md b/translate/writing-symlanguage/01.md index c1d8a2c..0c36cae 100644 --- a/translate/writing-symlanguage/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-symlanguage/01.md @@ -43,19 +43,15 @@ This passage explains the meaning of the seven lampstands and the seven stars. T 1. Translate the text with the symbols. Often the speaker or author explains the meaning later in the passage. - >**After this I saw in the visions of night a fourth animal, terrifying, frightening, and very strong. It had large iron teeth; it devoured, broke in pieces, and trampled underfoot what was left. It was different from the other animals, and it had ten horns.** (Daniel 7:7 ULB) + * **After this I saw in the visions of night a fourth animal, terrifying, frightening, and very strong. It had large iron teeth; it devoured, broke in pieces, and trampled underfoot what was left. It was different from the other animals, and it had ten horns.** (Daniel 7:7 ULB)

People will be able to understand what the symbols mean when they read the explanation in Daniel 7:23-24: - >People will be able to understand what the symbols mean when they read the explanation in Daniel 7:23-24. + * As for the fourth animal ... It will devour ... As for the ten horns ... 2. Translate the text with the symbols. Then explain the symbols in footnotes. * **After this I saw the visions of night a fourth animal, terrifying, frightening, and very strong. It had large iron teeth; it devoured, broke in pieces, and trampled underfoot what was left. It was different from the other animals, and it had ten horns.** (Daniel 7:7 ULB) - - * After this I saw the visions of at night a fourth animal,[1] terrifying, frightening, and very strong. It had large iron teeth;[2] it devoured, broke in pieces, and trampled underfoot what was left. It was different from the other animals, and it had ten horns.[3] - - * The footnotes would look like this: - - * [1] The animal is a symbol for a kingdom. - * [2] The iron teeth is a symbol for the kingdom's powerful army. - * [3] The horns are a symbol of powerful kings. + * After this I saw the visions of at night a fourth animal,[1] terrifying, frightening, and very strong. It had large iron teeth;[2] it devoured, broke in pieces, and trampled underfoot what was left. It was different from the other animals, and it had ten horns.[3]

+ [1] The animal is a symbol for a kingdom. + [2] The iron teeth is a symbol for the kingdom's powerful army. + [3] The horns are a symbol of powerful kings. From f4ae935e5e33d588c4b24c65a7ac4381e026ab3b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Henry Whitney Date: Sat, 13 Oct 2018 13:30:24 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 221/551] Further format fix --- translate/figs-123person/01.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-123person/01.md b/translate/figs-123person/01.md index 16572b8..41b66e6 100644 --- a/translate/figs-123person/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-123person/01.md @@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ If using the third person to mean "I" or "you" would be natural and give the rig 1. Use the third person phrase along with the pronoun "I" or "you." * **But David said to Saul, "Your servant used to keep his father's sheep."** (1 Samuel 17:34) - * But David said to Saul, "I, your servant, used to keep my father's sheep." + * But David said to Saul, "I, your servant, used to keep my father's sheep." 1. Simply use the first person ("I") or second person ("you") instead of the third person. * **Then Yahweh answered Job out of a fierce storm and said, "... Do you have an arm like God's? Can you thunder with a voice like him?** (Job 40:6, 9 ULB) From a8466b1676c96ee25ada6a02d32144fc53b5176b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Henry Whitney Date: Sat, 13 Oct 2018 13:31:10 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 222/551] Further format fix --- translate/figs-activepassive/01.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md b/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md index 66784d7..6447417 100644 --- a/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md @@ -61,12 +61,12 @@ If you decide that it is better to translate without a passive form, here are so 1. Use the same verb in an active sentence and tell who did the action. If you do this, try to keep the focus on the person receiving the action. * **A loaf of bread was given him every day from the street of the bakers.** (Jeremiah 37:21 ULB) - * The king's servants gave Jeremiah a loaf of bread every day from the street of the bakers. + * The king's servants gave Jeremiah a loaf of bread every day from the street of the bakers. 1. Use the same verb in an active sentence, and do not tell  who did the action. Instead, use a generic expression like "they" or  "people" or  "someone."  * **It would be better for him if a millstone were put around his neck and he were thrown into the sea.** (Luke 17:2 ULB) * It would be better for him if they were to put a millstone around his neck and throw him into the sea. - * It would be better for him if someone were to put a heavy stone around his neck and throw him into the sea. + * It would be better for him if someone were to put a heavy stone around his neck and throw him into the sea. 1. Use a different verb in an active sentence.  * **A loaf of bread was given him every day from the street of the bakers.** (Jeremiah 37:21 ULB) From c676da60d758e65bdb71bbca94a12b294090c635 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Henry Whitney Date: Sat, 13 Oct 2018 13:32:13 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 223/551] Further format fix --- translate/figs-declarative/01.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-declarative/01.md b/translate/figs-declarative/01.md index 81a490f..eb73b07 100644 --- a/translate/figs-declarative/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-declarative/01.md @@ -43,12 +43,12 @@ By telling a man that his sins were forgiven, Jesus forgave the man's sins. 1. If the function of a statement would not be understood correctly in your language, use a sentence type that would express that function. * **She will give birth to a son, and you will call his name Jesus, for he will save his people from their sins.** (Matthew 1:21 ULB) The phrase "you will call his name Jesus" is an instruction. It can be translated using the sentence type of a normal instruction. - * She will give birth to a son. Name him Jesus, because he will save his people from their sins. + * She will give birth to a son. Name him Jesus, because he will save his people from their sins. 1. If the function of a statement would not be understood correctly in your language, add a sentence type that would express that function. * **Lord, if you are willing, you can make me clean.** (Matthew 8:2 ULB) The function of "you can make me clean" is to make a request. In addition to the statement, a request can be added. * Lord, if you are willing, you can make me clean. Please do so. - * Lord, if you are willing, please make me clean. I know you can do so. + * Lord, if you are willing, please make me clean. I know you can do so. 1. If the function of a statement would not be understood correctly in your language, use a verb form that would express that function. * **She will give birth to a son, and you will call his name Jesus, for he will save his people from their sins.** (Matthew 1:21 ULB) From 733b4b4985f4a765dd55c2a398545be828bc133b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Henry Whitney Date: Sat, 13 Oct 2018 13:33:40 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 224/551] Further format fix --- translate/figs-distinguish/01.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-distinguish/01.md b/translate/figs-distinguish/01.md index bc1c8a4..1e11ea4 100644 --- a/translate/figs-distinguish/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-distinguish/01.md @@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ If people would understand the purpose of a phrase with a noun, then consider ke * **How can Sarah, who is ninety years old, bear a son?** (Genesis 17:17-18 ULB) - The phrase "who is ninety years old" is a reminder of Sarah's age. It tells why Abraham was asking the question. He did not expect that a woman who was that old could bear a child. * Can Sarah bear a son even when she is ninety years old? * **I will call on Yahweh, who is worthy to be praised.** (2 Samuel 22:4 ULB) - There is only one Yahweh. The phrase "who is worthy to be praised" gives a reason for calling on Yahweh. - * I will call on Yahweh, because he is worthy to be praised. + * I will call on Yahweh, because he is worthy to be praised. 1. Use one of your language's ways for expressing that this is additional information. * **You are my Son, whom I love. I am pleased with you.** (Luke 3:22 ULB) From 0d72867dd96124c69c0c86b4be878424aa66d390 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: hmw3 Date: Sat, 13 Oct 2018 09:39:07 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 225/551] Final format fix --- translate/figs-informremind/01.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-informremind/01.md b/translate/figs-informremind/01.md index 04e9a40..e020292 100644 --- a/translate/figs-informremind/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-informremind/01.md @@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ If people would understand the purpose of a phrase with a noun, then consider ke * **Can Sarah, who is ninety years old, bear a son?** (Genesis 17:17-18 ULB) - The phrase "who is ninety years old" is a reminder of Sarah's age. It tells why Abraham was asking the question. He did not expect that a woman who was that old could bear a child. * Can Sarah bear a son even when she is ninety years old? * **I will call on Yahweh, who is worthy to be praised ...** (2 Samuel 22:4 ULB) - There is only one Yahweh. The phrase "who is worthy to be praised" gives a reason for calling on Yahweh. - * I will call on Yahweh, because he is worthy to be praised ... + * I will call on Yahweh, because he is worthy to be praised ... 1. Use one of your language's ways for expressing information in a weak way. * **The name of the third river is Tigris, which flows east of Asshur.** (Genesis 2:14 ULB) From c633355f3e9e8aff768407486239c8876f850d29 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: hmw3 Date: Sat, 13 Oct 2018 09:39:26 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 226/551] Final format fix --- translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md | 2 +- translate/figs-euphemism/01.md | 2 +- translate/figs-events/01.md | 4 ++-- translate/figs-exclamations/01.md | 8 ++++---- translate/figs-explicitinfo/01.md | 2 +- translate/figs-gendernotations/01.md | 4 ++-- translate/figs-hyperbole/01.md | 2 +- translate/figs-idiom/01.md | 2 +- translate/figs-merism/01.md | 2 +- translate/figs-metonymy/01.md | 2 +- translate/figs-parables/01.md | 2 +- translate/figs-parallelism/01.md | 4 ++-- translate/figs-pastforfuture/01.md | 4 ++-- translate/figs-personification/01.md | 4 ++-- translate/figs-possession/01.md | 4 ++-- translate/figs-quotations/01.md | 2 +- translate/figs-quotesinquotes/01.md | 2 +- translate/figs-rpronouns/01.md | 8 ++++---- translate/figs-rquestion/01.md | 6 +++--- translate/translate-hebrewmonths/01.md | 2 +- translate/translate-numbers/01.md | 10 +++++----- translate/translate-textvariants/01.md | 4 ++-- translate/translate-transliterate/01.md | 4 ++-- translate/translate-unknown/01.md | 8 ++++---- translate/writing-connectingwords/01.md | 4 ++-- translate/writing-poetry/01.md | 2 +- translate/writing-pronouns/01.md | 2 +- translate/writing-proverbs/01.md | 6 +++--- translate/writing-quotations/01.md | 2 +- 29 files changed, 55 insertions(+), 55 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md b/translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md index be8a91a..7b0d346 100644 --- a/translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md @@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ If double negatives are natural and are used to express the positive in your lan * **For we do not have a high priest who cannot feel sympathy for our weaknesses.** (Hebrews 4:15 ULB) * For we have a high priest who can feel sympathy for our weaknesses. * **... I do not want you to be uninformed.** (1 Corinthians 12:1 ULB) - * ... I want you to be informed. + * ... I want you to be informed. 1. If the purpose of a double negative in the Bible is to make a strong positive statement, and if it would not do that in your language, remove the two negatives and put in a strengthening word or phrase such as "very" or "surely." * **Be sure of this—wicked people will not go unpunished....** (Proverbs 11:21 ULB) diff --git a/translate/figs-euphemism/01.md b/translate/figs-euphemism/01.md index e4ab311..458a55a 100644 --- a/translate/figs-euphemism/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-euphemism/01.md @@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ If euphemism would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consi * ... where there was a cave. Saul went into the cave to dig a hole. * ... where there was a cave. Saul went into the cave to have some time alone. * **Mary said to the angel, “How will this happen, since I have not known any man?”** (Luke 1:34 ULB) - * Mary said to the angel, “How will this happen, since I have not slept with a man?” - (This is the euphemism used in the original Greek) + * Mary said to the angel, “How will this happen, since I have not slept with a man?” - (This is the euphemism used in the original Greek) 1. State the information plainly without a euphemism if it would not be offensive. * **... they found Saul and his sons fallen on Mount Gilboa.** (1 Chronicles 10:8 ULB) diff --git a/translate/figs-events/01.md b/translate/figs-events/01.md index 7747931..91779e2 100644 --- a/translate/figs-events/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-events/01.md @@ -32,11 +32,11 @@ This sounds like a person must first open the scroll and then break its seals, b * **... Herod ... locked John up in prison. Now it came about, when all the people were baptized, that Jesus also was baptized....** (Luke 3:29-21 ULB) * ... Herod ... locked John up in prison. Now before John was put in prison, when all the people were baptized, Jesus also was baptized.... * **Who is worthy to open the scroll and break its seals?** (Revelation 5:2 ULB) - * Who is worthy to open the scroll after breaking its seals? + * Who is worthy to open the scroll after breaking its seals? 1. If your language uses verb tense or aspect to show that an event happened before one that was already mentioned, consider using that. * **8Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams' horns before Yahweh. As they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets ... 10But Joshua commanded the people, saying, "Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then you must shout."** (Joshua 6:8-10 ULB) - * 8Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams horns before Yahweh. As they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets...10But Joshua had commanded the people, saying, "Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then you must shout. + * 8Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams horns before Yahweh. As they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets...10But Joshua had commanded the people, saying, "Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then you must shout. 1. If your language prefers to tell events in the order that they occur, consider reordering the events. This may require putting two or more verses together (like 5-6). * **8Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams' horns before Yahweh. As they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets ... 10But Joshua commanded the people, saying, "Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then you must shout."** (Joshua 6:8-10 ULB) diff --git a/translate/figs-exclamations/01.md b/translate/figs-exclamations/01.md index 01b58f6..934d0e3 100644 --- a/translate/figs-exclamations/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-exclamations/01.md @@ -42,22 +42,22 @@ Some exclamations in the Bible do not have a main verb. The exclamation below sh * **You worthless person!** (Matthew 5:22 ULB) * You are such a worthless person! * **Oh, the depth of the riches both of the wisdom and the knowledge of God!** (Romans 11:33 ULB) - * Oh, the riches of the wisdom and the knowledge of God are so deep! + * Oh, the riches of the wisdom and the knowledge of God are so deep! 1. Use an exclamation word from your language that shows the strong feeling. The word "wow" below shows that they were astonished. The expression "Oh no" shows that something terrible or frightening has happened. * **They were extremely astonished, saying, "He has done all things well. He even makes the deaf hear and the mute speak."** (Mark 7:37 ULB) * They were extremely astonished, saying, "Wow! He has done all things well. He even makes the deaf hear and the mute speak." * **Ah, Lord Yahweh! For I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!** (Judges 6:22 ULB) - * __Oh no__, Lord Yahweh! I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face! + * __Oh no__, Lord Yahweh! I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face! 1. Translate the exclamation word with a sentence that shows the feeling. * **Ah, Lord Yahweh! For I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!** (Judges 6:22 ULB) * Lord Yahweh, what will happen to me? For I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!" - * Help, Lord Yahweh! For I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face! + * Help, Lord Yahweh! For I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face! 1. Use a word that emphasizes the part of the sentence that brings about the strong feeling. * **How unsearchable are his judgments, and his ways beyond discovering!** (Romans 11:33 ULB) - * His judgements are so unsearchable and his ways are far beyond discovering! + * His judgements are so unsearchable and his ways are far beyond discovering! 1. If the strong feeling is not clear in the target language, then tell how the person felt. * **Gideon understood that this was the angel of Yahweh. Gideon said, "Ah, Lord Yahweh! For I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!"** (Judges 6:22 ULB) diff --git a/translate/figs-explicitinfo/01.md b/translate/figs-explicitinfo/01.md index e309196..f8b571f 100644 --- a/translate/figs-explicitinfo/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-explicitinfo/01.md @@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ In the biblical languages, it was normal to introduce direct speech with two ver 1. If the explicit information of the source language sounds natural in the target language, then translate it as explicit information. - * There would be no change to the text using this strategy, so no examples are given here. + * There would be no change to the text using this strategy, so no examples are given here. 1. If the explicit information does not sound natural in the target language or seems unnecessary or confusing, leave the explicit information implicit. Only do this if the reader can understand this information from the context. You can test this by asking the reader a question about the passage. * **And Abimelech came to the tower and fought against it and drew near to the door of the tower to burn it with fire.** (Judges 9:52 ESV) diff --git a/translate/figs-gendernotations/01.md b/translate/figs-gendernotations/01.md index 89c80b9..1db192b 100644 --- a/translate/figs-gendernotations/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-gendernotations/01.md @@ -47,11 +47,11 @@ If people would understand that that masculine words like "man," "brother," and 1. Use nouns that can be used for both men and women. * **The wise man dies just like the fool dies.** (Ecclesiastes 2:16 ULB) * The wise person dies just like the fool dies. - * Wise people die just like fools die. + * Wise people die just like fools die. 1. Use a word that refers to men and a word that refers to women. * **For we do not want you to be uninformed, brothers, about the troubles we had in Asia.** (2 Corinthians 1:8) - Paul was writing this letter to both men and women. - * For we do not want you to be uninformed, brothers and sisters, about the troubles we had in Asia. (2 Corinthians 1:8) + * For we do not want you to be uninformed, brothers and sisters, about the troubles we had in Asia. (2 Corinthians 1:8) 1. Use pronouns that can be used for both men and women. * **If anyone wants to follow me, he must deny himself, take up his cross, and follow me."** (Matthew 16:24 ULB)

English speakers can change the masculine singular pronouns, "he," "himself," and "his" to plural pronouns that do not mark gender, "they," "themselves," and "their" in order to show that it applies to all people, not just men.

diff --git a/translate/figs-hyperbole/01.md b/translate/figs-hyperbole/01.md index d67951d..65ed1b6 100644 --- a/translate/figs-hyperbole/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-hyperbole/01.md @@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ If the exaggeration or generalization would be natural and people would understa 1. Express the meaning without the exaggeration. * **... thirty thousand chariots, six thousand men to drive the chariots, and troops as numerous as the sand on the seashore.** (1 Samuel 13:5 ULB) - * ... thirty thousand chariots, six thousand men to drive the chariots, and a great number of troops. + * ... thirty thousand chariots, six thousand men to drive the chariots, and a great number of troops. 1. For a generalization, show that it is a generalization by using a phrase like "in general" or "in most cases." * **The one who ignores instruction will have poverty and shame ...** (Proverbs 13:18 ULB) diff --git a/translate/figs-idiom/01.md b/translate/figs-idiom/01.md index f8fe0f9..13a6135 100644 --- a/translate/figs-idiom/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-idiom/01.md @@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ If the idiom would be clearly understood in your language, consider using it. If * **... he set his face to go to Jerusalem.** (Luke 9:51 ULB) * ... he started to travel to Jerusalem, determined to reach it. * **... I am not worthy for you to come under my roof.** (Luke 7:6 ULB) - * ... I am not worthy for you to come into my house. + * ... I am not worthy for you to come into my house. 1. Use an idiom that people use in your own language that has the same meaning. * **Let these words go deeply into your ears ...** (Luke 9:44 ULB) diff --git a/translate/figs-merism/01.md b/translate/figs-merism/01.md index 04e9fc2..97db0a0 100644 --- a/translate/figs-merism/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-merism/01.md @@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ If the merism would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, cons * **I praise you, Father, Lord of heaven and earth ...** (Matthew 11:25 ULB) * I praise you, Father, Lord of everything ... * **From the rising of the sun to its setting, Yahweh's name should be praised.** (Psalm 113:3 ULB) - * In all places, people should praise Yahweh's name. + * In all places, people should praise Yahweh's name. 1. Identify what the merism refers to and include the parts. * **I praise you, Father, Lord of heaven and earth.** (Matthew 11:25 ULB) diff --git a/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md b/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md index 60a065a..76c8e9c 100644 --- a/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md @@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ If people would easily understand the metonym, consider using it. Otherwise, her 1. Use the metonym along with the name of the thing it represents. * **He took the cup in the same way after supper, saying, "This cup is the new covenant in my blood, which is poured out for you.** (Luke 22:20 ULB) - * He took the cup in the same way after supper, saying, "The wine in this cup is the new covenant in my blood, which is poured out for you. + * He took the cup in the same way after supper, saying, "The wine in this cup is the new covenant in my blood, which is poured out for you. 1. Use the name of the thing the metonym represents. * **The Lord God will give him the throne of his father, David.** (Luke 1:32 ULB) diff --git a/translate/figs-parables/01.md b/translate/figs-parables/01.md index 36d3b9c..b7be3d8 100644 --- a/translate/figs-parables/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-parables/01.md @@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ This parable teaches that the kingdom of God may seem small at first, but it wil * **Jesus said to them, "Do you bring a lamp inside the house to put it under a basket, or under the bed? You bring it in and you put it on a lampstand."** (Mark 4:21 ULB) - If people do not know what a lampstand is, you could substitute something else that people put a light on so it can give light to the house. * Jesus said to them, "Do you bring a lamp inside the house to put it under a basket, or under the bed? You bring it in and you put it on a high shelf. * **Then Jesus presented another parable to them. He said, "The kingdom of heaven is like a mustard seed which a man took and sowed in his field. This seed is indeed the smallest of all seeds. But when it has grown, it is greater than the garden plants. It becomes a tree, so that the birds of the air come and nest in its branches."** (Matthew 13:31-32 ULB) - To sow seeds means to toss them so that they scatter on the ground. If people are not familiar with sowing, you can substitute planting. - * Then Jesus presented another parable to them. He said, "The kingdom of heaven is like a mustard seed which a man took and planted in his field. This seed is indeed the smallest of all other seeds. But when it has grown, it is greater than the garden plants and becomes a tree, so that the birds of the air come and nest in its branches." + * Then Jesus presented another parable to them. He said, "The kingdom of heaven is like a mustard seed which a man took and planted in his field. This seed is indeed the smallest of all other seeds. But when it has grown, it is greater than the garden plants and becomes a tree, so that the birds of the air come and nest in its branches." 1. If the teaching of the parable is unclear, consider telling a little about what it teaches in the introduction, such as "Jesus told this story about being generous." * **Jesus said to them, "Do you bring a lamp inside the house to put it under a basket, or under the bed? You bring it in and you put it on a lampstand"**. (Mark 4:21 ULB) diff --git a/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md b/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md index e7524e8..2cc1a00 100644 --- a/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md @@ -78,11 +78,11 @@ For most kinds of parallelism, it is good to translate both of the clauses or ph * **Yahweh sees everything a person does and watches all the paths he takes.** (Proverbs 5:21 ULB) - The phrase "all the paths he takes" is a metaphor for "all he does." * Yahweh pays attention to everything a person does. * **For Yahweh has a lawsuit with his people, and he will fight in court against Israel.** (Micah 6:2 ULB) - This parallelism describes one serious disagreement that Yahweh had with one group of people. If this is unclear, the phrases can be combined: - * For Yahweh has a lawsuit with his people, Israel. + * For Yahweh has a lawsuit with his people, Israel. 1. If it appears that the clauses are used together to show that what they say is really true, you could include words that emphasize the truth such as "truly" or "certainly." * **Yahweh sees everything a person does and watches all the paths he takes.** (Proverbs 5:21 ULB) - * Yahweh truly sees everything a person does. + * Yahweh truly sees everything a person does. 1. If it appears that the clauses are used together to intensify an idea in them, you could use words like "very," "completely" or "all." * **you have deceived me and told me lies.** (Judges 16:13 ULB) diff --git a/translate/figs-pastforfuture/01.md b/translate/figs-pastforfuture/01.md index d15902f..7f15c4f 100644 --- a/translate/figs-pastforfuture/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-pastforfuture/01.md @@ -39,12 +39,12 @@ If the past tense would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, 1. Use the future tense to refer to future events. * **For to us a child has been born, to us a son has been given** ... (Isaiah 9:6a ULB) - * For to us a child will be born, to us a son will be given ... + * For to us a child will be born, to us a son will be given ... 1. If it refers to something that would happen very soon, use a form that shows that. * **Yahweh said to Joshua, "See, I have handed over to you Jericho, its king, and its trained soldiers."** (Joshua 6:2 ULB) - * Yahweh said to Joshua, "See, I am about to hand over to you Jericho, its king, and its trained soldiers." + * Yahweh said to Joshua, "See, I am about to hand over to you Jericho, its king, and its trained soldiers." 1. Some languages may use the present tense to show that something will happen very soon. diff --git a/translate/figs-personification/01.md b/translate/figs-personification/01.md index d9a5756..e645f88 100644 --- a/translate/figs-personification/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-personification/01.md @@ -41,11 +41,11 @@ If the personification would be understood clearly, consider using it. If it wou 1. Add words or phrases to make it clear. * **... sin crouches at the door** (Genesis 4:7 ULB) - God speaks of sin as a wild animal that is waiting for the chance to attack. This shows how dangerous sin is. An additional phrase can be added to make this danger clear. - * ... sin is at your door, waiting to attack you + * ... sin is at your door, waiting to attack you 1. Use words such as "like" or "as" to show that the sentences is not to be understood literally. * **... sin crouches at the door** (Genesis 4:7 ULB) - This can be translated with the word "as." - * ... sin is crouching at the door, just as a wild animal does waiting to attack a person. + * ... sin is crouching at the door, just as a wild animal does waiting to attack a person. 1. Find a way to translate it without the personification. * **... even the winds and the sea obey him ...** (Matthew 8:27 ULB) - The men speak of the "wind and the sea as if they are able to hear" and obey Jesus as people can. This could also be translated without the idea of obedience by speaking of Jesus controlling them. diff --git a/translate/figs-possession/01.md b/translate/figs-possession/01.md index a9feef8..1c9247b 100644 --- a/translate/figs-possession/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-possession/01.md @@ -82,14 +82,14 @@ If possession would be a natural way to show a particular relationship between t 1. Use an adjective to show that one describes the other. The adjective below is in **bold** print. * **On their heads were something like crowns of gold** (Revelation 9:7) - * On their heads were **gold** crowns + * On their heads were **gold** crowns 1. Use a verb to show how the two are related. In the example below, the added verb is in bold. * **... Whoever gives you a cup of water to drink ... will not lose his reward.** (Mark 9:41 ULB) * ... Whoever gives you a cup that **has** water in it to drink ... will not lose his reward. * **Wealth is worthless on the day of wrath** (Proverbs 11:4 ULB) * Wealth is worthless on the day when God **shows** his wrath. - * Wealth is worthless on the day when God **punishes** people because of his wrath. + * Wealth is worthless on the day when God **punishes** people because of his wrath. 1. If one of the nouns refers to an event, translate it as a verb. In the example below, that verb is in bold. * **Notice that I am not speaking to your children, who have not known or seen the punishment of Yahweh your God,** (Deuteronomy 11:2 ULB) diff --git a/translate/figs-quotations/01.md b/translate/figs-quotations/01.md index caefadf..fbf4e17 100644 --- a/translate/figs-quotations/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-quotations/01.md @@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ If the kind of quote used in the source text would work well in your language, c 1. If a direct quote would not work well in your language, change it to an indirect quote. * **He instructed him to tell no one, but told him, "Go on your way, and show yourself to the priest and offer a sacrifice for your cleansing, according to what Moses commanded, for a testimony to them."** (Luke 5:14 ULB) - * He instructed him to tell no one, but to go on his way, and to show himself to the priest and to offer a sacrifice for his cleansing, according to what Moses commanded, for a testimony to them." + * He instructed him to tell no one, but to go on his way, and to show himself to the priest and to offer a sacrifice for his cleansing, according to what Moses commanded, for a testimony to them." 1. If an indirect quote would not work well in your language, change it to a direct quote. * **He instructed him, to tell no one, but told him, "Go on your way, and show yourself to the priest and offer a sacrifice for your cleansing, according to what Moses commanded, for a testimony to them."** (Luke 5:14 ULB) diff --git a/translate/figs-quotesinquotes/01.md b/translate/figs-quotesinquotes/01.md index 27725ae..14bbd7e 100644 --- a/translate/figs-quotesinquotes/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-quotesinquotes/01.md @@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ Some languages use only direct quotes. Other languages use a combination of dire 1. Translate all of the quotes as direct quotes. In the example below we have underlined the indirect quotes in the ULB and the quotes that we have changed to direct quotes below it. * **Festus presented Paul's case to the king; he said, "A certain man was left behind here by Felix as a prisoner. ...I was puzzled about how to investigate this matter, and I asked him if he would go to Jerusalem to be judged there about these things. But when Paul called to be kept under guard for the Emperor's decision, I ordered him to be kept until I send him to Caesar."** (Acts 25:14-21 ULB) - * Festus presented Paul's case to the king; he said, "A certain man was left behind here by Felix as a prisoner. ... I was puzzled about how to investigate this matter, and I asked him, 'Will you go to Jerusalem to be judged there about these things?' But when Paul said, 'I want to be kept under guard for the Emperor's decision,' I told the guard, 'Keep him under guard until I send him to Caesar.'" + * Festus presented Paul's case to the king; he said, "A certain man was left behind here by Felix as a prisoner. ... I was puzzled about how to investigate this matter, and I asked him, 'Will you go to Jerusalem to be judged there about these things?' But when Paul said, 'I want to be kept under guard for the Emperor's decision,' I told the guard, 'Keep him under guard until I send him to Caesar.'" 1. Translate one or some of the quotes as indirect quotes. In English the word "that" can come before indirect quotes. It is underlined in the examples below. The pronouns that changed because of the indirect quote are also underlined. * **Then Yahweh spoke to Moses and said, "I have heard the grumbling of the Israelites. Tell them, 'At twilight you will eat meat, and in the morning you will be filled with bread. Then you will know that I am Yahweh your God.' "** (Exodus 16:11-12 ULB) diff --git a/translate/figs-rpronouns/01.md b/translate/figs-rpronouns/01.md index cb7e783..12d05fe 100644 --- a/translate/figs-rpronouns/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-rpronouns/01.md @@ -50,20 +50,20 @@ If a reflexive pronoun would have the same function in your language, consider u * **If I should testify about myself, my testimony would not be true.** (John 5:31) * If I should self-testify, my testimony would not be true. * **Now the Passover of the Jews was near, and many went up to Jerusalem out of the country before the Passover in order to purify themselves.** (John 11:55) - * Now the Passover of the Jews was near, and many went up to Jerusalem out of the country before the Passover in order to self-purify. + * Now the Passover of the Jews was near, and many went up to Jerusalem out of the country before the Passover in order to self-purify. 1. In some languages people emphasize a certain person or thing by referring to it in a special place in the sentence. * **He himself took our sickness and bore our diseases.** (Matthew 8:17 ULB) * It was he who took our sickness and bore our diseases. * **Jesus himself was not baptizing, but his disciples were.** (John 4:2) - * It was not Jesus who was baptizing, but his disciples were. + * It was not Jesus who was baptizing, but his disciples were. 1. In some languages people emphasize a certain person or thing by adding something to that word or putting another word with it. English adds the reflexive pronoun. - * **Now Jesus said this to test Philip, for he himself knew what he was going to do.** (John 6:6) + * **Now Jesus said this to test Philip, for he himself knew what he was going to do.** (John 6:6) 1. In some languages people show that someone did something alone by using a word like "alone." * **When Jesus realized that they were about to come and seize him by force to make him king, he withdrew again up the mountain by himself.** (John 6:15) - * When Jesus realized that they were about to come and seize him by force to make him king, he withdrew again alone up the mountain. + * When Jesus realized that they were about to come and seize him by force to make him king, he withdrew again alone up the mountain. 1. In some languages people show that something was alone by using a phrase that tells about where it was. * **He saw the linen cloths lying there and the cloth that had been on his head. It was not lying with the linen cloths but was rolled up in its place by itself.** (John 20:6-7 ULB) diff --git a/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md b/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md index c841fe4..d634d74 100644 --- a/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md @@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ If using the rhetorical question would be natural and give the right meaning in * **Will a virgin forget her jewelry, a bride her veils? Yet my people have forgotten me for days without number!** (Jeremiah 2:32 ULB) * Will a virgin forget her jewelry, a bride her veils? Of course not! Yet my people have forgotten me for days without number! * **Or what man among you is there who, if his son asks him for a loaf of bread, will give him a stone?** (Matthew 7:9 ULB) - * Or what man among you is there who, if his son asks him for a loaf of bread, will give him a stone? None of you would do that! + * Or what man among you is there who, if his son asks him for a loaf of bread, will give him a stone? None of you would do that! 1. Change the rhetorical question to a statement or exclamation. * **What is the kingdom of God like, and what can I compare it to? It is like a mustard seed...** (Luke 13:18-19 ULB) @@ -78,11 +78,11 @@ If using the rhetorical question would be natural and give the right meaning in * **Why did I not die when I came out from the womb?** (Job 3:11 ULB) * I wish I had died when I came out from the womb! * **And why has it happened to me that the mother of my Lord should come to me?** (Luke 1:43 ULB) - * How wonderful it is that the mother of my Lord has come to me! + * How wonderful it is that the mother of my Lord has come to me! 1. Change the rhetorical question to a statement, and then follow it with a short question. * **Do you not still rule the kingdom of Israel?** (1 Kings 21:7 ULB) - * You still rule the kingdom of Israel, do you not? + * You still rule the kingdom of Israel, do you not? 1. Change the form of the question so that it communicates in your langauge what the orignal speaker communicated in his. * **Or what man among you is there who, if his son asks him for a loaf of bread, will give him a stone?** (Matthew 7:9 ULB) diff --git a/translate/translate-hebrewmonths/01.md b/translate/translate-hebrewmonths/01.md index a4c49d1..9f7ae2c 100644 --- a/translate/translate-hebrewmonths/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-hebrewmonths/01.md @@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ You may need to make some information about the months explicit. (see [Assumed K The examples below use these two verses. * **At that time, you will appear before me in the month of Abib, which is fixed for this purpose. It was in this month that you came out from Egypt.** (Exodus 23:15 ULB) - * **It will always be a statute for you that in the seventh month, on the tenth day of the month, you must humble yourselves and do no work ...** (Leviticus 16:29 ULB) + * **It will always be a statute for you that in the seventh month, on the tenth day of the month, you must humble yourselves and do no work ...** (Leviticus 16:29 ULB) 1. Tell the number of the Hebrew month. * At that time, you will appear before me in the first month of the year, which is fixed for this purpose. It was in this month that you came out from Egypt. diff --git a/translate/translate-numbers/01.md b/translate/translate-numbers/01.md index b13d166..70cf560 100644 --- a/translate/translate-numbers/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-numbers/01.md @@ -39,23 +39,23 @@ This is a rounded number. It does not say exactly how many descendants she shoul ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied We will use the following verse in our examples: ->Now, see, at great effort I have prepared for the house of Yahweh 100,000 talents of gold, one million talents of silver, and bronze and iron in large quantities. (1 Chronicles 22:14 ULB) +>Now, see, at great effort I have prepared for the house of Yahweh 100,000 talents of gold, one million talents of silver, and bronze and iron in large quantities. (1 Chronicles 22:14 ULB) 1. Write numbers using numerals. - * I have prepared for the house of Yahweh 100,000 talents of gold, 1,000,000 talents of silver, and bronze and iron in large quantities. + * I have prepared for the house of Yahweh 100,000 talents of gold, 1,000,000 talents of silver, and bronze and iron in large quantities. 1. Write numbers using your language's words or the gateway language words for those numbers. - * I have prepared for the house of Yahweh one hundred thousand talents of gold, one million talents of silver, and bronze and iron in large quantities. + * I have prepared for the house of Yahweh one hundred thousand talents of gold, one million talents of silver, and bronze and iron in large quantities. 1. Write numbers using words, and put the numerals in parenthesis after them. - * I have prepared for the house of Yahweh one hundred thousand (100,000) talents of gold, one million (1,000,000) talents of silver, and bronze and iron in large quantities. + * I have prepared for the house of Yahweh one hundred thousand (100,000) talents of gold, one million (1,000,000) talents of silver, and bronze and iron in large quantities. 1. Combine words for large numbers. - * I have prepared for the house of Yahweh one hundred thousand talents of gold, a thousand thousand talents of silver, and bronze and iron in large quantities. + * I have prepared for the house of Yahweh one hundred thousand talents of gold, a thousand thousand talents of silver, and bronze and iron in large quantities. 1. Use a very general expression for very large rounded numbers and write the numeral in parentheses afterward. diff --git a/translate/translate-textvariants/01.md b/translate/translate-textvariants/01.md index 5bab776..79f0b09 100644 --- a/translate/translate-textvariants/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-textvariants/01.md @@ -27,11 +27,11 @@ When there is a textual variant, you may choose to follow the ULB or another ver The translation strategies are applied to Mark 7:14-16 ULB, which has a footnote about verse 16. -* 14**He called the crowd again and said to them, "Listen to me, all of you, and understand. 15There is nothing from outside of a person that can defile him when it enters into him. It is what comes out of the person that defiles him."** 16[1]

**[1]The best ancient copies do not have verse 16. *If any man has ears to hear, let him hear*.** +* 14**He called the crowd again and said to them, "Listen to me, all of you, and understand. 15There is nothing from outside of a person that can defile him when it enters into him. It is what comes out of the person that defiles him."** 16[1]

**[1]The best ancient copies do not have verse 16. *If any man has ears to hear, let him hear*.** 1. Translate the verses that the ULB does and include the footnote that the ULB provides. - * 14He called the crowd again and said to them, "Listen to me, all of you, and understand. 15There is nothing from outside of a person that can defile him when it enters into him. It is what comes out of the person that defiles him." 16[1]

[1]The best ancient copies do not have verse 16. *If any man has ears to hear, let him hear*. + * 14He called the crowd again and said to them, "Listen to me, all of you, and understand. 15There is nothing from outside of a person that can defile him when it enters into him. It is what comes out of the person that defiles him." 16[1]

