Merge branch 'Chapter_Introductions_2.6.18' of Door43/en_tn into master

1pe/01/intro.md

@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@
 
 #### Structure and formatting ####
 
+Peter formally introduces this letter in verses 1-2. Writers often began letters in this way in the ancient Near East.
+
 Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry that is quoted from the Old Testament in 1:24-25.
 
 #### Special concepts in this chapter ####

1pe/02/intro.md

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ The Bible uses a building made of large stones as a metaphor for the church. Jes
 
 ##### Milk and babies #####
 
-When Peter tells his readers to "long for pure spiritual milk," he is using the metaphor of a baby who cannot yet eat solid food. He wants to tell the readers that they are only able to understand simple things about living to please God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+When Peter tells his readers to "long for pure spiritual milk," he is using the metaphor of a baby craving his mother's milk. Peter wants Christians to crave God's word the same way a baby craves milk. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
 
 ## Links: ##
 

1pe/03/intro.md

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of
 
 ##### "Outward ornaments" #####
 
-Most people want to look good so other people will like them and think they are good people. Women are especially careful to look good by wearing nice clothes and jewels. Peter is saying that what a person thinks and says and does are more important to God than how he looks.
+Most people want to look good so other people will like them and think they are good people. Women are especially careful to look good by wearing nice clothes and jewels. Peter is saying that what a woman thinks and says and does are more important to God than how she looks.
 
 ##### Unity #####
 

1pe/05/intro.md

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ The crown that the Chief Shepherd will give is a reward, something that people w
 
 ##### Lion #####
 
-All animals are afraid of lions because they are fast and strong, and they eat almost every other kind of animal. They also eat people. Satan wants to make God's people afraid, so Peter uses the simile of a lion to teach his readers that Satan can harm their bodies, but if they trust in God and obey him, they will always be God's people, and God will care for them, (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
+All animals are afraid of lions because they are fast and strong, and they eat almost every other kind of animal. They also eat people. Satan wants to make God's people afraid, so Peter uses the simile of a lion to teach his readers that Satan can harm their bodies, but if they trust in God and obey him, they will always be God's people, and God will care for them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
 
 ##### Babylon #####
 

1th/02/intro.md

@@ -5,9 +5,6 @@
 ##### Christian witness #####
 Paul values his "Christian witness" as evidence that the gospel is true. Paul says that being godly or holy bears witness to the non-Christian. Paul defends his character, so that his witness is not affected. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/testimony]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]])
 
-##### Christian living #####
-Under the law of Moses, people were required to sacrifice animals or grain in the temple. God no longer requires physical sacrifices. Now God requires Christians to live sacrificially him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])
-
 ## Links: ##
 
 * __[1 Thessalonians 02:01 Notes](./01.md)__

1ti/01/intro.md

@@ -1,5 +1,9 @@
 # 1 Timothy 01 General Notes #
 
+#### Structure and formatting ####
+
+Paul formally introduces this letter in verses 1-2. Writers often began letters in this way in the ancient Near East.
+
 #### Special concepts in this chapter ####
 
 ##### Spiritual children #####

1ti/02/intro.md

@@ -6,7 +6,8 @@
 Paul encourages Christians to pray for everyone. They should pray for rulers so that Christians can live peacefully, in a godly and dignified way.
 
 ##### Women in the church #####
-Translators should be especially careful to accurately translate these passages. 
+
+Scholars are divided over how to understand this passage in its historical and cultural context. Some scholars believe men and women are perfectly equal in all things. Other scholars believe God created men and women to serve in distinctly different roles in marriage and the church. Translators should be careful not to let how they understand this issue affect how they translate this passage. 
 
 #### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ####
 

1ti/05/intro.md

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 Paul encourages younger Christians to honor and respect older Christians. Cultures honor and respect older people in different ways. 
 
 ##### Widows #####
-In the ancient Near East, it was important to care for widows. They could not provide for themselves.
+In the ancient Near East, it was important to care for widows, because they could not provide for themselves.
 
