From a18eb2e5b26fbbedcd590373a02e1428c1be3d3d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: theologyjohn Date: Fri, 11 Dec 2020 17:32:05 -0500 Subject: [PATCH] Changing ##### to #### --- 1ch/10/intro.md | 2 +- 1ch/11/intro.md | 2 +- 1ch/12/intro.md | 4 ++-- 1ch/13/intro.md | 2 +- 1ch/16/intro.md | 2 +- 1ch/17/intro.md | 2 +- 1ch/18/intro.md | 2 +- 1ch/19/intro.md | 2 +- 1ch/20/intro.md | 4 ++-- 1ch/21/intro.md | 2 +- 1ch/22/intro.md | 2 +- 1ch/23/intro.md | 2 +- 1ch/24/intro.md | 2 +- 1ch/25/intro.md | 2 +- 1ch/26/intro.md | 2 +- 1ch/28/intro.md | 2 +- 1ch/29/intro.md | 2 +- 1co/01/intro.md | 10 +++++----- 1co/02/intro.md | 2 +- 1co/03/intro.md | 4 ++-- 1co/04/intro.md | 8 ++++---- 1co/05/intro.md | 6 +++--- 1co/06/intro.md | 6 +++--- 1co/07/intro.md | 4 ++-- 1co/08/intro.md | 2 +- 1co/09/intro.md | 8 ++++---- 1co/10/intro.md | 6 +++--- 1co/11/intro.md | 10 +++++----- 1co/12/intro.md | 6 +++--- 1co/13/intro.md | 4 ++-- 1co/14/intro.md | 4 ++-- 1co/15/intro.md | 4 ++-- 1co/16/intro.md | 2 +- 1jn/01/intro.md | 4 ++-- 1jn/02/intro.md | 4 ++-- 1jn/03/intro.md | 8 ++++---- 1jn/04/intro.md | 4 ++-- 1jn/05/intro.md | 8 ++++---- 1ki/01/intro.md | 4 ++-- 1ki/02/intro.md | 6 +++--- 1ki/03/intro.md | 4 ++-- 1ki/05/intro.md | 2 +- 1ki/06/intro.md | 2 +- 1ki/07/intro.md | 4 ++-- 1ki/08/intro.md | 4 ++-- 1ki/09/intro.md | 4 ++-- 1ki/11/intro.md | 2 +- 1ki/12/intro.md | 8 ++++---- 1ki/13/intro.md | 2 +- 1ki/14/intro.md | 4 ++-- 1ki/15/intro.md | 2 +- 1ki/16/intro.md | 2 +- 1ki/17/intro.md | 2 +- 1ki/18/intro.md | 4 ++-- 1ki/20/intro.md | 4 ++-- 1ki/22/intro.md | 2 +- 1pe/01/intro.md | 8 ++++---- 1pe/02/intro.md | 4 ++-- 1pe/03/intro.md | 6 +++--- 1pe/04/intro.md | 6 +++--- 1pe/05/intro.md | 6 +++--- 1sa/01/intro.md | 6 +++--- 1sa/02/intro.md | 12 ++++++------ 1sa/03/intro.md | 6 +++--- 1sa/04/intro.md | 6 +++--- 1sa/05/intro.md | 4 ++-- 1sa/06/intro.md | 2 +- 1sa/07/intro.md | 4 ++-- 1sa/08/intro.md | 4 ++-- 1sa/09/intro.md | 4 ++-- 1sa/10/intro.md | 6 +++--- 1sa/11/intro.md | 4 ++-- 1sa/12/intro.md | 2 +- 1sa/13/intro.md | 4 ++-- 1sa/14/intro.md | 4 ++-- 1sa/15/intro.md | 6 +++--- 1sa/16/intro.md | 6 +++--- 1sa/17/intro.md | 6 +++--- 1sa/18/intro.md | 4 ++-- 1sa/19/intro.md | 2 +- 1sa/20/intro.md | 4 ++-- 1sa/21/intro.md | 6 +++--- 1sa/22/intro.md | 4 ++-- 1sa/23/intro.md | 4 ++-- 1sa/25/intro.md | 2 +- 1sa/26/intro.md | 4 ++-- 1sa/27/intro.md | 2 +- 1sa/28/intro.md | 4 ++-- 1sa/30/intro.md | 2 +- 1sa/31/intro.md | 2 +- 1th/01/intro.md | 2 +- 1th/02/intro.md | 2 +- 1th/04/intro.md | 6 +++--- 1th/05/intro.md | 4 ++-- 1ti/01/intro.md | 6 +++--- 1ti/02/intro.md | 6 +++--- 1ti/03/intro.md | 4 ++-- 1ti/04/intro.md | 2 +- 1ti/05/intro.md | 4 ++-- 1ti/06/intro.md | 2 +- 1ti/front/intro.md | 2 +- 2ch/01/intro.md | 2 +- 2ch/02/intro.md | 2 +- 2ch/03/intro.md | 2 +- 2ch/04/intro.md | 2 +- 2ch/05/intro.md | 2 +- 2ch/06/intro.md | 2 +- 2ch/07/intro.md | 2 +- 2ch/08/intro.md | 2 +- 2ch/09/intro.md | 2 +- 2ch/10/intro.md | 4 ++-- 2ch/11/intro.md | 4 ++-- 2ch/12/intro.md | 2 +- 2ch/13/intro.md | 2 +- 2ch/14/intro.md | 2 +- 2ch/15/intro.md | 4 ++-- 2ch/16/intro.md | 2 +- 2ch/17/intro.md | 2 +- 2ch/19/intro.md | 2 +- 2ch/20/intro.md | 2 +- 2ch/21/intro.md | 4 ++-- 2ch/22/intro.md | 2 +- 2ch/23/intro.md | 2 +- 2ch/24/intro.md | 4 ++-- 2ch/25/intro.md | 2 +- 2ch/26/intro.md | 2 +- 2ch/27/intro.md | 2 +- 2ch/28/intro.md | 2 +- 2ch/29/intro.md | 2 +- 2ch/30/intro.md | 2 +- 2ch/31/intro.md | 2 +- 2ch/32/intro.md | 2 +- 2ch/33/intro.md | 2 +- 2ch/34/intro.md | 2 +- 2ch/35/intro.md | 2 +- 2ch/36/intro.md | 2 +- 2co/01/intro.md | 10 +++++----- 2co/02/intro.md | 4 ++-- 2co/03/intro.md | 6 +++--- 2co/04/intro.md | 8 ++++---- 2co/05/intro.md | 8 ++++---- 2co/06/intro.md | 10 +++++----- 2co/07/intro.md | 8 ++++---- 2co/08/intro.md | 6 +++--- 2co/09/intro.md | 2 +- 2co/10/intro.md | 6 +++--- 2co/11/intro.md | 14 +++++++------- 2co/12/intro.md | 10 +++++----- 2co/13/intro.md | 6 +++--- 2ki/01/intro.md | 4 ++-- 2ki/03/intro.md | 6 +++--- 2ki/04/intro.md | 2 +- 2ki/06/intro.md | 2 +- 2ki/07/intro.md | 4 ++-- 2ki/08/intro.md | 2 +- 2ki/09/intro.md | 2 +- 2ki/11/intro.md | 2 +- 2ki/12/intro.md | 2 +- 2ki/13/intro.md | 4 ++-- 2ki/14/intro.md | 2 +- 2ki/15/intro.md | 2 +- 2ki/16/intro.md | 2 +- 2ki/17/intro.md | 2 +- 2ki/18/intro.md | 2 +- 2ki/19/intro.md | 4 ++-- 2ki/20/intro.md | 2 +- 2ki/21/intro.md | 4 ++-- 2ki/22/intro.md | 2 +- 2ki/23/intro.md | 2 +- 2ki/24/intro.md | 2 +- 2ki/25/intro.md | 2 +- 2pe/01/intro.md | 6 +++--- 2pe/02/intro.md | 4 ++-- 2pe/03/intro.md | 4 ++-- 2pe/front/intro.md | 2 +- 2sa/01/intro.md | 4 ++-- 2sa/02/intro.md | 4 ++-- 2sa/04/intro.md | 4 ++-- 2sa/05/intro.md | 4 ++-- 2sa/06/intro.md | 6 +++--- 2sa/07/intro.md | 2 +- 2sa/08/intro.md | 2 +- 2sa/09/intro.md | 4 ++-- 2sa/10/intro.md | 4 ++-- 2sa/11/intro.md | 2 +- 2sa/12/intro.md | 2 +- 2sa/13/intro.md | 2 +- 2sa/14/intro.md | 4 ++-- 2sa/15/intro.md | 4 ++-- 2sa/16/intro.md | 4 ++-- 2sa/17/intro.md | 2 +- 2sa/18/intro.md | 2 +- 2sa/19/intro.md | 8 ++++---- 2sa/20/intro.md | 4 ++-- 2sa/21/intro.md | 4 ++-- 2sa/22/intro.md | 4 ++-- 2sa/23/intro.md | 2 +- 2sa/24/intro.md | 2 +- 2th/01/intro.md | 2 +- 2th/02/intro.md | 6 +++--- 2th/03/intro.md | 4 ++-- 2ti/01/intro.md | 4 ++-- 2ti/02/intro.md | 4 ++-- 2ti/04/intro.md | 4 ++-- act/01/intro.md | 8 ++++---- act/02/intro.md | 10 +++++----- act/03/intro.md | 4 ++-- act/04/intro.md | 8 ++++---- act/05/intro.md | 2 +- act/06/intro.md | 4 ++-- act/07/intro.md | 12 ++++++------ act/08/intro.md | 4 ++-- act/09/intro.md | 6 +++--- act/10/intro.md | 4 ++-- act/11/intro.md | 2 +- act/12/intro.md | 2 +- act/13/intro.md | 2 +- act/14/intro.md | 6 +++--- act/15/intro.md | 6 +++--- act/16/intro.md | 4 ++-- act/17/intro.md | 4 ++-- act/18/intro.md | 2 +- act/19/intro.md | 4 ++-- act/20/intro.md | 4 ++-- act/21/intro.md | 8 ++++---- act/22/intro.md | 6 +++--- act/23/intro.md | 8 ++++---- act/24/intro.md | 4 ++-- act/25/intro.md | 4 ++-- act/26/intro.md | 2 +- act/27/intro.md | 6 +++--- act/28/intro.md | 4 ++-- amo/01/intro.md | 2 +- amo/02/intro.md | 2 +- amo/03/intro.md | 2 +- amo/04/intro.md | 2 +- amo/05/intro.md | 4 ++-- amo/07/intro.md | 2 +- amo/08/intro.md | 2 +- amo/09/intro.md | 2 +- col/01/intro.md | 6 +++--- col/02/intro.md | 6 +++--- col/03/intro.md | 6 +++--- col/04/intro.md | 4 ++-- dan/01/intro.md | 4 ++-- dan/02/intro.md | 4 ++-- dan/03/intro.md | 4 ++-- dan/04/intro.md | 2 +- dan/05/intro.md | 4 ++-- dan/06/intro.md | 2 +- dan/07/intro.md | 4 ++-- dan/08/intro.md | 2 +- dan/09/intro.md | 4 ++-- deu/01/intro.md | 4 ++-- deu/02/intro.md | 2 +- deu/03/intro.md | 2 +- deu/04/intro.md | 6 +++--- deu/05/intro.md | 4 ++-- deu/06/intro.md | 4 ++-- deu/07/intro.md | 4 ++-- deu/08/intro.md | 2 +- deu/09/intro.md | 4 ++-- deu/11/intro.md | 6 +++--- deu/12/intro.md | 4 ++-- deu/13/intro.md | 2 +- deu/14/intro.md | 4 ++-- deu/15/intro.md | 4 ++-- deu/16/intro.md | 4 ++-- deu/17/intro.md | 4 ++-- deu/18/intro.md | 4 ++-- deu/19/intro.md | 6 +++--- deu/20/intro.md | 8 ++++---- deu/21/intro.md | 4 ++-- deu/22/intro.md | 4 ++-- deu/23/intro.md | 4 ++-- deu/24/intro.md | 4 ++-- deu/25/intro.md | 2 +- deu/27/intro.md | 2 +- deu/28/intro.md | 2 +- deu/31/intro.md | 2 +- deu/32/intro.md | 2 +- deu/33/intro.md | 2 +- ecc/01/intro.md | 2 +- ecc/02/intro.md | 4 ++-- ecc/03/intro.md | 2 +- ecc/04/intro.md | 2 +- ecc/05/intro.md | 2 +- ecc/06/intro.md | 2 +- ecc/07/intro.md | 2 +- ecc/08/intro.md | 2 +- ecc/09/intro.md | 2 +- ecc/10/intro.md | 2 +- ecc/11/intro.md | 2 +- ecc/12/intro.md | 4 ++-- eph/01/intro.md | 4 ++-- eph/02/intro.md | 10 +++++----- eph/03/intro.md | 4 ++-- eph/04/intro.md | 6 +++--- eph/05/intro.md | 6 +++--- eph/06/intro.md | 4 ++-- est/01/intro.md | 2 +- est/02/intro.md | 4 ++-- est/03/intro.md | 2 +- est/04/intro.md | 4 ++-- est/05/intro.md | 2 +- est/06/intro.md | 2 +- est/07/intro.md | 2 +- est/08/intro.md | 2 +- est/09/intro.md | 4 ++-- est/10/intro.md | 2 +- exo/01/intro.md | 6 +++--- exo/02/intro.md | 4 ++-- exo/03/intro.md | 4 ++-- exo/04/intro.md | 6 +++--- exo/05/intro.md | 6 +++--- exo/06/intro.md | 4 ++-- exo/07/intro.md | 6 +++--- exo/08/intro.md | 4 ++-- exo/09/intro.md | 4 ++-- exo/10/intro.md | 4 ++-- exo/11/intro.md | 4 ++-- exo/12/intro.md | 4 ++-- exo/13/intro.md | 4 ++-- exo/14/intro.md | 6 +++--- exo/15/intro.md | 2 +- exo/16/intro.md | 10 +++++----- exo/17/intro.md | 4 ++-- exo/18/intro.md | 2 +- exo/19/intro.md | 4 ++-- exo/20/intro.md | 2 +- exo/21/intro.md | 6 +++--- exo/22/intro.md | 2 +- exo/23/intro.md | 4 ++-- exo/24/intro.md | 4 ++-- exo/25/intro.md | 2 +- exo/26/intro.md | 2 +- exo/27/intro.md | 2 +- exo/28/intro.md | 2 +- exo/29/intro.md | 4 ++-- exo/30/intro.md | 2 +- exo/31/intro.md | 2 +- exo/32/intro.md | 2 +- exo/33/intro.md | 2 +- exo/34/intro.md | 2 +- exo/35/intro.md | 2 +- exo/36/intro.md | 2 +- exo/37/intro.md | 2 +- exo/38/intro.md | 4 ++-- exo/39/intro.md | 2 +- exo/40/intro.md | 2 +- ezk/01/intro.md | 2 +- ezk/04/intro.md | 2 +- ezk/05/intro.md | 2 +- ezk/06/intro.md | 2 +- ezk/07/intro.md | 2 +- ezk/08/intro.md | 2 +- ezk/09/intro.md | 2 +- ezk/10/intro.md | 6 +++--- ezk/11/intro.md | 4 ++-- ezk/12/intro.md | 2 +- ezk/13/intro.md | 4 ++-- ezk/14/intro.md | 2 +- ezk/15/intro.md | 2 +- ezk/16/intro.md | 2 +- ezk/17/intro.md | 4 ++-- ezk/18/intro.md | 2 +- ezk/19/intro.md | 4 ++-- ezk/20/intro.md | 2 +- ezk/21/intro.md | 2 +- ezk/22/intro.md | 2 +- ezk/23/intro.md | 2 +- ezk/24/intro.md | 4 ++-- ezk/25/intro.md | 2 +- ezk/27/intro.md | 2 +- ezk/33/intro.md | 2 +- ezk/34/intro.md | 4 ++-- ezk/35/intro.md | 2 +- ezk/36/intro.md | 4 ++-- ezk/37/intro.md | 4 ++-- ezk/40/intro.md | 2 +- ezr/01/intro.md | 4 ++-- ezr/02/intro.md | 2 +- ezr/03/intro.md | 2 +- ezr/04/intro.md | 2 +- ezr/05/intro.md | 2 +- ezr/06/intro.md | 4 ++-- ezr/07/intro.md | 2 +- ezr/08/intro.md | 2 +- ezr/09/intro.md | 2 +- ezr/10/intro.md | 2 +- gal/01/intro.md | 6 +++--- gal/02/intro.md | 8 ++++---- gal/03/intro.md | 8 ++++---- gal/04/intro.md | 4 ++-- gal/05/intro.md | 6 +++--- gal/06/intro.md | 6 +++--- gen/01/intro.md | 8 ++++---- gen/02/intro.md | 6 +++--- gen/03/intro.md | 4 ++-- gen/04/intro.md | 2 +- gen/07/intro.md | 4 ++-- gen/08/intro.md | 4 ++-- gen/09/intro.md | 10 +++++----- gen/10/intro.md | 4 ++-- gen/11/intro.md | 6 +++--- gen/12/intro.md | 6 +++--- gen/13/intro.md | 6 +++--- gen/14/intro.md | 6 +++--- gen/15/intro.md | 6 +++--- gen/16/intro.md | 2 +- gen/17/intro.md | 8 ++++---- gen/18/intro.md | 6 +++--- gen/19/intro.md | 6 +++--- gen/20/intro.md | 4 ++-- gen/21/intro.md | 6 +++--- gen/22/intro.md | 6 +++--- gen/23/intro.md | 4 ++-- gen/24/intro.md | 6 +++--- gen/25/intro.md | 6 +++--- gen/26/intro.md | 6 +++--- gen/27/intro.md | 2 +- gen/28/intro.md | 4 ++-- gen/29/intro.md | 6 +++--- gen/30/intro.md | 4 ++-- gen/31/intro.md | 6 +++--- gen/32/intro.md | 6 +++--- gen/33/intro.md | 4 ++-- gen/34/intro.md | 4 ++-- gen/35/intro.md | 4 ++-- gen/36/intro.md | 2 +- gen/37/intro.md | 4 ++-- gen/38/intro.md | 4 ++-- gen/39/intro.md | 4 ++-- gen/40/intro.md | 4 ++-- gen/41/intro.md | 6 +++--- gen/42/intro.md | 4 ++-- gen/43/intro.md | 2 +- gen/44/intro.md | 4 ++-- gen/45/intro.md | 4 ++-- gen/46/intro.md | 4 ++-- gen/47/intro.md | 4 ++-- gen/48/intro.md | 2 +- gen/49/intro.md | 6 +++--- gen/50/intro.md | 4 ++-- hab/01/intro.md | 4 ++-- hab/02/intro.md | 2 +- hab/03/intro.md | 2 +- hag/01/intro.md | 2 +- hag/02/intro.md | 2 +- heb/01/intro.md | 6 +++--- heb/02/intro.md | 2 +- heb/03/intro.md | 6 +++--- heb/04/intro.md | 2 +- heb/05/intro.md | 4 ++-- heb/06/intro.md | 2 +- heb/07/intro.md | 2 +- heb/08/intro.md | 2 +- heb/09/intro.md | 8 ++++---- heb/10/intro.md | 6 +++--- heb/11/intro.md | 2 +- heb/12/intro.md | 2 +- heb/13/intro.md | 2 +- hos/01/intro.md | 4 ++-- hos/02/intro.md | 2 +- hos/03/intro.md | 2 +- hos/04/intro.md | 4 ++-- hos/06/intro.md | 4 ++-- hos/07/intro.md | 4 ++-- hos/09/intro.md | 4 ++-- hos/10/intro.md | 2 +- hos/11/intro.md | 4 ++-- hos/12/intro.md | 2 +- hos/13/intro.md | 2 +- hos/14/intro.md | 2 +- isa/01/intro.md | 6 +++--- isa/02/intro.md | 4 ++-- isa/03/intro.md | 4 ++-- isa/04/intro.md | 4 ++-- isa/05/intro.md | 4 ++-- isa/06/intro.md | 6 +++--- isa/07/intro.md | 4 ++-- isa/08/intro.md | 2 +- isa/09/intro.md | 4 ++-- isa/10/intro.md | 4 ++-- isa/11/intro.md | 4 ++-- isa/12/intro.md | 4 ++-- isa/13/intro.md | 2 +- isa/14/intro.md | 6 +++--- isa/17/intro.md | 4 ++-- isa/18/intro.md | 4 ++-- isa/19/intro.md | 6 +++--- isa/20/intro.md | 2 +- isa/21/intro.md | 6 +++--- isa/22/intro.md | 4 ++-- isa/23/intro.md | 2 +- isa/24/intro.md | 4 ++-- isa/25/intro.md | 2 +- isa/26/intro.md | 2 +- isa/27/intro.md | 4 ++-- isa/28/intro.md | 4 ++-- isa/29/intro.md | 4 ++-- isa/30/intro.md | 6 +++--- isa/31/intro.md | 6 +++--- isa/32/intro.md | 2 +- isa/34/intro.md | 4 ++-- isa/35/intro.md | 2 +- isa/36/intro.md | 4 ++-- isa/37/intro.md | 4 ++-- isa/38/intro.md | 2 +- isa/39/intro.md | 4 ++-- isa/40/intro.md | 6 +++--- isa/41/intro.md | 2 +- isa/42/intro.md | 2 +- isa/43/intro.md | 4 ++-- isa/44/intro.md | 2 +- isa/45/intro.md | 2 +- isa/46/intro.md | 2 +- isa/47/intro.md | 2 +- isa/48/intro.md | 4 ++-- isa/49/intro.md | 2 +- isa/50/intro.md | 2 +- isa/51/intro.md | 4 ++-- isa/53/intro.md | 2 +- isa/54/intro.md | 2 +- isa/55/intro.md | 2 +- isa/56/intro.md | 4 ++-- isa/57/intro.md | 4 ++-- isa/58/intro.md | 4 ++-- isa/59/intro.md | 2 +- isa/60/intro.md | 2 +- isa/61/intro.md | 2 +- isa/62/intro.md | 2 +- isa/63/intro.md | 2 +- isa/64/intro.md | 2 +- isa/65/intro.md | 2 +- isa/66/intro.md | 2 +- jas/01/intro.md | 8 ++++---- jas/02/intro.md | 8 ++++---- jas/03/intro.md | 2 +- jas/04/intro.md | 8 ++++---- jas/05/intro.md | 8 ++++---- jdg/01/intro.md | 4 ++-- jdg/02/intro.md | 2 +- jdg/03/intro.md | 4 ++-- jdg/04/intro.md | 2 +- jdg/05/intro.md | 2 +- jdg/06/intro.md | 4 ++-- jdg/07/intro.md | 2 +- jdg/08/intro.md | 4 ++-- jdg/09/intro.md | 4 ++-- jdg/10/intro.md | 2 +- jdg/11/intro.md | 2 +- jdg/12/intro.md | 4 ++-- jdg/13/intro.md | 2 +- jdg/14/intro.md | 4 ++-- jdg/15/intro.md | 2 +- jdg/16/intro.md | 2 +- jdg/17/intro.md | 2 +- jdg/18/intro.md | 2 +- jdg/19/intro.md | 2 +- jdg/20/intro.md | 2 +- jdg/21/intro.md | 2 +- jer/01/intro.md | 6 +++--- jer/02/intro.md | 4 ++-- jer/03/intro.md | 4 ++-- jer/04/intro.md | 2 +- jer/05/intro.md | 4 ++-- jer/06/intro.md | 2 +- jer/07/intro.md | 4 ++-- jer/08/intro.md | 2 +- jer/09/intro.md | 4 ++-- jer/10/intro.md | 2 +- jer/11/intro.md | 2 +- jer/12/intro.md | 4 ++-- jer/13/intro.md | 2 +- jer/14/intro.md | 2 +- jer/15/intro.md | 4 ++-- jer/16/intro.md | 4 ++-- jer/17/intro.md | 4 ++-- jer/18/intro.md | 4 ++-- jer/19/intro.md | 2 +- jer/20/intro.md | 4 ++-- jer/21/intro.md | 2 +- jer/22/intro.md | 2 +- jer/23/intro.md | 4 ++-- jer/24/intro.md | 2 +- jer/25/intro.md | 4 ++-- jer/26/intro.md | 2 +- jer/27/intro.md | 2 +- jer/28/intro.md | 2 +- jer/29/intro.md | 2 +- jer/30/intro.md | 2 +- jer/31/intro.md | 4 ++-- jer/32/intro.md | 2 +- jer/33/intro.md | 2 +- jer/34/intro.md | 4 ++-- jer/35/intro.md | 2 +- jer/36/intro.md | 2 +- jer/37/intro.md | 2 +- jer/38/intro.md | 2 +- jer/40/intro.md | 2 +- jer/41/intro.md | 2 +- jer/42/intro.md | 2 +- jer/43/intro.md | 6 +++--- jer/44/intro.md | 2 +- jer/46/intro.md | 4 ++-- jer/47/intro.md | 2 +- jer/48/intro.md | 2 +- jer/49/intro.md | 4 ++-- jer/50/intro.md | 4 ++-- jer/51/intro.md | 4 ++-- jhn/01/intro.md | 12 ++++++------ jhn/02/intro.md | 8 ++++---- jhn/03/intro.md | 4 ++-- jhn/04/intro.md | 12 ++++++------ jhn/05/intro.md | 8 ++++---- jhn/06/intro.md | 10 +++++----- jhn/07/intro.md | 12 ++++++------ jhn/08/intro.md | 8 ++++---- jhn/09/intro.md | 10 +++++----- jhn/10/intro.md | 8 ++++---- jhn/11/intro.md | 8 ++++---- jhn/12/intro.md | 10 +++++----- jhn/13/intro.md | 6 +++--- jhn/14/intro.md | 4 ++-- jhn/15/intro.md | 2 +- jhn/16/intro.md | 6 +++--- jhn/17/intro.md | 6 +++--- jhn/18/intro.md | 6 +++--- jhn/19/intro.md | 10 +++++----- jhn/20/intro.md | 10 +++++----- jhn/21/intro.md | 2 +- job/01/intro.md | 6 +++--- job/03/intro.md | 2 +- job/04/intro.md | 2 +- job/05/intro.md | 4 ++-- job/06/intro.md | 6 +++--- job/07/intro.md | 6 +++--- job/08/intro.md | 2 +- job/09/intro.md | 6 +++--- job/10/intro.md | 4 ++-- job/11/intro.md | 2 +- job/12/intro.md | 6 +++--- job/13/intro.md | 4 ++-- job/14/intro.md | 4 ++-- job/15/intro.md | 2 +- job/16/intro.md | 4 ++-- job/17/intro.md | 4 ++-- job/20/intro.md | 2 +- job/21/intro.md | 4 ++-- job/22/intro.md | 4 ++-- job/23/intro.md | 2 +- job/24/intro.md | 4 ++-- job/25/intro.md | 4 ++-- job/26/intro.md | 4 ++-- job/27/intro.md | 2 +- job/28/intro.md | 2 +- job/33/intro.md | 2 +- job/34/intro.md | 2 +- job/35/intro.md | 4 ++-- job/36/intro.md | 2 +- job/37/intro.md | 2 +- job/38/intro.md | 4 ++-- job/39/intro.md | 4 ++-- job/40/intro.md | 6 +++--- job/41/intro.md | 4 ++-- job/42/intro.md | 2 +- jol/01/intro.md | 4 ++-- jol/02/intro.md | 4 ++-- jol/03/intro.md | 2 +- jon/01/intro.md | 8 ++++---- jon/02/intro.md | 6 +++--- jon/03/intro.md | 6 +++--- jon/04/intro.md | 8 ++++---- jos/01/intro.md | 2 +- jos/02/intro.md | 4 ++-- jos/03/intro.md | 2 +- jos/04/intro.md | 2 +- jos/05/intro.md | 4 ++-- jos/06/intro.md | 2 +- jos/07/intro.md | 2 +- jos/08/intro.md | 4 ++-- jos/09/intro.md | 2 +- jos/10/intro.md | 4 ++-- jos/11/intro.md | 4 ++-- jos/13/intro.md | 4 ++-- jos/14/intro.md | 2 +- jos/16/intro.md | 2 +- jos/17/intro.md | 2 +- jos/20/intro.md | 2 +- jos/22/intro.md | 2 +- jos/23/intro.md | 4 ++-- jos/24/intro.md | 2 +- lam/01/intro.md | 2 +- lam/03/intro.md | 2 +- lev/01/intro.md | 2 +- lev/02/intro.md | 2 +- lev/03/intro.md | 2 +- lev/04/intro.md | 2 +- lev/05/intro.md | 4 ++-- lev/06/intro.md | 2 +- lev/07/intro.md | 2 +- lev/09/intro.md | 4 ++-- lev/10/intro.md | 4 ++-- lev/11/intro.md | 4 ++-- lev/12/intro.md | 2 +- lev/13/intro.md | 2 +- lev/14/intro.md | 2 +- lev/15/intro.md | 4 ++-- lev/16/intro.md | 4 ++-- lev/17/intro.md | 4 ++-- lev/18/intro.md | 2 +- lev/19/intro.md | 2 +- lev/20/intro.md | 6 +++--- lev/21/intro.md | 2 +- lev/22/intro.md | 2 +- lev/23/intro.md | 2 +- lev/24/intro.md | 2 +- lev/25/intro.md | 4 ++-- lev/26/intro.md | 2 +- lev/27/intro.md | 2 +- luk/01/intro.md | 2 +- luk/03/intro.md | 8 ++++---- luk/04/intro.md | 2 +- luk/05/intro.md | 14 +++++++------- luk/06/intro.md | 10 +++++----- luk/07/intro.md | 10 +++++----- luk/08/intro.md | 4 ++-- luk/09/intro.md | 14 +++++++------- luk/10/intro.md | 4 ++-- luk/11/intro.md | 8 ++++---- luk/12/intro.md | 8 ++++---- luk/13/intro.md | 4 ++-- luk/14/intro.md | 6 +++--- luk/15/intro.md | 4 ++-- luk/17/intro.md | 8 ++++---- luk/18/intro.md | 6 +++--- luk/19/intro.md | 10 +++++----- luk/20/intro.md | 4 ++-- luk/21/intro.md | 6 +++--- luk/22/intro.md | 6 +++--- luk/23/intro.md | 8 ++++---- luk/24/intro.md | 12 ++++++------ mal/01/intro.md | 4 ++-- mal/02/intro.md | 4 ++-- mal/03/intro.md | 4 ++-- mal/04/intro.md | 2 +- mat/01/intro.md | 4 ++-- mat/02/intro.md | 4 ++-- mat/03/intro.md | 4 ++-- mat/04/intro.md | 4 ++-- mat/05/intro.md | 2 +- mat/07/intro.md | 4 ++-- mat/08/intro.md | 2 +- mat/09/intro.md | 8 ++++---- mat/10/intro.md | 6 +++--- mat/11/intro.md | 4 ++-- mat/12/intro.md | 4 ++-- mat/13/intro.md | 10 +++++----- mat/14/intro.md | 2 +- mat/15/intro.md | 6 +++--- mat/16/intro.md | 8 ++++---- mat/17/intro.md | 4 ++-- mat/18/intro.md | 2 +- mat/19/intro.md | 4 ++-- mat/20/intro.md | 2 +- mat/21/intro.md | 6 +++--- mat/22/intro.md | 6 +++--- mat/23/intro.md | 6 +++--- mat/24/intro.md | 6 +++--- mat/25/intro.md | 2 +- mat/26/intro.md | 10 +++++----- mat/27/intro.md | 6 +++--- mat/28/intro.md | 6 +++--- mic/01/intro.md | 2 +- mic/02/intro.md | 2 +- mic/03/intro.md | 4 ++-- mic/04/intro.md | 2 +- mic/05/intro.md | 4 ++-- mic/06/intro.md | 2 +- mic/07/intro.md | 4 ++-- mrk/01/intro.md | 8 ++++---- mrk/02/intro.md | 6 +++--- mrk/03/intro.md | 6 +++--- mrk/04/intro.md | 2 +- mrk/05/intro.md | 2 +- mrk/06/intro.md | 2 +- mrk/07/intro.md | 4 ++-- mrk/08/intro.md | 8 ++++---- mrk/09/intro.md | 10 +++++----- mrk/10/intro.md | 6 +++--- mrk/11/intro.md | 2 +- mrk/13/intro.md | 2 +- mrk/14/intro.md | 6 +++--- mrk/15/intro.md | 8 ++++---- mrk/16/intro.md | 4 ++-- nam/01/intro.md | 4 ++-- nam/02/intro.md | 2 +- nam/03/intro.md | 2 +- neh/01/intro.md | 8 ++++---- neh/02/intro.md | 8 ++++---- neh/03/intro.md | 4 ++-- neh/04/intro.md | 4 ++-- neh/05/intro.md | 4 ++-- neh/06/intro.md | 2 +- neh/07/intro.md | 4 ++-- neh/08/intro.md | 4 ++-- neh/09/intro.md | 6 +++--- neh/10/intro.md | 2 +- neh/11/intro.md | 2 +- neh/12/intro.md | 2 +- neh/13/intro.md | 2 +- num/01/intro.md | 2 +- num/02/intro.md | 2 +- num/03/intro.md | 2 +- num/04/intro.md | 2 +- num/05/intro.md | 4 ++-- num/06/intro.md | 2 +- num/07/intro.md | 2 +- num/10/intro.md | 4 ++-- num/11/intro.md | 2 +- num/12/intro.md | 2 +- num/13/intro.md | 2 +- num/14/intro.md | 2 +- num/15/intro.md | 4 ++-- num/16/intro.md | 2 +- num/17/intro.md | 2 +- num/18/intro.md | 2 +- num/19/intro.md | 2 +- num/20/intro.md | 6 +++--- num/21/intro.md | 2 +- num/23/intro.md | 2 +- num/24/intro.md | 2 +- num/25/intro.md | 2 +- num/26/intro.md | 2 +- num/27/intro.md | 4 ++-- num/28/intro.md | 2 +- num/30/intro.md | 2 +- num/31/intro.md | 2 +- num/32/intro.md | 2 +- num/34/intro.md | 2 +- num/35/intro.md | 2 +- num/36/intro.md | 2 +- php/01/intro.md | 4 ++-- php/02/intro.md | 4 ++-- php/03/intro.md | 6 +++--- php/04/intro.md | 4 ++-- pro/01/intro.md | 2 +- pro/02/intro.md | 2 +- pro/03/intro.md | 4 ++-- pro/04/intro.md | 4 ++-- pro/05/intro.md | 4 ++-- pro/06/intro.md | 10 +++++----- pro/07/intro.md | 6 +++--- pro/08/intro.md | 2 +- pro/09/intro.md | 2 +- pro/10/intro.md | 2 +- pro/11/intro.md | 2 +- pro/12/intro.md | 2 +- pro/13/intro.md | 2 +- pro/14/intro.md | 2 +- pro/15/intro.md | 2 +- pro/16/intro.md | 4 ++-- pro/17/intro.md | 2 +- pro/18/intro.md | 2 +- pro/19/intro.md | 2 +- pro/20/intro.md | 2 +- pro/21/intro.md | 2 +- pro/22/intro.md | 4 ++-- pro/23/intro.md | 2 +- pro/24/intro.md | 4 ++-- pro/25/intro.md | 2 +- pro/26/intro.md | 2 +- pro/27/intro.md | 2 +- pro/28/intro.md | 2 +- pro/29/intro.md | 2 +- pro/30/intro.md | 6 +++--- pro/31/intro.md | 6 +++--- psa/001/intro.md | 4 ++-- psa/002/intro.md | 4 ++-- psa/003/intro.md | 2 +- psa/004/intro.md | 2 +- psa/005/intro.md | 2 +- psa/006/intro.md | 4 ++-- psa/007/intro.md | 4 ++-- psa/008/intro.md | 4 ++-- psa/009/intro.md | 6 +++--- psa/010/intro.md | 4 ++-- psa/011/intro.md | 2 +- psa/012/intro.md | 4 ++-- psa/013/intro.md | 2 +- psa/014/intro.md | 2 +- psa/015/intro.md | 4 ++-- psa/016/intro.md | 4 ++-- psa/017/intro.md | 2 +- psa/018/intro.md | 2 +- psa/019/intro.md | 2 +- psa/020/intro.md | 2 +- psa/021/intro.md | 2 +- psa/022/intro.md | 4 ++-- psa/023/intro.md | 2 +- psa/024/intro.md | 4 ++-- psa/025/intro.md | 2 +- psa/026/intro.md | 2 +- psa/027/intro.md | 2 +- psa/028/intro.md | 2 +- psa/029/intro.md | 4 ++-- psa/030/intro.md | 2 +- psa/031/intro.md | 2 +- psa/032/intro.md | 2 +- psa/033/intro.md | 2 +- psa/034/intro.md | 2 +- psa/035/intro.md | 2 +- psa/036/intro.md | 2 +- psa/037/intro.md | 2 +- psa/038/intro.md | 2 +- psa/039/intro.md | 2 +- psa/040/intro.md | 2 +- psa/041/intro.md | 2 +- psa/042/intro.md | 6 +++--- psa/043/intro.md | 4 ++-- psa/044/intro.md | 4 ++-- psa/045/intro.md | 4 ++-- psa/047/intro.md | 2 +- psa/048/intro.md | 2 +- psa/049/intro.md | 2 +- psa/050/intro.md | 2 +- psa/051/intro.md | 4 ++-- psa/052/intro.md | 4 ++-- psa/053/intro.md | 4 ++-- psa/054/intro.md | 4 ++-- psa/055/intro.md | 4 ++-- psa/056/intro.md | 4 ++-- psa/057/intro.md | 4 ++-- psa/058/intro.md | 4 ++-- psa/059/intro.md | 4 ++-- psa/060/intro.md | 2 +- psa/061/intro.md | 2 +- psa/062/intro.md | 2 +- psa/063/intro.md | 2 +- psa/064/intro.md | 2 +- psa/065/intro.md | 2 +- psa/066/intro.md | 2 +- psa/067/intro.md | 2 +- psa/068/intro.md | 4 ++-- psa/069/intro.md | 2 +- psa/070/intro.md | 4 ++-- psa/071/intro.md | 2 +- psa/072/intro.md | 4 ++-- psa/073/intro.md | 4 ++-- psa/074/intro.md | 4 ++-- psa/075/intro.md | 2 +- psa/076/intro.md | 2 +- psa/077/intro.md | 2 +- psa/078/intro.md | 4 ++-- psa/079/intro.md | 2 +- psa/080/intro.md | 4 ++-- psa/081/intro.md | 2 +- psa/082/intro.md | 4 ++-- psa/083/intro.md | 2 +- psa/084/intro.md | 4 ++-- psa/085/intro.md | 4 ++-- psa/086/intro.md | 2 +- psa/087/intro.md | 4 ++-- psa/088/intro.md | 2 +- psa/089/intro.md | 4 ++-- psa/090/intro.md | 2 +- psa/091/intro.md | 2 +- psa/092/intro.md | 2 +- psa/093/intro.md | 2 +- psa/094/intro.md | 2 +- psa/095/intro.md | 2 +- psa/096/intro.md | 2 +- psa/097/intro.md | 2 +- psa/098/intro.md | 2 +- psa/099/intro.md | 2 +- psa/100/intro.md | 2 +- psa/101/intro.md | 2 +- psa/102/intro.md | 2 +- psa/103/intro.md | 2 +- psa/104/intro.md | 2 +- psa/105/intro.md | 2 +- psa/106/intro.md | 2 +- psa/107/intro.md | 2 +- psa/108/intro.md | 2 +- psa/109/intro.md | 2 +- psa/110/intro.md | 2 +- psa/111/intro.md | 2 +- psa/112/intro.md | 2 +- psa/113/intro.md | 2 +- psa/114/intro.md | 2 +- psa/115/intro.md | 2 +- psa/116/intro.md | 2 +- psa/117/intro.md | 2 +- psa/118/intro.md | 2 +- psa/119/intro.md | 2 +- psa/120/intro.md | 2 +- psa/121/intro.md | 2 +- psa/122/intro.md | 2 +- psa/123/intro.md | 2 +- psa/124/intro.md | 2 +- psa/125/intro.md | 2 +- psa/126/intro.md | 2 +- psa/127/intro.md | 2 +- psa/128/intro.md | 2 +- psa/129/intro.md | 2 +- psa/130/intro.md | 2 +- psa/131/intro.md | 2 +- psa/132/intro.md | 2 +- psa/133/intro.md | 2 +- psa/134/intro.md | 2 +- psa/135/intro.md | 2 +- psa/136/intro.md | 2 +- psa/137/intro.md | 2 +- psa/138/intro.md | 2 +- psa/139/intro.md | 2 +- psa/140/intro.md | 2 +- psa/141/intro.md | 2 +- psa/142/intro.md | 2 +- psa/143/intro.md | 2 +- psa/144/intro.md | 2 +- psa/145/intro.md | 2 +- psa/146/intro.md | 2 +- psa/147/intro.md | 2 +- psa/148/intro.md | 2 +- psa/149/intro.md | 2 +- psa/150/intro.md | 2 +- rev/01/intro.md | 14 +++++++------- rev/02/intro.md | 12 ++++++------ rev/03/intro.md | 12 ++++++------ rev/04/intro.md | 10 +++++----- rev/05/intro.md | 10 +++++----- rev/06/intro.md | 8 ++++---- rev/07/intro.md | 4 ++-- rev/08/intro.md | 4 ++-- rev/09/intro.md | 12 ++++++------ rev/10/intro.md | 6 +++--- rev/11/intro.md | 8 ++++---- rev/12/intro.md | 4 ++-- rev/13/intro.md | 4 ++-- rev/14/intro.md | 2 +- rev/15/intro.md | 6 +++--- rev/16/intro.md | 6 +++--- rev/17/intro.md | 10 +++++----- rev/18/intro.md | 4 ++-- rev/19/intro.md | 4 ++-- rev/20/intro.md | 10 +++++----- rev/21/intro.md | 6 +++--- rev/22/intro.md | 4 ++-- rom/01/intro.md | 10 +++++----- rom/02/intro.md | 8 ++++---- rom/03/intro.md | 6 +++--- rom/04/intro.md | 6 +++--- rom/05/intro.md | 6 +++--- rom/06/intro.md | 10 +++++----- rom/07/intro.md | 8 ++++---- rom/08/intro.md | 12 ++++++------ rom/09/intro.md | 8 ++++---- rom/10/intro.md | 6 +++--- rom/11/intro.md | 2 +- rom/12/intro.md | 4 ++-- rom/13/intro.md | 4 ++-- rom/14/intro.md | 6 +++--- rom/15/intro.md | 2 +- rut/01/intro.md | 6 +++--- rut/02/intro.md | 2 +- rut/03/intro.md | 4 ++-- rut/04/intro.md | 6 +++--- sng/01/intro.md | 8 ++++---- sng/02/intro.md | 4 ++-- sng/03/intro.md | 4 ++-- sng/04/intro.md | 6 +++--- sng/05/intro.md | 6 +++--- sng/06/intro.md | 4 ++-- sng/07/intro.md | 4 ++-- sng/08/intro.md | 4 ++-- tit/01/intro.md | 4 ++-- tit/02/intro.md | 4 ++-- tit/03/intro.md | 2 +- tit/front/intro.md | 2 +- zec/01/intro.md | 4 ++-- zec/02/intro.md | 4 ++-- zec/03/intro.md | 4 ++-- zec/04/intro.md | 2 +- zec/06/intro.md | 4 ++-- zec/07/intro.md | 2 +- zec/09/intro.md | 2 +- zec/10/intro.md | 2 +- zec/11/intro.md | 4 ++-- zec/12/intro.md | 2 +- zec/14/intro.md | 2 +- zep/01/intro.md | 2 +- zep/02/intro.md | 2 +- zep/03/intro.md | 2 +- 1094 files changed, 2031 insertions(+), 2031 deletions(-) diff --git a/1ch/10/intro.md b/1ch/10/intro.md index 5bd7600b2d..a5e0c74311 100644 --- a/1ch/10/intro.md +++ b/1ch/10/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The death of Saul +####The death of Saul Saul died because he disobeyed God. diff --git a/1ch/11/intro.md b/1ch/11/intro.md index f48a8c7f48..12696f8601 100644 --- a/1ch/11/intro.md +++ b/1ch/11/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ The story of David begins here and continues throughout the remainder of this bo ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### King David the military leader +####King David the military leader David was made the king of all Israel and was the leader of their army. He conquered Jerusalem and strengthened its defenses. He had many brave men in his army that did great deeds. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/works]]) ## Links: diff --git a/1ch/12/intro.md b/1ch/12/intro.md index 01e5f1a152..c329d735c8 100644 --- a/1ch/12/intro.md +++ b/1ch/12/intro.md @@ -2,10 +2,10 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "[They] could use both the right hand and the left" +####"[They] could use both the right hand and the left" These soldiers were very skilled. They were able to fight with either hand. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) -##### King David +####King David This chapter records all those who supported David as king over Saul. The extent of this record shows that there was nearly universal support for David. ## Links: diff --git a/1ch/13/intro.md b/1ch/13/intro.md index 2753b283fb..d493e74f72 100644 --- a/1ch/13/intro.md +++ b/1ch/13/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Ark of the covenant +####Ark of the covenant David tried to bring the ark to Jerusalem on an ox cart instead of being carried by priests as the law said to do. The ox stumbled and Uzzah touched the ark to keep it from falling and he immediately died because of this. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]]) ## Links: diff --git a/1ch/16/intro.md b/1ch/16/intro.md index 3722a30c7e..496f9d0835 100644 --- a/1ch/16/intro.md +++ b/1ch/16/intro.md @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### David's psalm +####David's psalm As David organized the priests in their work in the tent, he wrote a psalm of praise to Yahweh. ## Links: diff --git a/1ch/17/intro.md b/1ch/17/intro.md index 678201929e..9a6417cea3 100644 --- a/1ch/17/intro.md +++ b/1ch/17/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Building the temple +####Building the temple David wanted to build a temple for God but God would not allow him to. Instead he promised that his son, Solomon, would build the temple and he promised David would have a descendant who would be king forever. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]]) ## Links: diff --git a/1ch/18/intro.md b/1ch/18/intro.md index 7c6282854b..983e355487 100644 --- a/1ch/18/intro.md +++ b/1ch/18/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### David's victories +####David's victories David conquered all kingdoms neighboring Israel. The gold, silver and bronze he received from these victories, he saved for building the temple. This may indicate that he believed that the victories were because of Yahweh and therefore the goods received in victory belonged to him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) ## Links: diff --git a/1ch/19/intro.md b/1ch/19/intro.md index 8adefd32ff..f5f0aee7d8 100644 --- a/1ch/19/intro.md +++ b/1ch/19/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ This is the beginning of the story about the war against the Ammonites. This sto ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Insults +####Insults The young king of Ammon insulted David when he had David's servants shaved and cut off their garments. Knowing David was going to attack him for this, he hired mercenaries from Aram to help him. Israel was able to defeat the Aramean mercenaries. diff --git a/1ch/20/intro.md b/1ch/20/intro.md index ebf51e4960..0131bd0f9b 100644 --- a/1ch/20/intro.md +++ b/1ch/20/intro.md @@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ This chapter ends the story of the war with Ammon and tells of giants being kill ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "When kings normally go to war" +####"When kings normally go to war" It was advantageous for kings to go to war in the springtime. This was possibly due to the weather being neither too hot nor too cold. ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "It came about" +####"It came about" This is a phrase used to indicate the next event in a series. It can often be translated as "after," "then" or "next." ## Links: diff --git a/1ch/21/intro.md b/1ch/21/intro.md index 83721f7f85..69776d8a43 100644 --- a/1ch/21/intro.md +++ b/1ch/21/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Trust +####Trust To trust in one's own power instead of God's protection is a sin. David had been trusting God to protect him, but now he counted the men of military age so he could know the strength of his army. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) ## Links: diff --git a/1ch/22/intro.md b/1ch/22/intro.md index 127eb1ea15..fad8489add 100644 --- a/1ch/22/intro.md +++ b/1ch/22/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ This chapter begins a new section lasting for the remainder of the book. David b ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Solomon +####Solomon In addition to preparing for the construction of the temple by gathering supplies, David also prepares his son, Solomon, to build the temple. David instructs Solomon to obey God. This is what is most necessary. ## Links: diff --git a/1ch/23/intro.md b/1ch/23/intro.md index 6731d355fc..8fcf91e804 100644 --- a/1ch/23/intro.md +++ b/1ch/23/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ The preparation for the construction of the temple continues in this chapter. (S ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Organizing the Levites +####Organizing the Levites As priests, the Levites had a significant role in the construction of the temple. David organized the Levites according to their families and explained what each group was to do. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]]) ## Links: diff --git a/1ch/24/intro.md b/1ch/24/intro.md index fa7a74da54..45a7eaf733 100644 --- a/1ch/24/intro.md +++ b/1ch/24/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ The preparation for the temple continues in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dic ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Arranging the priests +####Arranging the priests David arranged for the order in which priests would be on duty. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]]) ## Links: diff --git a/1ch/25/intro.md b/1ch/25/intro.md index 0162e2acd6..2e99dc4dad 100644 --- a/1ch/25/intro.md +++ b/1ch/25/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ The preparation for the temple continues in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dic ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Music +####Music The 24 groups who were chosen to play music in the temple cast lots to see in what order they would serve. ## Links: diff --git a/1ch/26/intro.md b/1ch/26/intro.md index 752300296a..36fe5efd75 100644 --- a/1ch/26/intro.md +++ b/1ch/26/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ The preparation for the temple continues in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dic ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Casting lots +####Casting lots The gatekeepers cast lots to see which gate they would guard. Those who took care of the storage also cast lots. ## Links: diff --git a/1ch/28/intro.md b/1ch/28/intro.md index 1f80e06934..18ca17a77a 100644 --- a/1ch/28/intro.md +++ b/1ch/28/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ The preparation for the temple continues in this chapter. David lectured the peo ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### David's instructions +####David's instructions David gives instructions to the people because he knows that he will not be there when the temple is built. It was common in the ancient Near East for leaders to give instructions to people before they die in preparation or anticipation of their death. ## Links: diff --git a/1ch/29/intro.md b/1ch/29/intro.md index ddc3be65d9..1edb3c0e5c 100644 --- a/1ch/29/intro.md +++ b/1ch/29/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ The preparation for the temple is finished in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/d ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Offering +####Offering David and the people made a free will offering and dedicated it all to God. ## Links: diff --git a/1co/01/intro.md b/1co/01/intro.md index c6f95135b9..1a0e9018f3 100644 --- a/1co/01/intro.md +++ b/1co/01/intro.md @@ -8,24 +8,24 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Disunity +####Disunity In this chapter, Paul scolds the church for being divided and for following different apostles. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/apostle]]) -##### Spiritual gifts +####Spiritual gifts Spiritual gifts are specific supernatural abilities to help the church. The Holy Spirit gives these gifts to Christians after they come to believe in Jesus. Paul lists spiritual gifts in Chapter 12. Some scholars believe the Holy Spirit gave some of these gifts only in the early church to help establish the developing church. Other scholars believe all the gifts of the Spirit are still available to help all Christians throughout the church history. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Idioms +####Idioms In this chapter, Paul refers to the return of Christ using two different phrases: "the revelation of our Lord Jesus Christ" and "the day of our Lord Jesus Christ." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom]]) -##### Rhetorical questions +####Rhetorical questions Paul uses rhetorical questions to scold the Corinthians for dividing into factions and for relying on human wisdom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Stumbling block +####Stumbling block A stumbling block is a rock people stumble over. Here it represents the difficulty Jews have in believing that God allowed his Messiah to be crucified. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) ## Links: diff --git a/1co/02/intro.md b/1co/02/intro.md index 1c5fd2908f..32b67aa135 100644 --- a/1co/02/intro.md +++ b/1co/02/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Wisdom +####Wisdom Paul continues the discussion from the first chapter that contrasts human wisdom and God's wisdom. For Paul, human wisdom can be foolish. He says the wisdom from the Holy Spirit is the only true wisdom. Paul uses the phrase "hidden wisdom" when he refers to previously unknown truths. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]]) ## Links: diff --git a/1co/03/intro.md b/1co/03/intro.md index 212bde5e57..edfc61388c 100644 --- a/1co/03/intro.md +++ b/1co/03/intro.md @@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ Some translations set quotations from the Old Testament farther to the right on ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Fleshly people +####Fleshly people The Corinthian believers were immature because of their unrighteous actions. He calls them "fleshly," meaning acting as nonbelievers. This term is used in opposition to those who are "spiritual." Christians following their "flesh" are acting foolishly. They are following the wisdom of the world. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/flesh]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphor +####Metaphor There are many metaphors in this chapter. Paul uses "little children" and "milk" to illustrate spiritual immaturity. He uses the metaphors of planting and watering to describe the roles he and Apollos played in growing the church in Corinth. Paul uses other metaphors to help teach spiritual truths to the Corinthians and to help them to understand his teachings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) ## Links: diff --git a/1co/04/intro.md b/1co/04/intro.md index 53f047a4e4..7fcc76e6c4 100644 --- a/1co/04/intro.md +++ b/1co/04/intro.md @@ -2,18 +2,18 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Pride +####Pride Paul contrasts the Corinthians' pride with the apostles' humility. The Corinthian believers had no reason to be proud. All that they had, and all they were, was a gift from God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/apostle]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphors +####Metaphors Paul uses many metaphors in this chapter. He describes the apostles as servants. Paul speaks of a victory parade where the apostles are the prisoners who will be killed. He uses a rod to stand for punishment. He calls himself their father because he is their "spiritual father." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]]) -##### Irony +####Irony Paul uses irony to shame the Corinthians for being proud. The Corinthian believers are reigning but the apostles are suffering. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-irony]]) -##### Rhetorical questions +####Rhetorical questions Paul uses several rhetorical questions in this chapter. He uses them to emphasize important points as he teaches the Corinthians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) ## Links: diff --git a/1co/05/intro.md b/1co/05/intro.md index 95d86281f9..bacc2eee05 100644 --- a/1co/05/intro.md +++ b/1co/05/intro.md @@ -6,14 +6,14 @@ Some translations set quotations from the Old Testament farther to the right on ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Euphemisms +####Euphemisms Paul uses euphemisms to describe sensitive topics. This chapter deals with sexual immorality of one church member. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-euphemism]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/fornication]]) -##### Metaphor +####Metaphor Paul uses an extended comparison that contains many metaphors. Yeast represents evil. The loaf probably represents the whole congregation. The unleavened bread represents living purely. So the whole passage means: Don't you know that a little evil will affect the whole congregation? So get rid of the evil so you can live purely. Christ has been sacrificed for us. So let us be sincere and truthful and not wicked and behaving badly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/unleavenedbread]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/purify]], and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/passover]]) -##### Rhetorical questions +####Rhetorical questions Paul uses rhetorical questions in this chapter. He uses them to emphasize important points as he teaches the Corinthians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) ## Links: diff --git a/1co/06/intro.md b/1co/06/intro.md index 7ac3f4e057..b97c41c4bc 100644 --- a/1co/06/intro.md +++ b/1co/06/intro.md @@ -2,16 +2,16 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Lawsuits +####Lawsuits Paul teaches that a Christian should not take another Christian to court before a non-Christian judge. It is better to be cheated. Christians will judge the angels. So they should be able to solve problems among themselves. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphor +####Metaphor The temple of the Holy Spirit is an important metaphor. It refers to the place where the Holy Spirit stays and is worshiped. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) -##### Rhetorical questions +####Rhetorical questions Paul uses several rhetorical questions in this chapter. He uses them to emphasize important points as he teaches the Corinthians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) ## Links: diff --git a/1co/07/intro.md b/1co/07/intro.md index ba2bc19805..b46a756095 100644 --- a/1co/07/intro.md +++ b/1co/07/intro.md @@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ Paul begins to answer a series of questions that the Corinthians may have asked ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Divorce +####Divorce Paul says married Christians should not divorce. A Christian married to an unbeliever should not leave their husband or wife. If the unbelieving husband or wife leaves, this is not a sin. Paul advises that, because of the difficult times and because it is near to the time that Jesus will return, it is good to remain unmarried. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Euphemisms +####Euphemisms Paul uses many euphemisms to discreetly refer to sexual relations. This is often a sensitive topic. Many cultures do not wish to speak openly about these matters. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-euphemism]]) ## Links: diff --git a/1co/08/intro.md b/1co/08/intro.md index d1cf6fe499..aeae0b4ff9 100644 --- a/1co/08/intro.md +++ b/1co/08/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ In Chapters 8-10, Paul answers the question: "Is it acceptable to eat meat that ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Meat sacrificed to idols +####Meat sacrificed to idols Paul answers the question about eating meat sacrificed to idols by saying that idols are supposed to be gods but that those gods do not really exist. Therefore nothing is wrong with the meat. Christians are free to eat it. However, someone who does not understand this may see a Christian eating it. They may then be encouraged to eat the meat as an act of worship to the idol. ## Links: diff --git a/1co/09/intro.md b/1co/09/intro.md index 6db5453ba4..23ed61aa4f 100644 --- a/1co/09/intro.md +++ b/1co/09/intro.md @@ -6,20 +6,20 @@ Paul defends himself in this chapter. Some people claimed that he was trying to ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Earning money from the church +####Earning money from the church People accused Paul of just wanting money from the church. Paul answered that he rightfully could get money from the church. The Old Testament taught that those who worked should get their living from their work. He and Barnabas purposefully never used this right and earned their own living. ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphor +####Metaphor Paul uses many metaphors in this chapter. These metaphors teach complex truths. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Contextualization +####Contextualization This passage is important because Paul "contextualizes" ministering the gospel to different audiences. This means that Paul makes himself and the gospel understandable without his actions hindering the gospel being received. The translator should take extra care to preserve aspects of this "contextualization" if possible. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/goodnews]]) -##### Rhetorical questions +####Rhetorical questions Paul uses many rhetorical questions in this chapter. He uses them to emphasize various points as he teaches the Corinthians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) ## Links: diff --git a/1co/10/intro.md b/1co/10/intro.md index 92859d0a4a..c8e7d6deb7 100644 --- a/1co/10/intro.md +++ b/1co/10/intro.md @@ -8,13 +8,13 @@ In this chapter, Paul uses the exodus to warn people not to sin. Then he returns ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Exodus +####Exodus Paul uses the experiences of Israel leaving Egypt and roaming the desert as a warning to the believers. Although the Israelites all followed Moses, God did not allow most of them to enter the Promised Land. Some worshiped an idol, some tested God, and some grumbled. Paul warns Christians not to sin. We can resist temptation because God provides a way of escape. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]]) -##### Eating meat sacrificed to idol +####Eating meat sacrificed to idol Paul discusses meat offered to idols. Christians are allowed to eat, but doing so may hurt others. So when buying meat or eating meat with a friend, do not ask if it has been offered to idols. But if someone tells you it has been offered to idols, don't eat it for the sake of that person. Do not offend anyone. Seek to save them instead. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) -##### Rhetorical questions +####Rhetorical questions Paul uses many rhetorical questions in this chapter. He uses them to emphasize important points as he teaches the Corinthians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) ## Links: diff --git a/1co/11/intro.md b/1co/11/intro.md index c0d776a6c9..25457ba66d 100644 --- a/1co/11/intro.md +++ b/1co/11/intro.md @@ -6,21 +6,21 @@ This is the beginning of a new section of the letter (Chapters 11-14). Paul now ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Proper conduct in a church service +####Proper conduct in a church service -##### Disorderly women +####Disorderly women Paul's instructions here are debated among scholars. There may have been women who were abusing their Christian freedom and causing disorder in the church by going against established cultural customs. The disorder that their actions created would have caused him to be concerned. -##### The Lord's Supper +####The Lord's Supper There were problems in how the Corinthians were handling the Lord's Supper. They did not act in a unified manner. During the feast celebrated along with the Lord's Supper, some of them ate their own food without sharing. Some of them got drunk while the poor people remained hungry. Paul taught that the believers dishonored Christ's death if they participated in the Lord's Supper while they were sinning or while they were in broken relationships with each other. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reconcile]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical questions +####Rhetorical questions Paul uses rhetorical questions to scold the people for their unwillingness to follow the rules for worship he has suggested. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) -##### The head +####The head Paul uses "head" as a metonym for authority in verse 3 and also to refer to a person's actual head in verse 4 and following. Since the verses are so close together, it is likely that Paul intentionally used "head" in this way. This would show that the ideas in these verses are connected. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]]) diff --git a/1co/12/intro.md b/1co/12/intro.md index 1b3a06e79a..dd0d18c086 100644 --- a/1co/12/intro.md +++ b/1co/12/intro.md @@ -2,19 +2,19 @@ ### Structure and formatting -##### Gifts of the Holy Spirit +####Gifts of the Holy Spirit This chapter begins a new section. Chapters 12-14 discuss spiritual gifts within the church. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The church, the body of Christ +####The church, the body of Christ This is an important metaphor in Scripture. The church has many different parts. Each part has different functions. They combine to make one church. All of the different parts are necessary. Each part is to be concerned for all the other parts, even those that seem less important. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "No one can say, 'Jesus is Lord,' except by the Holy Spirit." +####"No one can say, 'Jesus is Lord,' except by the Holy Spirit." In reading the Old Testament, the Jews would have substituted the word "Lord" for the word "Yahweh." This sentence probably means that no one can say that Jesus is Yahweh, God in the flesh, without the Holy Spirit's influence drawing them to accept this truth. If this statement is translated poorly, it can have unintended theological consequences. ## Links: diff --git a/1co/13/intro.md b/1co/13/intro.md index 9bc9df624f..51cf7846e3 100644 --- a/1co/13/intro.md +++ b/1co/13/intro.md @@ -6,13 +6,13 @@ Paul seems to interrupt his teaching about spiritual gifts to speak about love. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Love +####Love Love is the most important characteristic of the believer. This chapter fully describes love. Paul tells why love is more important than the gifts of the Spirit. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/love]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphor +####Metaphor Paul uses many different metaphors in this chapter. He uses these metaphors to instruct the Corinthians, especially on difficult topics. Readers often need spiritual discernment to understand these teachings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) diff --git a/1co/14/intro.md b/1co/14/intro.md index c2a89ef2a8..58baf1b003 100644 --- a/1co/14/intro.md +++ b/1co/14/intro.md @@ -8,11 +8,11 @@ Some translations set what is quoted from the Old Testament farther to the right ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Tongues +####Tongues Scholars disagree on the exact meaning of the gift of tongues. Paul describes the gift of tongues as a sign for unbelievers. It does not serve the whole church, unless someone interprets what is spoken. It is very important that the church uses this gift properly. -##### Prophecy +####Prophecy Scholars disagree on the exact meaning of prophecy as a spiritual gift. Paul says prophets can build up the entire church. He describes prophecy as a gift for believers. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) diff --git a/1co/15/intro.md b/1co/15/intro.md index 6900d8a7cb..ac93eae30c 100644 --- a/1co/15/intro.md +++ b/1co/15/intro.md @@ -2,12 +2,12 @@ ### Structure and formatting -##### Resurrection +####Resurrection This chapter includes a very important teaching about the resurrection of Jesus. The Greek people did not believe that people could live after they died. Paul defends the resurrection of Jesus. He teaches why it is important to all believers. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/resurrection]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]]) ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Resurrection +####Resurrection Paul presents the resurrection as the ultimate proof that Jesus is God. Christ is the first of many whom God will raise to life. The resurrection is central to the gospel. Few doctrines are as important as this one. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/goodnews]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/raise]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter diff --git a/1co/16/intro.md b/1co/16/intro.md index 07bc5370e3..d4ee65e91f 100644 --- a/1co/16/intro.md +++ b/1co/16/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Paul briefly covers many topics in this chapter. It was common in the ancient Ne ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Preparation for his coming +####Preparation for his coming Paul gives practical instructions to help prepare the Corinthian church for his visit. He tells them to start collecting money every Sunday for the believers in Jerusalem. He hopes to come and spend the winter with them. He tells them to help Timothy when he comes. He had hopes Apollos would go to them, but Apollos did not think it was the right time. Paul also tells them to obey Stephanus. Finally, he sends his greetings to everyone. diff --git a/1jn/01/intro.md b/1jn/01/intro.md index f4fbe80b74..b1f2cd4887 100644 --- a/1jn/01/intro.md +++ b/1jn/01/intro.md @@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ This is a letter that John wrote to Christians. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Christians and sin +####Christians and sin In this chapter John teaches that all Christians are still sinners. But God continues to forgive a Christian's sins. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/forgive]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphors +####Metaphors In this chapter John writes that God is light. Light is a metaphor for understanding and righteousness. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) diff --git a/1jn/02/intro.md b/1jn/02/intro.md index 81160a9d41..1818958a5c 100644 --- a/1jn/02/intro.md +++ b/1jn/02/intro.md @@ -2,13 +2,13 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Antichrist +####Antichrist In this chapter John writes about both a specific antichrist and many antichrists. The word "antichrist" means "opposed to Christ." The antichrist is a person who will come in the last days and imitate Jesus's work, but he will do it for evil. Before this person comes, there will be many people who work against Christ; they too are called "antichrists." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/antichrist]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lastday]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphor +####Metaphor There are several groups of similar metaphors that are used throughout this chapter. diff --git a/1jn/03/intro.md b/1jn/03/intro.md index 1dd2a01375..85a2fef415 100644 --- a/1jn/03/intro.md +++ b/1jn/03/intro.md @@ -2,18 +2,18 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Children of God +####Children of God God created all people, but people can only become children of God by believing in Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]]) -##### Cain +####Cain Cain was a son of the first man, Adam, and the first woman, Eve. He was jealous of his brother and murdered him. Readers may not know who Cain was if they have not read Genesis. It may help them if you explain this to them. ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "To know" +####"To know" The verb "to know" is used in two different ways in this chapter. Sometimes it is used about knowing a fact, as in 3:2, 3:5, and 3:19. Sometimes it means to experience and understand someone or something, as in 3:1, 3:6, 3:16, and 3:20. Some languages have different words for these different meanings. -##### "He who keeps God's commandments remains in him, and God remains in him" +####"He who keeps God's commandments remains in him, and God remains in him" Many scholars believe this is about remaining in God's will and is not about being saved. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) ## Links: diff --git a/1jn/04/intro.md b/1jn/04/intro.md index ea24e88d0a..e7ebb6de5c 100644 --- a/1jn/04/intro.md +++ b/1jn/04/intro.md @@ -2,12 +2,12 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Spirit +####Spirit This word "spirit" is used in different ways in this chapter. Sometimes the word "spirit" refers to spiritual beings. Sometimes it refers to the character of something. For example "the spirit of the antichrist," "the spirit of truth," and "the spirit of error" refer to what is typical of the antichrist, truth, and error. "The Spirit" (written with a capital "S") and "the Spirit of God" refer to God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/antichrist]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Loving God +####Loving God If people love God, they should show it in the way they live and the way they treat other people. Doing this may assure us that God has saved us and that we belong to him, but loving others does not save us. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) ## Links: diff --git a/1jn/05/intro.md b/1jn/05/intro.md index c370325080..a7305a19f8 100644 --- a/1jn/05/intro.md +++ b/1jn/05/intro.md @@ -2,18 +2,18 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Children born from God +####Children born from God When people believe in Jesus, God makes them his children and gives them eternal life. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]]) -##### Christian living +####Christian living People who believe in Jesus should obey God's commands and love his children. ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### A sin that results in death +####A sin that results in death This seems to refer to behaviors that will result in a person experiencing spiritual death, that is, to be separated from God forever. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/death]]) -##### "the whole world lies in the power of the evil one" +####"the whole world lies in the power of the evil one" The phrase "the evil one" refers to Satan. God has allowed him to rule the world, but ultimately God is in control over everything. God keeps his children safe from the evil one. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/satan]]) ## Links: diff --git a/1ki/01/intro.md b/1ki/01/intro.md index 488b4a5055..67ffbc4ea2 100644 --- a/1ki/01/intro.md +++ b/1ki/01/intro.md @@ -8,12 +8,12 @@ This chapter records the beginning of the reign of Solomon (chapters 1-11) after ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The next king +####The next king David did not announce who was to succeed him. Because of this, there was fighting between David's sons over who should be king. Adonijah invited guests to a banquet and declared himself king. Then those favoring Solomon told David and he declared Solomon the new king. ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Idiom +####Idiom Several times in this chapter, the people use the idiom "sit on the throne" to mean "be king." Solomon assures Adonijah that if he behaves himself "not a hair of his will fall to the earth," meaning "he will not be harmed." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom]]) ## Links: diff --git a/1ki/02/intro.md b/1ki/02/intro.md index 30eded3875..21fd346d61 100644 --- a/1ki/02/intro.md +++ b/1ki/02/intro.md @@ -6,17 +6,17 @@ This chapter has two stories: David's last advice to Solomon and Solomon's punis ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Exalting oneself +####Exalting oneself Exalting oneself can lead to disaster as when Adonijah made himself king. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/exalt]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Euphemism +####Euphemism David spoke of his impending death using a euphemism: "I am going the way of all the earth." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-euphemism]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Parallelism +####Parallelism David wanted to emphasize the importance of obeying God to his son Solomon. He used parallelism, saying the same thing seven times using different words: "Keep the commands of Yahweh your God to walk in his ways, to obey his statutes, his commandments, his decisions, and his covenant decrees, being careful to do what is written in the law of Moses." Some languages have other ways of emphasizing an idea. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-parallelism]]) diff --git a/1ki/03/intro.md b/1ki/03/intro.md index e9b02c870e..df93af91cd 100644 --- a/1ki/03/intro.md +++ b/1ki/03/intro.md @@ -6,11 +6,11 @@ This chapter has two stories. Verses 1-15 is the story of Solomon's dream when G ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Wisdom +####Wisdom God was very pleased with Solomon's request for wisdom. This is because wisdom was something that he could use to serve other people instead of himself. Because this was a noble request, God promised Solomon wisdom, wealth, and fame. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]]) -##### Putting the needs of others first +####Putting the needs of others first There are two additional examples of people putting the needs of others in front of their own needs. God is pleased with people wanting to do their job well more than wanting to be blessed. A mother will put the life of her child above every other concern. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]]) ## Links: diff --git a/1ki/05/intro.md b/1ki/05/intro.md index aede42f137..6c7d329c0b 100644 --- a/1ki/05/intro.md +++ b/1ki/05/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ This is the beginning of the description of the building of the temple. (See: [[ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Building the temple +####Building the temple Building the temple took a lot of work and cooperation. King Hiram of Tyre provided lumber for building the temple in exchange for wheat and olive oil. Solomon also had many people cutting rocks for the walls of the temple. ## Links: diff --git a/1ki/06/intro.md b/1ki/06/intro.md index 3d4e90b332..6b096b8869 100644 --- a/1ki/06/intro.md +++ b/1ki/06/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ The building of the temple continues in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bi ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Building the temple +####Building the temple Solomon built the temple in seven years. The outside walls were made of rock. Solomon shaped the rocks for the wall in the quarry and then assembled them at the temple site. The inside was covered with wood. Inside the temple was a room covered by gold, which was the Most Holy Place where the ark was housed under statues of angels. It represented the presence of God. ## Links: diff --git a/1ki/07/intro.md b/1ki/07/intro.md index c527366d4b..36f4e84a11 100644 --- a/1ki/07/intro.md +++ b/1ki/07/intro.md @@ -6,10 +6,10 @@ This chapter has a description of the palace Solomon built and the materials use ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Bronze +####Bronze Solomon hired a man from Tyre who was good at casting things out of bronze. The bronze objects were made by hollowing out the shape of the object in clay and then pouring in the hot melted liquid bronze and letting it cool. He made two large pillars and a large water reservoir set on the backs of 12 bronze cows. He made all the instruments for use in the sacrifices outside the temple. He made the furnishing inside the temple out of gold. -##### The temple and the palace +####The temple and the palace Solomon spent 13 years building a palace for himself that was much bigger than the temple. It is significant that the house of Solomon was much larger than the house of God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/houseofgod]]) ## Links: diff --git a/1ki/08/intro.md b/1ki/08/intro.md index 90ab7815b1..f923d8c1df 100644 --- a/1ki/08/intro.md +++ b/1ki/08/intro.md @@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ The ark is placed in the new temple. This is a very significant event in the his ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Celebration of the temple's completion +####Celebration of the temple's completion When the temple was finished, Solomon told all of the people to come to Jerusalem. They took the ark out of the tent and brought it to the temple. Then Solomon prayed that God would hear and answer prayers made to him when they faced towards the temple. ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Idiom +####Idiom Solomon prayed that God would respond to people's prayers using an idiom: "that your eyes may be open to the request of your servant." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom]]) ## Links: diff --git a/1ki/09/intro.md b/1ki/09/intro.md index 65e61bf16d..e6e954c8f1 100644 --- a/1ki/09/intro.md +++ b/1ki/09/intro.md @@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ There are two parts to this chapter. Verses 1–9 is a dream in which God warned ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Worship only Yahweh +####Worship only Yahweh Yahweh alone must be worshiped. It is necessary for people to stay faithful to God and not worship idols. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphor +####Metaphor 'Walk" is a common image in Scripture. It is said, "if you walk before me as David your father walked." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/walk]]) ## Links: diff --git a/1ki/11/intro.md b/1ki/11/intro.md index 33848c5655..4d7bb2a1d5 100644 --- a/1ki/11/intro.md +++ b/1ki/11/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ This is the end of the story of Solomon. (Chapters 1-11) ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Intermarriage with Gentiles +####Intermarriage with Gentiles God had told the people of Israel in Moses's law never to marry women from the Gentile nations. But Solomon married many women from Gentile countries. This was because their religious beliefs would negatively affect Israel. Solomon, the wisest man, became a fool and his wives persuaded him to worship foolish idols. God became angry and warned he would take away 10 tribes from the kingdom of his son. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) ## Links: diff --git a/1ki/12/intro.md b/1ki/12/intro.md index 530551c6b4..4b6fedfc87 100644 --- a/1ki/12/intro.md +++ b/1ki/12/intro.md @@ -2,20 +2,20 @@ ### Structure and formatting -##### Civil war +####Civil war This chapter explains how the united kingdom of Israel was split into the two kingdoms: Israel and Judah. This is sometimes called a "civil war." ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Israel splits +####Israel splits God's warning to Solomon came true. In spite of his famous wealth, Solomon had over-taxed his own people and forced them to work for free. When the people requested that King Rehoboam reduce taxes and forced labor, he said that he would be harsher than his father. This caused the 10 northern tribes to revolt and appoint Jeroboam as their king. These northern tribes are now called the kingdom of Israel. Only Judah and Benjamin stayed with Rehoboam. They are called Judah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/appoint]]) -##### Jeroboam introduces calf worship +####Jeroboam introduces calf worship Jeroboam made a terrible mistake. He was afraid that if the people continued to go to Jerusalem to worship in the temple, they would want to return to Rehoboam as their king. So he made two shrines with calves made of gold for the people to worship. This eventually caused the destruction of his whole family. The kingdom of Israel continued worshiping the idols until they were taken slaves by the Assyrians. The northern tribes were unable to truly worship Yahweh without going to Jerusalem in the kingdom of Judah. ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphor +####Metaphor The people used the metaphor of "yoke" for oppressive government: "Your father made our yoke difficult. Now then, make your father's hard work easier, and lighten the heavy yoke that he put on us." But Rehoboam promised to increase their oppression with three metaphors: "My little finger is thicker than my father's waist. So now, although my father burdened you with a heavy yoke, I will add to your yoke. My father punished you with whips, but I will punish you with scorpions." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/oppress]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]]) ## Links: diff --git a/1ki/13/intro.md b/1ki/13/intro.md index 3862a08d74..9095270730 100644 --- a/1ki/13/intro.md +++ b/1ki/13/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ This chapter has two parts: The young prophet's warning to Jeroboam (1-10) and t ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Obeying God +####Obeying God People should do what God tells them to do and not what other people tell them is God's will for them. The story of the young prophet and the old prophet is an example of this. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/reward]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/willofgod]]) ## Links: diff --git a/1ki/14/intro.md b/1ki/14/intro.md index 9f495d6a99..bbb2dabf6b 100644 --- a/1ki/14/intro.md +++ b/1ki/14/intro.md @@ -6,10 +6,10 @@ This chapter has two stories. One is the death of Jeroboam's son (1-18). The oth ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The death of Jeroboam's son +####The death of Jeroboam's son God knows the truth; it is useless to try to fool God's prophet. Jeroboam's son became sick; so the king sent his wife, disguised as a common woman, to the prophet. The prophet was blind, but when Jeroboam's wife arrived he told her, "Come in, wife of Jeroboam." He also told her that her son would die and that all of Jeroboam's family would be killed, because he had caused Israel to worship the golden calves. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/true]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -##### Rehoboam's reign +####Rehoboam's reign When Solomon obeyed God, God made him very rich. When the people of Judah began to worship the fertility goddess, Ashtoreth, and to do many evil things, they had to give all of their wealth to the king of Egypt to persuade him not to attack Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) ## Links: diff --git a/1ki/15/intro.md b/1ki/15/intro.md index 3dd3e5c8db..97b82b482d 100644 --- a/1ki/15/intro.md +++ b/1ki/15/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Judah had some bad kings and some good kings. All of the kings in Israel continu ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "But the shrines were not taken away." +####"But the shrines were not taken away." At the shrines, the people worshiped Yahweh. But later, during Hezekiah's reign, it was decided that all sacrifices must be made only at the temple. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) ## Links: diff --git a/1ki/16/intro.md b/1ki/16/intro.md index 94212b9dca..fbe2b1cff7 100644 --- a/1ki/16/intro.md +++ b/1ki/16/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Incorrect worship +####Incorrect worship The prophet Jehu warned Baasha, king of Israel, that God would destroy his family for worshiping the idols. But Baasha did not change his ways; so Zimri murdered Baasha's son and all his relatives. Then Omri killed Zimri. Omri's son Ahab brought in the rain god Baal and his wife, the fertility goddess Ashtoreth, as the official religion of Israel. This was very evil. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) ## Links: diff --git a/1ki/17/intro.md b/1ki/17/intro.md index 13903fe819..220b2c680d 100644 --- a/1ki/17/intro.md +++ b/1ki/17/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ This is the beginning of the story of Elijah. (1 Kings 17 – 2 Kings 2) ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Baal worship +####Baal worship Ahab had introduced the worship of Baal, the god people thought brought rain, to Israel. Because of this, God caused a drought. Elijah told Ahab that it would not rain or dew until he, Elijah, said so. Elijah had to hide so Ahab would not kill him for bringing the drought. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) ## Links: diff --git a/1ki/18/intro.md b/1ki/18/intro.md index b83735cf99..abb529300b 100644 --- a/1ki/18/intro.md +++ b/1ki/18/intro.md @@ -6,11 +6,11 @@ The story of Elijah continues in this chapter. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Baal +####Baal God proved himself to all the people of Israel. Elijah went to meet Ahab. He told Ahab to bring the 450 prophets of Baal and all the people to Mount Carmel. Then he proposed an experiment, which was carried out. The prophets of Baal took one bull, killed it, cut it up, and placed it on wood on an altar without lighting the fire. The prophets of Baal danced and prayed to Baal all morning and half the afternoon. After they were exhausted, Elijah built his altar, put the bull he had prepared on it, and drenched it with water. Then he prayed. God answered his prayer with fire that burned up the sacrifice, the altar and the water. Then Elijah told the people to seize the prophets of Baal and kill them. After that, Elijah prayed for rain, and it rained very hard. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Humor +####Humor Elijah insults the false god Baal. He states, "Perhaps he is thinking, or is relieving himself, or he is traveling on a journey, or perhaps he is sleeping and must be awakened." Baal was too busy in the bathroom to answer the prophets. "Relieving himself" is a euphemism. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-euphemism]]) diff --git a/1ki/20/intro.md b/1ki/20/intro.md index aa9a5a703e..7c1f7c77b8 100644 --- a/1ki/20/intro.md +++ b/1ki/20/intro.md @@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ This is a story of two battles between Aram and Israel. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Battle +####Battle God had chosen to defeat Ben Hadad, king of Aram. So when he attacked Samaria with a huge army, the tiny army of Israel defeated him. The people of Aram said that Yahweh was the god of the hills, but they could defeat Israel on the plains. So they came again but Israel defeated them again. Then Ben Hadad offered a peace plan and Ahab accepted. But God had wanted him to kill Ben Hadad and was angry at Ahab for making peace with him. ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Simile +####Simile There were so few Israel soldiers that they were "like two little flocks of goats." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-simile]]) ## Links: diff --git a/1ki/22/intro.md b/1ki/22/intro.md index 56cc2ecd2f..dbd2716ece 100644 --- a/1ki/22/intro.md +++ b/1ki/22/intro.md @@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ When God has decided a person will die, then they cannot avoid death. Ahab persu ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "However, the shrines were still not taken away. The people were still sacrificing and burning incense at the shrines." +####"However, the shrines were still not taken away. The people were still sacrificing and burning incense at the shrines." At the shrines, the people worshiped Yahweh. But later, during Hezekiah's reign it was decided that all sacrifices must be made only at the temple. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) ## Links: diff --git a/1pe/01/intro.md b/1pe/01/intro.md index daa2a63506..aafc397e1e 100644 --- a/1pe/01/intro.md +++ b/1pe/01/intro.md @@ -8,21 +8,21 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### What God reveals +####What God reveals When Jesus comes again, everyone will see how good God's people were to have faith in Jesus. Then God's people will see how gracious God has been to them, and all people will praise both God and his people. -##### Holiness +####Holiness God wants his people to be holy because God is holy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]]) -##### Eternity +####Eternity Peter tells Christians to live for things that will last forever and not to live for the things of this world, which will end. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Paradox +####Paradox A paradox is a true statement that appears to describe something impossible. Peter writes that his readers are glad and sad at the same time ([1 Peter 1:6](./06.md)). He can say this because they are sad because they are suffering, but they are glad because they know that God will save them "in the last time" ([1 Peter 1:5](./05.md)) diff --git a/1pe/02/intro.md b/1pe/02/intro.md index d070f7e099..d49056848e 100644 --- a/1pe/02/intro.md +++ b/1pe/02/intro.md @@ -6,13 +6,13 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Stones +####Stones Peter uses a building made of large stones as a metaphor for the church. Jesus is the cornerstone, the most important stone. The apostles and prophets are the foundation, the part of the building on which all the other stones rest. In this chapter, Christians are the stones that make up the walls of the building. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/cornerstone]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/foundation]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Milk and babies +####Milk and babies When Peter tells his readers to "long for pure spiritual milk," he is using the metaphor of a baby craving his mother's milk. Peter wants Christians to crave God's word the same way a baby craves milk. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) diff --git a/1pe/03/intro.md b/1pe/03/intro.md index 6f70f624f5..cb626590e2 100644 --- a/1pe/03/intro.md +++ b/1pe/03/intro.md @@ -6,17 +6,17 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "Outward ornaments" +####"Outward ornaments" Most people want to look good so other people will like them and think they are good people. Women are especially careful to look good by wearing nice clothes and jewels. Peter is saying that what a woman thinks and says and does are more important to God than how she looks. -##### Unity +####Unity Peter wanted his readers to agree with each other. More importantly, he wanted them to love each other and be patient with each other. ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphor +####Metaphor Peter quotes a psalm that describes God as if he were a person with eyes, ears, and a face. However, God is a spirit, so he does not have physical eyes or ears or a physical face. But he does know what people do, and he does act against wicked people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) diff --git a/1pe/04/intro.md b/1pe/04/intro.md index 23835ca409..1be4eb3079 100644 --- a/1pe/04/intro.md +++ b/1pe/04/intro.md @@ -6,16 +6,16 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Ungodly Gentiles +####Ungodly Gentiles This passage uses the term "Gentiles" to refer to all ungodly people who are not Jews. It does not include Gentiles who have become Christians. "Sensuality, passion, drunkenness, drunken celebrations, having wild parties, and committing disgusting acts of idolatry" were actions that characterized or typified the ungodly Gentiles. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]]) -##### Martyrdom +####Martyrdom It is apparent that Peter is speaking to many Christians who are experiencing great persecution and are facing death for their beliefs. ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "Let it" and "Let none" and "Let him" and "Let those" +####"Let it" and "Let none" and "Let him" and "Let those" Peter uses these phrases to tell his readers what he wants them to do. They are like commands because he wants his readers to obey. But it is as if he is telling one person what he wants other people to do. diff --git a/1pe/05/intro.md b/1pe/05/intro.md index 0ffafa62de..3ee268ca87 100644 --- a/1pe/05/intro.md +++ b/1pe/05/intro.md @@ -6,17 +6,17 @@ Most people in the ancient Near East would end a letter the way Peter ends this ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Crowns +####Crowns The crown that the Chief Shepherd will give is a reward, something that people who do something especially good receive. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/reward]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Lion +####Lion All animals are afraid of lions because they are fast and strong, and they eat almost every other kind of animal. They also eat people. Satan wants to make God's people afraid, so Peter uses the simile of a lion to teach his readers that Satan can harm their bodies, but if they trust in God and obey him, they will always be God's people, and God will care for them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-simile]]) -##### Babylon +####Babylon Babylon was the evil nation that in Old Testament times had destroyed Jerusalem, taken the Jews away from their homes, and ruled over them. Peter uses Babylon as a metaphor for the nation that was persecuting the Christians he was writing to. Many scholars think that Peter was referring to Rome because the Romans were persecuting the Christians. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) diff --git a/1sa/01/intro.md b/1sa/01/intro.md index 28e516e379..4ce09e8444 100644 --- a/1sa/01/intro.md +++ b/1sa/01/intro.md @@ -6,15 +6,15 @@ This chapter introduces Samuel. It is the beginning of the section 1 Samuel 1-7 ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Two wives +####Two wives This was a common practice in the ancient Near East. It was against the law of Moses. The men of Israel would have sinned if they married more than one woman. This type of marriage always creates problems because of jealousy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/jealous]]) -##### "Pay his vow" +####"Pay his vow" It was customary for Israelites to promise God to make a sacrifice to him if God answered special prayers. Making such a sacrifice was called paying one's vow. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/vow]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Idioms +####Idioms When Hannah wanted to assure Eli she was telling the truth, she used the idiom "as you live." This is a type of oath formula meaning "I promise you I am telling the truth." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom]]) diff --git a/1sa/02/intro.md b/1sa/02/intro.md index 21b57c7205..795c347c6c 100644 --- a/1sa/02/intro.md +++ b/1sa/02/intro.md @@ -6,11 +6,11 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Hannah's song of praise to God +####Hannah's song of praise to God This song is about how God protects the weak and strengthens them. He humbles the rich, provides for the poor, and defeats his enemies. -##### Eli's Sons +####Eli's Sons Eli, the chief priest, had two sons. They were ungodly priests who continually sinned and did not honor God. Eli corrected them but they did not listen. A prophet warned Eli that God would stop his family from being priests and his sons would both die on the same day. At the same time, Samuel was growing up and serving God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) @@ -18,19 +18,19 @@ Eli, the chief priest, had two sons. They were ungodly priests who continually s This chapter has many figures of speech because the first part of the chapter is a song and the last part of the chapter is a prophecy. Songs and prophecy tend to have many figures of speech. -##### Synecdoches +####Synecdoches "My heart" and "my mouth" are synecdoches referencing the speaker. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-synecdoche]]) -##### Metonymies +####Metonymies Body parts are often used to stand for activities involving that part of the body. "The feet of his faithful people" is a metonym meaning what they are doing or where they are going. Place names are often used for people in that place such as "the ends of the earth" meaning the people living in the ends of the earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]]) -##### Metaphors +####Metaphors Hannah used many military metaphors: "rock," representing protection; "the bows of the mighty men are broken," representing military defeat; "the horn of his anointed," representing the power of the one that God has chosen to be king. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) -##### Rhetorical questions +####Rhetorical questions God used three rhetorical questions to correct and condemn Eli. "Did I not reveal myself to the house of your ancestor, when they were in Egypt in bondage to Pharaoh's house?" "Why then do you scorn my offerings that I required in the place where I live?" "Why do you honor your sons above me by making yourselves fat with the best of every offering of my people Israel?