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Standardized heading

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Henry Whitney 2018-10-22 11:07:48 -04:00
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62 changed files with 94 additions and 60 deletions
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archive/translate/figs-inclusive/01.md
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@ -10,7 +10,9 @@ See the pictures. The people on the right are the people that the speaker is tal
![](https://cdn.door43.org/ta/jpg/vocabulary/we_us_exclusive.jpg) ![](https://cdn.door43.org/ta/jpg/vocabulary/we_us_exclusive.jpg)
**Reason this is a translation issue** - The Bible was first written in the Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek languages. Like English, these languages do not have separate exclusive and inclusive forms for "we." Translators whose language has separate exclusive and inclusive forms of "we" will need to understand what the speaker meant so they can decide which form of "we" to use. ### Reasons this is a translation issue
The Bible was first written in the Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek languages. Like English, these languages do not have separate exclusive and inclusive forms for "we." Translators whose language has separate exclusive and inclusive forms of "we" will need to understand what the speaker meant so they can decide which form of "we" to use.
### Examples from the Bible ### Examples from the Bible

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archive/translate/figs-informremind/01.md
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@ -17,9 +17,11 @@ The phrase "who was very thankful" immediately follows the word "sister" and inf
**Reason people use these phrases**: People often present either reminders or new information in a weak way. They do this when they want their listener to give most of his attention to something else they are saying. In the example above, the speaker wants most attention to be given to what Mary did, NOT to how her sister responded. **Reason people use these phrases**: People often present either reminders or new information in a weak way. They do this when they want their listener to give most of his attention to something else they are saying. In the example above, the speaker wants most attention to be given to what Mary did, NOT to how her sister responded.
**Reason this is a translation Issue:** Languages have different ways of signaling the parts of communication that the listener should pay most attention to. ### Reasons this is a translation issue
#### Translation Principles Languages have different ways of signaling the parts of communication that the listener should pay most attention to.
### Translation Principles
* If your language does not use phrases with a noun for new information or a reminder, you may need to put that information or reminder in a different part of the sentence. * If your language does not use phrases with a noun for new information or a reminder, you may need to put that information or reminder in a different part of the sentence.
* Try to present it in a weak way. * Try to present it in a weak way.

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archive/translate/figs-infostructure/01.md
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@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ Although all languages have a normal order for parts of a sentence, this order c
This puts the most important information first, which is normal for English. Many other languages would normally put the most important information last. In the flow of a text, the most important information is usually what the writer considers to be new information for the reader. In some languages the new information comes first, and in others it comes last. This puts the most important information first, which is normal for English. Many other languages would normally put the most important information last. In the flow of a text, the most important information is usually what the writer considers to be new information for the reader. In some languages the new information comes first, and in others it comes last.
### Reasons this is a translation Issue ### Reasons this is a translation issue
* Different languages arrange the parts of a sentence in different ways. If a translator copies the order of the parts of a sentence from the source, it may not make sense in his language. * Different languages arrange the parts of a sentence in different ways. If a translator copies the order of the parts of a sentence from the source, it may not make sense in his language.
* Different languages put important or new information in different places in the sentence. If a translator keeps the important or new information in the same place that it had in the source language, it may be confusing or give the wrong message in his language. * Different languages put important or new information in different places in the sentence. If a translator keeps the important or new information in the same place that it had in the source language, it may be confusing or give the wrong message in his language.

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archive/translate/figs-synonparallelism/01.md
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@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ Synonymous parallelism in poetry has several effects:
* It helps the hearer to think more deeply about the idea by saying it in different ways. * It helps the hearer to think more deeply about the idea by saying it in different ways.
* It makes the language more beautiful and above the ordinary way of speaking. * It makes the language more beautiful and above the ordinary way of speaking.
#### Reason this is a Translation Issue ### Reasons this is a translation issue
In some languages people do not expect someone to say the same thing twice, even in different ways. They expect that if there are two phrases or two sentences, they must have different meanings. So they do not understand that the repetition of ideas serves to emphasize the idea. In some languages people do not expect someone to say the same thing twice, even in different ways. They expect that if there are two phrases or two sentences, they must have different meanings. So they do not understand that the repetition of ideas serves to emphasize the idea.

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archive/translate/translate-decimal/01.md
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@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ In the Unlocked Dynamic Bible (UDB) parts of a number are written as decimals or
|.25 |twenty-five one hundredths | one fourth | |.25 |twenty-five one hundredths | one fourth |
|.75 |seventy-five one hundredths | three fourths | |.75 |seventy-five one hundredths | three fourths |
#### Reasons this is a translation issue ### Reasons this is a translation issue
* If translators want to use the measures in the UDB, they will need to be able to understand the decimal numbers that are used with them. * If translators want to use the measures in the UDB, they will need to be able to understand the decimal numbers that are used with them.
* Translators will need to write the numbers in a way that their readers will understand them. * Translators will need to write the numbers in a way that their readers will understand them.

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translate/figs-123person/01.md
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@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ Normally a speaker refers to himself as "I" and the person he is speaking to as
* **Second person** - This is how a speaker normally refers to the person or people he is speaking to. English uses the pronoun "you." (Also: your, yours) * **Second person** - This is how a speaker normally refers to the person or people he is speaking to. English uses the pronoun "you." (Also: your, yours)
* **Third person** - This is how a speaker refers to someone else. English uses the pronouns "he," "she," "it" and "they." (Also: him, his, her, hers, its; them, their, theirs) Noun phrases like "the man" or "the woman" are also third person. * **Third person** - This is how a speaker refers to someone else. English uses the pronouns "he," "she," "it" and "they." (Also: him, his, her, hers, its; them, their, theirs) Noun phrases like "the man" or "the woman" are also third person.
### Reason this is a Translation Issue ### Reasons this is a translation issue
Sometimes in the Bible a speaker used the third person to refer to himself or to the people he was speaking to. Readers might think that the speaker was referring to someone else. They might not understand that he meant "I" or "you." Sometimes in the Bible a speaker used the third person to refer to himself or to the people he was speaking to. Readers might think that the speaker was referring to someone else. They might not understand that he meant "I" or "you."