[1]The best ancient copies do not have verse 16. *If any man has ears to hear, let him hear*. 1. Translate the verses as another version does, and change the footnote so that it fits this situation. diff --git a/translate/translate-transliterate/01.md b/translate/translate-transliterate/01.md index 3d3d9e0..07315d8 100644 --- a/translate/translate-transliterate/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-transliterate/01.md @@ -38,11 +38,11 @@ There are several ways to borrow a word. 1. If your language uses a different script from the language you are translating from, you can simply substitute each letter shape with the corresponding letter shape of the script of your language. * **צְפַנְיָ֤ה** - A man's name in Hebrew letters. - * Zephaniah - The same name in Roman letters + * Zephaniah - The same name in Roman letters 1. You can spell the word as the other language spells it, and pronounce it the way your language normally pronounces those letters. * **Zephaniah** - This is a man's name. - * Zephaniah - The name as it is spelled in English, but you can pronounce it according to the rules of your language. + * Zephaniah - The name as it is spelled in English, but you can pronounce it according to the rules of your language. 1. You can pronounce the word similarly to the way the other language does, and adjust the spelling to fit the rules of your language. * **Zephaniah** - If your language does not have the "z", you could use "s". If your writing system does not use "ph" you could use "f". Depending on how you pronounce the "i" you could spell it with "i" or "ai" or "ay". diff --git a/translate/translate-unknown/01.md b/translate/translate-unknown/01.md index 12c73fc..71e61e0 100644 --- a/translate/translate-unknown/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-unknown/01.md @@ -55,24 +55,24 @@ Here are ways you might translate a term that is not known in your language: "Ravenous wolves" is part of a metaphor here, so the reader needs to know that they are very dangerous to sheep in order to understand this metaphor. (If sheep are also unknown, then you will need to also use one of the translation strategies to translate sheep, or change the metaphor to something else, using a translation strategy for metaphors. See [Translating Metaphors](../figs-metaphor/01.md).) * **We have here only five loaves of bread and two fish.** (Matthew 14:17 ULB) - * We have here only five loaves of baked grain seeds and two fish + * We have here only five loaves of baked grain seeds and two fish 1. Substitute something similar from your language if doing so does not falsely represent a historical fact. * **your sins ... will be white like snow** (Isaiah 1:18 ULB) This verse is not about snow. It uses snow in a figure of speech to help people understand how white something will be. * your sins ... will be white like milk - * your sins ... will be white like the moon + * your sins ... will be white like the moon 1. Copy the word from another language, and add a general word or descriptive phrase to help people understand it. * **Then they tried to give Jesus wine mixed with myrrh, but he refused to drink it.** (Mark 15:23 ULB) - People may understand better what myrrh is if it is used with the general word "medicine." * Then they tried to give Jesus wine mixed with a medicine called myrrh, but he refused to drink it. * **We have here only five loaves of bread and two fish.** (Matthew 14:17 ULB) - People may understand better what bread is if it is used with a phrase that tells what it is made of (seeds) and how it is prepared (crushed and baked). - * We have here only five loaves of baked crushed seed bread and two fish. + * We have here only five loaves of baked crushed seed bread and two fish. 1. Use a word that is more general in meaning. * **So I will turn Jerusalem into piles of ruins, a hideout for jackals**. (Jeremiah 9:11 ULB) * So I will turn Jerusalem into piles of ruins, a hideout for wild dogs. * **We have here only five loaves of bread and two fish** (Matthew 14:17 ULB) - * We have here only five loaves of baked food and two fish. + * We have here only five loaves of baked food and two fish. 1. Use a word or phrase that is more specific in meaning. * **... to him who made great lights ...** (Psalm 136:7 ULB) diff --git a/translate/writing-connectingwords/01.md b/translate/writing-connectingwords/01.md index 4a68fbb..0f9e49c 100644 --- a/translate/writing-connectingwords/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-connectingwords/01.md @@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ If the way the relationship between thoughts is shown in the ULB would be natura 1. Use a connecting word (even if the ULB does not use one). * **Jesus said to them, "Come after me, and I will make you become fishers of men." Immediately they left the nets and went after him.** (Mark 1:17-18 ULB) - They followed Jesus because he told them to. Some translators may want to mark this with "so." - * Jesus said to them, "Come after me, and I will make you become fishers of men." So immediately they left the nets and went after him. + * Jesus said to them, "Come after me, and I will make you become fishers of men." So immediately they left the nets and went after him. 1. Do not use a connecting word if it would be odd to use one and people would understand the right relationship between the thoughts without it. @@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ Some languages would prefer not to use connecting words here, because the meanin Some languages might not need the words "but" or "then" here. -* I did not immediately consult with flesh and blood, nor did I go up to Jerusalem to those who had become apostles before me. Instead I went to Arabia and then returned to Damascus. After three years I went up to Jerusalem to visit Cephas, and I stayed with him fifteen days. +* I did not immediately consult with flesh and blood, nor did I go up to Jerusalem to those who had become apostles before me. Instead I went to Arabia and then returned to Damascus. After three years I went up to Jerusalem to visit Cephas, and I stayed with him fifteen days. 1. Use a different connecting word. diff --git a/translate/writing-poetry/01.md b/translate/writing-poetry/01.md index 8c130c5..6725ee2 100644 --- a/translate/writing-poetry/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-poetry/01.md @@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ If you use ordinary speech it may be more clear. >But his delight is in the law of Yahweh, >and on his law he meditates day and night.** (Psalm 1:1, 2 ULB) -The following are examples of how people might translate Psalm 1:1,2. +The following are examples of how people might translate Psalm 1:1,2. 1. Translate the poetry using one of your styles of poetry. (The style in this example has words that sound similar at the end of each line.) * Happy is the person not encouraged to sin
diff --git a/translate/writing-pronouns/01.md b/translate/writing-pronouns/01.md index 64492e0..443debe 100644 --- a/translate/writing-pronouns/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-pronouns/01.md @@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ Jesus is the main character of the book of Matthew, but in the verses below he i 1. If it would not be clear to your readers whom or what a pronoun refers to, use a noun or name. * **Then he spoke a parable to them about how they should always pray and not become discouraged.** (Luke 18:1 ULB) - * Then Jesus spoke a parable to his disciples about how they should always pray and not become discouraged. + * Then Jesus spoke a parable to his disciples about how they should always pray and not become discouraged. 1. If repeating a noun or name would lead people to think that a main character is not a main character, or that the writer is talking about more than one person with that name, or that there is some kind of emphasis on someone when there is no emphasis, use a pronoun instead. diff --git a/translate/writing-proverbs/01.md b/translate/writing-proverbs/01.md index 23c58d9..7825767 100644 --- a/translate/writing-proverbs/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-proverbs/01.md @@ -54,16 +54,16 @@ and favor is better than silver and gold.** (Proverbs 22:1 ULB) * It is better to have a good name than to have great riches, and to be favored by people than to have silver and gold. * Wise people choose a good name over great riches, and favor over silver and gold. * Try to have a good reputation rather than great riches. - * Will riches really help you? I would rather have a good reputation. + * Will riches really help you? I would rather have a good reputation. 1. If certain objects in the proverb are not known to many people in your language group, consider replacing them with objects that people know and that function in the same way in your language. * **Like snow in summer or rain in harvest, so a fool does not deserve honor.** (Proverbs 26:1 ULB) - * It is not natural for a cold wind to blow in the hot season or for it to rain in the harvest season; And it is not natural to honor a foolish person. + * It is not natural for a cold wind to blow in the hot season or for it to rain in the harvest season; And it is not natural to honor a foolish person. 1. Substitute a proverb in your language that has the same teaching as the proverb in the Bible. * **Do not boast about tomorrow.** (Proverbs 27:1 ULB) - * Do not count your chickens before they hatch. + * Do not count your chickens before they hatch. 1. Give the same teaching but not in a form of a proverb. * **A generation that curses their father and does not bless their mother, diff --git a/translate/writing-quotations/01.md b/translate/writing-quotations/01.md index da65238..3a4e69f 100644 --- a/translate/writing-quotations/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-quotations/01.md @@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ When writing that someone said something, some languages put the quote (what was * **"Therefore, those who can," he said, "should go there with us. If there is something wrong with the man, you should accuse him."** (Acts 25:5 ULB) * He said, "Therefore, those who can should go there with us. If there is something wrong with the man, you should accuse him." * "Therefore, those who can should go there with us. If there is something wrong with the man, you should accuse him," he said. - * "Therefore, those who can should go there with us," he said. "If there is something wrong with the man, you should accuse him." + * "Therefore, those who can should go there with us," he said. "If there is something wrong with the man, you should accuse him." 1. Decide whether to use one or two words meaning "said." * **But his mother answered and said, "No. He will be called John."** (Luke 1:60 ULB) From 355208bf93aa0112ad6860a34cae538ffe11f6c8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chrisjarka Date: Tue, 16 Oct 2018 13:17:42 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 227/551] removed Decimal page from yaml --- translate/toc.yaml | 2 -- 1 file changed, 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/toc.yaml b/translate/toc.yaml index ed62aa8..2d4c478 100644 --- a/translate/toc.yaml +++ b/translate/toc.yaml @@ -333,8 +333,6 @@ sections: link: translate-ordinal - title: "Fractions" link: translate-fraction - - title: "Decimal Numbers" - link: translate-decimal - title: "Symbolic Action" link: translate-symaction - title: "Biblical Imagery" From e4fb1c2d8e87613e4ab0581ecf90c85a59b335a0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chrisjarka Date: Tue, 16 Oct 2018 13:19:32 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 228/551] moved to archive folder --- {translate => archive/translate}/translate-decimal/01.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translate => archive/translate}/translate-decimal/01.md (100%) diff --git a/translate/translate-decimal/01.md b/archive/translate/translate-decimal/01.md similarity index 100% rename from translate/translate-decimal/01.md rename to archive/translate/translate-decimal/01.md From 02ee48f423a803babbb6413d54ba6408a809cbc7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chrisjarka Date: Tue, 16 Oct 2018 13:20:20 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 229/551] moved to archive folder --- {translate => archive/translate}/translate-decimal/sub-title.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translate => archive/translate}/translate-decimal/sub-title.md (100%) diff --git a/translate/translate-decimal/sub-title.md b/archive/translate/translate-decimal/sub-title.md similarity index 100% rename from translate/translate-decimal/sub-title.md rename to archive/translate/translate-decimal/sub-title.md From 5ee7cf40ae76b551f5788d2a6c711bcf5658c323 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chrisjarka Date: Tue, 16 Oct 2018 13:21:08 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 230/551] moved to archive folder --- {translate => archive/translate}/translate-decimal/title.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translate => archive/translate}/translate-decimal/title.md (100%) diff --git a/translate/translate-decimal/title.md b/archive/translate/translate-decimal/title.md similarity index 100% rename from translate/translate-decimal/title.md rename to archive/translate/translate-decimal/title.md From cc130219d2bfa18cc0b01ffdd08c595c3aa58a60 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chrisjarka Date: Tue, 16 Oct 2018 13:22:55 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 231/551] Add 'archive/readme.md' --- archive/readme.md | 1 + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) create mode 100644 archive/readme.md diff --git a/archive/readme.md b/archive/readme.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d1c1cc1 --- /dev/null +++ b/archive/readme.md @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +This folder has been created to preserve topics or pages that are no longer necessary but should not be deleted. \ No newline at end of file From 6e00b0c658327c448559d1e961d6e9bc8ccf4602 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chrisjarka Date: Tue, 16 Oct 2018 13:30:16 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 232/551] moved to archive folder --- {translate => archive/translate}/figs-inclusive/01.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translate => archive/translate}/figs-inclusive/01.md (100%) diff --git a/translate/figs-inclusive/01.md b/archive/translate/figs-inclusive/01.md similarity index 100% rename from translate/figs-inclusive/01.md rename to archive/translate/figs-inclusive/01.md From e04881ffac7b62efbce5e6d624a1553a325e64d3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chrisjarka Date: Tue, 16 Oct 2018 13:31:00 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 233/551] moved to archive folder --- {translate => archive/translate}/figs-inclusive/sub-title.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translate => archive/translate}/figs-inclusive/sub-title.md (100%) diff --git a/translate/figs-inclusive/sub-title.md b/archive/translate/figs-inclusive/sub-title.md similarity index 100% rename from translate/figs-inclusive/sub-title.md rename to archive/translate/figs-inclusive/sub-title.md From a29518c13e3a15b8f1213bec7ace88e64ea5c2e4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chrisjarka Date: Tue, 16 Oct 2018 13:31:35 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 234/551] moved to archive folder --- {translate => archive/translate}/figs-inclusive/title.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translate => archive/translate}/figs-inclusive/title.md (100%) diff --git a/translate/figs-inclusive/title.md b/archive/translate/figs-inclusive/title.md similarity index 100% rename from translate/figs-inclusive/title.md rename to archive/translate/figs-inclusive/title.md From 5711e618442a6ab7987fa84d33c298127225fafe Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chrisjarka Date: Tue, 16 Oct 2018 13:36:31 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 235/551] moved to archive folder --- {translate => archive/translate}/figs-informremind/01.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translate => archive/translate}/figs-informremind/01.md (100%) diff --git a/translate/figs-informremind/01.md b/archive/translate/figs-informremind/01.md similarity index 100% rename from translate/figs-informremind/01.md rename to archive/translate/figs-informremind/01.md From 9b34c099581ecb3cad5592ea0610400275dc3875 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chrisjarka Date: Tue, 16 Oct 2018 13:37:16 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 236/551] moved to archive folder --- {translate => archive/translate}/figs-informremind/sub-title.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translate => archive/translate}/figs-informremind/sub-title.md (100%) diff --git a/translate/figs-informremind/sub-title.md b/archive/translate/figs-informremind/sub-title.md similarity index 100% rename from translate/figs-informremind/sub-title.md rename to archive/translate/figs-informremind/sub-title.md From f0bfd86cf5083bec4d722af4f55d059a9d593d44 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chrisjarka Date: Tue, 16 Oct 2018 13:37:53 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 237/551] moved to archive folder --- {translate => archive/translate}/figs-informremind/title.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translate => archive/translate}/figs-informremind/title.md (100%) diff --git a/translate/figs-informremind/title.md b/archive/translate/figs-informremind/title.md similarity index 100% rename from translate/figs-informremind/title.md rename to archive/translate/figs-informremind/title.md From 6bfb6730cbc9e724607cbb18276b35981799d9a2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chrisjarka Date: Tue, 16 Oct 2018 13:44:05 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 238/551] moved to archive folder --- {translate => archive/translate}/figs-infostructure/01.md | 2 -- 1 file changed, 2 deletions(-) rename {translate => archive/translate}/figs-infostructure/01.md (99%) diff --git a/translate/figs-infostructure/01.md b/archive/translate/figs-infostructure/01.md similarity index 99% rename from translate/figs-infostructure/01.md rename to archive/translate/figs-infostructure/01.md index 0ba5819..a2c076a 100644 --- a/translate/figs-infostructure/01.md +++ b/archive/translate/figs-infostructure/01.md @@ -1,5 +1,3 @@ -### Should we delete this document and folder? - ### Description Different languages arrange the parts of the sentence in different ways. In English, a sentence normally has the subject first, then the verb, then the object, then other modifiers, like this: From 98321b998fae5113ed321e58a0af708a4c61d642 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chrisjarka Date: Tue, 16 Oct 2018 13:45:48 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 239/551] moved to archive folder --- {translate => archive/translate}/figs-infostructure/sub-title.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translate => archive/translate}/figs-infostructure/sub-title.md (100%) diff --git a/translate/figs-infostructure/sub-title.md b/archive/translate/figs-infostructure/sub-title.md similarity index 100% rename from translate/figs-infostructure/sub-title.md rename to archive/translate/figs-infostructure/sub-title.md From b386c65c6d63663ac1474ee26379bbd42198f5b9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chrisjarka Date: Tue, 16 Oct 2018 13:46:45 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 240/551] moved to archive folder --- {translate => archive/translate}/figs-infostructure/title.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translate => archive/translate}/figs-infostructure/title.md (100%) diff --git a/translate/figs-infostructure/title.md b/archive/translate/figs-infostructure/title.md similarity index 100% rename from translate/figs-infostructure/title.md rename to archive/translate/figs-infostructure/title.md From bf4065e92c60730cd784f34fa23bdbf637ffd4d4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chrisjarka Date: Tue, 16 Oct 2018 13:56:45 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 241/551] removed inclusive, informremind, infostructure references --- translate/config.yaml | 19 +------------------ 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 18 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/config.yaml b/translate/config.yaml index 958d38d..b65facd 100644 --- a/translate/config.yaml +++ b/translate/config.yaml @@ -135,23 +135,6 @@ figs-imperative: recommended: [] dependencies: - figs-sentencetypes -figs-inclusive: - recommended: - - figs-exclusive - dependencies: - - figs-pronouns -figs-informremind: - recommended: [] - dependencies: - - figs-distinguish - - figs-partsofspeech - - figs-sentences -figs-infostructure: - recommended: - - figs-order - - figs-distinguish - dependencies: - - figs-sentences figs-intro: recommended: [] dependencies: [] @@ -966,4 +949,4 @@ writing-quotations: writing-symlanguage: recommended: [] dependencies: - - writing-intro + - writing-intro \ No newline at end of file From c32f095d425dcacf1a4ddb51a958113eb125829c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chrisjarka Date: Tue, 16 Oct 2018 13:59:16 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 242/551] removed link to Infostructure page --- translate/toc.yaml | 2 -- 1 file changed, 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/toc.yaml b/translate/toc.yaml index 2d4c478..e9df95d 100644 --- a/translate/toc.yaml +++ b/translate/toc.yaml @@ -250,8 +250,6 @@ sections: sections: - title: "Sentence Structure" link: figs-sentences - - title: "Information Structure" - link: figs-infostructure - title: "Sentence Types" link: figs-sentencetypes sections: From ab93d283e0752391efafa9545841b400b2f6e809 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Thu, 18 Oct 2018 13:31:46 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 243/551] Links to bita pages --- translate/biblicalimageryta/01.md | 6 +++--- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/biblicalimageryta/01.md b/translate/biblicalimageryta/01.md index 2582db1..b44448b 100644 --- a/translate/biblicalimageryta/01.md +++ b/translate/biblicalimageryta/01.md @@ -12,13 +12,13 @@ A **metaphor** occurs when someone speaks of one thing as if it were a different A **simile** is like a metaphor, except that it uses words such as "like" or "as" as a signal to the audience that it is a figure of speech. A simile using the image above would say, "My love is like a red, red rose." -"see [Biblical Imagery - Common Patterns](bita-part1) for links to pages showing common patterns of pairings between ideas in metaphors and similes." +"see [Biblical Imagery - Common Patterns](../bita-part1/01.md) for links to pages showing common patterns of pairings between ideas in metaphors and similes." ### Common Metonymies In metonymy, a thing or idea is called not by its own name, but by the name of something closely associated with it. -"see [Biblical Imagery - Common Metonymies](bita-part2) for a list of some common metonymies in the Bible" +"see [Biblical Imagery - Common Metonymies](../bita-part2/01.md) for a list of some common metonymies in the Bible" ### Cultural Models @@ -32,4 +32,4 @@ The Bible often speaks of God as if he were a shepherd and his people were sheep Some of the cultural models in the Bible were used much by the cultures in the Ancient Near East, and not only by the Israelites. -"see [Biblical Imagery - Cultural Models](bita-part3) for a list of cultural models in the Bible." +"see [Biblical Imagery - Cultural Models](../bita-part3.01.md) for a list of cultural models in the Bible." From 6e27cabd5be5b11fd1f5bd1ee4bae814675fec36 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Thu, 18 Oct 2018 13:33:23 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 244/551] Links to bita pages --- translate/biblicalimageryta/01.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/biblicalimageryta/01.md b/translate/biblicalimageryta/01.md index b44448b..cd5cfe9 100644 --- a/translate/biblicalimageryta/01.md +++ b/translate/biblicalimageryta/01.md @@ -32,4 +32,4 @@ The Bible often speaks of God as if he were a shepherd and his people were sheep Some of the cultural models in the Bible were used much by the cultures in the Ancient Near East, and not only by the Israelites. -"see [Biblical Imagery - Cultural Models](../bita-part3.01.md) for a list of cultural models in the Bible." +"see [Biblical Imagery - Cultural Models](../bita-part3/01.md) for a list of cultural models in the Bible." From e81724039c676064f94be1c0a28f573fe08832a4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Thu, 18 Oct 2018 13:41:40 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 245/551] Update 'translate/bita-part1/01.md' --- translate/bita-part1/01.md | 18 +++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/bita-part1/01.md b/translate/bita-part1/01.md index 848b49a..eff72dd 100644 --- a/translate/bita-part1/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-part1/01.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ -This page discusses ideas that are paired together in limited ways. (For a discussion of more complex pairings, see [Biblical Imagery - Cultural Models](bita-part3).*) +This page discusses ideas that are paired together in limited ways. (For a discussion of more complex pairings, see [Biblical Imagery - Cultural Models](../bita-part3/01.md).*) ### Description @@ -20,15 +20,15 @@ This pattern is also seen in Psalm 119:32 where running in the path of God's com These patterns present three challenges to anyone who wants to identify them: -1. When looking at particular metaphors in the Bible, it is not always obvious what two ideas are paired with each other. For example, it may not be immediately obvious that the expression, "It is God who puts strength on me like a belt" (Psalm 18:32 ULB) is based on the pairing of clothing with moral quality. In this case, the image of a belt represents strength. (see "Clothing represents a moral quality" in [Biblical Imagery - Man-made Objects](bita-manmade)) +1. When looking at particular metaphors in the Bible, it is not always obvious what two ideas are paired with each other. For example, it may not be immediately obvious that the expression, "It is God who puts strength on me like a belt" (Psalm 18:32 ULB) is based on the pairing of clothing with moral quality. In this case, the image of a belt represents strength. (see "Clothing represents a moral quality" in [Biblical Imagery - Man-made Objects](../bita-manmade/01.md)) -2. When looking at a particular expression, the translator needs to know whether or not it represents something. This can only be done by considering the surrounding text. The surrounding text shows us, for example, whether "lamp" refers concretely to a container with oil and a wick for giving light or whether "lamp" is an image that represents life. (see "FIRE or LAMP represents life" in [Biblical Imagery - Natural Phenomena](bita-phenom)) In 1 Kings 7:50, a lamp trimmer is a tool for trimming the wick on an ordinary lamp. In 2 Samuel 21:17 the lamp of Israel represents King David's life. When his men were concerned that he might "put out the lamp of Israel," they were concerned that he might be killed. +2. When looking at a particular expression, the translator needs to know whether or not it represents something. This can only be done by considering the surrounding text. The surrounding text shows us, for example, whether "lamp" refers concretely to a container with oil and a wick for giving light or whether "lamp" is an image that represents life. (see "FIRE or LAMP represents life" in [Biblical Imagery - Natural Phenomena](../bitaphenom/01.md)) In 1 Kings 7:50, a lamp trimmer is a tool for trimming the wick on an ordinary lamp. In 2 Samuel 21:17 the lamp of Israel represents King David's life. When his men were concerned that he might "put out the lamp of Israel," they were concerned that he might be killed. >Solomon also had made the cups, lamp trimmers, basins, spoons, and incense burners, all of which were all made of pure gold. (1 Kings 7:50 ULB) >Ishbi-Benob...intended to kill David. But Abishai son of Zeruiah rescued David, attacked the Philistine, and killed him. Then the men of David swore to him, saying, "You must not go to battle anymore with us, so that you do not put out the lamp of Israel." (2 Samuel 21:16-17 ULB) -3. Expressions that are based on these pairings of ideas frequently combine together in complex ways. Moreover, they frequently combine with—and in some cases are based on—common metonymies and cultural models. (see [Biblical Imagery - Common Metonymies](bita-part2) and [Biblical Imagery - Cultural Models](bita-part3)) +3. Expressions that are based on these pairings of ideas frequently combine together in complex ways. Moreover, they frequently combine with—and in some cases are based on—common metonymies and cultural models. (see [Biblical Imagery - Common Metonymies](bita-part2) and [Biblical Imagery - Cultural Models](../bita-part3/01.md)) For example, in 2 Samuel 14:7 below, "the burning coal" is an image for the life of the son, who represents what will cause people to remember his father. So there are two patterns of pairings here: the pairing of the burning coal with the life of the son, and the pairing of the son with the memory of his father. @@ -38,8 +38,8 @@ For example, in 2 Samuel 14:7 below, "the burning coal" is an image for the life The following pages have lists of some of the ideas that represent others in the Bible, together with examples from the Bible. They are organized according to the kinds of image: -* [Biblical Imagery - Body Parts and Human Qualities](bita-hq) -* [Biblical Imagery - Human Behavior](bita-humanbehavior) - Includes both physical and non-physical actions, conditions and experiences -* [Biblical Imagery - Plants](bita-plants) -* [Biblical Imagery - Natural Phenomena](bita-phenom) -* [Biblical Imagery - Man-made Objects](bita-manmade) +* [Biblical Imagery - Body Parts and Human Qualities](../bita-hq//01.md) +* [Biblical Imagery - Human Behavior](../bita-humanbehavior/01.md) - Includes both physical and non-physical actions, conditions and experiences +* [Biblical Imagery - Plants](../bita-plants/01.md) +* [Biblical Imagery - Natural Phenomena](../bita-phenom/01.md) +* [Biblical Imagery - Man-made Objects](../bita-manmade/01.md) From f8bf6f8a24da37005e23dd38b68cec7e4d074743 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Thu, 18 Oct 2018 13:45:01 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 246/551] Links to bita pages --- translate/bita-part1/01.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/bita-part1/01.md b/translate/bita-part1/01.md index eff72dd..57b4a8f 100644 --- a/translate/bita-part1/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-part1/01.md @@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ These patterns present three challenges to anyone who wants to identify them: 1. When looking at particular metaphors in the Bible, it is not always obvious what two ideas are paired with each other. For example, it may not be immediately obvious that the expression, "It is God who puts strength on me like a belt" (Psalm 18:32 ULB) is based on the pairing of clothing with moral quality. In this case, the image of a belt represents strength. (see "Clothing represents a moral quality" in [Biblical Imagery - Man-made Objects](../bita-manmade/01.md)) -2. When looking at a particular expression, the translator needs to know whether or not it represents something. This can only be done by considering the surrounding text. The surrounding text shows us, for example, whether "lamp" refers concretely to a container with oil and a wick for giving light or whether "lamp" is an image that represents life. (see "FIRE or LAMP represents life" in [Biblical Imagery - Natural Phenomena](../bitaphenom/01.md)) In 1 Kings 7:50, a lamp trimmer is a tool for trimming the wick on an ordinary lamp. In 2 Samuel 21:17 the lamp of Israel represents King David's life. When his men were concerned that he might "put out the lamp of Israel," they were concerned that he might be killed. +2. When looking at a particular expression, the translator needs to know whether or not it represents something. This can only be done by considering the surrounding text. The surrounding text shows us, for example, whether "lamp" refers concretely to a container with oil and a wick for giving light or whether "lamp" is an image that represents life. (see "FIRE or LAMP represents life" in [Biblical Imagery - Natural Phenomena](../bita-phenom/01.md)) In 1 Kings 7:50, a lamp trimmer is a tool for trimming the wick on an ordinary lamp. In 2 Samuel 21:17 the lamp of Israel represents King David's life. When his men were concerned that he might "put out the lamp of Israel," they were concerned that he might be killed. >Solomon also had made the cups, lamp trimmers, basins, spoons, and incense burners, all of which were all made of pure gold. (1 Kings 7:50 ULB) From 8990a2b4ed850c0745d98cd41f8a7bb437279b37 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Thu, 18 Oct 2018 13:46:35 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 247/551] Links to bita pages --- translate/bita-part3/01.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/bita-part3/01.md b/translate/bita-part3/01.md index 7f4ac48..1b89172 100644 --- a/translate/bita-part3/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-part3/01.md @@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ Although the Bible explicitly denies that God is a human being, he is often spok >The hand of God also came on Judah, to give them one heart, to carry out the command of the king and leaders by the word of Yahweh. (2 Chronicles 30:12 ULB) -The word "hand" here is a metonym that refers to God's power. (See: [Metonymy](figs-metonymy)) +The word "hand" here is a metonym that refers to God's power. (See: [Metonymy](../figs-metonymy/01.md)) #### God is modeled as a KING @@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ If blood is spilled or shed, someone has been killed. >This person would not die by the hand of the one who wanted to avenge the blood that was shed, until the accused person would first stand before the assembly. (Joshua 20:9 ULB) -If blood cries out, nature itself is crying out for vengeance on a person who killed someone. (This also includes personification, because the blood is pictured as someone that can cry out. See: [Personification](figs-personification)) +If blood cries out, nature itself is crying out for vengeance on a person who killed someone. (This also includes personification, because the blood is pictured as someone that can cry out. See: [Personification](../figs-personification/01.md)) >Yahweh said, "What have you done? Your brother's blood is calling out to me from the ground. (Genesis 4:10 ULB) From 641747cfd1d234f0cd965c031b1fc4851d0230db Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Thu, 18 Oct 2018 14:06:41 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 248/551] Fixed link to tA page --- translate/figs-grammar/01.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-grammar/01.md b/translate/figs-grammar/01.md index 5ba1052..269ea11 100644 --- a/translate/figs-grammar/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-grammar/01.md @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Grammar has two main parts: words and structure. Structure involves how we put w **Sentences** - When we speak, we organize our thoughts in sentences. A sentence usually has a complete thought about an event or a situation or state of being. (see [Sentence Structure](../figs-sentences/01.md)) -* Sentences can be statements, questions, commands, or exclamations. (see [Exclamations](../figs-sentencetypes/01.md)) +* Sentences can be statements, questions, commands, or exclamations. (see [Exclamations](../figs-exclamations/01.md)) * Sentences can have more than one clause. (see [Sentence Structure](../figs-sentences/01.md)) * Some languages have both active and passive sentences. (see [Active or Passive](../figs-activepassive/01.md)) From 4107bd52291a8d6262806b96bf7ca33d96a1b0ab Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Thu, 18 Oct 2018 14:24:07 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 249/551] Links to tA pages --- translate/figs-sentences/01.md | 6 +++--- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-sentences/01.md b/translate/figs-sentences/01.md index 0dd1f50..7a17ae3 100644 --- a/translate/figs-sentences/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-sentences/01.md @@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ The ***subject*** is who or what the sentence is about. In these examples, the s * The boy is running. * He is running. -Subjects are typically noun phrases or pronouns. (see [Parts of Speach](figs-partsofspeech)) In the examples above, "the boy" is a noun phrase that has the noun "boy," and "he" is a pronoun. +Subjects are typically noun phrases or pronouns. (see [Parts of Speach](../figs-partsofspeech/01.md)) In the examples above, "the boy" is a noun phrase that has the noun "boy," and "he" is a pronoun. When the sentence is a command, in many languages it does not have a subject pronoun. People understand that the subject is "you." @@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ When the sentence is a command, in many languages it does not have a subject pro #### Predicate -The predicate is the part of a sentence that tells something about the subject. It usually has a verb. (See: [Verbs](figs-verbs)) In the sentences below, the subjects are "the man" and "he." The predicates are underlined and the verbs are in bold. +The predicate is the part of a sentence that tells something about the subject. It usually has a verb. (See: [Verbs](../figs-verbs/01.md)) In the sentences below, the subjects are "the man" and "he." The predicates are underlined and the verbs are in bold. * The man **is** strong. * He **worked** hard. @@ -73,5 +73,5 @@ In the sentence below "her mother, who was very annoyed" is part of the predicat #### Translation Issues * Languages have different orders for the parts of a sentence. (See: //add Information Structure page//) -* Some languages do not have relative clauses, or they use them in a limited way. (see [Distinguishing versus Informing or Reminding](figs-distinguish)) +* Some languages do not have relative clauses, or they use them in a limited way. (see [Distinguishing versus Informing or Reminding](../figs-distinguish/01.md)) From ee9feb0d0f158192e080e348736a165e8a86d6aa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Thu, 18 Oct 2018 17:41:54 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 250/551] Fixed bulleted-list line-spacing --- translate/qualifications/01.md | 8 ++++---- 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/qualifications/01.md b/translate/qualifications/01.md index b7d392a..8b2e8af 100644 --- a/translate/qualifications/01.md +++ b/translate/qualifications/01.md @@ -8,14 +8,14 @@ The leaders of the church networks that will be involved in the translation shou * Can this person read and write the target language well? * Has the person been living in the language community for much of his or her life? Someone who has lived away from the language area for a very long period of time might have difficulty making a natural translation. * Do people respect the way this person speaks their own language? - * What is the age and local language background of each translator? It is usually good to have people from different places in the language area and of different ages, because people of different places and ages might use the language differently. These people then need to agree on a way to say things that sound good to all of them. - + * What is the age and local language background of each translator? It is usually good to have people from different places in the language area and of different ages, because people of different places and ages might use the language differently. These people then need to agree on a way to say things that sound good to all of them. + 1. Does the person have a very good understanding of the source language? * What level of education have they received, and how have they obtained skills in the source language? * Does the Christian community recognize that this person has adequate skills to speak the source language and an education sufficient to use the Notes or other exegetical helps provided? - * Can the person read and write the source language with fluency and understanding? - + * Can the person read and write the source language with fluency and understanding? + 1. Is the person respected in the community as a follower of Christ? The person must be humble and willing to listen to suggestions or corrections from others concerning his or her translation work. The person must be always willing to learn from others. * How long have they been a Christian, and are they in good standing with their Christian community? From b541d98e31164a10dd2107b0107672389050354b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chrisjarka Date: Thu, 18 Oct 2018 18:38:45 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 251/551] moved forms of you pages to be together --- translate/toc.yaml | 12 ++++++------ 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/toc.yaml b/translate/toc.yaml index e9df95d..9724da6 100644 --- a/translate/toc.yaml +++ b/translate/toc.yaml @@ -206,12 +206,6 @@ sections: link: figs-doublenegatives - title: "Ellipsis" link: figs-ellipsis - - title: "Forms of You" - link: figs-you - - title: "Forms of 'You' - Dual/Plural" - link: figs-youdual - - title: "Forms of 'You' - Singular" - link: figs-yousingular - title: "Generic Noun Phrases" link: figs-genericnoun - title: "Go and Come" @@ -238,6 +232,12 @@ sections: link: figs-123person - title: "Exclusive and Inclusive 'We'" link: figs-exclusive + - title: "Forms of You" + link: figs-you + - title: "Forms of 'You' - Dual/Plural" + link: figs-youdual + - title: "Forms of 'You' - Singular" + link: figs-yousingular - title: "Forms of 'You' - Formal or Informal" link: figs-youformal - title: "Forms of 'You' - Singular to a Crowd" From ba223a7c50dd2bec0aef8610891eb4bec8ff231d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chrisjarka Date: Thu, 18 Oct 2018 19:24:34 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 252/551] removed principles Moved to figs intro page --- translate/figs-exmetaphor/01.md | 9 +-------- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 8 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-exmetaphor/01.md b/translate/figs-exmetaphor/01.md index bf025d1..066660b 100644 --- a/translate/figs-exmetaphor/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-exmetaphor/01.md @@ -3,19 +3,12 @@ An extended metaphor occurs when someone speaks of a situation as if it were a different situation. He does this in order to effectively describe the first situation by implying that in some important way it is similar to the other. The second situation has multiple **images** of people, things, and actions that represent those in the first situation. -#### Reasons this is a translation issue +### Reasons this is a translation issue * People may not realize that the images represent other things. * People may not be familiar with the things that are used as images. * Extended metaphors are often so profound that it would be impossible for a translator to show all of the meaning generated by the metaphor. -#### Translation Principles - -* Make the meaning of the extended metaphor as clear to the target audience as it was to the original audience. -* Do not make the meaning more clear to the target audience than it was to the original audience. -* When someone uses an extended metaphor, the images are an important part of what he is trying to say. -* If the target audience is not familiar with some of the images, you will need to find some way of helping them understand the images so they can understand the whole extended metaphor. - ### Examples from the Bible In Psalm 23:1-4, the writer says that God's concern and care for his people can be pictured as the care that a shepherd has for his flock of sheep. Shepherds give sheep what they need, take them to safe places, rescue them, guide them, and protect them. What God does for his people is like these actions. From 9d3ebe7a5480a1c27e3599f81a85254c981aa985 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chrisjarka Date: Thu, 18 Oct 2018 19:25:00 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 253/551] added Trans Principles --- translate/figs-intro/01.md | 8 ++++++++ 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+) diff --git a/translate/figs-intro/01.md b/translate/figs-intro/01.md index 6271284..353c922 100644 --- a/translate/figs-intro/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-intro/01.md @@ -5,6 +5,14 @@ Figures of speech have special meanings that are not the same as the meanings of Figures of speech are ways of saying things that use words in non-literal ways. That is, the meaning of a figure of speech is not the same as the more direct meaning of its words. In order to translate the meaning, you need to be able to recognize figures of speech and know what the figure of speech means in the source language. Then you can choose either a figure of speech or a direct way to communicate that same meaning in the target language. +### Translation Principles + +* Make the meaning of the extended metaphor as clear to the target audience as it was to the original audience. +* Do not make the meaning more clear to the target audience than it was to the original audience. +* When someone uses an extended metaphor, the images are an important part of what he is trying to say. +* If the target audience is not familiar with some of the images, you will need to find some way of helping them understand the images so they can understand the whole extended metaphor. + + ### Types Listed below are different types of Figures of Speech. If you would like additional information simply click the colored word to be directed to a page containing definitions, examples, and videos for each figure of speech. From ee72b6862c12d31c498aee0cfc4f4bf551800d4d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chrisjarka Date: Thu, 18 Oct 2018 19:37:04 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 254/551] Update 'translate/figs-exmetaphor/01.md' --- translate/figs-exmetaphor/01.md | 1 - 1 file changed, 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-exmetaphor/01.md b/translate/figs-exmetaphor/01.md index 066660b..a898aca 100644 --- a/translate/figs-exmetaphor/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-exmetaphor/01.md @@ -28,7 +28,6 @@ In Isaiah 5:1-7, Isaiah presents God's disappointment with his people as the dis >2He spaded it, removed the stones, and planted it with an excellent kind of vine. >He built a tower in the middle of it, and also built a winepress. >He waited for it to produce grapes, but it only produced wild grapes. - >3So now, inhabitant of Jerusalem and men of Judah; >judge between me and my vineyard. >4What more could have been done for my vineyard, that I have not done for it? From 09d5249d93775a4b14bca8635152ee7addbaeff8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chrisjarka Date: Thu, 18 Oct 2018 20:03:08 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 255/551] Update 'translate/figs-metonymy/01.md' --- translate/figs-metonymy/01.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md b/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md index 76c8e9c..24a3911 100644 --- a/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ The cup represents the wine that is in the cup. #### Metonymy can be used -* to a shorter way of referring to something +* to shorten way of referring to something * to make an abstract idea more meaningful by referring to it with the name of a physical object associated with it ### Reason this is a translation issue From 195e9b8232fa1d2a383e69075be2baaece915bf6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chrisjarka Date: Thu, 18 Oct 2018 20:03:47 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 256/551] Update 'translate/figs-metonymy/01.md' --- translate/figs-metonymy/01.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md b/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md index 24a3911..37ffd34 100644 --- a/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ The cup represents the wine that is in the cup. #### Metonymy can be used -* to shorten way of referring to something +* to shorten the way of referring to something * to make an abstract idea more meaningful by referring to it with the name of a physical object associated with it ### Reason this is a translation issue From 7d4feb26edcef89669c8a178f949501c4f9ee922 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chrisjarka Date: Thu, 18 Oct 2018 20:13:02 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 257/551] moved to archive folder --- {translate => archive/translate}/figs-synonparallelism/01.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translate => archive/translate}/figs-synonparallelism/01.md (100%) diff --git a/translate/figs-synonparallelism/01.md b/archive/translate/figs-synonparallelism/01.md similarity index 100% rename from translate/figs-synonparallelism/01.md rename to archive/translate/figs-synonparallelism/01.md From a29d2fece5525143c95d9d3eb1d7baf5a19273af Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chrisjarka Date: Thu, 18 Oct 2018 20:13:55 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 258/551] moved to archive folder --- .../translate}/figs-synonparallelism/sub-title.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translate => archive/translate}/figs-synonparallelism/sub-title.md (100%) diff --git a/translate/figs-synonparallelism/sub-title.md b/archive/translate/figs-synonparallelism/sub-title.md similarity index 100% rename from translate/figs-synonparallelism/sub-title.md rename to archive/translate/figs-synonparallelism/sub-title.md From 7bda4d6eed0d12e4099b532a6cfa93f79541b8c1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chrisjarka Date: Thu, 18 Oct 2018 20:14:29 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 259/551] moved to archive folder --- {translate => archive/translate}/figs-synonparallelism/title.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translate => archive/translate}/figs-synonparallelism/title.md (100%) diff --git a/translate/figs-synonparallelism/title.md b/archive/translate/figs-synonparallelism/title.md similarity index 100% rename from translate/figs-synonparallelism/title.md rename to archive/translate/figs-synonparallelism/title.md From 2c2ce712384585cc805df8fbc48fe85f36dacaf5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chrisjarka Date: Thu, 18 Oct 2018 20:16:02 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 260/551] removed Synon Parallelism --- translate/toc.yaml | 2 -- 1 file changed, 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/toc.yaml b/translate/toc.yaml index 9724da6..97ae5e8 100644 --- a/translate/toc.yaml +++ b/translate/toc.yaml @@ -180,8 +180,6 @@ sections: link: figs-metonymy - title: "Parallelism" link: figs-parallelism - - title: "Parallelism with the Same Meaning" - link: figs-synonparallelism - title: "Personification" link: figs-personification - title: "Predictive Past" From 4c3d203d29e7347a49052026c57e89e2a9f7d1a5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chrisjarka Date: Thu, 18 Oct 2018 20:17:10 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 261/551] remove synon parallelism --- translate/config.yaml | 5 ----- 1 file changed, 5 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/config.yaml b/translate/config.yaml index b65facd..6965ed2 100644 --- a/translate/config.yaml +++ b/translate/config.yaml @@ -251,11 +251,6 @@ figs-synecdoche: - bita-part2 dependencies: - figs-intro -figs-synonparallelism: - recommended: [] - dependencies: - - figs-intro - - figs-parallelism figs-verbs: recommended: - figs-sentences From 41c9546a5888d1d87894e6f8ca24516229aa0947 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chrisjarka Date: Thu, 18 Oct 2018 20:33:07 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 262/551] Update 'translate/figs-yousingular/01.md' --- translate/figs-yousingular/01.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-yousingular/01.md b/translate/figs-yousingular/01.md index f39b09e..0078f8f 100644 --- a/translate/figs-yousingular/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-yousingular/01.md @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ The Bible was first written in the Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek languages. These l * Many languages also have different forms of the verb depending on whether the subject is singular or plural. So even if there is no pronoun meaning "you", translators of these languages will need to know if the speaker was referring to one person or more than one. Often the context will make it clear whether the word "you" refers to one person or more than one. If you look at the other pronouns in the sentence, they will help you know the number of people the speaker was speaking to. -Sometimes Greek and Hebrew speakers used "you" singular even though they were speaking to a group of people. See [Forms of 'You' - Singular to a Crowd](../figs-youcrowd/01.md) +Sometimes Greek and Hebrew speakers used "you" singular even though they were speaking to a group of people. See [Singular Pronouns that Refer to Groups](../figs-youcrowd/01.md) ### Examples from the Bible From 238806bc74a9425312deea1707f3b315829dba84 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chrisjarka Date: Thu, 18 Oct 2018 20:34:10 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 263/551] Update 'translate/figs-yousingular/01.md' --- translate/figs-yousingular/01.md | 2 -- 1 file changed, 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-yousingular/01.md b/translate/figs-yousingular/01.md index 0078f8f..e385575 100644 --- a/translate/figs-yousingular/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-yousingular/01.md @@ -33,5 +33,3 @@ Paul wrote this letter to one person, Titus. Most of the time the word "you" in 1. Look at the UDB to see if it says anything that would show you whether the word "you" refers to one person or more than one person. 1. If you have a Bible that is written in a language that distinguishes "you" singular from "you" plural, see which form of "you" that Bible has in that sentence. 1. Look at the context to see how many people the speaker was talking to and who responded. - -You may also want to watch the video at http://ufw.io/figs_younum. \ No newline at end of file From a11cd9f35d6d33e92c5cf37a12d1ff3d826dfe59 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chrisjarka Date: Thu, 18 Oct 2018 20:39:51 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 264/551] Update 'translate/figs-partsofspeech/01.md' --- translate/figs-partsofspeech/01.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-partsofspeech/01.md b/translate/figs-partsofspeech/01.md index a7ea6aa..b8a55eb 100644 --- a/translate/figs-partsofspeech/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-partsofspeech/01.md @@ -17,4 +17,4 @@ Parts of speech are categories of words. The different categories of words have **ADJECTIVES** are words that describe nouns and express such things as quantity, size, color, and age. Some examples are: many, big, blue, old, smart, tired. Sometimes people use adjectives to give some information about something, and sometimes people use them to distinguish one item from another. For example, in my elderly father the adjective elderly simply tells something about my father. But in my eldest sister the word eldest distinguishes that sister from any other older sisters I might have. More information about this can be found on [Distinguishing versus Informing or Reminding](../figs-distinguish/01.md). -**ADVERBS** are words that describe verbs or adjectives and tell such things as how, when, where, why, and to what extent. Many English adverbs end in ly. Some examples of adverbs: slowly, later, far, intentionally, very. \ No newline at end of file +**ADVERBS** are words that describe verbs or adjectives and give details such as how, when, where, why, and to what extent. Many English adverbs end in ly. Some examples of adverbs: slowly, later, far, intentionally, very. \ No newline at end of file From 5b5dfab0ee1876d411e515dd4be7781d7c094a3b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chrisjarka Date: Thu, 18 Oct 2018 20:59:41 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 265/551] Update 'translate/figs-quotations/01.md' --- translate/figs-quotations/01.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-quotations/01.md b/translate/figs-quotations/01.md index fbf4e17..1b7d9f9 100644 --- a/translate/figs-quotations/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-quotations/01.md @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ An **indirect quotation** occurs when a speaker reports what someone else said, * John said that he did not know at what time he would arrive. -### Why this is a translation issue +### Reasons this is a translation issue In some languages, reported speech can be expressed by either direct or indirect quotations. In other languages, it is more natural to use one rather than the other, or there is a certain meaning implied by using one rather than the other. So for each quotation, translators need to decide whether it is best to translate it as a direct quotation or an indirect quotation. From bef86a0ae9bad595fb5c9624f9d9fd9adae1403b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Fri, 19 Oct 2018 12:39:27 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 266/551] Issue 64 JITL Headings and Content --- translate/figs-apostrophe/01.md | 8 ++------ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-apostrophe/01.md b/translate/figs-apostrophe/01.md index 8b96795..c7eef3a 100644 --- a/translate/figs-apostrophe/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-apostrophe/01.md @@ -1,11 +1,7 @@ -### Definition - -An apostrophe is a figure of speech in which a speaker turns his attention away from his listeners and speaks to someone or something that he knows cannot hear him. - ### Description -He does this to tell his listeners his message or feelings about that person or thing in a very strong way. +An apostrophe is a figure of speech in which a speaker turns his attention away from his listeners and speaks to someone or something that he knows cannot hear him. He does this to tell his listeners his message or feelings about that person or thing in a very strong way. ### Reason this is a translation issue @@ -35,7 +31,7 @@ If apostrophe would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, cons 1. If this way of speaking would be confusing to your people, let the speaker continue speaking to the people that are listening to him as he tells them his message or feelings about the people or thing that cannot hear him. * **He cried against the altar by the word of Yahweh: "Altar, altar! This is what Yahweh says, 'See, ... on you they will burn human bones.' "** (1 Kings 13:2 ULB) - * He said this about the altar: "This is what Yahweh says about this altar. 'See, ... they will burn people's bones on it.' " + * By the word of the Lord, he said this about the altar: "This is what Yahweh says about this altar. 'See, ... they will burn people's bones on it.' " * **Mountains of Gilboa, let there not be dew or rain on you.** (2 Samuel 1:21 ULB) * As for these mountains of Gilboa, let there not be dew or rain on them. From 8678ae9b4f027c33877127d042ae2e5d7ec0d04e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Fri, 19 Oct 2018 12:54:13 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 267/551] Issue 64 JITL HEadings and Content --- translate/figs-euphemism/01.md | 18 ++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-euphemism/01.md b/translate/figs-euphemism/01.md index 458a55a..f70886c 100644 --- a/translate/figs-euphemism/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-euphemism/01.md @@ -3,15 +3,9 @@ A euphemism is a mild or polite way of referring to something that is unpleasant, embarrassing, or socially unacceptable, such as death or activities usually done in private. -### Definition - ->... they found Saul and his sons fallen on Mount Gilboa. (1 Chronicles 10:8 ULB) - -This means that Saul and his sons "were dead". It is a euphemism because the important thing was not that Saul and his sons had fallen but that they were dead. Sometimes people do not like to speak directly about death because it is unpleasant. - ### Reason this is a translation issue -Different languages use different euphemisms. If the target language does not use the same euphemism as in the source language, readers may not understand what it means and they may think that the writer means only what the words literally say. +Different languages use different euphemisms. If the target language does not use the same euphemism as in the source language, readers may not understand what it means, and they may think that the writer means only what the words literally say. ### Examples from the Bible @@ -19,13 +13,17 @@ Different languages use different euphemisms. If the target language does not us The original hearers would have understood that Saul went into the cave to use it as a toilet, but the writer wanted to avoid offending or distracting them, so **he did not say specifically** what Saul did or what he left in the cave. +>... they found Saul and his sons fallen on Mount Gilboa. (1 Chronicles 10:8 ULB) + +This means that Saul and his sons "were dead". It is a euphemism because the important thing was not that Saul and his sons had fallen but that they were dead. Sometimes people do not like to speak directly about death because it is unpleasant. + >Mary said to the angel, “How will this happen, since I have not known any man?” (Luke 1:34 ULB) In order **to be polite**, Mary uses a euphemism to say that she has never had sexual intercourse with a man. ### Translation Strategies -If euphemism would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consider using it. If not, here are other options: +If the euphemism would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consider using it. If not, here are other options: 1. Use a euphemism from your own culture. 1. State the information plainly without a euphemism if it would not be offensive. @@ -38,8 +36,8 @@ If euphemism would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consi * ... where there was a cave. Saul went into the cave to dig a hole. * ... where there was a cave. Saul went into the cave to have some time alone. * **Mary said to the angel, “How will this happen, since I have not known any man?”** (Luke 1:34 ULB) - * Mary said to the angel, “How will this happen, since I have not slept with a man?” - (This is the euphemism used in the original Greek) - + * Mary said to the angel, “How will this happen, since I have not slept with a man?” - (This is the euphemism used in the original Greek) + 1. State the information plainly without a euphemism if it would not be offensive. * **... they found Saul and his sons fallen on Mount Gilboa.** (1 Chronicles 10:8 ULB) * ... they found Saul and his sons dead on Mount Gilboa. From 3db36bca94ef47659464fa43659b9813be3d5aad Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Fri, 19 Oct 2018 13:32:41 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 268/551] Fixed line spacing --- translate/figs-exmetaphor/01.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-exmetaphor/01.md b/translate/figs-exmetaphor/01.md index a898aca..d6cbca0 100644 --- a/translate/figs-exmetaphor/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-exmetaphor/01.md @@ -53,11 +53,11 @@ Consider using the same extended metaphor if your readers will understand it in 1. If the target audience would think that the images should be understood literally, translate it as a simile by using "like" or "as." It may be enough to to do this in just the first sentence or two. * **Yahweh is my shepherd; I will lack nothing. He makes me to lie down in green pastures; he leads me beside tranquil water.** (Psalm 23:1-2 ULB) - * Yahweh is like a shepherd to me, so I will lack nothing. Like a shepherd who makes his sheep lie down in green pastures and leads them by peaceful waters, Yahweh helps me to rest peacefully. + * Yahweh is like a shepherd to me, so I will lack nothing. Like a shepherd who makes his sheep lie down in green pastures and leads them by peaceful waters, Yahweh helps me to rest peacefully. 1. If the target audience would not know the image, find a way of translating it so they can understand what the image is. * **My well beloved had a vineyard on a very fertile hill. He spaded it, removed the stones, and planted it with an excellent kind of vine. He built a tower in the middle of it, and also built a winepress. He waited for it to produce grapes, but it only produced wild grapes.** (Isaiah 5:1-2 ULB) - * My well beloved had a grapevine garden on a very fertile hill. He dug up the ground and removed the stones, and planted it with the best grapevines. He built a watchtower in the middle of it, and also built a tank where he could crush the juice out of the grapes. He waited for it to produce grapes, but it produced wild grapes that were not good for making wine." + * My well beloved had a grapevine garden on a very fertile hill. He dug up the ground and removed the stones, and planted it with the best grapevines. He built a watchtower in the middle of it, and also built a tank where he could crush the juice out of the grapes. He waited for it to produce grapes, but it produced wild grapes that were not good for making wine." 1. If the target audience still would not understand, then state it clearly. * **Yahweh is my shepherd; I will lack nothing.** (Psalm 23:1 ULB) From eaffe15015ee3e0649116aba57abd07ea0d20987 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Fri, 19 Oct 2018 13:38:07 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 269/551] Issue 64 JITL Headings and Content --- translate/figs-hendiadys/01.md | 8 ++++---- 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-hendiadys/01.md b/translate/figs-hendiadys/01.md index fa34eab..d0bfd47 100644 --- a/translate/figs-hendiadys/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-hendiadys/01.md @@ -4,10 +4,6 @@ When a speaker expresses a single idea by using two words that are connected with "and," it is called "hendiadys." In hendiadys, the two words work together. Usually one of the words is the primary idea and the other word further describes the primary one. ->... who calls you into his own kingdom and glory. (1 Thessalonians 2:12 ULB) - -Though "kingdom" and "glory" are both nouns, "glory" actually tells what kind of kingdom it is: it is a **his own kingdom of glory** or **his own glorious kingdom**. - #### Reasons this is a translation issue * Often hendiadys contains an abstract noun. Some languages may not have a noun with the same meaning. @@ -15,6 +11,10 @@ Though "kingdom" and "glory" are both nouns, "glory" actually tells what kind of ### Examples from the Bible +>... who calls you into his own kingdom and glory. (1 Thessalonians 2:12 ULB) + +Though "kingdom" and "glory" are both nouns, "glory" actually tells what kind of kingdom it is: it is a his own kingdom of glory or his own glorious kingdom. + >... for I will give you words and wisdom ... (Luke 21:15 ULB) "Words" and "wisdom" are nouns, but in this figure of speech "wisdom" describes "words." From 53918026d90dd7b98fee230f9e8c1574f987f39c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Fri, 19 Oct 2018 13:40:04 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 270/551] Fixed line spacing --- translate/figs-hendiadys/01.md | 10 +++++----- 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-hendiadys/01.md b/translate/figs-hendiadys/01.md index d0bfd47..58b8032 100644 --- a/translate/figs-hendiadys/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-hendiadys/01.md @@ -38,18 +38,18 @@ If the hendiadys would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, c * **... for I will give you words and wisdom ...** (Luke 21:15 ULB) * ... for I will give you wise words ... * **... who calls you to his own kingdom and glory.** (1 Thessalonians 2:12 ULB) - * ... who calls you to his own glorious kingdom. - + * ... who calls you to his own glorious kingdom. + 1. Substitute the describing noun with a phrase that means the same thing. * **... for I will give you words and wisdom ...** (Luke 21:15 ULB) * ... for I will give you words of wisdom ... * **... who calls you into his own kingdom and glory.** (1 Thessalonians 2:12 ULB) - * ... who calls you to his own kingdom of glory. + * ... who calls you to his own kingdom of glory. 1. Substitute the describing adjective with an adverb that means the same thing. * **If you are willing and obedient ...** (Isaiah 1:19 ULB) - * If you are willingly obedient ... - + * If you are willingly obedient ... + 1. Substitute other parts of speech that mean the same thing and show that one word describes the other. * **If you are, willing and obedient** (Isaiah 1:19 ULB) - The adjective "obedient" can be substituted with the verb "obey." * If you obey willingly From d09163f424704dfb7e9470f32f13669471c27a20 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Fri, 19 Oct 2018 13:55:18 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 271/551] Fixed explanation --- translate/figs-hyperbole/01.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-hyperbole/01.md b/translate/figs-hyperbole/01.md index 65ed1b6..0e778ce 100644 --- a/translate/figs-hyperbole/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-hyperbole/01.md @@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ A speaker or writer can use exactly the same words to say something he means as * This generalization tells about what Gentiles were known for doing. Many Gentiles may have done this. -Even though a generalization may have a strong-sounding word like "all," "always," "none," or "never," it does not necessarliy mean **exactly** "all," "always," "none," or "never." It simply means "most, "most of the time," "hardly any" or "rarely." +Sometimes when people use strong-sounding words like "all," "always," "none," or "never," they mean exactly "all," "always," "none," or "never." But when people use these words in a generalization, they simply mean "most, "most of the time," "hardly any" or "rarely." >Moses was educated in all the wisdom of the Egyptians ... (Acts 7:22 ULB) From d6723ab62ae35d74f1bc6c608a7b8be4b4de0c56 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Fri, 19 Oct 2018 14:59:37 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 272/551] Issue 64 JITL Headings and Content --- translate/figs-idiom/01.md | 60 +++++++++++++++++--------------------- 1 file changed, 27 insertions(+), 33 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-idiom/01.md b/translate/figs-idiom/01.md index 13a6135..81cbf91 100644 --- a/translate/figs-idiom/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-idiom/01.md @@ -1,21 +1,34 @@ -An idiom is a figure of speech made up of a group of words that, as a whole, has a meaning that is different from what one would understand from the meanings of the individual words. Someone from outside of the culture usually cannot understand an idiom without someone inside the culture explaining its true meaning. Every language uses idioms. Some English examples are: - -* You are pulling my leg (This means, "You are telling me a lie") -* Do not push the envelope (This means, "Do not take a matter to its extreme") -* This house is under water (This means, "The debt owed for this house is greater than its actual value") -* We are painting the town red (This means, "We are going around town tonight celebrating very intensely") - ### Description -An idiom is a phrase that has a special meaning to the people of the language or culture who use it. Its meaning is different than what a person would understand from the meanings of the individual words that form the phrase. +An idiom is a figure of speech made up of a group of words that, as a whole, has a meaning that is different from what one would understand from the meanings of the individual words. It has a special meaning to the people of the language or culture who use it; someone from outside of the culture usually cannot understand an idiom without someone inside the culture explaining its true meaning. Every language uses idioms. Some English examples are: + +* You are pulling my leg (This means, "You are telling me a lie") +* Do not push the envelope (This means, "Do not take the matter to its extreme") +* This house is under water (This means, "The debt owed for this house is greater than its actual value") +* We are painting the town red (This means, "We are going around town tonight celebrating very intensely") + +#### Purpose of Idioms + +An idiom is created in a culture when someone describes something in an unusual way. When that unusual way communicates the message powerfully and people understand it clearly, other people start to use it. After a while, it becomes a normal way of talking in that language. + +#### Reasons this is a translation issue + +* People can easily misunderstand idioms in the original languages of the Bible if they do not know the cultures that produced the Bible. +* People can easily misunderstand idioms that are in the source language Bibles if they do not know the cultures that made those translations. +* It is useless to translate idioms literally (according to the meaning of each word) when the target language audience will not understand what they mean. +* Sometimes people may be able to understand an idiom from another culture, but it might sound like a strange way to express the meaning. + +### Examples from the Bible + +>Then all Israel came to David at Hebron and said, "Look, we are your flesh and bone." (1 Chronicles 11:1 ULB) + +The idiom "flesh and bone" means "relatives." >... he set his face to go to Jerusalem. (Luke 9:51 ULB) The words "set his face" is an idiom that means "firmly decided and began." He firmly decided to go to Jerusalem, and he started on his way. -Sometimes people may be able to understand an idiom from another culture, but it might sound like a strange way to express the meaning. - >... I am not worthy for you to come under my roof. (Luke 7:6 ULB) The phrase "come under my roof" is an idiom that means "enter my house." @@ -24,29 +37,10 @@ The phrase "come under my roof" is an idiom that means "enter my house." This idiom means "Listen carefully and remember what I say." -#### Purpose of Idioms +>My eyes grow dim from grief ... (Psalm 6:7 ULB) -An idiom is created in a culture probably somewhat by accident when someone describes something in an unusual way. But, when that unusual way communicates the message powerfully and people understand it clearly, other people start to use it. After a while, it becomes a normal way of talking in that language. +This idiom means that he cries bitterly for a long time. -#### Reasons this is a translation issue - -* People can easily misunderstand idioms in the original languages of the Bible if they do not know the cultures that produced the Bible. -* People can easily misunderstand idioms that are in the source language Bibles if they do not know the cultures that made those translations. -* It is useless to translate idioms literally (according to the meaning of each word) when the target language audience will not understand what they mean. - -### Examples from the Bible - ->Then all Israel came to David at Hebron and said, "Look, we are your flesh and bone." (1 Chronicles 11:1 ULB) - -This means, "We and you belong to the same race, the same family." - ->... the children of Israel went out with a high hand. (Exodus 14:8 ASV) - -This means, "The Israelites went out defiantly." - ->... the one who lifts up my head. (Psalm 3:3 ULB) - -This means, "the one who helps me." ### Translation Strategies @@ -58,8 +52,8 @@ If the idiom would be clearly understood in your language, consider using it. If ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied 1. Translate the meaning plainly without using an idiom. - * **Look, we are your flesh and bone.** ( 1 Chronicles 11:1 ULB) - * Look, we all belong to the same nation. + * **Look, we are your flesh and bone.** (1 Chronicles 11:1 ULB) + * Look, we are your relatives. * **... he set his face to go to Jerusalem.** (Luke 9:51 ULB) * ... he started to travel to Jerusalem, determined to reach it. * **... I am not worthy for you to come under my roof.** (Luke 7:6 ULB) From 63dda02f626b0c31a758b2d45a2226bb1f0a002e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Fri, 19 Oct 2018 15:02:50 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 273/551] Issue 64 JITL Headings and Content --- translate/figs-idiom/01.md | 2 -- 1 file changed, 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-idiom/01.md b/translate/figs-idiom/01.md index 81cbf91..f33f087 100644 --- a/translate/figs-idiom/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-idiom/01.md @@ -8,8 +8,6 @@ An idiom is a figure of speech made up of a group of words that, as a whole, has * This house is under water (This means, "The debt owed for this house is greater than its actual value") * We are painting the town red (This means, "We are going around town tonight celebrating very intensely") -#### Purpose of Idioms - An idiom is created in a culture when someone describes something in an unusual way. When that unusual way communicates the message powerfully and people understand it clearly, other people start to use it. After a while, it becomes a normal way of talking in that language. #### Reasons this is a translation issue From 081f9a1903510559a1befcb1755400fe31bb829a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Fri, 19 Oct 2018 15:46:12 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 274/551] Issue 64 JITL Headings and Content --- translate/figs-irony/01.md | 38 +++++++++++++------------------------- 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 25 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-irony/01.md b/translate/figs-irony/01.md index 9b29725..3414388 100644 --- a/translate/figs-irony/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-irony/01.md @@ -1,15 +1,7 @@ ### Description -Irony is a figure of speech in which the sense that the speaker intends to communicate is actually the opposite of the literal meaning of the words. Sometimes a person does this by using someone else's words, but in a way that communicates that he does not agree with them. People do this to emphasize how different something is from what it should be, or how someone else's belief about something is wrong or foolish. It is often humorous. - ->No doubt you are the people; wisdom will die with you. But I have understanding as well as you; I am not inferior to you. (Job 12:2-3 ULB) - -Job said this to men who thought that they were so much wiser than he was. He was angry with them. He did not believe that they were really so wise and that when they died there would be no more wise people. - ->Jesus answered them, "People who are well do not need a physician; only people who are sick need one. I did not come to call righteous people, but to call sinners to repentance." (Luke 5:31-32) - -When Jesus spoke of "righteous people," he was not referring to people who were truly righteous, but to people who wrongly believed that they were righteous. By using irony, Jesus communicated that they were wrong to think that they were better than others and did not need to repent. +Irony is a figure of speech in which the sense that the speaker intends to communicate is actually the opposite of the literal meaning of the words. Sometimes a person does this by using someone else's words, but in a way that communicates that he does not agree with them. People do this to emphasize how different something is from what it should be, or how someone else's belief about something is wrong or foolish. It often expresses anger. #### Reason this is a translation issue @@ -21,21 +13,14 @@ When Jesus spoke of "righteous people," he was not referring to people who were Here Jesus appears to praise the Pharisees for doing something that is obviously wrong. Through irony, he communicates the opposite of praise: He communicates that the Pharisees, who take great pride in keeping the commandments, are so far from God that they do not even recognize that their traditions are breaking God's commandments. The use of irony makes the Pharisee's sin more obvious and startling. +>Jesus answered them, "People who are well do not need a physician; only people who are sick need one. I did not come to call righteous people, but to call sinners to repentance." (Luke 5:31-32) + +When Jesus spoke of "righteous people," he was not referring to people who were truly righteous, but to people who wrongly believed that they were righteous. By using irony, Jesus communicated that they were wrong to think that they were better than others and did not need to repent. + >"Present your case," says Yahweh; "present your best arguments for your idols," says the King of Jacob. "Let them bring us their own arguments; have them come forward and declare to us what will happen, so we may know these things well. Have them tell us of earlier predictive declarations, so we can reflect on them and know how they were fulfilled." (Isaiah 41:21-22 ULB) People worshiped idols as if their idols had knowledge or power, and Yahweh was angry at them for doing that. So he used irony and challenged their idols to tell what would happen in the future. He knew that the idols could not do this, but by speaking as if they could, he mocked the idols, making their inability more obvious, and rebuked the people for worshiping them. ->Can you lead light and darkness to their places of work? ->Can you find the way back to their houses for them? ->Undoubtedly you know, for you were born then; ->"the number of your days is so large!" (Job 38:20, 21 ULB) - -Job thought that he was wise. Yahweh used irony to show Job that he was not so wise. The two underlined phrases above are irony. They emphasize the opposite of what they say, because they are so obviously false. They emphasize that Job could not possibly answer God's questions about the creation of light because Job was not born until many, many years later. - ->Already you have all you could want! Already you have become rich! You began to reign—and that quite apart from us! (1 Corinthians 4:8 ULB) - -The Corinthians considered themselves to be very wise, self-sufficient, and not in need of any instruction from the Apostle Paul. Paul used irony, speaking as if he agreed with them, to show how proudly they were acting and how far from being wise they really were. - >How honored the king of Israel was today, who undressed himself today before the eyes of the slave girls among his servants, like one of the crude fellows who shamelessly undresses himself!" King David's wife said this when she was angry with him for wearing so little clothing when he danced before Yahweh out in the street. When she said "How honored the king of Israel was today," she really meant that he was dishonored and that she was angry about it. @@ -46,21 +31,24 @@ If the irony would be understood correctly in your language, translate it as it 1. Translate it in a way that shows that the speaker is saying what someone else believes. 1. Translate the actual, intended meaning of the statement of irony. The actual meaning of the irony is not found in the literal words of the speaker, but instead the true meaning is found in the opposite of the literal meaning of the speaker's words. +1. Translate it in a way that shows the speaker's anger about the situation. ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied 1. Translate it in a way that shows that the speaker is saying what someone else believes. * **How well you reject the commandment of God so you may keep your tradition!** (Mark 7:9 ULB) * You think that you are doing so well, but you reject God's commandment in order to keep your tradition! - * You act like it is good to reject God's commandment so you may keep your tradition! + * You act like it is good to reject God's commandment so you may keep your tradition! * **I did not come to call righteous people, but to call sinners to repentance.** (Luke 5:32) - * I did not come to call people who think that they are righteous, but to call sinners to repentance. + * I did not come to call people who think that they are righteous, but to call sinners to repentance. 1. Translate the actual, intended meaning of the statement of irony. * **How well you reject the commandment of God so you may keep your tradition!** (Mark 7:9 ULB) * You are doing a terrible thing when you reject the commandment of God so you may keep your tradition! * **"Present your case," says Yahweh; "present your best arguments for your idols," says the King of Jacob. "Let them bring us their own arguments; have them come forward and declare to us what will happen, so we may know these things well. Have them tell us of earlier predictive declarations, so we can reflect on them and know how they were fulfilled."** (Isaiah 41:21-22 ULB) - * 'Present your case,' says Yahweh; 'present your best arguments for your idols,' says the King of Jacob. Your idols cannot bring us their own arguments or come forward to declare to us what will happen so we may know these things well. We cannot hear them because they cannot speak to tell us their earlier predictive declarations, so we cannot reflect on them and know how they were fulfilled. - * **Can you lead light and darkness to their places of work? Can you find the way back to their houses for them? Undoubtedly you know, for you were born then; the number of your days is so large!"** (Job 38:20, 21 ULB) - * Can you lead light and darkness to their places of work? Can you find the way back to their houses for them? You act like you know how light and darkness were created, as if you were there; as if you are as old as creation, but you are not! + * "Present your case," says Yahweh; "present your best arguments for your idols," says the King of Jacob. "Your idols cannot bring us their own arguments or come forward to declare to us what will happen so we may know these things well. We cannot hear them because they cannot speak to tell us their earlier predictive declarations, so we cannot reflect on them and know how they were fulfilled." + +1. Translate it in a way that shows the speaker's feelings about the situation. + * **How well you reject the commandment of God so you may keep your tradition!** (Mark 7:9 ULB) + * How dare you reject the commandment of God so you may keep your tradition! From afc426c174ad56f883c70dfe244aea970b8d3f1d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Fri, 19 Oct 2018 16:13:56 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 275/551] Issue 64 JITL Headings and Content --- translate/figs-litotes/01.md | 14 ++++++-------- 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-litotes/01.md b/translate/figs-litotes/01.md index ba2fa77..2e36d5c 100644 --- a/translate/figs-litotes/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-litotes/01.md @@ -12,18 +12,15 @@ Some languages do not use litotes. People who speak those languages might not un >For you yourselves know, brothers, that our coming to you was not useless, (1 Thessalonians 2:1 ULB) -By using litotes, Paul emphasized that his visit with them was very useful. +By using litotes, Paul emphasized that his visit with them was very useful. >Now when it became day, there was no small disturbance among the soldiers, over what had happened to Peter. (Acts 12:18 ULB) -By using litotes, Luke emphasized that there was a lot of excitement or anxiety among the soldiers about what happened to Peter. (Peter had been in prison, and even though there were soldiers guarding him, he escaped when an angel let him out. So they were very agitated.) +By using litotes, Luke emphasized that there was a lot of excitement or anxiety among the soldiers about what happened to Peter. (Peter had been in prison, and even though there were soldiers guarding him, he escaped when an angel let him out. So they were very agitated.) ->But you, Bethlehem, in the land of Judah, ->are not the least among the leaders of Judah, ->for from you will come a ruler ->who will shepherd my people Israel. (Matthew 2:6 ULB) +>Not one word has failed out of all Yahweh's good promises that he made with Moses his servant. (2 Kings 8:56) -By using litotes, the prophet emphasized that Bethlehem would be a very important city. +This means that every word was fulfilled. Yahweh did everything that he had promised Moses. ### Translation Strategies @@ -39,4 +36,5 @@ If the litotes would be understood correctly, consider using it. * **Now when it became day, there was no small disturbance among the soldiers over what had happened to Peter.** (Acts 12:18 ULB) * Now when it became day, there was great excitement among the soldiers over what had happened to Peter. * Now when it became day, the soldiers were very concerned because of what had happened to Peter. - + * **Not one word has failed out of all Yahweh's good promises that he made with Moses his servant.** (2 Kings 8:56) + * Every word of all Yahweh's good promises that he made with Moses his servant has been fulfilled. \ No newline at end of file From aa39ebbeabe196be17c2d2eae64cf98ccd2852f4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Fri, 19 Oct 2018 16:15:39 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 276/551] Update 'translate/figs-litotes/01.md' --- translate/figs-litotes/01.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-litotes/01.md b/translate/figs-litotes/01.md index 2e36d5c..d476fd6 100644 --- a/translate/figs-litotes/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-litotes/01.md @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ This means that every word was fulfilled. Yahweh did everything that he h ### Translation Strategies -If the litotes would be understood correctly, consider using it. +If the litotes would be understood correctly in your langauge, consider using it. If not, consider this strategy. 1. If the meaning with the negative would not be clear, give the positive meaning in a strong way. From bc689f41f87325e02082570a8df55b14b69d3391 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Fri, 19 Oct 2018 17:27:29 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 277/551] Issue 62 --- translate/file-formats/01.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/file-formats/01.md b/translate/file-formats/01.md index 71a04d6..0f2d073 100644 --- a/translate/file-formats/01.md +++ b/translate/file-formats/01.md @@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ To read more about USFM notation, please read http://paratext.org/about/usfm . #### How To Do a Bible Translation in USFM -Most people do not know how to write in USFM. This is one of the reasons why we created translationStudio (http://ufw.io/ts/). When you do a translation in translationStudio, what you see looks very similar to a normal word processor document without any markup language. However, translationStudio is formatting the Bible translation in USFM underneath what you see. This way, when you upload your translation from translationStudio, what is being uploaded is already formatted in USFM and can be immediately published in a variety of formats. +Most people do not know how to write in USFM. This is one of the reasons why translationStudio was created. When you do a translation in translationStudio, what you see looks very similar to a normal word processor document without any markup language. However, translationStudio is formatting the Bible translation in USFM underneath what you see. This way, when you upload your translation from translationStudio, what is being uploaded is already formatted in USFM and can be immediately published in a variety of formats. #### Converting a Translation to USFM @@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ Customized wording for links are also supported, like this: [uW Website](https://unfoldingword.org) -Note that HTML is also valid Markdown. For a complete listing of Markdown syntax please visit http://ufw.io/md. +Note that HTML is also valid Markdown. For a complete listing of Markdown syntax please visit https://www.markdownguide.org/cheatsheet. ### Conclusion From fdb0dc7b651b57db2c55a15b9b044c0743bf62d3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Fri, 19 Oct 2018 17:48:45 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 278/551] Issue 62 --- translate/bita-farming/01.