 ## Links: ##
 

2pe/01/intro.md

@@ -1,5 +1,9 @@
 # 2 Peter 01 General Notes #
 
+#### Structure and formatting ####
+
+Peter formally introduces this letter in verses 1-2. Writers often began letters in this way in the ancient Near East.
+
 #### Special concepts in this chapter ####
 
 ##### Knowledge of God #####
@@ -11,7 +15,7 @@ Peter teaches that God has given believers all that they need for living godly l
 #### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ####
 
 ##### The truth of Scripture #####
-Peter teaches that the prophecies in Scripture were not made up by men. The Holy Spirit revealed God's message to the men spoke them or wrote them down. Also, Peter and the other apostles did not make up the stories they tell people about Jesus. They witnessed what Jesus did and heard God called Jesus his son.
+Peter teaches that the prophecies in Scripture were not made up by men. The Holy Spirit revealed God's message to the men who spoke them or wrote them down. Also, Peter and the other apostles did not make up the stories they told people about Jesus. They witnessed what Jesus did and heard God call Jesus his son.
 
 ## Links: ##
 

2ti/01/intro.md

@@ -1,5 +1,9 @@
 # 2 Timothy 01 General Notes #
 
+#### Structure and formatting ####
+
+Paul formally introduces this letter in verses 1-2. Writers often began letters in this way in the ancient Near East.
+
 #### Special concepts in this chapter ####
 
 ##### Spiritual children #####

act/02/intro.md

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ The events described in this chapter are commonly called "Pentecost." Many peopl
 
 ##### Tongues #####
 
-The word "tongues" has two meanings in theis chapter. Luke describes what came down from heaven ([Acts 2:3](./01.md)) as tongues that looked like fire. This is different from "a tongue of flame," which is a fire that looks like a tongue. Luke also uses the word "tongues" to describe the languages that the people spoke after the Holy Spirit filled them ([Acts 2:4-6](./01.md)). 
+The word "tongues" has two meanings in this chapter. Luke describes what came down from heaven ([Acts 2:3](./01.md)) as tongues that looked like fire. This is different from "a tongue of flame," which is a fire that looks like a tongue. Luke also uses the word "tongues" to describe the languages that the people spoke after the Holy Spirit filled them ([Acts 2:4-6](./01.md)). 
 
 ##### Last days #####
 

act/05/intro.md

@@ -4,13 +4,10 @@
 
 ##### "Satan filled your heart to lie to the Holy Spirit" #####
 
-No one knows for sure if Ananias and Sapphira were truly Christians when they decided to lie about the land that they sold ([Acts 5:1-10](./01.md)), because Luke does not say. He does say that they were among "those who believed" ([Luke 4:32](../04/32.md)) However, Peter knew that they lied to the believers, and he knew that they had listened to and obeyed Satan.
+No one knows for sure if Ananias and Sapphira were truly Christians when they decided to lie about the land that they sold ([Acts 5:1-10](./01.md)), because Luke does not say. He does say that they were among "those who believed" ([Luke 4:32](../04/32.md)). However, Peter knew that they lied to the believers, and he knew that they had listened to and obeyed Satan.
 
 When they lied to the believers, they also lied to the Holy Spirit. This is because the Holy Spirit lives inside believers.
 
-##### Jail #####
-
-The "public jail" in which the Jewish council put Peter ([Acts 5:18](./17.md)) was probably a jail. 
 
 ## Links: ##
 

act/08/intro.md

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ The first sentence of verse 1 ends the description of the events in chapter 7. L
 
 ##### Receiving the Holy Spirit #####
 
-In this chapter for the first time Luke speaks of people receiving the Holy Spirit ([Acts 8:15-19](./14.md)). The Holy Spirit had already enabled the believers to speak in tongues, to heal the sick, and to live as a community, and he had filled Stephen. But when the Jews started putting believers in prison, those believers who could leave Jerusalem did leave, and as they went, they told people about Jesus. When the people who heard about Jesus received the Holy Spirit, the church leaders knew that those people had truly become believers,
+In this chapter for the first time Luke speaks of people receiving the Holy Spirit ([Acts 8:15-19](./14.md)). The Holy Spirit had already enabled the believers to speak in tongues, to heal the sick, and to live as a community, and he had filled Stephen. But when the Jews started putting believers in prison, those believers who could leave Jerusalem did leave, and as they went, they told people about Jesus. When the people who heard about Jesus received the Holy Spirit, the church leaders knew that those people had truly become believers.
 