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translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md
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@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ Remember that nouns are words that refer to a person, place, thing, or idea. **A
Using abstract nouns allows people to express thoughts about ideas in fewer words than if they did not have those nouns. It is a way of giving names to actions or qualities so that people can talk about them as though they were things. It is like a short-cut in language. For example, in languages that use abstract nouns, people can say, "I believe in the forgiveness of sin." But if the language did not have the two abstract nouns "forgiveness" and "sin," then they would have to make a longer sentence to express the same meaning. They would have to say, for example, "I believe that God is willing to forgive people after they have sinned," using verb phrases instead of nouns for those ideas. Using abstract nouns allows people to express thoughts about ideas in fewer words than if they did not have those nouns. It is a way of giving names to actions or qualities so that people can talk about them as though they were things. It is like a short-cut in language. For example, in languages that use abstract nouns, people can say, "I believe in the forgiveness of sin." But if the language did not have the two abstract nouns "forgiveness" and "sin," then they would have to make a longer sentence to express the same meaning. They would have to say, for example, "I believe that God is willing to forgive people after they have sinned," using verb phrases instead of nouns for those ideas.
#### Reason this is a translation issue ### Reasons this is a translation issue
The Bible that you translate from may use abstract nouns to express certain ideas. Your language might not use abstract nouns for some of those ideas; instead, it might use phrases to express those ideas. Those phrases will use other kinds of words such as adjectives, verbs, or adverbs to express the meaning of the abstract noun. The Bible that you translate from may use abstract nouns to express certain ideas. Your language might not use abstract nouns for some of those ideas; instead, it might use phrases to express those ideas. Those phrases will use other kinds of words such as adjectives, verbs, or adverbs to express the meaning of the abstract noun.

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translate/figs-activepassive/01.md
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@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ In the examples of active and passive sentences below, we have underlined the su
* **PASSIVE**: <u>The house</u> was built by my father in 2010. * **PASSIVE**: <u>The house</u> was built by my father in 2010.
* **PASSIVE**: <u>The house</u> was built in 2010. (This does not tell who did the action.) * **PASSIVE**: <u>The house</u> was built in 2010. (This does not tell who did the action.)
#### Reasons this is a translation issue ### Reasons this is a translation issue
All languages have active forms. Some languages have passive forms, and some do not.  All languages have active forms. Some languages have passive forms, and some do not. 
The passive form is not used for the same purposes in all of the languages that have it. The passive form is not used for the same purposes in all of the languages that have it.

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translate/figs-apostrophe/01.md
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@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
An apostrophe is a figure of speech in which a speaker turns his attention away from his listeners and speaks to someone or something that he knows cannot hear him. He does this to tell his listeners his message or feelings about that person or thing in a very strong way. An apostrophe is a figure of speech in which a speaker turns his attention away from his listeners and speaks to someone or something that he knows cannot hear him. He does this to tell his listeners his message or feelings about that person or thing in a very strong way.
### Reason this is a translation issue ### Reasons this is a translation issue
Many languages do not use apostrophe, and readers could be confused by it. They may wonder who the speaker is talking to, or think that the speaker is crazy to talk to things or people who cannot hear. Many languages do not use apostrophe, and readers could be confused by it. They may wonder who the speaker is talking to, or think that the speaker is crazy to talk to things or people who cannot hear.

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translate/figs-declarative/01.md
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@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
Normally statements are used to give information. But sometimes they are used in the Bible for other functions. Normally statements are used to give information. But sometimes they are used in the Bible for other functions.
### Reason this is a translation issue ### Reasons this is a translation issue
Some languages would not use a statement for some of the functions that statements are used for in the Bible. Some languages would not use a statement for some of the functions that statements are used for in the Bible.

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translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md
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@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ A double negative occurs when a sentence has two words that each express the mea
>Be sure of this—the wicked person will <u>not</u> go <u>un</u>punished.... (Proverbs 11:21 ULB) >Be sure of this—the wicked person will <u>not</u> go <u>un</u>punished.... (Proverbs 11:21 ULB)
#### Reason this is a translation issue ### Reasons this is a translation issue
Double negatives mean very different things in different languages. Double negatives mean very different things in different languages.

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translate/figs-doublet/01.md
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@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
We are using the word "doublet" to refer to two words or very short phrases that mean the same thing or very close to the same thing and that are used together. Often they are joined with the word "and." Often they are used to emphasize or intensify the idea expressed by the two words. We are using the word "doublet" to refer to two words or very short phrases that mean the same thing or very close to the same thing and that are used together. Often they are joined with the word "and." Often they are used to emphasize or intensify the idea expressed by the two words.
#### Reason this is a translation issue ### Reasons this is a translation issue
In some languages people do not use doublets. Or they may use doublets, but only in certain situations, so a doublet might not make sense in their language in some verses. In either case, translators may need to find some other way to express the meaning expressed by the doublet. In some languages people do not use doublets. Or they may use doublets, but only in certain situations, so a doublet might not make sense in their language in some verses. In either case, translators may need to find some other way to express the meaning expressed by the doublet.

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translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md
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@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ Here are three examples of elliptical sentences whose missing words were already
* "I drank water, not milk" means "I drank water; <u>I did</u> not <u>drink</u> milk. * "I drank water, not milk" means "I drank water; <u>I did</u> not <u>drink</u> milk.
* "I drank water, and Tom did, too" means "I drank water, and Tom <u>drank water</u>, too." * "I drank water, and Tom did, too" means "I drank water, and Tom <u>drank water</u>, too."
### Reason this is a translation issue ### Reasons this is a translation issue
Readers who see incomplete sentences or phrases may not know what the missing information is if they do not use ellipsis in their language. Readers who see incomplete sentences or phrases may not know what the missing information is if they do not use ellipsis in their language.

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translate/figs-euphemism/01.md
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@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
A euphemism is a mild or polite way of referring to something that is unpleasant, embarrassing, or socially unacceptable, such as death or activities usually done in private. A euphemism is a mild or polite way of referring to something that is unpleasant, embarrassing, or socially unacceptable, such as death or activities usually done in private.
### Reason this is a translation issue ### Reasons this is a translation issue
Different languages use different euphemisms. If the target language does not use the same euphemism as in the source language, readers may not understand what it means, and they may think that the writer means only what the words literally say. Different languages use different euphemisms. If the target language does not use the same euphemism as in the source language, readers may not understand what it means, and they may think that the writer means only what the words literally say.

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translate/figs-events/01.md
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@ -4,7 +4,9 @@
In the Bible, events are not always told in the order in which they occurred. Sometimes the author wanted to discuss something that happened at an earlier time than the event that he just talked about. This can be confusing to the reader. In the Bible, events are not always told in the order in which they occurred. Sometimes the author wanted to discuss something that happened at an earlier time than the event that he just talked about. This can be confusing to the reader.
**Reason this is a translation issue:** Readers might think that the events happened in the order that they are told. It is important to help them understand the correct order of events. ### Reasons this is a translation issue
Readers might think that the events happened in the order that they are told. It is important to help them understand the correct order of events.
### Examples from the Bible ### Examples from the Bible

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translate/figs-exclamations/01.md
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@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ Exclamations are words or sentences that show strong feeling such as surprise, j
>When the demon had been driven out, the mute man spoke. The crowds were astonished and said, "This has never been seen before in Israel!" (Matthew 9:33 ULB) >When the demon had been driven out, the mute man spoke. The crowds were astonished and said, "This has never been seen before in Israel!" (Matthew 9:33 ULB)
### Reason this is a translation issue ### Reasons this is a translation issue
Languages have different ways of showing that a sentence communicates strong emotion. Languages have different ways of showing that a sentence communicates strong emotion.