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/bita-farming/01.md b/translate/bita-farming/01.md index ee09e54..1f062c3 100644 --- a/translate/bita-farming/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-farming/01.md @@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ Some images from the Bible related to farming are listed below. The word in all #### THRESHING and WINNOWING represent the separation of evil people from good people -After farmers harvest wheat and other types of grain, they bring them to a _threshing floor_, a flat place with hard ground, and have oxen pull heavy wheeled carts or sleds without wheels over the grain to _thresh_ it, to separate the usable grains from the useless chaff. Then they take large forks and _winnow_ the threshed grain by throwing it up in the air so the wind can carry off the chaff while the grains fall back to the threshing floor, where they can be gathered and used for food. (see *thresh* and *winnow* pages in [translationWords](https://unfoldingword.org/en/?resource=translation-words) for help translating "thresh" and "winnow") +After farmers harvest wheat and other types of grain, they bring them to a _threshing floor_, a flat place with hard ground, and have oxen pull heavy wheeled carts or sleds without wheels over the grain to _thresh_ it, to separate the usable grains from the useless chaff. Then they take large forks and _winnow_ the threshed grain by throwing it up in the air so the wind can carry off the chaff while the grains fall back to the threshing floor, where they can be gathered and used for food. (See the information in the translationWords document for help with translating "thresh" and "winnow.") >So I will winnow them with a pitchfork at the gates of the land. I will bereave them. I will destroy my people since they will not turn from their ways. (Jeremiah 15:7 ULB) From 2584ea0396cfa056783ec3efd1de97693f7e0c68 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: hmw3 Date: Fri, 19 Oct 2018 13:56:31 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 279/551] Deleted video links. --- translate/figs-events/01.md | 2 -- translate/figs-hypo/01.md | 2 -- translate/figs-quotations/01.md | 2 -- translate/figs-you/01.md | 4 ---- translate/figs-youformal/01.md | 3 --- translate/guidelines-faithful/01.md | 3 +-- translate/guidelines-historical/01.md | 3 --- 7 files changed, 1 insertion(+), 18 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-events/01.md b/translate/figs-events/01.md index 91779e2..a253a37 100644 --- a/translate/figs-events/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-events/01.md @@ -44,5 +44,3 @@ This sounds like a person must first open the scroll and then break its seals, b * **Who is worthy to open the scroll and break its seals?** (Revelation 5:2 ULB) * Who is worthy to break the seals and open the scroll? -You may also want to watch the video at http://ufw.io/figs_events. - diff --git a/translate/figs-hypo/01.md b/translate/figs-hypo/01.md index 3d48304..4906202 100644 --- a/translate/figs-hypo/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-hypo/01.md @@ -79,5 +79,3 @@ Know how people speaking your language show: Use your language's ways of showing these kinds of things. -You may also want to watch the video at http://ufw.io/figs_hypo. - diff --git a/translate/figs-quotations/01.md b/translate/figs-quotations/01.md index 1b7d9f9..c046dd4 100644 --- a/translate/figs-quotations/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-quotations/01.md @@ -47,5 +47,3 @@ If the kind of quote used in the source text would work well in your language, c * **He instructed him, to tell no one, but told him, "Go on your way, and show yourself to the priest and offer a sacrifice for your cleansing, according to what Moses commanded, for a testimony to them."** (Luke 5:14 ULB) * He instructed him, "Tell no one. Just go on your way, and show yourself to the priest and offer a sacrifice for your cleansing, according to what Moses commanded, for a testimony to them." -You may also want to watch the video at http://ufw.io/figs_quotations. - diff --git a/translate/figs-you/01.md b/translate/figs-you/01.md index 9ec0a0c..cab1528 100644 --- a/translate/figs-you/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-you/01.md @@ -3,8 +3,6 @@ Some languages have more than one word for "you" based on how many people the word "you" refers to. The **singular** form refers to one person, and the **plural** form refers to more than one person. Some languages also have a **dual** form which refers to two people, and some have other forms that refer to three or four people. -You may also want to watch the video at http://ufw.io/figs_younum. - Sometimes in the Bible a speaker uses a singular form of "you" even though he is speaking to a crowd. * [Singular Pronouns that Refer to Groups](../figs-youcrowd/01.md) @@ -13,8 +11,6 @@ Sometimes in the Bible a speaker uses a singular form of "you" even though he is Some languages have more than one form of "you" based on the relationship between the speaker and the person he is talking to. People use the **formal** form of "you" when speaking to someone who is older, or has higher authority, or is someone they do not know very well. People use the **informal** form when speaking to someone who is not older, or does not have higher authority, or is a family member or close friend. -You may also want to watch the video at http://ufw.io/figs_youform. - For help with translating these, we suggest you read: * [Forms of "You" - Formal or Informal](../figs-youformal/01.md) diff --git a/translate/figs-youformal/01.md b/translate/figs-youformal/01.md index 0fbc92e..57af1a9 100644 --- a/translate/figs-youformal/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-youformal/01.md @@ -1,6 +1,3 @@ - -(You may also want to watch the video at http://ufw.io/figs_youform.) - ### Description Some languages make a distinction between the formal form of "you" and the informal form of "you." This page is primarily for people whose language makes this distinction. diff --git a/translate/guidelines-faithful/01.md b/translate/guidelines-faithful/01.md index 63b9c45..c67d4ed 100644 --- a/translate/guidelines-faithful/01.md +++ b/translate/guidelines-faithful/01.md @@ -30,5 +30,4 @@ Always translating faithfully can be difficult for several reasons: * Example: When you are translating Mark 10:11, "Whoever divorces his wife and marries another woman commits adultery against her," you might know that in Matthew 19:9 there is also the phrase, "except for sexual immorality." Even so, do not add this phrase into Mark 10:11, because that would not be translating faithfully. Also, do not add any of your own ideas or teachings from your church. Only translate the meaning that is there in the Bible passage. In order to avoid these biases, especially the ones that you might not be aware of, you must study the translationNotes (see http://ufw.io/tn/), translationWords (see http://ufw.io/tw/) and the *Unlocked Dynamic Bible* (see http://ufw.io/udb/), as well as any other translation helps that you have. That way you will know what the meaning of the Bible passage is, and you will be less likely to translate in a biased, unfaithful way. - -(You may also want to watch the video at http://ufw.io/guidelines_faithful.) + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/translate/guidelines-historical/01.md b/translate/guidelines-historical/01.md index 0731431..c54fdc9 100644 --- a/translate/guidelines-historical/01.md +++ b/translate/guidelines-historical/01.md @@ -1,6 +1,3 @@ - -(see the video "Translating the Scriptures - Culture" at http://ufw.io/trans_culture.) - A **historical definition** translation communicates historical events and facts accurately. Providing additional information as needed in order to accurately communicate the intended message to people who do not share the same context and culture as the original recipients of the original content. To communicate well with historical accuracy, you need to remember two things: From 01dc65608d9a818acf5be5a0d1a485a2e72a8647 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Fri, 19 Oct 2018 18:09:58 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 280/551] Typo --- translate/file-formats/01.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/file-formats/01.md b/translate/file-formats/01.md index 0f2d073..356091d 100644 --- a/translate/file-formats/01.md +++ b/translate/file-formats/01.md @@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ Customized wording for links are also supported, like this: [uW Website](https://unfoldingword.org) -Note that HTML is also valid Markdown. For a complete listing of Markdown syntax please visit https://www.markdownguide.org/cheatsheet. +Note that HTML is also valid Markdown. For a complete listing of Markdown syntax please visit https://www.markdownguide.org/cheat-sheet. ### Conclusion From e76def754515fb7346076f96dc38facb37d8305a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Fri, 19 Oct 2018 18:11:31 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 281/551] Typo --- translate/file-formats/01.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/file-formats/01.md b/translate/file-formats/01.md index 356091d..0bc0a63 100644 --- a/translate/file-formats/01.md +++ b/translate/file-formats/01.md @@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ Customized wording for links are also supported, like this: [uW Website](https://unfoldingword.org) -Note that HTML is also valid Markdown. For a complete listing of Markdown syntax please visit https://www.markdownguide.org/cheat-sheet. +Note that HTML is also valid Markdown. For a complete listing of Markdown syntax please visit https://www.markdownguide.org/cheat-sheet ### Conclusion From 821aabdab5225e6567ad35f89c45fae4fc82111b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Fri, 19 Oct 2018 18:22:10 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 282/551] Issue 64 JITL Headings and Content --- translate/figs-merism/01.md | 33 ++++++++++++++++----------------- 1 file changed, 16 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-merism/01.md b/translate/figs-merism/01.md index 97db0a0..1623f3b 100644 --- a/translate/figs-merism/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-merism/01.md @@ -2,15 +2,7 @@ ### Definition -Merism is a figure of speech in which a person refers to something by speaking of two extreme parts of it. By referring to the extreme parts, the speaker intends to include also everything in between those parts. ->"I am the Alpha and the Omega," says the Lord God, "the one who is, and who was, and who is to come, the Almighty." (Revelation 1:8, ULB) - ->I am the Alpha and the Omega, the First and the Last, the Beginning and the End. (Revelation 22:13, ULB) - -Alpha and Omega are the first and last letters of the Greek alphabet. This is a merism that includes everything from the beginning to the end. It means eternal. ->I praise you, Father, Lord of heaven and earth ..., (Matthew 11:25 ULB) - -Heaven and earth is a merism that includes everything that exists. +Merism is a figure of speech in which a person refers to something by speaking of two extreme parts of it. By referring to the extreme parts, the speaker intends to include those who parts and everything in between them. #### Reason this is a translation issue @@ -18,31 +10,38 @@ Some languages do not use merism. The readers of those languages may think that ### Examples from the Bible +>He will bless those who honor him, both young and old. (Psalm 115:13) + +The underlined phrase is merism because it speaks of old people and young people and everyone in between. It means "everyone." + +>I praise you, Father, Lord of heaven and earth ..., (Matthew 11:25 ULB) + +The underlined phrase is a merism that includes everything that exists. + >From the rising of the sun to its setting, Yahweh's name should be praised. (Psalm 113:3 ULB) This underlined phrase is a merism because it speaks of the east and the west and everywhere in between. It means "everywhere." ->He will bless those who honor him, both young and old. (Psalm 115:13) -The underlined phrase is merism because it speaks of, old people and young people and everyone in between. It means "everyone." ### Translation Strategies If the merism would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consider using it. If not, here are other options: -1. Identify what the merism refers to without mentioning the parts. 1. Identify what the merism refers to and include the parts. +1. Identify what the merism refers to without mentioning the parts. ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied +1. Identify what the merism refers to and include the parts. + * **I praise you, Father, Lord of heaven and earth.** (Matthew 11:25 ULB) + * I praise you, Father, Lord of everything, including both what is in heaven and what is on earth. + * **He will bless those who honor him, both young and old.** (Psalm 115:13 ULB) + * He will bless all those who honor him, regardless of whether they are young or old. + 1. Identify what the merism refers to without mentioning the parts. * **I praise you, Father, Lord of heaven and earth ...** (Matthew 11:25 ULB) * I praise you, Father, Lord of everything ... * **From the rising of the sun to its setting, Yahweh's name should be praised.** (Psalm 113:3 ULB) * In all places, people should praise Yahweh's name. -1. Identify what the merism refers to and include the parts. - * **I praise you, Father, Lord of heaven and earth.** (Matthew 11:25 ULB) - * I praise you, Father, Lord of everything, including both what is in heaven and what is on earth. - * **He will bless those who honor him, both young and old.** (Psalm 115:13 ULB) - * He will bless all those who honor him, regardless of whether they are young or old. From 897328574f8f7d77cd0be751fbeb7dec2f0fb93c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Fri, 19 Oct 2018 18:49:32 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 283/551] Issue 63 Figs of Speech Translation Principles --- translate/figs-intro/01.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-intro/01.md b/translate/figs-intro/01.md index 353c922..27d7675 100644 --- a/translate/figs-intro/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-intro/01.md @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ Figures of speech are ways of saying things that use words in non-literal ways. ### Translation Principles -* Make the meaning of the extended metaphor as clear to the target audience as it was to the original audience. +* Make the meaning of the figure of speech as clear to the target audience as it was to the original audience. * Do not make the meaning more clear to the target audience than it was to the original audience. * When someone uses an extended metaphor, the images are an important part of what he is trying to say. * If the target audience is not familiar with some of the images, you will need to find some way of helping them understand the images so they can understand the whole extended metaphor. From c94bd4ebaccb49fc735cbe9ddc552a666c9c5101 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Fri, 19 Oct 2018 19:18:38 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 284/551] Removed link --- translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples/01.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples/01.md b/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples/01.md index bfbe6fb..3c01491 100644 --- a/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples/01.md +++ b/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples/01.md @@ -45,4 +45,4 @@ Just as today, human father-son relationships during Bible times were never as l 1. If your language has more than one word for "son," use the word that has the closest meaning to "only son" (or "first son" if necessary). 1. If your language has more than one word for "father," use the word that has the closest meaning to "birth father," rather than "adoptive father." -(See *God the Father* and *Son of God* pages in [translationWords](https://unfoldingword.org/en/?resource=translation-words) for help translating "Father" and "Son.") \ No newline at end of file +See the pages for "God the Father" and "Son of God" in the translationWords document for help with translating "Father" and "Son." \ No newline at end of file From 6982978274f6c6c6bb4a55f2eb4866a87e2fa109 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chrisjarka Date: Fri, 19 Oct 2018 19:29:28 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 285/551] Update 'translate/writing-intro/01.md' --- translate/writing-intro/01.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/writing-intro/01.md b/translate/writing-intro/01.md index 60b9eb5..1548c4f 100644 --- a/translate/writing-intro/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-intro/01.md @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ The following are four basic types of writing that exist in every language. Each * **Procedural** - tells how to do something * **Argumentative** - tries to persuade someone to do something -### Why This Is a Translation Issue +### Reasons this is a translation issue Every language has its own way of organizing these different types of writing. The translator must understand the type of writing that he is translating, understand how it is organized in the source language, and also know how his language organizes this kind of writing. He must put the writing into the form that his language uses for that type of writing so that people will understand it correctly. In every translation, the way that words, sentences, and paragraphs are arranged will affect how people will understand the message. From d44a6f054323472a838bf809233d5ffd6902c402 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Fri, 19 Oct 2018 19:33:48 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 286/551] Editing suggestions --- translate/writing-background/01.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/writing-background/01.md b/translate/writing-background/01.md index 7cfa779..4f586d0 100644 --- a/translate/writing-background/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-background/01.md @@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ To keep translations clear and natural you will need to study how people tell st * **With many other exhortations also, he preached good news to the people. John also rebuked Herod the tetrarch for marrying his brother's wife, Herodias, and for all the other evil things that Herod had done. But then Herod did another very evil thing. He had John locked up in prison.** (Luke 3:18-20 ULB) The underlined phrases happened before John rebuked Herod. In English, the helping verb "had" in "had done" shows that Herod did those things before John rebuked him. -1. Reorder the information so that earlier events are mentioned first. +1. Reorder the information so that earlier events are mentioned first. (This is not always possible when the background information is very long.) * **Hagar gave birth to Abram's son, and Abram named his son, whom Hagar bore, Ishmael. Abram was eighty-six years old when Hagar bore Ishmael to Abram.** (Genesis 16:16 ULB) * When Abram was eighty-six years old, Hagar gave birth to his son, and Abram named his son Ishmael. * **John also rebuked Herod the tetrarch for marrying his brother's wife, Herodias, and for all the other evil things that Herod had done. But then Herod did another very evil thing. He had John locked up in prison.** (Luke 3:18-20) - The translation below reorders John's rebuke and Herod's actions. From 0199ce9ab94754618a680e4828c52c3be3f8ea62 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: hmw3 Date: Fri, 19 Oct 2018 15:42:35 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 287/551] Layout of charts --- translate/translate-alphabet2/01.md | 61 +++++++++++++++-------------- 1 file changed, 32 insertions(+), 29 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/translate-alphabet2/01.md b/translate/translate-alphabet2/01.md index 8b4de59..d827c92 100644 --- a/translate/translate-alphabet2/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-alphabet2/01.md @@ -37,13 +37,14 @@ Vowel sounds are the basic part of syllables. English has only five vowels symbo [add articulation picture] **The Vowels of English** - Position in the Mouth Front – Mid – Back - Rounding (unrounded) (unrounded) (rounded) - Tongue Height High i “beat” u “boot” - Mid-High i “bit” u “book” - Mid e “bait” u “but” o “boat” - Low-Mid e “bet” o “bought” - Low a “bat” a “body” + + Position in the Mouth Front – Mid – Back + Rounding (unrounded) (unrounded) (rounded) + Tongue Height High i “beat” u “boot” + Mid-High i “bit” u “book” + Mid e “bait” u “but” o “boat” + Low-Mid e “bet” o “bought” + Low a “bat” a “body” (Each of these vowels has its own symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet.) @@ -60,21 +61,23 @@ The **manner of articulation** describes how the airflow is slowed. It can come **Voicing** shows whether or not the vocal chords are vibrating when the air passes through them. Most vowels, such as “a, e, i, u, o” are voiced sounds. Consonants can be voiced (+v), like “b,d,g,v,” or voiceless (-v) such as “p,t,k,f." These are made at the same point of articulation and with the same articulators as the voiced consonants first mentioned. The only difference between “b,d,g,v” and “p,t,k,f” is voicing (+v and –v). **The consonants of English** - Points of Articulation Lips Teeth Ridge Palate Velum Uvula Glottis - Voicing -v/+v -v/+v -v/+v -v/+v -v/+v -v/+v -v/+v - Articulator - Manner - Lips - Stop p / b - Lip - Fricative f / v - Tongue Tip - - Stop t / d - Liquid / l / r - Tongue Blade - - Fricative ch/dg - Tongue Back - - Stop k / g - Tongue Root - - Semi-Vowel / w / y h / - Nose – Continuant / m / n + + Points of Articulation Lips Teeth Ridge Palate Velum Uvula Glottis + Voicing -v/+v -v/+v -v/+v -v/+v -v/+v -v/+v -v/+v + Articulator - Manner + Lips - Stop p / b + Lip - Fricative f / v + Tongue Tip - + Stop t / d + Liquid / l / r + Tongue Blade - + Fricative ch/dg + Tongue Back - + Stop k / g + Tongue Root - + Semi-Vowel / w / y h/ + Nose + Continuant / m / n **Naming the sounds** can be done by calling their features. The sound of “b” is called a Voiced Bilabial (two lips) Stop. The sound of “f” is known as a Voicelss Labio-dental (lip-teeth) Fricative. The sound of “n” is called a Voiced Alveolar (Ridge) Nasal. @@ -82,10 +85,10 @@ The **manner of articulation** describes how the airflow is slowed. It can come **Consonant Chart** – a consonant symbol chart is offered here without mentioning the Articulators. As you explore the sounds of your language, listening for voicing and feeling the position of your tongue and lips when you make the sound, you can fill out the charts in this article with symbols to represent those sounds. - Points of Articulation Lips Teeth Ridge Palate Velum Uvula Glottis - Voicing -v/+v -v/+v -v/+v -v/+v -v/+v -v/+v -v/+v - Manner Stop p/ b t/ d k/ g - Fricative f/ v ch/dg - Liquid /l /r - Semi-vowel /w /y h/ - Nasals /m /n + Points of Articulation Lips Teeth Ridge Palate Velum Uvula Glottis + Voicing -v/+v -v/+v -v/+v -v/+v -v/+v -v/+v -v/+v + Manner Stop p/ b t/ d k/ g + Fricative f/ v ch/dg + Liquid /l /r + Semi-vowel /w /y h/ + Nasals /m /n From b75798cdf29ac5da7c5a8f756f412c952b6a6cae Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Fri, 19 Oct 2018 19:48:17 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 288/551] Fixed line spacing --- translate/writing-connectingwords/01.md | 2 -- 1 file changed, 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/writing-connectingwords/01.md b/translate/writing-connectingwords/01.md index 0f9e49c..bfd49a9 100644 --- a/translate/writing-connectingwords/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-connectingwords/01.md @@ -52,7 +52,6 @@ If the way the relationship between thoughts is shown in the ULB would be natura * Jesus said to them, "Come after me, and I will make you become fishers of men." So immediately they left the nets and went after him. 1. Do not use a connecting word if it would be odd to use one and people would understand the right relationship between the thoughts without it. - * **Therefore whoever breaks the least one of these commandments and teaches others to do so, will be called least in the kingdom of heaven. But whoever keeps them and teaches them will be called great in the kingdom of heaven.** (Matthew 5:19 ULB) - Some languages would prefer not to use connecting words here, because the meaning is clear without them and using them would be unnatural. They might translate like this: @@ -66,7 +65,6 @@ Some languages might not need the words "but" or "then" here. * I did not immediately consult with flesh and blood, nor did I go up to Jerusalem to those who had become apostles before me. Instead I went to Arabia and then returned to Damascus. After three years I went up to Jerusalem to visit Cephas, and I stayed with him fifteen days. 1. Use a different connecting word. - * **Therefore whoever breaks the least one of these commandments and teaches others to do so, will be called least in the kingdom of heaven. But whoever keeps them and teaches them will be called great in the kingdom of heaven.** (Matthew 5:19 ULB) Instead of a word like "therefore," a language might need a phrase to indicate that there was a section before it that gave the reason for the section that follows. Also, the word "but" is used here because of the contrast between the two groups of people. But in some languages, the word "but" would show that what comes after it is surprising because of what came before it. So "and" might be clearer for those languages. * Because of that, whoever breaks the least one of these commandments and teaches others to do so, will be called least in the kingdom of heaven. And whoever keeps them and teaches them will be called great in the kingdom of heaven. From d7db4b23ca8fa3949d566899e7711bec2d5e9a5f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chrisjarka Date: Fri, 19 Oct 2018 19:48:29 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 289/551] Update 'translate/writing-background/01.md' --- translate/writing-background/01.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/writing-background/01.md b/translate/writing-background/01.md index 4f586d0..745fe1f 100644 --- a/translate/writing-background/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-background/01.md @@ -63,6 +63,6 @@ To keep translations clear and natural you will need to study how people tell st 1. Reorder the information so that earlier events are mentioned first. (This is not always possible when the background information is very long.) * **Hagar gave birth to Abram's son, and Abram named his son, whom Hagar bore, Ishmael. Abram was eighty-six years old when Hagar bore Ishmael to Abram.** (Genesis 16:16 ULB) * When Abram was eighty-six years old, Hagar gave birth to his son, and Abram named his son Ishmael. - * **John also rebuked Herod the tetrarch for marrying his brother's wife, Herodias, and for all the other evil things that Herod had done. But then Herod did another very evil thing. He had John locked up in prison.** (Luke 3:18-20) - The translation below reorders John's rebuke and Herod's actions. + * **John also rebuked Herod the tetrarch for marrying his brother's wife, Herodias, and for all the other evil things that Herod had done. But then Herod did another very evil thing. He had John locked up in prison.** (Luke 3:18-20) The translation below reorders John's rebuke and Herod's actions. * Now Herod the tetrarch married his brother's wife, Herodias, and he did many other evil things, so John rebuked him. But then Herod did another very evil thing. He had John locked up in prison. From 08287bee69fab0efdd2ee5a55b86850da7a54c8f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chrisjarka Date: Fri, 19 Oct 2018 19:48:53 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 290/551] corrected spacing --- translate/writing-connectingwords/01.md | 29 +++++++++---------------- 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/writing-connectingwords/01.md b/translate/writing-connectingwords/01.md index bfd49a9..a9e85ef 100644 --- a/translate/writing-connectingwords/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-connectingwords/01.md @@ -47,27 +47,18 @@ If the way the relationship between thoughts is shown in the ULB would be natura ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied 1. Use a connecting word (even if the ULB does not use one). - -* **Jesus said to them, "Come after me, and I will make you become fishers of men." Immediately they left the nets and went after him.** (Mark 1:17-18 ULB) - They followed Jesus because he told them to. Some translators may want to mark this with "so." - * Jesus said to them, "Come after me, and I will make you become fishers of men." So immediately they left the nets and went after him. + * **Jesus said to them, "Come after me, and I will make you become fishers of men." Immediately they left the nets and went after him.** (Mark 1:17-18 ULB) They followed Jesus because he told them to. Some translators may want to mark this with "so." + * Jesus said to them, "Come after me, and I will make you become fishers of men." So immediately they left the nets and went after him. 1. Do not use a connecting word if it would be odd to use one and people would understand the right relationship between the thoughts without it. -* **Therefore whoever breaks the least one of these commandments and teaches others to do so, will be called least in the kingdom of heaven. But whoever keeps them and teaches them will be called great in the kingdom of heaven.** (Matthew 5:19 ULB) - - -Some languages would prefer not to use connecting words here, because the meaning is clear without them and using them would be unnatural. They might translate like this: - -* Therefore whoever breaks the least one of these commandments, teaching others to do so as well, will be called least in the kingdom of heaven. Whoever keeps them and teaches them will be called great in the kingdom of heaven. - -* **I did not immediately consult with flesh and blood, nor did I go up to Jerusalem to those who had become apostles before me, but instead I went to Arabia and then returned to Damascus. Then after three years I went up to Jerusalem to visit Cephas, and I stayed with him fifteen days.** (Galatians 1:16-18 ULB) - - -Some languages might not need the words "but" or "then" here. - -* I did not immediately consult with flesh and blood, nor did I go up to Jerusalem to those who had become apostles before me. Instead I went to Arabia and then returned to Damascus. After three years I went up to Jerusalem to visit Cephas, and I stayed with him fifteen days. + * **Therefore whoever breaks the least one of these commandments and teaches others to do so, will be called least in the kingdom of heaven. But whoever keeps them and teaches them will be called great in the kingdom of heaven.** (Matthew 5:19 ULB) Some languages would prefer not to use connecting words here, because the meaning is clear without them and using them would be unnatural. They might translate like this: + * Therefore whoever breaks the least one of these commandments, teaching others to do so as well, will be called least in the kingdom of heaven. Whoever keeps them and teaches them will be called great in the kingdom of heaven. + * **I did not immediately consult with flesh and blood, nor did I go up to Jerusalem to those who had become apostles before me, but instead I went to Arabia and then returned to Damascus. Then after three years I went up to Jerusalem to visit Cephas, and I stayed with him fifteen days.** (Galatians 1:16-18 ULB) Some languages might not need the words "but" or "then" here. + * I did not immediately consult with flesh and blood, nor did I go up to Jerusalem to those who had become apostles before me. Instead I went to Arabia and then returned to Damascus. After three years I went up to Jerusalem to visit Cephas, and I stayed with him fifteen days. 1. Use a different connecting word. -* **Therefore whoever breaks the least one of these commandments and teaches others to do so, will be called least in the kingdom of heaven. But whoever keeps them and teaches them will be called great in the kingdom of heaven.** (Matthew 5:19 ULB) Instead of a word like "therefore," a language might need a phrase to indicate that there was a section before it that gave the reason for the section that follows. Also, the word "but" is used here because of the contrast between the two groups of people. But in some languages, the word "but" would show that what comes after it is surprising because of what came before it. So "and" might be clearer for those languages. - * Because of that, whoever breaks the least one of these commandments and teaches others to do so, will be called least in the kingdom of heaven. And whoever keeps them and teaches them will be called great in the kingdom of heaven. - -* **Since the captain could not tell anything because of all the noise, he ordered that Paul be brought into the fortress.** (Acts 21:34 ULB) - Instead of starting the first part of the sentence with "since," some translators might prefer to start the second part of the sentence with "so" to show the same relationship. - * The captain could not tell anything because of all the noise, so he ordered that Paul be brought into the fortress. + * **Therefore whoever breaks the least one of these commandments and teaches others to do so, will be called least in the kingdom of heaven. But whoever keeps them and teaches them will be called great in the kingdom of heaven.** (Matthew 5:19 ULB) Instead of a word like "therefore," a language might need a phrase to indicate that there was a section before it that gave the reason for the section that follows. Also, the word "but" is used here because of the contrast between the two groups of people. But in some languages, the word "but" would show that what comes after it is surprising because of what came before it. So "and" might be clearer for those languages. + * Because of that, whoever breaks the least one of these commandments and teaches others to do so, will be called least in the kingdom of heaven. And whoever keeps them and teaches them will be called great in the kingdom of heaven. + * **Since the captain could not tell anything because of all the noise, he ordered that Paul be brought into the fortress.** (Acts 21:34 ULB) - Instead of starting the first part of the sentence with "since," some translators might prefer to start the second part of the sentence with "so" to show the same relationship. + * The captain could not tell anything because of all the noise, so he ordered that Paul be brought into the fortress. From b10831b9fe5b046ced78485c13464aa985ca14c9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Fri, 19 Oct 2018 20:09:39 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 291/551] From suggestions --- translate/writing-connectingwords/01.md | 12 ++++++------ 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/writing-connectingwords/01.md b/translate/writing-connectingwords/01.md index a9e85ef..ddbed55 100644 --- a/translate/writing-connectingwords/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-connectingwords/01.md @@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ If the way the relationship between thoughts is shown in the ULB would be natura 1. Use a connecting word (even if the ULB does not use one). 1. Do not use a connecting word if it would be odd to use one and people would understand the right relationship between the thoughts without it. -1. Use a different connecting word. +1. Use a different connecting word that shows the same relationship between the thoughts. ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied @@ -51,14 +51,14 @@ If the way the relationship between thoughts is shown in the ULB would be natura * Jesus said to them, "Come after me, and I will make you become fishers of men." So immediately they left the nets and went after him. 1. Do not use a connecting word if it would be odd to use one and people would understand the right relationship between the thoughts without it. - * **Therefore whoever breaks the least one of these commandments and teaches others to do so, will be called least in the kingdom of heaven. But whoever keeps them and teaches them will be called great in the kingdom of heaven.** (Matthew 5:19 ULB) Some languages would prefer not to use connecting words here, because the meaning is clear without them and using them would be unnatural. They might translate like this: + * **Therefore whoever breaks the least one of these commandments and teaches others to do so, will be called least in the kingdom of heaven. But whoever keeps them and teaches them will be called great in the kingdom of heaven.** (Matthew 5:19 ULB) * Therefore whoever breaks the least one of these commandments, teaching others to do so as well, will be called least in the kingdom of heaven. Whoever keeps them and teaches them will be called great in the kingdom of heaven. - * **I did not immediately consult with flesh and blood, nor did I go up to Jerusalem to those who had become apostles before me, but instead I went to Arabia and then returned to Damascus. Then after three years I went up to Jerusalem to visit Cephas, and I stayed with him fifteen days.** (Galatians 1:16-18 ULB) Some languages might not need the words "but" or "then" here. + * **I did not immediately consult with flesh and blood, nor did I go up to Jerusalem to those who had become apostles before me, but instead I went to Arabia and then returned to Damascus. Then after three years I went up to Jerusalem to visit Cephas, and I stayed with him fifteen days.** (Galatians 1:16-18 ULB) * I did not immediately consult with flesh and blood, nor did I go up to Jerusalem to those who had become apostles before me. Instead I went to Arabia and then returned to Damascus. After three years I went up to Jerusalem to visit Cephas, and I stayed with him fifteen days. -1. Use a different connecting word. - * **Therefore whoever breaks the least one of these commandments and teaches others to do so, will be called least in the kingdom of heaven. But whoever keeps them and teaches them will be called great in the kingdom of heaven.** (Matthew 5:19 ULB) Instead of a word like "therefore," a language might need a phrase to indicate that there was a section before it that gave the reason for the section that follows. Also, the word "but" is used here because of the contrast between the two groups of people. But in some languages, the word "but" would show that what comes after it is surprising because of what came before it. So "and" might be clearer for those languages. +1. Use a different connecting word that shows the same relationship between the thoughts. + * **Therefore whoever breaks the least one of these commandments and teaches others to do so, will be called least in the kingdom of heaven. But whoever keeps them and teaches them will be called great in the kingdom of heaven.** (Matthew 5:19 ULB) The word "but" is used here because of the contrast between the two groups of people. In some languages, the word "but" would imply that what comes after it is surprising. So "and" might be clearer for those languages. * Because of that, whoever breaks the least one of these commandments and teaches others to do so, will be called least in the kingdom of heaven. And whoever keeps them and teaches them will be called great in the kingdom of heaven. - * **Since the captain could not tell anything because of all the noise, he ordered that Paul be brought into the fortress.** (Acts 21:34 ULB) - Instead of starting the first part of the sentence with "since," some translators might prefer to start the second part of the sentence with "so" to show the same relationship. + * **Since the captain could not tell anything because of all the noise, he ordered that Paul be brought into the fortress.** (Acts 21:34 ULB) * The captain could not tell anything because of all the noise, so he ordered that Paul be brought into the fortress. From c0f2975394926fab2d0b8c5e7882d3955f9034cd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chrisjarka Date: Fri, 19 Oct 2018 20:13:49 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 292/551] change heading size --- translate/writing-quotations/01.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/writing-quotations/01.md b/translate/writing-quotations/01.md index 3a4e69f..519431b 100644 --- a/translate/writing-quotations/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-quotations/01.md @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ When writing that someone said something, some languages put the quote (what was ### Examples from the Bible -#### Quote margin before the quote +##### Quote margin before the quote >Zechariah said to the angel, "How can I know this? For I am an old man and my wife is very old." (Luke 1:18 ULB) From 658fe24f9e6fcf6cea30e46faea33da1ca83292c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Fri, 19 Oct 2018 20:28:37 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 293/551] Fixing Examples --- translate/writing-newevent/01.md | 6 ++++-- 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/writing-newevent/01.md b/translate/writing-newevent/01.md index 3531192..bb10605 100644 --- a/translate/writing-newevent/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-newevent/01.md @@ -10,10 +10,12 @@ When your people tell about events, what information do they give at the beginni >In the days of Herod king of Judea there was a certain priest named Zechariah, from the division of Abijah. His wife was from the daughters of Aaron, and her name was Elizabeth. (Luke 1:5 ULB) -The verses above introduce a story about Zechariah. The first underlined phrase tells when it happened, and the next two underlined phrases introduce the main people. The next two verses go on to explain that Zechariah and Elizabeth were old and did not have any children. All of this is the setting. Then the phrase "Now it came about that" in Luke 1:8 helps to introduce the first event in this story: +The verse above introduces a story about Zechariah. The first underlined phrase tells when it happened, and the next two underlined phrases introduce the main people. Verses 6 and 7 go on to explain that Zechariah and Elizabeth were old and did not have any children. All of this is the setting. ->Now it came about that Zechariah was in God's presence, carrying out the priestly duties in the order of his division. According to the customary way of choosing which priest would serve, he had been chosen by lot to enter into the temple of the Lord to burn incense. (Luke 1:8-9 ULB) +>Now it came about that Zechariah was in God's presence, carrying out the priestly duties in the order of his division. According to the customary way of choosing which priest would serve, he had been chosen by lot to enter into the temple of the Lord to burn incense. (Luke 1:8-9 ULB) +The underlined phrase above, "Now it came about that," in Luke 1:8 helps to introduce the first event in that story. + >The birth of Jesus Christ happened in the following way. His mother, Mary, was engaged to marry Joseph, but before they came together, she was found to be pregnant by the Holy Spirit. (Matthew 1:18 ULB) The underlined sentence above makes it explicit that a story about Jesus is being introduced. The story will tell about how the birth of Jesus happened. From 9782e550acd3999536df7641212b680c27b5a66e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chrisjarka Date: Fri, 19 Oct 2018 20:42:09 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 294/551] Update 'translate/writing-poetry/01.md' --- translate/writing-poetry/01.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/writing-poetry/01.md b/translate/writing-poetry/01.md index 6725ee2..4e352a9 100644 --- a/translate/writing-poetry/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-poetry/01.md @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ Poetry is one of the ways that people use the words and sounds of their language #### Some things commonly found in poetry * Many figures of speech such as [Apostrophe](../figs-apostrophe/01.md). -* Parallel lines (see [Parallelism](../figs-parallelism/01.md) and [Parallelism with the Same Meaning](../figs-synonparallelism/01.md)) +* Parallel lines (see [Parallelism](../figs-parallelism/01.md)) * Repetition of some or all of a line >Praise him, all his angels; praise him, all his hosts. >Praise him, sun and moon; praise him, all you shining stars. (Psalm 148:2-3 ULB) From dac76941412ceba66960e2b65dfc6d91b3d8625c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Mon, 22 Oct 2018 13:05:56 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 295/551] Issue 72 Poetry --- translate/writing-poetry/01.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/writing-poetry/01.md b/translate/writing-poetry/01.md index 4e352a9..e9c6268 100644 --- a/translate/writing-poetry/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-poetry/01.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Poetry is one of the ways that people use the words and sounds of their language #### Some things commonly found in poetry -* Many figures of speech such as [Apostrophe](../figs-apostrophe/01.md). +* Many figures of speech (see [Figres of Speech](../figs-intro/01.md). * Parallel lines (see [Parallelism](../figs-parallelism/01.md)) * Repetition of some or all of a line >Praise him, all his angels; praise him, all his hosts. @@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ Elegant or fancy speech is similar to poetry in that it uses beautiful language, The Bible uses poetry for songs, teaching, and prophecy. Almost all of the books of the Old Testament have poetry in them and many of the books are completely poetry. -This example of [Parallelism with the Same Meaning](../figs-synonparallelism/01.md) has two lines that mean the same thing. +This example of parallelism has two lines that mean the same thing. (see [Parallelism](../figs-parallelism/01.md)) >... for you saw my affliction; >you knew the distress of my soul. (Psalm 31:7 ULB) From 3d75989a38b17cc2bd8e87681ef38c9451dfd8e8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Mon, 22 Oct 2018 13:50:51 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 296/551] Issue 64 and Suggestions --- translate/figs-parallelism/01.md | 20 ++++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md b/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md index 2cc1a00..2464b98 100644 --- a/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md @@ -14,43 +14,43 @@ Synonymous parallelism (the kind in which the two phrases mean the same thing) i * It shows that something is very important by saying it more than once and in more than one way. * It helps the hearer to think more deeply about the idea by saying it in different ways. -* It makes the language more beautiful and above the ordinary way of speaking. - -#### Reason this is a translation issue - -Some languages would not use synonymous parallelism. They would either think it odd that someone said the same thing twice, or they would think that the two phrases must have some difference in meaning. For them it is confusing, rather than beautiful. +* It makes the expression of ideas more beautiful and above the ordinary way of speaking. Note: We use the term "synonymous parallelism" for long phrases or clauses that have the same meaning. We use the term [Doublet](../figs-doublet/01.md) for words or very short phrases that mean basically the same thing and are used together. +#### Reason this is a translation issue + +Speakers of some languages do not use synonymous parallelism. If there are two phrases or sentences, they expect them to have different meanings. Consequently they do not understand taht the repetition of ideas serves to emphasize the idea. + ### Examples from the Bible -**The second clause or phrase means the same as the first.** +##### The second clause or phrase means the same as the first. >Your word is a lamp to my feet >and a light for my path. (Psalm 119:105 ULB) -Both parts of the sentence are metaphors saying that God's word teaches people how to live. +Both parts of the sentence are metaphors saying that God's word teaches people how to live. As a lamp or light shows the way for a person walking along a path, God's word shows people how to live. >You make him to rule over the works of your hands; >you have put all things under his feet (Psalm 8:6 ULB) Both lines say that God made man the ruler of everything. -**The second clarifies or strengthens the meaning of the first.** +#####The second clarifies or strengthens the meaning of the first. >The eyes of Yahweh are everywhere, >keeping watch over the evil and the good. (Proverbs 15:3 ULB) The second line tells more specifically what Yahweh watches. -**The second completes what is said in the first.** +#####The second completes what is said in the first. >I lift up my voice to Yahweh, >and he answers me from his holy hill. (Psalm 3:4 ULB) The second line tells what Yahweh does in response to what the person does in the first clause. -**The second says something that contrasts with the first, but adds to the same idea.** +#####The second says something that contrasts with the first, but adds to the same idea. >For Yahweh approves of the way of the righteous, >but the way of the wicked will perish. (Psalm 1:6 ULB) From 416430912f12af18f24f1308cbc283a5a9ef4e67 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Mon, 22 Oct 2018 14:08:35 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 297/551] #64 JITL Headings and Content (personification) --- translate/figs-personification/01.md | 14 +++++++++----- 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-personification/01.md b/translate/figs-personification/01.md index e645f88..b4e9912 100644 --- a/translate/figs-personification/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-personification/01.md @@ -21,14 +21,18 @@ People also do this because it is sometimes easier to talk about people's relati ### Examples from the Bible ->You cannot serve God and wealth. (Matthew 6:24 ULB) - -Jesus speaks of wealth as if it were a master whom people might serve. Loving money and basing one's decisions on it is like serving it as a slave would serve his master. - >Does not Wisdom call out? Does not Understanding raise her voice? (Proverbs 8:1 ULB) The author speaks of wisdom and understanding as if they are a woman who calls out to teach people. This means that they are not something hidden, but something obvious that people should pay attention to. +>...if you do not do what is right, sin crouches at the door and desires to control you ... (Genesis 4:7 ULB) + +God speaks of sin as a wild animal that is waiting for the chance to attack. This shows how dangerous sin is. + +>You cannot serve God and wealth. (Matthew 6:24 ULB) + +Jesus speaks of wealth as if it were a master whom people might serve. Loving money and basing one's decisions on it is like serving it as a slave would serve his master. + ### Translation Strategies If the personification would be understood clearly, consider using it. If it would not be understood, here are some other ways for translating it. @@ -40,7 +44,7 @@ If the personification would be understood clearly, consider using it. If it wou ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied 1. Add words or phrases to make it clear. - * **... sin crouches at the door** (Genesis 4:7 ULB) - God speaks of sin as a wild animal that is waiting for the chance to attack. This shows how dangerous sin is. An additional phrase can be added to make this danger clear. + * **... sin crouches at the door** (Genesis 4:7 ULB) - An additional phrase can be added to make this danger clear. * ... sin is at your door, waiting to attack you 1. Use words such as "like" or "as" to show that the sentences is not to be understood literally. From 47210d952c5b1d89f3d5d12e3e87070ed84ae731 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Mon, 22 Oct 2018 14:17:07 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 298/551] Issue 64 (Predictive Past) --- translate/figs-pastforfuture/01.md | 12 ++++++------ 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-pastforfuture/01.md b/translate/figs-pastforfuture/01.md index 7f15c4f..aab08f7 100644 --- a/translate/figs-pastforfuture/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-pastforfuture/01.md @@ -4,17 +4,17 @@ The predictive past is a figure of speech that uses the past tense to refer to things that will happen in the future. This is sometimes done in prophecy to show that the event will certainly happen. It is also called the prophetic perfect. ->Therefore my people have gone into captivity for lack of understanding; ->their leaders go hungry, and their masses have nothing to drink. (Isaiah 5:13 ULB) - -In the example above, the people of Israel had not yet gone into captivity, but God spoke of their going into captivity as if it had already happened because he had decided that they certainly would go into captivity. - -#### Reason this is a translation issue: +### Reason this is a translation issue: Readers who are not aware of the past tense being used in prophecy to refer to future events may find it confusing. ### Examples from the Bible +>Therefore my people have gone into captivity for lack of understanding; +>their leaders go hungry, and their masses have nothing to drink. (Isaiah 5:13 ULB) + +In the example above, the people of Israel had not yet gone into captivity, but God spoke of their going into captivity as if it had already happened because he had decided that they certainly would go into captivity. + >Now all the entrances to Jericho were closed because of the army of Israel. No one went out and no one came in. Yahweh said to Joshua, "See, I have handed over to you Jericho, its king, and its trained soldiers." (Joshua 6:1-2 ULB) >For to us a child has been born, to us a son has been given; From f4399b2fab7ec9e85b554720f477a491d771e68f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Mon, 22 Oct 2018 14:56:14 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 299/551] Issue 64 --- translate/figs-rquestion/01.md | 18 ++++++------------ 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md b/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md index d634d74..10c19e2 100644 --- a/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md @@ -1,17 +1,7 @@ - -A rhetorical question is a question that a speaker asks when he is more interested in expressing his attitude about something than in getting information about it. Speakers use rhetorical questions to express deep emotion or to encourage hearers to think deeply about something. The Bible contains many rhetorical questions, often to express surprise, to rebuke or scold the hearer, or to teach. Speakers of some languages use rhetorical questions for other purposes as well. - ### Description +A rhetorical question is a question that a speaker uses for some purpose other than getting information. Some uses of rhetorical questions are to express strong emotions, to rebuke or scold someone, to introduce a topic to talk about it, or to teach something by reminding people of something they know and encouraging them to apply it to something new. -A rhetorical question is a question that strongly expresses the speaker's attitude toward something. Often the speaker is not looking for information at all, but if he is asking for information, it is not usually the information that the question appears to ask for. The speaker is more interested in expressing his attitude than in getting information. - ->Those who stood by said, "Is this how you insult God's high priest?" (Acts 23:4 ULB) - -The people who asked Paul this question were using the question to accuse Paul of insulting the high priest. They were not asking him to describe his way of insulting God’s high priest. - -The Bible contains many rhetorical questions. Some of the purposes of these rhetorical questions are to express attitudes or feelings, to rebuke people, to teach something by reminding people of something they know and encouraging them to apply it to something new, and to introduce something they want to talk about. - -#### Reasons this is a translation issue +### Reasons this is a translation issue * Some languages do not use rhetorical questions; for them a question is always a request for information. * Some languages use rhetorical questions, but for purposes that are more limited or different than in the Bible. @@ -19,6 +9,10 @@ The Bible contains many rhetorical questions. Some of the purposes of these rhet ### Examples from the Bible +>Those who stood by said, "Is this how you insult God's high priest?" (Acts 23:4 ULB) + +The people who asked Paul this question were using the question to accuse Paul of insulting the high priest. They were not asking him to describe his way of insulting God’s high priest. + >Do you not still rule the kingdom of Israel? (1 Kings 21:7 ULB) Jezebel used the question above to remind King Ahab of something he already knew: he still ruled the kingdom of Israel. The rhetorical question made her point more strongly than if she had merely stated it, because it forced Ahab to admit the point himself. She did this in order to rebuke him for being unwilling to take over a poor man's property. She was implying that since he was the king of Israel, he had the power to take the man's property. From 8cb8d33cc7b1471a812a6304e38d7cf3f9ae1449 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Mon, 22 Oct 2018 14:57:28 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 300/551] Update 'translate/figs-rquestion/01.md' --- translate/figs-rquestion/01.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md b/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md index 10c19e2..2745a6c 100644 --- a/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ ### Description -A rhetorical question is a question that a speaker uses for some purpose other than getting information. Some uses of rhetorical questions are to express strong emotions, to rebuke or scold someone, to introduce a topic to talk about it, or to teach something by reminding people of something they know and encouraging them to apply it to something new. +A rhetorical question is a question that a speaker uses for some purpose other than getting information. Some uses of rhetorical questions are to express strong emotions, to rebuke or scold someone, to introduce a topic to talk about, or to teach something by reminding people of something they know and encouraging them to apply it to something new. ### Reasons this is a translation issue From 6d8f400ce850f74fa140b77aea3b6367d9420018 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: hmw3 Date: Mon, 22 Oct 2018 11:07:48 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 301/551] Standardized heading --- archive/translate/figs-inclusive/01.md | 4 +++- archive/translate/figs-informremind/01.md | 6 ++++-- archive/translate/figs-infostructure/01.md | 2 +- archive/translate/figs-synonparallelism/01.md | 2 +- archive/translate/translate-decimal/01.md | 2 +- translate/figs-123person/01.md | 2 +- translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md | 2 +- translate/figs-activepassive/01.md | 2 +- translate/figs-apostrophe/01.md | 2 +- translate/figs-declarative/01.md | 2 +- translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md | 2 +- translate/figs-doublet/01.md | 2 +- translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md | 2 +- translate/figs-euphemism/01.md | 2 +- translate/figs-events/01.md | 4 +++- translate/figs-exclamations/01.md | 2 +- translate/figs-exclusive/01.md | 2 +- translate/figs-explicitinfo/01.md | 2 +- translate/figs-gendernotations/01.md | 2 +- translate/figs-genericnoun/01.md | 2 +- translate/figs-go/01.md | 2 +- translate/figs-hendiadys/01.md | 2 +- translate/figs-hyperbole/01.md | 2 +- translate/figs-hypo/01.md | 2 +- translate/figs-idiom/01.md | 2 +- translate/figs-imperative/01.md | 2 +- translate/figs-irony/01.md | 2 +- translate/figs-litotes/01.md | 2 +- translate/figs-merism/01.md | 2 +- translate/figs-metaphor/01.md | 2 +- translate/figs-metonymy/01.md | 2 +- translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md | 2 +- translate/figs-parallelism/01.md | 4 ++++ translate/figs-pastforfuture/01.md | 9 +++++++++ translate/figs-possession/01.md | 2 +- translate/figs-quotesinquotes/01.md | 2 +- translate/figs-rpronouns/01.md | 2 +- translate/figs-rquestion/01.md | 11 +++++++++++ translate/figs-sentencetypes/01.md | 2 +- translate/figs-simile/01.md | 2 +- translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md | 2 +- translate/figs-youcrowd/01.md | 2 +- translate/figs-youdual/01.md | 2 +- translate/figs-youformal/01.md | 2 +- translate/figs-yousingular/01.md | 2 +- translate/translate-chapverse/01.md | 2 +- translate/translate-fraction/01.md | 4 +++- translate/translate-hebrewmonths/01.md | 2 +- translate/translate-numbers/01.md | 4 +++- translate/translate-ordinal/01.md | 2 +- translate/translate-symaction/01.md | 2 +- translate/translate-unknown/01.md | 2 +- translate/writing-apocalypticwriting/01.md | 2 +- translate/writing-background/01.md | 2 +- translate/writing-connectingwords/01.md | 2 +- translate/writing-endofstory/01.md | 2 +- translate/writing-participants/01.md | 2 +- translate/writing-poetry/01.md | 2 +- translate/writing-pronouns/01.md | 2 +- translate/writing-proverbs/01.md | 2 +- translate/writing-quotations/01.md | 2 +- translate/writing-symlanguage/01.md | 2 +- 62 files changed, 94 insertions(+), 60 deletions(-) diff --git a/archive/translate/figs-inclusive/01.md b/archive/translate/figs-inclusive/01.md index a78458e..2b3e006 100644 --- a/archive/translate/figs-inclusive/01.md +++ b/archive/translate/figs-inclusive/01.md @@ -10,7 +10,9 @@ See the pictures. The people on the right are the people that the speaker is tal ![](https://cdn.door43.org/ta/jpg/vocabulary/we_us_exclusive.jpg) -**Reason this is a translation issue** - The Bible was first written in the Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek languages. Like English, these languages do not have separate exclusive and inclusive forms for "we." Translators whose language has separate exclusive and inclusive forms of "we" will need to understand what the speaker meant so they can decide which form of "we" to use. +### Reasons this is a translation issue + +The Bible was first written in the Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek languages. Like English, these languages do not have separate exclusive and inclusive forms for "we." Translators whose language has separate exclusive and inclusive forms of "we" will need to understand what the speaker meant so they can decide which form of "we" to use. ### Examples from the Bible diff --git a/archive/translate/figs-informremind/01.md b/archive/translate/figs-informremind/01.md index e020292..c6c5370 100644 --- a/archive/translate/figs-informremind/01.md +++ b/archive/translate/figs-informremind/01.md @@ -17,9 +17,11 @@ The phrase "who was very thankful" immediately follows the word "sister" and inf **Reason people use these phrases**: People often present either reminders or new information in a weak way. They do this when they want their listener to give most of his attention to something else they are saying. In the example above, the speaker wants most attention to be given to what Mary did, NOT to how her sister responded. -**Reason this is a translation Issue:** Languages have different ways of signaling the parts of communication that the listener should pay most attention to. +### Reasons this is a translation issue -#### Translation Principles +Languages have different ways of signaling the parts of communication that the listener should pay most attention to. + +### Translation Principles * If your language does not use phrases with a noun for new information or a reminder, you may need to put that information or reminder in a different part of the sentence. * Try to present it in a weak way. diff --git a/archive/translate/figs-infostructure/01.md b/archive/translate/figs-infostructure/01.md index a2c076a..d138209 100644 --- a/archive/translate/figs-infostructure/01.md +++ b/archive/translate/figs-infostructure/01.md @@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ Although all languages have a normal order for parts of a sentence, this order c This puts the most important information first, which is normal for English. Many other languages would normally put the most important information last. In the flow of a text, the most important information is usually what the writer considers to be new information for the reader. In some languages the new information comes first, and in others it comes last. -### Reasons this is a translation Issue +### Reasons this is a translation issue * Different languages arrange the parts of a sentence in different ways. If a translator copies the order of the parts of a sentence from the source, it may not make sense in his language. * Different languages put important or new information in different places in the sentence. If a translator keeps the important or new information in the same place that it had in the source language, it may be confusing or give the wrong message in his language. diff --git a/archive/translate/figs-synonparallelism/01.md b/archive/translate/figs-synonparallelism/01.md index ac94fe2..7eb0b0f 100644 --- a/archive/translate/figs-synonparallelism/01.md +++ b/archive/translate/figs-synonparallelism/01.md @@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ Synonymous parallelism in poetry has several effects: * It helps the hearer to think more deeply about the idea by saying it in different ways. * It makes the language more beautiful and above the ordinary way of speaking. -#### Reason this is a Translation Issue +### Reasons this is a translation issue In some languages people do not expect someone to say the same thing twice, even in different ways. They expect that if there are two phrases or two sentences, they must have different meanings. So they do not understand that the repetition of ideas serves to emphasize the idea. diff --git a/archive/translate/translate-decimal/01.md b/archive/translate/translate-decimal/01.md index 93a1c4d..7a31df9 100644 --- a/archive/translate/translate-decimal/01.md +++ b/archive/translate/translate-decimal/01.md @@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ In the Unlocked Dynamic Bible (UDB) parts of a number are written as decimals or |.25 |twenty-five one hundredths | one fourth | |.75 |seventy-five one hundredths | three fourths | -#### Reasons this is a translation issue +### Reasons this is a translation issue * If translators want to use the measures in the UDB, they will need to be able to understand the decimal numbers that are used with them. * Translators will need to write the numbers in a way that their readers will understand them. diff --git a/translate/figs-123person/01.md b/translate/figs-123person/01.md index 41b66e6..3664d43 100644 --- a/translate/figs-123person/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-123person/01.md @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ Normally a speaker refers to himself as "I" and the person he is speaking to as * **Second person** - This is how a speaker normally refers to the person or people he is speaking to. English uses the pronoun "you." (Also: your, yours) * **Third person** - This is how a speaker refers to someone else. English uses the pronouns "he," "she," "it" and "they." (Also: him, his, her, hers, its; them, their, theirs) Noun phrases like "the man" or "the woman" are also third person. -### Reason this is a Translation Issue +### Reasons this is a translation issue Sometimes in the Bible a speaker used the third person to refer to himself or to the people he was speaking to. Readers might think that the speaker was referring to someone else. They might not understand that he meant "I" or "you." diff --git a/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md b/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md index 347ba68..289e5c3 100644 --- a/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ Remember that nouns are words that refer to a person, place, thing, or idea. **A Using abstract nouns allows people to express thoughts about ideas in fewer words than if they did not have those nouns. It is a way of giving names to actions or qualities so that people can talk about them as though they were things. It is like a short-cut in language. For example, in languages that use abstract nouns, people can say, "I believe in the forgiveness of sin." But if the language did not have the two abstract nouns "forgiveness" and "sin," then they would have to make a longer sentence to express the same meaning. They would have to say, for example, "I believe that God is willing to forgive people after they have sinned," using verb phrases instead of nouns for those ideas. -#### Reason this is a translation issue +### Reasons this is a translation issue The Bible that you translate from may use abstract nouns to express certain ideas. Your language might not use abstract nouns for some of those ideas; instead, it might use phrases to express those ideas. Those phrases will use other kinds of words such as adjectives, verbs, or adverbs to express the meaning of the abstract noun. diff --git a/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md b/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md index 6447417..90daa9e 100644 --- a/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md @@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ In the examples of active and passive sentences below, we have underlined the su * **PASSIVE**: The house was built by my father in 2010. * **PASSIVE**: The house was built in 2010. (This does not tell who did the action.) -#### Reasons this is a translation issue +### Reasons this is a translation issue All languages have active forms. Some languages have passive forms, and some do not.  The passive form is not used for the same purposes in all of the languages that have it. diff --git a/translate/figs-apostrophe/01.md b/translate/figs-apostrophe/01.md index c7eef3a..9eba382 100644 --- a/translate/figs-apostrophe/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-apostrophe/01.md @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ An apostrophe is a figure of speech in which a speaker turns his attention away from his listeners and speaks to someone or something that he knows cannot hear him. He does this to tell his listeners his message or feelings about that person or thing in a very strong way. -### Reason this is a translation issue +### Reasons this is a translation issue Many languages do not use apostrophe, and readers could be confused by it. They may wonder who the speaker is talking to, or think that the speaker is crazy to talk to things or people who cannot hear. diff --git a/translate/figs-declarative/01.md b/translate/figs-declarative/01.md index eb73b07..ec86267 100644 --- a/translate/figs-declarative/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-declarative/01.md @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ Normally statements are used to give information. But sometimes they are used in the Bible for other functions. -### Reason this is a translation issue +### Reasons this is a translation issue Some languages would not use a statement for some of the functions that statements are used for in the Bible. diff --git a/translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md b/translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md index 7b0d346..a28d034 100644 --- a/translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ A double negative occurs when a sentence has two words that each express the mea >Be sure of this—the wicked person will not go unpunished.... (Proverbs 11:21 ULB) -#### Reason this is a translation issue +### Reasons this is a translation issue Double negatives mean very different things in different languages. diff --git a/translate/figs-doublet/01.md b/translate/figs-doublet/01.md index f9f8cef..7ef892f 100644 --- a/translate/figs-doublet/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-doublet/01.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ We are using the word "doublet" to refer to two words or very short phrases that mean the same thing or very close to the same thing and that are used together. Often they are joined with the word "and." Often they are used to emphasize or intensify the idea expressed by the two words. -#### Reason this is a translation issue +### Reasons this is a translation issue In some languages people do not use doublets. Or they may use doublets, but only in certain situations, so a doublet might not make sense in their language in some verses. In either case, translators may need to find some other way to express the meaning expressed by the doublet. diff --git a/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md b/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md index 5d9c80a..d6f89b9 100644 --- a/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md @@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ Here are three examples of elliptical sentences whose missing words were already * "I drank water, not milk" means "I drank water; I did not drink milk. * "I drank water, and Tom did, too" means "I drank water, and Tom drank water, too." -### Reason this is a translation issue +### Reasons this is a translation issue Readers who see incomplete sentences or phrases may not know what the missing information is if they do not use ellipsis in their language. diff --git a/translate/figs-euphemism/01.md b/translate/figs-euphemism/01.md index f70886c..3e23840 100644 --- a/translate/figs-euphemism/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-euphemism/01.md @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ A euphemism is a mild or polite way of referring to something that is unpleasant, embarrassing, or socially unacceptable, such as death or activities usually done in private. -### Reason this is a translation issue +### Reasons this is a translation issue Different languages use different euphemisms. If the target language does not use the same euphemism as in the source language, readers may not understand what it means, and they may think that the writer means only what the words literally say. diff --git a/translate/figs-events/01.md b/translate/figs-events/01.md index a253a37..fe94b09 100644 --- a/translate/figs-events/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-events/01.md @@ -4,7 +4,9 @@ In the Bible, events are not always told in the order in which they occurred. Sometimes the author wanted to discuss something that happened at an earlier time than the event that he just talked about. This can be confusing to the reader. -**Reason this is a translation issue:** Readers might think that the events happened in the order that they are told. It is important to help them understand the correct order of events. +### Reasons this is a translation issue + +Readers might think that the events happened in the order that they are told. It is important to help them understand the correct order of events. ### Examples from the Bible diff --git a/translate/figs-exclamations/01.md b/translate/figs-exclamations/01.md index 934d0e3..c77af23 100644 --- a/translate/figs-exclamations/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-exclamations/01.md @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ Exclamations are words or sentences that show strong feeling such as surprise, j >When the demon had been driven out, the mute man spoke. The crowds were astonished and said, "This has never been seen before in Israel!" (Matthew 9:33 ULB) -### Reason this is a translation issue +### Reasons this is a translation issue Languages have different ways of showing that a sentence communicates strong emotion. diff --git a/translate/figs-exclusive/01.md b/translate/figs-exclusive/01.md index d188261..3f5cc6b 100644 --- a/translate/figs-exclusive/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-exclusive/01.md @@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ See the pictures. The people on the right are the people that the speaker is tal ![](https://cdn.door43.org/ta/jpg/vocabulary/we_us_exclusive.jpg) -### Reason this is a translation issue +### Reasons this is a translation issue The Bible was first written in the Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek languages. Like English, these languages do not have separate exclusive and inclusive forms for "we." Translators whose language has separate exclusive and inclusive forms of "we" will need to understand what the speaker meant so that they can decide which form of "we" to use. diff --git a/translate/figs-explicitinfo/01.md b/translate/figs-explicitinfo/01.md index f8b571f..a42cbec 100644 --- a/translate/figs-explicitinfo/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-explicitinfo/01.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ Some languages have ways of saying things that are natural for them but sound strange when translated into other languages. One of the reasons for this is that some languages say things explicitly that the other languages would leave as implicit information. -#### Reasons this is a translation issue +### Reasons this is a translation issue If you translate all of the explicit information from the source language into the explicit information in the target language, it could sound foreign, unnatural, or perhaps even unintelligent if the target language would not make that information explicit. Instead, it is best to leave that kind of information implicit in the target language. diff --git a/translate/figs-gendernotations/01.md b/translate/figs-gendernotations/01.md index 1db192b..740e379 100644 --- a/translate/figs-gendernotations/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-gendernotations/01.md @@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ Also in some languages, the masculine pronouns "he" and "him" and "his" can be u >He who finds his life will lose it. (Matthew 10:39 ULB) -#### Reason this is a translation issue +### Reasons this is a translation issue * In some cultures words like "man," "brother," and "son" can only be used to refer to men. If those words are used in a translation in a more general way, people will think that what is being said does not apply to women. * In some cultures, the masculine pronouns "he" and "him" can only refer to men. If a masculine pronoun is used, people will think that what is said does not apply to women. diff --git a/translate/figs-genericnoun/01.md b/translate/figs-genericnoun/01.md index 657a392..2c8a77e 100644 --- a/translate/figs-genericnoun/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-genericnoun/01.md @@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ Generic noun phrases refer to people or things in general rather than to specifi The underlined phrases above do not refer to a specific man. They refer to any man who does these things. -#### Reason this is a translation issue +### Reasons this is a translation issue Different languages have different ways of showing that noun phrases refer to something in general. Translators should refer to these general ideas in ways that are natural in their language. diff --git a/translate/figs-go/01.md b/translate/figs-go/01.md index f6b17b8..6411491 100644 --- a/translate/figs-go/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-go/01.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ Different languages have different ways of determining whether to use the words "go" or "come" and whether to use the words "take" or "bring" when talking about motion. For example, when saying that they are approaching a person who has called them, English speakers say "I'm coming," while Spanish speakers say "I'm going." You will need to translate the words "go" and "come" (and also "take" and "bring") in a way that your readers will understand which direction people are moving in. -### Reason this is a translation issue +### Reasons this is a translation issue Different languages have different ways of talking about motion. The biblical languages or your source language may use the words "go" and "come" or "take" and "bring" differently than your language uses them. If these words are not translated in the way that is natural in your language, your readers may be confused about which direction people are moving. diff --git a/translate/figs-hendiadys/01.md b/translate/figs-hendiadys/01.md index 58b8032..52d3c38 100644 --- a/translate/figs-hendiadys/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-hendiadys/01.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ When a speaker expresses a single idea by using two words that are connected with "and," it is called "hendiadys." In hendiadys, the two words work together. Usually one of the words is the primary idea and the other word further describes the primary one. -#### Reasons this is a translation issue +### Reasons this is a translation issue * Often hendiadys contains an abstract noun. Some languages may not have a noun with the same meaning. * Many languages do not use hendiadys, so people may not understand how the two words work together; one word describing the other. diff --git a/translate/figs-hyperbole/01.md b/translate/figs-hyperbole/01.md index 0e778ce..40ad57b 100644 --- a/translate/figs-hyperbole/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-hyperbole/01.md @@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ Sometimes when people use strong-sounding words like "all," "always," "none," or * This generalization means that he had learned much of what the Egyptians knew and taught. -#### Reason this is a translation issue +### Reasons this is a translation issue 1. Readers need to be able to understand whether or not a statement is completely true. 1. If readers realize that a statement is not completely true, they need to be able to understand whether it is a hyperbole, a generalization, or a lie. (Though the Bible is completely true, it tells about people who did not always tell the truth.) diff --git a/translate/figs-hypo/01.md b/translate/figs-hypo/01.md index 4906202..11539ab 100644 --- a/translate/figs-hypo/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-hypo/01.md @@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ People sometimes express regrets about things that have not happened or that are * If only he were here. * If only he would come. -#### Reason this is a translation issue +### Reasons this is a translation issue * Translators need to recognize the different kinds of hypothetical situations in the Bible. * Translators need to know their own language's ways of talking about different kinds of hypothetical situations. diff --git a/translate/figs-idiom/01.md b/translate/figs-idiom/01.md index f33f087..ad2c279 100644 --- a/translate/figs-idiom/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-idiom/01.md @@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ An idiom is a figure of speech made up of a group of words that, as a whole, has An idiom is created in a culture when someone describes something in an unusual way. When that unusual way communicates the message powerfully and people understand it clearly, other people start to use it. After a while, it becomes a normal way of talking in that language. -#### Reasons this is a translation issue +### Reasons this is a translation issue * People can easily misunderstand idioms in the original languages of the Bible if they do not know the cultures that produced the Bible. * People can easily misunderstand idioms that are in the source language Bibles if they do not know the cultures that made those translations. diff --git a/translate/figs-imperative/01.md b/translate/figs-imperative/01.md index 6cd7d7b..936b16a 100644 --- a/translate/figs-imperative/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-imperative/01.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ Imperative sentences are mainly used to express a desire or requirement that someone do something. Sometimes imperative sentences in the Bible have other uses. -### Reason this is a translation issue +### Reasons this is a translation issue Some languages would not use an imperative sentence for some of the functions that they are used for in the Bible. diff --git a/translate/figs-irony/01.md b/translate/figs-irony/01.md index 3414388..1619d20 100644 --- a/translate/figs-irony/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-irony/01.md @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ Irony is a figure of speech in which the sense that the speaker intends to communicate is actually the opposite of the literal meaning of the words. Sometimes a person does this by using someone else's words, but in a way that communicates that he does not agree with them. People do this to emphasize how different something is from what it should be, or how someone else's belief about something is wrong or foolish. It often expresses anger. -#### Reason this is a translation issue +### Reasons this is a translation issue * If someone does not realize that a speaker is using irony, he will think that the speaker actually believes what he is saying. He will understand the passage to mean the opposite of what it was intended to mean. diff --git a/translate/figs-litotes/01.md b/translate/figs-litotes/01.md index d476fd6..2a50db3 100644 --- a/translate/figs-litotes/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-litotes/01.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ Litotes is a figure of speech in which the speaker expresses a strong positive meaning by using two negative words or a negative word with a word that means the opposite of the meaning he intends. A few examples of negative words are "no," "not," "none," and "never." The opposite of "good" is "bad." Someone could say that something is "not bad" to mean that it is extremely good. -#### Reason this is a translation issue +### Reasons this is a translation issue Some languages do not use litotes. People who speak those languages might not understand that a statement using litotes actually strengthens the positive meaning. Instead, they might think that it weakens or even cancels the positive meaning. diff --git a/translate/figs-merism/01.md b/translate/figs-merism/01.md index 1623f3b..b751793 100644 --- a/translate/figs-merism/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-merism/01.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ Merism is a figure of speech in which a person refers to something by speaking of two extreme parts of it. By referring to the extreme parts, the speaker intends to include those who parts and everything in between them. -#### Reason this is a translation issue +### Reasons this is a translation issue Some languages do not use merism. The readers of those languages may think that the phrase only applies to the items mentioned. They may not realize that it refers to those two things and everything in between. diff --git a/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md b/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md index 7965872..c6b538b 100644 --- a/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md @@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ In this metaphor, Jesus called himself the bread of life. The **topic** is "I," * Another purpose is to emphasize that something has a particular quality or to show that it has that quality in an extreme way. * Another purpose is to lead people to feel the same way about the **topic** as they would feel about the **image**. -#### Reasons this is a translation issue +### Reasons this is a translation issue * People may not recognize that something is a metaphor. In other words, they may mistake a metaphor for a literal statement, and thus misunderstand it. * People may not be familiar with the thing that is used as an image, and so not be able to understand the metaphor. diff --git a/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md b/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md index 37ffd34..ad15701 100644 --- a/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md @@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ The cup represents the wine that is in the cup. * to shorten the way of referring to something * to make an abstract idea more meaningful by referring to it with the name of a physical object associated with it -### Reason this is a translation issue +### Reasons this is a translation issue The Bible uses metonymy very often. Speakers of some languages are not used to metonymy and they may not recognize it when they read it in the Bible. If they do not recognize the metonymy, they will not understand the passage or, worse yet, they will get a wrong understanding of the passage. Whenever a metonym is used, people need to be able to understand what it represents. diff --git a/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md b/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md index 616764c..cce845f 100644 --- a/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md @@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ Here is a sentence that shows that "rich" can also function as a noun. In Exodus 30:15, the word "rich" acts as a noun in the phrase "the rich," and it refers to rich people. The word "poor" also acts as a noun and refers to poor people. -### Reason this is a translation issue +### Reasons this is a translation issue * Many times in the Bible adjectives are used as nouns to describe a group of people. * Some languages do not use adjectives in this way. diff --git a/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md b/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md index 2464b98..ef2d0f3 100644 --- a/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md @@ -16,7 +16,11 @@ Synonymous parallelism (the kind in which the two phrases mean the same thing) i * It helps the hearer to think more deeply about the idea by saying it in different ways. * It makes the expression of ideas more beautiful and above the ordinary way of speaking. +<<<<<<< Updated upstream Note: We use the term "synonymous parallelism" for long phrases or clauses that have the same meaning. We use the term [Doublet](../figs-doublet/01.md) for words or very short phrases that mean basically the same thing and are used together. +======= +### Reasons this is a translation issue +>>>>>>> Stashed changes #### Reason this is a translation issue diff --git a/translate/figs-pastforfuture/01.md b/translate/figs-pastforfuture/01.md index aab08f7..ecfca95 100644 --- a/translate/figs-pastforfuture/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-pastforfuture/01.md @@ -4,7 +4,16 @@ The predictive past is a figure of speech that uses the past tense to refer to things that will happen in the future. This is sometimes done in prophecy to show that the event will certainly happen. It is also called the prophetic perfect. +<<<<<<< Updated upstream ### Reason this is a translation issue: +======= +>Therefore my people have gone into captivity for lack of understanding; +>their leaders go hungry, and their masses have nothing to drink. (Isaiah 5:13 ULB) + +In the example above, the people of Israel had not yet gone into captivity, but God spoke of their going into captivity as if it had already happened because he had decided that they certainly would go into captivity. + +### Reasons this is a translation issue: +>>>>>>> Stashed changes Readers who are not aware of the past tense being used in prophecy to refer to future events may find it confusing. diff --git a/translate/figs-possession/01.md b/translate/figs-possession/01.md index 1c9247b..644118f 100644 --- a/translate/figs-possession/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-possession/01.md @@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ Possession is used in Hebrew, Greek, and English for a variety of situations. He * my head - the head that is part of my body * the roof of a house - the roof that is part of a house -#### Reasons this is a translation issue +### Reasons this is a translation issue * Translators need to understand the relationship between two ideas represented by the two nouns when one possesses the other. * Some languages do not use possession for all of the situations that your source text Bible might use it for. diff --git a/translate/figs-quotesinquotes/01.md b/translate/figs-quotesinquotes/01.md index 14bbd7e..7e0a024 100644 --- a/translate/figs-quotesinquotes/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-quotesinquotes/01.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ A quotation may have a quote within it, and quotes that are inside of other quotes can also have quotes within them. When a quote has quotes within it, we can talk about it having layers of quotation, and each of the quotes is a layer. When there are many layers of quotes inside of quotes, it can be hard for listeners and readers to know who is saying what. Some languages use a combination of direct quotes and indirect quotes to make it easier. -#### Reasons this is a translation issue +### Reasons this is a translation issue 1. When there is a quote within a quote, the listener needs to know who the pronouns refer to. For example if a quote that is inside a quote has the word "I," the listener needs to know whether "I" refers to the speaker of the inner quote or the outer quote. 1. Some languages make this clear by using different kinds of quotes when there are quotes within quotes. They may use direct quotes for some and indirect quotes for others. diff --git a/translate/figs-rpronouns/01.md b/translate/figs-rpronouns/01.md index 12d05fe..0dacc02 100644 --- a/translate/figs-rpronouns/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-rpronouns/01.