 ##### Proclaimed #####
 

act/09/intro.md

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 
 ##### "The Way" #####
 
-No one knows for sure who first started calling believers followers of the Way. This is probably what the believers called themselves, because the Bible often speaks of a person living his life as if that person were walking on a path or "way," If this is true, the believers were "following the way of the Lord" by living in a way that pleased God.
+No one knows for sure who first started calling believers "followers of the Way." This is probably what the believers called themselves, because the Bible often speaks of a person living his life as if that person were walking on a path or "way." If this is true, the believers were "following the way of the Lord" by living in a way that pleased God.
 
 ##### "Letters for the synagogues in Damascus" #####
 

act/12/intro.md

@@ -2,8 +2,6 @@
 
 #### Structure and formatting ####
 
-##### "This is the voice of a god, not of a man!" #####
-
 Chapter 12 tells what happened to King Herod while Barnabas was bringing Saul back from Tarsus and they were delivering money from Antioch Jerusalem (11:25-30). He killed many of the leaders of the church, and he put Peter in prison. After God helped Peter escape the prison, Herod killed the prison guards, and then God killed Herod. In the last verse of the chapter, Luke tells how Barnabas and Saul return to Antioch.
 
 #### Important figures of speech in this chapter ####

act/14/intro.md

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ The message of Jesus is the message that God will show grace to those who believ
 
 ##### Zeus and Hermes #####
 
-The Gentiles in the Roman Empire worshiped many different false gods who do not really exist. Paul and Barnabas told them to believe in the "living God," Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]])
+The Gentiles in the Roman Empire worshiped many different false gods who do not really exist. Paul and Barnabas told them to believe in the "living God." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]])
 
 #### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ####
 

act/17/intro.md

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ The Jews expected the Christ or Messiah to be a powerful king because the Old Te
 
 ##### The religion of Athens #####
 
-Paul said that the Athenians were "religious," but they did not worship Yahweh. They worshiped many different false gods. In the past they had conquered other peoples and begun to worship the gods of the people they had conquered. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]])
+Paul said that the Athenians were "religious," but they did not worship the true God. They worshiped many different false gods. In the past they had conquered other peoples and begun to worship the gods of the people they had conquered. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]])
 
 In this chapter Luke describes for the first time how Paul told the message of Christ to people who knew nothing of the Old Testament.
 

act/21/intro.md

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 #### Structure and formatting ####
 
-Acts 21:1-19 describes Paul's journey to Jerusalem. After he arrived in Jerusalem, the believers there told him that the Jews wanted to harm him and what he should do so they would not harm him (verses 20-26). Even though Paul did what the believers told him to do, the Jews tried to kill him. The Romans rescued him and give him a chance to speak to the Jews.
+Acts 21:1-19 describes Paul's journey to Jerusalem. After he arrived in Jerusalem, the believers there told him that the Jews wanted to harm him and what he should do so they would not harm him (verses 20-26). Even though Paul did what the believers told him to do, the Jews tried to kill him. The Romans rescued him and gave him a chance to speak to the Jews.
 
 The last verse of the chapter ends with an incomplete sentence. Most translations leave the sentence incomplete, as the ULB does.
 

act/22/intro.md

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 #### Structure and formatting ####
 
-This is the second account of Paul's conversion in the book of Acts. Because this is such an important event in the early church, there are three accounts of Paul's conversion. (See: [Acts 9](../09/01.md) and [Acts 26](../26/01.md)).
+This is the second account of Paul's conversion in the book of Acts. Because this is such an important event in the early church, there are three accounts of Paul's conversion. (See: [Acts 9](../09/01.md) and [Acts 26](../26/01.md))
 
 #### Special concepts in this chapter ####
 
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ Most Jews at this time spoke Aramaic and Greek. Most of the people who spoke Heb
 
 ##### "The Way" #####
 
-No one knows for sure who first started calling believers followers of the Way. This is probably what the believers called themselves, because the Bible often speaks of a person living his life as if that person were walking on a path or "way," If this is true, the believers were "following the way of the Lord" by living in a way that pleased God.
+No one knows for sure who first started calling believers "followers of the Way." This is probably what the believers called themselves, because the Bible often speaks of a person living his life as if that person were walking on a path or "way." If this is true, the believers were "following the way of the Lord" by living in a way that pleased God.
 