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translate/figs-exclusive/01.md
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@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ See the pictures. The people on the right are the people that the speaker is tal
![](https://cdn.door43.org/ta/jpg/vocabulary/we_us_exclusive.jpg) ![](https://cdn.door43.org/ta/jpg/vocabulary/we_us_exclusive.jpg)
### Reason this is a translation issue ### Reasons this is a translation issue
The Bible was first written in the Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek languages. Like English, these languages do not have separate exclusive and inclusive forms for "we." Translators whose language has separate exclusive and inclusive forms of "we" will need to understand what the speaker meant so that they can decide which form of "we" to use. The Bible was first written in the Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek languages. Like English, these languages do not have separate exclusive and inclusive forms for "we." Translators whose language has separate exclusive and inclusive forms of "we" will need to understand what the speaker meant so that they can decide which form of "we" to use.

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translate/figs-explicitinfo/01.md
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@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
Some languages have ways of saying things that are natural for them but sound strange when translated into other languages. One of the reasons for this is that some languages say things explicitly that the other languages would leave as implicit information. Some languages have ways of saying things that are natural for them but sound strange when translated into other languages. One of the reasons for this is that some languages say things explicitly that the other languages would leave as implicit information.
#### Reasons this is a translation issue ### Reasons this is a translation issue
If you translate all of the explicit information from the source language into the explicit information in the target language, it could sound foreign, unnatural, or perhaps even unintelligent if the target language would not make that information explicit. Instead, it is best to leave that kind of information implicit in the target language. If you translate all of the explicit information from the source language into the explicit information in the target language, it could sound foreign, unnatural, or perhaps even unintelligent if the target language would not make that information explicit. Instead, it is best to leave that kind of information implicit in the target language.

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translate/figs-gendernotations/01.md
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@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ Also in some languages, the masculine pronouns "he" and "him" and "his" can be u
><u>He</u> who finds <u>his</u> life will lose it. (Matthew 10:39 ULB) ><u>He</u> who finds <u>his</u> life will lose it. (Matthew 10:39 ULB)
#### Reason this is a translation issue ### Reasons this is a translation issue
* In some cultures words like "man," "brother," and "son" can only be used to refer to men. If those words are used in a translation in a more general way, people will think that what is being said does not apply to women. * In some cultures words like "man," "brother," and "son" can only be used to refer to men. If those words are used in a translation in a more general way, people will think that what is being said does not apply to women.
* In some cultures, the masculine pronouns "he" and "him" can only refer to men. If a masculine pronoun is used, people will think that what is said does not apply to women. * In some cultures, the masculine pronouns "he" and "him" can only refer to men. If a masculine pronoun is used, people will think that what is said does not apply to women.

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translate/figs-genericnoun/01.md
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@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ Generic noun phrases refer to people or things in general rather than to specifi
The underlined phrases above do not refer to a specific man. They refer to any man who does these things. The underlined phrases above do not refer to a specific man. They refer to any man who does these things.
#### Reason this is a translation issue ### Reasons this is a translation issue
Different languages have different ways of showing that noun phrases refer to something in general. Translators should refer to these general ideas in ways that are natural in their language. Different languages have different ways of showing that noun phrases refer to something in general. Translators should refer to these general ideas in ways that are natural in their language.

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translate/figs-go/01.md
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@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
Different languages have different ways of determining whether to use the words "go" or "come" and whether to use the words "take" or "bring" when talking about motion. For example, when saying that they are approaching a person who has called them, English speakers say "I'm coming," while Spanish speakers say "I'm going." You will need to translate the words "go" and "come" (and also "take" and "bring") in a way that your readers will understand which direction people are moving in. Different languages have different ways of determining whether to use the words "go" or "come" and whether to use the words "take" or "bring" when talking about motion. For example, when saying that they are approaching a person who has called them, English speakers say "I'm coming," while Spanish speakers say "I'm going." You will need to translate the words "go" and "come" (and also "take" and "bring") in a way that your readers will understand which direction people are moving in.
### Reason this is a translation issue ### Reasons this is a translation issue
Different languages have different ways of talking about motion. The biblical languages or your source language may use the words "go" and "come" or "take" and "bring" differently than your language uses them. If these words are not translated in the way that is natural in your language, your readers may be confused about which direction people are moving. Different languages have different ways of talking about motion. The biblical languages or your source language may use the words "go" and "come" or "take" and "bring" differently than your language uses them. If these words are not translated in the way that is natural in your language, your readers may be confused about which direction people are moving.

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translate/figs-hendiadys/01.md
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@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
When a speaker expresses a single idea by using two words that are connected with "and," it is called "hendiadys." In hendiadys, the two words work together. Usually one of the words is the primary idea and the other word further describes the primary one. When a speaker expresses a single idea by using two words that are connected with "and," it is called "hendiadys." In hendiadys, the two words work together. Usually one of the words is the primary idea and the other word further describes the primary one.
#### Reasons this is a translation issue ### Reasons this is a translation issue
* Often hendiadys contains an abstract noun. Some languages may not have a noun with the same meaning. * Often hendiadys contains an abstract noun. Some languages may not have a noun with the same meaning.
* Many languages do not use hendiadys, so people may not understand how the two words work together; one word describing the other. * Many languages do not use hendiadys, so people may not understand how the two words work together; one word describing the other.

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translate/figs-hyperbole/01.md
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@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ Sometimes when people use strong-sounding words like "all," "always," "none," or
* This generalization means that he had learned much of what the Egyptians knew and taught. * This generalization means that he had learned much of what the Egyptians knew and taught.
#### Reason this is a translation issue ### Reasons this is a translation issue
1. Readers need to be able to understand whether or not a statement is completely true. 1. Readers need to be able to understand whether or not a statement is completely true.
1. If readers realize that a statement is not completely true, they need to be able to understand whether it is a hyperbole, a generalization, or a lie. (Though the Bible is completely true, it tells about people who did not always tell the truth.) 1. If readers realize that a statement is not completely true, they need to be able to understand whether it is a hyperbole, a generalization, or a lie. (Though the Bible is completely true, it tells about people who did not always tell the truth.)

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translate/figs-hypo/01.md
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@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ People sometimes express regrets about things that have not happened or that are
* If only he were here. * If only he were here.
* If only he would come. * If only he would come.
#### Reason this is a translation issue ### Reasons this is a translation issue
* Translators need to recognize the different kinds of hypothetical situations in the Bible. * Translators need to recognize the different kinds of hypothetical situations in the Bible.
* Translators need to know their own language's ways of talking about different kinds of hypothetical situations. * Translators need to know their own language's ways of talking about different kinds of hypothetical situations.