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ All languages have ways of showing that the same person fills two different roles in a sentence. English does this by using **Reflexive pronouns**. These are pronouns that refer to someone or something that has already been mentioned in a sentence. In English the reflexive pronouns are: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, and themselves. Other languages may have other ways to show this. -### Reason this is a translation issue +### Reasons this is a translation issue * Languages have different ways of showing that the same person fills two different roles in a sentence. For those languages, translators will need to know how to translate the English reflexive pronouns. * The reflexive pronouns in English also have other functions. diff --git a/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md b/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md index 2745a6c..fe030ff 100644 --- a/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md @@ -1,6 +1,17 @@ ### Description A rhetorical question is a question that a speaker uses for some purpose other than getting information. Some uses of rhetorical questions are to express strong emotions, to rebuke or scold someone, to introduce a topic to talk about, or to teach something by reminding people of something they know and encouraging them to apply it to something new. +<<<<<<< Updated upstream +======= +A rhetorical question is a question that strongly expresses the speaker's attitude toward something. Often the speaker is not looking for information at all, but if he is asking for information, it is not usually the information that the question appears to ask for. The speaker is more interested in expressing his attitude than in getting information. + +>Those who stood by said, "Is this how you insult God's high priest?" (Acts 23:4 ULB) + +The people who asked Paul this question were using the question to accuse Paul of insulting the high priest. They were not asking him to describe his way of insulting God’s high priest. + +The Bible contains many rhetorical questions. Some of the purposes of these rhetorical questions are to express attitudes or feelings, to rebuke people, to teach something by reminding people of something they know and encouraging them to apply it to something new, and to introduce something they want to talk about. + +>>>>>>> Stashed changes ### Reasons this is a translation issue * Some languages do not use rhetorical questions; for them a question is always a request for information. diff --git a/translate/figs-sentencetypes/01.md b/translate/figs-sentencetypes/01.md index 976e2fa..dd5091a 100644 --- a/translate/figs-sentencetypes/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-sentencetypes/01.md @@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ A **sentence** is a group of words that expresses a complete thought. The basic * **Imperative Sentences** - These are mainly used to express a desire or requirement that someone do something. '_Pick that up._' * **Exclamations** - These are mainly used to express a strong feeling. '_Ouch, that hurt!_' -### Reasons this is a translation Issue +### Reasons this is a translation issue * Languages have different ways of using sentence types to express particular functions. * Most languages use these sentence types for more than one function. diff --git a/translate/figs-simile/01.md b/translate/figs-simile/01.md index c049a9b..8bf8dec 100644 --- a/translate/figs-simile/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-simile/01.md @@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ God's word is compared to a two-edged sword. A two-edged sword is a weapon that * A simile can emphasize a particular trait, sometimes in a way that gets people's attention. * Similes help form a picture in the mind or help the reader experience what he is reading about more fully. -#### Reasons this is a translation issue +### Reasons this is a translation issue * People may not know how the two items are similar. * People may not be familiar with the item that something is compared to. diff --git a/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md b/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md index b888b93..b9a044e 100644 --- a/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md @@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ Mary was was very happy about what the Lord was doing, so she said "my soul," wh The Pharisees who were standing there did not all say the same words at the same time. Instead, it is more likely that one man representing the group said those words. -#### Reasons this is a translation issue +### Reasons this is a translation issue * Some readers may understand the words literally. * Some readers may realize that they are not to understand the words literally, but they may not know what the meaning is. diff --git a/translate/figs-youcrowd/01.md b/translate/figs-youcrowd/01.md index 7fac079..821c90a 100644 --- a/translate/figs-youcrowd/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-youcrowd/01.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ The Bible was written in Hebrew, Aramaic and Greek. These languages have a **sin Also, speakers and writers of the Old Testament often referred to groups of people with the singular pronoun "he," rather than with the plural pronoun "they." -### Reason this is a Translation Issue +### Reasons this is a translation issue * For many languages, a translator who reads a Bible with a general form of "you" will need to know whether the speaker was speaking to one person or to more than one. * In some languages it might be confusing if a speaker uses a singular pronoun when speaking to or about more than one person. diff --git a/translate/figs-youdual/01.md b/translate/figs-youdual/01.md index 6385fe6..c0eada8 100644 --- a/translate/figs-youdual/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-youdual/01.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Some languages have a **singular** form of "you" for when the word "you" refers The Bible was first written in the Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek languages. These languages all have a singular form of "you" and a plural form of "you." When we read the Bible in those languages, the pronouns and verb forms show us whether the word "you" refers to one person or more than one person. However, they do not show us whether it refers to only two people or more than two people. When the pronouns do not show us how many people the word "you" refers to, we need to look at the context to see how many people the speaker was speaking to. -#### Reasons this is a Translation Issue +### Reasons this is a translation issue * Translators who speak a language that has distinct singular, dual, and plural forms of "you" will always need to know what the speaker meant so they can choose the right word for "you" in their language. * Many languages also have different forms of the verb depending on whether the subject is singular or plural. So even if there is no pronoun meaning "you," translators of these languages will need to know if the speaker was referring to one person or more than one. diff --git a/translate/figs-youformal/01.md b/translate/figs-youformal/01.md index 57af1a9..09ea7e5 100644 --- a/translate/figs-youformal/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-youformal/01.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ Some languages make a distinction between the formal form of "you" and the infor In some cultures people use the formal "you" when speaking to someone who is older or in authority, and they use the informal "you" when speaking to someone who is their own age or younger or who has less authority. In other cultures, people use the formal "you" when speaking to strangers or people they do not know well, and the informal "you" when speaking with family members and close friends. -#### Reasons this is a Translation Issue +### Reasons this is a translation issue * The Bible was written in Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek. These languages do not have formal and informal forms of "you." * English and many other source languages do not have formal and informal forms of "you." diff --git a/translate/figs-yousingular/01.md b/translate/figs-yousingular/01.md index e385575..76960a9 100644 --- a/translate/figs-yousingular/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-yousingular/01.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Some languages have a **singular** form of "you" for when the word "you" refers The Bible was first written in the Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek languages. These languages all have both a singular form of "you" and a plural form of "you." When we read the Bible in those languages, the pronouns and verb forms show us whether the word "you" refers to one person or more than one. When we read the Bible in a language that does not have different forms of you, we need to look at the context to see how many people the speaker was speaking to. -#### Reason this is a Translation Issue +### Reasons this is a translation issue * Translators who speak a language that has distinct singular and plural forms of "you" will always need to know what the speaker meant so they can choose the right word for "you" in their language. * Many languages also have different forms of the verb depending on whether the subject is singular or plural. So even if there is no pronoun meaning "you", translators of these languages will need to know if the speaker was referring to one person or more than one. diff --git a/translate/translate-chapverse/01.md b/translate/translate-chapverse/01.md index 7a647e3..d65ed5c 100644 --- a/translate/translate-chapverse/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-chapverse/01.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ When the books of the Bible were first written, there were no breaks for chapters and verses. People added these later, and then others numbered the chapters and verses to make it easier to find particular parts of the Bible. Since more than one person did this, there are different numbering systems used in different translations. If the numbering system in the ULB is different from the numbering system in another Bible that you use, you will probably want to use the system from that Bible. -#### Reason this is a translation issue +### Reasons this is a translation issue People who speak your language may also use a Bible written in another language. If that Bible and your translation use different chapter and verse numbers, it will be hard for people to know which verse someone is talking about when they say a chapter and verse number. diff --git a/translate/translate-fraction/01.md b/translate/translate-fraction/01.md index 4d3a6d1..45a7038 100644 --- a/translate/translate-fraction/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-fraction/01.md @@ -27,7 +27,9 @@ Some fractions in English do not follow that pattern. | three | third | | five | fifth | -**Reason this is a translation issue:** Some languages do not use fractions. They may simply talk about parts or groups, but they do not use fractions to tell how big a part is or how many are included in a group. +### Reasons this is a translation issue + +Some languages do not use fractions. They may simply talk about parts or groups, but they do not use fractions to tell how big a part is or how many are included in a group. ### Examples From the Bible diff --git a/translate/translate-hebrewmonths/01.md b/translate/translate-hebrewmonths/01.md index 9f7ae2c..296c3a0 100644 --- a/translate/translate-hebrewmonths/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-hebrewmonths/01.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ The Hebrew calendar used in the Bible has twelve months. Unlike the western calendar, its first month begins in the spring of the northern hemisphere. Sometimes a month is called by its name (Abib, Ziv, Sivan), and sometimes it is called by its order in the Hebrew calendar year (first month, second month, third month). -#### Reasons this is a translation issue +### Reasons this is a translation issue * Readers may be surprised to read of months that they have never heard of, and they may wonder how those months correspond to the months that they use. * Readers may not realize that phrases such as "the first month" or "the second month" refer to the first or second month of the Hebrew calendar, not some other calendar. diff --git a/translate/translate-numbers/01.md b/translate/translate-numbers/01.md index 70cf560..9743a80 100644 --- a/translate/translate-numbers/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-numbers/01.md @@ -12,7 +12,9 @@ Eighty-six (86) is an exact number. Here the number three thousand is a round number. It may have been a little more than that or a little less than that. The word "about" shows that it is not an exact number. -**Reason this is a translation issue**: Some languages do not have words for some of these numbers. +### Reasons this is a translation issue + +Some languages do not have words for some of these numbers. #### Translation Principles diff --git a/translate/translate-ordinal/01.md b/translate/translate-ordinal/01.md index 5717ae1..f9f650a 100644 --- a/translate/translate-ordinal/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-ordinal/01.md @@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ Some ordinal numbers in English do not follow that pattern. | 5 | five | fifth | | 12 | twelve | twelfth | -#### Reason this is a translation issue: +### Reasons this is a translation issue: Some languages do not have special numbers for showing the order of items in a list. There are different ways to deal with this. diff --git a/translate/translate-symaction/01.md b/translate/translate-symaction/01.md index 9286bd9..fa7cbe0 100644 --- a/translate/translate-symaction/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-symaction/01.md @@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ A symbolic action is something that someone does in order to express a certain i * In some cultures people shake hands when they meet to show that they are willing to be friendly. * In some cultures people bow when they meet to show respect to each other. -#### Reason this is a translation issue +### Reasons this is a translation issue An action may have a meaning in one culture, and a different meaning or no meaning at all in another culture. For example, in some cultures raising the eyebrows means "I am surprised" or "What did you say?" In others cultures it means "Yes." diff --git a/translate/translate-unknown/01.md b/translate/translate-unknown/01.md index 71e61e0..0bf4daf 100644 --- a/translate/translate-unknown/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-unknown/01.md @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ Unknowns are things that occur in the source text that are not known to the peop Bread is a particular food made by mixing finely crushed grains with oil, and then cooking the mixture so that it is dry. (Grains are the seeds of a kind of grass.) In some cultures people do not have bread or know what it is. -**Reason this is a translation issue** +### Reasons this is a translation issue * Readers may not know some of the things that are in the Bible because those things are not part of their own culture. * Readers may have difficulty understanding a text if they do not know some of the things that are mentioned in it. diff --git a/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting/01.md b/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting/01.md index a589da4..03f7d6b 100644 --- a/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting/01.md @@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ Sometimes the past tense is used in these books for events that happened in the Some of these things happened after the prophets told about them, and some of them will happen at the end of this world. -#### Reasons this is a translation issue +### Reasons this is a translation issue * Some of the images are hard to understand because we have never seen things like them before. * Descriptions of things that we have never seen or that do not exist in this world are hard to translate. diff --git a/translate/writing-background/01.md b/translate/writing-background/01.md index 745fe1f..ef5b640 100644 --- a/translate/writing-background/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-background/01.md @@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ Background information can also be marked with words that tell the reader that t * who is present when the story begins * what is happening when the story begins -#### Reasons this is a translation issue +### Reasons this is a translation issue * Languages have different ways of marking background information and storyline information. * Translators need to know the order of the events in the Bible, which information is background information, and which is storyline information. diff --git a/translate/writing-connectingwords/01.md b/translate/writing-connectingwords/01.md index ddbed55..2670730 100644 --- a/translate/writing-connectingwords/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-connectingwords/01.md @@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ Sometimes people might not use a connecting word because they expect the readers * It was raining. I did not have an umbrella. I got very wet. -#### Reason this is a translation issue +### Reasons this is a translation issue * Translators need to understand the meaning of a connecting word in the Bible and the relationship between the thoughts it is connecting. * Each language has its own ways of showing how thoughts are related. diff --git a/translate/writing-endofstory/01.md b/translate/writing-endofstory/01.md index 8f46143..2891454 100644 --- a/translate/writing-endofstory/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-endofstory/01.md @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ There are different types of information that may be given at the end of a story * To tell on-going action that continues after the main part of the story ends * To tell what happens after the story as a result of the events that happened in the story itself -#### Reasons this is a translation issue +### Reasons this is a translation issue Different languages have different ways of presenting these kinds of information. If translators do not use their language's ways of doing this, readers may not know these things: diff --git a/translate/writing-participants/01.md b/translate/writing-participants/01.md index 4a92983..cda3a3c 100644 --- a/translate/writing-participants/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-participants/01.md @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ The first time that people or things are mentioned in a story, they are new p The first underlined phrase introduces Nicodemus as a new participant. He is then referred to as "This man" and "him" when he is an old participant. -#### Reason this is a translation issue +### Reasons this is a translation issue In order to make your translation clear and natural, it is necessary to refer to the participants in such a way that people will know if they are new participants or participants that they have already read about. Different languages have different ways of doing this. You must follow the way that your language does this, not the way that the source language does this. diff --git a/translate/writing-poetry/01.md b/translate/writing-poetry/01.md index e9c6268..693e9c3 100644 --- a/translate/writing-poetry/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-poetry/01.md @@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ Poetry is one of the ways that people use the words and sounds of their language Elegant or fancy speech is similar to poetry in that it uses beautiful language, but it does not use all of the language's features of poetry, and it does not use them as much as poetry does. Popular speakers in the language often use elegant speech, and this is probably the easiest source of text to study to find out what makes speech elegant in your language. -#### Reasons this is a translation issue: +### Reasons this is a translation issue: * Different languages use poetry for different things. If a poetic form would not communicate the same meaning in your language you may need to write it without the poetry. * In some languages, using poetry for a particular part of the Bible would make it much more powerful. diff --git a/translate/writing-pronouns/01.md b/translate/writing-pronouns/01.md index 443debe..9131d14 100644 --- a/translate/writing-pronouns/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-pronouns/01.md @@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ Each language has its rules and exceptions to this usual way of referring to peo * The **main character** is the person whom a story is about. In some languages, after a main character is introduced in a story, he is usually referred to with a pronoun. Some languages have special pronouns that refer only to the main character. * In some languages, marking on the verb helps people know who the subject is. (see [Verbs](figs-verbs)) In some of these languages, listeners rely on this marking to help them understand who the subject is, and speakers use a pronoun, noun phrase, or name only when they want to emphasize or clarify who the subject is. -#### Reasons this is a translation issue +### Reasons this is a translation issue * If translators use a pronoun at the wrong time for their language, readers might not know who the writer is talking about. * If translators too frequently refer to a main character by name, listeners of some languages might not realize that the person is a main character, or they might think that there is a new character with the same name. diff --git a/translate/writing-proverbs/01.md b/translate/writing-proverbs/01.md index 7825767..2bea107 100644 --- a/translate/writing-proverbs/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-proverbs/01.md @@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ Another example from Proverbs. >yet it prepares its food in the summer, >and during the harvest it stores up what it will eat. (Proverbs 6:6-8 ULB) -#### Reason this is a translation issue +### Reasons this is a translation issue Each language has its own ways of saying proverbs. There are many proverbs in the Bible. They need to be translated in the way that people say proverbs in your language, so that people recognize them as proverbs and understand what they teach. diff --git a/translate/writing-quotations/01.md b/translate/writing-quotations/01.md index 519431b..8555659 100644 --- a/translate/writing-quotations/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-quotations/01.md @@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ Also in some languages, the quote margin may have more than one verb meaning "sa When writing that someone said something, some languages put the quote (what was said) in quotation marks called inverted commas (" "). Some languages use other symbols around the quotation, such as these angle quote marks (« »), or something else. -#### Reasons this is a translation issue +### Reasons this is a translation issue * Translators need to put the quote margin where it is most clear and natural in their language. * Translators need to decide whether they want the quote margin to have one or two verbs meaning "said." diff --git a/translate/writing-symlanguage/01.md b/translate/writing-symlanguage/01.md index 0c36cae..7e83c1a 100644 --- a/translate/writing-symlanguage/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-symlanguage/01.md @@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ This was in a dream. Eating the scroll is a symbol of reading and understanding - One purpose of symbolism is to help people understand the importance or severity of an event by putting it in other, very dramatic terms. - Another purpose of symbolism is to tell some people about something while hiding the true meaning from others who do not understand the symbolism. -#### Reason this is a translation issue +### Reasons this is a translation issue People who read the Bible today may find it hard to recognize that the language is symbolic, and they may not know what the symbol stands for. From 3596022afe25eff3bb2de0eac7de4f80016e7dd3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Mon, 22 Oct 2018 15:22:41 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 302/551] Fixed heading error (Parallelism) --- translate/figs-rquestion/01.md | 11 ----------- 1 file changed, 11 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md b/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md index fe030ff..2745a6c 100644 --- a/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md @@ -1,17 +1,6 @@ ### Description A rhetorical question is a question that a speaker uses for some purpose other than getting information. Some uses of rhetorical questions are to express strong emotions, to rebuke or scold someone, to introduce a topic to talk about, or to teach something by reminding people of something they know and encouraging them to apply it to something new. -<<<<<<< Updated upstream -======= -A rhetorical question is a question that strongly expresses the speaker's attitude toward something. Often the speaker is not looking for information at all, but if he is asking for information, it is not usually the information that the question appears to ask for. The speaker is more interested in expressing his attitude than in getting information. - ->Those who stood by said, "Is this how you insult God's high priest?" (Acts 23:4 ULB) - -The people who asked Paul this question were using the question to accuse Paul of insulting the high priest. They were not asking him to describe his way of insulting God’s high priest. - -The Bible contains many rhetorical questions. Some of the purposes of these rhetorical questions are to express attitudes or feelings, to rebuke people, to teach something by reminding people of something they know and encouraging them to apply it to something new, and to introduce something they want to talk about. - ->>>>>>> Stashed changes ### Reasons this is a translation issue * Some languages do not use rhetorical questions; for them a question is always a request for information. From e2bba5d40e1fd5685a3e2d427edd8bb5f7f79238 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Mon, 22 Oct 2018 15:23:14 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 303/551] Fixed heading error (parallelism) --- translate/figs-parallelism/01.md | 10 +++------- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md b/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md index ef2d0f3..8063ae4 100644 --- a/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md @@ -16,19 +16,15 @@ Synonymous parallelism (the kind in which the two phrases mean the same thing) i * It helps the hearer to think more deeply about the idea by saying it in different ways. * It makes the expression of ideas more beautiful and above the ordinary way of speaking. -<<<<<<< Updated upstream Note: We use the term "synonymous parallelism" for long phrases or clauses that have the same meaning. We use the term [Doublet](../figs-doublet/01.md) for words or very short phrases that mean basically the same thing and are used together. -======= + ### Reasons this is a translation issue ->>>>>>> Stashed changes -#### Reason this is a translation issue - -Speakers of some languages do not use synonymous parallelism. If there are two phrases or sentences, they expect them to have different meanings. Consequently they do not understand taht the repetition of ideas serves to emphasize the idea. +Speakers of some languages do not use synonymous parallelism. If there are two phrases or sentences, they expect them to have different meanings. Consequently they do not understand that the repetition of ideas serves to emphasize the idea. ### Examples from the Bible -##### The second clause or phrase means the same as the first. +#####The second clause or phrase means the same as the first. >Your word is a lamp to my feet >and a light for my path. (Psalm 119:105 ULB) From 242ad44721ff66f80850afd456ce59dd00940a09 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Mon, 22 Oct 2018 15:44:01 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 304/551] Added example headings --- translate/figs-rquestion/01.md | 62 ++++++++++++++++++---------------- 1 file changed, 33 insertions(+), 29 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md b/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md index 2745a6c..c78b011 100644 --- a/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md @@ -9,26 +9,34 @@ A rhetorical question is a question that a speaker uses for some purpose other t ### Examples from the Bible ->Those who stood by said, "Is this how you insult God's high priest?" (Acts 23:4 ULB) - -The people who asked Paul this question were using the question to accuse Paul of insulting the high priest. They were not asking him to describe his way of insulting God’s high priest. - ->Do you not still rule the kingdom of Israel? (1 Kings 21:7 ULB) - -Jezebel used the question above to remind King Ahab of something he already knew: he still ruled the kingdom of Israel. The rhetorical question made her point more strongly than if she had merely stated it, because it forced Ahab to admit the point himself. She did this in order to rebuke him for being unwilling to take over a poor man's property. She was implying that since he was the king of Israel, he had the power to take the man's property. - ->Will a virgin forget her jewelry, a bride her sash? Yet my people have forgotten me for days without number! (Jeremiah 2:32 ULB) - -God used the question above to remind his people of something they already knew: a young woman would never forget her jewelry or a bride forget her veils. He then rebuked his people for forgetting him, who is so much greater than those things. - +#####To express strong emotions >Why did I not die when I came out from the womb? (Job 3:11 ULB) -Job used the question above to show deep emotion. This rhetorical question expresses how sad he was that he did not die as soon as he was born. He wished that he had not lived. +Job used the question above to show how sad he was that he had not died as soon as he was born. He wished that he had not lived. >And why has it happened to me that the mother of my Lord should come to me? (Luke 1:43 ULB) Elizabeth used the question above to show how surprised and happy she was that the mother of her Lord came to her. +#####To rebuke or scold +>Those who stood by said, "Is this how you insult God's high priest?" (Acts 23:4 ULB) + +The people who asked Paul this question were accusing him of insulting the high priest. They were not asking him how he insulted God’s high priest. + +>Do you not still rule the kingdom of Israel? (1 Kings 21:7 ULB) + +Jezebel used the question above to remind King Ahab that he still ruled the kingdom of Israel. The rhetorical question made her point more strongly than if she had merely stated it, because it forced Ahab to admit the point himself. She did this in order to rebuke him for being unwilling to take over a poor man's property. She was implying that since he was the king of Israel, he had the power to take the man's property. + +>Will a virgin forget her jewelry, a bride her sash? Yet my people have forgotten me for days without number! (Jeremiah 2:32 ULB) + +God used the question above to remind his people of something they already knew: a young woman would never forget her jewelry and a bride would never forget her sash. He then rebuked his people for forgetting him, who is so much greater than those things. + +#####To introduce a topic +>What is the kingdom of God like, and what can I compare it to? It is like a mustard seed that a man took and threw into his garden ... (Luke 13:18-19 ULB) + +Jesus used the question above to introduce what he was going to talk about. He was going to compare the kingdom of God to something. + +#####To teach >Or which one of you, if his son asks for a loaf of bread, will give him a stone? (Matthew 7:9 ULB) Jesus used the question above to remind the people of something they already knew: a good father would never give his son something bad to eat. By introducing this point, Jesus could go on to teach them about God with his next rhetorical question: @@ -37,10 +45,6 @@ Jesus used the question above to remind the people of something they already kne Jesus used this question to teach the people in an emphatic way that God gives good things to those who ask him. ->What is the kingdom of God like, and what can I compare it to? It is like a mustard seed that a man took and threw into his garden ... (Luke 13:18-19 ULB) - -Jesus used the question above to introduce what he was going to talk about. He was going to compare the kingdom of God to something. - ### Translation Strategies In order to translate a rhetorical question accurately, first be sure that the question you are translating truly is a rhetorical question and is not an information question. Ask yourself, "Does the person asking the question already know the answer to the question?" If so, it is a rhetorical question. Or, if no one answers the question, is the one who asked it bothered that he did not get an answer? If not, it is a rhetorical question. @@ -59,20 +63,20 @@ If using the rhetorical question would be natural and give the right meaning in ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied 1. Add the answer after the question. - * **Will a virgin forget her jewelry, a bride her veils? Yet my people have forgotten me for days without number!** (Jeremiah 2:32 ULB) - * Will a virgin forget her jewelry, a bride her veils? Of course not! Yet my people have forgotten me for days without number! + * **Will a virgin forget her jewelry, a bride her sash? Yet my people have forgotten me for days without number!** (Jeremiah 2:32 ULB) + * Will a virgin forget her jewelry, or a bride her sash? Of course not! Yet my people have forgotten me for days without number! * **Or what man among you is there who, if his son asks him for a loaf of bread, will give him a stone?** (Matthew 7:9 ULB) * Or what man among you is there who, if his son asks him for a loaf of bread, will give him a stone? None of you would do that! 1. Change the rhetorical question to a statement or exclamation. - * **What is the kingdom of God like, and what can I compare it to? It is like a mustard seed...** (Luke 13:18-19 ULB) - * This is what the kingdom of God is like. It is like a mustard seed..." - * **Is this how you insult God's high priest?** (Acts 23:4 ULB) - * You should not insult God's high priest! - * **Why did I not die when I came out from the womb?** (Job 3:11 ULB) - * I wish I had died when I came out from the womb! - * **And why has it happened to me that the mother of my Lord should come to me?** (Luke 1:43 ULB) - * How wonderful it is that the mother of my Lord has come to me! + * **What is the kingdom of God like, and what can I compare it to? It is like a mustard seed...** (Luke 13:18-19 ULB) + * This is what the kingdom of God is like. It is like a mustard seed..." + * **Is this how you insult God's high priest?** (Acts 23:4 ULB) + * You should not insult God's high priest! + * **Why did I not die when I came out from the womb?** (Job 3:11 ULB) + * I wish I had died when I came out from the womb! + * **And why has it happened to me that the mother of my Lord should come to me?** (Luke 1:43 ULB) + * How wonderful it is that the mother of my Lord has come to me! 1. Change the rhetorical question to a statement, and then follow it with a short question. * **Do you not still rule the kingdom of Israel?** (1 Kings 21:7 ULB) @@ -81,6 +85,6 @@ If using the rhetorical question would be natural and give the right meaning in 1. Change the form of the question so that it communicates in your langauge what the orignal speaker communicated in his. * **Or what man among you is there who, if his son asks him for a loaf of bread, will give him a stone?** (Matthew 7:9 ULB) * If your son asks you for a loaf of bread, would you give him a stone? - * **Will a virgin forget her jewelry, a bride her veils? Yet my people have forgotten me for days without number!** (Jeremiah 2:32 ULB) - * What virgin would forget her jewelry, and what bride would forget her veils? Yet my poeple have forgotten me for days without number + * **Will a virgin forget her jewelry, a bride her sash? Yet my people have forgotten me for days without number!** (Jeremiah 2:32 ULB) + * What virgin would forget her jewelry, and what bride would forget her sash? Yet my people have forgotten me for days without number! From 9c8bee93e0753bf1924ab686035e642478b683ce Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Mon, 22 Oct 2018 15:51:39 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 305/551] Deleted example (Rhet Question) --- translate/figs-rquestion/01.md | 4 +--- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 3 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md b/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md index c78b011..179ec2e 100644 --- a/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md @@ -72,9 +72,7 @@ If using the rhetorical question would be natural and give the right meaning in * **What is the kingdom of God like, and what can I compare it to? It is like a mustard seed...** (Luke 13:18-19 ULB) * This is what the kingdom of God is like. It is like a mustard seed..." * **Is this how you insult God's high priest?** (Acts 23:4 ULB) - * You should not insult God's high priest! - * **Why did I not die when I came out from the womb?** (Job 3:11 ULB) - * I wish I had died when I came out from the womb! + * You have insulted God's high priest! * **And why has it happened to me that the mother of my Lord should come to me?** (Luke 1:43 ULB) * How wonderful it is that the mother of my Lord has come to me! From 5a59151be393a9a22e395917477d919b0a0546a7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Mon, 22 Oct 2018 15:59:43 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 306/551] Issue 64 (Simile) --- translate/figs-simile/01.md | 24 ++++++++---------------- 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-simile/01.md b/translate/figs-simile/01.md index 8bf8dec..1a33556 100644 --- a/translate/figs-simile/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-simile/01.md @@ -1,18 +1,6 @@ - -A simile is a comparison of two things that are not normally thought to be similar. One is said to be "like" the other. It focuses on a particular trait the two items have in common, and it includes the words "like," "as" or "than." - ### Description A simile is a comparison of two things that are not normally thought to be similar. It focuses on a particular trait the two items have in common, and it includes the words "like," "as" or "than." ->When he saw the crowds, he had compassion for them, because they were troubled and discouraged. They were like sheep without a shepherd. (Matthew 9:36) - -Jesus compared the crowds of people to sheep without a shepherd. Sheep grow frightened when they do not have a good shepherd to lead them in safe places. The crowds were like that because they did not have good religious leaders. ->See, I send you out as sheep in the midst of wolves, so be as wise as serpents and harmless as doves. (Matthew 10:16 ULB) - -Jesus compared his disciples to sheep and their enemies to wolves. Wolves attack sheep. Jesus' enemies would attack his disciples. ->For the word of God is living and active and sharper than any two-edged sword. (Hebrews 4:12 ULB) - -God's word is compared to a two-edged sword. A two-edged sword is a weapon that can easily cut through a person's flesh. God's word is very effective in showing what is in a person's heart and thoughts. #### Purposes of Simile @@ -26,13 +14,17 @@ God's word is compared to a two-edged sword. A two-edged sword is a weapon that * People may not be familiar with the item that something is compared to. ### Examples from the Bible +>When he saw the crowds, he had compassion for them, because they were troubled and discouraged. They were like sheep without a shepherd. (Matthew 9:36) ->Suffer hardship with me, as a good soldier of Christ Jesus. (2 Timothy 2:3 ULB) +Jesus compared the crowds of people to sheep without a shepherd. Sheep grow frightened when they do not have a good shepherd to lead them in safe places. The crowds were like that because they did not have good religious leaders. -In this simile, Paul compares suffering with what soldiers endure, and he encourages Timothy to follow their example. ->... for as the lightning shines brightly when it flashes from one part of the sky to another part of the sky, so will the Son of Man be in his day. (Luke 17:24 ULB) +>See, I send you out as sheep in the midst of wolves, so be as wise as serpents and harmless as doves. (Matthew 10:16 ULB) -This verse does not tell how the Son of Man will be like the lightning. But from the context we can understand from the verses before it that just as lighting flashes suddenly and everyone can see it, the Son of Man will come suddenly and everyone will be able to see him. No one will have to be told about it. +Jesus compared his disciples to sheep and their enemies to wolves. Wolves attack sheep. Jesus' enemies would attack his disciples. + +>For the word of God is living and active and sharper than any two-edged sword. (Hebrews 4:12 ULB) + +God's word is compared to a two-edged sword. A two-edged sword is a weapon that can easily cut through a person's flesh. God's word is very effective in showing what is in a person's heart and thoughts. ### Translation Strategies From a811d7fdb7f29ae0d308568ecdc38685f3fe5e74 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: hmw3 Date: Mon, 22 Oct 2018 12:22:11 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 307/551] Standardized heading --- archive/translate/figs-informremind/01.md | 2 +- translate/figs-activepassive/01.md | 2 +- translate/figs-extrainfo/01.md | 2 +- translate/figs-gendernotations/01.md | 2 +- translate/figs-intro/01.md | 2 +- translate/figs-metaphor/01.md | 2 +- translate/figs-order/01.md | 2 +- translate/figs-rquestion/01.md | 2 +- translate/figs-youformal/01.md | 2 +- translate/resources-def/01.md | 2 +- translate/translate-bdistance/01.md | 2 +- translate/translate-bmoney/01.md | 2 +- translate/translate-bvolume/01.md | 2 +- translate/translate-bweight/01.md | 2 +- translate/translate-numbers/01.md | 2 +- translate/translate-unknown/01.md | 2 +- translate/writing-apocalypticwriting/01.md | 2 +- translate/writing-connectingwords/01.md | 2 +- translate/writing-endofstory/01.md | 2 +- translate/writing-symlanguage/01.md | 2 +- 20 files changed, 20 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-) diff --git a/archive/translate/figs-informremind/01.md b/archive/translate/figs-informremind/01.md index c6c5370..c3c055b 100644 --- a/archive/translate/figs-informremind/01.md +++ b/archive/translate/figs-informremind/01.md @@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ The phrase "who was very thankful" immediately follows the word "sister" and inf Languages have different ways of signaling the parts of communication that the listener should pay most attention to. -### Translation Principles +### Translation principles * If your language does not use phrases with a noun for new information or a reminder, you may need to put that information or reminder in a different part of the sentence. * Try to present it in a weak way. diff --git a/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md b/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md index 90daa9e..3743d38 100644 --- a/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md @@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ The passive form is not used for the same purposes in all of the languages that * The speaker does not want to tell who did the action.  * The speaker does not know who did the action. -#### Translation Principles Regarding the Passive +### Translation principles Regarding the Passive * Translators whose language does not use passive forms will need to find another way to express the idea.  * Translators whose language has passive forms will need to understand why the passive is used in a particular sentence in the Bible and decide whether or not to use a passive form for that purpose in his translation of the sentence. diff --git a/translate/figs-extrainfo/01.md b/translate/figs-extrainfo/01.md index 3484920..cf3edca 100644 --- a/translate/figs-extrainfo/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-extrainfo/01.md @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Sometimes it is better not to state assumed knowledge or implicit information ex Sometimes it is better not to state assumed knowledge or implicit information explicitly. This page gives some direction about when not to do this. -#### Translation Principles +### Translation principles * If a speaker or author intentionally left something unclear, do not try to make it more clear. * If the original audience did not understand what the speaker meant, do not make it so clear that your readers would find it strange that the original audience did not understand. diff --git a/translate/figs-gendernotations/01.md b/translate/figs-gendernotations/01.md index 740e379..8af63f0 100644 --- a/translate/figs-gendernotations/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-gendernotations/01.md @@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ Also in some languages, the masculine pronouns "he" and "him" and "his" can be u * In some cultures words like "man," "brother," and "son" can only be used to refer to men. If those words are used in a translation in a more general way, people will think that what is being said does not apply to women. * In some cultures, the masculine pronouns "he" and "him" can only refer to men. If a masculine pronoun is used, people will think that what is said does not apply to women. -#### Translation Principles +### Translation principles When a statement applies to both men and women, translate it in such a way that people will be able to understand that it applies to both. diff --git a/translate/figs-intro/01.md b/translate/figs-intro/01.md index 27d7675..4d66fa8 100644 --- a/translate/figs-intro/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-intro/01.md @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Figures of speech have special meanings that are not the same as the meanings of Figures of speech are ways of saying things that use words in non-literal ways. That is, the meaning of a figure of speech is not the same as the more direct meaning of its words. In order to translate the meaning, you need to be able to recognize figures of speech and know what the figure of speech means in the source language. Then you can choose either a figure of speech or a direct way to communicate that same meaning in the target language. -### Translation Principles +### Translation principles * Make the meaning of the figure of speech as clear to the target audience as it was to the original audience. * Do not make the meaning more clear to the target audience than it was to the original audience. diff --git a/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md b/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md index c6b538b..8d8e563 100644 --- a/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md @@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ In this metaphor, Jesus called himself the bread of life. The **topic** is "I," * People may not know the points of comparison that the speaker wants them to understand. If they fail to think of these points of comparison, they will not understand the metaphor. * People may think that they understand the metaphor, but they do not. This can happen when they apply points of comparison from their own culture, rather than from the biblical culture. -#### Translation Principles +### Translation principles * Make the meaning of a metaphor as clear to the target audience as it was to the original audience. * Do not make the meaning of a metaphor more clear to the target audience than you think it was to the original audience. diff --git a/translate/figs-order/01.md b/translate/figs-order/01.md index 53581cd..0e51f15 100644 --- a/translate/figs-order/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-order/01.md @@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ Word order can also change * if there is some kind of emphasis on a certain part of the sentence * if the sentence is really about something other than the subject -### Translation Principles +### Translation principles * Know which word order is preferred in your language. * Use your language's preferred word order unless there is some reason in your language to change it. diff --git a/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md b/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md index 179ec2e..ffd55e5 100644 --- a/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ ### Description -A rhetorical question is a question that a speaker uses for some purpose other than getting information. Some uses of rhetorical questions are to express strong emotions, to rebuke or scold someone, to introduce a topic to talk about, or to teach something by reminding people of something they know and encouraging them to apply it to something new. +A rhetorical question is a question that a speaker uses for some purpose other than getting information. Some uses of rhetorical questions are to express strong emotions, to rebuke or scold someone, to introduce a topic to talk about it, or to teach something by reminding people of something they know and encouraging them to apply it to something new. ### Reasons this is a translation issue diff --git a/translate/figs-youformal/01.md b/translate/figs-youformal/01.md index 09ea7e5..5a82e78 100644 --- a/translate/figs-youformal/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-youformal/01.md @@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ In some cultures people use the formal "you" when speaking to someone who is old * Translators who use a source text in a language that does have formal and informal forms of "you" will need to understand how those forms are used in that language. The rules in that language may not be exactly the same as the rules in the translator's language. * Translators will need to understand the relationship between two speakers in order to choose the appropriate form in their language. -#### Translation Principles +### Translation principles * Understand the relationship between a speaker and the person or people he is speaking to. * Understand the speaker's attitude toward the person he is speaking to. diff --git a/translate/resources-def/01.md b/translate/resources-def/01.md index 945e971..53a61fd 100644 --- a/translate/resources-def/01.md +++ b/translate/resources-def/01.md @@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ Simple definitions of words or phrases are added without quotes or sentence form * **turban** - a tall head covering made from cloth wrapped around the head several times * **sash** - a piece of cloth that people wear around their waist or across their chest -### Translation Principles +### Translation principles * Use words that are already part of your language if possible. * Keep expressions short if possible. diff --git a/translate/translate-bdistance/01.md b/translate/translate-bdistance/01.md index 8914c49..90737e9 100644 --- a/translate/translate-bdistance/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-bdistance/01.md @@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ The metric values in the table below are close but not exactly equal to the bibl | "long" cubit | 54 centimeters | | stadia | 185 meters | -#### Translation Principles +### Translation principles 1. The people in the Bible did not use modern measures such as meters, liters, and kilograms. Using the original measures can help readers know that the Bible really was written long ago in a time when people used those measures. 1. Using modern measures can help readers understand the text more easily. diff --git a/translate/translate-bmoney/01.md b/translate/translate-bmoney/01.md index cb3af38..c9e0c8b 100644 --- a/translate/translate-bmoney/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-bmoney/01.md @@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ The two tables below show some of the most well-known units of money found in th | shekel | silver coin | 4 days | | talent | silver | 6,000 days | -#### Translation Principle +### Translation principles Do not use modern money values since these change from year to year. Using them will cause the Bible translation to become outdated and inaccurate. diff --git a/translate/translate-bvolume/01.md b/translate/translate-bvolume/01.md index cbc4814..8b24602 100644 --- a/translate/translate-bvolume/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-bvolume/01.md @@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ The following terms are the most common units of volume used in the Bible to sta | Liquid | kab | 1.23 liters | | Liquid | log | 0.31 liters | -#### Translation Principles +### Translation principles * The people in the Bible did not use modern measures such as meters, liters, and kilograms. Using the original measures can help readers know that the Bible really was written long ago in a time when people used those measures. * Using modern measures can help readers understand the text more easily. diff --git a/translate/translate-bweight/01.md b/translate/translate-bweight/01.md index 63e01ab..69c020a 100644 --- a/translate/translate-bweight/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-bweight/01.md @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ The following terms are the most common units of weight in the Bible. The term " | mina | 50 shekels | 550 grams | 1/2 kilogram | | talent | 3,000 shekels | - | 34 kilograms | -#### Translation Principles +### Translation principles 1. The people in the Bible did not use modern measures such as meters, liters, and kilograms. Using the original measures can help readers know that the Bible really was written long ago in a time when people used those measures. 1. Using modern measures can help readers understand the text more easily. diff --git a/translate/translate-numbers/01.md b/translate/translate-numbers/01.md index 9743a80..ba41883 100644 --- a/translate/translate-numbers/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-numbers/01.md @@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ Here the number three thousand is a round number. It may have been a little more Some languages do not have words for some of these numbers. -#### Translation Principles +### Translation principles * Exact numbers should be translated as closely and specifically as they can be. * Rounded numbers can be translated more generally. diff --git a/translate/translate-unknown/01.md b/translate/translate-unknown/01.md index 0bf4daf..925f916 100644 --- a/translate/translate-unknown/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-unknown/01.md @@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ Bread is a particular food made by mixing finely crushed grains with oil, and th * Readers may not know some of the things that are in the Bible because those things are not part of their own culture. * Readers may have difficulty understanding a text if they do not know some of the things that are mentioned in it. -#### Translation Principles +### Translation principles * Use words that are already part of your language if possible. * Keep expressions short if possible. diff --git a/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting/01.md b/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting/01.md index 03f7d6b..f9b23fc 100644 --- a/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting/01.md @@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ Some of these things happened after the prophets told about them, and some of th * Descriptions of things that we have never seen or that do not exist in this world are hard to translate. * If God or the prophet used the past tense, readers may have difficulty knowing wehther he was talking about something that had aleady happened or something that would happen later. -#### Translation Principles +### Translation principles * Translate the images in the text. Do not try to interpret them and translate their meaning. * When an image appears in more than one place in the Bible, and it is described in the same way, try to translate it the same way in all those places. diff --git a/translate/writing-connectingwords/01.md b/translate/writing-connectingwords/01.md index 2670730..22e45f1 100644 --- a/translate/writing-connectingwords/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-connectingwords/01.md @@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ Sometimes people might not use a connecting word because they expect the readers * Each language has its own ways of showing how thoughts are related. * Translators need to know how to help their readers understand the relationship between the thoughts in a way that is natural in their language. -#### Translation Principles +### Translation principles * Translators need to translate in a way that readers can understand the same relationship between thoughts that the original readers would have understood. * Whether or not a connecting word is used is not as important as readers being able to understand the relationship between the ideas. diff --git a/translate/writing-endofstory/01.md b/translate/writing-endofstory/01.md index 2891454..39629e2 100644 --- a/translate/writing-endofstory/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-endofstory/01.md @@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ Different languages have different ways of presenting these kinds of information * What the purpose of the information is * How the information is related to the story -#### Principles of translation +### Translation principles * Translate the particular kind of information at the end of a story the way your language expresses that kind of information. * Translate it so that people will understand how it relates to the story it is part of. diff --git a/translate/writing-symlanguage/01.md b/translate/writing-symlanguage/01.md index 7e83c1a..b2b05a3 100644 --- a/translate/writing-symlanguage/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-symlanguage/01.md @@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ This was in a dream. Eating the scroll is a symbol of reading and understanding People who read the Bible today may find it hard to recognize that the language is symbolic, and they may not know what the symbol stands for. -#### Translation Principles +### Translation principles - When symbolic language is used, it is important to keep the symbol in the translation. - It is also important not to explain the symbol more than the original speaker or writer did, since he may not have wanted everyone living then to be able to understand it easily. From eae14b349ed909e12f482821ead2af99027ee72e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: hmw3 Date: Mon, 22 Oct 2018 12:36:39 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 308/551] Standardized heading --- translate/figs-distinguish/01.md | 8 ++++++-- translate/figs-parallelism/01.md | 8 ++++---- translate/figs-possession/01.md | 28 ++++++++++++++++++++++------ translate/figs-rquestion/01.md | 8 ++++---- translate/figs-sentencetypes/01.md | 8 ++++---- translate/figs-youformal/01.md | 2 +- translate/writing-participants/01.md | 4 ++-- 7 files changed, 43 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-distinguish/01.md b/translate/figs-distinguish/01.md index 1e11ea4..910a977 100644 --- a/translate/figs-distinguish/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-distinguish/01.md @@ -20,7 +20,9 @@ With the comma, the sentence is giving more information: ### Examples from the Bible -**Examples of words and phrases that are used to distinguish one item from other possible items**: These usually do not cause a problem in translation. +##### Words and phrases that are used to distinguish one item from other possible items + +These usually do not cause a problem in translation. >The curtain is to separate the holy place from the most holy place. (Exodus 26:33 ULB) @@ -30,7 +32,9 @@ The words "holy" and "most holy" distinguish two different places from each othe The phrase "who bore him" distinguishes which woman the son is bitterness to. He is not bitterness to all women, but to his mother. -**Examples of words and phrases that are used to give added information or a reminder about an item**: These are a translation issue for languages that do not use these. +##### Words and phrases that are used to give added information or a reminder about an item + +These are a translation issue for languages that do not use these. >Your righteous judgments are good. (Psalm 119:39 ULB) diff --git a/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md b/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md index 8063ae4..2f2e96b 100644 --- a/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-parallelism/01.md @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ Speakers of some languages do not use synonymous parallelism. If there are two p ### Examples from the Bible -#####The second clause or phrase means the same as the first. +##### The second clause or phrase means the same as the first. >Your word is a lamp to my feet >and a light for my path. (Psalm 119:105 ULB) @@ -36,21 +36,21 @@ Both parts of the sentence are metaphors saying that God's word teaches people h Both lines say that God made man the ruler of everything. -#####The second clarifies or strengthens the meaning of the first. +##### The second clarifies or strengthens the meaning of the first. >The eyes of Yahweh are everywhere, >keeping watch over the evil and the good. (Proverbs 15:3 ULB) The second line tells more specifically what Yahweh watches. -#####The second completes what is said in the first. +##### The second completes what is said in the first. >I lift up my voice to Yahweh, >and he answers me from his holy hill. (Psalm 3:4 ULB) The second line tells what Yahweh does in response to what the person does in the first clause. -#####The second says something that contrasts with the first, but adds to the same idea. +##### The second says something that contrasts with the first, but adds to the same idea. >For Yahweh approves of the way of the righteous, >but the way of the wicked will perish. (Psalm 1:6 ULB) diff --git a/translate/figs-possession/01.md b/translate/figs-possession/01.md index 644118f..06daa62 100644 --- a/translate/figs-possession/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-possession/01.md @@ -27,22 +27,38 @@ Possession is used in Hebrew, Greek, and English for a variety of situations. He ### Examples from the Bible -**Ownership** - In the example below, the son owned the money. +##### Ownership + +In the example below, the son owned the money. >... the younger son ... wasted his money with wildly extravagant living. (Luke 15:13) -**Social Relationship** - In the example below, the disciples were people who learned from John. +##### Social relationship + +In the example below, the disciples were people who learned from John. >Then the disciples of John came to him. (Matthew 9:14 ULB) -**Material** - In the example below, the material used for making the crowns was gold. +##### Material + +In the example below, the material used for making the crowns was gold. + >On their heads were something like crowns of gold (Revelation 9:7) -**Contents** - In the example below, the cup has water in it. +##### Contents + +In the example below, the cup has water in it. + >Whoever gives you a cup of water to drink ... will not lose his reward. (Mark 9:41 ULB) -**Part of a whole** - In the example below, the door was a part of the palace. +##### Part of a whole + +In the example below, the door was a part of the palace. + >But Uriah slept at the door of the king's palace (2 Samuel 11:9 ULB) -**Part of a group** - In the example below, "us" refers to the whole group and "each one" refers to the individual members. +##### Part of a group + +In the example below, "us" refers to the whole group and "each one" refers to the individual members. + >To each one of us has been given a gift (Ephesians 4:7 ULB) #### Events and Possession diff --git a/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md b/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md index ffd55e5..4433554 100644 --- a/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md @@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ A rhetorical question is a question that a speaker uses for some purpose other t ### Examples from the Bible -#####To express strong emotions +##### To express strong emotions >Why did I not die when I came out from the womb? (Job 3:11 ULB) Job used the question above to show how sad he was that he had not died as soon as he was born. He wished that he had not lived. @@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ Job used the question above to show how sad he was that he had not died as soon Elizabeth used the question above to show how surprised and happy she was that the mother of her Lord came to her. -#####To rebuke or scold +##### To rebuke or scold >Those who stood by said, "Is this how you insult God's high priest?" (Acts 23:4 ULB) The people who asked Paul this question were accusing him of insulting the high priest. They were not asking him how he insulted God’s high priest. @@ -31,12 +31,12 @@ Jezebel used the question above to remind King Ahab that he still ruled the king God used the question above to remind his people of something they already knew: a young woman would never forget her jewelry and a bride would never forget her sash. He then rebuked his people for forgetting him, who is so much greater than those things. -#####To introduce a topic +##### To introduce a topic >What is the kingdom of God like, and what can I compare it to? It is like a mustard seed that a man took and threw into his garden ... (Luke 13:18-19 ULB) Jesus used the question above to introduce what he was going to talk about. He was going to compare the kingdom of God to something. -#####To teach +##### To teach >Or which one of you, if his son asks for a loaf of bread, will give him a stone? (Matthew 7:9 ULB) Jesus used the question above to remind the people of something they already knew: a good father would never give his son something bad to eat. By introducing this point, Jesus could go on to teach them about God with his next rhetorical question: diff --git a/translate/figs-sentencetypes/01.md b/translate/figs-sentencetypes/01.md index dd5091a..3dfae9e 100644 --- a/translate/figs-sentencetypes/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-sentencetypes/01.md @@ -19,13 +19,13 @@ A **sentence** is a group of words that expresses a complete thought. The basic The examples below show each of these types used for their main functions. -#### Statements +##### Statements >In the beginning, God created the heavens and the earth. (Genesis 1:1 ULB) Statements can also have other functions. (see [Statements - Other Uses](../figs-declarative/01.md)) -#### Questions +##### Questions The speakers below used these questions to get information, and the people they were speaking to answered their questions. @@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ The speakers below used these questions to get information, and the people they Questions can also have other functions. (see [Rhetorical Question](../figs-rquestion/01.md)) -#### Imperative Sentences +##### Imperative Sentences There are different kinds of imperative sentences: commands, instructions, suggestions, invitations, requests, and wishes. @@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ In Genesis 21, Hagar expressed her strong desire not to see her son die, and the Imperative sentences also have other functions. (see [Imperatives - Other Uses](../figs-imperative/01.md)) -#### Exclamations +##### Exclamations Exclamations express strong feeling. In the ULB and UDB, they usually have an exclamation mark (!) at the end. >Save us, Lord; we are about to die! (Matthew 8:25 ULB) diff --git a/translate/figs-youformal/01.md b/translate/figs-youformal/01.md index 5a82e78..2f86168 100644 --- a/translate/figs-youformal/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-youformal/01.md @@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ This is part of a prayer that Jesus taught his disciples. Some cultures would us Translators whose language has formal and informal forms of "you" will need to understand the relationship between two speakers in order to choose the appropriate form of "you" in their language. -#### Deciding whether to use the Formal or Informal "You" +#### Deciding whether to use the formal or informal "You" 1. Pay attention to the relationships between the speakers. diff --git a/translate/writing-participants/01.md b/translate/writing-participants/01.md index cda3a3c..c654ec1 100644 --- a/translate/writing-participants/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-participants/01.md @@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ In order to make your translation clear and natural, it is necessary to refer to ### Examples from the Bible -#### New Participants +##### New Participants Often the most important new participant is introduced with a phrase that says that he existed, such as "There was a man" in the example below. The phrase "There was" tells us that this man existed. The word "a" in "a man" tells us that the author is speaking about him for the first time. The rest of the sentence tells where this man was from, who is family was, and what his name was. >There was a man from Zorah, of the clan of the Danites, whose name was Manoah. (Judges 13:2 ULB) @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ A new participant who is not the most important one is often introduced in relat Sometimes a new participant is introduced simply by name because the author assumes that the readers know who the person is. In the first verse of 1 Kings, the author assumes that his readers know who King David is, so there is no need to explain who he is. >When King David was old and advanced in years, they covered him with blankets, but he could not keep warm. (1 Kings 1:1 ULB) -#### Old Participants +##### Old Participants A person who has already been brought into the story can be referred to with a pronoun after that. In the example below, Manoah is referred to with the pronoun "his," and his wife is referred to with the pronoun "she". From 8f27e2a32838f48db49f311413a0d8256df141d4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Mon, 22 Oct 2018 16:53:39 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 309/551] Heading error (pastforfuture) --- translate/figs-pastforfuture/01.md | 11 ----------- 1 file changed, 11 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-pastforfuture/01.md b/translate/figs-pastforfuture/01.md index ecfca95..68484da 100644 --- a/translate/figs-pastforfuture/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-pastforfuture/01.md @@ -1,19 +1,8 @@ - - ### Description The predictive past is a figure of speech that uses the past tense to refer to things that will happen in the future. This is sometimes done in prophecy to show that the event will certainly happen. It is also called the prophetic perfect. -<<<<<<< Updated upstream -### Reason this is a translation issue: -======= ->Therefore my people have gone into captivity for lack of understanding; ->their leaders go hungry, and their masses have nothing to drink. (Isaiah 5:13 ULB) - -In the example above, the people of Israel had not yet gone into captivity, but God spoke of their going into captivity as if it had already happened because he had decided that they certainly would go into captivity. - ### Reasons this is a translation issue: ->>>>>>> Stashed changes Readers who are not aware of the past tense being used in prophecy to refer to future events may find it confusing. From 93bb9f1cd5f29c39981215f652c322521dbf7934 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Mon, 22 Oct 2018 17:04:02 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 310/551] Issue 64 (Synecdoche) --- translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md | 20 ++++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md b/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md index b9a044e..a53e9f0 100644 --- a/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md @@ -1,21 +1,21 @@ - - ### Description -Synecdoche is when a speaker uses a part of something to refer to the whole or uses the whole to refer to a part. ->My soul praises the Lord. (Luke 1:46 ULB) - -Mary was was very happy about what the Lord was doing, so she said "my soul," which means the inner, emotional part of herself, to refer to her whole self. ->The Pharisees said to him, "Look, why are they doing something that is not lawful on the Sabbath day?" (Mark 2:24 ULB) - -The Pharisees who were standing there did not all say the same words at the same time. Instead, it is more likely that one man representing the group said those words. +Synecdoche is a figure of speech in which a speaker uses a part of something to refer to the whole or uses the whole to refer to a part. ### Reasons this is a translation issue * Some readers may understand the words literally. * Some readers may realize that they are not to understand the words literally, but they may not know what the meaning is. -### Example from the Bible +### Examples from the Bible + +>My soul praises the Lord. (Luke 1:46 ULB) + +Mary was was very happy about what the Lord was doing, so she said "my soul," which means the inner, emotional part of herself, to refer to her whole self. + +>The Pharisees said to him, "Look, why are they doing something that is not lawful on the Sabbath day?" (Mark 2:24 ULB) + +The Pharisees who were standing there did not all say the same words at the same time. Instead, it is more likely that one man representing the group said those words. >I looked on all the deeds that my hands had accomplished (Ecclesiastes 2:11 ULB) From cbfb3d64e6328b8c093237a9d63ec08d893e132c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Mon, 22 Oct 2018 17:17:05 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 311/551] Issue 64 (Abstract Nouns) --- translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md | 11 ++++------- 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md b/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md index 289e5c3..af6ca24 100644 --- a/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md @@ -1,9 +1,6 @@ - -Abstract nouns are nouns that refer to attitudes, qualities, events, situations, or even to relationships among these ideas. These are things that cannot be seen or touched in a physical sense, such as happiness, weight, injury, unity, friendship, health, and reason. This is a translation issue because some languages may express a certain idea with an abstract noun, while others would need a different way to express it. For example, "What is its weight?" could be expressed as "How much does it weigh?" or "How heavy is it?" - ### Description -Remember that nouns are words that refer to a person, place, thing, or idea. **Abstract Nouns** are the nouns that refer to ideas. These can be attitudes, qualities, events, situations, or even relationships among these ideas. These are things that cannot be seen or touched in a physical sense, such as joy, peace, creation, goodness, contentment, justice, truth, freedom, vengeance, slowness, length, and weight. +Abstract nouns are nouns that refer to attitudes, qualities, events, situations, or even to relationships among these ideas. These are things that cannot be seen or touched in a physical sense, such as joy, peace, goodness, health, weight, creation, injury, unity, friendship, health, and reason. Using abstract nouns allows people to express thoughts about ideas in fewer words than if they did not have those nouns. It is a way of giving names to actions or qualities so that people can talk about them as though they were things. It is like a short-cut in language. For example, in languages that use abstract nouns, people can say, "I believe in the forgiveness of sin." But if the language did not have the two abstract nouns "forgiveness" and "sin," then they would have to make a longer sentence to express the same meaning. They would have to say, for example, "I believe that God is willing to forgive people after they have sinned," using verb phrases instead of nouns for those ideas. @@ -49,9 +46,9 @@ If an abstract noun would be natural and give the right meaning in your language * Now being godly and content is very beneficial. * Now we benefit greatly when we are godly and content. * Now we benefit greatly when we honor and obey God and when we are happy with what we have. - * **Today salvation has come to this house, because he too is a son of Abraham.** (Luke 19:9 ULB) - * Today the people in this house have been saved. - * Today God has saved the people in this house. + * **Today salvation has come to this house ....** (Luke 19:9 ULB) + * Today the people in this house have been saved ... + * Today God has saved the people in this house ... * **The Lord does not move slowly concerning his promises, as some consider slowness to be.** (2 Peter 3:9 ULB) * The Lord does not move slowly concerning his promises, as some consider moving slowly to be. * **He will bring to light the hidden things of darkness and reveal the purposes of the heart.** (1 Corinthians 4:5 ULB) From 561d1a1fea9098d382c2698e725c0d4095857111 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Mon, 22 Oct 2018 17:32:11 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 312/551] Issue 64 (Active & Passive) --- translate/figs-activepassive/01.md | 21 ++++----------------- 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md b/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md index 3743d38..d0f838a 100644 --- a/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md @@ -1,23 +1,10 @@ - -Some languages have both active and passive sentences. In active sentences, the subject does the action. In passive sentences, the subject is the one that receives the action. Here are some examples with their subjects underlined: - -* ACTIVE: My father built the house in 2010. -* PASSIVE: The house was built in 2010. - -Translators whose languages do not have passive sentences will need to know how they can translate passive sentences that they find in the Bible. Other translators will need to decide when to use a passive sentence and when to use the active form. - ### Description -Some languages have both active and passive forms of sentences. +Some languages have both active and passive forms sentences. In **active** sentences, the subject does the action. In **passive** sentences, the action is done to the subject. Passive sentences do not always tell who did the action. Here are some examples with their subjects underlined: -* In the **ACTIVE** form, the subject does the action and is always mentioned. -* In the **PASSIVE** form, the action is done to the subject, and the one who does the action is *not always* mentioned. - -In the examples of active and passive sentences below, we have underlined the subject. - -* **ACTIVE**: My father built the house in 2010. -* **PASSIVE**: The house was built by my father in 2010. -* **PASSIVE**: The house was built in 2010. (This does not tell who did the action.) +* ACTIVE: My father built the house in 2010. +* PASSIVE: The house was built by my father in 2010. +* PASSIVE: The house was built in 2010. (This does not tell who did the action.) ### Reasons this is a translation issue From f4b3ca20aa75eab1851a207791677214a14a7d75 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Mon, 22 Oct 2018 18:00:24 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 313/551] Issue 64 (Double Negative) --- translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md | 18 +++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md b/translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md index a28d034..f8a4f76 100644 --- a/translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md @@ -1,16 +1,8 @@ - -A double negative occurs when a clause has two words that each express the meaning of "not." Double negatives mean very different things in different languages. To translate sentences that have double negatives accurately and clearly, you need to know what a double negative means in the Bible and how to express this idea in your language. - ### Description Negative words are words that have in them the meaning "not." Examples are "no," "not," "none," "no one," "nothing," "nowhere," "never," "nor," "neither," "unless," "except," and "without." Also, some words have prefixes or suffixes that mean "not" such as the underlined parts of these words: "unhappy," "impossible," and "useless." -A double negative occurs when a sentence has two words that each express the meaning of "not." ->We did this not because we have no authority.... (2 Thessalonians 3:9 ULB) - ->And it was not without an oath! (Hebrews 7:20 ULB) - ->Be sure of this—the wicked person will not go unpunished.... (Proverbs 11:21 ULB) +A double negative occurs when a clause has two words that each express the meaning of "not." ### Reasons this is a translation issue @@ -25,6 +17,14 @@ To translate sentences with double negatives accurately and clearly in your lang ### Examples from the Bible +>We did this not because we have no authority ... (2 Thessalonians 3:9 ULB) + +People could think that the reason that Paul and those with him worked hard was that they did not have authority to expect the people to meet their needs. Paul denied that. They had authority, but they had other reasons for working so hard. + +>Be sure of this—the wicked person will not go unpunished ... (Proverbs 11:21 ULB) + +By using the double negative here, the writer emphasized that wicked people will be punished. + >Unless these men stay in the ship, you cannot be saved. (Acts 27:31 ULB) Paul was telling them that they could be saved only if the men who were trying to leave the ship stayed in the ship. From 86ae47c1eacada1a0871c47a85c1c946f5fe278a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Mon, 22 Oct 2018 18:40:33 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 314/551] Issue 64 (genericnoun) --- translate/figs-genericnoun/01.md | 9 +-------- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 8 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-genericnoun/01.md b/translate/figs-genericnoun/01.md index 2c8a77e..79efdcf 100644 --- a/translate/figs-genericnoun/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-genericnoun/01.md @@ -1,15 +1,7 @@ - - ### Description Generic noun phrases refer to people or things in general rather than to specific individuals or things. This happens frequently in proverbs, because proverbs tell about things that are true about people in general. ->Can a man walk on hot coals without scorching his feet? ->So is the man who goes into his neighbor's wife; ->the one who touches her will not go unpunished. (Proverbs 6:28 ULB) - -The underlined phrases above do not refer to a specific man. They refer to any man who does these things. - ### Reasons this is a translation issue Different languages have different ways of showing that noun phrases refer to something in general. Translators should refer to these general ideas in ways that are natural in their language. @@ -23,6 +15,7 @@ The underlined phrases above do not refer to any specific people but to anyone w >People curse the man who refuses to sell them grain.... (Proverbs 11:26 ULB) This does not refer to a particular man, but to any person who refuses to sell grain. + >Yahweh gives favor to a good man, but he condemns a man who makes evil plans. (Proverbs 12:2 ULB) The phrase "a good man" does not refer to a particular man, but to any person who is good. The phrase "a man who makes evil plans" does not refer to a particular man, but to any person who makes evil plans. From 74fb99d2f4527f4466772c89c1434c2ee02a8eeb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Mon, 22 Oct 2018 18:47:27 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 315/551] Issue 64 (go) --- translate/figs-go/01.md | 12 +++++------- 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-go/01.md b/translate/figs-go/01.md index 6411491..f0cdd0e 100644 --- a/translate/figs-go/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-go/01.md @@ -1,26 +1,24 @@ - - ### Description -Different languages have different ways of determining whether to use the words "go" or "come" and whether to use the words "take" or "bring" when talking about motion. For example, when saying that they are approaching a person who has called them, English speakers say "I'm coming," while Spanish speakers say "I'm going." You will need to translate the words "go" and "come" (and also "take" and "bring") in a way that your readers will understand which direction people are moving in. +Different languages have different ways of talking about motion. The biblical languages or your source language may use the words "go" and "come" or "take" and "bring" differently than your language uses them. For example, when saying that they are approaching a person who has called them, English speakers say "I'm coming," while Spanish speakers say "I'm going." You will need to translate these words in a way that your readers will understand which direction people are moving in. ### Reasons this is a translation issue -Different languages have different ways of talking about motion. The biblical languages or your source language may use the words "go" and "come" or "take" and "bring" differently than your language uses them. If these words are not translated in the way that is natural in your language, your readers may be confused about which direction people are moving. +If these words are not translated in a way that is natural in your language, your readers may be confused about which direction people are moving in. ### Examples from the Bible ->Yahweh said to Noah, "Come, you and all your household, into the ark.... (Genesis 7:1 ULB) +>Yahweh said to Noah, "Come, you and all your household, into the ark ... (Genesis 7:1 ULB) In some languages, this would lead people to think that Yahweh was in the ark. >But you will be free from my oath if you come to my relatives and they will not give her to you. (Genesis 24:41 ULB) -Abraham was speaking to his servant. Abraham's relatives lived far away from where he and his servant were standing, and he wanted his servant to go to them, not come toward Abraham. +Abraham was speaking to his servant. Abraham's relatives lived far away from where he and his servant were standing, and he wanted his servant to move toward them, not toward Abraham. >When you have come to the land that Yahweh your God gives you, and when you take possession of it and begin to live in it ... (Deuteronomy 17:14 ULB) -Moses is speaking to the people in the wilderness. They had not yet gone into the land that God was giving them. In some languages, it would make more sense to say, "When you have gone into the land..." +Moses was speaking to the people in the wilderness. Moses and the people had not yet gone into the land that God was giving them. In some languages, it would make more sense to say, "When you have gone into the land..." >... they brought him up to the temple in Jerusalem to present him to the Lord. (Luke 1:22 ULB) From 1f0e9c4088fb76e243badf88de93099495c161e0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Mon, 22 Oct 2018 18:55:54 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 316/551] Typo --- translate/figs-events/01.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-events/01.md b/translate/figs-events/01.md index fe94b09..9a20546 100644 --- a/translate/figs-events/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-events/01.md @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ Readers might think that the events happened in the order that they are told. It >... Herod ... locked John up in prison. Now it came about, when all the people were baptized, Jesus also was baptized.... (Luke 3:19-21 ULB) -Jesus was baptized by John. The verse above could sound like John baptized Jesus after John was locked up in prison, but John baptized Jesus before John was locked up in prison. +Jesus was baptized by John. The verses above could sound like John baptized Jesus after John was locked up in prison, but John baptized Jesus before John was locked up in prison. >Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams' horns before Yahweh. As they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets. ... But Joshua commanded the people, saying, "Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then you must shout." (Joshua 6:8-10 ULB) @@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ This could sound like Joshua gave the order not to shout after the army had alre >Who is worthy to open the scroll and break its seals? (Revelation 5:2 ULB) -This sounds like a person must first open the scroll and then break its seals, but the seals that lock the scroll must be broken before the scroll can be unrolled. +This could sound like a person must first open the scroll and then break its seals, but the seals that lock the scroll must be broken before the scroll can be unrolled. ### Translation Strategies From 7ab14f457ed16bb566233d5e79e3d9dfdd619c2c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Mon, 22 Oct 2018 19:15:11 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 317/551] Typo --- translate/figs-possession/01.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-possession/01.md b/translate/figs-possession/01.md index 06daa62..d2ee0de 100644 --- a/translate/figs-possession/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-possession/01.md @@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ If possession would be a natural way to show a particular relationship between t * Wealth is worthless on the day when God **shows** his wrath. * Wealth is worthless on the day when God **punishes** people because of his wrath. -1. If one of the nouns refers to an event, translate it as a verb. In the example below, that verb is in bold. +1. If one of the nouns refers to an event, translate it as a verb. In the examples below, that verb is in bold. * **Notice that I am not speaking to your children, who have not known or seen the punishment of Yahweh your God,** (Deuteronomy 11:2 ULB) * Notice that I am not speaking to your children who have not known or seen how Yahweh your God **punished** the people of Egypt. * **You will only observe and see the punishment of the wicked.** (Psalm 91:8 ULB) From 3b6c9503e9380cdb1bf2c1169b99c7ede1ab3ef0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Mon, 22 Oct 2018 19:46:21 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 318/551] Issue 64 (gendernotations) --- translate/figs-gendernotations/01.md | 26 ++++++++++++-------------- 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-gendernotations/01.md b/translate/figs-gendernotations/01.md index 8af63f0..db9c416 100644 --- a/translate/figs-gendernotations/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-gendernotations/01.md @@ -1,22 +1,14 @@ - -In some parts of the Bible, the words "men", "brothers" and "sons" refer only to men. In other parts of the Bible, those words include both men and women. When the writer meant both men and women, translators need to translate it in a way that does not limit the meaning to men. - ### Description -In some languages a word that normally refers to men can also be used in a more general way to refer to both men and women. For example, the Bible sometimes says "sons" when it refers to both sons and daughters. - ->For as many as are led by the Spirit of God, these are sons of God. (Proverbs 10:1 ULB) - -Also in some languages, the masculine pronouns "he" and "him" and "his" can be used in a more general way for any person if it is not important whether the person is a man or a woman. In the example below, the pronouns are "he" and "his," but they do not refer only to males. - ->He who finds his life will lose it. (Matthew 10:39 ULB) +In some languages a word that normally refers to men can also be used in a more general way to refer to both men and women. Also in some languages, the masculine pronouns "he" and "him" and "his" can be used in a more general way for any person if it is not important whether the person is a man or a woman. ### Reasons this is a translation issue +* When reading a sentence in the Bible, the translator needs to be able to determine whether the use of a word that normally refers to men refers only to men or to both men and women. * In some cultures words like "man," "brother," and "son" can only be used to refer to men. If those words are used in a translation in a more general way, people will think that what is being said does not apply to women. * In some cultures, the masculine pronouns "he" and "him" can only refer to men. If a masculine pronoun is used, people will think that what is said does not apply to women. -### Translation principles +### Translation Principles When a statement applies to both men and women, translate it in such a way that people will be able to understand that it applies to both. @@ -26,6 +18,10 @@ When a statement applies to both men and women, translate it in such a way that This verse is addressing the believers in Corinth, not only men, but **men and women**. +>For as many as are led by the Spirit of God, these are sons of God. (Proverbs 10:1 ULB) + +When Paul wrote "sons of God," he was not speaking only of men, but of **men and women**. + >Then said Jesus to his disciples, "If anyone wants to follow me, he must deny himself, take up his cross, and follow me." (Matthew 16:24-26 ULB) Jesus was not speaking only of men, but of **men and women**. @@ -47,13 +43,15 @@ If people would understand that that masculine words like "man," "brother," and 1. Use nouns that can be used for both men and women. * **The wise man dies just like the fool dies.** (Ecclesiastes 2:16 ULB) * The wise person dies just like the fool dies. - * Wise people die just like fools die. + * Wise people die just like fools die. + * **For as many as are led by the Spirit of God, these are sons of God.** (Proverbs 10:1 ULB) + * For as many as are led by the Spirit of God, these are children of God. 1. Use a word that refers to men and a word that refers to women. - * **For we do not want you to be uninformed, brothers, about the troubles we had in Asia.** (2 Corinthians 1:8) - Paul was writing this letter to both men and women. + * **For we do not want you to be uninformed, brothers, about the troubles we had in Asia.** (2 Corinthians 1:8) * For we do not want you to be uninformed, brothers and sisters, about the troubles we had in Asia. (2 Corinthians 1:8) 1. Use pronouns that can be used for both men and women. - * **If anyone wants to follow me, he must deny himself, take up his cross, and follow me."** (Matthew 16:24 ULB)