 ##### Roman citizenship #####
 

act/26/intro.md

@@ -12,8 +12,6 @@ Paul told the King Agrippa why he had done what he had done and that the governo
 
 The Bible often speaks of unrighteous people, people who do not do what pleases God, as if they were walking around in darkness. It speaks of light as if it were what enables those sinful people to become righteous, to understand what they are doing wrong and begin to obey God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]])
 
-#### Important figures of speech in this chapter ####
-
 ## Links: ##
 
 * __[Acts 26:01 Notes](./01.md)__

col/02/intro.md

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 #### Special concepts in this chapter ####
 
 ##### Circumcision and baptism #####
-In verses 11-12, Paul uses both the old covenant sign of circumcision and the new covenant sign of baptism to picture how Christians are united with Christ and freed from sin.
+In verses 11-12, Paul uses both the old covenant sign of circumcision and the new covenant sign of baptism to show how Christians are united with Christ and freed from sin.
 
 #### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ####
 

eph/01/intro.md

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ Paul structures part of this chapter like a prayer of praise to God. But Paul is
 #### Special concepts in this chapter ####
 
 ##### Predestination #####
-Many scholars believe this chapter teaches on a subject known as "predestination." This is related to the biblical concept of "predestine." Some scholars take this to indicate that God has, from before the foundation of the world, chosen some people to eternally save. Christians have different views on what the Bible teaches on this subject. So translators need to take extra care when translating this chapter, especially with regards to elements of causation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/predestine]])
+Many scholars believe this chapter teaches on a subject known as "predestination." This is related to the biblical concept of "predestine." Some scholars take this to indicate that God has, from before the foundation of the world, chosen some people to eternally save. Christians have different views on what the Bible teaches on this subject. So translators need to take extra care when translating this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/predestine]])
 
 ## Links: ##
 

eph/02/intro.md

@@ -12,14 +12,14 @@ Paul teaches about the church in this chapter. The church is made of two differe
 #### Important figures of speech in this chapter ####
 
 ##### "Dead in trespasses and sins" #####
-Paul teaches that those who are not Christians are "dead" in their sin. Sin binds or enslaves them. This makes them spiritually "dead". Paul writes that God makes Christians alive in Christ. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/death]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+Paul teaches that those who are not Christians are "dead" in their sin. Sin binds or enslaves them. This makes them spiritually "dead." Paul writes that God makes Christians alive in Christ. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/death]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
 
 ##### Descriptions of worldly living #####
-Paul uses many different ways to describe how the non-Christian world acts. They "lived according to the ways of this world" and are "living according to the ruler of the authorities of the air," "fulfilling the evil desires of our sinful nature," and "carrying out the desires of the body and of the mind."
+Paul uses many different ways to describe how non-Christians act. They "lived according to the ways of this world" and are "living according to the ruler of the authorities of the air," "fulfilling the evil desires of our sinful nature," and "carrying out the desires of the body and of the mind."
 
 #### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ####
 
-##### "It is a gift of God" #####
+##### "It is the gift of God" #####
 Some scholars believe "it" here refers to being saved. Other scholars believe that it is faith that is the gift of God. Because of how the Greek tenses agree, "it" here more likely refers to all of being saved by God's grace through faith.
 