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translate/figs-idiom/01.md
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@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ An idiom is a figure of speech made up of a group of words that, as a whole, has
An idiom is created in a culture when someone describes something in an unusual way. When that unusual way communicates the message powerfully and people understand it clearly, other people start to use it. After a while, it becomes a normal way of talking in that language. An idiom is created in a culture when someone describes something in an unusual way. When that unusual way communicates the message powerfully and people understand it clearly, other people start to use it. After a while, it becomes a normal way of talking in that language.
#### Reasons this is a translation issue ### Reasons this is a translation issue
* People can easily misunderstand idioms in the original languages of the Bible if they do not know the cultures that produced the Bible. * People can easily misunderstand idioms in the original languages of the Bible if they do not know the cultures that produced the Bible.
* People can easily misunderstand idioms that are in the source language Bibles if they do not know the cultures that made those translations. * People can easily misunderstand idioms that are in the source language Bibles if they do not know the cultures that made those translations.

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translate/figs-imperative/01.md
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@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
Imperative sentences are mainly used to express a desire or requirement that someone do something. Sometimes imperative sentences in the Bible have other uses. Imperative sentences are mainly used to express a desire or requirement that someone do something. Sometimes imperative sentences in the Bible have other uses.
### Reason this is a translation issue ### Reasons this is a translation issue
Some languages would not use an imperative sentence for some of the functions that they are used for in the Bible. Some languages would not use an imperative sentence for some of the functions that they are used for in the Bible.

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translate/figs-irony/01.md
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@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
Irony is a figure of speech in which the sense that the speaker intends to communicate is actually the opposite of the literal meaning of the words. Sometimes a person does this by using someone else's words, but in a way that communicates that he does not agree with them. People do this to emphasize how different something is from what it should be, or how someone else's belief about something is wrong or foolish. It often expresses anger. Irony is a figure of speech in which the sense that the speaker intends to communicate is actually the opposite of the literal meaning of the words. Sometimes a person does this by using someone else's words, but in a way that communicates that he does not agree with them. People do this to emphasize how different something is from what it should be, or how someone else's belief about something is wrong or foolish. It often expresses anger.
#### Reason this is a translation issue ### Reasons this is a translation issue
* If someone does not realize that a speaker is using irony, he will think that the speaker actually believes what he is saying. He will understand the passage to mean the opposite of what it was intended to mean. * If someone does not realize that a speaker is using irony, he will think that the speaker actually believes what he is saying. He will understand the passage to mean the opposite of what it was intended to mean.

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translate/figs-litotes/01.md
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@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
Litotes is a figure of speech in which the speaker expresses a strong positive meaning by using two negative words or a negative word with a word that means the opposite of the meaning he intends. A few examples of negative words are "no," "not," "none," and "never." The opposite of "good" is "bad." Someone could say that something is "not bad" to mean that it is extremely good. Litotes is a figure of speech in which the speaker expresses a strong positive meaning by using two negative words or a negative word with a word that means the opposite of the meaning he intends. A few examples of negative words are "no," "not," "none," and "never." The opposite of "good" is "bad." Someone could say that something is "not bad" to mean that it is extremely good.
#### Reason this is a translation issue ### Reasons this is a translation issue
Some languages do not use litotes. People who speak those languages might not understand that a statement using litotes actually strengthens the positive meaning. Instead, they might think that it weakens or even cancels the positive meaning. Some languages do not use litotes. People who speak those languages might not understand that a statement using litotes actually strengthens the positive meaning. Instead, they might think that it weakens or even cancels the positive meaning.

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translate/figs-merism/01.md
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Merism is a figure of speech in which a person refers to something by speaking of two extreme parts of it. By referring to the extreme parts, the speaker intends to include those who parts and everything in between them. Merism is a figure of speech in which a person refers to something by speaking of two extreme parts of it. By referring to the extreme parts, the speaker intends to include those who parts and everything in between them.
#### Reason this is a translation issue ### Reasons this is a translation issue
Some languages do not use merism. The readers of those languages may think that the phrase only applies to the items mentioned. They may not realize that it refers to those two things and everything in between. Some languages do not use merism. The readers of those languages may think that the phrase only applies to the items mentioned. They may not realize that it refers to those two things and everything in between.

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translate/figs-metaphor/01.md
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@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ In this metaphor, Jesus called himself the bread of life. The **topic** is "I,"
* Another purpose is to emphasize that something has a particular quality or to show that it has that quality in an extreme way. * Another purpose is to emphasize that something has a particular quality or to show that it has that quality in an extreme way.
* Another purpose is to lead people to feel the same way about the **topic** as they would feel about the **image**. * Another purpose is to lead people to feel the same way about the **topic** as they would feel about the **image**.
#### Reasons this is a translation issue ### Reasons this is a translation issue
* People may not recognize that something is a metaphor. In other words, they may mistake a metaphor for a literal statement, and thus misunderstand it. * People may not recognize that something is a metaphor. In other words, they may mistake a metaphor for a literal statement, and thus misunderstand it.
* People may not be familiar with the thing that is used as an image, and so not be able to understand the metaphor. * People may not be familiar with the thing that is used as an image, and so not be able to understand the metaphor.

2
translate/figs-metonymy/01.md
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@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ The cup represents the wine that is in the cup.
* to shorten the way of referring to something * to shorten the way of referring to something
* to make an abstract idea more meaningful by referring to it with the name of a physical object associated with it * to make an abstract idea more meaningful by referring to it with the name of a physical object associated with it
### Reason this is a translation issue ### Reasons this is a translation issue
The Bible uses metonymy very often. Speakers of some languages are not used to metonymy and they may not recognize it when they read it in the Bible. If they do not recognize the metonymy, they will not understand the passage or, worse yet, they will get a wrong understanding of the passage. Whenever a metonym is used, people need to be able to understand what it represents. The Bible uses metonymy very often. Speakers of some languages are not used to metonymy and they may not recognize it when they read it in the Bible. If they do not recognize the metonymy, they will not understand the passage or, worse yet, they will get a wrong understanding of the passage. Whenever a metonym is used, people need to be able to understand what it represents.

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translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md
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@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ Here is a sentence that shows that "rich" can also function as a noun.
In Exodus 30:15, the word "rich" acts as a noun in the phrase "the rich," and it refers to rich people. The word "poor" also acts as a noun and refers to poor people. In Exodus 30:15, the word "rich" acts as a noun in the phrase "the rich," and it refers to rich people. The word "poor" also acts as a noun and refers to poor people.
### Reason this is a translation issue ### Reasons this is a translation issue
* Many times in the Bible adjectives are used as nouns to describe a group of people. * Many times in the Bible adjectives are used as nouns to describe a group of people.
* Some languages do not use adjectives in this way. * Some languages do not use adjectives in this way.