English speakers can change the masculine singular pronouns, "he," "himself," and "his" to plural pronouns that do not mark gender, "they," "themselves," and "their" in order to show that it applies to all people, not just men.

+ * **If anyone wants to follow me, he must deny himself, take up his cross, and follow me."** (Matthew 16:24 ULB) * If people want to follow me, they must deny themselves, take up their cross, and follow me. From 9f4d57c31e4bb6dcc3728e476e81f9b0479054e3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Mon, 22 Oct 2018 19:51:01 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 319/551] Issue 64 (order) --- translate/figs-order/01.md | 20 ++++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-order/01.md b/translate/figs-order/01.md index 0e51f15..a7f156f 100644 --- a/translate/figs-order/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-order/01.md @@ -57,19 +57,19 @@ In some languages the order is Verb-Subject-Object. #### Changes in Word Order -Word order can change if the sentence: +Word order can change if -* is a question or command -* describes a state of being (He is happy. He is tall.) -* expresses a condition, such as with the the word "if" -* has a location -* has a time element -* is in a poem +* the sentence is a question or command +* the sentence describes a state of being (He is happy. He is tall.) +* the sentence expresses a condition, such as with the the word "if" +* the sentence has a location +* the sentence has a time element +* the sentence is in a poem -Word order can also change +Word order can also change if -* if there is some kind of emphasis on a certain part of the sentence -* if the sentence is really about something other than the subject +* there is some kind of emphasis on a certain part of the sentence +* the sentence is really about something other than the subject ### Translation principles From ed2a8a2349406dcbe564cdb30553efff925c4fd4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Mon, 22 Oct 2018 19:53:40 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 320/551] Delete video link (order) --- translate/figs-order/01.md | 4 +--- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 3 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-order/01.md b/translate/figs-order/01.md index a7f156f..496bf76 100644 --- a/translate/figs-order/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-order/01.md @@ -75,6 +75,4 @@ Word order can also change if * Know which word order is preferred in your language. * Use your language's preferred word order unless there is some reason in your language to change it. -* Translate the sentence so that the meaning is accurate and clear and so that it sounds natural. - -You may also want to watch the video at http://ufw.io/figs_order. \ No newline at end of file +* Translate the sentence so that the meaning is accurate and clear and so that it sounds natural. \ No newline at end of file From 617540b8cb550f60fd322a517117d73a60297596 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Tue, 23 Oct 2018 12:33:12 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 321/551] Issue 64 (123 person) --- translate/figs-123person/01.md | 6 +++--- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-123person/01.md b/translate/figs-123person/01.md index 3664d43..91c7365 100644 --- a/translate/figs-123person/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-123person/01.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ -Normally a speaker refers to himself as "I" and the person he is speaking to as "you." Sometimes in the Bible a speaker referred to himself or to the person he was speaking to with a phrase other than "I" or "you." - ### Description +Normally a speaker refers to himself as "I" and the person he is speaking to as "you." Sometimes in the Bible a speaker referred to himself or to the person he was speaking to with a phrase other than "I" or "you." We use the categories "first person," "second person," and "third person" when discussing the pronouns and other forms that speakers normally use when they refer to themselves, to those they are speaking to, and to others. + * **First person** - This is how a speaker normally refers to himself. English uses the pronouns "I" and "we." (Also: me, my, mine; us, our, ours) * **Second person** - This is how a speaker normally refers to the person or people he is speaking to. English uses the pronoun "you." (Also: your, yours) * **Third person** - This is how a speaker refers to someone else. English uses the pronouns "he," "she," "it" and "they." (Also: him, his, her, hers, its; them, their, theirs) Noun phrases like "the man" or "the woman" are also third person. @@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ After writing "each of you," Paul used the third person "his" instead of "your" ### Translation Strategies -If using the third person to mean "I" or "you" would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consider using it. If not, here are some other options. +If using the third person to mean "I" or "you" would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consider using it. If not, consider these strategies. 1. Use the third person phrase along with the pronoun "I" or "you." 1. Simply use the first person ("I") or second person ("you") instead of the third person. From 382c34d52aa7e94f46c5553fd472e5ff74e4e172 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Tue, 23 Oct 2018 12:41:31 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 322/551] Issue 64 (123 person) --- translate/figs-exclusive/01.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-exclusive/01.md b/translate/figs-exclusive/01.md index 3f5cc6b..fa82bf0 100644 --- a/translate/figs-exclusive/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-exclusive/01.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Description -Some languages have more than one form of "we:" an **inclusive** form that means "I and you" and an **exclusive** form that means "I and someone else but not you." The exclusive form excludes the person being spoken to. The inclusive form includes the person being spoken to and possibly others. This is also true for "us," "our," "ours," and "ourselves." Some languages have inclusive forms and exclusive forms for each of these. Translators whose language has separate exclusive and inclusive forms for these words will need to understand what the speaker meant so that they can decide which form to use. +Some languages have more than one form of "we:" an **inclusive** form that means "I and you" and an **exclusive** form that means "I and someone else but not you." The exclusive form excludes the person being spoken to. The inclusive form includes the person being spoken to and possibly others. This is also true for "us," "our," "ours," and "ourselves." Some languages have inclusive forms and exclusive forms for each of these. See the pictures. The people on the right are the people that the speaker is talking to. The yellow highlight shows who the inclusive "we" and the exclusive "we" refer to. @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ See the pictures. The people on the right are the people that the speaker is tal ### Reasons this is a translation issue -The Bible was first written in the Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek languages. Like English, these languages do not have separate exclusive and inclusive forms for "we." Translators whose language has separate exclusive and inclusive forms of "we" will need to understand what the speaker meant so that they can decide which form of "we" to use. +The Bible was first written in the Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek languages. Like English, these languages do not have separate exclusive and inclusive forms for "we." Translators whose language has separate exclusive and inclusive forms of these words will need to understand what the speaker meant so that they can decide which form of to use. ### Examples from the Bible From b81428841065d3bcc49df49a9399118068116bb7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Tue, 23 Oct 2018 13:00:28 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 323/551] Issue 64 (youformal) --- translate/figs-youformal/01.md | 25 ++++++------------------- 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-youformal/01.md b/translate/figs-youformal/01.md index 2f86168..90749d8 100644 --- a/translate/figs-youformal/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-youformal/01.md @@ -13,7 +13,10 @@ In some cultures people use the formal "you" when speaking to someone who is old ### Translation principles -* Understand the relationship between a speaker and the person or people he is speaking to. +* Understand the relationship between the speaker and the person or people he is speaking to. + * Is one person in authority over the other? + * Is one person older than the other? + * Are the people family members, relatives, friends, strangers, or enemies? * Understand the speaker's attitude toward the person he is speaking to. * Choose the form in your language that is appropriate for that relationship and attitude. @@ -22,27 +25,11 @@ In some cultures people use the formal "you" when speaking to someone who is old >Yahweh God called to the man and said to him, "Where are you?" (Genesis 3:9 ULB) God is in authority over the man, so languages that have formal and informal forms of "you" would probably use the informal form here. + >So it seemed good to me also, because I have accurately investigated everything from the beginning, to write an orderly account for you, most excellent Theophilus, so that you might know the certainty of the things you have been taught. (Luke 1:3-4 ULB) Luke called Theophilus "most excellent." This shows us that Theophilus was probably a high official to whom Luke was showing great respect. Speakers of languages that have a formal form of "you" would probably use that form here. + >Our Father in heaven, may your name be honored as holy. (Matthew 6:9 ULB) This is part of a prayer that Jesus taught his disciples. Some cultures would use the formal "you" because God is in authority. Other cultures would use the informal "you" because God is our Father. - -### Translation Strategies - -Translators whose language has formal and informal forms of "you" will need to understand the relationship between two speakers in order to choose the appropriate form of "you" in their language. - -#### Deciding whether to use the formal or informal "You" - -1. Pay attention to the relationships between the speakers. - - * Is one speaker in authority over the other? - * Is one speaker older than the other? - * Are the speakers family members, relatives, friends, strangers, or enemies? - -1. If you have a Bible in a language that has formal and informal forms of "you," see what forms it uses. Remember, though, that the rules in that language might be different than the rules in your language. - -### Translation Strategies Applied - -English does not have formal and informal forms of "you", so we cannot show in English how to translate using formal and informal forms of "you." Please see the examples and discussion above. From 37c3b24b0769ead68fdc46b7a918b42ebc95dfb9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Tue, 23 Oct 2018 13:35:38 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 324/551] Removed Poetry format in Strategies Applied --- translate/figs-youcrowd/01.md | 21 +++------------------ 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-youcrowd/01.md b/translate/figs-youcrowd/01.md index 821c90a..f3d0e40 100644 --- a/translate/figs-youcrowd/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-youcrowd/01.md @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ Also, speakers and writers of the Old Testament often referred to groups of peop ### Reasons this is a translation issue -* For many languages, a translator who reads a Bible with a general form of "you" will need to know whether the speaker was speaking to one person or to more than one. +* People who translate into a language that has singular and plural forms forms for "you" will need to know whether the speaker was speaking to one person or to more than one. * In some languages it might be confusing if a speaker uses a singular pronoun when speaking to or about more than one person. ### Examples from the Bible @@ -45,20 +45,5 @@ If the singular form of the pronoun would be natural when referring to a group o 1. If the singular form of the pronoun would not be natural when referring to a group of people, or if the readers would be confused by it, use the plural form of the pronoun. ->This is what Yahweh says, ->"For three sins of Edom, ->even for four, ->I will not turn away punishment, ->because he pursued his brother with the sword ->and cast off all pity. ->His anger raged continually, ->and his wrath lasted forever." (Amos 1:11 ULB) - -This is what Yahweh says, -"For three sins of Edom, -even for four, -I will not turn away punishment, -because they pursued their brothers with the sword -and cast off all pity. -Their anger raged continually, -and their wrath lasted forever." \ No newline at end of file + * **This is what Yahweh says, "For three sins of Edom, even for four, I will not turn away punishment, because he pursued his brother with the sword and cast off all pity. His anger raged continually, and his wrath lasted forever."** (Amos 1:11 ULB) + * This is what Yahweh says, "For three sins of Edom, even for four, I will not turn away punishment, because they pursued their brothers with the sword and cast off all pity. Their anger raged continually, and their wrath lasted forever." \ No newline at end of file From 412e5d5174e0ae456c393486fe3dd669dc188707 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Tue, 23 Oct 2018 13:36:02 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 325/551] Typo --- translate/figs-youcrowd/01.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-youcrowd/01.md b/translate/figs-youcrowd/01.md index f3d0e40..58cfb2d 100644 --- a/translate/figs-youcrowd/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-youcrowd/01.md @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ Also, speakers and writers of the Old Testament often referred to groups of peop ### Reasons this is a translation issue -* People who translate into a language that has singular and plural forms forms for "you" will need to know whether the speaker was speaking to one person or to more than one. +* People who translate into a language that has singular and plural forms of "you" will need to know whether the speaker was speaking to one person or to more than one. * In some languages it might be confusing if a speaker uses a singular pronoun when speaking to or about more than one person. ### Examples from the Bible From df7d54fb70a3c591d330e3533a75398a84cbf8b0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Tue, 23 Oct 2018 14:27:45 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 326/551] Typo --- translate/figs-youcrowd/01.md | 5 ++--- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-youcrowd/01.md b/translate/figs-youcrowd/01.md index 58cfb2d..b80529c 100644 --- a/translate/figs-youcrowd/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-youcrowd/01.md @@ -44,6 +44,5 @@ If the singular form of the pronoun would be natural when referring to a group o ### Translation Strategies Applied 1. If the singular form of the pronoun would not be natural when referring to a group of people, or if the readers would be confused by it, use the plural form of the pronoun. - - * **This is what Yahweh says, "For three sins of Edom, even for four, I will not turn away punishment, because he pursued his brother with the sword and cast off all pity. His anger raged continually, and his wrath lasted forever."** (Amos 1:11 ULB) - * This is what Yahweh says, "For three sins of Edom, even for four, I will not turn away punishment, because they pursued their brothers with the sword and cast off all pity. Their anger raged continually, and their wrath lasted forever." \ No newline at end of file + * **This is what Yahweh says, "For three sins of Edom, even for four, I will not turn away punishment, because he pursued his brother with the sword and cast off all pity. His anger raged continually, and his wrath lasted forever."** (Amos 1:11 ULB) + * This is what Yahweh says, "For three sins of Edom, even for four, I will not turn away punishment, because they pursued their brothers with the sword and cast off all pity. Their anger raged continually, and their wrath lasted forever." \ No newline at end of file From d5bcbd9d28b0ca47ca2155d5b9eb289a21dc786f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Tue, 23 Oct 2018 14:38:11 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 327/551] Issue 64 (rpronouns) --- translate/figs-rpronouns/01.md | 21 ++++++++++----------- 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-rpronouns/01.md b/translate/figs-rpronouns/01.md index 0dacc02..970da25 100644 --- a/translate/figs-rpronouns/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-rpronouns/01.md @@ -4,34 +4,33 @@ All languages have ways of showing that the same person fills two different roles in a sentence. English does this by using **Reflexive pronouns**. These are pronouns that refer to someone or something that has already been mentioned in a sentence. In English the reflexive pronouns are: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, and themselves. Other languages may have other ways to show this. -### Reasons this is a translation issue - -* Languages have different ways of showing that the same person fills two different roles in a sentence. For those languages, translators will need to know how to translate the English reflexive pronouns. -* The reflexive pronouns in English also have other functions. - -### Uses of Reflexive Pronouns - +**Uses of Reflexive Pronouns** * To show that the same person or things fills two different roles in a sentence * To emphasize a person or thing in the sentence * To show that someone did something alone * To show that someone or something was alone +### Reasons this is a translation issue + +* Languages have different ways of showing that the same person fills two different roles in a sentence. For those languages, translators will need to know how to translate the English reflexive pronouns. +* The reflexive pronouns in English also have other functions. + ### Examples from the Bible -Reflexive pronouns are used to show the same person or thing fills two different roles in a sentence. +##### The reflexive pronoun shows that the same person or thing fills two different roles in a sentence. >If I should testify about myself, my testimony would not be true. (John 5:31 ULB) >Now the Passover of the Jews was near, and many went up to Jerusalem from the country before the Passover in order to purify themselves. (John 11:55 ULB) -Reflexive pronouns are used to emphasize a person or thing in the sentence. +##### The reflexive pronouns emphasizes a person or thing in the sentence. >... Jesus himself was not baptizing, but his disciples were ... (John 4:2 ULB) >So they left the crowd, taking Jesus with them, since he was already in the boat. ... And a violent windstorm arose and the waves were breaking into the boat so that the boat was already full. But Jesus himself was in the stern, asleep on a cushion. (Mark 4:36-38 ULB) -Reflexive pronouns are used to show that someone did something alone. +##### The reflexive pronoun shows that someone did something alone. >When Jesus realized that they were about to come and seize him by force to make him king, he withdrew again up the mountain by himself. (John 6:15 ULB) -Reflexive pronouns are used to show that someone or something was alone. +##### The reflexive pronouns shows that someone or something was alone. >He saw the linen cloths lying there and the cloth that had been on his head. It was not lying with the linen cloths but was folded up in a place by itself. (John 20:6-7 ULB) ### Translation Strategies From 43f1ba8ef35853ba15ea229afb0aad113c56b16b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Tue, 23 Oct 2018 14:46:22 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 328/551] Issue 64 (writing-pronouns) --- translate/writing-pronouns/01.md | 18 ++++++++++-------- 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/writing-pronouns/01.md b/translate/writing-pronouns/01.md index 9131d14..f48599e 100644 --- a/translate/writing-pronouns/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-pronouns/01.md @@ -4,10 +4,6 @@ When we talk or write, we use pronouns to refer to people or things without always having to repeat the noun or name. Usually the first time we refer to someone in a story, we use a descriptive phrase or a name. The next time we might refer to that person with a simple noun or by name. After that we might refer to him simply with a pronoun, as long as we think that our listeners will be able to understand easily to whom the pronoun refers. ->Now there was a Pharisee whose name was Nicodemus, a member of the Jewish Council. This man came to Jesus ... Jesus replied to him (John 3:1-3 ULB) - -In John 3, Nicodemus is first referred to with noun phrases and his name. Then he is referred to with the noun phrase "this man." Then he is referred to with the pronoun "him." - Each language has its rules and exceptions to this usual way of referring to people and things. * In some languages the first time something is referred to in a paragraph or chapter, it is referred to with a noun rather than a pronoun. @@ -22,18 +18,24 @@ Each language has its rules and exceptions to this usual way of referring to peo ### Examples from the Bible -The example below occurs at the beginning of a chapter. In some languages it might not be clear whom the pronouns refer to. +>Now there was a Pharisee whose name was Nicodemus, a member of the Jewish Council. This man came to Jesus ... Jesus replied to him (John 3:1-3 ULB) + +In John 3, Nicodemus is first referred to with noun phrases and his name. Then he is referred to with the noun phrase "this man." Then he is referred to with the pronoun "him." + >Then he spoke a parable to them about how they should always pray and not become discouraged. (Luke 18:1 ULB) -In the example below, two men are named in the first two sentences and the beginning of the third. It might not be clear whom "him," "his," and "he" in the third sentence refer to. +The example above occurs at the beginning of a chapter. In some languages it might not be clear whom the pronouns refer to. + >The prison warden gave into Joseph's hand all the prisoners who were in the prison. Whatever they did there, Joseph was in charge of it. The prison warden did not worry about anything that was in his hand, because Yahweh was with him. Whatever he did, Yahweh prospered. (Genesis 39:22-23 ULB) -Jesus is the main character of the book of Matthew, but in the verses below he is referred to four times by name. This may lead speakers of some languages to think that Jesus is not the main character. Or it might lead them to think that there is more than one person named Jesus in this story. Or it might lead them to think that there is some kind of emphasis on him, even though there is no emphasis. +In the example above, two men are named in the first two sentences and the beginning of the third. It might not be clear whom "him," "his," and "he" in the third sentence refer to. >At that time Jesus went on the Sabbath day through the grainfields. His disciples were hungry and began to pluck heads of grain and eat them. But when the Pharisees saw that, they said to Jesus, "See, your disciples do what is unlawful to do on the Sabbath." >But Jesus said to them, "Have you never read what David did, when he was hungry, and the men who were with him? ..." >Then Jesus left from there and went into their synagogue. (Matthew 12:1-9 ULB) +Jesus is the main character of the book of Matthew, but in the verses above he is referred to four times by name. This may lead speakers of some languages to think that Jesus is not the main character. Or it might lead them to think that there is more than one person named Jesus in this story. Or it might lead them to think that there is some kind of emphasis on him, even though there is no emphasis. + ### Translation Strategies 1. If it would not be clear to your readers whom or what a pronoun refers to, use a noun or name. @@ -47,6 +49,6 @@ Jesus is the main character of the book of Matthew, but in the verses below he i 1. If repeating a noun or name would lead people to think that a main character is not a main character, or that the writer is talking about more than one person with that name, or that there is some kind of emphasis on someone when there is no emphasis, use a pronoun instead. - * **At that time Jesus went on the Sabbath day through the grain fields. His disciples were hungry and began to pluck heads of grain and eat them. But when the Pharisees saw that, they said to Jesus , "See, your disciples do what is unlawful to do on the Sabbath." But Jesus said to them, "Have you never read what David did when he was hungry, and the men who were with him? ... Then Jesus left from there and went into their synagogue.** (Matthew 12:1-9 ULB) + * **At that time Jesus went on the Sabbath day through the grain fields. His disciples were hungry and began to pluck heads of grain and eat them. But when the Pharisees saw that, they said to Jesus, "See, your disciples do what is unlawful to do on the Sabbath." But Jesus said to them, "Have you never read what David did when he was hungry, and the men who were with him? ... Then Jesus left from there and went into their synagogue.** (Matthew 12:1-9 ULB) * At that time Jesus went on the Sabbath day through the grain fields. His disciples were hungry and began to pluck heads of grain and eat them. But when the Pharisees saw that, they said to him, "See, your disciples do what is unlawful to do on the Sabbath. But he said to them, "Have you never read what David did when he was hungry, and the men who were with him? ... Then he left from there and went into their synagogue. From 9c3dda46cab88c8359676c700c935e2927fbde3a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Tue, 23 Oct 2018 14:49:45 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 329/551] Fixed link to tA page --- translate/writing-pronouns/01.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/writing-pronouns/01.md b/translate/writing-pronouns/01.md index f48599e..478d493 100644 --- a/translate/writing-pronouns/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-pronouns/01.md @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ Each language has its rules and exceptions to this usual way of referring to peo * In some languages the first time something is referred to in a paragraph or chapter, it is referred to with a noun rather than a pronoun. * The **main character** is the person whom a story is about. In some languages, after a main character is introduced in a story, he is usually referred to with a pronoun. Some languages have special pronouns that refer only to the main character. -* In some languages, marking on the verb helps people know who the subject is. (see [Verbs](figs-verbs)) In some of these languages, listeners rely on this marking to help them understand who the subject is, and speakers use a pronoun, noun phrase, or name only when they want to emphasize or clarify who the subject is. +* In some languages, marking on the verb helps people know who the subject is. (see [Verbs](../translate/figs-verbs)) In some of these languages, listeners rely on this marking to help them understand who the subject is, and speakers use a pronoun, noun phrase, or name only when they want to emphasize or clarify who the subject is. ### Reasons this is a translation issue From f4d4bcdbb87e5435f4e231f89f0d2f8ab0c8517e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Tue, 23 Oct 2018 14:53:52 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 330/551] Fixed link to tA page --- translate/writing-pronouns/01.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/writing-pronouns/01.md b/translate/writing-pronouns/01.md index 478d493..3d284a5 100644 --- a/translate/writing-pronouns/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-pronouns/01.md @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ Each language has its rules and exceptions to this usual way of referring to peo * In some languages the first time something is referred to in a paragraph or chapter, it is referred to with a noun rather than a pronoun. * The **main character** is the person whom a story is about. In some languages, after a main character is introduced in a story, he is usually referred to with a pronoun. Some languages have special pronouns that refer only to the main character. -* In some languages, marking on the verb helps people know who the subject is. (see [Verbs](../translate/figs-verbs)) In some of these languages, listeners rely on this marking to help them understand who the subject is, and speakers use a pronoun, noun phrase, or name only when they want to emphasize or clarify who the subject is. +* In some languages, marking on the verb helps people know who the subject is. (see [Verbs](../translate/figs-verbs/01.md)) In some of these languages, listeners rely on this marking to help them understand who the subject is, and speakers use a pronoun, noun phrase, or name only when they want to emphasize or clarify who the subject is. ### Reasons this is a translation issue From b682ff17a9eb4672be1d5742717d96e869611914 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Tue, 23 Oct 2018 14:55:34 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 331/551] Fixed link to tA page --- translate/writing-pronouns/01.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/writing-pronouns/01.md b/translate/writing-pronouns/01.md index 3d284a5..1dcfec2 100644 --- a/translate/writing-pronouns/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-pronouns/01.md @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ Each language has its rules and exceptions to this usual way of referring to peo * In some languages the first time something is referred to in a paragraph or chapter, it is referred to with a noun rather than a pronoun. * The **main character** is the person whom a story is about. In some languages, after a main character is introduced in a story, he is usually referred to with a pronoun. Some languages have special pronouns that refer only to the main character. -* In some languages, marking on the verb helps people know who the subject is. (see [Verbs](../translate/figs-verbs/01.md)) In some of these languages, listeners rely on this marking to help them understand who the subject is, and speakers use a pronoun, noun phrase, or name only when they want to emphasize or clarify who the subject is. +* In some languages, marking on the verb helps people know who the subject is. (see [Verbs](../figs-verbs/01.md)) In some of these languages, listeners rely on this marking to help them understand who the subject is, and speakers use a pronoun, noun phrase, or name only when they want to emphasize or clarify who the subject is. ### Reasons this is a translation issue From 2436ef6ef0b30b5a96c74e0922938dfee015b9e5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Tue, 23 Oct 2018 16:07:34 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 332/551] Issue 64 (figs-imperative) --- translate/figs-imperative/01.md | 6 +++--- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-imperative/01.md b/translate/figs-imperative/01.md index 936b16a..7286de1 100644 --- a/translate/figs-imperative/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-imperative/01.md @@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ Speakers often use imperative sentences to tell or ask their listeners to do som Sometimes imperative sentences in the Bible have other uses. -#### Imperatives that make things happen +##### Imperatives that make things happen God can make things happen by commanding that they happen. Jesus healed a man by commanding that the man be healed. The man could not do anything to obey the command, but Jesus caused him to be healed by commanding it. ("Be clean" means "Be healed.") >Jesus reached out his hand and touched him, saying, "I am willing. Be clean." Immediately he was cleansed of his leprosy. (Matthew 8:3 ULB) @@ -26,13 +26,13 @@ In Genesis 1, God commanded that there should be light, and by commanding it, he Languages that have third-person commands can follow the original Hebrew, which translates into English as something like, "light must be." -#### Imperatives that function as blessings +##### Imperatives that function as blessings In the Bible, God blesses people by using imperatives. This indicates what his will is for them. >God blessed them and said to them, "Be fruitful, and multiply. Fill the earth, and subdue it. Have dominion over the fish of the sea, over the birds of the sky, and over every living thing that moves upon the earth." (Genesis 1:28 ULB) -#### Imperatives that function as conditions +##### Imperatives that function as conditions An imperative sentence can also be used to tell the **condition** under which something will happen. The proverbs mainly tell about life and things that often happen. The purpose of Proverbs 4:6 below is not primarily to give a command, but to teach what people can expect to happen **if** they love wisdom. From ae8078a557ec463c817c1d35a8c1c01c5dee6458 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Tue, 23 Oct 2018 16:15:07 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 333/551] Issue 64 (figs-exclamations) --- translate/figs-exclamations/01.md | 16 +++++++++++----- 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-exclamations/01.md b/translate/figs-exclamations/01.md index c77af23..0b69b9a 100644 --- a/translate/figs-exclamations/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-exclamations/01.md @@ -1,11 +1,7 @@ ### Description -Exclamations are words or sentences that show strong feeling such as surprise, joy, fear, or anger. In the ULB and UDB, they usually have an exclamation mark (!) at the end. The mark shows that it is an exclamation. The situation and the meaning of what the people say helps us understand what feelings they were expressing. In the example below from Matthew 8, the speakers were terribly afraid. In the example from Matthew 9, the speakers were amazed, because something happened that they had never seen before. - ->Save us, Lord; we are about to die! (Matthew 8:25 ULB) - ->When the demon had been driven out, the mute man spoke. The crowds were astonished and said, "This has never been seen before in Israel!" (Matthew 9:33 ULB) +Exclamations are words or sentences that show strong feeling such as surprise, joy, fear, or anger. In the ULB and UDB, they usually have an exclamation mark (!) at the end. The mark shows that it is an exclamation. The situation and the meaning of what the people say helps us understand what feelings they were expressing. ### Reasons this is a translation issue @@ -13,6 +9,16 @@ Languages have different ways of showing that a sentence communicates strong emo ### Examples from the Bible +Some exclamations do not have any special sentence structure or vocabulary, but they are said in a way that shows the feeling. + +>Save us, Lord; we are about to die! (Matthew 8:25 ULB) + +In the example above, the speakers were terribly afraid and probably shouted or cried out what they were saying. + +>When the demon had been driven out, the mute man spoke. The crowds were astonished and said, "This has never been seen before in Israel!" (Matthew 9:33 ULB) + +In the example above the speakers were amazed, because something happened that they had never seen before. Their voices probably showed how they felt. + Some exclamations have a word that shows feeling. The sentences below have "Oh" and "Ah." The word "oh" here shows the speaker's amazement. >Oh, the depth of the riches both of the wisdom and the knowledge of God! (Romans 11:33 ULB) From b4e1c429487b2143a1d299d3dfd29248bc90ed5a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chrisjarka Date: Tue, 23 Oct 2018 17:26:12 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 334/551] Update 'translate/translate-transliterate/title.md' --- translate/translate-transliterate/title.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/translate-transliterate/title.md b/translate/translate-transliterate/title.md index c126a4c..9166101 100644 --- a/translate/translate-transliterate/title.md +++ b/translate/translate-transliterate/title.md @@ -1 +1 @@ -Copy or Borrow Words \ No newline at end of file +Borrow Words \ No newline at end of file From cf292d8e240e74ecb56e26ce30d74d2384a4a0bb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Tue, 23 Oct 2018 17:31:27 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 335/551] Description (translate-transliterate) --- translate/translate-transliterate/01.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/translate-transliterate/01.md b/translate/translate-transliterate/01.md index 07315d8..c65a6be 100644 --- a/translate/translate-transliterate/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-transliterate/01.md @@ -2,9 +2,9 @@ ### Description -Sometimes the Bible includes things that are not part of your culture and that your language may not have a word for. It also includes people and places that you may not have names for. +The Bible has words for things that may not be part of your culture, and so your language may not have words for them. It also includes people and places that you may not have names for. -When that happens you can "borrow" the word from the Bible into your own language. This means that you basically copy it from the other language. This page tells how to "borrow" words. (There are also other ways to translate words for things that are not in your language. See [Translate Unknowns](../translate-unknown/01.md).) +When that happens, you can "borrow" the word or the name into your own language. This means that you basically copy it from the other language. This page tells how to "borrow" words. (There are also other ways to translate words for things that are not in your language. See [Translate Unknowns](../translate-unknown/01.md).) ### Examples from the Bible From 307999a799bb120a2dc25bc068fdeb83af4422af Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Tue, 23 Oct 2018 17:37:26 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 336/551] From Suggestions (figs-explicit) --- translate/figs-explicit/01.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-explicit/01.md b/translate/figs-explicit/01.md index 0ee73da..7092197 100644 --- a/translate/figs-explicit/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-explicit/01.md @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ When someone speaks or writes, he has something specific that he wants people to know or do or think about. He normally states this directly. This is **explicit information**. -The speaker assumes that his audience already knows certain things that they will need to think about in order to understand this information. Normally he does not tell people these things, because they already know them. This is called **assumed knowledge**. +The speaker assumes that his audience already knows certain things that they will need to think about in order to understand what he says. Normally he does not tell people these things, because they already know them. This is called **assumed knowledge**. The speaker does not always directly state everything that he expects his audience to learn from what he says. Information that he expects people to learn from what he says even though he does not state it directly is **implicit information.** From a43e69b3d59ecc8918e9ef4d29b042e8ce62369a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chrisjarka Date: Tue, 23 Oct 2018 17:47:27 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 337/551] Corrected When to Make Explicit Information Implicit title --- translate/toc.yaml | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/toc.yaml b/translate/toc.yaml index 97ae5e8..4360484 100644 --- a/translate/toc.yaml +++ b/translate/toc.yaml @@ -309,7 +309,7 @@ sections: link: translate-names - title: "Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information" link: figs-explicit - - title: "Making Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information Explicit" + - title: "When to Make Explicit Information Implicit" link: figs-explicitinfo - title: "When to Keep Information Implicit" link: figs-extrainfo From a82ff89ccd8bc050ec889c20381b9a314f0a8c83 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chrisjarka Date: Tue, 23 Oct 2018 17:58:00 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 338/551] changed link to Borrow Words --- translate/translate-bdistance/01.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/translate-bdistance/01.md b/translate/translate-bdistance/01.md index 90737e9..d4c20ae 100644 --- a/translate/translate-bdistance/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-bdistance/01.md @@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ The strategies are all applied to Exodus 25:10 below. * **They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be two and a half cubits; its width will be one cubit and a half; and its height will be one cubit and a half.** (Exodus 25:10 ULB) -1. Use the measurements given in the ULB. These are the same kinds of measurements that the original writers used. Spell them in a way that is similar to the way they sound or are spelled in the ULB. (see [Copy or Borrow Words](../translate-transliterate/01.md)) +1. Use the measurements given in the ULB. These are the same kinds of measurements that the original writers used. Spell them in a way that is similar to the way they sound or are spelled in the ULB. (see [Borrow Words](../translate-transliterate/01.md)) * "They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be two and a half kubits; its width will be one kubit and a half; and its height will be one kubit and a half." 1. Use the metric measurements given in the UDB. The translators of the UDB have already figured how to represent the amounts in the metric system. From a19d427067a832247e4d8d0bf5e25a1b6fdfcfae Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chrisjarka Date: Tue, 23 Oct 2018 17:59:08 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 339/551] corrected Borrow link --- translate/translate-bdistance/01.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/translate-bdistance/01.md b/translate/translate-bdistance/01.md index d4c20ae..05689ad 100644 --- a/translate/translate-bdistance/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-bdistance/01.md @@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ The metric values in the table below are close but not exactly equal to the bibl ### Translation Strategies -1. Use the measurements from the ULB. These are the same kinds of measurements that the original writers used. Spell them in a way that is similar to the way they sound or are spelled in the ULB. (see [Copy or Borrow Words](../translate-transliterate/01.md)) +1. Use the measurements from the ULB. These are the same kinds of measurements that the original writers used. Spell them in a way that is similar to the way they sound or are spelled in the ULB. (see [Borrow Words](../translate-transliterate/01.md)) 1. Use the metric measurements given in the UDB. The translators of the UDB have already figured how to represent the amounts in the metric system. 1. Use measurements that are already used in your language. In order to do this you would need to know how your measurements relate to the metric system and figure out each measurement. 1. Use the measurements from the ULB and include measurements that your people know in the text or a note. From f0644c111a3f7bb28bc556e3a4b5504bfea79dff Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chrisjarka Date: Tue, 23 Oct 2018 18:07:18 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 340/551] corrected Borrow link --- translate/translate-bvolume/01.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/translate-bvolume/01.md b/translate/translate-bvolume/01.md index 8b24602..b6d0039 100644 --- a/translate/translate-bvolume/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-bvolume/01.md @@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ The strategies are all applied to Isaiah 5:10 below. * **For a ten-yoke vineyard will yield only one bath, and one homer of seed will yield only an ephah.** (Isaiah 5:10 ULB) -1. Use the measurements from the ULB. These are the same kinds of measurements that the original writers used. Spell them in a way that is similar to the way they sound or are spelled in the ULB. (see [Copy or Borrow Words](../translate-transliterate/01.md)) +1. Use the measurements from the ULB. These are the same kinds of measurements that the original writers used. Spell them in a way that is similar to the way they sound or are spelled in the ULB. (see [Borrow Words](../translate-transliterate/01.md)) * "For a ten-yoke vineyard will yield only one bat, and one homer of seed will yield only an efa." 1. Use the measurements given in the UDB. Usually they are metric measurements. The translators of the UDB have already figured how to represent the amounts in the metric system. From a452ff41d21fe0207a42377d0d1458c43fa01cc7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chrisjarka Date: Tue, 23 Oct 2018 18:07:45 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 341/551] corrected Borrow link --- translate/translate-bvolume/01.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/translate-bvolume/01.md b/translate/translate-bvolume/01.md index b6d0039..8762db1 100644 --- a/translate/translate-bvolume/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-bvolume/01.md @@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ The following terms are the most common units of volume used in the Bible to sta #### Translation Strategies -1. Use the measurements from the ULB. These are the same kinds of measurements that the original writers used. Spell them in a way that is similar to the way they sound or are spelled in the ULB. (see [Copy or Borrow Words](../translate-transliterate/01.md)) +1. Use the measurements from the ULB. These are the same kinds of measurements that the original writers used. Spell them in a way that is similar to the way they sound or are spelled in the ULB. (see [Borrow Words](../translate-transliterate/01.md)) 1. Use the metric measurements given in the UDB. The translators of the UDB have already figured how to represent the amounts in the metric system. 1. Use measurements that are already used in your language. In order to do this you would need to know how your measurements relate to the metric system and figure out each measurement. 1. Use the measurements from the ULB and include measurements that your people know in the text or a note. From b89b1173430336cbadccca4dc88ad9c37a3d17db Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chrisjarka Date: Tue, 23 Oct 2018 18:08:49 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 342/551] corrected Borrow link --- translate/translate-bweight/01.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/translate-bweight/01.md b/translate/translate-bweight/01.md index 69c020a..d9c236e 100644 --- a/translate/translate-bweight/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-bweight/01.md @@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ The following terms are the most common units of weight in the Bible. The term " ### Translation Strategies -1. Use the measurements from the ULB. These are the same kinds of measurements that the original writers used. Spell them in a way that is similar to the way they sound or are spelled in the ULB. (see [Copy or Borrow Words](../translate-transliterate/01.md)) +1. Use the measurements from the ULB. These are the same kinds of measurements that the original writers used. Spell them in a way that is similar to the way they sound or are spelled in the ULB. (see [Borrow Words](../translate-transliterate/01.md)) 1. Use the metric measurements given in the UDB. The translators of the UDB have already figured how to represent the amounts in the metric system. 1. Use measurements that are already used in your language. In order to do this you would need to know how your measurements relate to the metric system and figure out each measurement. 1. Use the measurements from the ULB and include measurements that your people know in the text or a note. @@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ The strategies are all applied to Exodus 38:29 below. * **The bronze from the wave offering weighed seventy talents and 2,400 shekels.** (Exodus 38:29 ULB) -1. Use the measurements from the ULB. These are the same kinds of measurements that the original writers used. Spell them in a way that is similar to the way they sound or are spelled in the ULB. (see [Copy or Borrow Words](../translate-transliterate/01.md)) +1. Use the measurements from the ULB. These are the same kinds of measurements that the original writers used. Spell them in a way that is similar to the way they sound or are spelled in the ULB. (see [Borrow Words](../translate-transliterate/01.md)) * "The bronze from the wave offering weighed seventy talentes and 2,400 sekeles." 1. Use the metric measurements given in the UDB. The translators of the UDB have already figured how to represent the amounts in the metric system. From 99d9f3770a6e057dfd91ce4bfd273426468abd34 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chrisjarka Date: Tue, 23 Oct 2018 18:14:57 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 343/551] corrected Borrow link --- translate/translate-bmoney/01.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/translate-bmoney/01.md b/translate/translate-bmoney/01.md index c9e0c8b..e99856f 100644 --- a/translate/translate-bmoney/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-bmoney/01.md @@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ Do not use modern money values since these change from year to year. Using them The value of most money in the Old Testament was based on its weight. So when translating these weights in the Old Testament, see [Biblical Weight](../translate-bweight/01.md). The strategies below are for translating the value of money in the New Testament -1. Use the Bible term and spell it in a way that is similar to the way it sounds. (see [Copy or Borrow Words](../translate-transliterate/01.md)) +1. Use the Bible term and spell it in a way that is similar to the way it sounds. (see [Borrow Words](../translate-transliterate/01.md)) 1. Describe the value of the money in terms of what kind of metal it was made of and how many coins were used. 1. Describe the value of the money in terms of what people in Bible times could earn in one day of work. 1. Use the Bible term and give the equivalent amount in the text or a note. @@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ The translations strategies are all applied to Matthew 18:28 below. * **... who owed him one hundred denarii.** (Matthew 18:28 ULB) -1. Use the Bible term and spell it in a way that is similar to the way it sounds. (see [Copy or Borrow Words](../translate-transliterate/01.md)) +1. Use the Bible term and spell it in a way that is similar to the way it sounds. (see [Borrow Words](../translate-transliterate/01.md)) * "... who owed him one hundred denali." 1. Describe the value of the money in terms of what kind of metal it was made of and how many pieces or coins were used. From 5a43071881e213c49debbe737716eb230e2d5506 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Tue, 23 Oct 2018 19:10:37 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 344/551] From Suggestions - bita-humanbehavior --- translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md | 14 +++++--------- 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md b/translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md index 3fa084d..177764f 100644 --- a/translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md @@ -84,14 +84,12 @@ Too much wine makes a person weak, and he staggers. So too, when God judges peop >You have made your people see difficult things; >you have made us drink the wine of staggering. (Psalm 60:3 ULB) -Another example from Psalms. >But God is the judge; >he brings down and he lifts up. >For Yahweh holds in his hand a cup of foaming wine, >which is mixed with spices, and pours it out. >Surely all the wicked of the earth will drink it to the last drop. (Psalm 75:8 ULB) -An example from Revelation. >He will also drink some of the wine of God's wrath, the wine that has been poured undiluted into the cup of his anger. (Revelation 14:10 ULB) #### EATING UP represents destroying @@ -106,12 +104,10 @@ Another word for "eat up" is devour. >Therefore as the tongue of fire devours stubble, and as the dry grass goes down in flame, >so their root will rot, and their blossom will blow away like dust. (Isaiah 5:24 ULB) -Another example from Isaiah. >Therefore Yahweh will raise up against him Rezin, his adversary, and will stir up his enemies, >the Arameans on the east, and the Philistines on the west. >They will devour Israel with open mouth. (Isaiah 9:11-12 ULB) -An example from Deuteronomy. >I will make my arrows drunk with blood, >and my sword will devour flesh >with the blood of the killed and the captives, @@ -142,9 +138,9 @@ An example from Deuteronomy. >Righteousness will go before him and make a way for his footsteps. (Psalm 85:13 ULB) - Rewared, recompense, and righteousness are also personified here. (see [Personification](../figs-personification/01.md)) + Reward, recompense, and righteousness are also personified here. (see [Personification](../figs-personification/01.md)) -#### INHERITING is permanently possessing something +#### INHERITING represents permanently possessing something >Then the King will say to those on his right hand, "Come, you who have been blessed by my Father, inherit the kingdom prepared for you from the foundation of the world." (Matthew 25:34) @@ -154,7 +150,7 @@ The blessing of God's complete rule is given as the permanent possession to thos People cannot receive the kingdom of God in its complete form as a permanent possession while they are still in their mortal bodies. -An **INHERITANCE** is something that someone permanently possesses +An **INHERITANCE** represents something that someone permanently possesses >You will bring them and plant them on the mountain of your inheritance. (Exodus 15:17 ULB) @@ -168,7 +164,7 @@ Moses asks God to still accept the people of Israel as his special possession, t The wonderful things that God will give all who are set apart for him is viewed as their permanent possession. -An **HEIR** is someone who permanently possesses something +An **HEIR** represents someone who permanently possesses something >For the promise to Abraham and to his descendants that he would be heir of the world did not come through the law but through the righteousness of faith. (Romans 4:13 ULB) @@ -217,7 +213,7 @@ Noah received righteousness as a permanent possession. >[Yahweh] sold [the Israelites] into the hand of Cushan-Rishathaim king of Aram Naharaim. (Judges 3:8 ULB) -#### SITTING IS RULING +#### SITTING is ruling >A throne will be established in covenant faithfulness; and one from David's tent will faithfully sit there. (Isaiah 16:5 ULB) From f6afa46d64b8492457f7726bcb0d078ade9c744e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Tue, 23 Oct 2018 19:33:39 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 345/551] Deleted reference to archived page --- translate/figs-sentences/01.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-sentences/01.md b/translate/figs-sentences/01.md index 7a17ae3..808aaa3 100644 --- a/translate/figs-sentences/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-sentences/01.md @@ -72,6 +72,6 @@ In the sentence below "her mother, who was very annoyed" is part of the predicat #### Translation Issues -* Languages have different orders for the parts of a sentence. (See: //add Information Structure page//) +* Languages have different orders for the parts of a sentence. * Some languages do not have relative clauses, or they use them in a limited way. (see [Distinguishing versus Informing or Reminding](../figs-distinguish/01.md)) From e2fae34d9aa5a93d0280dfd58aeb915b8f6af7d6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Tue, 23 Oct 2018 20:30:48 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 346/551] Issue 64 (writing-quotations) Quotations and Quote Margins --- translate/writing-quotations/01.md | 14 +++++++++----- 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/writing-quotations/01.md b/translate/writing-quotations/01.md index 8555659..18344ac 100644 --- a/translate/writing-quotations/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-quotations/01.md @@ -10,16 +10,16 @@ The quote margins are underlined below. * "The food is ready. Come and eat," she said. * "The food is ready," she said. "Come and eat." -Also in some languages, the quote margin may have more than one verb meaning "said." +Also in some languages, the quote margin may have more than one verb meaning "speak." ->But his mother answered and said, "No. He will be called John." (Luke 1:60 ULB) +* She called out and said, "The food is ready. Come and eat." When writing that someone said something, some languages put the quote (what was said) in quotation marks called inverted commas (" "). Some languages use other symbols around the quotation, such as these angle quote marks (« »), or something else. ### Reasons this is a translation issue * Translators need to put the quote margin where it is most clear and natural in their language. -* Translators need to decide whether they want the quote margin to have one or two verbs meaning "said." +* Translators need to decide whether they want the quote margin to have one or two verbs meaning "speak." * Translators need to decide which marks to use around the quotation. ### Examples from the Bible @@ -42,10 +42,14 @@ When writing that someone said something, some languages put the quote (what was >"Therefore, those who can," he said, "should go there with us. If there is something wrong with the man, you should accuse him." (Acts 25:5 ULB) +##### Quote margin with two verbs meaning "speak" + +>But his mother answered and said, "No. He will be called John." (Luke 1:60 ULB) + ### Translation Strategies 1. Decide where to put the quote margin. -1. Decide whether to use one or two words meaning "said." +1. Decide whether to use one or two words meaning "speak." ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied @@ -55,7 +59,7 @@ When writing that someone said something, some languages put the quote (what was * "Therefore, those who can should go there with us. If there is something wrong with the man, you should accuse him," he said. * "Therefore, those who can should go there with us," he said. "If there is something wrong with the man, you should accuse him." -1. Decide whether to use one or two words meaning "said." +1. Decide whether to use one or two words meaning "speak." * **But his mother answered and said, "No. He will be called John."** (Luke 1:60 ULB) * But his mother replied, "No, instead he will be called John." * But his mother said, "No, instead he will be called John." From e6642d6162003fc093a763557c24c9196d671ec2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Tue, 23 Oct 2018 20:32:49 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 347/551] Deleted extra example --- translate/writing-quotations/01.md | 2 -- 1 file changed, 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/writing-quotations/01.md b/translate/writing-quotations/01.md index 18344ac..f657d80 100644 --- a/translate/writing-quotations/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-quotations/01.md @@ -30,8 +30,6 @@ When writing that someone said something, some languages put the quote (what was >Tax collectors also came to be baptized, and they said to him, "Teacher, what must we do?" (Luke 3:12 ULB) ->He said to them, "Do not collect more money than you have been ordered to collect." (Luke 3:13 ULB) - ##### Quote margin after the quote >Yahweh relented concerning this. "It will not happen," he said. (Amos 7:3 ULB) From 0a3e16ad64a8a46f2be74881bb44dfbb64868127 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Tue, 23 Oct 2018 20:33:45 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 348/551] Deleted extra examples --- translate/writing-quotations/01.md | 2 -- 1 file changed, 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/writing-quotations/01.md b/translate/writing-quotations/01.md index f657d80..3380491 100644 --- a/translate/writing-quotations/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-quotations/01.md @@ -28,8 +28,6 @@ When writing that someone said something, some languages put the quote (what was >Zechariah said to the angel, "How can I know this? For I am an old man and my wife is very old." (Luke 1:18 ULB) ->Tax collectors also came to be baptized, and they said to him, "Teacher, what must we do?" (Luke 3:12 ULB) - ##### Quote margin after the quote >Yahweh relented concerning this. "It will not happen," he said. (Amos 7:3 ULB) From 73a6ed078d0611c036b05e6353c52a7aedc759d1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Tue, 23 Oct 2018 20:53:57 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 349/551] Issue 64 (quotemarks) Quote Markings --- translate/figs-quotemarks/01.md | 18 ++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-quotemarks/01.md b/translate/figs-quotemarks/01.md index e9e80a2..e203681 100644 --- a/translate/figs-quotemarks/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-quotemarks/01.md @@ -55,18 +55,16 @@ Here are some ways you may be able to help readers see where each quote starts a 1. Alternate two kinds of quote marks to show layers of direct quotation as shown in the ULB text below. ->They said to him, "A man came to meet us who said to us, 'Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, "Yahweh says this: 'Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal-Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.'"'" (2 Kings 1:6 ULB) - + * **They said to him, "A man came to meet us who said to us, 'Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, "Yahweh says this: 'Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal-Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.'"'"** (2 Kings 1:6 ULB) + 1. Translate one or some of the quotes as indirect quotes in order to use fewer quote marks, since indirect quotes do not need them. In English the word "that" can introduce an indirect quote. In the example below, everything after the word "that" is an indirect quote of what the messengers said to the king. Within that indirect quote, there are some direct quotes marked with " and '. ->They said to him, "A man came to meet us who said to us, 'Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, "Yahweh says this: 'Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal-Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.'"'" (2 Kings 1:6 ULB) - -* They told him that a man came to meet them who said to them, "Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, 'Yahweh says this: "Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal-Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die."'" - + * **They said to him, "A man came to meet us who said to us, 'Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, "Yahweh says this: 'Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal-Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.'"'"** (2 Kings 1:6 ULB) + * They told him that a man came to meet them who said to them, "Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, 'Yahweh says this: "Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal-Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die."'" + 1. If a quotation is very long and has many layers of quotation in it, indent the main overall quote, and use quote marks only for the direct quotes inside of it. ->They said to him, "A man came to meet us who said to us, 'Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, "Yahweh says this: 'Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal-Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.'"'" (2 Kings 1:6 ULB) - -* They said to him, - A man came to meet us who said to us, "Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, 'Yahweh says this: "Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal-Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die."'" + * **They said to him, "A man came to meet us who said to us, 'Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, "Yahweh says this: 'Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal-Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.'"'"** (2 Kings 1:6 ULB) + * They said to him, + A man came to meet us who said to us, "Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, 'Yahweh says this: "Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal-Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die."'" From ec837f11ac800cfab73967fca12193fa00812227 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Wed, 24 Oct 2018 13:11:56 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 350/551] Issue 67 Consolidate figs-quotesinquotes I took the Strategies and Strategies Applied from figs-quotemarks and put them here. We'll archive figs-quotemarks --- translate/figs-quotesinquotes/01.md | 39 ++++++++++++++++------------- 1 file changed, 21 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-quotesinquotes/01.md b/translate/figs-quotesinquotes/01.md index 7e0a024..68a5e37 100644 --- a/translate/figs-quotesinquotes/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-quotesinquotes/01.md @@ -2,13 +2,13 @@ ### Description -A quotation may have a quote within it, and quotes that are inside of other quotes can also have quotes within them. When a quote has quotes within it, we can talk about it having layers of quotation, and each of the quotes is a layer. When there are many layers of quotes inside of quotes, it can be hard for listeners and readers to know who is saying what. Some languages use a combination of direct quotes and indirect quotes to make it easier. +A quotation may have a quote within it, and quotes that are inside of other quotes can also have quotes within them. When a quote has quotes within it, we can talk about it having layers of quotation, and each of the quotes is a layer. When there are many layers of quotes inside of quotes, it can be hard for listeners and readers to know who is saying what ### Reasons this is a translation issue -1. When there is a quote within a quote, the listener needs to know who the pronouns refer to. For example if a quote that is inside a quote has the word "I," the listener needs to know whether "I" refers to the speaker of the inner quote or the outer quote. -1. Some languages make this clear by using different kinds of quotes when there are quotes within quotes. They may use direct quotes for some and indirect quotes for others. -1. Some languages do not use indirect quotes. +* When there is a quote within a quote, the listener needs to know who the speaker of each quote is and to whom he is speaking. +* When there is a quote within a quote, the listener needs to know who the pronouns refer to. For example if a quote that is inside a quote has the word "I," the listener needs to know whether "I" refers to the speaker of the inner quote or the outer quote. + ### Examples from the Bible @@ -29,30 +29,33 @@ The outermost layer is what Jesus said to Pilate. The second layer is what Pilat >Then the chief priests of the Jews said to Pilate, "Do not write, 'The King of the Jews,' but rather, 'This one said, "I am King of the Jews."'" (John 19:21 ULB) -The outermost layer is what the chief priests said to Pilate. The second layer is what their command not to write. The third layer is what "this one" supposedly said. (We have underlined the third layer.) +The outermost layer is what the chief priests said to Pilate. The second layer is what the priests want Pilate to write. The third layer is what "This one" supposedly said. (We have underlined the third layer.) #### A quotation with four layers >They said to him, "A man came to meet us who said to us, 'Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, "Yahweh says this: 'Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal-Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.'"'" (2 Kings 1:6 ULB) -The outermost layer is what the messengers said to the king. The second layer is what the man who had met the messengers told them. The third is what that man wanted the messengers to say to the king. The fourth is what Yahweh said. (We have underlined the fourth layer.) +The outermost layer is what the messengers said to the king. The second layer is what the man who had met the messengers told them. The third is what that man wanted the messengers to say to the king. The fourth is what had Yahweh said. (We have underlined the fourth layer.) ### Translation Strategies -Some languages use only direct quotes. Other languages use a combination of direct quotes and indirect quotes. In those languages it might sound strange and perhaps even be confusing if there are many layers of direct quotes. - -1. Translate all of the quotes as direct quotes. +1. Alternate two kinds of quote marks to show layers of direct quotation. English alternates double quote marks and single quote marks. 1. Translate one or some of the quotes as indirect quotes. (see [Direct and Indirect Quotations](../figs-quotations/01.md)) +1. If a quotation is very long and has many layers of quotation in it, indent the main overall quote, and use quote marks only for the direct quotes inside of it. ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied -1. Translate all of the quotes as direct quotes. In the example below we have underlined the indirect quotes in the ULB and the quotes that we have changed to direct quotes below it. - * **Festus presented Paul's case to the king; he said, "A certain man was left behind here by Felix as a prisoner. ...I was puzzled about how to investigate this matter, and I asked him if he would go to Jerusalem to be judged there about these things. But when Paul called to be kept under guard for the Emperor's decision, I ordered him to be kept until I send him to Caesar."** (Acts 25:14-21 ULB) - * Festus presented Paul's case to the king; he said, "A certain man was left behind here by Felix as a prisoner. ... I was puzzled about how to investigate this matter, and I asked him, 'Will you go to Jerusalem to be judged there about these things?' But when Paul said, 'I want to be kept under guard for the Emperor's decision,' I told the guard, 'Keep him under guard until I send him to Caesar.'" +1. Alternate two kinds of quote marks to show layers of direct quotation as shown in the ULB text below. -1. Translate one or some of the quotes as indirect quotes. In English the word "that" can come before indirect quotes. It is underlined in the examples below. The pronouns that changed because of the indirect quote are also underlined. - * **Then Yahweh spoke to Moses and said, "I have heard the grumbling of the Israelites. Tell them, 'At twilight you will eat meat, and in the morning you will be filled with bread. Then you will know that I am Yahweh your God.' "** (Exodus 16:11-12 ULB) - * Then Yahweh spoke to Moses and said, "I have heard the grumbling of the Israelites. Tell them that at twilight they will eat meat, and in the morning they will be filled with bread. Then they will know that I am Yahweh their God." - * **They said to him, "A man came to meet us who said to us, 'Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, "Yahweh says this: 'Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal-Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.'"'" (2 Kings 1:6 ULB)** (2 Kings 1:6 ULB) - * They told him that a man had come to meet them who said to them, "Go back to the king who sent you, and tell him that Yahweh says this: 'Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.'" - + * **They said to him, "A man came to meet us who said to us, 'Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, "Yahweh says this: 'Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal-Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.'"'"** (2 Kings 1:6 ULB) + +1. Translate one or some of the quotes as indirect quotes in order to use fewer quote marks. In the example below, the word "that" introduces an indirect quote of what the messengers said to the king. Within that indirect quote, there are some direct quotes. + + * **They said to him, "A man came to meet us who said to us, 'Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, "Yahweh says this: 'Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal-Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.'"'"** (2 Kings 1:6 ULB) + * They told him that a man came to meet them who said to them, "Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, 'Yahweh says this: "Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal-Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die."'" + +1. If a quotation is very long and has many layers of quotation in it, indent the main overall quote, and use quote marks only for the direct quotes inside of it. + + * **They said to him, "A man came to meet us who said to us, 'Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, "Yahweh says this: 'Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal-Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.'"'"** (2 Kings 1:6 ULB) + * They said to him, + A man came to meet us who said to us, "Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, 'Yahweh says this: "Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal-Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die."'" From 3f5ae3b57c3a2c0700f7a27dea76c6520ddb2cb4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Wed, 24 Oct 2018 13:46:20 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 351/551] Issue 64 --- translate/writing-quotations/01.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/writing-quotations/01.md b/translate/writing-quotations/01.md index 3380491..f781ffa 100644 --- a/translate/writing-quotations/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-quotations/01.md @@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ Also in some languages, the quote margin may have more than one verb meaning "sp * She called out and said, "The food is ready. Come and eat." -When writing that someone said something, some languages put the quote (what was said) in quotation marks called inverted commas (" "). Some languages use other symbols around the quotation, such as these angle quote marks (« »), or something else. +When writing that someone said something, some languages put the quote (what was said) in quotation marks. Some use inverted commas (" " or ' '), some use angle quote marks (« » or), and some use brackets (⎡ ⎦). Some languages put quotes after a dash (—). ### Reasons this is a translation issue From 376a4d8f9a63922074f9d840e744d636d4e2a336 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Wed, 24 Oct 2018 14:01:06 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 352/551] quote marks on writing-quotations --- translate/writing-quotations/01.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/writing-quotations/01.md b/translate/writing-quotations/01.md index f781ffa..40d2f22 100644 --- a/translate/writing-quotations/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-quotations/01.md @@ -14,13 +14,13 @@ Also in some languages, the quote margin may have more than one verb meaning "sp * She called out and said, "The food is ready. Come and eat." -When writing that someone said something, some languages put the quote (what was said) in quotation marks. Some use inverted commas (" " or ' '), some use angle quote marks (« » or), and some use brackets (⎡ ⎦). Some languages put quotes after a dash (—). +When writing that someone said something, some languages put the quote (what was said) in quotation marks. Some languages use inverted commas (" " or ' '), some use angle quote marks (« » or ‹ ›), and some use brackets (⎡ ⎦). Some languages put quotes after a dash (—). ### Reasons this is a translation issue * Translators need to put the quote margin where it is most clear and natural in their language. * Translators need to decide whether they want the quote margin to have one or two verbs meaning "speak." -* Translators need to decide which marks to use around the quotation. +* Translators need to decide which marks to use for the quotations. ### Examples from the Bible From ebdeddf5cac3156f072f96c62f8dc78e7e878245 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Wed, 24 Oct 2018 14:11:43 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 353/551] Issue 67 figs-quotesinquotes --- translate/figs-quotesinquotes/01.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-quotesinquotes/01.md b/translate/figs-quotesinquotes/01.md index 68a5e37..aac8f53 100644 --- a/translate/figs-quotesinquotes/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-quotesinquotes/01.md @@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ The outermost layer is what the messengers said to the king. The second layer is ### Translation Strategies -1. Alternate two kinds of quote marks to show layers of direct quotation. English alternates double quote marks and single quote marks. +1. Alternate two kinds of quote marks to show layers of direct quotation. English alternates double quote marks and single quote marks. (see [Quotations and Quote Margins](../writing-quotations/01.md)) 1. Translate one or some of the quotes as indirect quotes. (see [Direct and Indirect Quotations](../figs-quotations/01.md)) 1. If a quotation is very long and has many layers of quotation in it, indent the main overall quote, and use quote marks only for the direct quotes inside of it. From 7051399487a0389e54c8ff2bb18b0b4d70b77605 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Wed, 24 Oct 2018 14:24:40 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 354/551] Issue 67 Deleted link to archived figs-quotemarks page --- translate/figs-grammar/01.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-grammar/01.md b/translate/figs-grammar/01.md index 269ea11..5e23cd6 100644 --- a/translate/figs-grammar/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-grammar/01.md @@ -16,5 +16,5 @@ Grammar has two main parts: words and structure. Structure involves how we put w * Quotations normally have two parts: Information about who said something and what the person said. (see [Quotations and Quote Margins](../writing-quotations/01.md)) * Quotations can be either direct quotes or indirect quotes. (see [Direct and Indirect Quotations](../figs-quotations/01.md)) * Quotes can have quotes within them. (see [Quotes within Quotes](../figs-quotesinquotes/01.md)) -* Quotes can be marked to make it easy for readers to understand who said what. (see [Quote Markings](../figs-quotemarks/01.md)) + From cc3da9146ca2788424cb4327eb7449c2e228a852 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Wed, 24 Oct 2018 14:44:17 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 355/551] Issue 67 Clarified link to other page --- translate/figs-quotesinquotes/01.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-quotesinquotes/01.md b/translate/figs-quotesinquotes/01.md index aac8f53..466fe85 100644 --- a/translate/figs-quotesinquotes/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-quotesinquotes/01.md @@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ The outermost layer is what the messengers said to the king. The second layer is ### Translation Strategies -1. Alternate two kinds of quote marks to show layers of direct quotation. English alternates double quote marks and single quote marks. (see [Quotations and Quote Margins](../writing-quotations/01.md)) +1. Alternate two kinds of quote marks to show layers of direct quotation. English alternates double quote marks and single quote marks. (For other kinds of quote marks, see [Quotations and Quote Margins](../writing-quotations/01.md)) 1. Translate one or some of the quotes as indirect quotes. (see [Direct and Indirect Quotations](../figs-quotations/01.md)) 1. If a quotation is very long and has many layers of quotation in it, indent the main overall quote, and use quote marks only for the direct quotes inside of it. From 53863c1612bb09c9805f86c1c24a7ea7a1020156 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Wed, 24 Oct 2018 14:47:21 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 356/551] Deleted figs-quotemarks from config.yaml Issue 67 --- translate/config.yaml | 7 ------- 1 file changed, 7 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/config.yaml b/translate/config.yaml index 6965ed2..b4dabd6 100644 --- a/translate/config.yaml +++ b/translate/config.yaml @@ -210,14 +210,7 @@ figs-quotations: - figs-pronouns - figs-verbs - writing-quotations -figs-quotemarks: - recommended: - - figs-quotesinquotes - dependencies: - - figs-quotations figs-quotesinquotes: - recommended: - - figs-quotemarks dependencies: - figs-quotations figs-rpronouns: From f321e63e159c18c78c1fdd38457be03bb6ab32bb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Wed, 24 Oct 2018 14:50:12 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 357/551] Deleted "Quote Markings" and figs-quotemarks from toc Issue 67 Archived tA page. --- translate/toc.yaml | 2 -- 1 file changed, 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/toc.yaml b/translate/toc.yaml index 4360484..49cade2 100644 --- a/translate/toc.yaml +++ b/translate/toc.yaml @@ -263,8 +263,6 @@ sections: link: writing-quotations - title: "Direct and Indirect Quotations" link: figs-quotations - - title: "Quote Markings" - link: figs-quotemarks - title: "Quotes within Quotes" link: figs-quotesinquotes - title: "Writing Styles (Discourse)" From 6bbdaefc20b8dc5e35e2c8ba85a3505c6d8abecf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Wed, 24 Oct 2018 14:56:58 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 358/551] Moved to Archive --- {translate => archive/translate}/figs-quotemarks/01.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translate => archive/translate}/figs-quotemarks/01.md (100%) diff --git a/translate/figs-quotemarks/01.md b/archive/translate/figs-quotemarks/01.md similarity index 100% rename from translate/figs-quotemarks/01.md rename to archive/translate/figs-quotemarks/01.md From 6f0535dc822ad1fe55b5b843328bc774b92bcca4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Wed, 24 Oct 2018 14:57:50 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 359/551] Moved to Archive --- {translate => archive/translate}/figs-quotemarks/sub-title.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translate => archive/translate}/figs-quotemarks/sub-title.md (100%) diff --git a/translate/figs-quotemarks/sub-title.md b/archive/translate/figs-quotemarks/sub-title.md similarity index 100% rename from translate/figs-quotemarks/sub-title.md rename to archive/translate/figs-quotemarks/sub-title.md From 6c28cb1cce03896f18744395c70cc3fcb08b6e98 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Wed, 24 Oct 2018 14:59:14 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 360/551] Moved to Archive --- {translate => archive/translate}/figs-quotemarks/title.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translate => archive/translate}/figs-quotemarks/title.md (100%) diff --git a/translate/figs-quotemarks/title.md b/archive/translate/figs-quotemarks/title.md similarity index 100% rename from translate/figs-quotemarks/title.md rename to archive/translate/figs-quotemarks/title.md From 6e3ef93c00668a45b7a0a646a49d58d5c34dea1a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Wed, 24 Oct 2018 15:11:36 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 361/551] Fixed Title of "Borrow Words" on toc --- translate/toc.yaml | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/toc.yaml b/translate/toc.yaml index 49cade2..ca444c2 100644 --- a/translate/toc.yaml +++ b/translate/toc.yaml @@ -301,7 +301,7 @@ sections: sections: - title: "Translate Unknowns" link: translate-unknown - - title: "Copy or Borrow Words" + - title: "Borrow Words" link: translate-transliterate - title: "How to Translate Names" link: translate-names From 4ab412466e60fa8ddb177ea7bead08a18de7ff8e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Wed, 24 Oct 2018 15:18:36 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 362/551] Issue 50. Deleted reference to videos. --- translate/figs-intro/01.md | 3 +-- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-intro/01.md b/translate/figs-intro/01.md index 4d66fa8..4d0d7d4 100644 --- a/translate/figs-intro/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-intro/01.md @@ -12,10 +12,9 @@ Figures of speech are ways of saying things that use words in non-literal ways. * When someone uses an extended metaphor, the images are an important part of what he is trying to say. * If the target audience is not familiar with some of the images, you will need to find some way of helping them understand the images so they can understand the whole extended metaphor. - ### Types -Listed below are different types of Figures of Speech. If you would like additional information simply click the colored word to be directed to a page containing definitions, examples, and videos for each figure of speech. +Listed below are different types of Figures of Speech. If you would like additional information simply click the colored word to be directed to a page containing definitions, examples, and translation strategies for each figure of speech. * **[Apostrophe](../figs-apostrophe/01.md)** - An apostrophe is a figure of speech in which a speaker directly addresses someone who is not there, or addresses a thing that is not a person. From 4a512038e91f0ee9ea52202ad2b3cd36f82c9b69 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Wed, 24 Oct 2018 15:19:59 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 363/551] Issue 50. Deleted link to video --- translate/figs-youdual/01.md | 4 +--- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 3 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-youdual/01.md b/translate/figs-youdual/01.md index c0eada8..4471a23 100644 --- a/translate/figs-youdual/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-youdual/01.md @@ -36,6 +36,4 @@ Jesus was speaking to one man, so the reader would expect that all the instances 1. Look at the notes to see if they tell whether "you" refers to one person or more than one person. 1. Look at the UDB to see if it says anything that would show you whether the word "you" refers to one person or more than one person. 1. If you have a Bible that is written in a language that distinguishes "you" singular from "you" plural, see which form of "you" that Bible has in that sentence. -1. Look at the context to see who the speaker was talking to and who responded. - -You may also want to watch the video at http://ufw.io/figs_youdual. \ No newline at end of file +1. Look at the context to see who the speaker was talking to and who responded. \ No newline at end of file From 4c03b9ecc1d280552dee914cc71717780b6e63db Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Wed, 24 Oct 2018 18:03:03 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 364/551] Issue 64 (writing-intro) --- translate/writing-intro/01.md | 2 -- 1 file changed, 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/writing-intro/01.md b/translate/writing-intro/01.md index 1548c4f..f22214a 100644 --- a/translate/writing-intro/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-intro/01.md @@ -3,8 +3,6 @@ There are different kinds or types of writing, and each type of writing has its own purpose. Because these purposes are different, the different kinds of writing are organized in different ways. They use different verbs, different kinds of sentences, and refer to the people and things that they write about in different ways. These differences help the reader to quickly know the purpose of the writing, and they work to communicate the author's meaning in the best way. -### Types of Writing - The following are four basic types of writing that exist in every language. Each type of writing has a different purpose. * **Narrative** or **[Parable](../figs-parables/01.md)** - tells a story or event From a7269d801ecb26db04ed7975a75a5b85f9a66bba Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Wed, 24 Oct 2018 18:30:51 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 365/551] Update 'translate/tA Decisions.md' --- translate/tA Decisions.md | 30 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 30 insertions(+) diff --git a/translate/tA Decisions.md b/translate/tA Decisions.md index 117f8de..290d5c2 100644 --- a/translate/tA Decisions.md +++ b/translate/tA Decisions.md @@ -51,6 +51,36 @@ That probably violates everything I told you this morning, but I'm making this u ---------- + +### Appearance of Numbered and Bulleted lists + + +* No spaces before + * Two spaces before + * Four spaces before + * Two spaces before + * Six spaces before + * Four spaces before + * Six spaces before +* No spaces before + * Two spaces before + * Four spaces before + * Two spaces before + * Six spaces before + * Four spaces before + * Six spaces before + +1. No spaces before. On tA pages, a line space shows up after the numbered items. + * Two spaces before + * Four spaces before +1. No spaces before + * Two spaces before + * Six spaces before +1. No spaces before + * Four spaces before + * Six spaces before + + ### Fixing Line spacing in lists with multiple bullets as in Translation Strategies applied. 1. Remove empty line between examples. 1. Force a line between an application and the next numbered strategy by adding two spaces at the end the application line and two spaces at the beginning of the next blank line. From dee8b0f2bcd412506daa118b4f094222bfb14773 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Wed, 24 Oct 2018 19:42:35 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 366/551] Issue 64 (writing-background) --- translate/writing-background/01.md | 37 ++++++++++++++++++------------ 1 file changed, 22 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/writing-background/01.md b/translate/writing-background/01.md index ef5b640..efb795a 100644 --- a/translate/writing-background/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-background/01.md @@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ Background information can also be marked with words that tell the reader that t * Languages have different ways of marking background information and storyline information. * Translators need to know the order of the events in the Bible, which information is background information, and which is storyline information. -* Translators will need to translate the story in a way that marks the background information in a way that their own readers will understand the order of events, which information is background information, and which is storyline information. +* Translators need to translate the story in a way that their own readers will understand the order of events, which information is background information, and which is storyline information. ### Examples from the Bible @@ -38,31 +38,38 @@ Background information can also be marked with words that tell the reader that t The first sentence tells about two events. Hagar gave birth and Abraham named his son. The second sentence is background information about how old Abram was when those things happened. ->Now Jesus himself, when he began to teach, was about thirty years of age. He was the son (as was supposed) of Joseph, the son of Heli. (Luke 3:23 ULB) +>Now Jesus himself, when he began to teach, was about thirty years of age. He was the son (as was supposed) of Joseph, the son of Heli. (Luke 3:23 ULB) -The verses before this tell about when Jesus was baptized. This sentence introduces background information about Jesus' age and ancestors. The story starts up again in chapter 4 where it tells about Jesus going to the wilderness. +The verses before Luke 3:23 tell about when Jesus was baptized. English uses the word "Now" to show that there is some kind of change in the kind of information being given. These sentences give background information about Jesus' age and ancestors. The story starts up again in chapter 4 where it tells about Jesus going to the wilderness. ->Now it happened on a Sabbath that Jesus was going through the grain fields and his disciples were picking the heads of grain, rubbing them between their hands, and eating the grain. But some of the Pharisees said... (Luke 6:1-2a ULB) +>Now it happened on a Sabbath that Jesus was going through the grain fields and his disciples were picking the heads of grain, rubbing them between their hands, and eating the grain. But some of the Pharisees said ... (Luke 6:1-2a ULB) These verses give the setting of the story. The events took place in a grain field on the Sabbath day. Jesus, his disciples, and some Pharisees were there, and Jesus' disciples were picking heads of grain and eating them. The main action in the story starts with the sentence, "But some of the Pharisees said." +>Now Deborah, a prophetess (the wife of Lappidoth), was a leading judge in Israel at that time. She used to sit under the palm of Deborah between Ramah and Bethel in the hill country of Ephraim, and the people of Israel came to her to settle their disputes. She sent for Barak son of Abinoam from Kedesh in Naphtali. (Judges 4:4-6 ULB) + +In English, the parentheses and the verbs "was" and "used to" are clues that the first two sentences are background information. + +>With many other exhortations also, he preached good news to the people. John also rebuked Herod the tetrarch for marrying his brother's wife, Herodias, and for all the other evil things that Herod had done. But then Herod did another very evil thing. He had John locked up in prison. (Luke 3:18-20 ULB) + +John rebuked Herod for things Herod had already done. Also the verb "had" in "had done" shows that Herod did those things before John rebuked him. + ### Translation Strategies -To keep translations clear and natural you will need to study how people tell stories in your language. Observe how your language marks background information. You may need to write down some stories in order to study this. Observe what kind of verbs your language uses for background information and what kinds of words or other markers signal that something is background information. Do these same things when you translate, so that your translation is clear and natural and people can understand it easily. +To keep translations clear and natural you will need to study how people tell stories in your language. Observe how your language distinguishes background information from storyline information. You may need to write down some stories in order to study this. Observe what kind of verbs, words, and other markers are used to show what distinguish these two kinds of information. Do these same things when you translate, so that your translation is clear and natural and people can understand it easily. -1. Use your language's way of showing that certain information is background information. +1. Use your language's way of showing that certain information is background information or storyline information. 1. Reorder the information so that earlier events are mentioned first. (This is not always possible when the background information is very long.) ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied -1. Use your language's way of showing that certain information is background information. The examples below explain how this was done in the ULB English translations. - * **Now Jesus himself, when he began to teach, was about thirty years of age. He was the son (as was supposed) of Joseph, the son of Heli.** (Luke 3:23 ULB) English uses the word "now" to show that there is some kind of change in the story. The verb "was" shows that it is background information. +1. Use your language's way of showing that certain information is either background information or storyline information. - * **With many other exhortations also, he preached good news to the people. John also rebuked Herod the tetrarch for marrying his brother's wife, Herodias, and for all the other evil things that Herod had done. But then Herod did another very evil thing. He had John locked up in prison.** (Luke 3:18-20 ULB) The underlined phrases happened before John rebuked Herod. In English, the helping verb "had" in "had done" shows that Herod did those things before John rebuked him. - + * **Now Deborah, a prophetess (the wife of Lappidoth), was a leading judge in Israel at that time. She used to sit under the palm of Deborah between Ramah and Bethel in the hill country of Ephraim, and the people of Israel came to her to settle their disputes. She sent for Barak son of Abinoam from Kedesh in Naphtali.** (Judges 4:4-6 ULB) + * Now Deborah, a prophetess (the wife of Lappidoth), was a leading judge in Israel at that time. She used to sit under the palm of Deborah between Ramah and Bethel in the hill country of Ephraim, and the people of Israel would come to her to settle their disputes. One day she sent for Barak son of Abinoam from Kedesh in Naphtali. (In English, the verb "would" in "would come" shows that this is background information about something that the people did many times. The phrase "One day" shows that the last sentence has storyline information.) + 1. Reorder the information so that earlier events are mentioned first. (This is not always possible when the background information is very long.) - * **Hagar gave birth to Abram's son, and Abram named his son, whom Hagar bore, Ishmael. Abram was eighty-six years old when Hagar bore Ishmael to Abram.** (Genesis 16:16 ULB) - * When Abram was eighty-six years old, Hagar gave birth to his son, and Abram named his son Ishmael. - * **John also rebuked Herod the tetrarch for marrying his brother's wife, Herodias, and for all the other evil things that Herod had done. But then Herod did another very evil thing. He had John locked up in prison.** (Luke 3:18-20) The translation below reorders John's rebuke and Herod's actions. - * Now Herod the tetrarch married his brother's wife, Herodias, and he did many other evil things, so John rebuked him. But then Herod did another very evil thing. He had John locked up in prison. - + * **Hagar gave birth to Abram's son, and Abram named his son, whom Hagar bore, Ishmael. Abram was eighty-six years old when Hagar bore Ishmael to Abram.** (Genesis 16:16 ULB) + * When Abram was eighty-six years old, Hagar gave birth to his son, and Abram named him Ishmael. + * **John also rebuked Herod the tetrarch for marrying his brother's wife, Herodias, and for all the other evil things that Herod had done. But then Herod did another very evil thing. He had John locked up in prison.** (Luke 3:18-20) + * Now Herod the tetrarch married his brother's wife, Herodias, and he did many other evil things, so John rebuked him. But then Herod did another very evil thing. He had John locked up in prison. \ No newline at end of file From fd98233b4de30d4f124986b5bfb7f81e96a53c6f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Wed, 24 Oct 2018 19:45:03 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 367/551] Removed underline --- translate/writing-background/01.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/writing-background/01.md b/translate/writing-background/01.md index efb795a..f06e1d1 100644 --- a/translate/writing-background/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-background/01.md @@ -70,6 +70,6 @@ To keep translations clear and natural you will need to study how people tell st 1. Reorder the information so that earlier events are mentioned first. (This is not always possible when the background information is very long.) * **Hagar gave birth to Abram's son, and Abram named his son, whom Hagar bore, Ishmael. Abram was eighty-six years old when Hagar bore Ishmael to Abram.** (Genesis 16:16 ULB) - * When Abram was eighty-six years old, Hagar gave birth to his son, and Abram named him Ishmael. + * When Abram was eighty-six years old, Hagar gave birth to his son, and Abram named him Ishmael. * **John also rebuked Herod the tetrarch for marrying his brother's wife, Herodias, and for all the other evil things that Herod had done. But then Herod did another very evil thing. He had John locked up in prison.** (Luke 3:18-20) * Now Herod the tetrarch married his brother's wife, Herodias, and he did many other evil things, so John rebuked him. But then Herod did another very evil thing. He had John locked up in prison. \ No newline at end of file From 9ef6fba066d8190f21893dcba5758379d6a80633 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Wed, 24 Oct 2018 20:36:12 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 368/551] Issue 64 (writing-endofstory) --- translate/writing-endofstory/01.md | 12 ++++++------ 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/writing-endofstory/01.md b/translate/writing-endofstory/01.md index 39629e2..b19d4c2 100644 --- a/translate/writing-endofstory/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-endofstory/01.md @@ -22,30 +22,30 @@ Different languages have different ways of presenting these kinds of information ### Translation principles -* Translate the particular kind of information at the end of a story the way your language expresses that kind of information. +* Translate the particular kind of information at the end of a story in the way your language expresses that kind of information. * Translate it so that people will understand how it relates to the story it is part of. * If possible, translate the end of the story in a way that people will know where that story ends and the next begins. ### Examples from the Bible -1. To summarize the story +##### To summarize the story >Then the rest of the men should follow, some on planks, and some on other things from the ship. In this way it happened that all of us came safely to land. (Acts 27:44 ULB) -1. To give a comment about what happened in the story +##### To give a comment about what happened in the story >Many who practiced magical arts brought their books together and burned them in the sight of everyone. When they counted the value of them, it was fifty thousand pieces of silver. So the word of the Lord spread very widely in powerful ways. (Acts 19:19-20 ULB) -1. To tell the reader what happens to a specific character after the main part of the story ends +##### To tell the reader what happens to a specific character after the main part of the story ends >Mary said,"My soul praises the Lord, >and my spirit has rejoiced in God my savior...." >Mary stayed with Elizabeth about three months and then returned to her house. (Luke 1:46-47, 56 ULB) -1. To tell on-going action that continues after the main part of the story ends +##### To tell on-going action that continues after the main part of the story ends >All who heard it were amazed at what was spoken to them by the shepherds. But Mary kept thinking about all the things she had heard, treasuring them in her heart. (Luke 2:18-19 ULB) -1. To tell what happens after the story as a result of the events that happened in the story itself +##### To tell what happens after the story as a result of the events that happened in the story itself >"Woe to you experts in the law, because you have taken away the key of knowledge; you do not enter in yourselves, and you hinder those who are entering." After Jesus left there, the scribes and the Pharisees opposed him and argued with him about many things, trying to trap him in his own words. (Luke 11:52-54 ULB) From a877cf7b0367f7785be2e6ae207547cdf8d28051 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Wed, 24 Oct 2018 21:06:02 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 369/551] Issue 96 (writing-background) --- translate/writing-background/01.md | 8 +++++--- 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/writing-background/01.md b/translate/writing-background/01.md index f06e1d1..f349143 100644 --- a/translate/writing-background/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-background/01.md @@ -63,10 +63,12 @@ To keep translations clear and natural you will need to study how people tell st ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied -1. Use your language's way of showing that certain information is either background information or storyline information. +1. Use your language's way of showing that certain information is either background information or storyline information. + + * For example In English, the verb "would" in "would come" shows that this is background information about something that the people did many times. The phrase "One day" shows that the last sentence has storyline information. +**Now Deborah, a prophetess (the wife of Lappidoth), was a leading judge in Israel at that time. She used to sit under the palm of Deborah between Ramah and Bethel in the hill country of Ephraim, and the people of Israel came to her to settle their disputes. She sent for Barak son of Abinoam from Kedesh in Naphtali.** (Judges 4:4-6 ULB) + * Now Deborah, a prophetess (the wife of Lappidoth), was a leading judge in Israel at that time. She used to sit under the palm of Deborah between Ramah and Bethel in the hill country of Ephraim, and the people of Israel would come to her to settle their disputes. One day she sent for Barak son of Abinoam from Kedesh in Naphtali. - * **Now Deborah, a prophetess (the wife of Lappidoth), was a leading judge in Israel at that time. She used to sit under the palm of Deborah between Ramah and Bethel in the hill country of Ephraim, and the people of Israel came to her to settle their disputes. She sent for Barak son of Abinoam from Kedesh in Naphtali.** (Judges 4:4-6 ULB) - * Now Deborah, a prophetess (the wife of Lappidoth), was a leading judge in Israel at that time. She used to sit under the palm of Deborah between Ramah and Bethel in the hill country of Ephraim, and the people of Israel would come to her to settle their disputes. One day she sent for Barak son of Abinoam from Kedesh in Naphtali. (In English, the verb "would" in "would come" shows that this is background information about something that the people did many times. The phrase "One day" shows that the last sentence has storyline information.) 1. Reorder the information so that earlier events are mentioned first. (This is not always possible when the background information is very long.) * **Hagar gave birth to Abram's son, and Abram named his son, whom Hagar bore, Ishmael. Abram was eighty-six years old when Hagar bore Ishmael to Abram.** (Genesis 16:16 ULB) From 5f0ca4bd13994f3292a2264fd7efbb54f718f9d1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Wed, 24 Oct 2018 21:18:20 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 370/551] Issue 96 (writing-background) --- translate/writing-background/01.md | 3 +-- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/writing-background/01.md b/translate/writing-background/01.md index f349143..7a02c22 100644 --- a/translate/writing-background/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-background/01.md @@ -65,11 +65,10 @@ To keep translations clear and natural you will need to study how people tell st 1. Use your language's way of showing that certain information is either background information or storyline information. - * For example In English, the verb "would" in "would come" shows that this is background information about something that the people did many times. The phrase "One day" shows that the last sentence has storyline information. + * For example when background information has action that was done habitually, it can be marked in English with the word "would." And to show that the events of a storyline are starting, a phrase expressing when those events occurred can be used. The example below uses "One day" for this. **Now Deborah, a prophetess (the wife of Lappidoth), was a leading judge in Israel at that time. She used to sit under the palm of Deborah between Ramah and Bethel in the hill country of Ephraim, and the people of Israel came to her to settle their disputes. She sent for Barak son of Abinoam from Kedesh in Naphtali.** (Judges 4:4-6 ULB) * Now Deborah, a prophetess (the wife of Lappidoth), was a leading judge in Israel at that time. She used to sit under the palm of Deborah between Ramah and Bethel in the hill country of Ephraim, and the people of Israel would come to her to settle their disputes. One day she sent for Barak son of Abinoam from Kedesh in Naphtali. - 1. Reorder the information so that earlier events are mentioned first. (This is not always possible when the background information is very long.) * **Hagar gave birth to Abram's son, and Abram named his son, whom Hagar bore, Ishmael. Abram was eighty-six years old when Hagar bore Ishmael to Abram.