 ##### Flesh #####

eph/04/intro.md

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of
 #### Special concepts in this chapter ####
 
 ##### Spiritual gifts #####
-Spiritual gifts are specific supernatural abilities that the Holy Spirit gives to Christians after they come to believe in Jesus. Paul lists here only some of the spiritual gifts. Some scholars believe that the Holy Spirit gave some spiritual gifts only to believers in the early church. These spiritual gifts were foundational to developing the church. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])
+Spiritual gifts are specific supernatural abilities that the Holy Spirit gives to Christians after they come to believe in Jesus. These spiritual gifts were foundational to developing the church. Paul lists here only some of the spiritual gifts. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])
 
 ##### Unity #####
 Paul considers it very important that the church is united. This is a major theme of this chapter. 

heb/10/intro.md

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ Holy living is important for Christians. God will hold people accountable for ho
 #### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ####
 
 ##### "For it is impossible for the blood of bulls and goats to take away sins" #####
-The sacrifices themselves had no redeeming power. They were effective because they were a display of faith, which was credited to the person offering the sacrifice. It was ultimately the sacrifice of Jesus which then makes these sacrifices "take away sins." In turn, God does not want sacrifices offered devoid of faith. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/redeem]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])
+The sacrifices themselves had no redeeming power. They were effective because they were a display of faith, which was credited to the person offering the sacrifice. It was ultimately the sacrifice of Jesus which then makes these sacrifices "take away sins."  (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/redeem]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])
 
 ##### "The covenant that I will make" #####
 It is unclear whether this prophecy was being fulfilled as the author was writing or whether it was to occur later. The translator should try to avoid making a claim about the time this covenant begins. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])

jas/01/intro.md

@@ -1,5 +1,9 @@
 # James 01 General Notes #
 
+#### Structure and formatting ####
+
+James formally introduces this letter in verse 1. Writers often began letters in this way in the ancient Near East.
+
 #### Special concepts in this chapter ####
 
 ##### Testing and temptation #####
@@ -14,7 +18,7 @@ The crown that a man who passes the test receives is a reward, something that pe
 
 ##### Metaphors #####
 
-James uses many metaphors in this chapter, and you will need to understand the material on the [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] page before you can translate them well.
+James uses many metaphors in this chapter, and you will need to understand the material on the metaphor page before you can translate them well. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
 
 #### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ####
 

jas/02/intro.md

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ Some of James's readers treated rich and powerful people well and treated poor p
 
 ##### Justification #####
 
-Justification is what happens when God makes a person righteous. James says here that God makes righteous or justifies people whose faith works together with their good works. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])
+Justification is what happens when God makes a person righteous. James says here that God makes righteous or justifies people who do good works along with having faith. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])
 
 #### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ####
 

jas/04/intro.md

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ Writers in the Bible often speak of adultery as a metaphor for people who say th
 
 ##### Law #####
 
-James probably uses this word in [James 4:11](./11.md) to refer to "the royal law" ([James 2:8](../02/08.md)), not to the law of Moses. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])
+James probably uses this word in [James 4:11](./11.md) to refer to "the royal law" ([James 2:8](../02/08.md)).
 
 #### Important figures of speech in this chapter ####
 

php/04/intro.md

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ Paul had helped the Philippians become spiritually mature. As a result, Paul rej
 #### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ####
 
 ##### Euodia and Syntyche #####
-Apparently, these two women disagreed with each other. Paul was encouraging them to agree. What they actually disagreed about is not significant. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+Apparently, these two women disagreed with each other. Paul was encouraging them to agree. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
 
 ## Links: ##
 

rom/09/intro.md

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ In other chapters, Paul uses the word "brother" to mean fellow Christians. Howev
 Paul refers to those who believe in Jesus as "children of God" and "children of the promise."
 
 ##### Predestination #####
-Many scholars believe Paul in this chapter teaches extensively on a subject known as "predestination." This is related to the biblical concept of "predestine." Some take this to indicate that God has, from before the foundation of the world, chosen some people to eternally save. Christians have different views on what the Bible teaches on this subject. So translators need to take extra care when translating this chapter, especially with regards to elements of causation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/predestine]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])
+Many scholars believe Paul in this chapter teaches extensively on a subject known as "predestination." This is related to the biblical concept of "predestine." Some take this to indicate that God has, from before the foundation of the world, chosen some people to eternally save. Christians have different views on what the Bible teaches on this subject. So translators need to take extra care when translating this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/predestine]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])
 
 ##### Important figures of speech in this chapter #####