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translate/figs-parallelism/01.md
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@ -16,7 +16,11 @@ Synonymous parallelism (the kind in which the two phrases mean the same thing) i
* It helps the hearer to think more deeply about the idea by saying it in different ways. * It helps the hearer to think more deeply about the idea by saying it in different ways.
* It makes the expression of ideas more beautiful and above the ordinary way of speaking. * It makes the expression of ideas more beautiful and above the ordinary way of speaking.
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Note: We use the term "synonymous parallelism" for long phrases or clauses that have the same meaning. We use the term [Doublet](../figs-doublet/01.md) for words or very short phrases that mean basically the same thing and are used together. Note: We use the term "synonymous parallelism" for long phrases or clauses that have the same meaning. We use the term [Doublet](../figs-doublet/01.md) for words or very short phrases that mean basically the same thing and are used together.
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### Reasons this is a translation issue
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#### Reason this is a translation issue #### Reason this is a translation issue

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translate/figs-pastforfuture/01.md
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@ -4,7 +4,16 @@
The predictive past is a figure of speech that uses the past tense to refer to things that will happen in the future. This is sometimes done in prophecy to show that the event will certainly happen. It is also called the prophetic perfect. The predictive past is a figure of speech that uses the past tense to refer to things that will happen in the future. This is sometimes done in prophecy to show that the event will certainly happen. It is also called the prophetic perfect.
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### Reason this is a translation issue: ### Reason this is a translation issue:
=======
>Therefore my people have gone into captivity for lack of understanding;
>their leaders go hungry, and their masses have nothing to drink. (Isaiah 5:13 ULB)
In the example above, the people of Israel had not yet gone into captivity, but God spoke of their going into captivity as if it had already happened because he had decided that they certainly would go into captivity.
### Reasons this is a translation issue:
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Readers who are not aware of the past tense being used in prophecy to refer to future events may find it confusing. Readers who are not aware of the past tense being used in prophecy to refer to future events may find it confusing.

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translate/figs-possession/01.md
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@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ Possession is used in Hebrew, Greek, and English for a variety of situations. He
* my head - the head that is part of my body * my head - the head that is part of my body
* the roof of a house - the roof that is part of a house * the roof of a house - the roof that is part of a house
#### Reasons this is a translation issue ### Reasons this is a translation issue
* Translators need to understand the relationship between two ideas represented by the two nouns when one possesses the other. * Translators need to understand the relationship between two ideas represented by the two nouns when one possesses the other.
* Some languages do not use possession for all of the situations that your source text Bible might use it for. * Some languages do not use possession for all of the situations that your source text Bible might use it for.

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translate/figs-quotesinquotes/01.md
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@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
A quotation may have a quote within it, and quotes that are inside of other quotes can also have quotes within them. When a quote has quotes within it, we can talk about it having layers of quotation, and each of the quotes is a layer. When there are many layers of quotes inside of quotes, it can be hard for listeners and readers to know who is saying what. Some languages use a combination of direct quotes and indirect quotes to make it easier. A quotation may have a quote within it, and quotes that are inside of other quotes can also have quotes within them. When a quote has quotes within it, we can talk about it having layers of quotation, and each of the quotes is a layer. When there are many layers of quotes inside of quotes, it can be hard for listeners and readers to know who is saying what. Some languages use a combination of direct quotes and indirect quotes to make it easier.
#### Reasons this is a translation issue ### Reasons this is a translation issue
1. When there is a quote within a quote, the listener needs to know who the pronouns refer to. For example if a quote that is inside a quote has the word "I," the listener needs to know whether "I" refers to the speaker of the inner quote or the outer quote. 1. When there is a quote within a quote, the listener needs to know who the pronouns refer to. For example if a quote that is inside a quote has the word "I," the listener needs to know whether "I" refers to the speaker of the inner quote or the outer quote.
1. Some languages make this clear by using different kinds of quotes when there are quotes within quotes. They may use direct quotes for some and indirect quotes for others. 1. Some languages make this clear by using different kinds of quotes when there are quotes within quotes. They may use direct quotes for some and indirect quotes for others.

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translate/figs-rpronouns/01.md
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@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
All languages have ways of showing that the same person fills two different roles in a sentence. English does this by using **Reflexive pronouns**. These are pronouns that refer to someone or something that has already been mentioned in a sentence. In English the reflexive pronouns are: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, and themselves. Other languages may have other ways to show this. All languages have ways of showing that the same person fills two different roles in a sentence. English does this by using **Reflexive pronouns**. These are pronouns that refer to someone or something that has already been mentioned in a sentence. In English the reflexive pronouns are: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, and themselves. Other languages may have other ways to show this.
### Reason this is a translation issue ### Reasons this is a translation issue
* Languages have different ways of showing that the same person fills two different roles in a sentence. For those languages, translators will need to know how to translate the English reflexive pronouns. * Languages have different ways of showing that the same person fills two different roles in a sentence. For those languages, translators will need to know how to translate the English reflexive pronouns.
* The reflexive pronouns in English also have other functions. * The reflexive pronouns in English also have other functions.

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translate/figs-rquestion/01.md
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@ -1,6 +1,17 @@
### Description ### Description
A rhetorical question is a question that a speaker uses for some purpose other than getting information. Some uses of rhetorical questions are to express strong emotions, to rebuke or scold someone, to introduce a topic to talk about, or to teach something by reminding people of something they know and encouraging them to apply it to something new. A rhetorical question is a question that a speaker uses for some purpose other than getting information. Some uses of rhetorical questions are to express strong emotions, to rebuke or scold someone, to introduce a topic to talk about, or to teach something by reminding people of something they know and encouraging them to apply it to something new.
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=======
A rhetorical question is a question that strongly expresses the speaker's attitude toward something. Often the speaker is not looking for information at all, but if he is asking for information, it is not usually the information that the question appears to ask for. The speaker is more interested in expressing his attitude than in getting information.
>Those who stood by said, "<u>Is this how you insult God's high priest?</u>" (Acts 23:4 ULB)
The people who asked Paul this question were using the question to accuse Paul of insulting the high priest. They were not asking him to describe his way of insulting God’s high priest.
The Bible contains many rhetorical questions. Some of the purposes of these rhetorical questions are to express attitudes or feelings, to rebuke people, to teach something by reminding people of something they know and encouraging them to apply it to something new, and to introduce something they want to talk about.
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### Reasons this is a translation issue ### Reasons this is a translation issue
* Some languages do not use rhetorical questions; for them a question is always a request for information. * Some languages do not use rhetorical questions; for them a question is always a request for information.