** (Genesis 16:16 ULB) * When Abram was eighty-six years old, Hagar gave birth to his son, and Abram named him Ishmael. From 781f7a1bd40e8fde83865b175ac7beb97e0c8357 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Thu, 25 Oct 2018 12:28:24 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 371/551] Issue 70 Hypothetical to Contrafactual --- translate/figs-hypo/01.md | 17 ++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-hypo/01.md b/translate/figs-hypo/01.md index 11539ab..ab0fb2b 100644 --- a/translate/figs-hypo/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-hypo/01.md @@ -1,9 +1,8 @@ -"If the sun had stopped shining...," "What if the sun had stopped shining...," "Suppose the sun had stopped shining...," "If only the sun had not stopped shining...." We use such expressions to set up hypothetical situations, imagining what might have happened or what could happen in the future but probably will not. We also use them to express regret or wishes. These occur often in the Bible. We need to translate them in a way that people will know that the event did not actually happen, and that they will understand why the event was imagined. ### Description -Hypothetical situations are situations that are not real. They can be in the past, present, or future. Hypothetical situations in the past and present have not happened, and ones in the future are not expected to happen. +Contrafactual situations are situations that are not real. They can be in the past, present, or future. Contrafactual situations in the past and present have not happened, and ones in the future are not expected to happen. People sometimes tell about conditions and what would happen if those conditions were met, but they know that these things have not happened or probably will not happen. (The conditions are the phrase that start with "if.") @@ -25,12 +24,12 @@ People sometimes express regrets about things that have not happened or that are ### Reasons this is a translation issue -* Translators need to recognize the different kinds of hypothetical situations in the Bible. -* Translators need to know their own language's ways of talking about different kinds of hypothetical situations. +* Translators need to recognize the different kinds of contrafactual situations in the Bible. +* Translators need to know their own language's ways of talking about different kinds of contrafactual situations. ### Examples from the Bible -#### Hypothetical situation in the past +##### Contrafactual situation in the past >"Woe to you, Chorazin! Woe to you, Bethsaida! If the mighty deeds had been done in Tyre and Sidon which were done in you, they would have repented long ago in sackcloth and ashes." (Matthew 11:21 ULB) @@ -40,7 +39,7 @@ Here in Matthew 11:21 Jesus said that if the people living in the ancient cities Martha said this to express her wish that Jesus had come sooner. But Jesus had not come sooner, and her brother died. -#### Hypothetical situation in the present +##### Contrafactual situation in the present >No one puts new wine into old wineskins. If he does that, the new wine will burst the skins, and the wine will be spilled, and the wineskins will be destroyed. (Luke 5:37 ULB) @@ -50,13 +49,13 @@ Jesus told about what would happen if a person were to put new wine into old win Jesus asked the religious leaders what they would do on the Sabbath if one of their sheep fell into a hole. He was not saying that their sheep would fall into a hole. He used this imaginary situation to show them that they were wrong to judge him for healing people on the Sabbath. -#### Hypothetical situation in the future +##### Contrafactual situation in the future >Unless those days are shortened, no flesh would be saved; but for the sake of the elect, those days will be shortened. (Matthew 24:22 ULB) Jesus was talking about a future time when very bad things would happen. He told what would happen if those days of trouble were to last a long time. He did this to show about how bad those days will be - so bad that if they lasted a long time, no one would be saved. But then he clarified that God will shorten those days of trouble, so that the elect (those he has chosen) will be saved. -#### Expressing emotion about a hypothetical situation +##### Expressing emotion about a contrafactual situation Regrets and wishes are very similar. >The Israelites said to them, "If only we had died by Yahweh's hand in the land of Egypt when we were sitting by the pots of meat and were eating bread to the full. For you have brought us out into this wilderness to kill our whole community with hunger." (Exodus 16:3 ULB) @@ -67,7 +66,7 @@ Here the Israelites were afraid they would have to suffer and die of hunger in t Jesus wished that the people were either hot or cold, but they were neither. He was rebuking them, expressing anger about this. -### Translation Strategies +### Translation Principles Know how people speaking your language show: From 373aa076365e48ec076665eae43a5d0c583346ce Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Thu, 25 Oct 2018 12:56:45 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 372/551] Issue 70. Hypothetical - example added --- translate/figs-hypo/01.md | 7 ++++++- 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-hypo/01.md b/translate/figs-hypo/01.md index ab0fb2b..896f80a 100644 --- a/translate/figs-hypo/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-hypo/01.md @@ -51,9 +51,14 @@ Jesus asked the religious leaders what they would do on the Sabbath if one of th ##### Contrafactual situation in the future + +> Therefore, see, days are coming—this is Yahweh's declaration—when I will punish her carved idols, and the wounded people will groan in all of her land. For even if Babylon went up to the heavens or fortified her highest fortresses, destroyers would come from me to her—this is Yahweh's declaration. (Jeremiah 51:52-53 ULB) + +God was talking about a future time when he would destroy Babylon. It did not matter what Babylon might do in the future. God would certainly send people to destroy Babylon. + >Unless those days are shortened, no flesh would be saved; but for the sake of the elect, those days will be shortened. (Matthew 24:22 ULB) -Jesus was talking about a future time when very bad things would happen. He told what would happen if those days of trouble were to last a long time. He did this to show about how bad those days will be - so bad that if they lasted a long time, no one would be saved. But then he clarified that God will shorten those days of trouble, so that the elect (those he has chosen) will be saved. +Jesus was talking about a future time when very bad things would happen. He told what would happen if those days of trouble were to last a long time. He did this to show how bad those days will be - so bad that if they lasted a long time, no one would be saved. But then he clarified that God will shorten those days of trouble, so that the elect (those he has chosen) will be saved. ##### Expressing emotion about a contrafactual situation From 5d68ff8341a3f2b1691bbcb9852607c08240a78d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Thu, 25 Oct 2018 12:58:57 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 373/551] Issue 70 Hypothetical to Contrafactual on sub-title --- translate/figs-hypo/sub-title.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-hypo/sub-title.md b/translate/figs-hypo/sub-title.md index 9b6a255..f1a7a05 100644 --- a/translate/figs-hypo/sub-title.md +++ b/translate/figs-hypo/sub-title.md @@ -1 +1 @@ -What is a hypothetical situation? \ No newline at end of file +What is a contrafactual situation? \ No newline at end of file From 9f88a35c4d00c632a935e05bd36489ecc83888ff Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Thu, 25 Oct 2018 12:59:23 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 374/551] Issue 70 Hypothetical to Contrafactual on title --- translate/figs-hypo/title.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-hypo/title.md b/translate/figs-hypo/title.md index a895b3e..3366ab9 100644 --- a/translate/figs-hypo/title.md +++ b/translate/figs-hypo/title.md @@ -1 +1 @@ -Hypothetical Situations \ No newline at end of file +Contrafactual Situations \ No newline at end of file From 8ac2ada7311a9894d2e7156b50a5712c3a334148 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Thu, 25 Oct 2018 13:01:26 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 375/551] Hypothetical to Contrafactual in toc --- translate/toc.yaml | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/toc.yaml b/translate/toc.yaml index ca444c2..10ca6a3 100644 --- a/translate/toc.yaml +++ b/translate/toc.yaml @@ -275,7 +275,7 @@ sections: link: writing-connectingwords - title: "End of Story" link: writing-endofstory - - title: "Hypothetical Situations" + - title: "Contrafactual Situations" link: figs-hypo - title: "Introduction of a New Event" link: writing-newevent From ee5fa4bd3cc671b1715685237edea3e42cee0f4e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Thu, 25 Oct 2018 13:15:24 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 376/551] Hypothetical to Contrafactual in writing-intro --- translate/writing-intro/01.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/writing-intro/01.md b/translate/writing-intro/01.md index f22214a..a9e0a35 100644 --- a/translate/writing-intro/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-intro/01.md @@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ The following are ways of writing that may combine with the four basic types abo * **[Proverbs](../writing-proverbs/01.md)** - briefly teaches a truth or wisdom * **[Symbolic Language](../writing-symlanguage/01.md)** - uses symbols to represent things and events * **[Symbolic Prophecy](../writing-apocalypticwriting/01.md)** - uses symbolic language to show what will happen in the future -* **[Hypothetical Situations](../figs-hypo/01.md)** - tells about what would happen if something were real or expresses an emotion about something that is not real +* **[Contrafactual Situations](../figs-hypo/01.md)** - tells about what would happen if something were real or expresses an emotion about something that is not real ### Discourse Features From e584bc29b980d96172815bf51adbffb037937dd0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Thu, 25 Oct 2018 20:58:09 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 377/551] Replaced Translation Principles (metaphor) --- translate/figs-metaphor/01.md | 2 ++ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) diff --git a/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md b/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md index 8d8e563..3d96b7d 100644 --- a/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md @@ -89,6 +89,8 @@ In this metaphor, Jesus called himself the bread of life. The **topic** is "I," * Make the meaning of a metaphor as clear to the target audience as it was to the original audience. * Do not make the meaning of a metaphor more clear to the target audience than you think it was to the original audience. +* When someone uses an extended metaphor, the images are an important part of what he is trying to say. +* If the target audience is not familiar with some of the images, you will need to find some way of helping them understand the images so they can understand the whole extended metaphor. ### Examples from the Bible From ae7e405f754b6084f6b6caa8ac57475010e6b232 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Thu, 25 Oct 2018 20:59:44 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 378/551] Oops. Made change to wrong page --- translate/figs-metaphor/01.md | 2 -- 1 file changed, 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md b/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md index 3d96b7d..8d8e563 100644 --- a/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md @@ -89,8 +89,6 @@ In this metaphor, Jesus called himself the bread of life. The **topic** is "I," * Make the meaning of a metaphor as clear to the target audience as it was to the original audience. * Do not make the meaning of a metaphor more clear to the target audience than you think it was to the original audience. -* When someone uses an extended metaphor, the images are an important part of what he is trying to say. -* If the target audience is not familiar with some of the images, you will need to find some way of helping them understand the images so they can understand the whole extended metaphor. ### Examples from the Bible From 4145c1771aa95176b61064445a56cc0af0ef605d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Thu, 25 Oct 2018 21:02:19 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 379/551] Replaced Translation Principles (exmetaphor) --- translate/figs-exmetaphor/01.md | 8 ++++++++ 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+) diff --git a/translate/figs-exmetaphor/01.md b/translate/figs-exmetaphor/01.md index d6cbca0..1c8931e 100644 --- a/translate/figs-exmetaphor/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-exmetaphor/01.md @@ -9,6 +9,14 @@ An extended metaphor occurs when someone speaks of a situation as if it were a d * People may not be familiar with the things that are used as images. * Extended metaphors are often so profound that it would be impossible for a translator to show all of the meaning generated by the metaphor. +### Translation Principles + +* Make the meaning of the extended metaphor as clear to the target audience as it was to the original audience. +* Do not make the meaning more clear to the target audience than it was to the original audience. +* When someone uses an extended metaphor, the images are an important part of what he is trying to say. +* If the target audience is not familiar with some of the images, you will need to find some way of helping them understand the images so they can understand the whole extended metaphor. + + ### Examples from the Bible In Psalm 23:1-4, the writer says that God's concern and care for his people can be pictured as the care that a shepherd has for his flock of sheep. Shepherds give sheep what they need, take them to safe places, rescue them, guide them, and protect them. What God does for his people is like these actions. From 78f36d4a3fb56b3b737a10b29518b3ce416c2d9e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Fri, 26 Oct 2018 17:50:38 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 380/551] Hypothetical to Contrafactual --- translate/figs-hypo/01.md | 48 ++++++++++++--------------------------- 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+), 34 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-hypo/01.md b/translate/figs-hypo/01.md index 896f80a..eeb433e 100644 --- a/translate/figs-hypo/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-hypo/01.md @@ -2,21 +2,17 @@ ### Description -Contrafactual situations are situations that are not real. They can be in the past, present, or future. Contrafactual situations in the past and present have not happened, and ones in the future are not expected to happen. +A contrafactual conditional is a sentence that has a conditional clause that is false, or contrary to fact. Conditional clauses normally have the word "if." -People sometimes tell about conditions and what would happen if those conditions were met, but they know that these things have not happened or probably will not happen. (The conditions are the phrase that start with "if.") +People sometimes tell about conditions and what would happen as a result of those conditions being met, but they know that these conditions are not met, so the results also do not happen. (The conditions are the phrase that start with "if.") + +In the sentences below, the first clause with "if" is the contrafactual condition. The second is clause tells what the result would be if the condition were met. But since the condition is not met, the expected result does not happen. * If he had known about the party, he would have come to it. (But he did not come.) * If he knew about the party, he would be here. (But he is not here.) * If he knew about the party, he would come to it. (But he probably will not come.) -People sometimes express wishes about things that have not happened or that are not expected to happen. - -* I wish he had come. -* I wish he were here. -* I wish he would come. - -People sometimes express regrets about things that have not happened or that are not expected to happen. +Contrafactual conditions can be used to express regret about things that are not as desired. * If only he had come. * If only he were here. @@ -24,12 +20,12 @@ People sometimes express regrets about things that have not happened or that are ### Reasons this is a translation issue -* Translators need to recognize the different kinds of contrafactual situations in the Bible. -* Translators need to know their own language's ways of talking about different kinds of contrafactual situations. +* Translators need to recognize contrafactual conditions in the Bible. +* Translators need to know their own language's ways of expressing contrafactual conditions. ### Examples from the Bible -##### Contrafactual situation in the past +##### Contrafactual conditions with their results >"Woe to you, Chorazin! Woe to you, Bethsaida! If the mighty deeds had been done in Tyre and Sidon which were done in you, they would have repented long ago in sackcloth and ashes." (Matthew 11:21 ULB) @@ -39,37 +35,21 @@ Here in Matthew 11:21 Jesus said that if the people living in the ancient cities Martha said this to express her wish that Jesus had come sooner. But Jesus had not come sooner, and her brother died. -##### Contrafactual situation in the present - ->No one puts new wine into old wineskins. If he does that, the new wine will burst the skins, and the wine will be spilled, and the wineskins will be destroyed. (Luke 5:37 ULB) - -Jesus told about what would happen if a person were to put new wine into old wineskins. But no one would do that. He used this imaginary situation as an example to show that there are times when it is unwise to mix new things with old things. He did this so that people could understand why his disciples were not fasting as people traditionally did. - ->Jesus said to them, "What man would there be among you, who, if he had just one sheep, and if this sheep fell into a deep hole on the Sabbath, would not grasp hold of it and lift it out? (Matthew 12:11 ULB) - -Jesus asked the religious leaders what they would do on the Sabbath if one of their sheep fell into a hole. He was not saying that their sheep would fall into a hole. He used this imaginary situation to show them that they were wrong to judge him for healing people on the Sabbath. - -##### Contrafactual situation in the future - - -> Therefore, see, days are coming—this is Yahweh's declaration—when I will punish her carved idols, and the wounded people will groan in all of her land. For even if Babylon went up to the heavens or fortified her highest fortresses, destroyers would come from me to her—this is Yahweh's declaration. (Jeremiah 51:52-53 ULB) - -God was talking about a future time when he would destroy Babylon. It did not matter what Babylon might do in the future. God would certainly send people to destroy Babylon. - >Unless those days are shortened, no flesh would be saved; but for the sake of the elect, those days will be shortened. (Matthew 24:22 ULB) Jesus was talking about a future time when very bad things would happen. He told what would happen if those days of trouble were to last a long time. He did this to show how bad those days will be - so bad that if they lasted a long time, no one would be saved. But then he clarified that God will shorten those days of trouble, so that the elect (those he has chosen) will be saved. -##### Expressing emotion about a contrafactual situation +##### Contrafactual conditions used for expressing regret + +Contrafactual conditions can be used for regrets or wishes about things that cannot be as peopel hoped. -Regrets and wishes are very similar. >The Israelites said to them, "If only we had died by Yahweh's hand in the land of Egypt when we were sitting by the pots of meat and were eating bread to the full. For you have brought us out into this wilderness to kill our whole community with hunger." (Exodus 16:3 ULB) Here the Israelites were afraid they would have to suffer and die of hunger in the wilderness, and so they wished that they had stayed in Egypt and died there with full stomachs. They were complaining, expressing regret that this had not happened. ->I know what you have done, and that you are neither cold nor hot. I wish that you were either cold or hot! (Revelation 3:15 ULB) +>Oh, if only I had wings like a dove! Then would I fly away and be at rest. (Psalm 55:6 ULB) -Jesus wished that the people were either hot or cold, but they were neither. He was rebuking them, expressing anger about this. +David was afraid of his enemies and wished that had wings and could fly. But he could not. ### Translation Principles @@ -78,7 +58,7 @@ Know how people speaking your language show: * that something could have happened, but did not. * that something could be true now, but is not. * that something could happen in the future, but will not unless something changes. -* that they wish for something, but it does not happen. +* that they wish for something that they know will not happen. * that they regret that something did not happen. Use your language's ways of showing these kinds of things. From f25a9ad437aab85b72bb0b343305c07e9aea1f7a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Fri, 26 Oct 2018 18:21:20 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 381/551] Contrafactual - added example Finally an example of Contrafactual Conditional about a present situation. --- translate/figs-hypo/01.md | 4 ++++ 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+) diff --git a/translate/figs-hypo/01.md b/translate/figs-hypo/01.md index eeb433e..48b8eee 100644 --- a/translate/figs-hypo/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-hypo/01.md @@ -35,6 +35,10 @@ Here in Matthew 11:21 Jesus said that if the people living in the ancient cities Martha said this to express her wish that Jesus had come sooner. But Jesus had not come sooner, and her brother died. +>...if I did not honor the presence of Jehoshaphat king of Judah, I would not pay any attention to you, or even look at you. (2 Kings 3:14 ULB) + +Elisha said this to tell the king of Israel that he did not respect him. It was only because Elisha honored the king of Judah that he would pay attention to the king of Israel. + >Unless those days are shortened, no flesh would be saved; but for the sake of the elect, those days will be shortened. (Matthew 24:22 ULB) Jesus was talking about a future time when very bad things would happen. He told what would happen if those days of trouble were to last a long time. He did this to show how bad those days will be - so bad that if they lasted a long time, no one would be saved. But then he clarified that God will shorten those days of trouble, so that the elect (those he has chosen) will be saved. From 5c83c9dda5903d1c2d3335106bb7c4acac7b22c2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Tue, 30 Oct 2018 13:25:09 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 382/551] Contrafactual Conditional to Contrary-to-fact Conditional --- translate/figs-hypo/01.md | 16 ++++++++-------- 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-hypo/01.md b/translate/figs-hypo/01.md index 48b8eee..e4f1092 100644 --- a/translate/figs-hypo/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-hypo/01.md @@ -2,17 +2,17 @@ ### Description -A contrafactual conditional is a sentence that has a conditional clause that is false, or contrary to fact. Conditional clauses normally have the word "if." +A contrary-to-fact condition is a conditional clause that is false, or contrary to fact. Conditional clauses normally have the word "if." People sometimes tell about conditions and what would happen as a result of those conditions being met, but they know that these conditions are not met, so the results also do not happen. (The conditions are the phrase that start with "if.") -In the sentences below, the first clause with "if" is the contrafactual condition. The second is clause tells what the result would be if the condition were met. But since the condition is not met, the expected result does not happen. +In the sentences below, the first clause with "if" is the contary-to-fact condition. The second is clause tells what the result would be if the condition were met. But since the condition is not met, the expected result does not happen. * If he had known about the party, he would have come to it. (But he did not come.) * If he knew about the party, he would be here. (But he is not here.) * If he knew about the party, he would come to it. (But he probably will not come.) -Contrafactual conditions can be used to express regret about things that are not as desired. +Contrary-to-fact conditions can be used to express regret about things that are not as desired. * If only he had come. * If only he were here. @@ -20,12 +20,12 @@ Contrafactual conditions can be used to express regret about things that are not ### Reasons this is a translation issue -* Translators need to recognize contrafactual conditions in the Bible. -* Translators need to know their own language's ways of expressing contrafactual conditions. +* Translators need to recognize contrary-to-fact conditions in the Bible. +* Translators need to know their own language's ways of expressing contrary-to-fact conditions. ### Examples from the Bible -##### Contrafactual conditions with their results +##### Contrary-to-fact conditions with their results >"Woe to you, Chorazin! Woe to you, Bethsaida! If the mighty deeds had been done in Tyre and Sidon which were done in you, they would have repented long ago in sackcloth and ashes." (Matthew 11:21 ULB) @@ -43,9 +43,9 @@ Elisha said this to tell the king of Israel that he did not respect him. It was Jesus was talking about a future time when very bad things would happen. He told what would happen if those days of trouble were to last a long time. He did this to show how bad those days will be - so bad that if they lasted a long time, no one would be saved. But then he clarified that God will shorten those days of trouble, so that the elect (those he has chosen) will be saved. -##### Contrafactual conditions used for expressing regret +##### Contrary-to-fact conditions used for expressing regret -Contrafactual conditions can be used for regrets or wishes about things that cannot be as peopel hoped. +Contrary-to-fact conditions can be used for regrets or wishes about things that cannot be as people hoped. >The Israelites said to them, "If only we had died by Yahweh's hand in the land of Egypt when we were sitting by the pots of meat and were eating bread to the full. For you have brought us out into this wilderness to kill our whole community with hunger." (Exodus 16:3 ULB) From e594ac6e385de17dc83cd7cdf6493946b317bdf5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Fri, 2 Nov 2018 19:23:16 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 383/551] tA 70 Hypothetical situations "Conditions that are contrary to fact" --- translate/figs-hypo/01.md | 18 +++++++----------- 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-hypo/01.md b/translate/figs-hypo/01.md index e4f1092..3a314ca 100644 --- a/translate/figs-hypo/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-hypo/01.md @@ -2,17 +2,15 @@ ### Description -A contrary-to-fact condition is a conditional clause that is false, or contrary to fact. Conditional clauses normally have the word "if." +A condition that is contrary to fact is false. It is not met. or contrary to fact. People sometimes talk about conditions and what would happen as a result of those conditions being met, but they know that these conditions are not met, so the results also do not happen. (The conditions are the phrase that start with "if.") -People sometimes tell about conditions and what would happen as a result of those conditions being met, but they know that these conditions are not met, so the results also do not happen. (The conditions are the phrase that start with "if.") - -In the sentences below, the first clause with "if" is the contary-to-fact condition. The second is clause tells what the result would be if the condition were met. But since the condition is not met, the expected result does not happen. +In the sentences below, the first clause with "if" is a condition that is contrary to fact. The second clause tells what the result would be if the condition were met. But since the condition is not met, the expected result does not happen. * If he had known about the party, he would have come to it. (But he did not come.) * If he knew about the party, he would be here. (But he is not here.) * If he knew about the party, he would come to it. (But he probably will not come.) -Contrary-to-fact conditions can be used to express regret about things that are not as desired. +Conditions that are contrary to fact can also be used to express regret about things that are not as desired. * If only he had come. * If only he were here. @@ -20,12 +18,12 @@ Contrary-to-fact conditions can be used to express regret about things that are ### Reasons this is a translation issue -* Translators need to recognize contrary-to-fact conditions in the Bible. -* Translators need to know their own language's ways of expressing contrary-to-fact conditions. +* Translators need to recognize conditions that are contrary to fact in the Bible. +* Translators need to know their own language's ways of expressing conditions that are contrary to fact. ### Examples from the Bible -##### Contrary-to-fact conditions with their results +##### Conditions that are contrary to fact with their results >"Woe to you, Chorazin! Woe to you, Bethsaida! If the mighty deeds had been done in Tyre and Sidon which were done in you, they would have repented long ago in sackcloth and ashes." (Matthew 11:21 ULB) @@ -43,9 +41,7 @@ Elisha said this to tell the king of Israel that he did not respect him. It was Jesus was talking about a future time when very bad things would happen. He told what would happen if those days of trouble were to last a long time. He did this to show how bad those days will be - so bad that if they lasted a long time, no one would be saved. But then he clarified that God will shorten those days of trouble, so that the elect (those he has chosen) will be saved. -##### Contrary-to-fact conditions used for expressing regret - -Contrary-to-fact conditions can be used for regrets or wishes about things that cannot be as people hoped. +##### Conditions that are contrary to fact used to express regret >The Israelites said to them, "If only we had died by Yahweh's hand in the land of Egypt when we were sitting by the pots of meat and were eating bread to the full. For you have brought us out into this wilderness to kill our whole community with hunger." (Exodus 16:3 ULB) From 5d588fc6441a2ddc0a6983d64a497fb5a7bed0bf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Fri, 2 Nov 2018 19:27:20 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 384/551] Fixed figs-hypo title Changed to "Conditions That Are Contrary to Fact" --- translate/toc.yaml | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/toc.yaml b/translate/toc.yaml index 10ca6a3..bd7b89d 100644 --- a/translate/toc.yaml +++ b/translate/toc.yaml @@ -275,7 +275,7 @@ sections: link: writing-connectingwords - title: "End of Story" link: writing-endofstory - - title: "Contrafactual Situations" + - title: "Conditions That Are Contrary to Fact" link: figs-hypo - title: "Introduction of a New Event" link: writing-newevent From faaa664713a2556a0cc895fdc90396706efa7e8d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Fri, 2 Nov 2018 19:30:20 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 385/551] Update 'translate/writing-intro/01.md' Changed title of figs-hypo link to Conditions That Are Contrary to Fact --- translate/writing-intro/01.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/writing-intro/01.md b/translate/writing-intro/01.md index a9e0a35..c415e67 100644 --- a/translate/writing-intro/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-intro/01.md @@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ The following are ways of writing that may combine with the four basic types abo * **[Proverbs](../writing-proverbs/01.md)** - briefly teaches a truth or wisdom * **[Symbolic Language](../writing-symlanguage/01.md)** - uses symbols to represent things and events * **[Symbolic Prophecy](../writing-apocalypticwriting/01.md)** - uses symbolic language to show what will happen in the future -* **[Contrafactual Situations](../figs-hypo/01.md)** - tells about what would happen if something were real or expresses an emotion about something that is not real +* **[Conditions That Are Contrary to Fact](../figs-hypo/01.md)** - tells about what would happen if something were real or expresses an emotion about something that is not real ### Discourse Features From 71e8363adef6faa77979187b88147606f66a11dd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Fri, 2 Nov 2018 19:33:18 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 386/551] Update 'translate/figs-hypo/sub-title.md' Changed question to "What are conditions that are contrary to fact?" --- translate/figs-hypo/sub-title.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-hypo/sub-title.md b/translate/figs-hypo/sub-title.md index f1a7a05..508b778 100644 --- a/translate/figs-hypo/sub-title.md +++ b/translate/figs-hypo/sub-title.md @@ -1 +1 @@ -What is a contrafactual situation? \ No newline at end of file +What are conditions that are contrary to fact? \ No newline at end of file From c13c1bd112a3589080aec6e5c5a68f328065199c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Fri, 2 Nov 2018 19:34:10 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 387/551] Update 'translate/figs-hypo/title.md' Changed title to "Conditions That Are Contrary to Fact" --- translate/figs-hypo/title.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-hypo/title.md b/translate/figs-hypo/title.md index 3366ab9..cfdd452 100644 --- a/translate/figs-hypo/title.md +++ b/translate/figs-hypo/title.md @@ -1 +1 @@ -Contrafactual Situations \ No newline at end of file +Conditions That Are Contrary to Fact \ No newline at end of file From e92330ab8c2c8457ffb4b409a5d4611a4b8db312 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ed Davis Date: Mon, 5 Nov 2018 18:31:13 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 388/551] moved to archive --- {process => archive/process}/intro-publishing/01.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {process => archive/process}/intro-publishing/01.md (100%) diff --git a/process/intro-publishing/01.md b/archive/process/intro-publishing/01.md similarity index 100% rename from process/intro-publishing/01.md rename to archive/process/intro-publishing/01.md From ebe2d6579d44866f8c098f3d16819cd4b8acaf20 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ed Davis Date: Mon, 5 Nov 2018 18:33:17 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 389/551] moved to archive --- {process => archive/process}/intro-publishing/sub-title.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {process => archive/process}/intro-publishing/sub-title.md (100%) diff --git a/process/intro-publishing/sub-title.md b/archive/process/intro-publishing/sub-title.md similarity index 100% rename from process/intro-publishing/sub-title.md rename to archive/process/intro-publishing/sub-title.md From 81470be40fb7d57a11b78163ddf7ac8e38a31cb9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ed Davis Date: Mon, 5 Nov 2018 18:34:50 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 390/551] moved to archive --- {process => archive/process}/intro-publishing/title.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {process => archive/process}/intro-publishing/title.md (100%) diff --git a/process/intro-publishing/title.md b/archive/process/intro-publishing/title.md similarity index 100% rename from process/intro-publishing/title.md rename to archive/process/intro-publishing/title.md From 3325b037d76d293f57dccc3511687dc5f41f5789 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ed Davis Date: Mon, 5 Nov 2018 18:40:23 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 391/551] moved to archive --- {process => archive/process}/intro-share/01.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {process => archive/process}/intro-share/01.md (100%) diff --git a/process/intro-share/01.md b/archive/process/intro-share/01.md similarity index 100% rename from process/intro-share/01.md rename to archive/process/intro-share/01.md From 6f5ec36c4b09e363d2b127b6cfba8104e9154961 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ed Davis Date: Mon, 5 Nov 2018 18:41:41 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 392/551] moved to archive --- {process => archive/process}/intro-share/sub-title.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {process => archive/process}/intro-share/sub-title.md (100%) diff --git a/process/intro-share/sub-title.md b/archive/process/intro-share/sub-title.md similarity index 100% rename from process/intro-share/sub-title.md rename to archive/process/intro-share/sub-title.md From 7f330c57dd6210b3be6a97e8e53f433e8dca0550 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ed Davis Date: Mon, 5 Nov 2018 18:42:31 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 393/551] moved to archive --- {process => archive/process}/intro-share/title.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {process => archive/process}/intro-share/title.md (100%) diff --git a/process/intro-share/title.md b/archive/process/intro-share/title.md similarity index 100% rename from process/intro-share/title.md rename to archive/process/intro-share/title.md From 13b850818131c4c52854df346b910a02e38ae71b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ed Davis Date: Mon, 5 Nov 2018 18:50:49 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 394/551] moved to archive --- {process => archive/process}/platforms/01.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {process => 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file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {process => archive/process}/platforms/title.md (100%) diff --git a/process/platforms/title.md b/archive/process/platforms/title.md similarity index 100% rename from process/platforms/title.md rename to archive/process/platforms/title.md From e0c27b7210b5e1e012bc7918daf1fb343504cfb5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ed Davis Date: Mon, 5 Nov 2018 18:54:34 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 397/551] moved to archive --- {process => archive/process}/prechecking-training/01.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {process => archive/process}/prechecking-training/01.md (100%) diff --git a/process/prechecking-training/01.md b/archive/process/prechecking-training/01.md similarity index 100% rename from process/prechecking-training/01.md rename to archive/process/prechecking-training/01.md From ee80b056ba7a4703f7505d2f616e78ca3d4c6573 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ed Davis Date: Mon, 5 Nov 2018 18:56:01 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 398/551] moved to archive --- {process => archive/process}/prechecking-training/sub-title.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {process => archive/process}/prechecking-training/sub-title.md (100%) diff --git a/process/prechecking-training/sub-title.md b/archive/process/prechecking-training/sub-title.md similarity index 100% rename from process/prechecking-training/sub-title.md rename to archive/process/prechecking-training/sub-title.md From 1f0c10a61df7e267c4f4b15fd960003e68b4f114 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ed Davis Date: Mon, 5 Nov 2018 18:57:01 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 399/551] moved to archive --- {process => archive/process}/prechecking-training/title.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {process => archive/process}/prechecking-training/title.md (100%) diff --git a/process/prechecking-training/title.md b/archive/process/prechecking-training/title.md similarity index 100% rename from process/prechecking-training/title.md rename to archive/process/prechecking-training/title.md From 7e3bd4e2e6bbf14b541f46b17965e507792cf0ab Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ed Davis Date: Mon, 5 Nov 2018 18:59:33 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 400/551] moved to archive --- {process => archive/process}/pretranslation-training/01.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {process => archive/process}/pretranslation-training/01.md (100%) diff --git a/process/pretranslation-training/01.md b/archive/process/pretranslation-training/01.md similarity index 100% rename from process/pretranslation-training/01.md rename to archive/process/pretranslation-training/01.md From b04763738506b842c836641cac9b6b80d6c62198 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ed Davis Date: Mon, 5 Nov 2018 19:00:13 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 401/551] moved to archive --- {process => archive/process}/pretranslation-training/sub-title.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {process => archive/process}/pretranslation-training/sub-title.md (100%) diff 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17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ed Davis Date: Mon, 5 Nov 2018 19:03:20 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 405/551] moved to archive --- {process => archive/process}/process-manual/title.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {process => archive/process}/process-manual/title.md (100%) diff --git a/process/process-manual/title.md b/archive/process/process-manual/title.md similarity index 100% rename from process/process-manual/title.md rename to archive/process/process-manual/title.md From 585f2066627446a792c092d8ac566a31e7d59eb4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ed Davis Date: Mon, 5 Nov 2018 19:04:59 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 406/551] moved to archive --- {process => archive/process}/required-checking/01.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {process => archive/process}/required-checking/01.md (100%) diff --git a/process/required-checking/01.md b/archive/process/required-checking/01.md similarity index 100% rename from process/required-checking/01.md rename to 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17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ed Davis Date: Mon, 5 Nov 2018 19:15:42 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 418/551] moved to archive --- {process => archive/process}/source-text-process/01.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {process => archive/process}/source-text-process/01.md (100%) diff --git a/process/source-text-process/01.md b/archive/process/source-text-process/01.md similarity index 100% rename from process/source-text-process/01.md rename to archive/process/source-text-process/01.md From 94eb43362934fc02fb8ef8a6c5fb3bf9418fc5dc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ed Davis Date: Mon, 5 Nov 2018 19:16:36 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 419/551] moved to archive --- {process => archive/process}/source-text-process/title.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {process => archive/process}/source-text-process/title.md (100%) diff --git a/process/source-text-process/title.md b/archive/process/source-text-process/title.md similarity index 100% rename from process/source-text-process/title.md rename to archive/process/source-text-process/title.md From 7c2e056a007dfd454d764cf5126753eed652c31b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ed Davis Date: Mon, 5 Nov 2018 19:17:19 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 420/551] moved to archive --- {process => archive/process}/source-text-process/sub-title.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {process => archive/process}/source-text-process/sub-title.md (100%) diff --git a/process/source-text-process/sub-title.md b/archive/process/source-text-process/sub-title.md similarity index 100% rename from process/source-text-process/sub-title.md rename to archive/process/source-text-process/sub-title.md From 3b49bcc8749d8c6cd1d5c67409118dd35716488c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ed Davis Date: Mon, 5 Nov 2018 19:22:04 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 421/551] moved to archive --- {process => archive/process}/config.yaml | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {process => archive/process}/config.yaml (100%) diff --git a/process/config.yaml b/archive/process/config.yaml similarity index 100% rename from process/config.yaml rename to archive/process/config.yaml From 72b2fa8545b1c80862c339e98303292150f46849 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ed Davis Date: Mon, 5 Nov 2018 19:22:57 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 422/551] moved to archive --- {process => archive/process}/toc.yaml | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {process => archive/process}/toc.yaml (100%) diff --git a/process/toc.yaml b/archive/process/toc.yaml similarity index 100% rename from process/toc.yaml rename to archive/process/toc.yaml From 94694fb95d78fac5814692b28e7389a783d7d7f0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chrisjarka Date: Sun, 11 Nov 2018 00:57:58 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 423/551] Update 'intro/toc.yaml' --- intro/toc.yaml | 8 ++++---- 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) diff --git a/intro/toc.yaml b/intro/toc.yaml index 8b74907..802abba 100644 --- a/intro/toc.yaml +++ b/intro/toc.yaml @@ -1,14 +1,11 @@ title: "Table of Contents" sections: - - title: "Introduction to translationAcademy" + - title: "Introduction to Translation Manual" link: ta-intro - title: "Why We Translate the Bible" link: translate-why - - title: "The unfoldingWord Project" - link: uw-intro - - title: "Statement of Faith" link: statement-of-faith @@ -18,6 +15,9 @@ sections: - title: "Open License" link: open-license + - title: "MAST" + link: mast + - title: "Gateway Languages Strategy" link: gl-strategy From 24c1f1c94f1e5ec492901eb149a467c2c834845d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chrisjarka Date: Sun, 11 Nov 2018 00:59:04 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 424/551] Update 'intro/ta-intro/title.md' --- intro/ta-intro/title.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/intro/ta-intro/title.md b/intro/ta-intro/title.md index 0dd65fd..153ee3b 100644 --- a/intro/ta-intro/title.md +++ b/intro/ta-intro/title.md @@ -1 +1 @@ -Introduction to translationAcademy \ No newline at end of file +Introduction to the Translation Manual \ No newline at end of file From 0031a0227c47894e29731516bc265ef0447ae6bc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Wed, 21 Nov 2018 20:09:25 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 425/551] Verse Reference error --- translate/figs-litotes/01.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-litotes/01.md b/translate/figs-litotes/01.md index 2a50db3..55a82db 100644 --- a/translate/figs-litotes/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-litotes/01.md @@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ By using litotes, Paul emphasized that his visit with them was very usefullot of excitement or anxiety among the soldiers about what happened to Peter. (Peter had been in prison, and even though there were soldiers guarding him, he escaped when an angel let him out. So they were very agitated.) ->Not one word has failed out of all Yahweh's good promises that he made with Moses his servant. (2 Kings 8:56) +>Not one word has failed out of all Yahweh's good promises that he made with Moses his servant. (1 Kings 8:56) This means that every word was fulfilled. Yahweh did everything that he had promised Moses. From 5be3a0313def323c152285fd7ede0b73647eb6fd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Tue, 27 Nov 2018 14:12:31 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 426/551] tA Double Negative Deleted example because it does not fit definition of being in one clause. >Unless these men stay in the ship, you cannot be saved. (Acts 27:31 ULB) Paul was telling them that they could be saved only if the men who were trying to leave the ship stayed in the ship. --- translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md | 4 ---- 1 file changed, 4 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md b/translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md index f8a4f76..66fb241 100644 --- a/translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md @@ -25,10 +25,6 @@ People could think that the reason that Paul and those with him worked hard was By using the double negative here, the writer emphasized that wicked people will be punished. ->Unless these men stay in the ship, you cannot be saved. (Acts 27:31 ULB) - -Paul was telling them that they could be saved only if the men who were trying to leave the ship stayed in the ship. - >This kind cannot be cast out except by prayer. (Mark 9:29 ULB) Jesus was saying that the only way that kind of demon could be cast out was by prayer. From 21dfb9c8297fa61afcdc2282b89f05c0984a5506 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Wed, 28 Nov 2018 13:55:11 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 427/551] Update 'translate/figs-litotes/01.md' --- translate/figs-litotes/01.md | 25 ++++++++++++------------- 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-litotes/01.md b/translate/figs-litotes/01.md index 55a82db..4283252 100644 --- a/translate/figs-litotes/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-litotes/01.md @@ -10,31 +10,30 @@ Some languages do not use litotes. People who speak those languages might not un ### Examples from the Bible ->For you yourselves know, brothers, that our coming to you was not useless, (1 Thessalonians 2:1 ULB) +>Now when it became day, there was no small disturbance among the soldiers, over what had happened to Peter. (Acts 12:18 ULB) -By using litotes, Paul emphasized that his visit with them was very useful. +By using litotes, Luke emphasized that there was a great disturbance among the soldiers about what happened to Peter. (Peter had been in prison, and even though there were soldiers guarding him, he escaped when an angel let him out. So the soldiers were very anxious and agitated about this.) ->Now when it became day, there was no small disturbance among the soldiers, over what had happened to Peter. (Acts 12:18 ULB) +>Be sure of this—the wicked person will not go unpunished ... (Proverbs 11:21 ULB) -By using litotes, Luke emphasized that there was a lot of excitement or anxiety among the soldiers about what happened to Peter. (Peter had been in prison, and even though there were soldiers guarding him, he escaped when an angel let him out. So they were very agitated.) +By using litotes, the writer emphasized that wicked people will be punished. >Not one word has failed out of all Yahweh's good promises that he made with Moses his servant. (1 Kings 8:56) -This means that every word was fulfilled. Yahweh did everything that he had promised Moses. +By using litotes, the writer emphasized that Yahweh did everything that he had promised Moses. ### Translation Strategies If the litotes would be understood correctly in your langauge, consider using it. If not, consider this strategy. -1. If the meaning with the negative would not be clear, give the positive meaning in a strong way. +1. If the meaning with the negative would not be clear, give the positive meaning in a strong way. ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied -1. If the meaning with the negative would not be clear, give the positive meaning in a strong way. - * **For you yourselves know, brothers, that our coming to you was not useless.** (1 Thessalonians 2:1 ULB) - * For you yourselves know, brothers, that our visit to you did much good. - * **Now when it became day, there was no small disturbance among the soldiers over what had happened to Peter.** (Acts 12:18 ULB) - * Now when it became day, there was great excitement among the soldiers over what had happened to Peter. - * Now when it became day, the soldiers were very concerned because of what had happened to Peter. +1. If the meaning with the negative would not be clear, give the positive meaning in a strong way. + * **Now when it became day, there was no small disturbance among the soldiers over what had happened to Peter.** (Acts 12:18 ULB) + * Now when it became day, there was a great disturbance among the soldiers over what had happened to Peter. + * **Be sure of this—wicked people will not go unpunished ...** (Proverbs 11:21 ULB) + * Be sure of this—wicked people will certainly be punished ... * **Not one word has failed out of all Yahweh's good promises that he made with Moses his servant.** (2 Kings 8:56) - * Every word of all Yahweh's good promises that he made with Moses his servant has been fulfilled. \ No newline at end of file + * Every word of all Yahweh's good promises that he made with Moses his servant has been fulfilled. \ No newline at end of file From 1c0a7a3d8976b0a67480d66efdd18cfcb9fe9a5a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Wed, 28 Nov 2018 14:16:10 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 428/551] Update 'translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md' --- translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md | 46 +++++++++++++--------------- 1 file changed, 22 insertions(+), 24 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md b/translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md index 66fb241..9507957 100644 --- a/translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md @@ -8,49 +8,47 @@ A double negative occurs when a clause has two words that each express the meani Double negatives mean very different things in different languages. -* In some languages, such as Spanish, a double negative emphasizes the negative. The following Spanish sentence *No ví a nadie* is literally, "I did not see no one." It has both the word 'no' next to the verb and 'nadie,' which means "no one." The two negatives are seen as in agreement with each other, and the sentence means, "I did not see anyone." -* In some languages, a second negative cancels the first one, creating a positive sentence. So, "He is not unintelligent" means "He is intelligent." -* In some languages the double negative creates a positive sentence, but it is a weak statement. So, "He is not unintelligent" means, "He is somewhat intelligent." -* In some languages, such as the languages of the Bible, the double negative can create a positive sentence, and often strengthens the statement. So, "He is not unintelligent" can mean "He is intelligent" or "He is very intelligent." +* In some languages, such as Spanish, a double negative is used to create a negative sentence. The following Spanish sentence *No ví a nadie* is literally, "I did not see no one." It has both the word 'no' next to the verb and 'nadie,' which means "no one." The two negatives are seen as in agreement with each other, and the sentence means, "I did not see anyone." +* In some languages, a double negative can be used simply to correct a misunderstanding that the listener might have about something that already includes a negative. So "He is not unintelligent" means simply that if the listener thinks that the man is unintelligent, then the listener is wrong. It does not indicate how intelligent the man is. +* In some languages a double negative can be used to create a weak positive sentence. So, "He is not unintelligent" would mean, "He is somewhat intelligent." +* In some languages, a double negative can be used to create a strong positive sentence. So, "He is not unintelligent" would mean, "He is very intelligent." -To translate sentences with double negatives accurately and clearly in your language, you need to know both what a double negative means in the Bible and how to express the same idea in your language. +To translate sentences with double negatives accurately and clearly in your language, you need to know both what a double negative means in a particular sentence and how to express the same idea in your language. ### Examples from the Bible ->We did this not because we have no authority ... (2 Thessalonians 3:9 ULB) +> For we do not have a high priest who cannot feel sympathy for our weaknesses. (Hebrews 4:15 ULB) -People could think that the reason that Paul and those with him worked hard was that they did not have authority to expect the people to meet their needs. Paul denied that. They had authority, but they had other reasons for working so hard. +By using the double negative here, the writer showed that our high priest can feel sympathy for our weaknesses. ->Be sure of this—the wicked person will not go unpunished ... (Proverbs 11:21 ULB) +> ... I do not want you to be uninformed. (1 Corinthians 12:1 ULB) -By using the double negative here, the writer emphasized that wicked people will be punished. - ->This kind cannot be cast out except by prayer. (Mark 9:29 ULB) - -Jesus was saying that the only way that kind of demon could be cast out was by prayer. +By using the double negative, Paul showed that he wanted the people to be informed. >All things were made through him, and without him there was not one thing made that has been made. (John 1:3 ULB) -By using a double negative, John emphasized that the Son of God created absolutely everything. +By using a double negative, John emphasized that the Son of God created everything. + +>We did this not because we have no authority, but we did this in order to be an example to you. (2 Thessalonians 3:9 ULB) + +People could think that the reason that Paul and those with him worked hard was that they did not have authority to expect the people to meet their needs. Paul denied that. They had authority, but they had other reasons for working so hard. ### Translation Strategies -If double negatives are natural and are used to express the positive in your language, consider using them. Otherwise, you could consider these strategies: - -1. If the purpose of a double negative in the Bible is simply to make a positive statement, and if it would not do that in your language, remove the two negatives so that it is positive. -1. If the purpose of a double negative in the Bible is to make a strong positive statement, and if it would not do that in your language, remove the two negatives and put in a strengthening word or phrase such as "very" or "surely." +If double negatives are natural and are used to create a positive sentence in your language, consider using them. If not, here is another option. +1. Express the idea without either of the negatives. ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied -1. If the purpose of a double negative in the Bible is simply to make a positive statement, and if it would not do that in your language, remove the two negatives so that it is positive. +1. Express the idea without either of the negatives. * **For we do not have a high priest who cannot feel sympathy for our weaknesses.** (Hebrews 4:15 ULB) * For we have a high priest who can feel sympathy for our weaknesses. * **... I do not want you to be uninformed.** (1 Corinthians 12:1 ULB) * ... I want you to be informed. - -1. If the purpose of a double negative in the Bible is to make a strong positive statement, and if it would not do that in your language, remove the two negatives and put in a strengthening word or phrase such as "very" or "surely." - * **Be sure of this—wicked people will not go unpunished....** (Proverbs 11:21 ULB) - * Be sure of this—wicked people will certainly be punished.... * **All things were made through him, and without him there was not one thing made that has been made.** (John 1:3 ULB) - * All things were made through him. He made absolutely everything that has been made. + * All things were made through him. He made absolutely everything that has been made. + * **We did this not because we have no authority, but we did this in order to be an example to you.** (2 Thessalonians 3:9 ULB) + * Though we have authority, we did this in orer to be an example to you. + + From 2c3756cb8182a8e9043b5de3fdbc72092e54b72a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Thu, 29 Nov 2018 21:12:15 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 429/551] Test Commit Changes --- translate/figs-doublet/01.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-doublet/01.md b/translate/figs-doublet/01.md index 7ef892f..ae80ce5 100644 --- a/translate/figs-doublet/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-doublet/01.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ -### Description +### Description - Test We are using the word "doublet" to refer to two words or very short phrases that mean the same thing or very close to the same thing and that are used together. Often they are joined with the word "and." Often they are used to emphasize or intensify the idea expressed by the two words. From 8b6e2701ea768b6994acf2a7bb99d01ba93ab4b1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Thu, 29 Nov 2018 21:14:19 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 430/551] Removed change from Test --- translate/figs-doublet/01.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-doublet/01.md b/translate/figs-doublet/01.md index ae80ce5..7ef892f 100644 --- a/translate/figs-doublet/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-doublet/01.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ -### Description - Test +### Description We are using the word "doublet" to refer to two words or very short phrases that mean the same thing or very close to the same thing and that are used together. Often they are joined with the word "and." Often they are used to emphasize or intensify the idea expressed by the two words. From 900cebc476638aff7a41b9f5444d3e567c134299 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Tue, 4 Dec 2018 14:19:19 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 431/551] Update 'archive/translate/resources-clarify/01.md' --- {translate => archive/translate}/resources-clarify/01.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translate => archive/translate}/resources-clarify/01.md (100%) diff --git a/translate/resources-clarify/01.md b/archive/translate/resources-clarify/01.md similarity index 100% rename from translate/resources-clarify/01.md rename to archive/translate/resources-clarify/01.md From 89ae36efb12266f50fcac41459053b228a52edeb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Tue, 4 Dec 2018 14:27:38 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 432/551] moved to archive --- {translate => archive/translate}/resources-clarify/sub-title.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translate => archive/translate}/resources-clarify/sub-title.md (100%) diff --git a/translate/resources-clarify/sub-title.md b/archive/translate/resources-clarify/sub-title.md similarity index 100% rename from translate/resources-clarify/sub-title.md rename to archive/translate/resources-clarify/sub-title.md From 54edffee8d6a48cd02ab9e2f446badc722b3c1d3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Tue, 4 Dec 2018 14:28:28 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 433/551] moved to archive --- {translate => archive/translate}/resources-clarify/title.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translate => archive/translate}/resources-clarify/title.md (100%) diff --git a/translate/resources-clarify/title.md b/archive/translate/resources-clarify/title.md similarity index 100% rename from translate/resources-clarify/title.md rename to archive/translate/resources-clarify/title.md From f84a562d617d8768006d4cdfcb47d34e239901f5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Tue, 4 Dec 2018 15:11:35 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 434/551] Issue 64 JITL Headings and Content --- translate/figs-intro/01.md | 4 +--- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 3 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-intro/01.md b/translate/figs-intro/01.md index 4d0d7d4..dd23d3c 100644 --- a/translate/figs-intro/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-intro/01.md @@ -1,7 +1,5 @@ -Figures of speech have special meanings that are not the same as the meanings of their individual words. There are different kinds of figures of speech. This page lists and defines some of those that are used in the Bible. - -### Definition +### Description Figures of speech are ways of saying things that use words in non-literal ways. That is, the meaning of a figure of speech is not the same as the more direct meaning of its words. In order to translate the meaning, you need to be able to recognize figures of speech and know what the figure of speech means in the source language. Then you can choose either a figure of speech or a direct way to communicate that same meaning in the target language. From f712d872ae7a9ebf542945197e96f12e25ed1746 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Tue, 4 Dec 2018 15:12:37 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 435/551] Issue 64 JITL Headings and Content --- translate/figs-merism/01.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-merism/01.md b/translate/figs-merism/01.md index b751793..cd56d51 100644 --- a/translate/figs-merism/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-merism/01.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ -### Definition +### Description Merism is a figure of speech in which a person refers to something by speaking of two extreme parts of it. By referring to the extreme parts, the speaker intends to include those who parts and everything in between them. From c2e7a0faf4fbfa8020b10758646853eae9f5ee4c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Tue, 4 Dec 2018 15:21:56 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 436/551] Update 'archive/translate/figs-informremind/01.md' --- archive/translate/figs-informremind/01.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/archive/translate/figs-informremind/01.md b/archive/translate/figs-informremind/01.md index c3c055b..de128e1 100644 --- a/archive/translate/figs-informremind/01.md +++ b/archive/translate/figs-informremind/01.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -### Should we delete this document and folder? +### Should we delete this document and folder? - Archived. Some languages can use a word or phrase with a noun to give information about that noun or to remind people of something about it. From 94ca84549431c190a5a36a6282af4d5221f21868 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Tue, 4 Dec 2018 15:45:43 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 437/551] Issue 64 JITL Headings and Content Deleted these definitions at the beginning: * **Assumed knowledge** is whatever a speaker assumes his audience knows before he speaks and gives them some kind of information. The speaker gives the audience information in two ways: * **Explicit information** is what the speaker states directly. * **Implicit information** is what the speaker does not state directly because he expects his audience to be able to learn it from what he says. --- translate/figs-explicit/01.md | 6 +----- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 5 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-explicit/01.md b/translate/figs-explicit/01.md index 7092197..e048ade 100644 --- a/translate/figs-explicit/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-explicit/01.md @@ -1,8 +1,4 @@ -* **Assumed knowledge** is whatever a speaker assumes his audience knows before he speaks and gives them some kind of information. The speaker gives the audience information in two ways: -* **Explicit information** is what the speaker states directly. -* **Implicit information** is what the speaker does not state directly because he expects his audience to be able to learn it from what he says. - ### Description When someone speaks or writes, he has something specific that he wants people to know or do or think about. He normally states this directly. This is **explicit information**. @@ -11,7 +7,7 @@ The speaker assumes that his audience already knows certain things that they wil The speaker does not always directly state everything that he expects his audience to learn from what he says. Information that he expects people to learn from what he says even though he does not state it directly is **implicit information.** -Often, the audience understands this **implicit information** by combining what they already know (**assumed knowledge**) with the **explicit information** that the speaker tells them directly. +Often, the audience understands this **implicit information** by combining what they already know (**assumed knowledge**) with what the speaker tells them directly (**explicit information**). ### Reasons this is a translation issue From 015cbf008fd91e53c39941dc7c3177d70e2dda77 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Tue, 4 Dec 2018 15:49:29 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 438/551] Issue 64 JITL Headings and Content --- translate/figs-extrainfo/01.md | 2 -- 1 file changed, 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-extrainfo/01.md b/translate/figs-extrainfo/01.md index cf3edca..eb8e6e3 100644 --- a/translate/figs-extrainfo/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-extrainfo/01.md @@ -1,6 +1,4 @@ -Sometimes it is better not to state assumed knowledge or implicit information explicitly. - ### Description Sometimes it is better not to state assumed knowledge or implicit information explicitly. This page gives some direction about when not to do this. From b178a69123e74bf8c7160f7a1cb051dc6df9a224 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Tue, 4 Dec 2018 15:59:35 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 439/551] Issue 64 JITL Headings and Content --- translate/figs-metonymy/01.md | 14 ++++++++------ 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md b/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md index ad15701..6abddbc 100644 --- a/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md @@ -3,12 +3,6 @@ ### Description **Metonymy** is a figure of speech in which a thing or idea is called not by its own name, but by the name of something closely associated with it. A **metonym** is a word or phrase used as a substitute for something it is associated with. ->... and the blood of Jesus his Son cleanses us from all sin. (1 John 1:7 ULB) - -The blood represents Christ's death. ->He took the cup in the same way after supper, saying, "This cup is the new covenant in my blood, which is poured out for you. (Luke 22:20 ULB) - -The cup represents the wine that is in the cup. #### Metonymy can be used @@ -21,6 +15,14 @@ The Bible uses metonymy very often. Speakers of some languages are not used to m ### Examples from the Bible +>... and the blood of Jesus his Son cleanses us from all sin. (1 John 1:7 ULB) + +The blood represents Christ's death. "Blood" is a metonym for "death." Because of Jesus death', people who believe in him are cleansed from all sin. + +>He took the cup in the same way after supper, saying, "This cup is the new covenant in my blood, which is poured out for you. (Luke 22:20 ULB) + +The cup represents the wine that is in the cup. Jesus was giving his disciples the wine to drink to show that they trusted God's covenant which Jesus' blood confirmed. + >The Lord God will give him the throne of his ancestor David. (Luke 1:32 ULB) A throne represents the authority of a king. "Throne" is a metonym for "kingly authority," "kingship" or "reign." This means that God would make him become the king that would follow King David. From a8e56126e6fb52f8bb06bd52c71f8a0c59234e01 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Tue, 4 Dec 2018 18:49:31 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 440/551] Issue 64 JITL Headings and Content --- translate/figs-metonymy/01.md | 8 +++++--- 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md b/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md index 6abddbc..6be6da6 100644 --- a/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md @@ -17,18 +17,20 @@ The Bible uses metonymy very often. Speakers of some languages are not used to m >... and the blood of Jesus his Son cleanses us from all sin. (1 John 1:7 ULB) -The blood represents Christ's death. "Blood" is a metonym for "death." Because of Jesus death', people who believe in him are cleansed from all sin. +The blood represents Christ's death. Because of Jesus death', people who believe in him are cleansed from all sin. ->He took the cup in the same way after supper, saying, "This cup is the new covenant in my blood, which is poured out for you. (Luke 22:20 ULB) +>He took the cup in the same way after supper, saying, "This cup is the new covenant in my blood, which is poured out for you." (Luke 22:20 ULB) -The cup represents the wine that is in the cup. Jesus was giving his disciples the wine to drink to show that they trusted God's covenant which Jesus' blood confirmed. +The cup represents the wine that was in the cup. The wine was a symbol of Jesus' blood, by which he confirmed the new covenant. >The Lord God will give him the throne of his ancestor David. (Luke 1:32 ULB) A throne represents the authority of a king. "Throne" is a metonym for "kingly authority," "kingship" or "reign." This means that God would make him become the king that would follow King David. + >Immediately his mouth was opened ... (Luke 1:64 ULB) The mouth here represents the power to speak. This means that he was able to talk again. + >Who warned you to flee from the wrath that is coming? (Luke 3:7 ULB) The word "wrath" or "anger" is a metonym for "punishment." God was extremely angry with the people, and as a result, he would punish them. From a631fdaeabc57cd840b56be4240ebe2e970f48d7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Tue, 4 Dec 2018 19:11:19 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 441/551] Issue 64 JITL Headings and Content --- translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md | 23 ++++++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md b/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md index cce845f..84dc331 100644 --- a/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md @@ -2,19 +2,19 @@ ### Description -In some languages an adjective can be used to refer to a class of things that the adjective describes. When it does, it acts like a noun. For example, the word "rich" is an adjective. Here are two sentences that show that "rich" is an adjective. ->The rich man had a great number of sheep and cattle ... (2 Samuel 12:2 ULB) +In some languages an adjective can be used to refer to a class of things that the adjective describes. When it does, it acts like a noun. For example, the word "strong" is an adjective. Here are two sentences that show that "strong" is an adjective. -The adjective "rich" comes before the word "man" and describes "man." ->He will not be rich; his wealth will not last ... (Job 15:29 ULB) +In the sentence below, the adjective "strong" comes before the word "man" and describes the man. -The adjective "rich" comes after the verb "be" and describes "He." + * The strong man carried the heavy load. -Here is a sentence that shows that "rich" can also function as a noun. +In the sentence below, the adjective "strong" comes after the verb "be" and describes "he." ->... the rich must not give more than the half shekel, and the poor must not give less. (Exodus 30:15 ULB) + * He exercises a lot because he wants to be strong. -In Exodus 30:15, the word "rich" acts as a noun in the phrase "the rich," and it refers to rich people. The word "poor" also acts as a noun and refers to poor people. +Here is a sentence that shows that "strong" can also function as a noun. It refers to strong people in general. + + * The strong can often help those who are weak. ### Reasons this is a translation issue @@ -27,9 +27,14 @@ In Exodus 30:15, the word "rich" acts as a noun in the phrase "the rich," and it >The scepter of wickedness must not rule in the land of the righteous. (Psalm 125:3 ULB) "The righteous" here are people who are righteous, not one particular righteous person. + >Blessed are the meek (Matthew 5:5 ULB) -"The meek" here are all people who are meek, not one particular meek person. +"The meek" here are people who are meek, not one particular meek person. + +>... the rich must not give more than the half shekel, and the poor must not give less. (Exodus 30:15 ULB) + +"The rich" here are poeple who are meek, and "the poor" are people who are poor. ### Translation Strategies From 1385464bf01afb03e7ed148c156f277d9047b811 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Tue, 4 Dec 2018 19:49:16 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 442/551] Issue 64 JITL Headings and Content --- translate/figs-parables/01.md | 15 ++++++++------- 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-parables/01.md b/translate/figs-parables/01.md index b7be3d8..bcec9dd 100644 --- a/translate/figs-parables/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-parables/01.md @@ -1,21 +1,22 @@ -A parable is a short story that makes truth easy to understand and hard to forget. ### Description A parable is a short story that is told to teach a truth. Though the events in a parable could happen, they did not actually happen. They are told only to teach a truth. Parables rarely contain the names of specific people. (This may help you identify what is a parable and what is an account of a real event.) Parables often have figures of speech such as simile and metaphor. ->Then he also told them a parable. "Can a blind person guide another blind person? If he did, they would both fall into a pit, would they not?" (Luke 6:39 ULB) - -This parable teaches that if a person does not have spiritual understanding, he cannot help someone else to understand spiritual things. ### Examples from the Bible +The parable below teaches that if a person does not have spiritual understanding, he cannot help someone else to understand spiritual things. + +>Then he also told them a parable. "Can a blind person guide another blind person? If he did, they would both fall into a pit, would they not?" (Luke 6:39 ULB) + +The parable below teaches us not to hide the way we live for God from other people. + >Neither do people light a lamp and put it under a basket, but rather, on the lampstand, and it shines for everyone in the house. Let your light shine before people in such a way that they see your good deeds and praise your Father who is in heaven. (Matthew 5:15-16 ULB) -This parable teaches us not to hide the way we live for God from other people. ->Then Jesus presented another parable to them. He said, "The kingdom of heaven is like a mustard seed which a man took and sowed in his field. This seed is indeed the smallest of all seeds. But when it has grown, it is greater than the garden plants. It becomes a tree, so that the birds of the air come and nest in its branches." (Matthew 13:31-32 ULB) +The parable below teaches that the kingdom of God may seem small at first, but it will grow and spread throughout the world. -This parable teaches that the kingdom of God may seem small at first, but it will grow and spread throughout the world. +>Then Jesus presented another parable to them. He said, "The kingdom of heaven is like a mustard seed which a man took and sowed in his field. This seed is indeed the smallest of all seeds. But when it has grown, it is greater than the garden plants. It becomes a tree, so that the birds of the air come and nest in its branches." (Matthew 13:31-32 ULB) ### Translation Strategies From 27f025e070b0daad6a77ebb1c72c9055a63f1032 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Tue, 4 Dec 2018 20:01:56 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 443/551] Update 'translate/figs-parables/01.md' --- translate/figs-parables/01.md | 8 ++++---- 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-parables/01.md b/translate/figs-parables/01.md index bcec9dd..e0236d0 100644 --- a/translate/figs-parables/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-parables/01.md @@ -6,18 +6,18 @@ A parable is a short story that is told to teach a truth. Though the events in a ### Examples from the Bible -The parable below teaches that if a person does not have spiritual understanding, he cannot help someone else to understand spiritual things. - >Then he also told them a parable. "Can a blind person guide another blind person? If he did, they would both fall into a pit, would they not?" (Luke 6:39 ULB) -The parable below teaches us not to hide the way we live for God from other people. +This parable teaches that if a person does not have spiritual understanding, he cannot help someone else to understand spiritual things. >Neither do people light a lamp and put it under a basket, but rather, on the lampstand, and it shines for everyone in the house. Let your light shine before people in such a way that they see your good deeds and praise your Father who is in heaven. (Matthew 5:15-16 ULB) -The parable below teaches that the kingdom of God may seem small at first, but it will grow and spread throughout the world. +This parable teaches us not to hide the way we live for God from other people. >Then Jesus presented another parable to them. He said, "The kingdom of heaven is like a mustard seed which a man took and sowed in his field. This seed is indeed the smallest of all seeds. But when it has grown, it is greater than the garden plants. It becomes a tree, so that the birds of the air come and nest in its branches." (Matthew 13:31-32 ULB) +This parable teaches that the kingdom of God may seem small at first, but it will grow and spread throughout the world. + ### Translation Strategies 1. If a parable is hard to understand because it has unknown things in it, you can replace the unknown things with things that people in your culture know. However, be careful to keep the teaching the same. (See: [Translate Unknowns](../translate-unknown/01.md)) From ffad7a97ccea0b66acf8eb6684fb48f667034509 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Tue, 4 Dec 2018 21:36:27 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 444/551] Issue 64 JITL Headings and Content --- translate/translate-unknown/01.md | 1 - 1 file changed, 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/translate-unknown/01.md b/translate/translate-unknown/01.md index 925f916..4dc503a 100644 --- a/translate/translate-unknown/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-unknown/01.md @@ -1,5 +1,4 @@ -How do I translate words like lion, fig tree, mountain, priest, or temple when people in my culture have never seen these things and we do not have a word for them? ### Description From 4a564cf58d1d56ac32e17fc23f106ad4f5fbeb04 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Tue, 4 Dec 2018 22:02:36 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 445/551] Issue 64 JITL Headings and Content --- translate/writing-proverbs/01.md | 21 ++++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/writing-proverbs/01.md b/translate/writing-proverbs/01.md index 2bea107..65fec59 100644 --- a/translate/writing-proverbs/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-proverbs/01.md @@ -4,15 +4,6 @@ Proverbs are short sayings that give wisdom or teach a truth. People enjoy proverbs because they give a lot of wisdom in few words. Proverbs in the Bible often use metaphor and parallelism. ->Hatred stirs up conflicts, ->but love covers over all offenses. (Proverbs 10:12 ULB) - -Another example from Proverbs. ->Look at the ant, you lazy person, consider her ways, and be wise. ->It has no commander, officer, or ruler, ->yet it prepares its food in the summer, ->and during the harvest it stores up what it will eat. (Proverbs 6:6-8 ULB) - ### Reasons this is a translation issue Each language has its own ways of saying proverbs. There are many proverbs in the Bible. They need to be translated in the way that people say proverbs in your language, so that people recognize them as proverbs and understand what they teach. @@ -34,6 +25,18 @@ This means that a lazy person is very annoying to those who send him to do somet This means that Yahweh protects people who do what is right, but he destroys those who are wicked. +>Hatred stirs up conflicts, +>but love covers over all offenses. (Proverbs 10:12 ULB) + +This means that when people hate others, they are likely to fight. But if they love others, they will forgive the wrongs that others have done to them. + +>Look at the ant, you lazy person, consider her ways, and be wise. +>It has no commander, officer, or ruler, +>yet it prepares its food in the summer, +>and during the harvest it stores up what it will eat. (Proverbs 6:6-8 ULB) + +This proverb encourages people not to be lazy but to work so they can have what they need. + ### Translation Strategies If translating a proverb literally would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consider doing that. If not, here are some options: From 6d5ffb8b82ff3d09c9f38996cee20b74ad44665e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Tue, 4 Dec 2018 22:06:38 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 446/551] Issue 64 JITL Headings and Content --- translate/writing-symlanguage/01.md | 8 ++++---- 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/writing-symlanguage/01.md b/translate/writing-symlanguage/01.md index b2b05a3..0ed611a 100644 --- a/translate/writing-symlanguage/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-symlanguage/01.md @@ -4,10 +4,6 @@ Symbolic language in speech and writing is the use of symbols to represent other things and events. In the Bible it occurs most in prophecy and poetry, especially in visions and dreams about things that will happen in the future. Though people may not immediately know the meaning of a symbol, it is important to keep the symbol in the translation. ->Eat this scroll, then go speak to the house of Israel." (Ezekiel 3:1 ULB) - -This was in a dream. Eating the scroll is a symbol of reading and understanding well what was written on the scroll, and accepting these words from God into himself. - #### Purposes of symbolism - One purpose of symbolism is to help people understand the importance or severity of an event by putting it in other, very dramatic terms. @@ -24,6 +20,10 @@ People who read the Bible today may find it hard to recognize that the language ### Examples from the Bible +>Eat this scroll, then go speak to the house of Israel. (Ezekiel 3:1 ULB) + +Ezekiel had a dream, and in his dream he was told to eat a scroll. Eating the scroll is a symbol of reading and understanding well what was written on the scroll, and accepting the words from God into himself. + >After this I saw in the visions of the night a fourth animal, terrifying, frightening, and very strong. It had large iron teeth; it devoured, broke in pieces, and trampled underfoot what was left. It was different from the other animals, and it had ten horns. (Daniel 7:7 ULB) The meaning of the underlined symbols is explained in Daniel 7:23-24 as shown below. The animals represent kingdoms, iron teeth represent a powerful army, and the horns represent powerful leaders. From eee55a878669a772db1cb20f2149dd1a837d7693 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Wed, 5 Dec 2018 15:00:24 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 447/551] Issue 64 JITL Headings and Content --- translate/figs-personification/01.md | 47 +++++++++++++++------------- 1 file changed, 25 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-personification/01.md b/translate/figs-personification/01.md index b4e9912..00db970 100644 --- a/translate/figs-personification/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-personification/01.md @@ -2,17 +2,7 @@ ### Description -Personification is a figure of speech in which someone speaks of something as if it could do things that animals or people can do. People often do this because it makes it easier to talk about things that we cannot see: - -Such as wisdom: ->Does not Wisdom call out? (Proverbs 8:1 ULB) - -Or sin: ->... sin crouches at the door ... (Genesis 4:7 ULB) - -People also do this because it is sometimes easier to talk about people's relationships with non-human things, such as wealth, as if they were like relationships between people. - ->You cannot serve God and wealth. (Matthew 6:24 ULB) +Personification is a figure of speech in which someone speaks of something as if it could do things that animals or people can do. People often do this because it makes it easier to talk about things that we cannot see, such as wisdom or sin. People also do this because it is sometimes easier to talk about people's relationships with non-human things, such as wealth, as if they were like relationships between people. (See examples from the Bible below.) ### Reasons this is a translation issue @@ -33,27 +23,40 @@ God speaks of sin as a wild animal that is waiting for the chance to attack. Thi Jesus speaks of wealth as if it were a master whom people might serve. Loving money and basing one's decisions on it is like serving it as a slave would serve his master. +>... even the winds and the sea obey him ... (Matthew 8:27 ULB) + +When Jesus calms a storm by rebuking the wind and the sea, his disciples speak of the wind and the sea as if they are able to hear and obey Jesus as people can. + ### Translation Strategies If the personification would be understood clearly, consider using it. If it would not be understood, here are some other ways for translating it. -1. Add words or phrases to make it clear. 1. Use words such as "like" or "as" to show that the sentences is not to be understood literally. +1. Add words or phrases to make it clear. 1. Find a way to translate it without the personification. ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied -1. Add words or phrases to make it clear. - * **... sin crouches at the door** (Genesis 4:7 ULB) - An additional phrase can be added to make this danger clear. - * ... sin is at your door, waiting to attack you +1. Use words such as "like" or "as" to show that the sentence is not to be understood literally. + * **... sin crouches at the door and desires to control you.** (Genesis 4:7 ULB) + * ... it is as if sin crouches at the door and desires to control you. + +1. Add words or phrases that make the image more clear. + * **... sin crouches at the door and desires to control you.** (Genesis 4:7 ULB) + * ... sin is like a wild animal crouching at the door, desiring to control you. + * ... sin is crouching at the door in order to attack you, and it desires to control you. + +1. Add words or phrases to to show how something is like a person or animal. + * **... sin crouches at the door and desires to control you.** (Genesis 4:7 ULB) + * ... sin is dangerous, like an animal crouching at the door and desiring to control you. -1. Use words such as "like" or "as" to show that the sentences is not to be understood literally. - * **... sin crouches at the door** (Genesis 4:7 ULB) - This can be translated with the word "as." - * ... sin is crouching at the door, just as a wild animal does waiting to attack a person. - -1. Find a way to translate it without the personification. - * **... even the winds and the sea obey him ...** (Matthew 8:27 ULB) - The men speak of the "wind and the sea as if they are able to hear" and obey Jesus as people can. This could also be translated without the idea of obedience by speaking of Jesus controlling them. - * He even controls the winds and the sea. +1. Find a way to translate it without the personification. (Genesis 4:7 ULB) + * **... sin crouches at the door and desires to control you.** + * You are in danger of sinning and not being able to stop sinning. + + * **You cannot serve God and wealth.** (Matthew 6:24 ULB) + * You cannot be devoted to both God and wealth. + * You cannot serve God if you want most to have wealth. **Note**: We have broadened our definition of "personification" to include "zoomorphism" (speaking of other things as if they had animal characteristics) and "anthropomorphism" (speaking of non-human things as if they had human characteristics.) From abf7f6703558b23c42ad79ceb1e72f9382dec151 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Wed, 5 Dec 2018 15:28:39 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 448/551] Issue 64 JITL Headings and Content --- translate/translate-numbers/01.md | 23 +++++++++++++++-------- 1 file changed, 15 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/translate-numbers/01.md b/translate/translate-numbers/01.md index ba41883..bf81d75 100644 --- a/translate/translate-numbers/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-numbers/01.md @@ -2,19 +2,26 @@ ### Description -There are many numbers in the Bible. They can be written as words, such as "five" or as numerals, such as "5." Some numbers are very large, such as "two hundred" (200), "twenty-two thousand" (22,000), or "one hundred million" (100,000,000.) Some languages do not have words for all of these numbers. Translators need to decide how to translate numbers and whether to write them as words or numerals. +There are many numbers in the Bible. They can be written as words, such as "five" or as numerals, such as "5." Some numbers are very large, such as "two hundred" (200), "twenty-two thousand" (22,000), or "one hundred million" (100,000,000.) -Some numbers are exact and others are rounded. ->Abram was eighty-six years old when Hagar bore Ishmael to Abram. (Genesis 16:16 ULB) +Some numbers are exact. + * There were 397 people at the conference. -Eighty-six (86) is an exact number. ->That day about three thousand men out of the people died. (Exodus 32:28 ULB) +Some numbers are rounded. + * There were about 400 people at the conference. + +The word "about" shows that there may have been a little more or a little less than 400. + + * There were hundreds of people at the conference. + +This does not tell how many hundreds of people were at the conference. -Here the number three thousand is a round number. It may have been a little more than that or a little less than that. The word "about" shows that it is not an exact number. ### Reasons this is a translation issue Some languages do not have words for some of these numbers. +Translators need to decide how to translate numbers. +Translators need to decide whether to write them as words or numerals. ### Translation principles @@ -41,8 +48,8 @@ This is a rounded number. It does not say exactly how many descendants she shoul ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied We will use the following verse in our examples: ->Now, see, at great effort I have prepared for the house of Yahweh 100,000 talents of gold, one million talents of silver, and bronze and iron in large quantities. (1 Chronicles 22:14 ULB) - + * **Now, see, at great effort I have prepared for the house of Yahweh 100,000 talents of gold, one million talents of silver, and bronze and iron in large quantities.** (1 Chronicles 22:14 ULB) + 1. Write numbers using numerals. * I have prepared for the house of Yahweh 100,000 talents of gold, 1,000,000 talents of silver, and bronze and iron in large quantities. From 21e6aa247d1632f3fff2cb1939ba0b112ca47782 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Wed, 5 Dec 2018 16:35:40 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 449/551] Issue 64 JITL Headings and Content --- translate/translate-ordinal/01.md | 10 +++++----- 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/translate-ordinal/01.md b/translate/translate-ordinal/01.md index f9f650a..5d7875a 100644 --- a/translate/translate-ordinal/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-ordinal/01.md @@ -2,11 +2,7 @@ ### Description -Ordinal numbers are used in the Bible mainly to tell the position of something in a list. - ->And God has appointed in the church first apostles, second prophets, third teachers, then those who do powerful deeds ... (1 Corinthians 12:28 ULB) - -This is a list of workers that God gave to the church in their order. +Ordinal numbers are used to tell the position of something in a set or list. Examples are "first," "second," "third," "fourth," and "fifth." #### Ordinal Numbers in English @@ -43,6 +39,10 @@ People tossed lots and one went to each of these people in the order given. This describes four rows of stones. The first row is probably the top row, and the fourth row is probably the bottom row. +>And God has appointed in the church first apostles, second prophets, third teachers, then those who do powerful deeds ... (1 Corinthians 12:28 ULB) + +This is a list of the kinds of workers that God gave to the church in their order. + ### Translation Strategies If your language has ordinal numbers and using them would give the right meaning, consider using them. If not, here are some strategies to consider: From ecbde571cc18561a2a36b4230a3ba7f85cd3c391 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Wed, 5 Dec 2018 17:04:04 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 450/551] Issue 64 JITL Headings and Content --- translate/translate-versebridge/01.md | 26 +++++++++++++------------- 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/translate-versebridge/01.md b/translate/translate-versebridge/01.md index b777399..a9eba35 100644 --- a/translate/translate-versebridge/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-versebridge/01.md @@ -4,27 +4,27 @@ In rare cases, you will see in the Unlocked Dynamic Bible (UDB) that two or more verse numbers are combined, such as 17-18. This is called a verse bridge. This means that the information in the verses was rearranged so that the story or message could be more easily understood. ->29These were the clans of the Horites: Lotan, Shobal, Zibeon, and Anah, 30Dishon, Ezer, Dishan. These were clans of the Horites, according to their clan lists in the land of Seir. (Genesis 36:29-30 ULB) - ->29-30The people groups who were descendants of Hor lived in Seir land. The names of the people groups are Lotan, Shobal, Zibeon, Anah, Dishon, Ezer, and Dishan. (Genesis 36:29-30 UDB) - -In the ULB text, verses 29 and 30 are separate, and the information about the people living in Seir is at the end of verse 30. In the UDB text, the verses are joined, and the information about them living in Seir is at the beginning. For many languages, this is a more logical order of information. - ### Examples from the Bible -Sometimes the ULB has separate verses while the UDB has a verse bridge. In the example below the information was rearranged in the UDB so that the information about Yahweh blessing the land appears first. - ->4However, there should be no poor among you (for Yahweh will surely bless you in the land that he gives you as an inheritance to possess), 5if only you diligently listen to the voice of Yahweh your God, to keep all these commandments that I am commanding you today. (Deuteronomy 15:4-5 ULB) - ->4-5Yahweh our God will bless you in the land that he is giving to you. If you obey Yahweh our God and obey all the commandments that I am giving to you today, there will not be any poor people among you. (Deuteronomy 15:4-5 UDB) - -In the example below, the information was rearranged in the UDB so that it shows the order in which the events happened. +In Genesis 47:1-2, the author tells about how Joseph introduced his brothers to Pharaoh before telling that Joseph took his brother to Pharaoh. >1Then Joseph went in and told Pharaoh, "My father and my brothers, their flocks, their herds, and all that they own, have arrived from the land of Canaan. See, they are in the land of Goshen." >2He took five of his brothers and introduced them to Pharaoh. (Genesis 47:1-2 ULB) +In the UDB the information is rearranged to show the order in which the events happened. + >1-2Joseph chose five of his brothers to go with him to talk to the king. He introduced them to the king, and then he said, "My father and my brothers have come from Canaan land. They have brought all their sheep, goats, cattle, and everything else that they own, and they are living now in region of Goshen." (Genesis 47:1-2 UDB) +In Genesis 36:29-30, the author tells about the clans of the Horites being in the land of Seir after he lists the clans. + +>29These were the clans of the Horites: Lotan, Shobal, Zibeon, and Anah, 30Dishon, Ezer, Dishan. These were clans of the Horites, according to their clan lists in the land of Seir. (Genesis 36:29-30 ULB) + +In the UDB, the the information about the Horites living in Seir is given first and is followed by the list of Horite clans. For many languages, this is a more logical order of information. + +>29-30The people groups who were descendants of Hor lived in Seir land. The names of the people groups are Lotan, Shobal, Zibeon, Anah, Dishon, Ezer, and Dishan. (Genesis 36:29-30 UDB) + + + ### Translation Strategy Order the information in a way that will be clear to your readers. From 19168d09f4227a9c9a0d25a9f530d30ed5f10207 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Wed, 5 Dec 2018 21:44:28 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 451/551] Update 'translate/bita-part1/01.md' --- translate/bita-part1/01.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/bita-part1/01.md b/translate/bita-part1/01.md index 57b4a8f..0d31b48 100644 --- a/translate/bita-part1/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-part1/01.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ -This page discusses ideas that are paired together in limited ways. (For a discussion of more complex pairings, see [Biblical Imagery - Cultural Models](../bita-part3/01.md).*) +This topic discusses ideas that are paired together in limited ways. (For a discussion of more complex pairings, see [Biblical Imagery - Cultural Models](../bita-part3/01.md).*) ### Description From 5e964dc8fe4403feaa289e211d7c3f303af9ae04 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Fri, 7 Dec 2018 14:29:38 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 452/551] Issue 65 Figs-exmetaphor --- translate/figs-exmetaphor/01.md | 3 +-- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-exmetaphor/01.md b/translate/figs-exmetaphor/01.md index 1c8931e..5e988f7 100644 --- a/translate/figs-exmetaphor/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-exmetaphor/01.md @@ -71,7 +71,6 @@ Consider using the same extended metaphor if your readers will understand it in * **Yahweh is my shepherd; I will lack nothing.** (Psalm 23:1 ULB) * Yahweh cares for me like a shepherd who cares for his sheep, so I will lack nothing. * **For the vineyard of Yahweh of hosts is the house of Israel, and the man of Judah his pleasant planting; he waited for justice, but instead, there was killing; for righteousness, but, instead, a shout for help.** (Isaiah 5:7 ULB) - * For the vineyard of Yahweh of hosts represents the house of Israel, and the men of Judah are like his pleasant planting; he waited for justice, but instead, there was killing; for righteousness, but, instead, a cry for help. - * So as a farmer stops caring for a grapevine garden that produces bad fruit, Yahweh will stop protecting Israel and Judah, because they do not do what is right; he waited for justice, but instead, there was killing; for righteousness, but, instead, a cry for help. + * For the vineyard of Yahweh of hosts represents the house of Israel, and the men of Judah are like his pleasant planting; he waited for justice, but instead, there was killing; for righteousness, but, instead, there was a cry for help. So as a farmer stops caring for a vineyard that produces bad fruit, Yahweh will stop protecting Israel and Judah. From 8f9ba3dd16176fd2077932c455696c47ac7cfb1b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Fri, 7 Dec 2018 16:28:32 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 453/551] Issue 66 figs-idioms --- translate/figs-idiom/01.md | 8 ++++++++ 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+) diff --git a/translate/figs-idiom/01.md b/translate/figs-idiom/01.md index ad2c279..1485dac 100644 --- a/translate/figs-idiom/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-idiom/01.md @@ -19,6 +19,14 @@ An idiom is created in a culture when someone describes something in an unusual ### Examples from the Bible +> ... he ... threw himself into the sea. (John 21:7) + +The idiom "threw himself" means that he quickly jumped and went down. He may have dived into the water. + +> robbers, who ... beat him, and left him half dead. (Luke 10:30) + +The idiom "half dead" means that he was injured so badly that it appeared that he might die soon. + >Then all Israel came to David at Hebron and said, "Look, we are your flesh and bone." (1 Chronicles 11:1 ULB) The idiom "flesh and bone" means "relatives." From 66c0898be68e9a056053b61ca0caf03381ab996d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Fri, 7 Dec 2018 18:32:16 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 454/551] Issue 66 figs-idioms --- translate/figs-idiom/01.md | 43 ++++++++++++-------------------------- 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 30 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-idiom/01.md b/translate/figs-idiom/01.md index 1485dac..6dbf0ee 100644 --- a/translate/figs-idiom/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-idiom/01.md @@ -1,14 +1,7 @@ ### Description -An idiom is a figure of speech made up of a group of words that, as a whole, has a meaning that is different from what one would understand from the meanings of the individual words. It has a special meaning to the people of the language or culture who use it; someone from outside of the culture usually cannot understand an idiom without someone inside the culture explaining its true meaning. Every language uses idioms. Some English examples are: - -* You are pulling my leg (This means, "You are telling me a lie") -* Do not push the envelope (This means, "Do not take the matter to its extreme") -* This house is under water (This means, "The debt owed for this house is greater than its actual value") -* We are painting the town red (This means, "We are going around town tonight celebrating very intensely") - -An idiom is created in a culture when someone describes something in an unusual way. When that unusual way communicates the message powerfully and people understand it clearly, other people start to use it. After a while, it becomes a normal way of talking in that language. +An idiom is a figure of speech made up of a group of words that, as a whole, has a meaning that is different from what one would understand from the meanings of the individual words. It has a special meaning to the people of the language or culture who use it; someone from outside of the culture usually cannot understand an idiom without someone inside the culture explaining its true meaning. Every language uses idioms. ### Reasons this is a translation issue @@ -19,33 +12,25 @@ An idiom is created in a culture when someone describes something in an unusual ### Examples from the Bible -> ... he ... threw himself into the sea. (John 21:7) +> But when the young son came to himself ... (Luke 15:17) -The idiom "threw himself" means that he quickly jumped and went down. He may have dived into the water. +The idiom "came to himself" means that he began to think sensibly. He understood his situation. -> robbers, who ... beat him, and left him half dead. (Luke 10:30) +> ... he ... threw himself into the sea. (John 21:7) + +The idiom "threw himself" means that he quickly dived or jumped down into the water. + +> robbers, who ... beat him, and left him half dead. (Luke 10:30) The idiom "half dead" means that he was injured so badly that it appeared that he might die soon. ->Then all Israel came to David at Hebron and said, "Look, we are your flesh and bone." (1 Chronicles 11:1 ULB) - -The idiom "flesh and bone" means "relatives." - ->... he set his face to go to Jerusalem. (Luke 9:51 ULB) - -The words "set his face" is an idiom that means "firmly decided and began." He firmly decided to go to Jerusalem, and he started on his way. - ->... I am not worthy for you to come under my roof. (Luke 7:6 ULB) - -The phrase "come under my roof" is an idiom that means "enter my house." - >Let these words go deeply into your ears ... (Luke 9:44 ULB) This idiom means "Listen carefully and remember what I say." >My eyes grow dim from grief ... (Psalm 6:7 ULB) -This idiom means that he cries bitterly for a long time. +This idiom means that he cried bitterly for a long time. ### Translation Strategies @@ -58,12 +43,10 @@ If the idiom would be clearly understood in your language, consider using it. If ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied 1. Translate the meaning plainly without using an idiom. - * **Look, we are your flesh and bone.** (1 Chronicles 11:1 ULB) - * Look, we are your relatives. - * **... he set his face to go to Jerusalem.** (Luke 9:51 ULB) - * ... he started to travel to Jerusalem, determined to reach it. - * **... I am not worthy for you to come under my roof.** (Luke 7:6 ULB) - * ... I am not worthy for you to come into my house. + * **But when the young son came to himself ...** (Luke 15:17 ULB) + * But when the young man began to think clearly + * **... he ... threw himself into the sea.** (John 21:7 ULB) + * ... he dived into the sea. 1. Use an idiom that people use in your own language that has the same meaning. * **Let these words go deeply into your ears ...** (Luke 9:44 ULB) From d94f65f89d1bba6b5a8e23289e4ba1bece93a9e9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Wed, 19 Dec 2018 14:38:45 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 455/551] Update 'translate/writing-newevent/01.md' --- translate/writing-newevent/01.md | 19 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/writing-newevent/01.md b/translate/writing-newevent/01.md index bb10605..ba3170a 100644 --- a/translate/writing-newevent/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-newevent/01.md @@ -8,9 +8,9 @@ When your people tell about events, what information do they give at the beginni ### Examples from the Bible ->In the days of Herod king of Judea there was a certain priest named Zechariah, from the division of Abijah. His wife was from the daughters of Aaron, and her name was Elizabeth. (Luke 1:5 ULB) +>In the days of Herod king of Judea there was a certain priest named Zechariah, from the division of Abijah. His wife was from the daughters of Aaron, and her name was Elizabeth. (Luke 1:5 ULB) -The verse above introduces a story about Zechariah. The first underlined phrase tells when it happened, and the next two underlined phrases introduce the main people. Verses 6 and 7 go on to explain that Zechariah and Elizabeth were old and did not have any children. All of this is the setting. +The verse above introduces a story about Zechariah. The first underlined phrase tells when it happened. The next underlined phrase and the second sentence introduce the main people. Verses 6 and 7 go on to explain that Zechariah and Elizabeth were old and did not have any children. All of this is the setting. >Now it came about that Zechariah was in God's presence, carrying out the priestly duties in the order of his division. According to the customary way of choosing which priest would serve, he had been chosen by lot to enter into the temple of the Lord to burn incense. (Luke 1:8-9 ULB) @@ -26,17 +26,18 @@ The underlined phrase above shows that the events concerning the learned men hap >In those days John the Baptist came preaching in the wilderness of Judea. (Matthew 3:1 ULB) The underlined phrase above shows that John the Baptist came preaching around the time of the previous events. It is probably very general and refers to when Jesus lived in Nazareth. + >Then Jesus came from Galilee to the Jordan River to be baptized by John. (Matthew 3:13 ULB) The word "then" shows that Jesus came to the Jordan River some time after the events in the previous verses. >Now there was a Pharisee whose name was Nicodemus, a Jewish leader. This man came to Jesus at night. (John 3:1-2 ULB) -The author first introduces the new person and then tells about what he did and when he did it. In some languages it might be more natural to tell about the time first. +The author first introduces a new person and then tells about what he did and when he did it. In some languages it might be more natural to tell about the time first. >Noah was six hundred years old when the flood came upon the earth. Noah, his sons, his wife, and his sons' wives went into the ark together because of the waters of the flood. (Genesis 7:6-7 ULB) -Verse 6 is a summary of the events that happen in the rest of chapter 7. Chapter 6 already told about how God told Noah that there would be a flood, and how Noah prepared for it. Chapter 7 verse 6 introduces the part of the story that tells about Noah and his family and the animals going into the ship, the rain starting, and the rain flooding the earth. Some languages might need to make it clear that this verse simply introduces the event, or move this verse after verse 7. Verse 6 is not one of the events of the story. The people went into the ship before the flood came. +Verse 6 is a summary of the events that happen in the rest of chapter 7. Verse 6 is not one of the events of the story. The people went into the ship before the flood came. Some languages might need to make it clear that this verse simply introduces the event, or move this verse after verse 7. ### Translation Strategies @@ -58,17 +59,15 @@ If the information given at the beginning of a new event is clear and natural to * As he passed by, there was a man sitting at the tax collecting tent. His name was Levi, and he was the son of Alpheus. Jesus saw him ... * As he passed by, there was a tax collector sitting at the tax collecting place. His name was Levi, and he was the son of Alpheus. Jesus saw him ... -1. If readers would expect certain information but it is not in the Bible, consider using an indefinite word or phrase such as: another time, someone. - * **Noah was six hundred years old when the flood came upon the earth.** (Genesis 7:6 ULB)

If people expect to be told something about when the new event happened, the phrase "after that" can help them see that it happened after the events already mentioned.

- * After that, when Noah was six hundred years old, the flood came upon the earth.

- * **Again he began to teach beside the lake.** (Mark 4:1 ULB)

In chapter 3 Jesus was teaching at someone's house. Readers may need to be told that this new event happened at another time, or that Jesus actually went to the lake.

+1. If readers would expect certain information but it is not in the Bible, consider using an indefinite word or phrase such as "another time" or making some implicit information explicit. + * **Again he began to teach beside the lake.** (Mark 4:1 ULB)
In chapter 3 Jesus was teaching at someone's house. Readers may need to be told that this new event happened at another time, or that Jesus actually went to the lake.
* Another time Jesus began to teach people again beside the lake. - * Jesus went to the lake and began to teach people again there. + * Jesus went to the lake and began to teach people again there. 1. If the introduction is a summary of the whole event, use your language's way of showing that it is a summary. * **Noah was six hundred years old when the flood came upon the earth.** (Genesis 7:6 ULB) * Now this is what happened when Noah was six hundred years old and the flood came upon the earth. - * This part tells about what happened when the flood came upon the earth. It happened when Noah was six hundred years old. + * This part tells about what happened when the flood came upon the earth. These things happened when Noah was six hundred years old. 1. If it would be strange in the target language to give a summary of the event at the beginning, show that the event would actually happen later in the story. * **Noah was six hundred years old when the flood came upon the earth. Noah, his sons, his wife, and his sons' wives went into the ark together because of the waters of the flood.** (Genesis 7:6-7 ULB) From b023e0d8d58ba20eacbc567259a51b27a7e065d2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Wed, 19 Dec 2018 14:46:38 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 456/551] Update 'translate/writing-newevent/01.md' --- translate/writing-newevent/01.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/writing-newevent/01.md b/translate/writing-newevent/01.md index ba3170a..33a94cd 100644 --- a/translate/writing-newevent/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-newevent/01.md @@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ If the information given at the beginning of a new event is clear and natural to * As he passed by, there was a man sitting at the tax collecting tent. His name was Levi, and he was the son of Alpheus. Jesus saw him ... * As he passed by, there was a tax collector sitting at the tax collecting place. His name was Levi, and he was the son of Alpheus. Jesus saw him ... -1. If readers would expect certain information but it is not in the Bible, consider using an indefinite word or phrase such as "another time" or making some implicit information explicit. +1. If readers would expect certain information but it is not stated explicitly in the Bible, consider using an indefinite word or phrase such as "another time" or making some implicit information explicit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) * **Again he began to teach beside the lake.** (Mark 4:1 ULB)
In chapter 3 Jesus was teaching at someone's house. Readers may need to be told that this new event happened at another time, or that Jesus actually went to the lake.
* Another time Jesus began to teach people again beside the lake. * Jesus went to the lake and began to teach people again there. From dab39fa954903f3869403993435cdab0527a9081 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Wed, 19 Dec 2018 15:29:33 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 457/551] Update 'translate/writing-newevent/01.md' MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit Deleted some examples. >Then Jesus came from Galilee to the Jordan River to be baptized by John. (Matthew 3:13 ULB) ​ The word "then" shows that Jesus came to the Jordan River some time after the events in the previous verses. --- translate/writing-newevent/01.md | 9 +-------- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 8 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/writing-newevent/01.md b/translate/writing-newevent/01.md index 33a94cd..0efa290 100644 --- a/translate/writing-newevent/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-newevent/01.md @@ -22,14 +22,7 @@ The underlined sentence above makes it explicit that a story about Jesus is bein >After Jesus was born in Bethlehem of Judea in the days of Herod the king, learned men from the east arrived in Jerusalem. (Matthew 2:1 ULB) -The underlined phrase above shows that the events concerning the learned men happened after Jesus was born. ->In those days John the Baptist came preaching in the wilderness of Judea. (Matthew 3:1 ULB) - -The underlined phrase above shows that John the Baptist came preaching around the time of the previous events. It is probably very general and refers to when Jesus lived in Nazareth. - ->Then Jesus came from Galilee to the Jordan River to be baptized by John. (Matthew 3:13 ULB) - -The word "then" shows that Jesus came to the Jordan River some time after the events in the previous verses. +The underlined phrase above shows that the events concerning the learned men happened after Jesus was born. The second part of the sentence introduces new participants and a new event. >Now there was a Pharisee whose name was Nicodemus, a Jewish leader. This man came to Jesus at night. (John 3:1-2 ULB) From a9658c4a20429f7067f7e5c25db018e91f9f014d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Wed, 19 Dec 2018 16:43:03 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 458/551] Update 'translate/writing-newevent/01.md' --- translate/writing-newevent/01.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/writing-newevent/01.md b/translate/writing-newevent/01.md index 0efa290..b84006c 100644 --- a/translate/writing-newevent/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-newevent/01.md @@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ Verse 6 is a summary of the events that happen in the rest of chapter 7. Verse 6 If the information given at the beginning of a new event is clear and natural to your readers, consider translating it as it is in the ULB or UDB. If not, consider one of these strategies. 1. Put the information that introduces the event in the order that your people put it. -1. If readers would expect certain information but it is not in the Bible, consider using an indefinite word or phrase to fill in that information, such as: "another time" or "someone." +1. If readers would expect certain information but it is not stated explicitly in the Bible, consider using an indefinite word or phrase such as "another time" or making some implicit information explicit. See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 1. If the introduction is a summary of the whole event, use your language's way of showing that it is a summary. 1. If it would be strange in the target language to give a summary of the event at the beginning, show that the event would actually happen later in the story. From 0aacb522b467dcb930367ddcf97d7262941a8a3d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Wed, 19 Dec 2018 19:02:23 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 459/551] Update 'translate/writing-poetry/01.md' --- translate/writing-poetry/01.md | 66 +++++++++++++++++++--------------- 1 file changed, 38 insertions(+), 28 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/writing-poetry/01.md b/translate/writing-poetry/01.md index 693e9c3..681749c 100644 --- a/translate/writing-poetry/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-poetry/01.md @@ -6,24 +6,17 @@ Poetry is one of the ways that people use the words and sounds of their language #### Some things commonly found in poetry -* Many figures of speech (see [Figres of Speech](../figs-intro/01.md). +* Many figures of speech (see [Figures of Speech](../figs-intro/01.md)). * Parallel lines (see [Parallelism](../figs-parallelism/01.md)) * Repetition of some or all of a line - >Praise him, all his angels; praise him, all his hosts. - >Praise him, sun and moon; praise him, all you shining stars. (Psalm 148:2-3 ULB) -* Lines of similar length. - >Love is patient and kind; - >love does not envy or boast; - >it is not arrogant or rude. (1 Corinthians 13:4 ULB) -* The same sound used at the end or at the beginning of two or more lines - * "Twinkle, twinkle little star. How I wonder what you are." (from an English rhyme) -* The same sound repeated many times - * "Peter, Peter, pumpkin eater" (from an English rhyme) -* Old words and expressions +* Lines of similar length. * Dramatic imagery +* Old words and expressions * Different use of grammar, including * incomplete sentences * lack of connective words +* The same sound used at the end or at the beginning of two or more lines + * "Twinkle, twinkle little star. How I wonder what you are." (from an English rhyme) #### Some places to look for poetry in your language @@ -45,27 +38,44 @@ Elegant or fancy speech is similar to poetry in that it uses beautiful language, The Bible uses poetry for songs, teaching, and prophecy. Almost all of the books of the Old Testament have poetry in them and many of the books are completely poetry. -This example of parallelism has two lines that mean the same thing. (see [Parallelism](../figs-parallelism/01.md)) - ->... for you saw my affliction; ->you knew the distress of my soul. (Psalm 31:7 ULB) - -This example of parallelism shows the contrast between what David wants God to do to him and what he wants God to do to the unrighteous nations. (see [Parallelism](../figs-parallelism/01.md)) - ->Yahweh, judge the nations; ->vindicate me, Yahweh, because I am righteous and innocent, Most High. (Psalm 7:8) - -This example of personification speaks of sins as if they could rule over a person. (see [Personification](../figs-personification/01.md)) - ->Keep your servant also from arrogant sins; +>Keep your servant also from arrogant sins; >let them not rule over me. (Psalm 19:13 ULB) -This example repeats the phrases "give thanks" and "his covenant faithfulness endures forever." +The example above has a figure of speech called personification. It speaks of sins as if they were a person who could rule over someone. (see [Personification](../figs-personification/01.md)) ->Oh, give thanks to Yahweh; for he is good, for his covenant faithfulness endures forever. ->Oh, give thanks to the God of gods, for his covenant faithfulness endures forever. +>... for you saw my affliction; +>you knew the distress of my soul. (Psalm 31:7 ULB) + +The example of parallelism above has two lines that mean the same thing. (see [Parallelism](../figs-parallelism/01.md)) + +>Oh, give thanks to Yahweh; for he is good, for his covenant faithfulness endures forever. +>Oh, give thanks to the God of gods, for his covenant faithfulness endures forever. >Oh, give thanks to the Lord of lords, for his covenant faithfulness endures forever. (Psalm 136:1-3 ULB) +The example above repeats the phrases "give thanks" and "his covenant faithfulness endures forever." + +>Love is patient and kind; +>love does not envy or boast; +>it is not arrogant or rude. (1 Corinthians 13:4 ULB) + +The example above has lines of similar length. + +>They have sharpened their tongues like swords; +>they have aimed their arrows, bitter words, + +>so that they may shoot from secret places at someone who is innocent; +>suddenly they shoot at him and fear nothing. (Psalms 64:3 ULB) + +In the example above David uses dramatic imagery to show how dangerous his enemies' words are; their tongues are like swords and their words are like arrows. + +>My soul also is very troubled. +>But you, Yahweh—how long will this continue? + +>4 Return, Yahweh! rescue me. +>Save me because of your covenant faithfulness! (Psalm 6:3-4 ULB) + +THe example above + ### Translation Strategies If the style of poetry that is used in the source text would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consider using it. If not, here are some other ways of translating it. From 5faf09906532e463726547e8c59335c9c2abfcc4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Wed, 19 Dec 2018 21:21:01 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 460/551] Update 'translate/writing-poetry/01.md' Exchanged the rhyming translation below with an adaptation of Psalm 1:1-2 from the Scottish Psalter of 1650, which is in the public domain. * Happy is the person not encouraged to sin
Disrespect for God he will not begin.
To those who laugh at God, he is no kin
God is his constant delight.
He does what God says is right.
He thinks of it all day and night. --- translate/writing-poetry/01.md | 53 +++++++++++++++++++--------------- 1 file changed, 30 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/writing-poetry/01.md b/translate/writing-poetry/01.md index 681749c..d2d301f 100644 --- a/translate/writing-poetry/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-poetry/01.md @@ -6,17 +6,22 @@ Poetry is one of the ways that people use the words and sounds of their language #### Some things commonly found in poetry -* Many figures of speech (see [Figures of Speech](../figs-intro/01.md)). +* Many figures of speech (see [Figures of Speech](../figs-intro/01.md)) * Parallel lines (see [Parallelism](../figs-parallelism/01.md)) * Repetition of some or all of a line -* Lines of similar length. +* Lines of similar length * Dramatic imagery * Old words and expressions * Different use of grammar, including * incomplete sentences * lack of connective words * The same sound used at the end or at the beginning of two or more lines - * "Twinkle, twinkle little star. How I wonder what you are." (from an English rhyme) + * Twinkle, twinkle little star,
+How I wonder what you are.
+Up above the world so high,
+Like a diamond in the sky. (from an English rhyme) + +Below there are examples from the Bible for all these except for the last one about using the same sounds. It would be difficult to show here how Hebrew uses repeated sounds in poetry. #### Some places to look for poetry in your language @@ -31,7 +36,7 @@ Elegant or fancy speech is similar to poetry in that it uses beautiful language, ### Reasons this is a translation issue: -* Different languages use poetry for different things. If a poetic form would not communicate the same meaning in your language you may need to write it without the poetry. +* Different languages use poetry for different things. If a certain poetic form would communicate a different meaning in your language, you may need to use a poetic from from you own language that would communicate the right meaning, or you may need to translate it without the poetry. * In some languages, using poetry for a particular part of the Bible would make it much more powerful. ### Examples from the Bible @@ -60,28 +65,26 @@ The example above repeats the phrases "give thanks" and "his covenant faithfulne The example above has lines of similar length. ->They have sharpened their tongues like swords; ->they have aimed their arrows, bitter words, - ->so that they may shoot from secret places at someone who is innocent; +>They have sharpened their tongues like swords; +>they have aimed their arrows, bitter words, +>so that they may shoot from secret places at someone who is innocent; >suddenly they shoot at him and fear nothing. (Psalms 64:3 ULB) In the example above David uses dramatic imagery to show how dangerous his enemies' words are; their tongues are like swords and their words are like arrows. ->My soul also is very troubled. ->But you, Yahweh—how long will this continue? - ->4 Return, Yahweh! rescue me. +>My soul also is very troubled. +>But you, Yahweh—how long will this continue? +>Return, Yahweh! rescue me. >Save me because of your covenant faithfulness! (Psalm 6:3-4 ULB) -THe example above +The example above uses grammar differently. The author interrupts his request for Yahweh to return and rescue him by asking how long his trouble will continue. Interrupting his request helps to show how distressed the author feels. ### Translation Strategies If the style of poetry that is used in the source text would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consider using it. If not, here are some other ways of translating it. 1. Translate the poetry using one of your styles of poetry. -1. Translate the poetry using your style of elegant speech. +1. Translate the poetry using one of your styles of elegant speech. 1. Translate the poetry using your style of ordinary speech. If you use poetry it may be more beautiful. @@ -96,16 +99,20 @@ If you use ordinary speech it may be more clear. >But his delight is in the law of Yahweh, >and on his law he meditates day and night.** (Psalm 1:1, 2 ULB) -The following are examples of how people might translate Psalm 1:1,2. - -1. Translate the poetry using one of your styles of poetry. (The style in this example has words that sound similar at the end of each line.) - * Happy is the person not encouraged to sin
-Disrespect for God he will not begin.
-To those who laugh at God, he is no kin
-God is his constant delight.
-He does what God says is right.
-He thinks of it all day and night. +The following are examples of how people might translate Psalm 1:1, 2. +1. Translate the poetry using one of your styles of poetry. (The style in this example uses rhythm and rhyme.) + + * That man has perfect blessedness,
+who does not walk astray
+in counsel of ungodly men
+or stand in sinners way,
+Nor does he sit in scorner’s chair,
+but places his delight
+upon God’s law, and meditates
+on God’s law day and night. + + 1. Translate the poetry using your style of elegant speech. * This is the kind of person who is truly blessed: the one who does not follow the advice of wicked people, or stop along the road to speak with sinners, or join the gathering of those who mock God. Rather he takes great joy in Yahweh's law, and he meditates on it day and night. From fb853799f2f0342d70c5b0e0b8f0322bd541bba9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Wed, 19 Dec 2018 21:26:10 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 461/551] Update 'translate/writing-poetry/01.md' --- translate/writing-poetry/01.md | 19 ++++++++----------- 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/writing-poetry/01.md b/translate/writing-poetry/01.md index d2d301f..6017465 100644 --- a/translate/writing-poetry/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-poetry/01.md @@ -87,32 +87,29 @@ If the style of poetry that is used in the source text would be natural and give 1. Translate the poetry using one of your styles of elegant speech. 1. Translate the poetry using your style of ordinary speech. -If you use poetry it may be more beautiful. - +If you use poetry it may be more beautiful. If you use ordinary speech it may be more clear. ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied ->**Blessed is the man who does not walk in the advice of the wicked, ->or stand in the pathway with sinners, ->or sit in the assembly of mockers. ->But his delight is in the law of Yahweh, +>**Blessed is the man who does not walk in the advice of the wicked, +>or stand in the pathway with sinners, +>or sit in the assembly of mockers. +>But his delight is in the law of Yahweh, >and on his law he meditates day and night.** (Psalm 1:1, 2 ULB) The following are examples of how people might translate Psalm 1:1, 2. 1. Translate the poetry using one of your styles of poetry. (The style in this example uses rhythm and rhyme.) - * That man has perfect blessedness,
who does not walk astray
in counsel of ungodly men
-or stand in sinners way,
+or stand in sinners way.
Nor does he sit in scorner’s chair,
but places his delight
upon God’s law, and meditates
-on God’s law day and night. - - +on God’s law day and night.
+
1. Translate the poetry using your style of elegant speech. * This is the kind of person who is truly blessed: the one who does not follow the advice of wicked people, or stop along the road to speak with sinners, or join the gathering of those who mock God. Rather he takes great joy in Yahweh's law, and he meditates on it day and night. From ad16c419bd32cf3d925cf50c481e2e8dcfec8889 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Wed, 19 Dec 2018 22:47:17 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 462/551] Update 'translate/writing-poetry/01.md' --- translate/writing-poetry/01.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/writing-poetry/01.md b/translate/writing-poetry/01.md index 6017465..3687691 100644 --- a/translate/writing-poetry/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-poetry/01.md @@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ If you use ordinary speech it may be more clear. The following are examples of how people might translate Psalm 1:1, 2. -1. Translate the poetry using one of your styles of poetry. (The style in this example uses rhythm and rhyme.) +1. Translate the poetry using one of your styles of poetry. (The style in this example uses rhythm and rhyming words. It is adapted from the Scottish Psalter of 1650, which is in the public domain.) * That man has perfect blessedness,
who does not walk astray
in counsel of ungodly men
From 01021e10e247d7b60d008e3bffcbf27cb37646a7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Wed, 19 Dec 2018 22:54:12 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 463/551] Update 'translate/writing-poetry/01.md' --- translate/writing-poetry/01.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/writing-poetry/01.md b/translate/writing-poetry/01.md index 3687691..aaa7553 100644 --- a/translate/writing-poetry/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-poetry/01.md @@ -11,17 +11,17 @@ Poetry is one of the ways that people use the words and sounds of their language * Repetition of some or all of a line * Lines of similar length * Dramatic imagery -* Old words and expressions * Different use of grammar, including * incomplete sentences * lack of connective words +* Old words and expressions * The same sound used at the end or at the beginning of two or more lines * Twinkle, twinkle little star,
How I wonder what you are.
Up above the world so high,
Like a diamond in the sky. (from an English rhyme) -Below there are examples from the Bible for all these except for the last one about using the same sounds. It would be difficult to show here how Hebrew uses repeated sounds in poetry. +Below there are examples from the Bible for all these except "Old words and expressions" and "The same sound used at the end or at the beginning of two or more lines." It would be difficult to show here how these features were used in the original languages of the Bible. #### Some places to look for poetry in your language From cc8ecb193316e670b0e7b871e8ce3763ddb0666b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Wed, 2 Jan 2019 14:02:19 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 464/551] Dividing Metaphor page in 3 figs-metaphor figs-metaphordead figs-metaphorparts --- translate/figs-metaphor/01.md | 94 ++++++----------------------------- 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+), 80 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md b/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md index 8d8e563..fa59b84 100644 --- a/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md @@ -1,14 +1,7 @@ ### Description -A metaphor is a figure of speech in which one concept is used for another, and in which there is at least one point of comparison between the two. In other words, in metaphor, someone speaks of one thing as if it were a different thing because he wants people to think about how those two things are alike. For example, someone might say, -* The girl I love is a red rose. - -In this case, the speaker wants the hearer to think about what is similar between his topic, "the girl I love," and the image he is using to compare her, "a red rose." Most probably, he wants us to consider that they are both beautiful. - -Sometimes speakers use metaphors that are very common in their language. However, sometimes speakers use metaphors that are uncommon, and even some metaphors that are unique. - -Speakers most often use metaphors in order to strengthen their message, to make their language more vivid, to express their feelings better, to say something that is hard to say in any other way, or to help people remember their message. +A metaphor is a figure of speech in which one concept (an "image") stands for another (the "topic"), and in which there is at least one point of comparison between the two. In other words, in metaphor, someone speaks of one thing as if it were a different thing because there is an important way that those two things are alike. #### Kinds of Metaphors @@ -18,64 +11,17 @@ There are two basic kinds of metaphors: "dead" metaphors and "live" metaphors. T A dead metaphor is a metaphor that has been used so much in the language that its speakers no longer regard it as one concept standing for another. Dead metaphors are extremely common. Examples in English are "table leg," "family tree," "leaf" meaning a page in a book, and "crane" meaning a large machine for lifting heavy loads. English speakers simply think of these words as having more than one meaning. Examples in Biblical Hebrew are "hand" to mean "power," "face" to mean "presence," and speaking of emotions or moral qualities as if they were "clothing." -**Patterned Pairs of Concepts acting as Metaphors** - -Many ways of metaphorical speaking depend on pairs of concepts, where one underlying concept frequently stands for a different underlying concept. For example, in English, the direction UP often stands for the concept of MORE or BETTER. Because of this pair of underlying concepts, we can make sentences such as "The price of gasoline is going *up*," "A *highly* intelligent man," and also the opposite kind of idea: "The temperature is going *down*," and "I am feeling very *low*." - -Patterned pairs of concepts are constantly used for metaphorical purposes in the world's languages, because they serve as convenient ways to organize thought. In general, people like to speak of abstract qualities, such as power, presence, emotions, and moral qualities, as if they were objects that could be seen or held, as if they were body parts, or as if they were events that could be watched as they happened. - -When these metaphors are used in normal ways, it is rare that the speaker and audience regard them as figurative speech. Examples of metaphors in English that go unrecognized are: - -* "Turn the heat *up*." MORE is spoken of as UP. -* "Let us *go ahead* with our debate." DOING WHAT WAS PLANNED is spoken of as WALKING or ADVANCING. -* "You *defend* your theory well." ARGUMENT is spoken of as WAR. -* "A *flow* of words" WORDS are spoken of as LIQUIDS. - -English speakers do not view these as unusual or metaphorical expressions, so it would be wrong to translate them into other languages in a way that would lead people to pay special attention to them as figurative speech. - -For a description of important patterns of this kind of metaphor in biblical languages, please see [Biblical Imagery - Common Patterns](../bita-part1/01.md) and the pages it will direct you to. - -When translating something that is a dead metaphor into another language, do not treat it as a metaphor. Instead, just use the best expression for that thing or concept in the target language. +To learn how to deal with dead metaphors, see [Dead Metaphor](../figs-metaphordead/01.md) ##### Live Metaphors -These are metaphors that people recognize as one concept standing for another concept, or one thing for another thing. They make people think about how the one thing is like the other thing, because in most ways the two things are very different. People also easily recognize these metaphors as giving strength and unusual qualities to the message. For this reason, people pay attention to these metaphors. For example, +These are metaphors that people recognize as one concept standing for another concept, or one thing for another thing. They make people think about how the one thing is like the other thing, because in most ways the two things are very different. People also easily recognize these metaphors as giving strength and unusual qualities to the message. For this reason, people pay attention to these metaphors. ->But for you who fear my name, the sun of righteousness will rise with healing in its wings. (Malachi 4:2 ULB) -Here God speaks about his salvation as if it were the sun rising in order to shine its rays on the people whom he loves. He also speaks of the sun's rays as if they were wings. Also, he speaks of these wings as if they were bringing medicine that would heal his people. Here is another example: ->Jesus said, "Go and tell that fox ... (Luke 13:32 ULB) +Live metaphors are the metaphors that need special care to translate correctly. To do so, we need to understand the parts of a metaphor and how they work together to produce meaning. See [Metaphor Parts and Purposes](../figs-metaphorparts/01.md) -Here, "that fox" refers to King Herod. The people listening to Jesus certainly understood that Jesus was intending for them to apply certain characteristics of a fox to Herod. They probably understood that Jesus intended to communicate that Herod was evil, either in a cunning way or as someone who was destructive, murderous, or who took things that did not belong to him, or all of these. - -Live metaphors are the metaphors that need special care to translate correctly. To do so, we need to understand the parts of a metaphor and how they work together to produce meaning. - -#### Parts of a Metaphor - -A metaphor has three parts. - -1. **Topic** - The thing someone speaks of is called the topic. -1. **Image** - The thing he calls it is the image. -1. **Point of Comparison** - The way or ways in which the author claims that the topic and image are similar are their points of comparison. - -In the metaphor below, the speaker describes the woman he loves as a red rose. The woman (his "love") is the **topic**, and "red rose" is the **image**. Beauty and delicacy are the **points of comparison** that the speaker sees as similarities between both the topic and the image. - -* My love is a red, red rose. - -Often, as in the metaphor above, the speaker explicitly states the **topic** and the **image**, but he does not state the **points of comparison**. The speaker leaves it to the hearer to think of those points of comparison. Because the hearers must think of these ideas themselves, the speaker's message has a more powerful effect on the hearers. - -Also in the Bible, normally the **topic** and the **image** are stated clearly, but not the **points of comparison**. The writer leaves it to the audience to think of and understand the points of comparison that are implied. - ->Jesus said to them, "I am the bread of life; he who comes to me will not be hungry, and he who believes in me will never be thirsty." (John 6:35 ULB) - -In this metaphor, Jesus called himself the bread of life. The **topic** is "I," and the **image** is "bread." Bread is a food that people ate all the time. The **point of comparison** between bread and Jesus is that people need both to live. Just as people need to eat food in order to have physical life, people need to trust in Jesus in order to have spiritual life. - -#### Purposes of Metaphor - -* One purpose of metaphor is to teach people about something that they do not know (the **topic**) by showing that it is like something that they already do know (the **image**). -* Another purpose is to emphasize that something has a particular quality or to show that it has that quality in an extreme way. -* Another purpose is to lead people to feel the same way about the **topic** as they would feel about the **image**. +The rest of this topic deals with live metaphors. ### Reasons this is a translation issue @@ -90,17 +36,15 @@ In this metaphor, Jesus called himself the bread of life. The **topic** is "I," * Make the meaning of a metaphor as clear to the target audience as it was to the original audience. * Do not make the meaning of a metaphor more clear to the target audience than you think it was to the original audience. -### Examples from the Bible - ->Listen to this word, you cows of Bashan ... (Amos 4:1 ULB) - -In this metaphor Amos speaks to the upper-class women of Samaria (the topic is "you") as if they were cows (the image). Amos does not say what points of comparison he intends between these women and cows. He wants the reader to think of them, and fully expects that readers from his culture will easily do so. From the context, we can see that he means that the women are like cows in that they are fat and interested only in feeding themselves. If we were to apply points of comparison from a different culture, such as that cows are sacred and should be worshipped, we would get the wrong meaning from this verse. - -Note, also, that Amos does not actually mean that the women are cows. He speaks to them as human beings. +### Examples from the Bible >Yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are the clay. You are our potter; and we all are the work of your hand. (Isaiah 64:8 ULB) -The example above has two related metaphors. The topics are "we" and "you," and the images are "clay and "potter." The intended point of comparison between a potter and God is the fact that both make what they wish out of their material: the potter makes what he wishes out of the clay, and God makes what he wishes out of his people. The point of comparison between the potter's clay and "us" is that neither the clay nor God's people have a right to complain about what they are becoming. +The example above has two related metaphors. The topics are "we" and "you," and the images are "clay and "potter." The intended point of comparison between a potter and God is the fact that both make what they wish out of their material: the potter makes what he wishes out of clay, and God makes what he wishes out of his people. The point of comparison between the potter's clay and us is that neither the clay nor God's people have a right to complain about what they are becoming. + +>... Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? It is hard for you to kick a goad. (Acts 26:14 ULB) + +A goad is a pointed stick that a person pokes his cattle with to make them move in a certain direction. Sometimes cattle resist their master and kick the sharp stick and hurt themselves. Instead of following Jesus, Paul was persecuting people who followed Jesus. He was resisting Jesus. So Jesus spoke about Paul resisting him as if he were an ox resisting its master and kicking the sharp stick. >Jesus said to them, "Take heed and beware of the yeast of the Pharisees and Sadducees." The disciples reasoned among themselves and said, "It is because we took no bread." (Matthew 16:6-7 ULB) @@ -112,8 +56,6 @@ If people would understand the metaphor in the same way that the original reader If people do not or would not understand it, here are some other strategies. -1. If the metaphor is a common expression in the source language or expresses a patterned pair of concepts in a biblical language (a "dead" metaphor), then express the main idea in the simplest way preferred by your language. -1. If the metaphor seems to be a "live" metaphor, you can translate it literally if you think that the target language also uses this metaphor in the same way to mean the same thing as in the Bible. If you do this, be sure to test it to make sure that the language community understands it correctly. 1. If the target audience does not realize that it is a metaphor, then change the metaphor to a simile. Some languages do this by adding words such as "like" or "as." See [Simile](../figs-simile/01.md). 1. If the target audience would not know the **image**, see [Translate Unknowns](../translate-unknown/01.md) for ideas on how to translate that image. 1. If the target audience would not use that **image** for that meaning, use an image from your own culture instead. Be sure that it is an image that could have been possible in Bible times. @@ -122,14 +64,6 @@ If people do not or would not understand it, here are some other strategies. 1. If none of these strategies is satisfactory, then simply state the idea plainly without using a metaphor. ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied - -1. If the metaphor is a common expression in the source language or expresses a patterned pair of concepts in a biblical language (a "dead" metaphor), then express the main idea in the simplest way preferred by your language. - * **Then one of the leaders of the synagogue named Jairus came, and when he saw him, fell at his feet.** (Mark 5:22 ULB) - * Then one of the leaders of the synagogue named Jairus came, and when he saw him, immediately bowed down in front of him. - -1. If the metaphor seems to be a "live" metaphor, you can translate it literally if you think that the target language also uses this metaphor in the same way to mean the same thing as in the Bible. If you do this, be sure to test it to make sure that the language community understands it correctly. In the example below, there is no change. - * **It was because of your hard hearts that he wrote you this law ...** (Mark 10:5 ULB) - * It was because of your hard hearts that he wrote you this law ... 1. If the target audience does not realize that it is a metaphor, then change the metaphor to a simile. Some languages do this by adding words such as "like" or "as." * **Yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are the clay. You are our potter; and we all are the work of your hand.** (Isaiah 64:8 ULB) @@ -137,7 +71,7 @@ If people do not or would not understand it, here are some other strategies. 1. If the target audience would not know the **image**, see [Translate Unknowns](../translate-unknown/01.md) for ideas on how to translate that image. * **... Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? It is hard for you to kick a goad.** (Acts 26:14 ULB) - * ... Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? It is hard for you to kick against a pointed stick. + * ... Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? It is hard for you to kick against a pointed prodding stick. 1. If the target audience would not use that **image** for that meaning, use an image from your own culture instead. Be sure that it is an image that could have been possible in Bible times. * **Yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are the clay. You are our potter; and we all are the work of your hand.** (Isaiah 64:8 ULB) @@ -150,9 +84,9 @@ If people do not or would not understand it, here are some other strategies. 1. If the target audience would not know the intended **point of comparison** between the topic and the image, then state it clearly. * **Yahweh lives; may my rock be praised. May the God of my salvation be exalted.** (Psalm 18:46 ULB) - * Yahweh lives; may he be praised because he is the rock under which I can hide from my enemies. May the God of my salvation be exalted. + * Yahweh lives; may he be praised because he protects me like the rock under which I can hide from my enemies. May the God of my salvation be exalted. * **... Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? It is hard for you to kick a goad.** (Acts 26:14 ULB) - * ... Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? You fight against me and hurt yourself like an ox that kicks against its owner's pointed stick. + * ... Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? You fight against me and hurt yourself like an ox that kicks against its owner's goad. 1. If none of these strategies are satisfactory, then simply state the idea plainly without using a metaphor. * **... I will make you fishers of men.** (Mark 1:17 ULB) From 66952edc1e79eb859f7ce41742512e6640dc82c4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Wed, 2 Jan 2019 14:04:52 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 465/551] New topic: figs-metaphordead Dead Metaphors --- translate/figs-metaphor/01.md | 98 ------------------------------- translate/figs-metaphordead/01.md | 69 ++++++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 69 insertions(+), 98 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 translate/figs-metaphor/01.md create mode 100644 translate/figs-metaphordead/01.md diff --git a/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md b/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md deleted file mode 100644 index fa59b84..0000000 --- a/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,98 +0,0 @@ - -### Description - -A metaphor is a figure of speech in which one concept (an "image") stands for another (the "topic"), and in which there is at least one point of comparison between the two. In other words, in metaphor, someone speaks of one thing as if it were a different thing because there is an important way that those two things are alike. - -#### Kinds of Metaphors - -There are two basic kinds of metaphors: "dead" metaphors and "live" metaphors. They each present a different kind of translation problem. - -##### Dead Metaphors - -A dead metaphor is a metaphor that has been used so much in the language that its speakers no longer regard it as one concept standing for another. Dead metaphors are extremely common. Examples in English are "table leg," "family tree," "leaf" meaning a page in a book, and "crane" meaning a large machine for lifting heavy loads. English speakers simply think of these words as having more than one meaning. Examples in Biblical Hebrew are "hand" to mean "power," "face" to mean "presence," and speaking of emotions or moral qualities as if they were "clothing." - -To learn how to deal with dead metaphors, see [Dead Metaphor](../figs-metaphordead/01.md) - -##### Live Metaphors - -These are metaphors that people recognize as one concept standing for another concept, or one thing for another thing. They make people think about how the one thing is like the other thing, because in most ways the two things are very different. People also easily recognize these metaphors as giving strength and unusual qualities to the message. For this reason, people pay attention to these metaphors. - - - -Live metaphors are the metaphors that need special care to translate correctly. To do so, we need to understand the parts of a metaphor and how they work together to produce meaning. See [Metaphor Parts and Purposes](../figs-metaphorparts/01.md) - -The rest of this topic deals with live metaphors. - -### Reasons this is a translation issue - -* People may not recognize that something is a metaphor. In other words, they may mistake a metaphor for a literal statement, and thus misunderstand it. -* People may not be familiar with the thing that is used as an image, and so not be able to understand the metaphor. -* If the topic is not stated, people may not know what the topic is. -* People may not know the points of comparison that the speaker wants them to understand. If they fail to think of these points of comparison, they will not understand the metaphor. -* People may think that they understand the metaphor, but they do not. This can happen when they apply points of comparison from their own culture, rather than from the biblical culture. - -### Translation principles - -* Make the meaning of a metaphor as clear to the target audience as it was to the original audience. -* Do not make the meaning of a metaphor more clear to the target audience than you think it was to the original audience. - -### Examples from the Bible - ->Yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are the clay. You are our potter; and we all are the work of your hand. (Isaiah 64:8 ULB) - -The example above has two related metaphors. The topics are "we" and "you," and the images are "clay and "potter." The intended point of comparison between a potter and God is the fact that both make what they wish out of their material: the potter makes what he wishes out of clay, and God makes what he wishes out of his people. The point of comparison between the potter's clay and us is that neither the clay nor God's people have a right to complain about what they are becoming. - ->... Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? It is hard for you to kick a goad. (Acts 26:14 ULB) - -A goad is a pointed stick that a person pokes his cattle with to make them move in a certain direction. Sometimes cattle resist their master and kick the sharp stick and hurt themselves. Instead of following Jesus, Paul was persecuting people who followed Jesus. He was resisting Jesus. So Jesus spoke about Paul resisting him as if he were an ox resisting its master and kicking the sharp stick. - ->Jesus said to them, "Take heed and beware of the yeast of the Pharisees and Sadducees." The disciples reasoned among themselves and said, "It is because we took no bread." (Matthew 16:6-7 ULB) - -Jesus used a metaphor here, but his disciples did not realize it. When he said "yeast," they thought he was talking about bread, but "yeast" was the image in his metaphor, and the topic was the teaching of the Pharisees and Sadducees. Since the disciples (the original audience) did not understand what Jesus meant, it would not be good to state clearly here what Jesus meant. - -### Translation Strategies - -If people would understand the metaphor in the same way that the original readers would have understood it, go ahead and use it. Be sure to test the translation to make sure that people do understand it in the right way. - -If people do not or would not understand it, here are some other strategies. - -1. If the target audience does not realize that it is a metaphor, then change the metaphor to a simile. Some languages do this by adding words such as "like" or "as." See [Simile](../figs-simile/01.md). -1. If the target audience would not know the **image**, see [Translate Unknowns](../translate-unknown/01.md) for ideas on how to translate that image. -1. If the target audience would not use that **image** for that meaning, use an image from your own culture instead. Be sure that it is an image that could have been possible in Bible times. -1. If the target audience would not know what the **topic** is, then state the topic clearly. (However, do not do this if the original audience did not know what the topic was.) -1. If the target audience would not know the intended **point of comparison** between the topic and the image, then state it clearly. -1. If none of these strategies is satisfactory, then simply state the idea plainly without using a metaphor. - -### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied - -1. If the target audience does not realize that it is a metaphor, then change the metaphor to a simile. Some languages do this by adding words such as "like" or "as." - * **Yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are the clay. You are our potter; and we all are the work of your hand.** (Isaiah 64:8 ULB) - * Yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are like clay. You are like a potter; and we all are the work of your hand. - -1. If the target audience would not know the **image**, see [Translate Unknowns](../translate-unknown/01.md) for ideas on how to translate that image. - * **... Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? It is hard for you to kick a goad.** (Acts 26:14 ULB) - * ... Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? It is hard for you to kick against a pointed prodding stick. - -1. If the target audience would not use that **image** for that meaning, use an image from your own culture instead. Be sure that it is an image that could have been possible in Bible times. - * **Yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are the clay. You are our potter; and we all are the work of your hand.** (Isaiah 64:8 ULB) - * Yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are the wood. You are our carver; and we all are the work of your hand. - * Yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are the string. You are the weaver; and we all are the work of your hand. - -1. If the target audience would not know what the **topic** is, then state the topic clearly. (However, do not do this if the original audience did not know what the topic was.) - * **Yahweh lives; may my rock be praised. May the God of my salvation be exalted.** (Psalm 18:46 ULB) - * Yahweh lives; He is my rock. May he be praised. May the God of my salvation be exalted. - -1. If the target audience would not know the intended **point of comparison** between the topic and the image, then state it clearly. - * **Yahweh lives; may my rock be praised. May the God of my salvation be exalted.** (Psalm 18:46 ULB) - * Yahweh lives; may he be praised because he protects me like the rock under which I can hide from my enemies. May the God of my salvation be exalted. - * **... Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? It is hard for you to kick a goad.** (Acts 26:14 ULB) - * ... Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? You fight against me and hurt yourself like an ox that kicks against its owner's goad. - -1. If none of these strategies are satisfactory, then simply state the idea plainly without using a metaphor. - * **... I will make you fishers of men.** (Mark 1:17 ULB) - * ... I will make you people who gather men. - * ... Now you gather fish. I will make you gather people. - - -To learn more about specific metaphors, see [Biblical Imagery - Common Patterns](../bita-part1/01.md). - diff --git a/translate/figs-metaphordead/01.md b/translate/figs-metaphordead/01.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..32a4e88 --- /dev/null +++ b/translate/figs-metaphordead/01.md @@ -0,0 +1,69 @@ +### Description + +A dead metaphor is a metaphor that has been used so much in the language that its speakers no longer regard it as one concept standing for another. Dead metaphors are extremely common. Examples in English are "table leg," "family tree," "leaf" meaning a page in a book, and "crane" meaning a large machine for lifting heavy loads. English speakers simply think of these words as having more than one meaning. Examples in Biblical Hebrew are "hand" to mean "power," "face" to mean "presence," and speaking of emotions or moral qualities as if they were "clothing." + +**Patterned Pairs of Concepts acting as Metaphors** + +Many ways of metaphorical speaking depend on pairs of concepts, where one underlying concept frequently stands for a different underlying concept. For example, in English, the direction UP often stands for the concept of MORE or BETTER. Because of this pair of underlying concepts, we can make sentences such as "The price of gasoline is going *up*," "A *highly* intelligent man," and also the opposite kind of idea: "The temperature is going *down*," and "I am feeling very *low*." + +Patterned pairs of concepts are constantly used for metaphorical purposes in the world's languages, because they serve as convenient ways to organize thought. In general, people like to speak of abstract qualities, such as power, presence, emotions, and moral qualities, as if they were objects that could be seen or held, as if they were body parts, or as if they were events that could be watched as they happened. + +When these metaphors are used in normal ways, it is rare that the speaker and audience regard them as figurative speech. Examples of metaphors in English that go unrecognized are: + +* "Turn the heat *up*." MORE is spoken of as UP. +* "Let us *go ahead* with our debate." DOING WHAT WAS PLANNED is spoken of as WALKING or ADVANCING. +* "You *defend* your theory well." ARGUMENT is spoken of as WAR. +* "A *flow* of words" WORDS are spoken of as LIQUIDS. + +English speakers do not view these as unusual or metaphorical expressions, so it would be wrong to translate them into other languages in a way that would lead people to pay special attention to them as figurative speech. + +For a description of important patterns of this kind of metaphor in biblical languages, please see [Biblical Imagery - Common Patterns](../bita-part1/01.md) and the pages it will direct you to. + +When translating something that is a dead metaphor into another language, do not treat it as a metaphor. Instead, just use the best expression for that thing or concept in the target language. + + +### Reasons this is a translation issue + +* People may not recognize that something is a metaphor. In other words, they may mistake a metaphor for a literal statement, and thus misunderstand it. + +### Examples from the Bible + + +> In the past ages, he allowed all the nations to walk in their own ways. (Acts 14:16 ULB) + +> ... so also we might walk in newness of life. (Romans 6:4 ULB) + +In the Bible, behaving in certain ways is often spoken of as walking in certain ways. + +>Do you not know that his kindness is meant to lead you to repentance? (Romans 2:4 ULB) + +>Many false prophets will rise up and lead many astray. (Matthew 24:11 ULB) + +In the Bible, teaching is often spoken of as leading, and believing or doing the wrong thing is often spoken of as going astray. + +>Therefore, as God's chosen ones, holy and beloved, put on a heart of mercy, kindness, humility, gentleness, and patience. (Colossians 3:12 ULB) + +> Therefore take off all sinful filth and abundant amounts of evil. (James 1:21 ULB) + +In the Bible, attitudes and emotions are often spoken of as if they were clothing that could be put on or taken off. Putting on an attitude represents starting to have that attitude, and taking off an attitude represents stopping having that attitude. + +### Translation Strategies + +If people would understand the metaphor in the same way that the original readers would have understood it, go ahead and use it. Be sure to test the translation to make sure that people do understand it in the right way. + +If people do not or would not understand it, here are some other strategies. + +1. If the metaphor is a common expression in the source language or expresses a patterned pair of concepts in a biblical language (a "dead" metaphor), then express the main idea in the simplest way preferred by your language. + +### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied + +1. If the metaphor is a common expression in the source language or expresses a patterned pair of concepts in a biblical language (a "dead" metaphor), then express the main idea in the simplest way preferred by your language. + + * **... so also we might walk in newness of life.** (Romans 6:4 ULB) + * ... so also we might behave according to new way of living. + * **Do you not know that his kindness is meant to lead you to repentance?** (Romans 2:4 ULB) + * Do you not know that his kindness is meant to teach you to repent? + * **Many false prophets will rise up and lead many astray** (Matthew 24:11 ULB) + * Many false prophets will rise up and teach many people to believe lies. + * **... put on a heart of mercy, kindness, humility, gentleness, and patience.** (Colossians 3:12 ULB) + * be merciful, kind, humble, gentle and patient. \ No newline at end of file From f2bdf0746ca33e4606abd1de55cc1a794df713cb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Wed, 2 Jan 2019 14:08:24 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 466/551] figs-metaphor Correcting error in trying to make a new page for dead metaphors. --- translate/figs-metaphor/01.md | 99 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ translate/figs-metaphordead/01.md | 69 --------------------- 2 files changed, 99 insertions(+), 69 deletions(-) create mode 100644 translate/figs-metaphor/01.md delete mode 100644 translate/figs-metaphordead/01.md diff --git a/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md b/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..531eab8 --- /dev/null +++ b/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md @@ -0,0 +1,99 @@ + +### Description + +A metaphor is a figure of speech in which one concept (an "image") stands for another (the "topic"), and in which there is at least one point of comparison between the two. In other words, in metaphor, someone speaks of one thing as if it were a different thing because there is an important way that those two things are alike. + +#### Kinds of Metaphors + +There are two basic kinds of metaphors: "dead" metaphors and "live" metaphors. They each present a different kind of translation problem. + +##### Dead Metaphors + +A dead metaphor is a metaphor that has been used so much in the language that its speakers no longer regard it as one concept standing for another. Dead metaphors are extremely common. Examples in English are "table leg," "family tree," "leaf" meaning a page in a book, and "crane" meaning a large machine for lifting heavy loads. English speakers simply think of these words as having more than one meaning. Examples in Biblical Hebrew are "hand" to mean "power," "face" to mean "presence," and speaking of emotions or moral qualities as if they were "clothing." + +To learn how to deal with dead metaphors, see [Dead Metaphor](../figs-metaphordead/01.md) + +##### Live Metaphors + +These are metaphors that people recognize as one concept standing for another concept, or one thing for another thing. They make people think about how the one thing is like the other thing, because in most ways the two things are very different. People also easily recognize these metaphors as giving strength and unusual qualities to the message. For this reason, people pay attention to these metaphors. + + + +Live metaphors are the metaphors that need special care to translate correctly. To do so, we need to understand the parts of a metaphor and how they work together to produce meaning. See [Metaphor Parts and Purposes](../figs-metaphorparts/01.md) + +The rest of this topic deals with live metaphors. + +### Reasons this is a translation issue + +* People may not recognize that something is a metaphor. In other words, they may mistake a metaphor for a literal statement, and thus misunderstand it. +* People may not be familiar with the thing that is used as an image, and so not be able to understand the metaphor. +* If the topic is not stated, people may not know what the topic is. +* People may not know the points of comparison that the speaker wants them to understand. If they fail to think of these points of comparison, they will not understand the metaphor. +* People may think that they understand the metaphor, but they do not. This can happen when they apply points of comparison from their own culture, rather than from the biblical culture. + +### Translation principles + +* Make the meaning of a metaphor as clear to the target audience as it was to the original audience. +* Do not make the meaning of a metaphor more clear to the target audience than you think it was to the original audience. + +### Examples from the Bible + +>Yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are the clay. You are our potter; and we all are the work of your hand. (Isaiah 64:8 ULB) + +The example above has two related metaphors. The topics are "we" and "you," and the images are "clay and "potter." The intended point of comparison between a potter and God is the fact that both make what they wish out of their material: the potter makes what he wishes out of clay, and God makes what he wishes out of his people. The point of comparison between the potter's clay and us is that neither the clay nor God's people have a right to complain about what they are becoming. + +>... Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? It is hard for you to kick a goad. (Acts 26:14 ULB) + +A goad is a pointed stick that a person pokes his cattle with to make them move in a certain direction. Sometimes cattle resist their master and kick the sharp stick and hurt themselves. Instead of following Jesus, Paul was persecuting people who followed Jesus. He was resisting Jesus. So Jesus spoke about Paul resisting him as if he were an ox resisting its master and kicking the sharp stick. + +>Jesus said to them, "Take heed and beware of the yeast of the Pharisees and Sadducees." The disciples reasoned among themselves and said, "It is because we took no bread." (Matthew 16:6-7 ULB) + +Jesus used a metaphor here, but his disciples did not realize it. When he said "yeast," they thought he was talking about bread, but "yeast" was the image in his metaphor, and the topic was the teaching of the Pharisees and Sadducees. Since the disciples (the original audience) did not understand what Jesus meant, it would not be good to state clearly here what Jesus meant. + +### Translation Strategies + +If people would understand the metaphor in the same way that the original readers would have understood it, go ahead and use it. Be sure to test the translation to make sure that people do understand it in the right way. + +If people do not or would not understand it, here are some other strategies. + +1. If the target audience does not realize that it is a metaphor, then change the metaphor to a simile. Some languages do this by adding words such as "like" or "as." See [Simile](../figs-simile/01.md). +1. If the target audience would not know the **image**, see [Translate Unknowns](../translate-unknown/01.md) for ideas on how to translate that image. +1. If the target audience would not use that **image** for that meaning, use an image from your own culture instead. Be sure that it is an image that could have been possible in Bible times. +1. If the target audience would not know what the **topic** is, then state the topic clearly. (However, do not do this if the original audience did not know what the topic was.) +1. If the target audience would not know the intended **point of comparison** between the topic and the image, then state it clearly. +1. If none of these strategies is satisfactory, then simply state the idea plainly without using a metaphor. + +### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied + +1. If the target audience does not realize that it is a metaphor, then change the metaphor to a simile. Some languages do this by adding words such as "like" or "as." + * **Yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are the clay. You are our potter; and we all are the work of your hand.** (Isaiah 64:8 ULB) + * Yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are like clay. You are like a potter; and we all are the work of your hand. + +1. If the target audience would not know the **image**, see [Translate Unknowns](../translate-unknown/01.md) for ideas on how to translate that image. + * **... Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? It is hard for you to kick a goad.** (Acts 26:14 ULB) + * ... Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? It is hard for you to kick against a pointed prodding stick. + +1. If the target audience would not use that **image** for that meaning, use an image from your own culture instead. Be sure that it is an image that could have been possible in Bible times. + * **Yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are the clay. You are our potter; and we all are the work of your hand.** (Isaiah 64:8 ULB) + * Yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are the wood. You are our carver; and we all are the work of your hand. + * Yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are the string. You are the weaver; and we all are the work of your hand. + +1. If the target audience would not know what the **topic** is, then state the topic clearly. (However, do not do this if the original audience did not know what the topic was.) + * **Yahweh lives; may my rock be praised. May the God of my salvation be exalted.** (Psalm 18:46 ULB) + * Yahweh lives; He is my rock. May he be praised. May the God of my salvation be exalted. + +1. If the target audience would not know the intended **point of comparison** between the topic and the image, then state it clearly. + * **Yahweh lives; may my rock be praised. May the God of my salvation be exalted.** (Psalm 18:46 ULB) + * Yahweh lives; may he be praised because he protects me like the rock under which I can hide from my enemies. May the God of my salvation be exalted. + * **... Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? It is hard for you to kick a goad.** (Acts 26:14 ULB) + * ... Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? You fight against me and hurt yourself like an ox that kicks against its owner's goad. + +1. If none of these strategies are satisfactory, then simply state the idea plainly without using a metaphor. + * **... I will make you fishers of men.** (Mark 1:17 ULB) + * ... I will make you people who gather men. + * ... Now you gather fish. I will make you gather people. + + +To learn more about specific metaphors, see [Biblical Imagery - Common Patterns](../bita-part1/01.md). + + diff --git a/translate/figs-metaphordead/01.md b/translate/figs-metaphordead/01.md deleted file mode 100644 index 32a4e88..0000000 --- a/translate/figs-metaphordead/01.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,69 +0,0 @@ -### Description - -A dead metaphor is a metaphor that has been used so much in the language that its speakers no longer regard it as one concept standing for another. Dead metaphors are extremely common. Examples in English are "table leg," "family tree," "leaf" meaning a page in a book, and "crane" meaning a large machine for lifting heavy loads. English speakers simply think of these words as having more than one meaning. Examples in Biblical Hebrew are "hand" to mean "power," "face" to mean "presence," and speaking of emotions or moral qualities as if they were "clothing." - -**Patterned Pairs of Concepts acting as Metaphors** - -Many ways of metaphorical speaking depend on pairs of concepts, where one underlying concept frequently stands for a different underlying concept. For example, in English, the direction UP often stands for the concept of MORE or BETTER. Because of this pair of underlying concepts, we can make sentences such as "The price of gasoline is going *up*," "A *highly* intelligent man," and also the opposite kind of idea: "The temperature is going *down*," and "I am feeling very *low*." - -Patterned pairs of concepts are constantly used for metaphorical purposes in the world's languages, because they serve as convenient ways to organize thought. In general, people like to speak of abstract qualities, such as power, presence, emotions, and moral qualities, as if they were objects that could be seen or held, as if they were body parts, or as if they were events that could be watched as they happened. - -When these metaphors are used in normal ways, it is rare that the speaker and audience regard them as figurative speech. Examples of metaphors in English that go unrecognized are: - -* "Turn the heat *up*." MORE is spoken of as UP. -* "Let us *go ahead* with our debate." DOING WHAT WAS PLANNED is spoken of as WALKING or ADVANCING. -* "You *defend* your theory well." ARGUMENT is spoken of as WAR. -* "A *flow* of words" WORDS are spoken of as LIQUIDS. - -English speakers do not view these as unusual or metaphorical expressions, so it would be wrong to translate them into other languages in a way that would lead people to pay special attention to them as figurative speech. - -For a description of important patterns of this kind of metaphor in biblical languages, please see [Biblical Imagery - Common Patterns](../bita-part1/01.md) and the pages it will direct you to. - -When translating something that is a dead metaphor into another language, do not treat it as a metaphor. Instead, just use the best expression for that thing or concept in the target language. - - -### Reasons this is a translation issue - -* People may not recognize that something is a metaphor. In other words, they may mistake a metaphor for a literal statement, and thus misunderstand it. - -### Examples from the Bible - - -> In the past ages, he allowed all the nations to walk in their own ways. (Acts 14:16 ULB) - -> ... so also we might walk in newness of life. (Romans 6:4 ULB) - -In the Bible, behaving in certain ways is often spoken of as walking in certain ways. - ->Do you not know that his kindness is meant to lead you to repentance? (Romans 2:4 ULB) - ->Many false prophets will rise up and lead many astray. (Matthew 24:11 ULB) - -In the Bible, teaching is often spoken of as leading, and believing or doing the wrong thing is often spoken of as going astray. - ->Therefore, as God's chosen ones, holy and beloved, put on a heart of mercy, kindness, humility, gentleness, and patience. (Colossians 3:12 ULB) - -> Therefore take off all sinful filth and abundant amounts of evil. (James 1:21 ULB) - -In the Bible, attitudes and emotions are often spoken of as if they were clothing that could be put on or taken off. Putting on an attitude represents starting to have that attitude, and taking off an attitude represents stopping having that attitude. - -### Translation Strategies - -If people would understand the metaphor in the same way that the original readers would have understood it, go ahead and use it. Be sure to test the translation to make sure that people do understand it in the right way. - -If people do not or would not understand it, here are some other strategies. - -1. If the metaphor is a common expression in the source language or expresses a patterned pair of concepts in a biblical language (a "dead" metaphor), then express the main idea in the simplest way preferred by your language. - -### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied - -1. If the metaphor is a common expression in the source language or expresses a patterned pair of concepts in a biblical language (a "dead" metaphor), then express the main idea in the simplest way preferred by your language. - - * **... so also we might walk in newness of life.** (Romans 6:4 ULB) - * ... so also we might behave according to new way of living. - * **Do you not know that his kindness is meant to lead you to repentance?** (Romans 2:4 ULB) - * Do you not know that his kindness is meant to teach you to repent? - * **Many false prophets will rise up and lead many astray** (Matthew 24:11 ULB) - * Many false prophets will rise up and teach many people to believe lies. - * **... put on a heart of mercy, kindness, humility, gentleness, and patience.** (Colossians 3:12 ULB) - * be merciful, kind, humble, gentle and patient. \ No newline at end of file From 54654b46e699408fc6009f6428970c4b60745df9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Wed, 2 Jan 2019 14:11:18 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 467/551] Add 'translate/figs-metaphordead/01.md' New Topic: Dead Metaphors --- translate/figs-metaphordead/01.md | 69 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 69 insertions(+) create mode 100644 translate/figs-metaphordead/01.md diff --git a/translate/figs-metaphordead/01.md b/translate/figs-metaphordead/01.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..32a4e88 --- /dev/null +++ b/translate/figs-metaphordead/01.md @@ -0,0 +1,69 @@ +### Description + +A dead metaphor is a metaphor that has been used so much in the language that its speakers no longer regard it as one concept standing for another. Dead metaphors are extremely common. Examples in English are "table leg," "family tree," "leaf" meaning a page in a book, and "crane" meaning a large machine for lifting heavy loads. English speakers simply think of these words as having more than one meaning. Examples in Biblical Hebrew are "hand" to mean "power," "face" to mean "presence," and speaking of emotions or moral qualities as if they were "clothing." + +**Patterned Pairs of Concepts acting as Metaphors** + +Many ways of metaphorical speaking depend on pairs of concepts, where one underlying concept frequently stands for a different underlying concept. For example, in English, the direction UP often stands for the concept of MORE or BETTER. Because of this pair of underlying concepts, we can make sentences such as "The price of gasoline is going *up*," "A *highly* intelligent man," and also the opposite kind of idea: "The temperature is going *down*," and "I am feeling very *low*." + +Patterned pairs of concepts are constantly used for metaphorical purposes in the world's languages, because they serve as convenient ways to organize thought. In general, people like to speak of abstract qualities, such as power, presence, emotions, and moral qualities, as if they were objects that could be seen or held, as if they were body parts, or as if they were events that could be watched as they happened. + +When these metaphors are used in normal ways, it is rare that the speaker and audience regard them as figurative speech. Examples of metaphors in English that go unrecognized are: + +* "Turn the heat *up*." MORE is spoken of as UP. +* "Let us *go ahead* with our debate." DOING WHAT WAS PLANNED is spoken of as WALKING or ADVANCING. +* "You *defend* your theory well." ARGUMENT is spoken of as WAR. +* "A *flow* of words" WORDS are spoken of as LIQUIDS. + +English speakers do not view these as unusual or metaphorical expressions, so it would be wrong to translate them into other languages in a way that would lead people to pay special attention to them as figurative speech. + +For a description of important patterns of this kind of metaphor in biblical languages, please see [Biblical Imagery - Common Patterns](../bita-part1/01.md) and the pages it will direct you to. + +When translating something that is a dead metaphor into another language, do not treat it as a metaphor. Instead, just use the best expression for that thing or concept in the target language. + + +### Reasons this is a translation issue + +* People may not recognize that something is a metaphor. In other words, they may mistake a metaphor for a literal statement, and thus misunderstand it. + +### Examples from the Bible + + +> In the past ages, he allowed all the nations to walk in their own ways. (Acts 14:16 ULB) + +> ... so also we might walk in newness of life. (Romans 6:4 ULB) + +In the Bible, behaving in certain ways is often spoken of as walking in certain ways. + +>Do you not know that his kindness is meant to lead you to repentance? (Romans 2:4 ULB) + +>Many false prophets will rise up and lead many astray. (Matthew 24:11 ULB) + +In the Bible, teaching is often spoken of as leading, and believing or doing the wrong thing is often spoken of as going astray. + +>Therefore, as God's chosen ones, holy and beloved, put on a heart of mercy, kindness, humility, gentleness, and patience. (Colossians 3:12 ULB) + +> Therefore take off all sinful filth and abundant amounts of evil. (James 1:21 ULB) + +In the Bible, attitudes and emotions are often spoken of as if they were clothing that could be put on or taken off. Putting on an attitude represents starting to have that attitude, and taking off an attitude represents stopping having that attitude. + +### Translation Strategies + +If people would understand the metaphor in the same way that the original readers would have understood it, go ahead and use it. Be sure to test the translation to make sure that people do understand it in the right way. + +If people do not or would not understand it, here are some other strategies. + +1. If the metaphor is a common expression in the source language or expresses a patterned pair of concepts in a biblical language (a "dead" metaphor), then express the main idea in the simplest way preferred by your language. + +### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied + +1. If the metaphor is a common expression in the source language or expresses a patterned pair of concepts in a biblical language (a "dead" metaphor), then express the main idea in the simplest way preferred by your language. + + * **... so also we might walk in newness of life.** (Romans 6:4 ULB) + * ... so also we might behave according to new way of living. + * **Do you not know that his kindness is meant to lead you to repentance?** (Romans 2:4 ULB) + * Do you not know that his kindness is meant to teach you to repent? + * **Many false prophets will rise up and lead many astray** (Matthew 24:11 ULB) + * Many false prophets will rise up and teach many people to believe lies. + * **... put on a heart of mercy, kindness, humility, gentleness, and patience.** (Colossians 3:12 ULB) + * be merciful, kind, humble, gentle and patient. \ No newline at end of file From 4fc280d9a1ea60160fd5b524059343998103f6e4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Wed, 2 Jan 2019 14:13:39 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 468/551] Add 'translate/figs-metaphorparts/01.md' New Topic: Parts of Metaphor --- translate/figs-metaphorparts/01.md | 25 +++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 25 insertions(+) create mode 100644 translate/figs-metaphorparts/01.md diff --git a/translate/figs-metaphorparts/01.md b/translate/figs-metaphorparts/01.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3ec5cf7 --- /dev/null +++ b/translate/figs-metaphorparts/01.md @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +### Description + +A metaphor has three parts. + +1. **Topic** - The thing someone speaks of is called the topic. +1. **Image** - The thing he calls it is the image. +1. **Point of Comparison** - The way or ways in which the author claims that the topic and image are similar are their points of comparison. + +In the metaphor below, the speaker describes the woman he loves as a red rose. The woman (his "love") is the **topic**, and "red rose" is the **image**. Beauty and delicacy are the **points of comparison** that the speaker sees as similarities between both the topic and the image. + +* My love is a red, red rose. + +Often, as in the metaphor above, the speaker explicitly states the **topic** and the **image**, but he does not state the **points of comparison**. The speaker leaves it to the hearer to think of those points of comparison. Because the hearers must think of these ideas themselves, the speaker's message has a more powerful effect on the hearers. + +Also in the Bible, normally the **topic** and the **image** are stated clearly, but not the **points of comparison**. The writer leaves it to the audience to think of and understand the points of comparison that are implied. + +>Jesus said to them, "I am the bread of life; he who comes to me will not be hungry, and he who believes in me will never be thirsty." (John 6:35 ULB) + +In this metaphor, Jesus called himself the bread of life. The **topic** is "I," and the **image** is "bread." Bread is a food that people ate all the time. The **point of comparison** between bread and Jesus is that people need both to live. Just as people need to eat food in order to have physical life, people need to trust in Jesus in order to have spiritual life. + +#### Purposes of Metaphor + +* One purpose of metaphor is to teach people about something that they do not know (the **topic**) by showing that it is like something that they already do know (the **image**). +* Another purpose is to emphasize that something has a particular quality or to show that it has that quality in an extreme way. +* Another purpose is to lead people to feel the same way about the **topic** as they would feel about the **image**. \ No newline at end of file From ca4877fbdd77018c4e775602287f80c1df347352 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Wed, 2 Jan 2019 14:17:13 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 469/551] Add 'translate/figs-metaphordead/sub-title.md' --- translate/figs-metaphordead/sub-title.md | 1 + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) create mode 100644 translate/figs-metaphordead/sub-title.md diff --git a/translate/figs-metaphordead/sub-title.md b/translate/figs-metaphordead/sub-title.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3d68f50 --- /dev/null +++ b/translate/figs-metaphordead/sub-title.md @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +What is a dead metaphor, and how can I translate a sentence that has one? \ No newline at end of file From bbe7259b2363ca98683c6b6aa76698e996d4bba2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Wed, 2 Jan 2019 14:19:56 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 470/551] Add 'translate/figs-metaphorparts/sub-title.md' --- translate/figs-metaphorparts/sub-title.md | 1 + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) create mode 100644 translate/figs-metaphorparts/sub-title.md diff --git a/translate/figs-metaphorparts/sub-title.md b/translate/figs-metaphorparts/sub-title.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3b73a3a --- /dev/null +++ b/translate/figs-metaphorparts/sub-title.md @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +What are the parts and purposes of a metaphor? \ No newline at end of file From f5ae23dbc3fd3639226e369916d05b8142ea19e6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Wed, 2 Jan 2019 14:22:20 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 471/551] Add 'translate/figs-metaphordead/title.md' --- translate/figs-metaphordead/title.md | 1 + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) create mode 100644 translate/figs-metaphordead/title.md diff --git a/translate/figs-metaphordead/title.md b/translate/figs-metaphordead/title.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..df5e298 --- /dev/null +++ b/translate/figs-metaphordead/title.md @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Dead Metaphors \ No newline at end of file From 381b79c86b6239758301fb2e9dc155fe8aaa7ee3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Wed, 2 Jan 2019 14:23:48 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 472/551] Add 'translate/figs-metaphorparts/title.md' --- translate/figs-metaphorparts/title.md | 1 + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) create mode 100644 translate/figs-metaphorparts/title.md diff --git a/translate/figs-metaphorparts/title.md b/translate/figs-metaphorparts/title.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a42e528 --- /dev/null +++ b/translate/figs-metaphorparts/title.md @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Parts a Metaphor \ No newline at end of file From bd913c14c388e5bf1753aae124ea7ba9a3f917db Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Wed, 2 Jan 2019 14:31:04 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 473/551] Update 'translate/config.yaml' --- translate/config.yaml | 8 ++++++++ 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+) diff --git a/translate/config.yaml b/translate/config.yaml index b4dabd6..0db8fd1 100644 --- a/translate/config.yaml +++ b/translate/config.yaml @@ -156,6 +156,14 @@ figs-metaphor: dependencies: - figs-intro - figs-simile +figs-metaphordead: + recommended: [] + dependencies: + - figs-metaphor +figs-metaphorparts: + recommended: [] + dependencies: + - figs-metaphor figs-metonymy: recommended: [] dependencies: From 9f025455e5b5eb9ffb24f80a22a6e723a8cb1af7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Wed, 2 Jan 2019 14:37:59 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 474/551] Update 'translate/toc.yaml' --- translate/toc.yaml | 4 ++++ 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+) diff --git a/translate/toc.yaml b/translate/toc.yaml index bd7b89d..86740c1 100644 --- a/translate/toc.yaml +++ b/translate/toc.yaml @@ -158,6 +158,8 @@ sections: link: figs-apostrophe - title: "Doublet" link: figs-doublet + - title: "Dead Metaphors" + link: figs-metaphordead - title: "Euphemism" link: figs-euphemism - title: "Extended Metaphor" @@ -182,6 +184,8 @@ sections: link: figs-parallelism - title: "Personification" link: figs-personification + - title: "Parts of a Metaphor" + link: figs-metaphorparts - title: "Predictive Past" link: figs-pastforfuture - title: "Rhetorical Question" From c5ee1cb83508fa188428f258760681bb56b472a5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Wed, 2 Jan 2019 17:06:27 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 475/551] Update 'translate/figs-metaphordead/01.md' --- translate/figs-metaphordead/01.md | 6 +++--- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-metaphordead/01.md b/translate/figs-metaphordead/01.md index 32a4e88..310fb3e 100644 --- a/translate/figs-metaphordead/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-metaphordead/01.md @@ -10,9 +10,9 @@ Patterned pairs of concepts are constantly used for metaphorical purposes in the When these metaphors are used in normal ways, it is rare that the speaker and audience regard them as figurative speech. Examples of metaphors in English that go unrecognized are: -* "Turn the heat *up*." MORE is spoken of as UP. -* "Let us *go ahead* with our debate." DOING WHAT WAS PLANNED is spoken of as WALKING or ADVANCING. -* "You *defend* your theory well." ARGUMENT is spoken of as WAR. +* "Turn the heat *up*." HOTTER is spoken of as UP. +* "Turn the radio *up*. LOUDER is spoken of as UP. +* "Let us *go ahead* with our debate." DOING WHAT WAS PLANNED is spoken of as WALKING or MOVING FORWARD. * "A *flow* of words" WORDS are spoken of as LIQUIDS. English speakers do not view these as unusual or metaphorical expressions, so it would be wrong to translate them into other languages in a way that would lead people to pay special attention to them as figurative speech. From 2a70b6d363e94c7af24203f12857fe90155bc55d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Wed, 2 Jan 2019 17:12:15 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 476/551] Update 'translate/toc.yaml' --- translate/toc.yaml | 6 +++--- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/toc.yaml b/translate/toc.yaml index 86740c1..8b9942a 100644 --- a/translate/toc.yaml +++ b/translate/toc.yaml @@ -182,11 +182,11 @@ sections: link: figs-metonymy - title: "Parallelism" link: figs-parallelism - - title: "Personification" - link: figs-personification - title: "Parts of a Metaphor" link: figs-metaphorparts - - title: "Predictive Past" + - title: "Personification" + link: figs-personification + - title: "Predictive Past" link: figs-pastforfuture - title: "Rhetorical Question" link: figs-rquestion From f9f933013478b9bd6f8aaf3e6501473d64d7ec86 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Wed, 2 Jan 2019 17:17:28 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 477/551] Update 'translate/toc.yaml' --- translate/toc.yaml | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/toc.yaml b/translate/toc.yaml index 8b9942a..2e03611 100644 --- a/translate/toc.yaml +++ b/translate/toc.yaml @@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ sections: link: figs-metaphorparts - title: "Personification" link: figs-personification - - title: "Predictive Past" + - title: "Predictive Past" link: figs-pastforfuture - title: "Rhetorical Question" link: figs-rquestion From bad1cb96fe9d8a005117f468992aa7aa279f3aee Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Wed, 2 Jan 2019 19:16:32 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 478/551] Issue 71 writing-newevents --- translate/writing-newevent/01.md | 15 ++++++++------- 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/writing-newevent/01.md b/translate/writing-newevent/01.md index b84006c..193d6d6 100644 --- a/translate/writing-newevent/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-newevent/01.md @@ -28,9 +28,9 @@ The underlined phrase above shows that the events concerning the learned men hap The author first introduces a new person and then tells about what he did and when he did it. In some languages it might be more natural to tell about the time first. ->Noah was six hundred years old when the flood came upon the earth. Noah, his sons, his wife, and his sons' wives went into the ark together because of the waters of the flood. (Genesis 7:6-7 ULB) +6Noah was six hundred years old when the flood came upon the earth. 7Noah, his sons, his wife, and his sons' wives went into the ark together because of the waters of the flood. (Genesis 7:6-7 ULB) -Verse 6 is a summary of the events that happen in the rest of chapter 7. Verse 6 is not one of the events of the story. The people went into the ship before the flood came. Some languages might need to make it clear that this verse simply introduces the event, or move this verse after verse 7. +The underlined phase in verse 6 is a summary of the events that happen in the rest of chapter 7. It is not one of the events of the story. Noah and his family went into the ship before the flood came. Some languages might need to make it clear that verse 6 simply introduces the event, or move the information about the flood coming until after the information about the people going into the ship. ### Translation Strategies @@ -58,11 +58,12 @@ If the information given at the beginning of a new event is clear and natural to * Jesus went to the lake and began to teach people again there. 1. If the introduction is a summary of the whole event, use your language's way of showing that it is a summary. - * **Noah was six hundred years old when the flood came upon the earth.** (Genesis 7:6 ULB) - * Now this is what happened when Noah was six hundred years old and the flood came upon the earth. - * This part tells about what happened when the flood came upon the earth. These things happened when Noah was six hundred years old. + * **6Noah was six hundred years old when the flood came upon the earth. 7Noah, his sons, his wife, and his sons' wives went into the ark together because of the waters of the flood.**(Genesis 7:6 ULB) + * 7Now this is what happened when Noah was six hundred years old and the flood came upon the earth. 7Noah, his sons, his wife, and his sons' wives went into the ark together because of the waters of the flood. + * 6This part tells about what happened when Noah was six hundred years old and the flood came upon the earth. 7Noah, his sons, his wife, and his sons' wives went into the ark together because of the waters of the flood. 1. If it would be strange in the target language to give a summary of the event at the beginning, show that the event would actually happen later in the story. - * **Noah was six hundred years old when the flood came upon the earth. Noah, his sons, his wife, and his sons' wives went into the ark together because of the waters of the flood.** (Genesis 7:6-7 ULB) - * Now this is what happened when Noah was six hundred years old. Noah, his sons, his wife, and his sons' wives went into the ark together because God had said that the waters of the flood would come. + * 6**Noah was six hundred years old when the flood came upon the earth. 7Noah, his sons, his wife, and his sons' wives went into the ark together because of the waters of the flood.** (Genesis 7:6-7 ULB) + * 6Noah was six hundred years old when the flood was about to come upon the earth. 7Noah, his sons, his wife, and his sons' wives went into the ark together because of the waters of the flood that would come. + * 6-7Noah was six hundred years old when he, his sons, his wife, and his sons' wives went into the ark together because the waters of the flood were about to come. From 1083de78a76a0af3ad4421fb8b91f044ce32e53c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Wed, 2 Jan 2019 19:17:46 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 479/551] Update 'translate/writing-newevent/01.md' --- translate/writing-newevent/01.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/writing-newevent/01.md b/translate/writing-newevent/01.md index 193d6d6..366e990 100644 --- a/translate/writing-newevent/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-newevent/01.md @@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ If the information given at the beginning of a new event is clear and natural to * Jesus went to the lake and began to teach people again there. 1. If the introduction is a summary of the whole event, use your language's way of showing that it is a summary. - * **6Noah was six hundred years old when the flood came upon the earth. 7Noah, his sons, his wife, and his sons' wives went into the ark together because of the waters of the flood.**(Genesis 7:6 ULB) + * **6Noah was six hundred years old when the flood came upon the earth. 7Noah, his sons, his wife, and his sons' wives went into the ark together because of the waters of the flood.** (Genesis 7:6 ULB) * 7Now this is what happened when Noah was six hundred years old and the flood came upon the earth. 7Noah, his sons, his wife, and his sons' wives went into the ark together because of the waters of the flood. * 6This part tells about what happened when Noah was six hundred years old and the flood came upon the earth. 7Noah, his sons, his wife, and his sons' wives went into the ark together because of the waters of the flood. From f2ca5642edf6b863b42ab2529f895323e4ff0dd0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Wed, 2 Jan 2019 21:48:30 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 480/551] Update 'translate/writing-newevent/01.md' --- translate/writing-newevent/01.md | 14 +++++++------- 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/writing-newevent/01.md b/translate/writing-newevent/01.md index 366e990..173889b 100644 --- a/translate/writing-newevent/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-newevent/01.md @@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ The underlined phrase above shows that the events concerning the learned men hap The author first introduces a new person and then tells about what he did and when he did it. In some languages it might be more natural to tell about the time first. -6Noah was six hundred years old when the flood came upon the earth. 7Noah, his sons, his wife, and his sons' wives went into the ark together because of the waters of the flood. (Genesis 7:6-7 ULB) +6 Noah was six hundred years old when the flood came upon the earth. 7 Noah, his sons, his wife, and his sons' wives went into the ark together because of the waters of the flood. (Genesis 7:6-7 ULB) The underlined phase in verse 6 is a summary of the events that happen in the rest of chapter 7. It is not one of the events of the story. Noah and his family went into the ship before the flood came. Some languages might need to make it clear that verse 6 simply introduces the event, or move the information about the flood coming until after the information about the people going into the ship. @@ -58,12 +58,12 @@ If the information given at the beginning of a new event is clear and natural to * Jesus went to the lake and began to teach people again there. 1. If the introduction is a summary of the whole event, use your language's way of showing that it is a summary. - * **6Noah was six hundred years old when the flood came upon the earth. 7Noah, his sons, his wife, and his sons' wives went into the ark together because of the waters of the flood.** (Genesis 7:6 ULB) - * 7Now this is what happened when Noah was six hundred years old and the flood came upon the earth. 7Noah, his sons, his wife, and his sons' wives went into the ark together because of the waters of the flood. - * 6This part tells about what happened when Noah was six hundred years old and the flood came upon the earth. 7Noah, his sons, his wife, and his sons' wives went into the ark together because of the waters of the flood. + * **6 Noah was six hundred years old when the flood came upon the earth. 7 Noah, his sons, his wife, and his sons' wives went into the ark together because of the waters of the flood.** (Genesis 7:6 ULB) + * 6 Now this is what happened when Noah was six hundred years old and the flood came upon the earth. 7 Noah, his sons, his wife, and his sons' wives went into the ark together because of the waters of the flood. + * 6 This part tells about what happened when Noah was six hundred years old and the flood came upon the earth. 7 Noah, his sons, his wife, and his sons' wives went into the ark together because of the waters of the flood. 1. If it would be strange in the target language to give a summary of the event at the beginning, show that the event would actually happen later in the story. - * 6**Noah was six hundred years old when the flood came upon the earth. 7Noah, his sons, his wife, and his sons' wives went into the ark together because of the waters of the flood.** (Genesis 7:6-7 ULB) - * 6Noah was six hundred years old when the flood was about to come upon the earth. 7Noah, his sons, his wife, and his sons' wives went into the ark together because of the waters of the flood that would come. - * 6-7Noah was six hundred years old when he, his sons, his wife, and his sons' wives went into the ark together because the waters of the flood were about to come. + * 6 **Noah was six hundred years old when the flood came upon the earth. 7 Noah, his sons, his wife, and his sons' wives went into the ark together because of the waters of the flood.** (Genesis 7:6-7 ULB) + * 6 Noah was six hundred years old when the flood was about to come upon the earth. 7 Noah, his sons, his wife, and his sons' wives went into the ark together because of the waters of the flood that would come. + * 6-7 Noah was six hundred years old when he, his sons, his wife, and his sons' wives went into the ark together because the waters of the flood were about to come. From f00a94e06af4556439709f68906d0f88ce51eb79 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Wed, 2 Jan 2019 22:10:20 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 481/551] Update 'translate/figs-you/01.md' --- translate/figs-you/01.md | 3 +++ 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+) diff --git a/translate/figs-you/01.md b/translate/figs-you/01.md index cab1528..c81d245 100644 --- a/translate/figs-you/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-you/01.md @@ -3,6 +3,9 @@ Some languages have more than one word for "you" based on how many people the word "you" refers to. The **singular** form refers to one person, and the **plural** form refers to more than one person. Some languages also have a **dual** form which refers to two people, and some have other forms that refer to three or four people. +* [Forms of 'You' - Singular](../figs-yousingular/01.md) +* [Forms of 'You' - Dual/Plural](../figs-youdual/01.md) + Sometimes in the Bible a speaker uses a singular form of "you" even though he is speaking to a crowd. * [Singular Pronouns that Refer to Groups](../figs-youcrowd/01.md) From 17751c1babeb044f3327bf270983765d53d6eeb4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Thu, 3 Jan 2019 15:17:39 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 482/551] Update 'translate/writing-newevent/01.md' --- translate/writing-newevent/01.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/writing-newevent/01.md b/translate/writing-newevent/01.md index 173889b..020186b 100644 --- a/translate/writing-newevent/01.md +++ b/translate/writing-newevent/01.md @@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ The underlined phrase above shows that the events concerning the learned men hap The author first introduces a new person and then tells about what he did and when he did it. In some languages it might be more natural to tell about the time first. -6 Noah was six hundred years old when the flood came upon the earth. 7 Noah, his sons, his wife, and his sons' wives went into the ark together because of the waters of the flood. (Genesis 7:6-7 ULB) +>6 Noah was six hundred years old when the flood came upon the earth. 7 Noah, his sons, his wife, and his sons' wives went into the ark together because of the waters of the flood. (Genesis 7:6-7 ULB) The underlined phase in verse 6 is a summary of the events that happen in the rest of chapter 7. It is not one of the events of the story. Noah and his family went into the ship before the flood came. Some languages might need to make it clear that verse 6 simply introduces the event, or move the information about the flood coming until after the information about the people going into the ship. @@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ The underlined phase in verse 6 is a summary of the events that happen in the re If the information given at the beginning of a new event is clear and natural to your readers, consider translating it as it is in the ULB or UDB. If not, consider one of these strategies. 1. Put the information that introduces the event in the order that your people put it. -1. If readers would expect certain information but it is not stated explicitly in the Bible, consider using an indefinite word or phrase such as "another time" or making some implicit information explicit. See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +1. If readers would expect certain information but it is not stated explicitly in the Bible, consider using an indefinite word or phrase such as "another time" or making some implicit information explicit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 1. If the introduction is a summary of the whole event, use your language's way of showing that it is a summary. 1. If it would be strange in the target language to give a summary of the event at the beginning, show that the event would actually happen later in the story. From b4e3d3a3a6125dcc5b5ae81d4ed0ac80ed210827 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Fri, 4 Jan 2019 13:30:41 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 483/551] Issue 77 Figs-Possession Moved the explanations to the line below the examples. --- translate/figs-possession/01.md | 51 ++++++++++++++++++++++----------- 1 file changed, 34 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-possession/01.md b/translate/figs-possession/01.md index d2ee0de..d8600dd 100644 --- a/translate/figs-possession/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-possession/01.md @@ -1,4 +1,5 @@ + ### Description In common English, "possession" refers to having something, or to something that a person has. In English that grammatical relationship is shown with of, or an apostrophe and the letter s, or a possessive pronoun. @@ -27,59 +28,76 @@ Possession is used in Hebrew, Greek, and English for a variety of situations. He ### Examples from the Bible +#### Possession with objects or people + ##### Ownership -In the example below, the son owned the money. >... the younger son ... wasted his money with wildly extravagant living. (Luke 15:13) +In the example above, the son owned the money. + ##### Social relationship -In the example below, the disciples were people who learned from John. >Then the disciples of John came to him. (Matthew 9:14 ULB) +In the example above, the disciples were people who learned from John. + ##### Material -In the example below, the material used for making the crowns was gold. - >On their heads were something like crowns of gold (Revelation 9:7) +In the example above, the crowns were made of gold. Gold was the material used for making the crowns. + ##### Contents -In the example below, the cup has water in it. - >Whoever gives you a cup of water to drink ... will not lose his reward. (Mark 9:41 ULB) +In the example above, the cup has water in it. + ##### Part of a whole -In the example below, the door was a part of the palace. - >But Uriah slept at the door of the king's palace (2 Samuel 11:9 ULB) +In the example above, the door was a part of the palace. + ##### Part of a group -In the example below, "us" refers to the whole group and "each one" refers to the individual members. - >To each one of us has been given a gift (Ephesians 4:7 ULB) -#### Events and Possession +In the example above, "us" refers to the whole group, and "each one" refers to the individual members. + +#### Possession with Events Sometimes one or both of the nouns is an abstract noun that refers to an event or action. In the examples below, the abstract nouns are in **bold** print. These are just some of the relationships that are possible between two nouns when one of them refers to an event. -**Subject** - Sometimes the word after "of" tells who would do the action named by the first noun. In the example below, John baptized people. +**Subject** - Sometimes the word after "of" tells who would do the action named by the first noun. + >The **baptism** of John, was it from heaven or from men? Answer me." (Mark 11:30) -In the example below, Christ loves us. +In the example above, John baptized people. + >Who will separate us from the **love** of Christ? (Romans 3:35) -**Object** - Sometimes the word after "of" tells who or what something would happen to. In the example below, people love money. +In the example below, Christ loves us. + +**Object** - Sometimes the word after "of" tells who or what something would happen to. + >For the **love** of money is a root of all kinds of evil. (1 Timothy 6:10 ULB) -**Instrument** - Sometimes the word after "of" tells how something would happen. In the example below, God would punish people by sending enemies to attack them with swords. +In the example above, people love money. + +**Instrument** - Sometimes the word after "of" tells the instrument that would be used to do something. + >then be afraid of the sword, because wrath brings the **punishment** of the sword (Job 19:29 ULB) -**Representation** - In the example below, John was baptizing people who were repenting of their sins. They were being baptized to show that they were repenting. Their baptism represented their repentance. +In the example above, God would punish people by sending enemies to attack them with swords. + +**Representation** - Sometimes the word after "of" tells what the idea before "of" represents. + >As John came, he was baptizing in the wilderness and was preaching a **baptism** of repentance for the forgiveness of sins. (Mark 1:4 ULB) +In the example above, John was teaching people that they should be baptised to show that they were repenting of their sins. Their baptism represented their repentance. + ### Strategies for learning what the relationship is between the two nouns 1. Read the surrounding verses to see if they help you to understand the relationship between the two nouns. @@ -114,4 +132,3 @@ If possession would be a natural way to show a particular relationship between t * You will only observe and see how Yahweh **punishes** the wicked. * **... you will receive the gift of the Holy Spirit.** (Acts 2:38 ULB) * ... you will receive the Holy Spirit, whom God will **give** to you. - From 04a4b5703782e1864333ecb32476d7cbf13e60c7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Fri, 4 Jan 2019 14:33:43 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 484/551] Issue 78 Singular Pronouns That Refer to Groups --- translate/figs-youcrowd/01.md | 3 --- 1 file changed, 3 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-youcrowd/01.md b/translate/figs-youcrowd/01.md index b80529c..a9af542 100644 --- a/translate/figs-youcrowd/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-youcrowd/01.md @@ -36,9 +36,6 @@ Yahweh said these things about the nation of Edom, not about only one person. If the singular form of the pronoun would be natural when referring to a group of people, consider using it. -* Whether you can use it may depend on who the speaker is and who the people are that he is talking about or talking to. -* It may also depend on what the speaker is saying. - 1. If the singular form of the pronoun would not be natural when referring to a group of people, or if the readers would be confused by it, use the plural form of the pronoun. ### Translation Strategies Applied From 2b9afca5d52f128180173a0f8df80df8630cf41c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Fri, 4 Jan 2019 15:42:40 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 485/551] Update 'translate/figs-rpronouns/01.md' --- translate/figs-rpronouns/01.md | 9 +++++++-- 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-rpronouns/01.md b/translate/figs-rpronouns/01.md index 970da25..cab38e6 100644 --- a/translate/figs-rpronouns/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-rpronouns/01.md @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ All languages have ways of showing that the same person fills two different roles in a sentence. English does this by using **Reflexive pronouns**. These are pronouns that refer to someone or something that has already been mentioned in a sentence. In English the reflexive pronouns are: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, and themselves. Other languages may have other ways to show this. **Uses of Reflexive Pronouns** -* To show that the same person or things fills two different roles in a sentence +* To show that the same person or thing fills two different roles in a sentence * To emphasize a person or thing in the sentence * To show that someone did something alone * To show that someone or something was alone @@ -23,10 +23,15 @@ All languages have ways of showing that the same person fills two different role >Now the Passover of the Jews was near, and many went up to Jerusalem from the country before the Passover in order to purify themselves. (John 11:55 ULB) ##### The reflexive pronouns emphasizes a person or thing in the sentence. ->... Jesus himself was not baptizing, but his disciples were ... (John 4:2 ULB) +>... Jesus himself was not baptizing, but his disciples were ... (John 4:2 ULB >So they left the crowd, taking Jesus with them, since he was already in the boat. ... And a violent windstorm arose and the waves were breaking into the boat so that the boat was already full. But Jesus himself was in the stern, asleep on a cushion. (Mark 4:36-38 ULB) +> When Jesus looked up and saw a great crowd coming to him, he said to Philip, "Where are we going to buy bread so that these may eat?" +(Now Jesus said this to test Philip, for he himself knew what he was going to do.) (John 6:6) + +The words "he" and "himself" both refer to Jesus. + ##### The reflexive pronoun shows that someone did something alone. >When Jesus realized that they were about to come and seize him by force to make him king, he withdrew again up the mountain by himself. (John 6:15 ULB) From 7baa74d82ea7187fdbf54974a723a85febf8652b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Fri, 4 Jan 2019 15:44:30 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 486/551] Update 'translate/figs-rpronouns/01.md' --- translate/figs-rpronouns/01.md | 3 +-- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-rpronouns/01.md b/translate/figs-rpronouns/01.md index cab38e6..ed1d390 100644 --- a/translate/figs-rpronouns/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-rpronouns/01.md @@ -27,8 +27,7 @@ All languages have ways of showing that the same person fills two different role >So they left the crowd, taking Jesus with them, since he was already in the boat. ... And a violent windstorm arose and the waves were breaking into the boat so that the boat was already full. But Jesus himself was in the stern, asleep on a cushion. (Mark 4:36-38 ULB) -> When Jesus looked up and saw a great crowd coming to him, he said to Philip, "Where are we going to buy bread so that these may eat?" -(Now Jesus said this to test Philip, for he himself knew what he was going to do.) (John 6:6) +> Now Jesus said this to test Philip, for he himself knew what he was going to do. (John 6:6) The words "he" and "himself" both refer to Jesus. From ec278822f9ab761faa24b2ac07675d28454cb461 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Fri, 4 Jan 2019 17:59:35 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 487/551] Issue 80 Reflexive Pronouns --- translate/figs-rpronouns/01.md | 23 ++++++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-rpronouns/01.md b/translate/figs-rpronouns/01.md index ed1d390..40c426f 100644 --- a/translate/figs-rpronouns/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-rpronouns/01.md @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ All languages have ways of showing that the same person fills two different roles in a sentence. English does this by using **Reflexive pronouns**. These are pronouns that refer to someone or something that has already been mentioned in a sentence. In English the reflexive pronouns are: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, and themselves. Other languages may have other ways to show this. **Uses of Reflexive Pronouns** -* To show that the same person or thing fills two different roles in a sentence +* To show that the same person or things fills two different roles in a sentence * To emphasize a person or thing in the sentence * To show that someone did something alone * To show that someone or something was alone @@ -18,19 +18,24 @@ All languages have ways of showing that the same person fills two different role ### Examples from the Bible ##### The reflexive pronoun shows that the same person or thing fills two different roles in a sentence. + +>Then they picked up stones to throw at him, but Jesus hid himself and went out of the temple. (John 8:59) + +The word "himself" refers to Jesus. + >If I should testify about myself, my testimony would not be true. (John 5:31 ULB) +Jesus was speaking. The words "I" and "myself" both refer to Jesus. + >Now the Passover of the Jews was near, and many went up to Jerusalem from the country before the Passover in order to purify themselves. (John 11:55 ULB) +The word "themselves" refers to the "many" who went up in order to purify themselves. + ##### The reflexive pronouns emphasizes a person or thing in the sentence. ->... Jesus himself was not baptizing, but his disciples were ... (John 4:2 ULB +>... Jesus himself was not baptizing, but his disciples were ... (John 4:2 ULB) >So they left the crowd, taking Jesus with them, since he was already in the boat. ... And a violent windstorm arose and the waves were breaking into the boat so that the boat was already full. But Jesus himself was in the stern, asleep on a cushion. (Mark 4:36-38 ULB) -> Now Jesus said this to test Philip, for he himself knew what he was going to do. (John 6:6) - -The words "he" and "himself" both refer to Jesus. - ##### The reflexive pronoun shows that someone did something alone. >When Jesus realized that they were about to come and seize him by force to make him king, he withdrew again up the mountain by himself. (John 6:15 ULB) @@ -41,7 +46,7 @@ The words "he" and "himself" both refer to Jesus. If a reflexive pronoun would have the same function in your language, consider using it. If not, here are some other strategies. -1. In some languages people put something on the verb to show that the object of the verb is the same as the subject. +1. In some languages people show that the object of the verb is the same as the subject by putting something on the verb. 1. In some languages people emphasize a certain person or thing by referring to it in a special place in the sentence. 1. In some languages people emphasize a certain person or thing by adding something to that word or putting another word with it. 1. In some languages people show that someone did something alone by using a word like "alone." @@ -49,7 +54,7 @@ If a reflexive pronoun would have the same function in your language, consider u ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied -1. In some languages people put something on the verb to show that the object of the verb is the same as the subject. +1. In some languages people show that the object of the verb is the same as the subject by putting something on the verb. * **If I should testify about myself, my testimony would not be true.** (John 5:31) * If I should self-testify, my testimony would not be true. * **Now the Passover of the Jews was near, and many went up to Jerusalem out of the country before the Passover in order to purify themselves.** (John 11:55) @@ -61,7 +66,7 @@ If a reflexive pronoun would have the same function in your language, consider u * **Jesus himself was not baptizing, but his disciples were.** (John 4:2) * It was not Jesus who was baptizing, but his disciples were. -1. In some languages people emphasize a certain person or thing by adding something to that word or putting another word with it. English adds the reflexive pronoun. +1. In some languages people emphasize a certain person or thing by adding something to that word or putting another word with it. English uses the reflexive pronoun. * **Now Jesus said this to test Philip, for he himself knew what he was going to do.** (John 6:6) 1. In some languages people show that someone did something alone by using a word like "alone." From da3f73ef7d4e6c28988b4ba63325e04d8c5d07f9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Fri, 4 Jan 2019 18:34:08 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 488/551] Issue 80 Reflexive Pronouns --- translate/figs-rpronouns/01.md | 39 ++++++++++++++++------------------ 1 file changed, 18 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-rpronouns/01.md b/translate/figs-rpronouns/01.md index 40c426f..30e923c 100644 --- a/translate/figs-rpronouns/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-rpronouns/01.md @@ -6,14 +6,14 @@ All languages have ways of showing that the same person fills two different role **Uses of Reflexive Pronouns** * To show that the same person or things fills two different roles in a sentence -* To emphasize a person or thing in the sentence -* To show that someone did something alone -* To show that someone or something was alone +* To emphasize a person or thing in a sentence +* To show that a person or thing was alone or did something alone ### Reasons this is a translation issue -* Languages have different ways of showing that the same person fills two different roles in a sentence. For those languages, translators will need to know how to translate the English reflexive pronouns. -* The reflexive pronouns in English also have other functions. +* Languages have different ways of showing the things that reflexive pronouns in the ULB show. +* When translators read a reflexive pronoun in the ULB, they need to understand what that reflexive pronoun is used for. +* Translators need to know how to show those meanings in their own language. ### Examples from the Bible @@ -36,44 +36,41 @@ The word "themselves" refers to the "many" who went up in order to purify themse >So they left the crowd, taking Jesus with them, since he was already in the boat. ... And a violent windstorm arose and the waves were breaking into the boat so that the boat was already full. But Jesus himself was in the stern, asleep on a cushion. (Mark 4:36-38 ULB) -##### The reflexive pronoun shows that someone did something alone. +##### The reflexive pronoun shows that a person or thing was alone or did something alone. +> ... while the kings who had come were by themselves in the field. (1 Chronicles 19:9 ULB) + >When Jesus realized that they were about to come and seize him by force to make him king, he withdrew again up the mountain by himself. (John 6:15 ULB) -##### The reflexive pronouns shows that someone or something was alone. ->He saw the linen cloths lying there and the cloth that had been on his head. It was not lying with the linen cloths but was folded up in a place by itself. (John 20:6-7 ULB) ### Translation Strategies -If a reflexive pronoun would have the same function in your language, consider using it. If not, here are some other strategies. +If a reflexive pronoun would have the same function in your language, consider using it. If not, here are some other strategies that some languages use. -1. In some languages people show that the object of the verb is the same as the subject by putting something on the verb. -1. In some languages people emphasize a certain person or thing by referring to it in a special place in the sentence. -1. In some languages people emphasize a certain person or thing by adding something to that word or putting another word with it. -1. In some languages people show that someone did something alone by using a word like "alone." -1. In some languages people show that something was alone by using a phrase that tells about where it was. +1. Show that the object of the verb is the same as the subject by putting something on the verb. +1. Emphasize a certain person or thing by referring to it in a special place in the sentence. +1. Emphasize a certain person or thing by adding something to that word or putting another word with it. +1. Show that a person or thing was alone or did something alone by using a word like "alone." ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied -1. In some languages people show that the object of the verb is the same as the subject by putting something on the verb. +1. Show that the object of the verb is the same as the subject by putting something on the verb. * **If I should testify about myself, my testimony would not be true.** (John 5:31) * If I should self-testify, my testimony would not be true. * **Now the Passover of the Jews was near, and many went up to Jerusalem out of the country before the Passover in order to purify themselves.** (John 11:55) * Now the Passover of the Jews was near, and many went up to Jerusalem out of the country before the Passover in order to self-purify. -1. In some languages people emphasize a certain person or thing by referring to it in a special place in the sentence. +1. Emphasize a certain person or thing by referring to it in a special place in the sentence. * **He himself took our sickness and bore our diseases.** (Matthew 8:17 ULB) * It was he who took our sickness and bore our diseases. * **Jesus himself was not baptizing, but his disciples were.** (John 4:2) * It was not Jesus who was baptizing, but his disciples were. -1. In some languages people emphasize a certain person or thing by adding something to that word or putting another word with it. English uses the reflexive pronoun. +1. Emphasize a certain person or thing by adding something to that word or putting another word with it. English uses the reflexive pronoun after the word it emphasizes. * **Now Jesus said this to test Philip, for he himself knew what he was going to do.** (John 6:6) -1. In some languages people show that someone did something alone by using a word like "alone." +1. Show that a person or thing was alone or did something alone by using a word like "alone." + * **When Jesus realized that they were about to come and seize him by force to make him king, he withdrew again up the mountain by himself.** (John 6:15) * When Jesus realized that they were about to come and seize him by force to make him king, he withdrew again alone up the mountain. -1. In some languages people show that something was alone by using a phrase that tells about where it was. - * **He saw the linen cloths lying there and the cloth that had been on his head. It was not lying with the linen cloths but was rolled up in its place by itself.** (John 20:6-7 ULB) - * He saw the linen cloths lying there and the cloth that had been on his head. It was not lying with the linen cloths but was rolled up and lying in its own place. From 291fa439640d8aa087b7b73e3c50720882657709 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Fri, 4 Jan 2019 18:52:32 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 489/551] Issue 80 Reflexive Pronouns --- translate/figs-rpronouns/01.md | 10 +++++----- 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-rpronouns/01.md b/translate/figs-rpronouns/01.md index 30e923c..2b80453 100644 --- a/translate/figs-rpronouns/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-rpronouns/01.md @@ -17,19 +17,19 @@ All languages have ways of showing that the same person fills two different role ### Examples from the Bible -##### The reflexive pronoun shows that the same person or thing fills two different roles in a sentence. +##### The reflexive pronoun shows that the same person or thing fills two different roles in a sentence. Often the reflexive pronoun is the object of the sentence, and it refers to the same person that the subject refers to. (See [Sentence Structure](../figs-sentences/01.md)) ->Then they picked up stones to throw at him, but Jesus hid himself and went out of the temple. (John 8:59) +>Then they picked up stones to throw at him, but Jesus hid himself and went out of the temple. (John 8:59 ULB) -The word "himself" refers to Jesus. +"Jesus" is the subject of the verb "hid," and "himself" is the object of "hid." The word "himself" refers to Jesus. >If I should testify about myself, my testimony would not be true. (John 5:31 ULB) -Jesus was speaking. The words "I" and "myself" both refer to Jesus. +The word "I" is the subject of "testify," and "myself" is the object of "testify." The words "I" and "myself" both refer to Jesus. >Now the Passover of the Jews was near, and many went up to Jerusalem from the country before the Passover in order to purify themselves. (John 11:55 ULB) -The word "themselves" refers to the "many" who went up in order to purify themselves. +"Many" is the subject of "purify," and "themselves" is the object of "purify." The word "themselves" refers to the many people. ##### The reflexive pronouns emphasizes a person or thing in the sentence. >... Jesus himself was not baptizing, but his disciples were ... (John 4:2 ULB) From 37dc8670d2e60c77a64fe79d0d139c0000ed879c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Fri, 4 Jan 2019 18:56:45 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 490/551] Update 'translate/figs-rpronouns/01.md' --- translate/figs-rpronouns/01.md | 3 +-- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-rpronouns/01.md b/translate/figs-rpronouns/01.md index 2b80453..b10ee00 100644 --- a/translate/figs-rpronouns/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-rpronouns/01.md @@ -37,11 +37,10 @@ The word "I" is the subject of "testify," and "myself" is the object of "testify >So they left the crowd, taking Jesus with them, since he was already in the boat. ... And a violent windstorm arose and the waves were breaking into the boat so that the boat was already full. But Jesus himself was in the stern, asleep on a cushion. (Mark 4:36-38 ULB) ##### The reflexive pronoun shows that a person or thing was alone or did something alone. -> ... while the kings who had come were by themselves in the field. (1 Chronicles 19:9 ULB) +>... while the kings who had come were by themselves in the field. (1 Chronicles 19:9 ULB) >When Jesus realized that they were about to come and seize him by force to make him king, he withdrew again up the mountain by himself. (John 6:15 ULB) - ### Translation Strategies If a reflexive pronoun would have the same function in your language, consider using it. If not, here are some other strategies that some languages use. From a66b235b1ed0f0fcca7d6ca3425f3c4dd14914ea Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Fri, 4 Jan 2019 20:12:24 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 491/551] Issue 81 Bible examples in figs-exclamations --- translate/figs-exclamations/01.md | 20 ++++++++++++++------ 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-exclamations/01.md b/translate/figs-exclamations/01.md index 0b69b9a..568fc40 100644 --- a/translate/figs-exclamations/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-exclamations/01.md @@ -9,31 +9,39 @@ Languages have different ways of showing that a sentence communicates strong emo ### Examples from the Bible -Some exclamations do not have any special sentence structure or vocabulary, but they are said in a way that shows the feeling. +#### Some exclamations have no special words that show the feeling. >Save us, Lord; we are about to die! (Matthew 8:25 ULB) -In the example above, the speakers were terribly afraid and probably shouted or cried out what they were saying. +In the sentence above, the speakers were terribly afraid and probably shouted or cried out what they were saying. >When the demon had been driven out, the mute man spoke. The crowds were astonished and said, "This has never been seen before in Israel!" (Matthew 9:33 ULB) In the example above the speakers were amazed, because something happened that they had never seen before. Their voices probably showed how they felt. -Some exclamations have a word that shows feeling. The sentences below have "Oh" and "Ah." The word "oh" here shows the speaker's amazement. +####Some exclamations have a word that shows feeling. >Oh, the depth of the riches both of the wisdom and the knowledge of God! (Romans 11:33 ULB) -The word "Ah" below shows that Gideon was very frightened. +In the sentence above, the word "oh" shows the speaker's amazement. + >Gideon understood that this was the angel of Yahweh. Gideon said, "Ah, Lord Yahweh! For I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!" (Judges 6:22 ULB) -Some exclamations start with a question word such as "how" or "why," even though they are not questions. The sentence below shows that the speaker is amazed at how unsearchable God's judgments are. +In the sentence above, the word "Ah" shows that Gideon was very frightened. + +####Some exclamations begin with a question word, even though they are not questions. >How unsearchable are his judgments, and his ways beyond discovering! (Romans 11:33 ULB) -Some exclamations in the Bible do not have a main verb. The exclamation below shows that the speaker is disgusted with the person he is speaking to. +In the sentence above, the word "How" shows that the speaker is amazed at God's judgments. + +####Some exclamations do not have a main verb. >You worthless person! (Matthew 5:22 ULB) +The exclamation above does not have a verb. It shows that the speaker is disgusted with the person he is speaking to. + + ### Translation Strategies 1. If an exclamation in your language needs a verb, add one. Often a good verb is "is" or "are." From 0699e1be76746b74f0c3b288eeec35c98008933c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Fri, 4 Jan 2019 20:22:14 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 492/551] Issue 81 Bible Examples Figs-Declarative Statements--Other Uses --- translate/figs-declarative/01.md | 22 ++++++++++++++++------ 1 file changed, 16 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-declarative/01.md b/translate/figs-declarative/01.md index ec86267..fd02715 100644 --- a/translate/figs-declarative/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-declarative/01.md @@ -9,30 +9,40 @@ Some languages would not use a statement for some of the functions that statemen ### Examples from the Bible -Statements are normally used to give **information**. All of the sentences in John 1:6-8 below are statements, and their function is to give information. +#### Statements are normally used to give information. >There was a man who was sent from God, whose name was John. He came as a witness to testify about the light, that all might believe through him. John was not the light, but came that he might testify about the light. (John 1:6-8 ULB) -A statement can also be used as a **command** to tell someone what to do. In the examples below, the high priest used a statement with the verb "must" and then statements with the verb "will" to tell people what to do. +All of the sentences in John 1:6-8 above are statements, and their function is to give information. + +####A statement can also be used as a **command** to tell someone what to do. >He commanded them, saying, "This is what you must do. A third of you who come on the Sabbath will keep watch over the king's house, and a third will be at the Sur Gate, and a third at the gate behind the guardhouse." (2 Kings 11:5-6 ULB) -A statement can also be used to give **instructions**. The speaker below was not just telling Joseph about something Joseph would do in the future; he was telling Joseph what he needed to do. +In the examples above, the high priest used a statement with the verb "must" and then statements with the verb "will" to tell people what to do. + +####A statement can also be used to give instructions. >She will give birth to a son, and you will call his name Jesus, for he will save his people from their sins. (Matthew 1:21 ULB) -A statement can also be used to make a **request**. The man with leprosy was not just saying what Jesus was able to do. He was also asking Jesus to heal him. +The angel was not simply telling Joseph about something Joseph would do in the future; he was telling Joseph what he needed to do. + +####A statement can also be used to make a request. >Behold, a leper came to him and bowed before him, saying, "Lord, if you are willing, you can make me clean." (Matthew 8:2 ULB) -A statement can also be used to **perform** something. By telling Adam that the ground was cursed because of him, God actually cursed it. +The man with leprosy was not just saying what Jesus was able to do. He was also asking Jesus to heal him. + +####A statement can also be used to perform something. >Cursed is the ground because of you. (Genesis 3:17 ULB) -By telling a man that his sins were forgiven, Jesus forgave the man's sins. +By telling Adam that the ground was cursed because of him, God actually cursed it. >Seeing their faith, Jesus said to the paralyzed man, "Son, your sins are forgiven." (Mark 2:5 ULB) +By telling a man that his sins were forgiven, Jesus forgave the man's sins. + ### Translation Strategies 1. If the function of a statement would not be understood correctly in your language, _use a sentence type_ that would express that function. From ab0410f3f971afbb92ef396a5db47b97f7403830 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Fri, 4 Jan 2019 20:53:26 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 493/551] Issue 81 Bible Examples Figs-imperative --- translate/figs-imperative/01.md | 28 ++++++++++++++++------------ 1 file changed, 16 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-imperative/01.md b/translate/figs-imperative/01.md index 7286de1..5b16d96 100644 --- a/translate/figs-imperative/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-imperative/01.md @@ -10,40 +10,44 @@ Some languages would not use an imperative sentence for some of the functions th ### Examples from the Bible -Speakers often use imperative sentences to tell or ask their listeners to do something. In Genesis 2, God spoke to Isaac and told him not to go to Egypt but to live where God would tell him to live. +####Imperatives are normally used to tell someone to do something. >Do not go down to Egypt; live in the land that I tell you to live in. (Genesis 26:2 ULB) -Sometimes imperative sentences in the Bible have other uses. +In Genesis 2, God told Isaac not to go to Egypt but to live where God would tell him to live. -##### Imperatives that make things happen +#### Imperatives can be used to make things happen. -God can make things happen by commanding that they happen. Jesus healed a man by commanding that the man be healed. The man could not do anything to obey the command, but Jesus caused him to be healed by commanding it. ("Be clean" means "Be healed.") ->Jesus reached out his hand and touched him, saying, "I am willing. Be clean." Immediately he was cleansed of his leprosy. (Matthew 8:3 ULB) +God can make things happen by commanding that they happen. -In Genesis 1, God commanded that there should be light, and by commanding it, he caused it to exist. Some languages, such as the Hebrew of the Bible, have commands that are in the third person. English does not do that, and so it must turn the third-person command into a general second-person command, as in the ULB: >God said, "Let there be light," and there was light. (Genesis 1:3 ULB) -Languages that have third-person commands can follow the original Hebrew, which translates into English as something like, "light must be." +In Genesis 1, God commanded that there should be light, and by commanding it, he caused it to exist. -##### Imperatives that function as blessings +>Jesus reached out his hand and touched him, saying, "I am willing. Be clean." Immediately he was cleansed of his leprosy. (Matthew 8:3 ULB) -In the Bible, God blesses people by using imperatives. This indicates what his will is for them. +Jesus healed a man by commanding that the man be healed. The man could not do anything to obey the command, but Jesus caused him to be healed by commanding it. ("Be clean" means "Be healed.") + +#### Imperatives can be used as blessings. >God blessed them and said to them, "Be fruitful, and multiply. Fill the earth, and subdue it. Have dominion over the fish of the sea, over the birds of the sky, and over every living thing that moves upon the earth." (Genesis 1:28 ULB) -##### Imperatives that function as conditions +In the Bible, God blesses people by using imperatives. This indicates what his will is for them. -An imperative sentence can also be used to tell the **condition** under which something will happen. The proverbs mainly tell about life and things that often happen. The purpose of Proverbs 4:6 below is not primarily to give a command, but to teach what people can expect to happen **if** they love wisdom. +#### Imperatives can be used as conditions. + +An imperative sentence can also be used to tell the **condition** under which something will happen. The proverbs mainly tell about life and things that often happen. >... do not abandon wisdom and she will watch over you; >love her and she will keep you safe. (Proverbs 4:6 ULB) -The purpose of Proverbs 22:6 below is teach what people can expect to happen if they teach their children the way they should go. +The purpose of Proverbs 4:6 is to teach what people can expect to happen **if** they love wisdom; it is not primarily to give a command. >Teach a child the way he should go, >and when he is old he will not turn away from that instruction. (Proverbs 22:6 ULB) +The purpose of Proverbs 22:6 is teach what people can expect to happen **if** they teach their children the way they should go. + ### Translation Strategies 1. If people would not use an imperative sentence for one of the functions in the Bible, try using a statement instead. From 8b8b1ee850448ee8b05ac754444b1679809f6188 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Fri, 4 Jan 2019 20:54:37 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 494/551] Update 'translate/figs-imperative/01.md' --- translate/figs-imperative/01.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-imperative/01.md b/translate/figs-imperative/01.md index 5b16d96..3505ee0 100644 --- a/translate/figs-imperative/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-imperative/01.md @@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ Jesus healed a man by commanding that the man be healed. The man could not do an >God blessed them and said to them, "Be fruitful, and multiply. Fill the earth, and subdue it. Have dominion over the fish of the sea, over the birds of the sky, and over every living thing that moves upon the earth." (Genesis 1:28 ULB) -In the Bible, God blesses people by using imperatives. This indicates what his will is for them. +In the Bible, God blesses people by using imperatives. This indicates what his will is for them and he causes his will to happen. #### Imperatives can be used as conditions. From a72765fb1fac0c7b419599569083a9207aff1e15 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Mon, 7 Jan 2019 15:15:02 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 495/551] Issue 82: figs-explicit --- translate/figs-explicit/01.md | 14 ++++++++------ 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-explicit/01.md b/translate/figs-explicit/01.md index e048ade..ea7299d 100644 --- a/translate/figs-explicit/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-explicit/01.md @@ -11,7 +11,9 @@ Often, the audience understands this **implicit information** by combining what ### Reasons this is a translation issue -All three kinds of information are part of the speaker's message. If one of these kinds of information is missing, then the audience will not understand the message. Because the target translation is in a language that is very different than the biblical languages and made for an audience that lives in a very different time and place than the people in the Bible, many times the **assumed knowledge** or the **implicit information** is missing from the message. In other words, modern readers do not know everything that the original speakers and hearers in the Bible knew. When these things are important for understanding the message, you can include this information in the text or in a footnote. +All three kinds of information (assumed knowledge, explicit information, and implicit information) are part of the speaker's message. If the audience does not have the knowledge that the speaker assumes they have, they will have trouble understanding the whole message. They may understand some of the explicit information, but they will have trouble learning the implicit information. + +The authors of the Bible books wrote for particular audiences who lived in particular places long ago. And the speakers in the Bible spoke to particular audiences who lived long ago. Modern readers do not know everything that the original audiences knew; they lack some of the assumed information, and this makes it hard for them to understand the whole message. ### Examples from the Bible @@ -33,14 +35,14 @@ One of the traditions of the elders was a ceremony in which people would wash th ### Translation Strategies -If readers have enough assumed knowledge to be able to understand the message, along with any important implicit information that goes with the explicit information, then it is good to leave that knowledge unstated and leave the implicit information implicit. If the readers do not understand the message because one of these is missing for them, then follow these strategies: +If readers have enough assumed knowledge to be able to understand the full message (with the explicit and implicit information) then it is good to leave the assumed knowledge unstated and leave the implicit information implicit. If the readers do not understand the message because they lack the assumed knowledge, then follow one of these strategies: -1. If readers cannot understand the message because they do not have certain assumed knowledge, then provide that knowledge as explicit information. -1. If readers cannot understand the message because they do not know certain implicit information, then state that information clearly, but try to do it in a way that does not imply that the information was new to the original audience. +1. If readers cannot understand the message because they do not have certain assumed knowledge, then provide that knowledge explicitly. +1. If readers cannot understand the implicit information, then state that information clearly, but try to do it in a way that does not imply that the information was new to the original audience. ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied -1. If readers cannot understand the message because they do not have certain assumed knowledge, then provide that knowledge as explicit information. +1. If readers cannot understand the message because they do not have certain assumed knowledge, then provide that knowledge explicitly. * **Jesus said to him, "Foxes have holes, and the birds of the sky have nests, but the Son of Man has nowhere to lay his head."** (Matthew 8:20 ULB) - Assumed knowledge was that the foxes slept in their holes and birds slept in their nests. * Jesus said to him, "Foxes have holes to live in, and the birds of the sky have nests to live in, but the Son of Man has nowhere to lay his head and sleep." * **But it will be more tolerable for Tyre and Sidon at the day of judgment than for you.** (Matthew 11:22 ULB) - Assumed knowledge was that the people of Tyre and Sidon were very, very wicked. This can be stated explicitly. @@ -49,7 +51,7 @@ If readers have enough assumed knowledge to be able to understand the message, a * **Why do your disciples violate the traditions of the elders? For they do not wash their hands when they eat.** (Matthew 15:2 ULB) - Assumed knowledge was that one of the traditions of the elders was a ceremony in which people would wash their hands in order to be ritually clean before eating, which they must do to be righteous. It was not to remove germs from their hands to avoid sickness, as a modern reader might think. * Why do your disciples violate the traditions of the elders? For they do not go through the ceremonial handwashing ritual of righteousness when they eat. -1. If readers cannot understand the message because they do not know certain implicit information, then state that information clearly, but try to do it in a way that does not imply that the information was new to the original audience. +1. If readers cannot understand the implicit information, then state that information clearly, but try to do it in a way that does not imply that the information was new to the original audience. * **Then a scribe came to him and said, "Teacher, I will follow you wherever you go." Jesus said to him, "Foxes have holes, and the birds of the sky have nests, but the Son of Man has nowhere to lay his head."** (Matthew 8:19, 20 ULB) - Implicit information is that Jesus himself is the Son of Man. Other implicit information is that if the scribe wanted to follow Jesus, he would have to live like Jesus without a house. * Jesus said to him, "Foxes have holes, and the birds of the sky have nests, but I, the Son of Man, have no home to rest in. If you want to follow me, you will live as I live." * **If the mighty deeds had been done in Tyre and Sidon which were done in you, they would have repented long ago in sackcloth and ashes. But it will be more tolerable for Tyre and Sidon at the day of judgment than for you** (Matthew 11:22 ULB) - Implicit information is that the people of Tyre and Sidon were very wicked, and that God would not only judge the people; he would punish them. These things can be made explicit. From 8b67cfc6a6100692e3a79f2081df0d1f85cb68ac Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Mon, 7 Jan 2019 15:33:22 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 496/551] Issue 83: figs-explicitinfo --- translate/figs-explicitinfo/01.md | 13 +++++-------- 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-explicitinfo/01.md b/translate/figs-explicitinfo/01.md index a42cbec..840950e 100644 --- a/translate/figs-explicitinfo/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-explicitinfo/01.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Some languages have ways of saying things that are natural for them but sound st ### Reasons this is a translation issue -If you translate all of the explicit information from the source language into the explicit information in the target language, it could sound foreign, unnatural, or perhaps even unintelligent if the target language would not make that information explicit. Instead, it is best to leave that kind of information implicit in the target language. +If you translate all of the explicit information from the source language into the target language explicitly, it could sound foreign, unnatural, or perhaps even unintelligent if the target language would not make that information explicit. Instead, it is best to leave that kind of information implicit in the target language. ### Examples from the Bible @@ -22,20 +22,17 @@ In the biblical languages, it was normal to introduce direct speech with two ver ### Translation Strategies -1. If the explicit information of the source language sounds natural in the target language, then translate it as explicit information. +If the explicit information of the source language sounds natural in the target language, then translate it as explicit information. If it does not sound natural, you can follow this strategy. + 1. If the explicit information does not sound natural in the target language or seems unnecessary or confusing, leave the explicit information implicit. Only do this if the reader can understand this information from the context. You can test this by asking the reader a question about the passage. ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied - -1. If the explicit information of the source language sounds natural in the target language, then translate it as explicit information. - - * There would be no change to the text using this strategy, so no examples are given here. 1. If the explicit information does not sound natural in the target language or seems unnecessary or confusing, leave the explicit information implicit. Only do this if the reader can understand this information from the context. You can test this by asking the reader a question about the passage. * **And Abimelech came to the tower and fought against it and drew near to the door of the tower to burn it with fire.** (Judges 9:52 ESV) * Abimelech came to the tower and fought against it and drew near to the door of the tower to burn it. - * Abimelech came to the tower and fought against it and drew near to the door of the tower to set it on fire.