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translate/figs-sentencetypes/01.md
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@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ A **sentence** is a group of words that expresses a complete thought. The basic
* **Imperative Sentences** - These are mainly used to express a desire or requirement that someone do something. '_Pick that up._' * **Imperative Sentences** - These are mainly used to express a desire or requirement that someone do something. '_Pick that up._'
* **Exclamations** - These are mainly used to express a strong feeling. '_Ouch, that hurt!_' * **Exclamations** - These are mainly used to express a strong feeling. '_Ouch, that hurt!_'
### Reasons this is a translation Issue ### Reasons this is a translation issue
* Languages have different ways of using sentence types to express particular functions. * Languages have different ways of using sentence types to express particular functions.
* Most languages use these sentence types for more than one function. * Most languages use these sentence types for more than one function.

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translate/figs-simile/01.md
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@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ God's word is compared to a two-edged sword. A two-edged sword is a weapon that
* A simile can emphasize a particular trait, sometimes in a way that gets people's attention. * A simile can emphasize a particular trait, sometimes in a way that gets people's attention.
* Similes help form a picture in the mind or help the reader experience what he is reading about more fully. * Similes help form a picture in the mind or help the reader experience what he is reading about more fully.
#### Reasons this is a translation issue ### Reasons this is a translation issue
* People may not know how the two items are similar. * People may not know how the two items are similar.
* People may not be familiar with the item that something is compared to. * People may not be familiar with the item that something is compared to.

2
translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md
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@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ Mary was was very happy about what the Lord was doing, so she said "my soul," wh
The Pharisees who were standing there did not all say the same words at the same time. Instead, it is more likely that one man representing the group said those words. The Pharisees who were standing there did not all say the same words at the same time. Instead, it is more likely that one man representing the group said those words.
#### Reasons this is a translation issue ### Reasons this is a translation issue
* Some readers may understand the words literally. * Some readers may understand the words literally.
* Some readers may realize that they are not to understand the words literally, but they may not know what the meaning is. * Some readers may realize that they are not to understand the words literally, but they may not know what the meaning is.

2
translate/figs-youcrowd/01.md
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@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ The Bible was written in Hebrew, Aramaic and Greek. These languages have a **sin
Also, speakers and writers of the Old Testament often referred to groups of people with the singular pronoun "he," rather than with the plural pronoun "they." Also, speakers and writers of the Old Testament often referred to groups of people with the singular pronoun "he," rather than with the plural pronoun "they."
### Reason this is a Translation Issue ### Reasons this is a translation issue
* For many languages, a translator who reads a Bible with a general form of "you" will need to know whether the speaker was speaking to one person or to more than one. * For many languages, a translator who reads a Bible with a general form of "you" will need to know whether the speaker was speaking to one person or to more than one.
* In some languages it might be confusing if a speaker uses a singular pronoun when speaking to or about more than one person. * In some languages it might be confusing if a speaker uses a singular pronoun when speaking to or about more than one person.

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translate/figs-youdual/01.md
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@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Some languages have a **singular** form of "you" for when the word "you" refers
The Bible was first written in the Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek languages. These languages all have a singular form of "you" and a plural form of "you." When we read the Bible in those languages, the pronouns and verb forms show us whether the word "you" refers to one person or more than one person. However, they do not show us whether it refers to only two people or more than two people. When the pronouns do not show us how many people the word "you" refers to, we need to look at the context to see how many people the speaker was speaking to. The Bible was first written in the Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek languages. These languages all have a singular form of "you" and a plural form of "you." When we read the Bible in those languages, the pronouns and verb forms show us whether the word "you" refers to one person or more than one person. However, they do not show us whether it refers to only two people or more than two people. When the pronouns do not show us how many people the word "you" refers to, we need to look at the context to see how many people the speaker was speaking to.
#### Reasons this is a Translation Issue ### Reasons this is a translation issue
* Translators who speak a language that has distinct singular, dual, and plural forms of "you" will always need to know what the speaker meant so they can choose the right word for "you" in their language. * Translators who speak a language that has distinct singular, dual, and plural forms of "you" will always need to know what the speaker meant so they can choose the right word for "you" in their language.
* Many languages also have different forms of the verb depending on whether the subject is singular or plural. So even if there is no pronoun meaning "you," translators of these languages will need to know if the speaker was referring to one person or more than one. * Many languages also have different forms of the verb depending on whether the subject is singular or plural. So even if there is no pronoun meaning "you," translators of these languages will need to know if the speaker was referring to one person or more than one.

2
translate/figs-youformal/01.md
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@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ Some languages make a distinction between the formal form of "you" and the infor
In some cultures people use the formal "you" when speaking to someone who is older or in authority, and they use the informal "you" when speaking to someone who is their own age or younger or who has less authority. In other cultures, people use the formal "you" when speaking to strangers or people they do not know well, and the informal "you" when speaking with family members and close friends. In some cultures people use the formal "you" when speaking to someone who is older or in authority, and they use the informal "you" when speaking to someone who is their own age or younger or who has less authority. In other cultures, people use the formal "you" when speaking to strangers or people they do not know well, and the informal "you" when speaking with family members and close friends.
#### Reasons this is a Translation Issue ### Reasons this is a translation issue
* The Bible was written in Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek. These languages do not have formal and informal forms of "you." * The Bible was written in Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek. These languages do not have formal and informal forms of "you."
* English and many other source languages do not have formal and informal forms of "you." * English and many other source languages do not have formal and informal forms of "you."

2
translate/figs-yousingular/01.md
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@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Some languages have a **singular** form of "you" for when the word "you" refers
The Bible was first written in the Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek languages. These languages all have both a singular form of "you" and a plural form of "you." When we read the Bible in those languages, the pronouns and verb forms show us whether the word "you" refers to one person or more than one. When we read the Bible in a language that does not have different forms of you, we need to look at the context to see how many people the speaker was speaking to. The Bible was first written in the Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek languages. These languages all have both a singular form of "you" and a plural form of "you." When we read the Bible in those languages, the pronouns and verb forms show us whether the word "you" refers to one person or more than one. When we read the Bible in a language that does not have different forms of you, we need to look at the context to see how many people the speaker was speaking to.
#### Reason this is a Translation Issue ### Reasons this is a translation issue
* Translators who speak a language that has distinct singular and plural forms of "you" will always need to know what the speaker meant so they can choose the right word for "you" in their language. * Translators who speak a language that has distinct singular and plural forms of "you" will always need to know what the speaker meant so they can choose the right word for "you" in their language.
* Many languages also have different forms of the verb depending on whether the subject is singular or plural. So even if there is no pronoun meaning "you", translators of these languages will need to know if the speaker was referring to one person or more than one. * Many languages also have different forms of the verb depending on whether the subject is singular or plural. So even if there is no pronoun meaning "you", translators of these languages will need to know if the speaker was referring to one person or more than one.