In English, it is clear that the action of this verse follows the action of the previous verse without the use of the connector "and" at the beginning, so it was omitted. Also, the words "with fire" were left out, because this information is communicated implicitly by the word "burn." An alternative translation for "to burn it" is "to set it on fire." It is not natural in English to use both "burn” and "fire," so the English translator should choose only one of them. You can test if readers understand the implicit information by asking, "How would the door burn?" If they know it was by fire, then they have understood the implicit information. Or, if you choose the second option, you can ask, "What happens to a door that is set on fire?" If the readers answer, "It burns," then they have understood the implicit information. + * Abimelech came to the tower and fought against it and drew near to the door of the tower to set it on fire.

In = * **The centurion answered and said, "Lord, I am not worthy that you should enter under my roof."** (Matthew 8:8 ULB) - * The centurion answered, "Lord, I am not worthy that you should enter under my roof."

In English, the information that the centurion answered by speaking is included in the verb "answered," so the verb "said" can be left implicit. You can test if the readers understand the implicit information by asking, "How did the centurion answer?" If they know it was by speaking, then they have understood the implicit information. + * The centurion answered, "Lord, I am not worthy that you should enter under my roof." From 7f7e0d7490aa98ca1d8f14d4a633949e1780733e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Mon, 7 Jan 2019 15:37:07 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 497/551] Update 'translate/figs-explicitinfo/01.md' --- translate/figs-explicitinfo/01.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-explicitinfo/01.md b/translate/figs-explicitinfo/01.md index 840950e..a44a29b 100644 --- a/translate/figs-explicitinfo/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-explicitinfo/01.md @@ -31,8 +31,8 @@ If the explicit information of the source language sounds natural in the target 1. If the explicit information does not sound natural in the target language or seems unnecessary or confusing, leave the explicit information implicit. Only do this if the reader can understand this information from the context. You can test this by asking the reader a question about the passage. * **And Abimelech came to the tower and fought against it and drew near to the door of the tower to burn it with fire.** (Judges 9:52 ESV) * Abimelech came to the tower and fought against it and drew near to the door of the tower to burn it. - * Abimelech came to the tower and fought against it and drew near to the door of the tower to set it on fire.

In = - + * Abimelech came to the tower and fought against it and drew near to the door of the tower to set it on fire. + * **The centurion answered and said, "Lord, I am not worthy that you should enter under my roof."** (Matthew 8:8 ULB) * The centurion answered, "Lord, I am not worthy that you should enter under my roof." From 58a684a250df90c4f024dfc73d102afc4046edca Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Mon, 7 Jan 2019 19:46:51 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 498/551] Update 'manifest.yaml' --- manifest.yaml | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/manifest.yaml b/manifest.yaml index 98f0792..0d4f7fa 100644 --- a/manifest.yaml +++ b/manifest.yaml @@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ dublin_core: language: 'en' version: '9' subject: '' - title: 'translationAcademy' + title: 'Translation Manual' type: 'man' version: '9' From 48cd71c80268c8f4b13774e735c23be0566c86bb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Mon, 7 Jan 2019 19:49:36 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 499/551] Update 'manifest.yaml' --- manifest.yaml | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/manifest.yaml b/manifest.yaml index 0d4f7fa..de5fa39 100644 --- a/manifest.yaml +++ b/manifest.yaml @@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ projects: identifier: 'intro' path: './intro' sort: 0 - title: 'Introduction to translationAcademy' + title: 'Introduction to Translation Manual' versification: - categories: From 9d2fa01f51a0c8e58372b6d9fcd55eb9ea2124c7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Mon, 7 Jan 2019 20:18:46 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 500/551] Issue 86 Biblical Measures (Volume) --- translate/translate-bvolume/01.md | 29 +++++++++++++++-------------- 1 file changed, 15 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/translate-bvolume/01.md b/translate/translate-bvolume/01.md index 8762db1..123d40e 100644 --- a/translate/translate-bvolume/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-bvolume/01.md @@ -1,21 +1,22 @@ ### Description -The following terms are the most common units of volume used in the Bible to state how much a certain container could hold. The containers and measurements are given for both liquids (such as wine) and dry solids (such as grain). The metric values are not exactly equal to the biblical measures. The biblical measures probably differed in exact amount from time to time and place to place. The equivalents below are an attempt to give an average measurement. +The following terms are the most common units of volume used in the Bible to state how much a certain container could hold. The containers and measurements are given for both liquids (such as wine) and dry solids (such as grain). The biblical measures probably differed in exact amount from time to time and place to place. The liter equivalents below are based on the ephah and the bath being equal to 22 liters. -| Type | Original Measure | Liters | -| -------- | -------- | -------- | -| Dry | omer | 2 liters | -| Dry | ephah | 22 liters | -| Dry | homer | 220 liters | -| Dry | cor | 220 liters | -| Dry | seah | 7.7 liters | -| Dry | lethek | 114.8 liters | -| Liquid | metrete | 40 liters | -| Liquid | bath | 22 liters | -| Liquid | hin | 3.7 liters | -| Liquid | kab | 1.23 liters | -| Liquid | log | 0.31 liters | + +| Type | Original Measure | Relationship | Liters | +| -------- | -------- | -------- | -------- | +| Dry | omer | 1/10 ephah | 2 liters | +| Dry | ephah | -------- | 22 liters | +| Dry | homer | 10 ephahs | 220 liters | +| Dry | cor | 10 ephahs | 220 liters | +| Dry | seah | 1/3 ephah | 7.3 liters | +| Dry | lethek | 5 ephahs | 110 liters | +| Liquid | metrete | -------- | 40 liters | +| Liquid | bath | -------- | 22 liters | +| Liquid | hin | 1/6 bath | 3.7 liters | +| Liquid | kab | 1/3 hin | 1.2 liters | +| Liquid | log | 1/4 kab | 0.3 liters | ### Translation principles From d301e529e2c290a69cbae5e10ef97625566c93f8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Mon, 7 Jan 2019 22:00:39 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 501/551] Issue 86 Biblical Measures (Weight) --- translate/translate-bweight/01.md | 22 +++++++++++----------- 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/translate-bweight/01.md b/translate/translate-bweight/01.md index d9c236e..e665f52 100644 --- a/translate/translate-bweight/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-bweight/01.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ ### Description -The following terms are the most common units of weight in the Bible. The term "shekel" means "weight," and many other weights are described in terms of the shekel. Some of these weights were used for money. The metric values in the table below are not exactly equal to the biblical measures. The biblical measures differed in exact amount from time to time and place to place. The equivalents below are only an attempt to give an average measurement. +The following terms are the most common units of weight in the Bible. The term "shekel" means "weight," and many other weights are described in terms of the shekel. Some of these weights were used for money. The metric values in the table below are not exactly equal to the biblical measures. The biblical measures differed in exact amount from time to time and place to place. The metric equivalents below are based on the shekel being equal to 11.4 grams. | Original Measure | Shekels | Grams | Kilograms | |--------------------|----------|---------|------------| -|shekel | 1 shekel |11 grams | - | +|shekel | 1 shekel |11.4 grams | - | | bekah | 1/2 shekel | 5.7 grams | - | | pim | 2/3 shekel | 7.6 grams | - | | gerah | 1/20 shekel | 0.57 grams | - | -| mina | 50 shekels | 550 grams | 1/2 kilogram | -| talent | 3,000 shekels | - | 34 kilograms | +| mina | 50 shekels | 570 grams | .57 kilograms | +| talent | 3,000 shekels | - | 34.2 kilograms | ### Translation principles @@ -18,8 +18,8 @@ The following terms are the most common units of weight in the Bible. The term " 1. Using modern measures can help readers understand the text more easily. 1. Whatever measure you use, it would be good, if possible, to tell about the other kind of measure in the text or a footnote. 1. If you do not use the Biblical measures, try not to give the readers the idea that the measurements are exact. For example, if you translate one gerah as ".57 grams" readers might think that the measurement is exact. It would be better to say "half a gram." -1. Sometimes it can be helpful to use the word "about" to show that a measurement is not exact. For example, 2 Samuel 21:16 says that Goliath's spear weighed 300 shekels. Instead of translating this as "3300 grams" or "3.3 kilograms," it can be translated as "about three and one half kilograms." -1. When God tells people how much something should weigh, and when people use those weights, do not say "about" in the translation. Otherwise it will give the impression that God did not care exactly how much the thing should weigh. +1. Sometimes it can be helpful to use the word "about" to show that a measurement is not exact. For example, 2 Samuel 21:16 says that Goliath's spear weighed 300 shekels. Instead of translating this as "3400 grams" or "3.4 kilograms," it can be translated as "almost three and one half kilograms." +1. When God tells people how much something should weigh, and when people use those weights, do not say "about" or "almost" in the translation. Otherwise it will give the impression that God did not care exactly how much the thing should weigh. ### Translation Strategies @@ -36,18 +36,18 @@ The strategies are all applied to Exodus 38:29 below. * **The bronze from the wave offering weighed seventy talents and 2,400 shekels.** (Exodus 38:29 ULB) 1. Use the measurements from the ULB. These are the same kinds of measurements that the original writers used. Spell them in a way that is similar to the way they sound or are spelled in the ULB. (see [Borrow Words](../translate-transliterate/01.md)) - * "The bronze from the wave offering weighed seventy talentes and 2,400 sekeles." + * "The bronze from the wave offering weighed seventy talent and 2,400 sekel." 1. Use the metric measurements given in the UDB. The translators of the UDB have already figured how to represent the amounts in the metric system. - * "The bronze from the wave offering weighed 2,400 kilograms." + * "The bronze from the wave offering weighed 2,300 kilograms." 1. Use measurements that are already used in your language. In order to do this you would need to know how your measurements relate to the metric system and figure out each measurement. * "The bronze from the wave offering weighed 5,300 pounds." 1. Use the measurements from the ULB and include measurements that your people know in the text or a footnote. The following shows both measurements in the text. - * "The bronze from the wave offering weighed seventy talents (2,380 kilograms) and 2,400 shekels (26.4 kilograms)." + * "The bronze that the people contributed weighed seventy talents (2,400 kilograms) and 2,400 shekels (27 kilograms)." 1. Use measurements that your people know, and include the measurements from the ULB in the text or in a footnote. The following shows the ULB measurements in notes. - * "The bronze from the wave offering weighed seventy talents and 2,400 shekels.[1]" + * "The bronze that the people contributed weighed 5,300 pounds.[1]" * The footnote would look like: - [1]This was a total of about 2,400 kilograms. + [1]The Hebrew text has "seventy talents and 2,400 shekels." From e677e67987e80c2efef1b5fb85f22749b3162f6a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Tue, 8 Jan 2019 20:43:12 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 502/551] Update 'translate/translate-bweight/01.md' --- translate/translate-bweight/01.md | 8 ++++---- 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/translate-bweight/01.md b/translate/translate-bweight/01.md index e665f52..133fe0e 100644 --- a/translate/translate-bweight/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-bweight/01.md @@ -39,15 +39,15 @@ The strategies are all applied to Exodus 38:29 below. * "The bronze from the wave offering weighed seventy talent and 2,400 sekel." 1. Use the metric measurements given in the UDB. The translators of the UDB have already figured how to represent the amounts in the metric system. - * "The bronze from the wave offering weighed 2,300 kilograms." + * "The bronze that the people contributed was 2,450 kilograms plus 28 kilograms of bronze coins." 1. Use measurements that are already used in your language. In order to do this you would need to know how your measurements relate to the metric system and figure out each measurement. - * "The bronze from the wave offering weighed 5,300 pounds." + * "The bronze from the wave offering weighed 5,460 pounds." 1. Use the measurements from the ULB and include measurements that your people know in the text or a footnote. The following shows both measurements in the text. - * "The bronze that the people contributed weighed seventy talents (2,400 kilograms) and 2,400 shekels (27 kilograms)." + * "The bronze from the wave offering weighed seventy talents (2,450 kilograms) and 2,400 shekels (28 kilograms)." 1. Use measurements that your people know, and include the measurements from the ULB in the text or in a footnote. The following shows the ULB measurements in notes. - * "The bronze that the people contributed weighed 5,300 pounds.[1]" + * "The bronze from the wave offering weighed 5,460 pounds.[1]" * The footnote would look like: [1]The Hebrew text has "seventy talents and 2,400 shekels." From 3369a65023c79f24b8838c21130c35fd8e7396fb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Wed, 9 Jan 2019 15:15:40 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 503/551] 86 Biblical Measures (distance) --- translate/translate-bdistance/01.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/translate-bdistance/01.md b/translate/translate-bdistance/01.md index 05689ad..9e90511 100644 --- a/translate/translate-bdistance/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-bdistance/01.md @@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ The following terms are the most common measures for distance or length that wer * The **"long" cubit** is used only in Ezekiel 40-48. It is the length of a normal cubit plus a span. * The **stadium** (plural, **stadia**) referred to a certain footrace that was about 185 meters in length. Some older English versions translated this word as "furlong", which referred to the average length of a plowed field. -The metric values in the table below are close but not exactly equal to the biblical measures. The biblical measures probably differed in exact length from time to time and place to place. The equivalents below are an attempt to give an average measurement. +The biblical measures probably differed in exact length from time to time and place to place. So the metric values in the table below are close but not exactly equal to the biblical measures. | Original Measure | Metric Measure | | -------- | -------- | From 9118ab37cff0461ed2d48bb4354afe19e1a9340c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Wed, 9 Jan 2019 15:19:41 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 504/551] 86 Biblical Measures (weight) --- translate/translate-bweight/01.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/translate-bweight/01.md b/translate/translate-bweight/01.md index 133fe0e..0371e33 100644 --- a/translate/translate-bweight/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-bweight/01.md @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ ### Description -The following terms are the most common units of weight in the Bible. The term "shekel" means "weight," and many other weights are described in terms of the shekel. Some of these weights were used for money. The metric values in the table below are not exactly equal to the biblical measures. The biblical measures differed in exact amount from time to time and place to place. The metric equivalents below are based on the shekel being equal to 11.4 grams. +The following terms are the most common units of weight in the Bible. The term "shekel" means "weight," and many other weights are described in terms of the shekel. Some of these weights were used for money. The biblical measures differed in exact amount from time to time and place to place. So the metric values in the table below are close but not exactly equal to the biblical measures. The values below are based on the shekel being equal to 11.4 grams. | Original Measure | Shekels | Grams | Kilograms | |--------------------|----------|---------|------------| From 02ef0f0e33d2de9801e8d6e3338fb4de166e61e5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Wed, 9 Jan 2019 21:11:46 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 505/551] 89 translate-Ordinal --- translate/translate-ordinal/01.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/translate-ordinal/01.md b/translate/translate-ordinal/01.md index 5d7875a..ec725c3 100644 --- a/translate/translate-ordinal/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-ordinal/01.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Description -Ordinal numbers are used to tell the position of something in a set or list. Examples are "first," "second," "third," "fourth," and "fifth." +Ordinal numbers are used to tell the position of something in a series or list. Examples are "first," "second," "third," "fourth," and "fifth." #### Ordinal Numbers in English @@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ Some ordinal numbers in English do not follow that pattern. ### Reasons this is a translation issue: -Some languages do not have special numbers for showing the order of items in a list. There are different ways to deal with this. +Some languages do not have special numbers for showing the order of items in a series or list. There are different ways to deal with this. ### Examples from the Bible From 9801f30aab0f4f151c7c5cc2a4a74dde0a763a7b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Wed, 9 Jan 2019 21:16:38 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 506/551] 89 traslate-SymAction --- translate/translate-symaction/01.md | 8 ++------ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/translate-symaction/01.md b/translate/translate-symaction/01.md index fa7cbe0..0ceffcd 100644 --- a/translate/translate-symaction/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-symaction/01.md @@ -2,12 +2,7 @@ ### Description -A symbolic action is something that someone does in order to express a certain idea. For example, in some cultures people nod their head up and down to mean "Yes" or turn their head from side to side to mean "No." Symbolic actions do not mean the same things in all cultures. In the Bible, sometimes people perform symbolic actions and sometimes they only refer to the symbolic action. - -#### Examples of symbolic actions - -* In some cultures people shake hands when they meet to show that they are willing to be friendly. -* In some cultures people bow when they meet to show respect to each other. +A symbolic action is something that someone does in order to express a certain idea. For example, in some cultures people nod their head up and down to mean "Yes" or turn their head from side to side to mean "No." In the Bible, sometimes people perform symbolic actions and sometimes they only refer to the symbolic action. Symbolic actions do not mean the same things in all cultures. ### Reasons this is a translation issue @@ -22,6 +17,7 @@ Translators need to understand what people in the Bible meant when they used sym >Behold, a man named Jairus ... fell down at Jesus' feet ... (Luke 8:41 ULB) Meaning of symbolic action: He did this to show great respect to Jesus. + >Look, I am standing at the door and am knocking. If anyone hears my voice and opens the door, I will come in to his home and will eat with him, and he with me. (Revelation 3:20 ULB) Meaning of symbolic action: When people wanted someone to welcome them into their home, they stood at the door and knocked on it. From a934953fd7a0b7f6bf7e0b8228e826d48d04e5b6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Wed, 9 Jan 2019 21:21:25 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 507/551] #90 translate/bita --- translate/bita-animals/01.md | 2 ++ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) diff --git a/translate/bita-animals/01.md b/translate/bita-animals/01.md index aac1c98..39b5517 100644 --- a/translate/bita-animals/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-animals/01.md @@ -1,4 +1,6 @@ +### Description + Some images from the Bible involving body parts and human qualities are listed below in alphabetical order. The word in all capital letters represents an idea. The word does not necessarily appear in every verse that has the image, but the idea that the word represents does. #### An ANIMAL HORN represents strength From 73be7d1a912de8cb93c39e84fc0643c84a30304f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Wed, 9 Jan 2019 21:23:43 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 508/551] #90 translate/bita --- translate/bita-plants/01.md | 2 ++ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) diff --git a/translate/bita-plants/01.md b/translate/bita-plants/01.md index ce35a52..96227d2 100644 --- a/translate/bita-plants/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-plants/01.md @@ -1,5 +1,7 @@ +### Description + Some images from the Bible involving plants are listed below in alphabetical order. The word in all capital letters represents an idea. The word does not necessarily appear in every verse that has the image, but the idea that the word represents does. #### A BRANCH represents a person's descendant From 1d693db673cebfd4e447f850da2af460db141a7c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Wed, 9 Jan 2019 21:23:58 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 509/551] #90 translate/bita --- translate/bita-phenom/01.md | 2 ++ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) diff --git a/translate/bita-phenom/01.md b/translate/bita-phenom/01.md index 9bc54e1..f0ac4c8 100644 --- a/translate/bita-phenom/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-phenom/01.md @@ -1,5 +1,7 @@ +### Description + Some images from the Bible involving natural phenomena are listed below. The word in all capital letters represents an image. The word does not necessarily appear in every verse that has the image, but the idea that the word represents does. #### LIGHT represents someone's face (This often combines with FACE represents someone's presence) From c37c1c778faf29b737a2eda3b4b7ed75a0c3440a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Wed, 9 Jan 2019 21:24:07 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 510/551] #90 translate/bita --- translate/bita-part2/01.md | 2 ++ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) diff --git a/translate/bita-part2/01.md b/translate/bita-part2/01.md index a12332c..57f6be2 100644 --- a/translate/bita-part2/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-part2/01.md @@ -1,5 +1,7 @@ +### Description + Some common metonymies from the Bible are listed below in alphabetical order. The word in all capital letters represents an idea. The word does not necessarily appear in every verse that has the image, but the idea that the word represents does. #### A CUP or bowl represents what is in it From 4b89dfb9e837b7f72c8dc5024326383dc9bddd96 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Wed, 9 Jan 2019 21:24:16 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 511/551] #90 translate/bita --- translate/bita-manmade/01.md | 2 ++ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) diff --git a/translate/bita-manmade/01.md b/translate/bita-manmade/01.md index 439158a..697ffc8 100644 --- a/translate/bita-manmade/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-manmade/01.md @@ -1,5 +1,7 @@ +### Description + Some images from the Bible involving man-made objects are listed below in alphabetical order. The word in all capital letters represents an image. The word does not necessarily appear in every verse that has the image, but the idea that the word represents does. #### BRONZE represents strength From 5f33409081d7816177be00eb247f4733db0dd0b6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Wed, 9 Jan 2019 21:24:27 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 512/551] #90 translate/bita --- translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md | 2 ++ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) diff --git a/translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md b/translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md index 177764f..6417d2a 100644 --- a/translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md @@ -1,5 +1,7 @@ +### Description + Some images from the Bible involving human behavior are listed below. The word in all capital letters represents an image. The word does not necessarily appear in every verse that has the image, but the idea that the word represents does. #### BEING BENT OVER represents being discouraged From d198579d38a3d16e7e3794dc1c725f1a842a9bdd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Wed, 9 Jan 2019 21:24:36 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 513/551] #90 translate/bita --- translate/bita-farming/01.md | 2 ++ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) diff --git a/translate/bita-farming/01.md b/translate/bita-farming/01.md index 1f062c3..e057025 100644 --- a/translate/bita-farming/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-farming/01.md @@ -1,4 +1,6 @@ +### Description + Some images from the Bible related to farming are listed below. The word in all capital letters represents an idea. The word does not necessarily appear in every verse that has the image, but the idea that the word represents does appear. #### A FARMER represents God, and the VINEYARD represents his chosen people From 5147ef5e26501cf0deecbb4b9b84b979162c1bf1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Wed, 9 Jan 2019 21:44:31 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 514/551] Issue #90 translate/bita-part1 --- translate/bita-part1/01.md | 13 +++++++------ 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/bita-part1/01.md b/translate/bita-part1/01.md index 0d31b48..892c627 100644 --- a/translate/bita-part1/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-part1/01.md @@ -1,7 +1,5 @@ -This topic discusses ideas that are paired together in limited ways. (For a discussion of more complex pairings, see [Biblical Imagery - Cultural Models](../bita-part3/01.md).*) - ### Description In all languages, most **metaphors** come from broad patterns of pairings of ideas in which one idea represents another. For example, some languages have the pattern of pairing __height__ with "much" and pairing __being low__ with "not much," so that __height__ represents "much" and __being low__ represents "not much." This could be because when there is a lot of something in a pile, that pile will be high. So also if something costs a lot money, in some languages people would say that the price is __high__, or if a city has more people in it than it used to have, we might say that its number of people has gone __up__. Likewise if someone gets thinner and loses weight, we would say that their weight has gone __down__. @@ -20,15 +18,18 @@ This pattern is also seen in Psalm 119:32 where running in the path of God's com These patterns present three challenges to anyone who wants to identify them: -1. When looking at particular metaphors in the Bible, it is not always obvious what two ideas are paired with each other. For example, it may not be immediately obvious that the expression, "It is God who puts strength on me like a belt" (Psalm 18:32 ULB) is based on the pairing of clothing with moral quality. In this case, the image of a belt represents strength. (see "Clothing represents a moral quality" in [Biblical Imagery - Man-made Objects](../bita-manmade/01.md)) - -2. When looking at a particular expression, the translator needs to know whether or not it represents something. This can only be done by considering the surrounding text. The surrounding text shows us, for example, whether "lamp" refers concretely to a container with oil and a wick for giving light or whether "lamp" is an image that represents life. (see "FIRE or LAMP represents life" in [Biblical Imagery - Natural Phenomena](../bita-phenom/01.md)) In 1 Kings 7:50, a lamp trimmer is a tool for trimming the wick on an ordinary lamp. In 2 Samuel 21:17 the lamp of Israel represents King David's life. When his men were concerned that he might "put out the lamp of Israel," they were concerned that he might be killed. +####Determining whether or not there are paired ideas +When looking at a particular expression, the translator needs to know whether or not it represents something. This can only be done by considering the surrounding text. The surrounding text shows us, for example, whether "lamp" refers concretely to a container with oil and a wick for giving light or whether "lamp" is an image that represents life. (see "FIRE or LAMP represents life" in [Biblical Imagery - Natural Phenomena](../bita-phenom/01.md)) In 1 Kings 7:50, a lamp trimmer is a tool for trimming the wick on an ordinary lamp. In 2 Samuel 21:17 the lamp of Israel represents King David's life. When his men were concerned that he might "put out the lamp of Israel," they were concerned that he might be killed. >Solomon also had made the cups, lamp trimmers, basins, spoons, and incense burners, all of which were all made of pure gold. (1 Kings 7:50 ULB) >Ishbi-Benob...intended to kill David. But Abishai son of Zeruiah rescued David, attacked the Philistine, and killed him. Then the men of David swore to him, saying, "You must not go to battle anymore with us, so that you do not put out the lamp of Israel." (2 Samuel 21:16-17 ULB) -3. Expressions that are based on these pairings of ideas frequently combine together in complex ways. Moreover, they frequently combine with—and in some cases are based on—common metonymies and cultural models. (see [Biblical Imagery - Common Metonymies](bita-part2) and [Biblical Imagery - Cultural Models](../bita-part3/01.md)) +####Identifying paired ideas +When looking at particular metaphors in the Bible, it is not always obvious what two ideas are paired with each other. For example, it may not be immediately obvious that the expression, "It is God who puts strength on me like a belt" (Psalm 18:32 ULB) is based on the pairing of clothing with moral quality. In this case, the image of a belt represents strength. (see "Clothing represents a moral quality" in [Biblical Imagery - Man-made Objects](../bita-manmade/01.md)) + +####Identifying combinations of paired ideas +Expressions that are based on these pairings of ideas frequently combine together in complex ways. Moreover, they frequently combine with—and in some cases are based on—common metonymies and cultural models. (see [Biblical Imagery - Common Metonymies](bita-part2) and [Biblical Imagery - Cultural Models](../bita-part3/01.md)) For example, in 2 Samuel 14:7 below, "the burning coal" is an image for the life of the son, who represents what will cause people to remember his father. So there are two patterns of pairings here: the pairing of the burning coal with the life of the son, and the pairing of the son with the memory of his father. From 76453a4b53ab3f799877aa6e90f902fc32d64716 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Thu, 10 Jan 2019 17:30:56 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 515/551] Issue 91 bita-humanbehavior --- translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md | 8 -------- 1 file changed, 8 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md b/translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md index 6417d2a..eea0af4 100644 --- a/translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md @@ -134,14 +134,6 @@ Another word for "eat up" is devour. >Not one of them who despised me will see it, except for my servant Caleb, because he had another spirit. He has followed me fully; I will bring him into the land which he went to examine. His descendants will possess it. (Numbers 14:23-24 ULB) -#### GOING BEFORE, ACCOMPANYING, OR FOLLOWING A KING WITH HIS OTHER ATTENDANTS represents serving him - ->See, his reward is with him, and his recompense is going before him. (Isaiah 62:11 ULB) - ->Righteousness will go before him and make a way for his footsteps. (Psalm 85:13 ULB) - - Reward, recompense, and righteousness are also personified here. (see [Personification](../figs-personification/01.md)) - #### INHERITING represents permanently possessing something >Then the King will say to those on his right hand, "Come, you who have been blessed by my Father, inherit the kingdom prepared for you from the foundation of the world." (Matthew 25:34) From 283634847ec42460773d8fa898bcef8d89e19883 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Thu, 10 Jan 2019 18:31:09 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 516/551] Issue 93 bita-humanbehavior STANDING --- translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md | 6 +++++- 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md b/translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md index eea0af4..dd576d4 100644 --- a/translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md @@ -213,7 +213,11 @@ Noah received righteousness as a permanent possession. #### STANDING represents successfully resisting ->So the wicked will not stand in the judgment, nor sinners in the assembly of the righteous. (Psalm 1:5 ULB) +>Hear, Israel; you are about to cross over the Jordan today, to go in to dispossess nations greater and mightier than yourself, and cities that are great and fortified up to heaven, a people great and tall, the sons of the Anakim, whom you know, and of whom you have heard people say, 'Who can stand before the sons of Anak?' (Deuteronomy 9:1-2 ULB) + +>Who can stand before his wrath? Who can resist the fierceness of his anger? +>His wrath is poured out like fire, and the rocks are broken apart by him. (Nahum 1:6 ULB) + #### WALKING represents behaving and PATH (WAY) represents behavior From 4e78eceb62d2f292e3fef209840d36e37381f986 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Thu, 10 Jan 2019 19:39:15 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 517/551] Update 'translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md' Tried to give clearer wording and examples for "An **HEIR** represents someone who is given something to possess forever" --- translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md | 12 +++--------- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md b/translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md index dd576d4..bb9b990 100644 --- a/translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md +++ b/translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md @@ -158,20 +158,14 @@ Moses asks God to still accept the people of Israel as his special possession, t The wonderful things that God will give all who are set apart for him is viewed as their permanent possession. -An **HEIR** represents someone who permanently possesses something +An **HEIR** represents someone who is given something to possess forever ->For the promise to Abraham and to his descendants that he would be heir of the world did not come through the law but through the righteousness of faith. (Romans 4:13 ULB) +> so that having been justified by his grace, we might become heirs having the hope of eternal life. (Titus 3:7 ULB) -The promise was that Abraham and his descendants would permanently possess the entire world. - ->He has spoken to us through a Son, whom he appointed to be the heir of all things. (Hebrews 1:2 ULB) - -God's Son will receive all things as a permanent possession. +>Listen, my beloved brothers, did not God choose the poor of the world to be rich in faith and to be heirs of the kingdom that he promised to those who love him? (James 2:5 ULB) >It was by faith that Noah...condemned the world and became an heir of the righteousness that is according to faith. (Hebrews 11:7 ULB) -Noah received righteousness as a permanent possession. - #### LYING DOWN represents DYING >When your days are fulfilled and you lie down with your fathers, I will raise up a descendant after you, (2 Samuel 7:12 ULB) From e52a34d32c73f6fc33f1a08f543ef134395eb2a7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Thu, 10 Jan 2019 22:04:11 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 518/551] Update 'translate/figs-doublet/01.md' Forced line breaks before strategies in Translation Strategies Applied. --- translate/figs-doublet/01.md | 8 ++++---- 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-doublet/01.md b/translate/figs-doublet/01.md index 7ef892f..bb30a5b 100644 --- a/translate/figs-doublet/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-doublet/01.md @@ -39,13 +39,13 @@ If a doublet would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consi 1. Translate only one of the words. * **You have decided to prepare false and deceptive words ...** (Daniel 2:9 ULB) - * You have decided to prepare false things to say ... - + * You have decided to prepare false things to say ... + 1. If the doublet is used to intensify the meaning, translate one of the words and add a word that intensifies it such as "very" or "great" or "many." * **... King David was old and advanced in years ...** (1 Kings 1:1 ULB) - * ... King David was very old ... - + * ... King David was very old ... + 1. If the doublet is used to intensify or emphasize the meaning, use one of your language's ways of doing that. * **... a lamb without blemish and without spot...** (1 Peter 1:19 ULB) - English can emphasize this with "any" and "at all." From 6f62dd958ef487ccadcf2579b0224cd82327c3c8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Fri, 11 Jan 2019 16:44:30 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 519/551] Issue 97 Examples from the Bible - Apostrophe --- translate/figs-apostrophe/01.md | 12 ++++++------ 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-apostrophe/01.md b/translate/figs-apostrophe/01.md index 9eba382..64d808a 100644 --- a/translate/figs-apostrophe/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-apostrophe/01.md @@ -9,17 +9,17 @@ Many languages do not use apostrophe, and readers could be confused by it. They ### Examples from the Bible ->Mountains of Gilboa, let there not be dew or rain on you. (2 Samuel 1:21 ULB) +>Mountains of Gilboa, let there not be dew or rain on you. (2 Samuel 1:21 ULB) -King Saul was killed on Mount Gilboa, and David sang a sad song about it. By telling these mountains that he wanted them to have no dew or rain, he showed how sad he was. + * King Saul was killed on Mount Gilboa, and David sang a sad song about it. By telling these mountains that he wanted them to have no dew or rain, he showed how sad he was. ->Jerusalem, Jerusalem, who kills the prophets and stones those sent to you. (Luke 13:34 ULB) +>Jerusalem, Jerusalem, who kills the prophets and stones those sent to you . (Luke 13:34 ULB) -Jesus was expressing his feelings for the people of Jerusalem in front of his disciples and a group of Pharisees. By speaking directly to Jerusalem as though its people could hear him, Jesus showed how deeply he cared about them. + * Jesus was expressing his feelings for the people of Jerusalem in front of his disciples and a group of Pharisees. By speaking directly to Jerusalem as though its people could hear him, Jesus showed how deeply he cared about them. ->He cried against the altar by the word of Yahweh: "Altar, altar! This is what Yahweh says, 'See, ... on you they will burn human bones.' " (1 Kings 13:2 ULB) +>He cried against the altar by the word of Yahweh: "Altar, altar! This is what Yahweh says, 'See, ... on you they will burn human bones.' " (1 Kings 13:2 ULB) -The man of God spoke as if the altar could hear him, but he really wanted the king, who was standing there, to hear him. + * The man of God spoke as if the altar could hear him, but he really wanted the king, who was standing there, to hear him. ### Translation Strategies From b23d0896d8415982b74aabb4c7470cfd6d645ce3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Fri, 11 Jan 2019 17:01:13 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 520/551] Issue 87 translate-numbers --- translate/translate-numbers/01.md | 24 +++--------------------- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/translate-numbers/01.md b/translate/translate-numbers/01.md index bf81d75..238f5bb 100644 --- a/translate/translate-numbers/01.md +++ b/translate/translate-numbers/01.md @@ -4,29 +4,11 @@ There are many numbers in the Bible. They can be written as words, such as "five" or as numerals, such as "5." Some numbers are very large, such as "two hundred" (200), "twenty-two thousand" (22,000), or "one hundred million" (100,000,000.) -Some numbers are exact. - * There were 397 people at the conference. - -Some numbers are rounded. - * There were about 400 people at the conference. - -The word "about" shows that there may have been a little more or a little less than 400. - - * There were hundreds of people at the conference. - -This does not tell how many hundreds of people were at the conference. - - ### Reasons this is a translation issue -Some languages do not have words for some of these numbers. -Translators need to decide how to translate numbers. -Translators need to decide whether to write them as words or numerals. - -### Translation principles - -* Exact numbers should be translated as closely and specifically as they can be. -* Rounded numbers can be translated more generally. +* Some languages do not have words for some of these numbers. +* Translators need to decide how to translate numbers. +* Translators need to decide whether to write them as words or numerals. ### Examples from the Bible From a183cbae266d83b64441e531f1468ed53907cb7a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Fri, 11 Jan 2019 18:13:40 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 521/551] Update 'translate/figs-apostrophe/01.md' --- translate/figs-apostrophe/01.md | 8 ++++---- 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-apostrophe/01.md b/translate/figs-apostrophe/01.md index 64d808a..f4d4ade 100644 --- a/translate/figs-apostrophe/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-apostrophe/01.md @@ -13,14 +13,14 @@ Many languages do not use apostrophe, and readers could be confused by it. They * King Saul was killed on Mount Gilboa, and David sang a sad song about it. By telling these mountains that he wanted them to have no dew or rain, he showed how sad he was. ->Jerusalem, Jerusalem, who kills the prophets and stones those sent to you . (Luke 13:34 ULB) - - * Jesus was expressing his feelings for the people of Jerusalem in front of his disciples and a group of Pharisees. By speaking directly to Jerusalem as though its people could hear him, Jesus showed how deeply he cared about them. - >He cried against the altar by the word of Yahweh: "Altar, altar! This is what Yahweh says, 'See, ... on you they will burn human bones.' " (1 Kings 13:2 ULB) * The man of God spoke as if the altar could hear him, but he really wanted the king, who was standing there, to hear him. +>Jerusalem, Jerusalem, who kills the prophets and stones those sent to you . (Luke 13:34 ULB) + + * Jesus was expressing his feelings for the people of Jerusalem in front of his disciples and a group of Pharisees. By speaking directly to Jerusalem as though its people could hear him, Jesus showed how deeply he cared about them. + ### Translation Strategies If apostrophe would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consider using it. If not, here is another option. From 7a317f2fd7f575e58c4a27982ed8992ae2d8178f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Fri, 11 Jan 2019 18:27:48 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 522/551] Issue 97 Examples from the Bible - Apostrophe Explanation, then example. --- translate/figs-apostrophe/01.md | 14 +++++++------- 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-apostrophe/01.md b/translate/figs-apostrophe/01.md index f4d4ade..6685ba1 100644 --- a/translate/figs-apostrophe/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-apostrophe/01.md @@ -9,18 +9,18 @@ Many languages do not use apostrophe, and readers could be confused by it. They ### Examples from the Bible +When King Saul was killed on Mount Gilboa, David sang a sad song about it. He showed how sad he was by telling the mountains that he wanted them to have no dew or rain. + >Mountains of Gilboa, let there not be dew or rain on you. (2 Samuel 1:21 ULB) - * King Saul was killed on Mount Gilboa, and David sang a sad song about it. By telling these mountains that he wanted them to have no dew or rain, he showed how sad he was. +When a king broke God's law by building a new altar and offering sacrifices on it, a man of God went to the king to rebuke him. The man told how God would punish the king by speaking to the altar as if the altar could hear him, but he really wanted the king to hear him. ->He cried against the altar by the word of Yahweh: "Altar, altar! This is what Yahweh says, 'See, ... on you they will burn human bones.' " (1 Kings 13:2 ULB) +>He cried against the altar by the word of Yahweh: "Altar, altar! This is what Yahweh says, 'See, ... on you they will burn human bones.' " (1 Kings 13:2 ULB) - * The man of God spoke as if the altar could hear him, but he really wanted the king, who was standing there, to hear him. - ->Jerusalem, Jerusalem, who kills the prophets and stones those sent to you . (Luke 13:34 ULB) - - * Jesus was expressing his feelings for the people of Jerusalem in front of his disciples and a group of Pharisees. By speaking directly to Jerusalem as though its people could hear him, Jesus showed how deeply he cared about them. +When Jesus was telling his disciples and a group of Pharisees about the people of Jerusalem, he showed his sadness for the people of Jerusalem by speaking directly to city of Jerusalem as though its people could hear him. But he really wanted the disciples and the Pharisees to hear him. +>Jerusalem, Jerusalem, who kills the prophets and stones those sent to you. How often I desired to gather your children the way a hen gathers her brood under her wings, but you did not desire this. See, your house is abandoned. I say to you, you will not see me until you say, 'Blessed is he who comes in the name of the Lord.'"(Luke 13:34 ULB) +> ### Translation Strategies If apostrophe would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consider using it. If not, here is another option. From 4d6e6e0889378995947de107d4499d9b689fc261 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Fri, 11 Jan 2019 18:50:04 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 523/551] Issue 97 Examples from the Bible - Doublets --- translate/figs-doublet/01.md | 24 +++++++++++------------- 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-doublet/01.md b/translate/figs-doublet/01.md index bb30a5b..4647857 100644 --- a/translate/figs-doublet/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-doublet/01.md @@ -10,36 +10,33 @@ In some languages people do not use doublets. Or they may use doublets, but only ### Examples from the Bible +The phrases "old" and "advanced in years" mean the same thing. Together they mean that David was very old. + >... King David was old and advanced in years.... (1 Kings 1:1 ULB) -The underlined words mean the same thing. Together they mean that he was "very old." +The phrases "more righteous" and "better" mean the same thing. Together they mean that the two men were much more righteous than the one who attacked them. - >... he attacked two men more righteous and better than himself ... (1 Kings 2:32 ULB) +>... he attacked two men more righteous and better than himself ... (1 Kings 2:32 ULB) -This means that they were "much more righteous" than he was. - ->You have decided to prepare false and deceptive words.... (Daniel 2:9 ULB) - -This means that they had prepared "many false things to say." +The phrases "without blemish" and "without spot" mean the same thing. Together they mean that Jesus was like a lamb that did not have any blemish—not even one. >... who was like a lamb without blemish and without spot. (1 Peter 1:19 ULB) -This means that he was like a lamb that did not have any blemish--not even one. ### Translation Strategies If a doublet would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consider using one. If not, consider these strategies. -1. Translate only one of the words. +1. Translate only one of the phrases. 1. If the doublet is used to intensify the meaning, translate one of the words and add a word that intensifies it such as "very" or "great" or "many." 1. If the doublet is used to intensify or emphasize the meaning, use one of your language's ways of doing that. ### Translation Strategies Applied -1. Translate only one of the words. +1. Translate only one of the phrase. - * **You have decided to prepare false and deceptive words ...** (Daniel 2:9 ULB) - * You have decided to prepare false things to say ... + * **... he attacked two men more righteous and better than himself ... (1 Kings 2:32 ULB)** (Daniel 2:9 ULB) + * ... he attacked two men who were more righteous than himself ... 1. If the doublet is used to intensify the meaning, translate one of the words and add a word that intensifies it such as "very" or "great" or "many." @@ -48,6 +45,7 @@ If a doublet would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consi 1. If the doublet is used to intensify or emphasize the meaning, use one of your language's ways of doing that. - * **... a lamb without blemish and without spot...** (1 Peter 1:19 ULB) - English can emphasize this with "any" and "at all." + * **... a lamb without blemish and without spot...** (1 Peter 1:19 ULB) * ... a lamb without any blemish at all ... + From e2518f6db8d367945a560886124cd85c136c458e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Fri, 11 Jan 2019 19:11:45 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 524/551] Issue 97 Examples from the Bible - Dead Metaphors --- translate/figs-metaphordead/01.md | 7 +++---- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-metaphordead/01.md b/translate/figs-metaphordead/01.md index 310fb3e..01f4660 100644 --- a/translate/figs-metaphordead/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-metaphordead/01.md @@ -28,25 +28,24 @@ When translating something that is a dead metaphor into another language, do not ### Examples from the Bible +In the Bible, behaving in certain ways is often spoken of as walking in certain ways. > In the past ages, he allowed all the nations to walk in their own ways. (Acts 14:16 ULB) > ... so also we might walk in newness of life. (Romans 6:4 ULB) -In the Bible, behaving in certain ways is often spoken of as walking in certain ways. +In the Bible, teaching is often spoken of as leading, and believing or doing the wrong thing is often spoken of as going astray. >Do you not know that his kindness is meant to lead you to repentance? (Romans 2:4 ULB) >Many false prophets will rise up and lead many astray. (Matthew 24:11 ULB) -In the Bible, teaching is often spoken of as leading, and believing or doing the wrong thing is often spoken of as going astray. +In the Bible, attitudes and emotions are often spoken of as if they were clothing that could be put on or taken off. Putting on an attitude represents starting to have that attitude, and taking off an attitude represents stopping having that attitude. >Therefore, as God's chosen ones, holy and beloved, put on a heart of mercy, kindness, humility, gentleness, and patience. (Colossians 3:12 ULB) > Therefore take off all sinful filth and abundant amounts of evil. (James 1:21 ULB) -In the Bible, attitudes and emotions are often spoken of as if they were clothing that could be put on or taken off. Putting on an attitude represents starting to have that attitude, and taking off an attitude represents stopping having that attitude. - ### Translation Strategies If people would understand the metaphor in the same way that the original readers would have understood it, go ahead and use it. Be sure to test the translation to make sure that people do understand it in the right way. From f8b421e10f1acd56d5f4c8aeef56f3f4f7258ce1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Fri, 11 Jan 2019 19:41:46 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 525/551] Issue 97 Examples from the Bible --- translate/figs-euphemism/01.md | 11 ++++++----- 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-euphemism/01.md b/translate/figs-euphemism/01.md index 3e23840..21e9fcd 100644 --- a/translate/figs-euphemism/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-euphemism/01.md @@ -9,17 +9,18 @@ Different languages use different euphemisms. If the target language does not us ### Examples from the Bible ->... where there was a cave. Saul went inside to cover his feet. (1 Samuel 24:3 ULB) +The phrase "to cover his feet" is a polite way of speaking about what one does when he uses the toilet. -The original hearers would have understood that Saul went into the cave to use it as a toilet, but the writer wanted to avoid offending or distracting them, so **he did not say specifically** what Saul did or what he left in the cave. +>... where there was a cave. Saul went inside to cover his feet. (1 Samuel 24:3 ULB) + +The phrase "fallen" is a polite way of referring to dying in battle. >... they found Saul and his sons fallen on Mount Gilboa. (1 Chronicles 10:8 ULB) -This means that Saul and his sons "were dead". It is a euphemism because the important thing was not that Saul and his sons had fallen but that they were dead. Sometimes people do not like to speak directly about death because it is unpleasant. +The phrase "know a man" is a polite way of referring to having sexual relations with a man. ->Mary said to the angel, “How will this happen, since I have not known any man?” (Luke 1:34 ULB) +>Mary said to the angel, “How will this happen, since I have not known any man?” (Luke 1:34 ULB) -In order **to be polite**, Mary uses a euphemism to say that she has never had sexual intercourse with a man. ### Translation Strategies From 03768cc819d1c53df66a5324c95b624f6e0b2f07 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Fri, 11 Jan 2019 20:54:44 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 526/551] Issue 97 Examples from the Bible - Hendiadys --- translate/figs-hendiadys/01.md | 10 +++++++--- 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-hendiadys/01.md b/translate/figs-hendiadys/01.md index 52d3c38..9c5c4d8 100644 --- a/translate/figs-hendiadys/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-hendiadys/01.md @@ -11,17 +11,21 @@ When a speaker expresses a single idea by using two words that are connected wit ### Examples from the Bible +In the two examples below, the second noun describes the first noun. + >... who calls you into his own kingdom and glory. (1 Thessalonians 2:12 ULB) -Though "kingdom" and "glory" are both nouns, "glory" actually tells what kind of kingdom it is: it is a his own kingdom of glory or his own glorious kingdom. + * In this figure, the noun "glory" describes "kingdom." It is his glorious kingdom. >... for I will give you words and wisdom ... (Luke 21:15 ULB) -"Words" and "wisdom" are nouns, but in this figure of speech "wisdom" describes "words." + * In this figure, the noun "wisdom" describes "words." They are wise words. + +In the example below the first adjective describes the second adjective. >If you are willing and obedient ... (Isaiah 1:19 ULB) -"Willing" and "obedient" are adjectives, but "willing" describes "obedient." + * The adjective "willing" describes how people should be obedient. They should be willingly obedient. (They should obey willingly.) ### Translation Strategies From 622e9a3d44a40009bd73d63fd9b4980b8d59b17b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Fri, 11 Jan 2019 20:58:02 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 527/551] Update 'translate/figs-hendiadys/01.md' --- translate/figs-hendiadys/01.md | 6 +++--- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-hendiadys/01.md b/translate/figs-hendiadys/01.md index 9c5c4d8..30dc2d3 100644 --- a/translate/figs-hendiadys/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-hendiadys/01.md @@ -15,13 +15,13 @@ In the two examples below, the second noun describes the first noun. >... who calls you into his own kingdom and glory. (1 Thessalonians 2:12 ULB) - * In this figure, the noun "glory" describes "kingdom." It is his glorious kingdom. + * The noun "glory" describes "kingdom." It is his glorious kingdom. >... for I will give you words and wisdom ... (Luke 21:15 ULB) - * In this figure, the noun "wisdom" describes "words." They are wise words. + * The noun "wisdom" describes "words." They are wise words. -In the example below the first adjective describes the second adjective. +In the example below, the first adjective describes the second adjective. >If you are willing and obedient ... (Isaiah 1:19 ULB) From ce45ea70d55565b81c815c04a1ea6207ba5ab345 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Fri, 11 Jan 2019 22:05:10 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 528/551] Issue 97 Examples from the Bible - Hyperbole --- translate/figs-hyperbole/01.md | 51 ++++++++++++---------------------- 1 file changed, 18 insertions(+), 33 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-hyperbole/01.md b/translate/figs-hyperbole/01.md index 40ad57b..a4c3517 100644 --- a/translate/figs-hyperbole/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-hyperbole/01.md @@ -12,26 +12,7 @@ A speaker or writer can use exactly the same words to say something he means as **Hyperbole**: This is a figure of speech that uses **exaggeration**. A speaker deliberately describes something by an extreme or even unreal statement, usually to show his strong feeling or opinion about it. He expects people to understand that he is exaggerating. ->They will not leave one stone upon another ... (Luke 19:44 ULB) - -* This is an exaggeration. It means that the enemies will completely destroy Jerusalem. - -**Generalization:** This is a statement that is true most of the time or in most situations that it could apply to. - ->The one who ignores instruction will have poverty and shame, ->but honor will come to him who learns from correction. (Proverbs 13:18) - -* These generalizations tell about what normally happens to people who ignore instruction and what normally happens to people who learn from correction. - ->When you pray, do not make useless repetitions as the Gentiles do, for they think that they will be heard because of their many words. (Matthew 6:7) - -* This generalization tells about what Gentiles were known for doing. Many Gentiles may have done this. - -Sometimes when people use strong-sounding words like "all," "always," "none," or "never," they mean exactly "all," "always," "none," or "never." But when people use these words in a generalization, they simply mean "most, "most of the time," "hardly any" or "rarely." - ->Moses was educated in all the wisdom of the Egyptians ... (Acts 7:22 ULB) - -* This generalization means that he had learned much of what the Egyptians knew and taught. +**Generalization:** This is a statement that is true most of the time or in most situations that it could apply to. Sometimes when people use strong-sounding words like "all," "always," "none," or "never," they mean exactly "all," "always," "none," or "never." But when people use these words in a generalization, they simply mean "most, "most of the time," "hardly any" or "rarely." ### Reasons this is a translation issue @@ -42,37 +23,42 @@ Sometimes when people use strong-sounding words like "all," "always," "none," or #### Examples of Exaggeration +Jesus used a hyperbole to show how extremely important it is to stop sinning. He did not mean that people should actually cut off their hand, but that we should do whatever extreme things we need to do in order not to sin. + >If your hand causes you to stumble, cut it off. It is better for you to enter into life maimed ... (Mark 9:43 ULB) -When Jesus said to cut off your hand, he meant that we should do whatever extreme things we need to do in order not to sin. He used this hyperbole to show how extremely important it is to try to stop sinning. +The author of 1 Samuel used hyperbole to show that there were many, many soldiers in the Philistine army. It showed the great danger that the Israelites were in. >The Philistines gathered together to fight against Israel, with thirty thousand chariots, six thousand men to drive the chariots, and troops as numerous as the sand on the seashore. (1 Samuel 13:5 ULB) -The underlined phrase is an exaggeration. It means that there were many, many soldiers in the Philistine army. +When Jesus spoke about how Israel's enemies would destroy Jerusalem, he used hyperbole to show that Jerusalem would be terribly destroyed. + +>They will not leave one stone upon another ... (Luke 19:44 ULB) #### Examples of Generalization +Stephen used the word "all" in a generalization about Moses' education. It means that Moses learned much of what the Egyptians knew and taught, not every single thing. + +> Moses was educated in all the wisdom of the Egyptians ... (Acts 7:22 ULB) + +Jesus' disciples used the word "everyone" in a generalization about who was looking for him. They did not mean that every person in the city was looking for him, but that many people were looking for him, or that all of Jesus' closest friends there were looking for him. + >They found him, and they said to him, "Everyone is looking for you." (Mark 1:37 ULB) -The disciples told Jesus that everyone was looking looking for him. They probably did not mean that everyone in the city was looking for him, but that many people were looking for him, or that all of Jesus' closest friends there were looking for him. +John used the word "everything" in a generalization about what God teaches his people. God teaches us about all things that we need to know, not about absolutely everything. >But as his anointing teaches you everything and is true and is not a lie ... (1 John 2:27 ULB) - This is a generalization. God's Spirit teaches us about all things that we need to know, not about everything that is possible to know. - #### Caution -Do not assume that something is an exaggeration just because it seems to be impossible. God does miraculous things. +Do not assume that something is an exaggeration just because it seems to be impossible. God does miraculous things. Jesus really walked on the water. >... they saw Jesus walking on the sea ... (John 6:19 ULB) -This is not hyperbole. Jesus really walked on the water. It is a literal statement. +Do not assume that the word "all" is always a generalization that means "most." Yahweh is always righteous. -Do not assume that the word "all" is always a generalization that means "most." +>Yahweh is righteous in all his ways ... (Psalm 145:17 ULB) ->Yahweh is righteous in all his ways ... (Psalm 145:17 ULB) - -Yahweh is always righteous. This is a completely true statement. ### Translation Strategies @@ -102,5 +88,4 @@ If the exaggeration or generalization would be natural and people would understa 1. For a generalization that has a word like "all," always," "none," or "never," consider deleting that word. * **The whole country of Judea and all the people of Jerusalem went out to him.** (Mark 1:5 ULB) - * The country of Judea and the people of Jerusalem went out to him. - + * The country of Judea and the people of Jerusalem went out to him. \ No newline at end of file From a8247c0c8924682ec7dc7e0e773aae27b3bd2f09 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Thu, 17 Jan 2019 21:24:39 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 529/551] Issue 97 Examples from the Bible - Idiom --- translate/figs-idiom/01.md | 10 +++++----- 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-idiom/01.md b/translate/figs-idiom/01.md index 6dbf0ee..17290e7 100644 --- a/translate/figs-idiom/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-idiom/01.md @@ -14,23 +14,23 @@ An idiom is a figure of speech made up of a group of words that, as a whole, has > But when the young son came to himself ... (Luke 15:17) -The idiom "came to himself" means that he began to think sensibly. He understood his situation. +* The idiom "came to himself" means that he began to think sensibly. He understood his situation. > ... he ... threw himself into the sea. (John 21:7) -The idiom "threw himself" means that he quickly dived or jumped down into the water. +* The idiom "threw himself" means that he quickly dived or jumped down into the water. > robbers, who ... beat him, and left him half dead. (Luke 10:30) -The idiom "half dead" means that he was injured so badly that it appeared that he might die soon. +* The idiom "half dead" means that he was injured so badly that it appeared that he might die soon. >Let these words go deeply into your ears ... (Luke 9:44 ULB) -This idiom means "Listen carefully and remember what I say." +* This idiom means "Listen carefully and remember what I say." >My eyes grow dim from grief ... (Psalm 6:7 ULB) -This idiom means that he cried bitterly for a long time. +* This idiom means that he cried bitterly for a long time. ### Translation Strategies From 0c9a239b8367ba9b705fda0bd467a629ca5cd01c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Thu, 17 Jan 2019 21:43:49 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 530/551] Issue 97 Examples from the Bible - Irony --- translate/figs-irony/01.md | 8 ++++---- 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-irony/01.md b/translate/figs-irony/01.md index 1619d20..5460b2b 100644 --- a/translate/figs-irony/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-irony/01.md @@ -11,19 +11,19 @@ Irony is a figure of speech in which the sense that the speaker intends to commu >How well you reject the commandment of God so you may keep your tradition! (Mark 7:9 ULB) -Here Jesus appears to praise the Pharisees for doing something that is obviously wrong. Through irony, he communicates the opposite of praise: He communicates that the Pharisees, who take great pride in keeping the commandments, are so far from God that they do not even recognize that their traditions are breaking God's commandments. The use of irony makes the Pharisee's sin more obvious and startling. +* Here Jesus appears to praise the Pharisees for doing something that is obviously wrong. Through irony, he communicates the opposite of praise: He communicates that the Pharisees, who take great pride in keeping the commandments, are so far from God that they do not even recognize that their traditions are breaking God's commandments. The use of irony makes the Pharisee's sin more obvious and startling. >Jesus answered them, "People who are well do not need a physician; only people who are sick need one. I did not come to call righteous people, but to call sinners to repentance." (Luke 5:31-32) -When Jesus spoke of "righteous people," he was not referring to people who were truly righteous, but to people who wrongly believed that they were righteous. By using irony, Jesus communicated that they were wrong to think that they were better than others and did not need to repent. +* When Jesus spoke of "righteous people," he was not referring to people who were truly righteous, but to people who wrongly believed that they were righteous. By using irony, Jesus communicated that they were wrong to think that they were better than others and did not need to repent. >"Present your case," says Yahweh; "present your best arguments for your idols," says the King of Jacob. "Let them bring us their own arguments; have them come forward and declare to us what will happen, so we may know these things well. Have them tell us of earlier predictive declarations, so we can reflect on them and know how they were fulfilled." (Isaiah 41:21-22 ULB) -People worshiped idols as if their idols had knowledge or power, and Yahweh was angry at them for doing that. So he used irony and challenged their idols to tell what would happen in the future. He knew that the idols could not do this, but by speaking as if they could, he mocked the idols, making their inability more obvious, and rebuked the people for worshiping them. +* People worshiped idols as if their idols had knowledge or power, and Yahweh was angry at them for doing that. So he used irony and challenged their idols to tell what would happen in the future. He knew that the idols could not do this, but by speaking as if they could, he mocked the idols, making their inability more obvious, and rebuked the people for worshiping them. >How honored the king of Israel was today, who undressed himself today before the eyes of the slave girls among his servants, like one of the crude fellows who shamelessly undresses himself!" -King David's wife said this when she was angry with him for wearing so little clothing when he danced before Yahweh out in the street. When she said "How honored the king of Israel was today," she really meant that he was dishonored and that she was angry about it. +* King David's wife said this when she was angry with him for wearing so little clothing when he danced before Yahweh out in the street. When she said "How honored the king of Israel was today," she really meant that he was dishonored and that she was angry about it. ### Translation Strategies From 248d51ac0d1d981be4e5aabc68341fc2a396e544 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Susan Quigley Date: Thu, 17 Jan 2019 21:58:19 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 531/551] Issue 97 Examples from the Bible - Litotes --- translate/figs-litotes/01.md | 8 +++++--- 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/figs-litotes/01.md b/translate/figs-litotes/01.md index 4283252..c7b9bf7 100644 --- a/translate/figs-litotes/01.md +++ b/translate/figs-litotes/01.md @@ -10,17 +10,19 @@ Some languages do not use litotes. People who speak those languages might not un ### Examples from the Bible +Luke wrote about the night when Peter was in prison and an angel came and helped him escape, even though there were soldiers guarding him. + >Now when it became day, there was no small disturbance among the soldiers, over what had happened to Peter. (Acts 12:18 ULB) -By using litotes, Luke emphasized that there was a great disturbance among the soldiers about what happened to Peter. (Peter had been in prison, and even though there were soldiers guarding him, he escaped when an angel let him out. So the soldiers were very anxious and agitated about this.) +* By using litotes, Luke emphasized that soldiers were very anxious and agitated because Peter had escaped. >Be sure of this—the wicked person will not go unpunished ... (Proverbs 11:21 ULB) -By using litotes, the writer emphasized that wicked people will be punished. +* By using litotes, the writer emphasized that wicked people will be punished. >Not one word has failed out of all Yahweh's good promises that he made with Moses his servant. (1 Kings 8:56) -By using litotes, the writer emphasized that Yahweh did everything that he had promised Moses. +* By using litotes, the writer emphasized that Yahweh did everything that he had promised Moses. ### Translation Strategies From 2b268c6c434e8269da17e732be20dfae7d485526 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chrisjarka Date: Wed, 23 Jan 2019 16:10:55 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 532/551] changed to WA guidelines --- manifest.yaml | 15 ++++++--------- 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-) diff --git a/manifest.yaml b/manifest.yaml index de5fa39..a2c6cb7 100644 --- a/manifest.yaml +++ b/manifest.yaml @@ -3,12 +3,9 @@ dublin_core: conformsto: 'rc0.2' contributor: - - 'Jesse Griffin, BA Biblical Studies, MA Biblical Languages' - - 'Perry Oakes, PhD in Old Testament, MA in Linguistics' - 'Susan Quigley, MA in Linguistics' - 'Henry Whitney, BA Linguistics' - 'James N. Pohlig, M.Div., MA in Linguistics, D. Litt. in Biblical Languages' - - 'Ben Jore, BA Biblical Studies, M.Div.' - 'Bev Staley' - 'Carol Brinneman' - 'Jody Garcia' @@ -60,18 +57,18 @@ projects: - categories: - 'ta' - identifier: 'process' - path: './process' + identifier: 'translate' + path: './translate' sort: 1 - title: 'Process Manual' + title: 'Translation Manual' versification: - categories: - 'ta' - identifier: 'translate' - path: './translate' + identifier: 'jit' + path: './translate/translate-manual' sort: 2 - title: 'Translation Manual' + title: 'Just In Time Learning Topics' versification: - categories: From 9afe8b33da65de5175988d99f43b6acbb0caebd9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chrisjarka Date: Wed, 23 Jan 2019 16:20:28 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 533/551] changed to WA guidelines --- intro/ta-intro/01.md | 9 +++------ 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-) diff --git a/intro/ta-intro/01.md b/intro/ta-intro/01.md index 84dfece..b87948f 100644 --- a/intro/ta-intro/01.md +++ b/intro/ta-intro/01.md @@ -1,12 +1,9 @@ - -### Welcome to translationAcademy - -The "translationAcademy" is intended to enable anyone, anywhere to equip themselves so that they will be able to make high-quality translations of biblical content into their own language. translationAcademy is designed to be highly flexible. It can be used in a systematic, in-advance approach or it can be used for just-in-time learning (or both, as needed). It is modular in structure. +The Translation Manual is intended to enable anyone, anywhere to equip themselves so that they will be able to make high-quality translations of biblical content into their own language. The manual is designed to be highly flexible. It can be used in a systematic, in-advance approach or it can be used for just-in-time learning (or both, as needed). It is modular in structure. translationAcademy contains the following sections: * [Introduction](../ta-intro/01.md) - introduces translationAcademy and the unfoldingWord project -* [Process Manual](../../process/process-manual/01.md) - answers the question "what next?" -* [Translation Manual](../../translate/translate-manual/01.md) - explains the basics of translation theory and practical translation helps +* [Translation Manual](../../translate/translate/01.md) - explains the basics of translation theory and practical translation helps +* [Just In Time Topics](../../translate/translate-manual/01.md) - these are practical translation helps that are also linked from the translationNotes * [Checking Manual](../../checking/intro-check/01.md) - explains the basics of checking theory and best practices From b6a9528abc63cbe004f53aa22ace24a4428b43de Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chrisjarka Date: Wed, 23 Jan 2019 16:23:04 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 534/551] Update 'README.md' --- README.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/README.md b/README.md index f534329..fb3e73f 100644 --- a/README.md +++ b/README.md @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -# English translationAcademy +# English Translation Manual ## Overview From b639a34d01f6b504d5b2c662a8c6001a7f43b7f3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chrisjarka Date: Wed, 23 Jan 2019 16:56:22 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 535/551] reorganize manuals --- manifest.yaml | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/manifest.yaml b/manifest.yaml index a2c6cb7..10a3b8a 100644 --- a/manifest.yaml +++ b/manifest.yaml @@ -65,8 +65,8 @@ projects: - categories: - 'ta' - identifier: 'jit' - path: './translate/translate-manual' + identifier: 'just-in-time' + path: './jit' sort: 2 title: 'Just In Time Learning Topics' versification: From 07e710489b8708e32c1368c09163e16bf24c4050 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ed Davis Date: Fri, 25 Jan 2019 22:30:38 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 536/551] reorganize manuals --- {translate => jit}/figs-partsofspeech/01.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translate => jit}/figs-partsofspeech/01.md (100%) diff --git a/translate/figs-partsofspeech/01.md b/jit/figs-partsofspeech/01.md similarity index 100% rename from translate/figs-partsofspeech/01.md rename to jit/figs-partsofspeech/01.md From 5c7a4cf68f6614178637d2c6c52caa17ee072d61 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ed Davis Date: Fri, 25 Jan 2019 22:32:04 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 537/551] reorganize manuals --- {translate => jit}/figs-partsofspeech/sub-title.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translate => jit}/figs-partsofspeech/sub-title.md (100%) diff --git a/translate/figs-partsofspeech/sub-title.md b/jit/figs-partsofspeech/sub-title.md similarity index 100% rename from translate/figs-partsofspeech/sub-title.md rename to jit/figs-partsofspeech/sub-title.md From c0fcb788637879a676cd5e0b26021797847cb832 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ed Davis Date: Fri, 25 Jan 2019 22:32:55 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 538/551] reorganize manuals --- {translate => jit}/figs-partsofspeech/title.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translate => jit}/figs-partsofspeech/title.md (100%) diff --git a/translate/figs-partsofspeech/title.md b/jit/figs-partsofspeech/title.md similarity index 100% rename from translate/figs-partsofspeech/title.md rename to jit/figs-partsofspeech/title.md From 582f6b5f02d2adc993acfb6d74dc448fe1e11759 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ed Davis Date: Fri, 25 Jan 2019 22:34:04 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 539/551] reorganize manuals --- {translate/figs-possession => figs-possession}/01.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translate/figs-possession => figs-possession}/01.md (100%) diff --git a/translate/figs-possession/01.md b/figs-possession/01.md similarity index 100% rename from translate/figs-possession/01.md rename to figs-possession/01.md From 6e1080171599e378bfbe10add5c79a9901c52522 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ed Davis Date: Fri, 25 Jan 2019 22:34:35 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 540/551] reorganize manuals --- {translate => jit}/figs-possession/sub-title.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translate => jit}/figs-possession/sub-title.md (100%) diff --git a/translate/figs-possession/sub-title.md b/jit/figs-possession/sub-title.md similarity index 100% rename from translate/figs-possession/sub-title.md rename to jit/figs-possession/sub-title.md From 8a6e311852b3c43803d817948d9652084798eb13 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ed Davis Date: Fri, 25 Jan 2019 22:35:09 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 541/551] reorganize manuals --- {translate => jit}/figs-possession/title.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translate => jit}/figs-possession/title.md (100%) diff --git a/translate/figs-possession/title.md b/jit/figs-possession/title.md similarity index 100% rename from translate/figs-possession/title.md rename to jit/figs-possession/title.md From cc87096f86fef56b9be799323c23965c02cc1205 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ed Davis Date: Fri, 25 Jan 2019 22:36:04 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 542/551] reorganize manuals --- {translate => jit}/figs-verbs/01.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translate => jit}/figs-verbs/01.md (100%) diff --git a/translate/figs-verbs/01.md b/jit/figs-verbs/01.md similarity index 100% rename from translate/figs-verbs/01.md rename to jit/figs-verbs/01.md From 42d6ee050b69c177c3b8afcef189f0746e273adf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ed Davis Date: Fri, 25 Jan 2019 22:36:44 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 543/551] reorganize manuals --- {translate => jit}/figs-verbs/sub-title.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translate => jit}/figs-verbs/sub-title.md (100%) diff --git a/translate/figs-verbs/sub-title.md b/jit/figs-verbs/sub-title.md similarity index 100% rename from translate/figs-verbs/sub-title.md rename to jit/figs-verbs/sub-title.md From 21a0cec60f179fbe7d282e37c62b7421827159c8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ed Davis Date: Fri, 25 Jan 2019 22:37:25 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 544/551] reorganize manuals --- {translate => jit}/figs-verbs/title.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translate => jit}/figs-verbs/title.md (100%) diff --git a/translate/figs-verbs/title.md b/jit/figs-verbs/title.md similarity index 100% rename from translate/figs-verbs/title.md rename to jit/figs-verbs/title.md From 5236bbaaa93e1c9ca1d53249e04c91988e53693a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chrisjarka Date: Mon, 4 Feb 2019 18:31:53 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 545/551] reorganize manuals --- manifest.yaml | 6 +++--- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) diff --git a/manifest.yaml b/manifest.yaml index 10a3b8a..0cf10b2 100644 --- a/manifest.yaml +++ b/manifest.yaml @@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ projects: identifier: 'intro' path: './intro' sort: 0 - title: 'Introduction to Translation Manual' + title: 'Introduction' versification: - categories: @@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ projects: identifier: 'translate' path: './translate' sort: 1 - title: 'Translation Manual' + title: 'Translation Tips and Practice' versification: - categories: @@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ projects: identifier: 'just-in-time' path: './jit' sort: 2 - title: 'Just In Time Learning Topics' + title: 'Learning Topics' versification: - categories: From 0a6c035f243e715db9c98b7b5901e4d69d6a5ec9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chrisjarka Date: Mon, 4 Feb 2019 20:02:37 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 546/551] reorganize manuals --- translate/toc.yaml | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/translate/toc.yaml b/translate/toc.yaml index 2e03611..32f697d 100644 --- a/translate/toc.yaml +++ b/translate/toc.yaml @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ title: "Table of Contents" sections: - title: "Introduction" sections: - - title: "Introduction to the Translation Manual" + - title: "Introduction" link: translate-manual - title: "Terms to Know" link: translate-terms @@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ sections: link: resources-words - title: "Using translationQuestions" link: resources-questions - - title: "Just-in-Time Learning Modules" + - title: "Learning Topics" sections: - title: "Figures of Speech" sections: From 11c3037c9c56e7d5bfdee2f42c0b124f0e7cf8c0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chrisjarka Date: Mon, 4 Feb 2019 20:04:41 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 547/551] reorganize manuals --- intro/ta-intro/01.md | 6 +++--- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) diff --git a/intro/ta-intro/01.md b/intro/ta-intro/01.md index b87948f..62cb269 100644 --- a/intro/ta-intro/01.md +++ b/intro/ta-intro/01.md @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ The Translation Manual is intended to enable anyone, anywhere to equip themselve translationAcademy contains the following sections: * [Introduction](../ta-intro/01.md) - introduces translationAcademy and the unfoldingWord project -* [Translation Manual](../../translate/translate/01.md) - explains the basics of translation theory and practical translation helps -* [Just In Time Topics](../../translate/translate-manual/01.md) - these are practical translation helps that are also linked from the translationNotes -* [Checking Manual](../../checking/intro-check/01.md) - explains the basics of checking theory and best practices +* [Translation Tips and Practices](../../translate/translate/01.md) - explains the basics of translation theory and practical translation helps +* [Learning Topics](../../translate/translate-manual/01.md) - these are practical translation helps that are also linked from the translationNotes +* [Checking](../../checking/intro-check/01.md) - explains the basics of checking theory and best practices From 8bec8b198a70db56dba77fa3e988e83ae9564e90 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chrisjarka Date: Mon, 4 Feb 2019 20:05:05 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 548/551] reorganize manuals --- intro/ta-intro/01.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/intro/ta-intro/01.md b/intro/ta-intro/01.md index 62cb269..a9fb7e3 100644 --- a/intro/ta-intro/01.md +++ b/intro/ta-intro/01.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ The Translation Manual is intended to enable anyone, anywhere to equip themselves so that they will be able to make high-quality translations of biblical content into their own language. The manual is designed to be highly flexible. It can be used in a systematic, in-advance approach or it can be used for just-in-time learning (or both, as needed). It is modular in structure. -translationAcademy contains the following sections: +The Translation Manual contains the following sections: * [Introduction](../ta-intro/01.md) - introduces translationAcademy and the unfoldingWord project * [Translation Tips and Practices](../../translate/translate/01.md) - explains the basics of translation theory and practical translation helps From 68cf40ca428567638187ee1f8e202b4ddf5f7819 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chrisjarka Date: Mon, 4 Feb 2019 20:05:45 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 549/551] reorganize manuals --- intro/ta-intro/title.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/intro/ta-intro/title.md b/intro/ta-intro/title.md index 153ee3b..9a6c9a0 100644 --- a/intro/ta-intro/title.md +++ b/intro/ta-intro/title.md @@ -1 +1 @@ -Introduction to the Translation Manual \ No newline at end of file +Introduction \ No newline at end of file From e652e7434fca7855484bbac12bd45707e736d45f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chrisjarka Date: Mon, 4 Feb 2019 20:06:48 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 550/551] reorganize manuals --- intro/ta-intro/sub-title.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/intro/ta-intro/sub-title.md b/intro/ta-intro/sub-title.md index 87e8e2e..923077b 100644 --- a/intro/ta-intro/sub-title.md +++ b/intro/ta-intro/sub-title.md @@ -1 +1 @@ -What is translationAcademy? \ No newline at end of file +What is the Translation Manual? \ No newline at end of file From 8e429d48380fa842fada2e21ec3e7accb7acc8de Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chrisjarka Date: Tue, 5 Feb 2019 15:54:30 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 551/551] reorganize manuals --- {figs-possession => jit/figs-possession}/01.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {figs-possession => jit/figs-possession}/01.md (100%) diff --git a/figs-possession/01.md b/jit/figs-possession/01.md similarity index 100% rename from figs-possession/01.md rename to jit/figs-possession/01.md