2
translate/translate-chapverse/01.md
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@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
When the books of the Bible were first written, there were no breaks for chapters and verses. People added these later, and then others numbered the chapters and verses to make it easier to find particular parts of the Bible. Since more than one person did this, there are different numbering systems used in different translations. If the numbering system in the ULB is different from the numbering system in another Bible that you use, you will probably want to use the system from that Bible. When the books of the Bible were first written, there were no breaks for chapters and verses. People added these later, and then others numbered the chapters and verses to make it easier to find particular parts of the Bible. Since more than one person did this, there are different numbering systems used in different translations. If the numbering system in the ULB is different from the numbering system in another Bible that you use, you will probably want to use the system from that Bible.
#### Reason this is a translation issue ### Reasons this is a translation issue
People who speak your language may also use a Bible written in another language. If that Bible and your translation use different chapter and verse numbers, it will be hard for people to know which verse someone is talking about when they say a chapter and verse number. People who speak your language may also use a Bible written in another language. If that Bible and your translation use different chapter and verse numbers, it will be hard for people to know which verse someone is talking about when they say a chapter and verse number.

4
translate/translate-fraction/01.md
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@ -27,7 +27,9 @@ Some fractions in English do not follow that pattern.
| three | third | | three | third |
| five | fifth | | five | fifth |
**Reason this is a translation issue:** Some languages do not use fractions. They may simply talk about parts or groups, but they do not use fractions to tell how big a part is or how many are included in a group. ### Reasons this is a translation issue
Some languages do not use fractions. They may simply talk about parts or groups, but they do not use fractions to tell how big a part is or how many are included in a group.
### Examples From the Bible ### Examples From the Bible

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translate/translate-hebrewmonths/01.md
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@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
The Hebrew calendar used in the Bible has twelve months. Unlike the western calendar, its first month begins in the spring of the northern hemisphere. Sometimes a month is called by its name (Abib, Ziv, Sivan), and sometimes it is called by its order in the Hebrew calendar year (first month, second month, third month). The Hebrew calendar used in the Bible has twelve months. Unlike the western calendar, its first month begins in the spring of the northern hemisphere. Sometimes a month is called by its name (Abib, Ziv, Sivan), and sometimes it is called by its order in the Hebrew calendar year (first month, second month, third month).
#### Reasons this is a translation issue ### Reasons this is a translation issue
* Readers may be surprised to read of months that they have never heard of, and they may wonder how those months correspond to the months that they use. * Readers may be surprised to read of months that they have never heard of, and they may wonder how those months correspond to the months that they use.
* Readers may not realize that phrases such as "the first month" or "the second month" refer to the first or second month of the Hebrew calendar, not some other calendar. * Readers may not realize that phrases such as "the first month" or "the second month" refer to the first or second month of the Hebrew calendar, not some other calendar.

4
translate/translate-numbers/01.md
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@ -12,7 +12,9 @@ Eighty-six (86) is an exact number.
Here the number three thousand is a round number. It may have been a little more than that or a little less than that. The word "about" shows that it is not an exact number. Here the number three thousand is a round number. It may have been a little more than that or a little less than that. The word "about" shows that it is not an exact number.
**Reason this is a translation issue**: Some languages do not have words for some of these numbers. ### Reasons this is a translation issue
Some languages do not have words for some of these numbers.
#### Translation Principles #### Translation Principles

2
translate/translate-ordinal/01.md
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@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ Some ordinal numbers in English do not follow that pattern.
| 5 | five | fifth | | 5 | five | fifth |
| 12 | twelve | twelfth | | 12 | twelve | twelfth |
#### Reason this is a translation issue: ### Reasons this is a translation issue:
Some languages do not have special numbers for showing the order of items in a list. There are different ways to deal with this. Some languages do not have special numbers for showing the order of items in a list. There are different ways to deal with this.

2
translate/translate-symaction/01.md
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@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ A symbolic action is something that someone does in order to express a certain i
* In some cultures people shake hands when they meet to show that they are willing to be friendly. * In some cultures people shake hands when they meet to show that they are willing to be friendly.
* In some cultures people bow when they meet to show respect to each other. * In some cultures people bow when they meet to show respect to each other.
#### Reason this is a translation issue ### Reasons this is a translation issue
An action may have a meaning in one culture, and a different meaning or no meaning at all in another culture. For example, in some cultures raising the eyebrows means "I am surprised" or "What did you say?" In others cultures it means "Yes." An action may have a meaning in one culture, and a different meaning or no meaning at all in another culture. For example, in some cultures raising the eyebrows means "I am surprised" or "What did you say?" In others cultures it means "Yes."

2
translate/translate-unknown/01.md
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@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ Unknowns are things that occur in the source text that are not known to the peop
Bread is a particular food made by mixing finely crushed grains with oil, and then cooking the mixture so that it is dry. (Grains are the seeds of a kind of grass.) In some cultures people do not have bread or know what it is. Bread is a particular food made by mixing finely crushed grains with oil, and then cooking the mixture so that it is dry. (Grains are the seeds of a kind of grass.) In some cultures people do not have bread or know what it is.
**Reason this is a translation issue** ### Reasons this is a translation issue
* Readers may not know some of the things that are in the Bible because those things are not part of their own culture. * Readers may not know some of the things that are in the Bible because those things are not part of their own culture.
* Readers may have difficulty understanding a text if they do not know some of the things that are mentioned in it. * Readers may have difficulty understanding a text if they do not know some of the things that are mentioned in it.

2
translate/writing-apocalypticwriting/01.md
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@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ Sometimes the past tense is used in these books for events that happened in the
Some of these things happened after the prophets told about them, and some of them will happen at the end of this world. Some of these things happened after the prophets told about them, and some of them will happen at the end of this world.
#### Reasons this is a translation issue ### Reasons this is a translation issue
* Some of the images are hard to understand because we have never seen things like them before. * Some of the images are hard to understand because we have never seen things like them before.
* Descriptions of things that we have never seen or that do not exist in this world are hard to translate. * Descriptions of things that we have never seen or that do not exist in this world are hard to translate.

2
translate/writing-background/01.md
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@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ Background information can also be marked with words that tell the reader that t
* who is present when the story begins * who is present when the story begins
* what is happening when the story begins * what is happening when the story begins
#### Reasons this is a translation issue ### Reasons this is a translation issue
* Languages have different ways of marking background information and storyline information. * Languages have different ways of marking background information and storyline information.
* Translators need to know the order of the events in the Bible, which information is background information, and which is storyline information. * Translators need to know the order of the events in the Bible, which information is background information, and which is storyline information.

2
translate/writing-connectingwords/01.md
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@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ Sometimes people might not use a connecting word because they expect the readers
* It was raining. I did not have an umbrella. I got very wet. * It was raining. I did not have an umbrella. I got very wet.
#### Reason this is a translation issue ### Reasons this is a translation issue
* Translators need to understand the meaning of a connecting word in the Bible and the relationship between the thoughts it is connecting. * Translators need to understand the meaning of a connecting word in the Bible and the relationship between the thoughts it is connecting.
* Each language has its own ways of showing how thoughts are related. * Each language has its own ways of showing how thoughts are related.

2
translate/writing-endofstory/01.md
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@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ There are different types of information that may be given at the end of a story
* To tell on-going action that continues after the main part of the story ends * To tell on-going action that continues after the main part of the story ends
* To tell what happens after the story as a result of the events that happened in the story itself * To tell what happens after the story as a result of the events that happened in the story itself
#### Reasons this is a translation issue ### Reasons this is a translation issue
Different languages have different ways of presenting these kinds of information. If translators do not use their language's ways of doing this, readers may not know these things: Different languages have different ways of presenting these kinds of information. If translators do not use their language's ways of doing this, readers may not know these things:

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translate/writing-participants/01.md
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@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ The first time that people or things are mentioned in a story, they are <u>new p
The first underlined phrase introduces Nicodemus as a new participant. He is then referred to as "This man" and "him" when he is an old participant. The first underlined phrase introduces Nicodemus as a new participant. He is then referred to as "This man" and "him" when he is an old participant.
#### Reason this is a translation issue ### Reasons this is a translation issue
In order to make your translation clear and natural, it is necessary to refer to the participants in such a way that people will know if they are new participants or participants that they have already read about. Different languages have different ways of doing this. You must follow the way that your language does this, not the way that the source language does this. In order to make your translation clear and natural, it is necessary to refer to the participants in such a way that people will know if they are new participants or participants that they have already read about. Different languages have different ways of doing this. You must follow the way that your language does this, not the way that the source language does this.

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translate/writing-poetry/01.md
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@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ Poetry is one of the ways that people use the words and sounds of their language
Elegant or fancy speech is similar to poetry in that it uses beautiful language, but it does not use all of the language's features of poetry, and it does not use them as much as poetry does. Popular speakers in the language often use elegant speech, and this is probably the easiest source of text to study to find out what makes speech elegant in your language. Elegant or fancy speech is similar to poetry in that it uses beautiful language, but it does not use all of the language's features of poetry, and it does not use them as much as poetry does. Popular speakers in the language often use elegant speech, and this is probably the easiest source of text to study to find out what makes speech elegant in your language.
#### Reasons this is a translation issue: ### Reasons this is a translation issue:
* Different languages use poetry for different things. If a poetic form would not communicate the same meaning in your language you may need to write it without the poetry. * Different languages use poetry for different things. If a poetic form would not communicate the same meaning in your language you may need to write it without the poetry.
* In some languages, using poetry for a particular part of the Bible would make it much more powerful. * In some languages, using poetry for a particular part of the Bible would make it much more powerful.

2
translate/writing-pronouns/01.md
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@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ Each language has its rules and exceptions to this usual way of referring to peo
* The **main character** is the person whom a story is about. In some languages, after a main character is introduced in a story, he is usually referred to with a pronoun. Some languages have special pronouns that refer only to the main character. * The **main character** is the person whom a story is about. In some languages, after a main character is introduced in a story, he is usually referred to with a pronoun. Some languages have special pronouns that refer only to the main character.
* In some languages, marking on the verb helps people know who the subject is. (see [Verbs](figs-verbs)) In some of these languages, listeners rely on this marking to help them understand who the subject is, and speakers use a pronoun, noun phrase, or name only when they want to emphasize or clarify who the subject is. * In some languages, marking on the verb helps people know who the subject is. (see [Verbs](figs-verbs)) In some of these languages, listeners rely on this marking to help them understand who the subject is, and speakers use a pronoun, noun phrase, or name only when they want to emphasize or clarify who the subject is.
#### Reasons this is a translation issue ### Reasons this is a translation issue
* If translators use a pronoun at the wrong time for their language, readers might not know who the writer is talking about. * If translators use a pronoun at the wrong time for their language, readers might not know who the writer is talking about.
* If translators too frequently refer to a main character by name, listeners of some languages might not realize that the person is a main character, or they might think that there is a new character with the same name. * If translators too frequently refer to a main character by name, listeners of some languages might not realize that the person is a main character, or they might think that there is a new character with the same name.

2
translate/writing-proverbs/01.md
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@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ Another example from Proverbs.
>yet it prepares its food in the summer, >yet it prepares its food in the summer,
>and during the harvest it stores up what it will eat. (Proverbs 6:6-8 ULB) >and during the harvest it stores up what it will eat. (Proverbs 6:6-8 ULB)
#### Reason this is a translation issue ### Reasons this is a translation issue
Each language has its own ways of saying proverbs. There are many proverbs in the Bible. They need to be translated in the way that people say proverbs in your language, so that people recognize them as proverbs and understand what they teach. Each language has its own ways of saying proverbs. There are many proverbs in the Bible. They need to be translated in the way that people say proverbs in your language, so that people recognize them as proverbs and understand what they teach.

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translate/writing-quotations/01.md
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@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ Also in some languages, the quote margin may have more than one verb meaning "sa
When writing that someone said something, some languages put the quote (what was said) in quotation marks called inverted commas (" "). Some languages use other symbols around the quotation, such as these angle quote marks (« »), or something else. When writing that someone said something, some languages put the quote (what was said) in quotation marks called inverted commas (" "). Some languages use other symbols around the quotation, such as these angle quote marks (« »), or something else.
#### Reasons this is a translation issue ### Reasons this is a translation issue
* Translators need to put the quote margin where it is most clear and natural in their language. * Translators need to put the quote margin where it is most clear and natural in their language.
* Translators need to decide whether they want the quote margin to have one or two verbs meaning "said." * Translators need to decide whether they want the quote margin to have one or two verbs meaning "said."

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translate/writing-symlanguage/01.md
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@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ This was in a dream. Eating the scroll is a symbol of reading and understanding
- One purpose of symbolism is to help people understand the importance or severity of an event by putting it in other, very dramatic terms. - One purpose of symbolism is to help people understand the importance or severity of an event by putting it in other, very dramatic terms.
- Another purpose of symbolism is to tell some people about something while hiding the true meaning from others who do not understand the symbolism. - Another purpose of symbolism is to tell some people about something while hiding the true meaning from others who do not understand the symbolism.
#### Reason this is a translation issue ### Reasons this is a translation issue
People who read the Bible today may find it hard to recognize that the language is symbolic, and they may not know what the symbol stands for. People who read the Bible today may find it hard to recognize that the language is symbolic, and they may not know what the symbol stands for.