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) diff --git a/1sa/03/intro.md b/1sa/03/intro.md index b4142ebcc9..bfc2ea3b5f 100644 --- a/1sa/03/intro.md +++ b/1sa/03/intro.md @@ -2,17 +2,17 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### God speaks to Samuel +####God speaks to Samuel God spoke at night to Samuel when he was a small boy, telling him that he would punish Eli's family. As Samuel grew up, God gave him many messages. People came from all over Israel to find out what God had to say. ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metonymy +####Metonymy In order to show respect when talking to God, Samuel calls himself "your servant" when referring to himself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]]) -##### Idioms +####Idioms One characteristic of prophecy is the use of figures of speech. In this passage there are two idioms: "ears will shake," meaning "will shock everyone who hears" and "carry out," meaning "do." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom]]) diff --git a/1sa/04/intro.md b/1sa/04/intro.md index 021fec5780..28dd38e912 100644 --- a/1sa/04/intro.md +++ b/1sa/04/intro.md @@ -2,19 +2,19 @@ ### Structure and formatting -##### The Ark of the Covenant in Philistine country +####The Ark of the Covenant in Philistine country This chapter begins a new section on the Ark and the Philistines. It recounts two battles between Israel and the Philistines. In both battles, Israel was badly defeated and, in the second, the Ark was captured. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The Ark is captured +####The Ark is captured The Philistine army invaded Israel, and Israel's army went to fight them but was defeated. Israel decided that if they took the Ark into the next battle, God would cause them to win. When Eli's sons took the Ark into the next battle and the Philistines won the battle, they killed Eli's two sons and captured the Ark. When Eli heard the Ark was captured, he fell over, broke his neck, and died. Hearing this news, his daughter-in-law named her baby "the glory has departed." ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical Question +####Rhetorical Question The Philistines expressed their fear using a rhetorical question: "Who will protect us from the strength of this mighty God?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) diff --git a/1sa/05/intro.md b/1sa/05/intro.md index 0cf6f3ffcf..be0afe9259 100644 --- a/1sa/05/intro.md +++ b/1sa/05/intro.md @@ -6,13 +6,13 @@ The story of the Ark of the Covenant in Philistia continues. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The Ark in the Philistine Cities +####The Ark in the Philistine Cities The Philistines took the Ark of God to Ashdod and put it in their idol temple, but their idol fell down in front of the Ark and the people got sick with bubonic plague. They took it to Gath next, and the people of Gath began dying of the plague. When they took the Ark to Ekron, the people of Ekron were afraid of it too and did not want it there. Finally they decided to send it back to Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Idioms +####Idioms There are two slightly different idioms used in the same way: the "hand was heavy" and the "hand was hard." Both idioms mean "was severely punished." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom]]) diff --git a/1sa/06/intro.md b/1sa/06/intro.md index c2460814fe..7d142da08e 100644 --- a/1sa/06/intro.md +++ b/1sa/06/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ This chapter ends the story of the Ark of the Covenant among the Philistines. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The Philistines send the Ark back to Israel +####The Philistines send the Ark back to Israel The Philistine leaders asked their priests what they should do with the Ark. The priests said to send it off with an offering. The Philistines put the Ark on a cart drawn by cows and let them go wherever they wanted to go. The cows went straight toward Israel. When some people peeked into the Ark, God killed them. Because of this, the people sent the Ark to Kiriath Jearim. diff --git a/1sa/07/intro.md b/1sa/07/intro.md index fd8da74d31..477ca67e0f 100644 --- a/1sa/07/intro.md +++ b/1sa/07/intro.md @@ -6,13 +6,13 @@ This chapter completes the section on Samuel leading Israel. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Israel begins to worship Yahweh again +####Israel begins to worship Yahweh again Samuel told the people to get rid of all their idols and worship Yahweh alone. The people were obedient. When the Philistines heard the Israelites were all gathered together, the Philistines attacked, but God defeated them. There was a time of peace during which Samuel settled disputes between the people as the judges had done before. ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Idioms +####Idioms Whenever Samuel spoke to a group of people, he used many idioms: "to turn to" means "to worship"; "with your whole heart" means "completely"; and "rescue from the hand" means "rescued from the power." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom]]) diff --git a/1sa/08/intro.md b/1sa/08/intro.md index d4a708ebd3..edbe4932b8 100644 --- a/1sa/08/intro.md +++ b/1sa/08/intro.md @@ -1,13 +1,13 @@ # 1 Samuel 08 General Notes ### Structure and formatting -##### Saul and Samuel +####Saul and Samuel The section including chapters 8-16 begins a new part of the story. The people wanted a king, and God chose Saul, the man the people wanted, to be their king. He was not the king Yahweh wanted. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The people want a king +####The people want a king When Samuel was old, he appointed his sons to be judges. They were corrupt and took bribes, so the people came and asked Samuel to appoint a king for them. Samuel asked God, who gave them a king but warned them what a king would be like. Despite Samuel's warning that a king would oppress them, the people still wanted a king. This was sinful because they were rejecting God as their king. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/appoint]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/oppress]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) diff --git a/1sa/09/intro.md b/1sa/09/intro.md index 7aa420e838..3db3f293c9 100644 --- a/1sa/09/intro.md +++ b/1sa/09/intro.md @@ -1,13 +1,13 @@ # 1 Samuel 09 General Notes ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Samuel chooses Saul to be their king +####Samuel chooses Saul to be their king When the donkeys of Saul's father strayed away, Saul went looking for them. When he could not find them, he asked Samuel to ask God where they were. Samuel said the donkeys had been found. He invited Saul as the guest of honor to a feast and gave him a place to sleep for the night. ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical questions +####Rhetorical questions Saul uses two rhetorical questions to convince Samuel he is not important: "Am not I a Benjamite, from the smallest of the tribes of Israel? Is not my clan the least of all the clans of the tribe of Benjamin?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) diff --git a/1sa/10/intro.md b/1sa/10/intro.md index acd9c39ec4..2372d288de 100644 --- a/1sa/10/intro.md +++ b/1sa/10/intro.md @@ -5,16 +5,16 @@ This is the first chapter about King Saul. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Saul as the New King +####Saul as the New King Samuel told Saul that God had chosen him to be king, and on the way home he would meet some prophets. Saul would then begin prophesying and God would give him the Holy Spirit to help him to know what to do. Samuel told everyone to come to Mizpah where he announced that God had chosen Saul to be their king. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holyspirit]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical questions +####Rhetorical questions This chapter uses rhetorical questions to express different ideas: to state a fact ("Has not Yahweh anointed you to be a ruler over his inheritance?"), to express surprise ("And who is their father?"), to say he is someone very special ("Do you see the man that Yahweh has chosen?"), and to express contempt ("How can this man save us?"). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) -##### Idioms +####Idioms Samuel frequently uses idioms when prophesying: "going to God" means "going to worship God"; "take it from their hands" means "accept their gift"; "rush upon you" means "control you"; "hand finds to do" means "what you think you should do"; "God is with you" means "God is directing you"; "another heart" means "a different way of thinking"; "came to pass" means "happened"; "before Yahweh" means "to do work for Yahweh"; and "hearts God had touched" means "God had made them want to help Saul." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom]]) diff --git a/1sa/11/intro.md b/1sa/11/intro.md index 69ef902ea7..6771137656 100644 --- a/1sa/11/intro.md +++ b/1sa/11/intro.md @@ -5,13 +5,13 @@ This chapter continues the story of King Saul by telling of his first victory in war. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Saul rescues the people of Jabesh Gilead +####Saul rescues the people of Jabesh Gilead Nahash, king of the Ammonites, and his army surrounded the Israeli town of Jabesh Gilead. When the city's leaders asked for peace terms, Nahash demanded the right to poke out one eye of every man in order to show Israel their weakness. When Saul heard this, he called for all of Israel to help save this city. Many people came to help Saul's army. Israel was victorious and everyone wanted Saul as their king. At this time, Israel was not a truly unified country, even though it is often spoken of as one country. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Idioms +####Idioms The idioms in this chapter explain the effect God has on his people: "rushed upon him" means "empowered him"; "terror ... fell" means "they became afraid"; "as one man" means "they all agreed"; and "put to death" means "kill." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom]]) diff --git a/1sa/12/intro.md b/1sa/12/intro.md index a4042327a6..9d0dfd8bd7 100644 --- a/1sa/12/intro.md +++ b/1sa/12/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Samuel's farewell address +####Samuel's farewell address This chapter serves as a type of farewell address. This is a way for leaders to give instructions to their followers before they leave or die. Samuel first established his holiness before calling on the people to repent of their desire to have a king. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter diff --git a/1sa/13/intro.md b/1sa/13/intro.md index 3402ae7617..aa3c096074 100644 --- a/1sa/13/intro.md +++ b/1sa/13/intro.md @@ -6,13 +6,13 @@ This chapter is the beginning of a story about Jonathan's victory over the Phili ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Preparation for the battle +####Preparation for the battle Saul sent most of his army home before Jonathan attacked and defeated a Philistine garrison. This attack made the Philistines very angry, and they brought a huge army into Israel and camped at the top of a hill. Most of Saul's army ran away in fear and hid from the Philistines. There are many aspects of this story that give the reader the impression that Israel was unprepared for battle. ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Hyperbole +####Hyperbole Wanting to express the vast number of enemy soldiers, the author uses a hyperbole: "as numerous as the sand on the seashore," meaning "too many to count." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-hyperbole]]) diff --git a/1sa/14/intro.md b/1sa/14/intro.md index 508370ff77..71798b013f 100644 --- a/1sa/14/intro.md +++ b/1sa/14/intro.md @@ -6,13 +6,13 @@ This chapter completes the story of Jonathan's victory over the Philistines. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The battle against the Philistines +####The battle against the Philistines Jonathan took his armor bearer to where the Philistines were on the top of the hill. He said God could use a few people just as easily as he could use many people to win his battles. He and his armor bearer started killing the Philistines, and suddenly the Philistines began fighting each other or running away. The rest of Israel, who had hidden, came and chased the Philistines. Even though Israel had a king, God was still in control of the nation of Israel. ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Special reference +####Special reference The people of Israel often used the term "uncircumcised" to refer to Gentiles. Here it is used to mean the Philistines. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/circumcise]]) diff --git a/1sa/15/intro.md b/1sa/15/intro.md index 10a66b9d58..c494641627 100644 --- a/1sa/15/intro.md +++ b/1sa/15/intro.md @@ -6,15 +6,15 @@ This is the end of the section on Saul and Samuel (8-15). ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### God wants total obedience +####God wants total obedience Samuel told Saul that God wanted him to completely destroy the Amalekite people and animals. Saul fought the Amalekites and killed all the people except the king. He destroyed the animals that were not very good but saved the best animals. Saul told Samuel he had obeyed God's command. Samuel asked him about the animals Saul had. Saul said he had saved them for a sacrifice to God. God said that obedience was better than sacrifice. Because Saul had disobeyed him, God had chosen someone else to become king. ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Idiom +####Idiom "He has turned back from following me" is an idiom meaning "he has stopped obeying me." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom]]) -##### Rhetorical questions +####Rhetorical questions When Saul insisted that he had obeyed God, Samuel rebuked him with these rhetorical questions: "What then is this bleating of sheep in my ears, and the lowing of the oxen that I hear?"; "Though you are little in your own sight, were you not made the head of the tribes of Israel?"; "Why then did you not obey the voice of Yahweh, but instead you seized the booty and did what was evil in the sight of Yahweh?"; and "Has Yahweh as much delight in burnt offerings and sacrifices, as in obeying the voice of Yahweh?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) ## Links: diff --git a/1sa/16/intro.md b/1sa/16/intro.md index 6c5e811785..45067145f1 100644 --- a/1sa/16/intro.md +++ b/1sa/16/intro.md @@ -2,17 +2,17 @@ ### Structure and formatting -##### 1 Samuel 16-31 Saul and David +####1 Samuel 16-31 Saul and David Chapter 16 establishes God's choice of David to be the next king. David receives the Holy Spirit to empower and guide him as the king. This chapter also records the Holy Spirit leaving Saul because of his disobedience. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holyspirit]]) ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### David chosen to be the next king +####David chosen to be the next king Humans judge others by what they look like, but God judges people by their true inner character. God rejected David's older brothers in favor of David, who truly loved and obeyed him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/love]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical Question +####Rhetorical Question God scolds Samuel with this rhetorical question for his unwillingness to accept God's decision: "How long will you mourn for Saul, since I have rejected him from being king over Israel?" It was wrong to mourn because it was God's punishment of Saul. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) ## Links: diff --git a/1sa/17/intro.md b/1sa/17/intro.md index ab047a963d..33316fab0b 100644 --- a/1sa/17/intro.md +++ b/1sa/17/intro.md @@ -6,16 +6,16 @@ This chapter introduced David as a soldier, a skill that will be important for t ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### David kills Goliath +####David kills Goliath Trust in God is more powerful than physical might or military training and equipment. David, trusting in the Lord and armed only with a sling, defeats Goliath who is well-armed and physically strong but who did not believe in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]]) -##### Uncircumcised +####Uncircumcised The people of Israel often used the term "uncircumcised" to refer to Gentiles. Here it is used to describe the Philistines. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/circumcise]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical questions +####Rhetorical questions David uses rhetorical questions to state his desire to fight the giant: "What will be done for the man who kills this Philistine and takes away the disgrace from Israel? Who is this uncircumcised Philistine that he should defy the armies of the living God?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) His brother uses rhetorical questions to show his disdain for his younger brother, whom he thinks is pretending to be bigger than he really is: "Why did you come down here? With whom have you left those few sheep in the wilderness?" David defends himself with some questions: "What have I done now? Was it not just a question?" diff --git a/1sa/18/intro.md b/1sa/18/intro.md index 4896299201..2a60f5b9b3 100644 --- a/1sa/18/intro.md +++ b/1sa/18/intro.md @@ -8,10 +8,10 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Saul is jealous of David's popularity +####Saul is jealous of David's popularity Saul's son, Jonathan, loves David. David is successful in battling the Philistines, and Saul is happy until the women give David more attention than they give him. He fears that David will replace him as king. This is potentially confusing because the author has already established that David will be the next king. It is probably that Saul feared David would kill him in order to be the next king sooner, or that he did not really believe David would be the next king. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/love]]) -##### Jonathan's love of David +####Jonathan's love of David Some scholars believe Jonathan loved David as a man loves his wife. There is no reason to translate this as if Jonathan were a homosexual. Instead, treat this as a brotherly type of love. ## Links: diff --git a/1sa/19/intro.md b/1sa/19/intro.md index 6765763b92..005d197828 100644 --- a/1sa/19/intro.md +++ b/1sa/19/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### God protects David +####God protects David Jonathan persuades Saul not to kill David, but Saul again becomes jealous and orders his servants to bring David to him to be killed. God uses Michal to save David. David flees to Samuel and they begin prophesying. When Saul sends servants to capture David, they begin prophesying. This causes Saul to go himself and he begins to prophesy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/jealous]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) ## Links: diff --git a/1sa/20/intro.md b/1sa/20/intro.md index 3f5d3d1647..ed29f1017f 100644 --- a/1sa/20/intro.md +++ b/1sa/20/intro.md @@ -2,12 +2,12 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Jonathan warns David +####Jonathan warns David David tells Jonathan that Saul is still trying to kill him. Jonathan promises to find out if this is true. When David misses dinner two consecutive days, Saul asks about him. Jonathan says that David went home for an annual sacrifice. Saul gets angry at Jonathan, telling him he will never be king unless they kill David. Saul throws his spear at Jonathan. Jonathan warns David to run away, but first they both promise to always be friends. It was usually a king's son who became king after his death in the ancient Near East. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphor +####Metaphor David uses a powerful metaphor and an oath to impress Jonathan with the danger he is in: "But as truly as Yahweh lives, and as you live, there is but a step between me and death." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) ## Links: diff --git a/1sa/21/intro.md b/1sa/21/intro.md index 6f0584c3d0..b3c23f3a11 100644 --- a/1sa/21/intro.md +++ b/1sa/21/intro.md @@ -6,15 +6,15 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### David and the chief priest +####David and the chief priest David visits the chief priest and lies to him about being on a special mission for the king. He asks for food, weapons, and prayer. The chief priest gives him some sacred bread and Goliath's sword and prays for him. -##### David and the king of Gath +####David and the king of Gath David flees to Gath. The advisers to the king tell him that David is almost the king of Israel. David becomes afraid of the king and pretends to be insane. ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical questions +####Rhetorical questions The king of Gath's advisers use two rhetorical questions to warn him about how dangerous David could be: "Is not this David the king of the land? Did they not sing to one another about him in dances, 'Saul has killed his thousands, and David his ten thousands?'" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) ## Links: diff --git a/1sa/22/intro.md b/1sa/22/intro.md index 05cd5e23c3..16d67e2d58 100644 --- a/1sa/22/intro.md +++ b/1sa/22/intro.md @@ -6,10 +6,10 @@ There are two stories in this chapter: David gathering a group of followers and ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### David assembles a force of unhappy people +####David assembles a force of unhappy people David hides in the wilderness, and people in trouble come to him. Soon he has a force of 500 men. The prophet then tells him to leave the wilderness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -##### Saul and the chief priest's family +####Saul and the chief priest's family Doeg tells Saul that Ahimelech the priest gave David food and a sword and prayed for him. Saul accuses the priests of encouraging David to rebel. This is a serious accusation because the priests are God's representatives and are rebelling against God's king if the accusation is true. Saul has the priests and all their families killed except those who escape to David. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/highpriest]]) ## Links: diff --git a/1sa/23/intro.md b/1sa/23/intro.md index 6d09bf1c6d..387aafb963 100644 --- a/1sa/23/intro.md +++ b/1sa/23/intro.md @@ -2,12 +2,12 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Saul chases David +####Saul chases David Saul wants to kill David, but David trusts in God who keeps rescuing him. David rescues the town of Keilah from the Philistines who are stealing their harvest. Saul goes to Keilah to capture David, but David flees to the wilderness near Ziph. When David goes deeper into the wilderness, Saul follows but he has to leave to fight the Philistines who have invaded the land. Saul's pursuit of David shows that Saul cares more about killing his enemies than pleasing God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Synecdoche +####Synecdoche Jonathan strengthens David with a synecdoche: "For the hand of Saul my father will not find you." This helps to strengthen David's faith. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) ## Links: diff --git a/1sa/25/intro.md b/1sa/25/intro.md index 3f6ba0415c..9869089ac9 100644 --- a/1sa/25/intro.md +++ b/1sa/25/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Revenge +####Revenge When David decides to kill all of the men in Nabal's household, Abigail convinces David not to avenge himself but to leave revenge to God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/avenge]]) diff --git a/1sa/26/intro.md b/1sa/26/intro.md index cbcf921f6c..50d06b7bb2 100644 --- a/1sa/26/intro.md +++ b/1sa/26/intro.md @@ -2,12 +2,12 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Vengeance +####Vengeance David has another opportunity to kill Saul but he refuses to kill the one God had chosen as king. This contrasts with Saul, who tried to find David and kill him. Saul came to admit that David was more righteous than he was because he did not kill his enemy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/elect]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical question +####Rhetorical question David put his reason for not killing Saul in a rhetorical question: "Do not destroy him; for who can extend his hand against Yahweh's anointed one and be guiltless?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) ## Links: diff --git a/1sa/27/intro.md b/1sa/27/intro.md index 63ba6cd9e6..09f55d1f57 100644 --- a/1sa/27/intro.md +++ b/1sa/27/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ This begins a section about David living with the Philistines. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### David's move +####David's move David is afraid Saul will someday catch him and kill him, so he moves to the Philistine city of Gath. This is a type of exile David creates for himself out of fear. It is caused by his lack of trust in God. This is the same reason his descendants would come to be exiled. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) ### Links: ###= diff --git a/1sa/28/intro.md b/1sa/28/intro.md index c29dfedb06..493d0787ef 100644 --- a/1sa/28/intro.md +++ b/1sa/28/intro.md @@ -2,13 +2,13 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Talking to the dead +####Talking to the dead Talking to the dead was against the law of Moses. God or the Holy Spirit left Saul because of his sin and would not help him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/death]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holyspirit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical question +####Rhetorical question Samuel uses a rhetorical question to say it was useless to ask his advice since there was no way Saul could be successful with God against him: "What then do you ask me, since Yahweh has left you, and he has become your enemy?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) ## Links: diff --git a/1sa/30/intro.md b/1sa/30/intro.md index a40e9bad61..c5c92af66b 100644 --- a/1sa/30/intro.md +++ b/1sa/30/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### David fights the Amalekites +####David fights the Amalekites When David and his men arrive home, they find the Amalekites have raided Ziklag and taken everything. They catch and destroy them and bring back all of their goods and families. Then David sends gifts to all the cities in Judah through which they had traveled. ### Links: ###= diff --git a/1sa/31/intro.md b/1sa/31/intro.md index a8d97953e9..1b2dcb42eb 100644 --- a/1sa/31/intro.md +++ b/1sa/31/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ This is the end of the section on Saul, but the book continues in 2 Samuel 1. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Saul's punishment +####Saul's punishment Saul receives his punishment from God: death for his disobedience and resisting the will of God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/willofgod]]) ## Links: diff --git a/1th/01/intro.md b/1th/01/intro.md index 559e16e3b7..a7c815d883 100644 --- a/1th/01/intro.md +++ b/1th/01/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Verse 1 formally introduces this letter. Letters in the ancient Near East common ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Hardship +####Hardship Other people persecuted the Christians in Thessalonica. But the Christians there handled it well. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) ## Links: diff --git a/1th/02/intro.md b/1th/02/intro.md index 1b5ce265e8..4021ff59c9 100644 --- a/1th/02/intro.md +++ b/1th/02/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Christian witness +####Christian witness Paul values his "Christian witness" as evidence that the gospel is true. Paul says that being godly or holy bears witness to the non-Christian. Paul defends his character so that his witness is not affected. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/testimony]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]]) ## Links: diff --git a/1th/04/intro.md b/1th/04/intro.md index 4062912bb7..de87a4d172 100644 --- a/1th/04/intro.md +++ b/1th/04/intro.md @@ -2,13 +2,13 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Sexual immorality +####Sexual immorality Different cultures have different standards of sexual morality. These different cultural standards may make translating this passage difficult. Translators must also be aware of cultural taboos. These are topics considered improper to discuss. -##### Dying before the return of Christ +####Dying before the return of Christ In the early church, people apparently wondered what would happen if a believer died before Christ returned. They may have worried whether those dying before Christ returned would be part of the kingdom of God. Paul answers that concern. -##### "Caught up in the clouds to meet the Lord in the air" +####"Caught up in the clouds to meet the Lord in the air" This passage refers to a time when Jesus calls to himself those who have believed in him. Scholars differ on whether or not this refers to Christ's final glorious return. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]]) ## Links: diff --git a/1th/05/intro.md b/1th/05/intro.md index 96b1eaf5ed..df757875de 100644 --- a/1th/05/intro.md +++ b/1th/05/intro.md @@ -6,10 +6,10 @@ Paul concludes his letter in a way that was typical of letters in the ancient Ne ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Day of the Lord +####Day of the Lord The exact time of the coming day of the Lord will be a surprise to the world. This is what the simile "like a thief in the night" means. Because of this, Christians are to live prepared for the coming of the Lord. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/dayofthelord]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-simile]]) -##### Quench the Spirit +####Quench the Spirit To quench the Spirit is to ignore or work against the Holy Spirit's guidance and work. ## Links: diff --git a/1ti/01/intro.md b/1ti/01/intro.md index 8f8b10e0ab..d16c44e5a5 100644 --- a/1ti/01/intro.md +++ b/1ti/01/intro.md @@ -6,16 +6,16 @@ Paul formally introduces this letter in verses 1-2. Writers often began letters ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Spiritual children +####Spiritual children In this chapter, Paul calls Timothy a "son" and his "child." Paul discipled Timothy as a Christian and a church leader. Paul may also have led him to believe in Christ. Therefore, Paul called Timothy his "son in the faith." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/disciple]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) -##### Genealogies +####Genealogies Genealogies are lists that record a person's ancestors or descendants. Jews used genealogies to choose the right man to become king. They did this because only a son of a king could normally become king. They also showed from what tribe and family they came. For example, priests came from the tribe of Levi and the family of Aaron. Most important people had records of their genealogies. ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Play on words +####Play on words The phrase "the law is good if one uses it lawfully" ([1 Timothy 1:8](./08.md)) is a play on words. The English words "law" and "lawfully" come from the same root, and they translate words that come from the same root in the original language, so it would be well to translate the clause so as to preserve this word play. ## Links: diff --git a/1ti/02/intro.md b/1ti/02/intro.md index 50c201f401..3abd2c0608 100644 --- a/1ti/02/intro.md +++ b/1ti/02/intro.md @@ -2,16 +2,16 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Peace +####Peace Paul encourages Christians to pray for everyone. They should pray for rulers so that Christians can live peacefully, in a godly and dignified way. -##### Women in the church +####Women in the church Scholars are divided over how to understand this passage in its historical and cultural context. Some scholars believe men and women are perfectly equal in all things. Other scholars believe God created men and women to serve in distinctly different roles in marriage and the church. Translators should be careful not to let how they understand this issue affect how they translate this passage. ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "Prayers, intercessions, and thanksgivings" +####"Prayers, intercessions, and thanksgivings" These terms overlap each other in what they mean. It is not necessary to view them as distinct categories. ## Links: diff --git a/1ti/03/intro.md b/1ti/03/intro.md index 6cf966c3a9..977112506e 100644 --- a/1ti/03/intro.md +++ b/1ti/03/intro.md @@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Overseers and deacons +####Overseers and deacons The church has used different titles for church leaders. Some titles include elder, pastor, and bishop. The word "overseer" reflects the meaning of the original language in verses 1-2. Paul writes about "deacons" in verses 8 and 12 as another kind of church leader. ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Character qualities +####Character qualities This chapter lists several qualities that a man must have if he is to be an overseer or deacon in the church. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-abstractnouns]]) ## Links: diff --git a/1ti/04/intro.md b/1ti/04/intro.md index ecfba3f33f..970da2ed90 100644 --- a/1ti/04/intro.md +++ b/1ti/04/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Later times +####Later times This is another way of referring to the last days. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lastday]]) ## Links: diff --git a/1ti/05/intro.md b/1ti/05/intro.md index 14d0774f2b..4be4788a05 100644 --- a/1ti/05/intro.md +++ b/1ti/05/intro.md @@ -2,10 +2,10 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Honor and respect +####Honor and respect Paul encourages younger Christians to honor and respect older Christians. Cultures honor and respect older people in different ways. -##### Widows +####Widows In the ancient Near East, it was important to care for widows, because they could not provide for themselves. ## Links: diff --git a/1ti/06/intro.md b/1ti/06/intro.md index 607a504eea..0aa1200aaf 100644 --- a/1ti/06/intro.md +++ b/1ti/06/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Slavery +####Slavery Paul does not write in this chapter about whether slavery is good or bad. Paul teaches about honoring, respecting, and diligently serving masters. Paul teaches all believers to be godly and content in every situation. diff --git a/1ti/front/intro.md b/1ti/front/intro.md index f2c8fdffab..e616ee2ab1 100644 --- a/1ti/front/intro.md +++ b/1ti/front/intro.md @@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ Discipleship is the process of encouraging people to live the way Jesus wants th ## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -##### Singular and plural "you" +####Singular and plural "you" In this book, the word "I" refers to Paul. Also, the word "you" is almost always singular and refers to Timothy. The exception to this is 6:21. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-exclusive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-you]]) ### What did Paul mean by the expressions "in Christ," "in the Lord," etc.? diff --git a/2ch/01/intro.md b/2ch/01/intro.md index 49899e1fff..269e09a2c9 100644 --- a/2ch/01/intro.md +++ b/2ch/01/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ This chapter begins a section about King Solomon's reign (2 Chronicles 1-9). ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Wisdom +####Wisdom Solomon asks God for wisdom to rule God's people. God is pleased with this request because it is used to serve others. Therefore, God also gives Solomon tremendous wealth and a long life. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]]) ## Links: diff --git a/2ch/02/intro.md b/2ch/02/intro.md index c294ff15a8..5067cf2010 100644 --- a/2ch/02/intro.md +++ b/2ch/02/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ The story of Solomon's reign continues in this chapter. This chapter also begins ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### House of God +####House of God The temple is repeatedly referred to as the "house of God" because Yahweh will dwell in the temple. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/houseofgod]]) ## Links: diff --git a/2ch/03/intro.md b/2ch/03/intro.md index 73057f8754..6002fdf9e9 100644 --- a/2ch/03/intro.md +++ b/2ch/03/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ The story of King Solomon and the building of the temple continues in this chapt ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Location of the temple +####Location of the temple The location of the temple was very significant. Many important events in history occurred at this location. ## Links: diff --git a/2ch/04/intro.md b/2ch/04/intro.md index 27c1def0ad..16dbf4e139 100644 --- a/2ch/04/intro.md +++ b/2ch/04/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ The story of King Solomon and the building of the temple continues in this chapt ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Special construction +####Special construction Not only is the temple constructed in a special way, the things that are used in the temple's sacrificial system and its decorations are constructed in a special way. ## Links: diff --git a/2ch/05/intro.md b/2ch/05/intro.md index c57cf10bb4..3abccdb125 100644 --- a/2ch/05/intro.md +++ b/2ch/05/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ The story of King Solomon continues in this chapter. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Moving the contents of the tent +####Moving the contents of the tent Everything from the tent was moved into the new temple. This too was done in a special way. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) ## Links: diff --git a/2ch/06/intro.md b/2ch/06/intro.md index 044fb02119..b00b74e867 100644 --- a/2ch/06/intro.md +++ b/2ch/06/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ The story of King Solomon continues in this chapter. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Temple dedication +####Temple dedication Solomon dedicated the temple with a prayer asking God to honor the temple. It was common to dedicate something important to God when it was completed. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) ## Links: diff --git a/2ch/07/intro.md b/2ch/07/intro.md index 58c071e5b3..741cbd0228 100644 --- a/2ch/07/intro.md +++ b/2ch/07/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ The story of King Solomon continues in this chapter. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Solomon's dream +####Solomon's dream God appeared again to Solomon in a dream and said the temple was acceptable and he honored it with his presence. He would remain as long as Israel obeyed him. If they worshiped other gods and idols he would let their enemies destroy the temple. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) ## Links: diff --git a/2ch/08/intro.md b/2ch/08/intro.md index a7a9270371..12aa49794d 100644 --- a/2ch/08/intro.md +++ b/2ch/08/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ The story of King Solomon continues in this chapter. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Solomon's victories +####Solomon's victories Solomon achieved many victory when he was king. This chapter records many of these victories. Israel is at its height of power when Solomon was king. ## Links: diff --git a/2ch/09/intro.md b/2ch/09/intro.md index b91accfdfe..a4bd76ec7d 100644 --- a/2ch/09/intro.md +++ b/2ch/09/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ The story of King Solomon ends. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Solomon's fame +####Solomon's fame Solomon was famous outside of Israel because of his wisdom and tremendous wealth. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]]) ## Links: diff --git a/2ch/10/intro.md b/2ch/10/intro.md index 076a54010f..21569ae8e5 100644 --- a/2ch/10/intro.md +++ b/2ch/10/intro.md @@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ This begins a section on King Rehoboam. (2 Chronicles 10-12) ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Rehoboam's taxes +####Rehoboam's taxes The people asked Solomon's son, Rehoboam, to reduce the heavy taxes and the forced labor Solomon had demanded but Rehoboam refused. He lacked the wisdom to follow the advice of the men who had been councilors of his father Solomon. So the ten northern tribes broke off and made Jeroboam their king. They were called "Israel" and Rehoboam's kingdom was called Judah. This will cause confusion between the northern kingdom of Israel and the whole nation of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphor +####Metaphor The people use the metaphor of a yoke to complain about the high taxes and forced labor Solomon demanded from the people. They said, "Your father made our yoke difficult." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) diff --git a/2ch/11/intro.md b/2ch/11/intro.md index d2250f6710..ba3008e83a 100644 --- a/2ch/11/intro.md +++ b/2ch/11/intro.md @@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ The section on King Rehoboam continues in this chapter. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Strengthening their defenses +####Strengthening their defenses Rehoboam strengthened the defenses of Judah. Without the help of the northern tribes, the kingdom of Judah did not really have much power to defend itself from outside attacks. Therefore, Rehoboam felt it necessary to strengthen Judah's military defenses. ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Israel +####Israel When the author speaks about Israel, he is now referring almost exclusively to the northern kingdom of Israel and not the united nation of Israel. ## Links: diff --git a/2ch/12/intro.md b/2ch/12/intro.md index b50245a191..d19b8e978f 100644 --- a/2ch/12/intro.md +++ b/2ch/12/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ This chapter ends the section on King Rehoboam. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Worshiping Yahweh +####Worshiping Yahweh The safety of Israel and Judah was dependent upon the people worshiping Yahweh and not upon their military power. Because Rehoboam deserted the worship of God, God allowed the king of Egypt to take all of the wealth Solomon stored up. diff --git a/2ch/13/intro.md b/2ch/13/intro.md index 6103cfd451..f069914583 100644 --- a/2ch/13/intro.md +++ b/2ch/13/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Trust +####Trust Trusting in God, King Abijah of Judah was able to overcome the army of Israel even though it was twice as big as his army. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) ## Links: diff --git a/2ch/14/intro.md b/2ch/14/intro.md index 1806798c9a..89efdfba27 100644 --- a/2ch/14/intro.md +++ b/2ch/14/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ This chapter begins the section about King Asa. (2 Chronicles 14-16) ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Trust +####Trust Trusting in Yahweh, Asa was able to defeat million men of the army of Nubia. Trust in Yahweh is more important than military might. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) ## Links: diff --git a/2ch/15/intro.md b/2ch/15/intro.md index 9046b6068f..1e009fe6f9 100644 --- a/2ch/15/intro.md +++ b/2ch/15/intro.md @@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ The section about King Asa continues in this chapter. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Promise +####Promise The people promise to serve the Lord. This is something they will ultimately fail to do. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Idiom +####Idiom The phrase "seek Yahweh" means "wanting to believe and obey Yahweh." This is a common way to describe proper worship of Yahweh. It is possible the meaning of this idiom is about a desire to properly worship. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom]]) diff --git a/2ch/16/intro.md b/2ch/16/intro.md index 1dbde82cc6..541a14890a 100644 --- a/2ch/16/intro.md +++ b/2ch/16/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ The section about King Asa is completed in this chapter. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Asa did not trust Yahweh +####Asa did not trust Yahweh When Baasha was building Ramah to blockade him, Asa asked the king of Aram to help him instead of trusting God to help him. This was sinful because he disobeyed Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) ## Links: diff --git a/2ch/17/intro.md b/2ch/17/intro.md index c006ba9251..360f64ec1b 100644 --- a/2ch/17/intro.md +++ b/2ch/17/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ This chapter begins the story of King Jehoshaphat. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Trust in Yahweh +####Trust in Yahweh Jehoshaphat trusted and obeyed God. Because of this, God made him strong. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) ## Links: diff --git a/2ch/19/intro.md b/2ch/19/intro.md index bfc54f9c9b..130d044383 100644 --- a/2ch/19/intro.md +++ b/2ch/19/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ The story of Jehoshaphat as king continues in this chapter. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Levite judges +####Levite judges Jehoshaphat appointed many Levites to be judges and told them to be very fair. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/appoint]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]]) ## Links: diff --git a/2ch/20/intro.md b/2ch/20/intro.md index dfab58cdc1..463c93a33a 100644 --- a/2ch/20/intro.md +++ b/2ch/20/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ The story of King Jehoshaphat is completed in this chapter. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Deliverance and trust +####Deliverance and trust God rescues those who trust him. An enormous army came against Jehoshaphat but God promised that he would defeat them without Judah having to fight. Then the enemy fought among themselves and when the army of Judah arrived there were dead bodies. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]]) ## Links: diff --git a/2ch/21/intro.md b/2ch/21/intro.md index 2d49ec757a..0c3534e775 100644 --- a/2ch/21/intro.md +++ b/2ch/21/intro.md @@ -2,12 +2,12 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Evil +####Evil Doing evil causes the country to decline. Jehoshaphat's son was evil. Edom and Libna successfully revolted against him, the Arabs plundered him and he died of an intestinal disease. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Simile +####Simile The author compares worship of Baal to being a prostitute: "to act like a prostitute." Idolatry by the people of God is often pictured as prostitution. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]]) diff --git a/2ch/22/intro.md b/2ch/22/intro.md index bf1f9d607b..0a6ab4c5ed 100644 --- a/2ch/22/intro.md +++ b/2ch/22/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ This chapter is the beginning of the story of Queen Athaliah. ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphor +####Metaphor The author compares Athaliah's evil deeds to Ahab's family's evil lives: "walked in the ways of the house of Ahab." Ahab is pictured as the epitome of evil. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/works]]) diff --git a/2ch/23/intro.md b/2ch/23/intro.md index cb1a4b7320..d888b4716a 100644 --- a/2ch/23/intro.md +++ b/2ch/23/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ The chapter ends the story of Queen Athaliah and begins the story of King Joash. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Having a king +####Having a king The high priest organized a coup and made seven-year-old Joash king. Athaliah objected, so the chief priest had her killed. This was an attempt by the priests to fulfill the covenant God made with David. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/highpriest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]]) ## Links: diff --git a/2ch/24/intro.md b/2ch/24/intro.md index 8a29817119..180de883de 100644 --- a/2ch/24/intro.md +++ b/2ch/24/intro.md @@ -6,11 +6,11 @@ The story of King Joash is completed in this chapter. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Joash repairs the temple +####Joash repairs the temple Joash decided to repair the temple. The Levites collected money from people and gave it to the workmen to repair the temple. This was a sign of worship towards Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sign]]) -##### Joash becomes evil +####Joash becomes evil When Joash stopped worshiping Yahweh, he had many troubles. Joash remaind loyal to Yahweh as long as the chief priest lived, but when the chief priest died Joash started following other gods. The chief priest's son warned him that he would have trouble, so he had him killed. The army of Aram defeated and plundered him and his servants murdered him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) diff --git a/2ch/25/intro.md b/2ch/25/intro.md index 92b40b1ec5..d82588e5ae 100644 --- a/2ch/25/intro.md +++ b/2ch/25/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Worshiping other gods +####Worshiping other gods When Amaziah trusted God he was successful against Edom. But when he started worshiping the idols of Edom he was badly defeated. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) diff --git a/2ch/26/intro.md b/2ch/26/intro.md index 9bc44fd08c..b35e17fcd5 100644 --- a/2ch/26/intro.md +++ b/2ch/26/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Uzzah the leper +####Uzzah the leper Uzzah was powerful when he followed Yahweh. When he entered the temple to burn incense like a priest, God made him a leper. Lepers could not properly worship Yahweh because they were always unclean. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]]) ## Links: diff --git a/2ch/27/intro.md b/2ch/27/intro.md index 0603aee5fa..abe3d457a7 100644 --- a/2ch/27/intro.md +++ b/2ch/27/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Trust in Yahweh +####Trust in Yahweh Jotham was able to conquer the people of Ammon because he obeyed the Lord. For Yahweh, trust in Yahweh is the key to victory in battle. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) ## Links: diff --git a/2ch/28/intro.md b/2ch/28/intro.md index 8383df035e..0f4a01548d 100644 --- a/2ch/28/intro.md +++ b/2ch/28/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### King Ahaz's idolatry +####King Ahaz's idolatry Judah was defeated by all of the neighboring countries because King Ahaz was worshiping all sorts of foreign gods. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) diff --git a/2ch/29/intro.md b/2ch/29/intro.md index 9af14741fb..9b9753a868 100644 --- a/2ch/29/intro.md +++ b/2ch/29/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ This chapter begins the story of King Hezekiah. (2 Chronicles 29-32) ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Cleansing the temple +####Cleansing the temple King Hezekiah was a great king. He cleaned and rededicated the temple. This was a sign that he wanted the people to return to worshiping Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sign]]) diff --git a/2ch/30/intro.md b/2ch/30/intro.md index 493467e2fc..d058b917e4 100644 --- a/2ch/30/intro.md +++ b/2ch/30/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ The story of Hezekiah continues in this chapter. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Passover +####Passover Hezekiah invited everyone in Judah and in Israel to come to Jerusalem and celebrate the Passover. It had not been celebrated since King Solomon's day. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/passover]]) ## Links: diff --git a/2ch/31/intro.md b/2ch/31/intro.md index 82ce0c5cf3..586fa24315 100644 --- a/2ch/31/intro.md +++ b/2ch/31/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ The story of King Hezekiah continues in this chapter. ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Idiom +####Idiom To express Hezekiah's desire to please God, the author uses two idioms "to seek God" and "with all his heart." This means that he really wanted to do what God wanted. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom]]) diff --git a/2ch/32/intro.md b/2ch/32/intro.md index 4d268e5166..9335637cda 100644 --- a/2ch/32/intro.md +++ b/2ch/32/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ The story of King Hezekiah is completed in this chapter. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Trust in Yahweh +####Trust in Yahweh Because Hezekiah trusted God, God rescued Jerusalem from the attacked of the Assyrian army and healed Hezekiah when he was very sick. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) ## Links: diff --git a/2ch/33/intro.md b/2ch/33/intro.md index 0e8ff9e2b3..498713f3f3 100644 --- a/2ch/33/intro.md +++ b/2ch/33/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### King Manasseh +####King Manasseh Manasseh angered God more than any other king of Judah. He worshiped the sun, stars and many foreign gods and even sacrificed his sons to the sun. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) diff --git a/2ch/34/intro.md b/2ch/34/intro.md index eb89b2c72b..8e43aa3aad 100644 --- a/2ch/34/intro.md +++ b/2ch/34/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ This chapter is the beginning of the story of King Josiah. (2 Chronicles 34-35) ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Returning the people to Yahweh +####Returning the people to Yahweh Josiah worshiped Yahweh and cleaned out the idols and shrines from Judah. The people returned to worship Yahweh again. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]]) diff --git a/2ch/35/intro.md b/2ch/35/intro.md index 8d9f35846e..2ba2fa4c59 100644 --- a/2ch/35/intro.md +++ b/2ch/35/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ This is the end of the story of King Josiah. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Passover +####Passover Josiah organized a large Passover celebration and people shared their animals with those without animals to sacrifice. The celebration of Passover was a sign of proper worship by the people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/passover]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sign]]) ## Links: diff --git a/2ch/36/intro.md b/2ch/36/intro.md index 9180ce042f..d68b518ed4 100644 --- a/2ch/36/intro.md +++ b/2ch/36/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ This is the end of the story of Judah as an independent country. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Punishment +####Punishment God warned the people through the prophets, that he would punish them if they did not worship Yahweh. The people refused to listen to the prophets or to stop their evil deeds. God finally punished them by letting the Babylonians conquer them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/works]]) ## Links: diff --git a/2co/01/intro.md b/2co/01/intro.md index 990e693e8f..8522f15a55 100644 --- a/2co/01/intro.md +++ b/2co/01/intro.md @@ -6,24 +6,24 @@ The first paragraph reflects a common way to begin a letter in the ancient Near ### Special Concepts -##### Paul's integrity +####Paul's integrity People were criticizing Paul and saying he was not sincere. He refutes them by explaining his motives for what he was doing. -##### Comfort +####Comfort Comfort is a major theme of this chapter. The Holy Spirit comforts Christians. The Corinthians probably were afflicted and needed to be comforted. ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical question +####Rhetorical question Paul uses two rhetorical questions to defend himself against a charge of not being sincere. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### We +####We Paul uses the pronoun "we". This likely represents at least Timothy and himself. It may also include other people. -##### Guarantee +####Guarantee Paul says the Holy Spirit is the guarantee, which means pledge or down payment, of a Christian's eternal life. Christians are securely saved. But they will not experience all of God's given promises until after they die. The Holy Spirit is a personal guarantee that this will happen. This idea comes from a business term. A person gives some valuable item to another person as a "guarantee" that they will repay money. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) diff --git a/2co/02/intro.md b/2co/02/intro.md index 51a2381d34..c2201177a8 100644 --- a/2co/02/intro.md +++ b/2co/02/intro.md @@ -2,12 +2,12 @@ ### Special Concepts -##### Harsh writing +####Harsh writing In this chapter, Paul refers to a letter he previously wrote to the Corinthians. Some scholars believe this refers to the letter known as First Corinthians. Other scholars believe this refers to a letter Paul wrote after the letter known as First Corinthians and before this letter. In either case, Paul had told the church to rebuke an erring member. Paul is now encouraging them to be gracious to that person. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Aroma +####Aroma A sweet aroma is a pleasing smell. Scripture often describes things that are pleasing to God as having a pleasing aroma. ## Links: diff --git a/2co/03/intro.md b/2co/03/intro.md index 611ba2a4ce..587eaeee30 100644 --- a/2co/03/intro.md +++ b/2co/03/intro.md @@ -6,17 +6,17 @@ Paul continues his defense. Paul views the Corinthian Christians as the proof of ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Law of Moses +####Law of Moses Paul alludes to God giving the Ten Commandments on stone tablets. This represents the law of Moses. The law was good because it came from God. But God punished the Israelites because they disobeyed it. This chapter may be difficult for translators to understand if the Old Testament has not yet been translated. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reveal]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphors +####Metaphors Paul uses many metaphors in this chapter to explain complex spiritual truths. It is unclear whether this makes Paul's teachings easier or more difficult to understand. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "This is a covenant not of the letter but of the Spirit." +####"This is a covenant not of the letter but of the Spirit." Paul contrasts the old and new covenants. The new covenant is not a system of rules and regulations. Here "Spirit" probably refers to the Holy Spirit. It may also refer to the new covenant being "spiritual" in nature. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]]) ## Links: diff --git a/2co/04/intro.md b/2co/04/intro.md index bda112f0d9..001b6e580b 100644 --- a/2co/04/intro.md +++ b/2co/04/intro.md @@ -5,22 +5,22 @@ This chapter begins with the word "therefore." This connects it to what the prev ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Ministry +####Ministry Paul ministers to people by telling them about Christ. He does not try to trick people into believing. If they do not understand the gospel, it is because the problem is ultimately spiritual. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Light and darkness +####Light and darkness The Bible often speaks of unrighteous people, people who do not do what pleases God, as if they were walking around in darkness. It speaks of light as if it were what enables those sinful people to become righteous, to understand what they are doing wrong and begin to obey God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -##### Life and death +####Life and death Paul does not refer here to physical life and death. Life represents the new life a Christian has in Jesus. Death represents the old way of living before believing in Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/life]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/death]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Hope +####Hope Paul uses a repeated pattern in a purposeful way. He makes a statement. Then he denies a seemingly opposite or contradictory statement or gives an exception. Together these give the reader hope in difficult circumstances. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/hope]]) ## Links: diff --git a/2co/05/intro.md b/2co/05/intro.md index c9c205d259..701f37b22e 100644 --- a/2co/05/intro.md +++ b/2co/05/intro.md @@ -2,21 +2,21 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### New bodies in heaven +####New bodies in heaven Paul knows that when he dies he will receive a much better body. Because of this, he is not afraid of being killed for preaching the gospel. So he tells others that they too can be reconciled to God. Christ will take away their sin and give them his righteousness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/goodnews]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reconcile]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]], and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -##### New creation +####New creation The old and new creation probably refer to how Paul illustrates the old and new self. These concepts are also the same as the old and new man. The term "old" probably does not refer to the sinful nature with which a person is born. It refers to the old way of living or the Christian formerly being bound to sin. The "new creation" is the new nature or new life that God gives a person after they come to believe in Christ. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Home +####Home The Christian's home is no longer in the world. A Christian's real home is in heaven. By using this metaphor, Paul emphasizes that the Christian's circumstances in this world are temporary. It gives hope to those who are suffering. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/hope]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "The message of reconciliation" +####"The message of reconciliation" This refers to the gospel. Paul calls for people who are hostile to God to repent and be reconciled to him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reconcile]]) ## Links: diff --git a/2co/06/intro.md b/2co/06/intro.md index 19468bacd6..617b988b98 100644 --- a/2co/06/intro.md +++ b/2co/06/intro.md @@ -6,25 +6,25 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Servants +####Servants Paul refers to Christians as servants of God. God calls Christians to serve him in all circumstances. Paul describes some of the difficult circumstances in which he and his companions served God. ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Contrasts +####Contrasts Paul uses four pairs of contrasts: righteousness versus lawlessness, light versus darkness, Christ versus Satan, and the temple of God versus idols. These contrasts show a difference between Christians and non-Christians. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/light]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/darkness]]) -##### Light and darkness +####Light and darkness The Bible often speaks of unrighteous people, people who do not do what pleases God, as if they were walking around in darkness. It speaks of light as if it were what enables those sinful people to become righteous, to understand what they are doing wrong and begin to obey God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -##### Rhetorical questions +####Rhetorical questions Paul uses a series of rhetorical questions to teach his readers. All of these questions make essentially the same point: Christians should not intimately fellowship with those who live in sin. Paul repeats these questions for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### We +####We Paul likely uses the pronoun "we" to represent at least Timothy and himself. It may also include other people. diff --git a/2co/07/intro.md b/2co/07/intro.md index 9e0a750e9d..e2947ff326 100644 --- a/2co/07/intro.md +++ b/2co/07/intro.md @@ -6,20 +6,20 @@ In verses 2-4, Paul finishes his defense. He then writes about Titus's return an ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Clean and unclean +####Clean and unclean Christians are "clean" in the sense that God has cleansed them from sin. They do not need to be concerned with being clean according to the law of Moses. Ungodly living can still make a Christian unclean. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]]) -##### Sadness and sorrow +####Sadness and sorrow The words "sad" and "sorrow" in this chapter indicate that the Corinthians were upset to the point of repenting. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### We +####We Paul likely uses the pronoun "we" to represent at least Timothy and himself. It may also include other people. -##### Original situation +####Original situation This chapter discusses in detail a previous situation. We can figure out some aspects of this situation from the information in this chapter. But it is best not to include this type of implicit information in a translation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) diff --git a/2co/08/intro.md b/2co/08/intro.md index 0c114853d1..a7229cca83 100644 --- a/2co/08/intro.md +++ b/2co/08/intro.md @@ -8,17 +8,17 @@ Some translations set quotations from the Old Testament farther to the right on ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Gift to the church in Jerusalem +####Gift to the church in Jerusalem The church in Corinth started preparing to give money to the poor believers in Jerusalem. The churches in Macedonia also had given generously. Paul sends Titus and two other believers to Corinth to encourage the Corinthians to give generously. Paul and the others will carry the money to Jerusalem. They want people to know it is being done honestly. ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### We +####We Paul likely uses the pronoun "we" to represent at least Timothy and himself. It may also include other people. -##### Paradox +####Paradox A "paradox" is a true statement that appears to describe something impossible. These words in verse 2 are a paradox: "the abundance of their joy and the extremity of their poverty have produced great riches of generosity." In verse 3 Paul explains how their poverty produced riches. Paul also uses riches and poverty in other paradoxes. ([2 Corinthians 8:2](./02.md)) diff --git a/2co/09/intro.md b/2co/09/intro.md index d98baa7b47..21cd92e3a2 100644 --- a/2co/09/intro.md +++ b/2co/09/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphors +####Metaphors Paul uses three agricultural metaphors. He uses them to teach about giving to needy believers. The metaphors help Paul explain that God will reward those who give generously. Paul does not say how or when God will reward them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/reward]]) diff --git a/2co/10/intro.md b/2co/10/intro.md index 1e19cb5199..33cdb7b223 100644 --- a/2co/10/intro.md +++ b/2co/10/intro.md @@ -8,18 +8,18 @@ In this chapter, Paul returns to defending his authority. He also compares the w ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Boasting +####Boasting "Boasting" is often thought of as bragging, which is not good. But in this letter "boasting" means confidently exulting or rejoicing. ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphor +####Metaphor In verses 3-6, Paul uses many metaphors from war. He probably uses them as part of a larger metaphor about Christians being spiritually at war. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Flesh +####Flesh "Flesh" is possibly a metaphor for a person's sinful nature. Paul is not teaching that our physical bodies are sinful. Paul appears to be teaching that as long as Christians are alive ("in the flesh"), we will continue to sin. But our new nature will be fighting against our old nature. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/flesh]]) diff --git a/2co/11/intro.md b/2co/11/intro.md index af4ce4100a..d00d718a8a 100644 --- a/2co/11/intro.md +++ b/2co/11/intro.md @@ -6,19 +6,19 @@ In this chapter, Paul continues defending his authority. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### False teaching +####False teaching The Corinthians were quick to accept false teachers who taught things about Jesus and the gospel that were different from what Paul taught and that were not true. Unlike these false teachers, Paul sacrificially served the Corinthians. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/goodnews]]) -##### Light +####Light Light is commonly used in the New Testament as a metaphor. Paul here uses light to indicate the revealing of God and his righteousness. Darkness describes sin. Sin seeks to remain hidden from God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/light]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/darkness]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphor +####Metaphor Paul begins this chapter with an extended metaphor. He compares himself to a father who is giving his daughter, a pure virgin, as a bride to her bridegroom. Wedding practices change depending on the cultural background. But the idea of helping to present someone as a grown and holy child is explicitly pictured in this passage. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) -##### Irony +####Irony This chapter is full of irony. Paul is hoping to shame the Corinthian believers with his irony. @@ -28,18 +28,18 @@ The statement, "For you gladly put up with fools. You are wise yourselves!" mean "I will say to our shame that we were too weak to do that." Paul is speaking about behavior he thinks is very wrong in order to avoid it. He is speaking as if he thinks he is wrong for not doing it. He uses a rhetorical question also as irony. "Did I sin by humbling myself so you might be exalted?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-irony]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/apostle]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) -##### Rhetorical questions +####Rhetorical questions In refuting the false apostles, who claim to be superior, Paul uses a series of rhetorical questions. Each question is coupled with an answer: "Are they Hebrews? So am I. Are they Israelites? So am I. Are they descendants of Abraham? So am I. Are they servants of Christ? (I speak as though I were out of my mind.) I am more." He also uses a series of rhetorical questions to empathize with his converts: "Who is weak, and I am not weak? Who has been caused to stumble, and I do not burn?" -##### "Are they servants of Christ?" +####"Are they servants of Christ?" This is sarcasm, a special type of irony used to mock or insult. Paul does not believe these false teachers actually serve Christ, only that they pretend to do so. ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Paradox +####Paradox A "paradox" is a true statement that appears to describe something impossible. This sentence in verse 30 is a paradox: "If I must boast, I will boast about what shows my weaknesses." Paul does not explain why he would boast in his weakness until 2 Corinthians 12:9. ([2 Corinthians 11:30](./30.md)) diff --git a/2co/12/intro.md b/2co/12/intro.md index 0ad60e5aa4..293cfd8df4 100644 --- a/2co/12/intro.md +++ b/2co/12/intro.md @@ -8,26 +8,26 @@ When Paul was with the Corinthians, he proved himself to be an apostle by his po ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Paul's vision +####Paul's vision Paul now defends his authority by telling about a wonderful vision of heaven. Although he speaks in the third person in verses 2-5, verse 7 indicates that he was the person who experienced the vision. It was so great a vision that God gave him a physical handicap to keep him humble. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]]) -##### Third heaven +####Third heaven Many scholars believe the "third" heaven is the dwelling place of God. This is because Scripture also uses "heaven" to refer to the sky (the "first" heaven) and the universe (the "second" heaven). ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical questions +####Rhetorical questions Paul uses many rhetorical questions as he defends himself against his enemies who accused him: "For how were you less important than the rest of the churches, except that I was not a burden to you?" "Did Titus take advantage of you? Did we not walk in the same way? Did we not walk in the same steps?" and "Do you think all of this time we have been defending ourselves to you?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) -##### Sarcasm +####Sarcasm Paul uses sarcasm, a special type of irony, when he reminds them how he had helped them at no cost. He says, "Forgive me for this wrong!" He also uses regular irony when he says: "But, since I am so crafty, I am the one who caught you by deceit." He uses it to introduce his defense against this accusation by showing how impossible it was to be true. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-irony]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Paradox +####Paradox A "paradox" is a true statement that appears to describe something impossible. This sentence in verse 5 is a paradox: "I will not boast, except about my weaknesses." Most people do not boast about being weak. This sentence in verse 10 is also a paradox: "For whenever I am weak, then I am strong." In verse 9, Paul explains why both of these statements are true. ([2 Corinthians 12:5](./05.md)) diff --git a/2co/13/intro.md b/2co/13/intro.md index 755182d1c9..148b233067 100644 --- a/2co/13/intro.md +++ b/2co/13/intro.md @@ -6,14 +6,14 @@ In this chapter, Paul finishes defending his authority. He then concludes the le ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Preparation +####Preparation Paul instructs the Corinthians as he prepares to visit them. He is hoping to avoid needing to discipline anyone in the church so he can visit them joyfully. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/disciple]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Power and weakness +####Power and weakness Paul repeatedly uses the contrasting words "power" and "weakness" in this chapter. The translator should use words that are understood to be opposites of each other. -##### "Examine yourselves to see if you are in the faith. Test yourselves." +####"Examine yourselves to see if you are in the faith. Test yourselves." Scholars are divided over what these sentences mean. Some scholars say that Christians are to test themselves to see whether their actions align with their Christian faith. The context favors this understanding. Others say these sentences mean that Christians should look at their actions and question whether they are genuinely saved. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) ## Links: diff --git a/2ki/01/intro.md b/2ki/01/intro.md index dbb0a391c3..89cb57cc2d 100644 --- a/2ki/01/intro.md +++ b/2ki/01/intro.md @@ -8,12 +8,12 @@ The story of Elijah continues in this chapter. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### God's sovereignty +####God's sovereignty God is in control of the future. King Ahaziah sent messengers to ask the Philistine god if he would recover from his fall, but this god does not know the future. Because he asked another god instead of Yahweh, Elijah sent the messengers to tell Ahaziah that he would not recover. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical question +####Rhetorical question Elijah rebuked the king with a rhetorical question: "Is it because there is no God in Israel that you are going to consult with Baal Zebub, the god of Ekron?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) ## Links: diff --git a/2ki/03/intro.md b/2ki/03/intro.md index 9f8c5664bb..b2a283dcff 100644 --- a/2ki/03/intro.md +++ b/2ki/03/intro.md @@ -6,18 +6,18 @@ The story of Elisha continues in this chapter. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Victory and defeat +####Victory and defeat God is in control of victory and defeat. The armies of Israel, Judah and Edom united to attack Moab from the desert for failure to pay tribute. When they ran out of water, they were in desperate condition. Therefore, they asked Elisha (the prophet of God) what to do and he said God would give them water and victory over Moab. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Idiom +####Idiom They described Elisha with the idiom, "who poured water on the hands of Elijah," meaning "who served Elijah." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Anger +####Anger It is said that, "Anger came on Israel." It is not clear who was angry or why they were angry. ## Links: diff --git a/2ki/04/intro.md b/2ki/04/intro.md index ea03eb20b2..cd2ee1b00b 100644 --- a/2ki/04/intro.md +++ b/2ki/04/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ The story of Elisha continues with a group of stories about the miracles Elisha ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Widow +####Widow Elisha helps a widow financially, and he correctly prophesies that a barren woman would conceive and have a baby by the next year. Later, when that child dies, Elisha miraculously causes him to come back to life. Also, Elisha causes a poisonous food to no longer be harmful, and he miraculously feeds 100 people with only 20 loaves of bread. ## Links: diff --git a/2ki/06/intro.md b/2ki/06/intro.md index d92a77c6cb..e0e543f440 100644 --- a/2ki/06/intro.md +++ b/2ki/06/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ The stories of Elisha's miracles continue in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/di ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Impossible actions +####Impossible actions Elisha caused an iron ax head to float. He fooled the whole army of Aram that was sent to arrest him. When the king of Aram besieged the capital of Israel, the people became so hungry they started eating their children. Elisha told the king of Israel that there would be plenty of food the next day, but the king's counselor said it was impossible. ## Links: diff --git a/2ki/07/intro.md b/2ki/07/intro.md index d424fcf30f..1e25f62bd1 100644 --- a/2ki/07/intro.md +++ b/2ki/07/intro.md @@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ The stories of Elisha's miracles continue in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/di ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Fear +####Fear God caused the army of Aram to hear the sound of an enormous army approaching so they all ran away leaving all their food behind. ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical question +####Rhetorical question The king's counselor expressed his unbelief in Elisha's prophecy of plenty of food: "See, even if Yahweh should make windows in heaven, can this thing happen?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]]) ## Links: diff --git a/2ki/08/intro.md b/2ki/08/intro.md index c2ef764d4b..ad4710a5aa 100644 --- a/2ki/08/intro.md +++ b/2ki/08/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ The stories of of Elisha's miracles continue in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Kings +####Kings Elisha told Hazael that he would be king of Aram. Jehoram became king of Judah. He was evil so Edom and Libna revolted and chose their own kings. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) ## Links: diff --git a/2ki/09/intro.md b/2ki/09/intro.md index 38ff5e3bfd..00b5387a5c 100644 --- a/2ki/09/intro.md +++ b/2ki/09/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ The life of Elisha continues in this chapter. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### King Jehu +####King Jehu Elisha told a young prophet to go and tell Jehu that God had made him the new king. Jehu killed the kings of both Israel and Judah and Jezebel, the mother of the king. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) ## Links: diff --git a/2ki/11/intro.md b/2ki/11/intro.md index b09f6a7f5a..f722f5e8d8 100644 --- a/2ki/11/intro.md +++ b/2ki/11/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ This chapter is the beginning of the story of the spiritual revival in Judah un ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Athaliah's evil actions +####Athaliah's evil actions The mother of the king of Judah, Athaliah, killed all the royal children so that she could rule. She was not able to kill the baby Joash because his aunt hid him in the temple. When Joash was seven years old, the chief priest conspired with the army and made Joash king. They killed Athaliah and destroyed the temple of Baal. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) ## Links: diff --git a/2ki/12/intro.md b/2ki/12/intro.md index dfd0d41426..e95534f75f 100644 --- a/2ki/12/intro.md +++ b/2ki/12/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ This chapter is the end of the story of the revival in Judah under Joash. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Temple +####Temple Joash repaired the temple. In many ways, the temple represents the relationship between the people and Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) ## Links: diff --git a/2ki/13/intro.md b/2ki/13/intro.md index 4ebf1f3200..9360ce0fdb 100644 --- a/2ki/13/intro.md +++ b/2ki/13/intro.md @@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ This is the last chapter about Elisha. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Elisha's death +####Elisha's death The king of Israel is upset when Elisha is dying. Elisha assures him that he will have three victories over Aram. ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphor +####Metaphor The king compares the protection that Elisha had given Israel to "The chariot of Israel and the horsemen." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) diff --git a/2ki/14/intro.md b/2ki/14/intro.md index 1b446a7ed1..559fc4a881 100644 --- a/2ki/14/intro.md +++ b/2ki/14/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ The text begins to alternate between the kingdoms of Israel and Judah again. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Pride +####Pride Pride in one's success can make a person attempt and fail at something else. Amaziah defeated Edom so he wanted to fight Israel. But Israel defeated him and thoroughly humiliated him. ## Links: diff --git a/2ki/15/intro.md b/2ki/15/intro.md index 64cd7b0745..73046575fa 100644 --- a/2ki/15/intro.md +++ b/2ki/15/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Israel's evil +####Israel's evil Israel assassinated one king after another. The Assyrians began attacking Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) ## Links: diff --git a/2ki/16/intro.md b/2ki/16/intro.md index 3710df90a8..155e6d3028 100644 --- a/2ki/16/intro.md +++ b/2ki/16/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Ahaz +####Ahaz Ahaz was a wicked king. Israel and Aram united to fight against him, so he paid the Assyrian king to attack Aram. Assyria defeated the people of Aram and took them into captivity. The people were to trust in Yahweh and not rely on military alliances with other Gentile nations. This showed a lack of trust in the power of Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) ## Links: diff --git a/2ki/17/intro.md b/2ki/17/intro.md index 349b184984..57f22b4aa4 100644 --- a/2ki/17/intro.md +++ b/2ki/17/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ This chapter ends the story about the kingdom of Israel and continues with Judah ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Idol worship +####Idol worship Israel continued to worship idols, so God punished them by allowing Assyria to conquer them and take them away. Assyria brought people from other lands and settled them in what used to be Israel's territory and the new people worshiped their own gods in addition to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) diff --git a/2ki/18/intro.md b/2ki/18/intro.md index 0341876bd7..82902d946a 100644 --- a/2ki/18/intro.md +++ b/2ki/18/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ This chapter begins the story of Hezekiah, one of the great kings of Judah (2 Ki ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Trust in Yahweh +####Trust in Yahweh Hezekiah trusted and obeyed God. He stopped paying tribute to Assyria so the Assyrians invaded Judah. The Assyrian king told the people of Judah that resistance was useless. Despite this, Hezekiah trusted in the power of Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) ## Links: diff --git a/2ki/19/intro.md b/2ki/19/intro.md index 4b2d29b376..092bc6a9ed 100644 --- a/2ki/19/intro.md +++ b/2ki/19/intro.md @@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ The story of Hezekiah continues in this chapter. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### God's power +####God's power God is in control of everything. God caused the Assyrian king to fail in conquering Jerusalem because he mocked God. ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Idiom +####Idiom "The virgin daughter of Zion" here is an idiom meaning the people of Jerusalem. "The virgin daughter of Zion despises you and laughs you to scorn" means that "the people of Jerusalem know that Assyria will fail because they have mocked God." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom]]) diff --git a/2ki/20/intro.md b/2ki/20/intro.md index 60271d8728..864e3f88fd 100644 --- a/2ki/20/intro.md +++ b/2ki/20/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ This chapter finishes the story of Hezekiah. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Hezekiah's additional time +####Hezekiah's additional time God hears the distressed call of his faithful believers. Hezekiah was dying but when he prayed, God gave him 15 more years of life. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]]) ## Links: diff --git a/2ki/21/intro.md b/2ki/21/intro.md index 9596860835..56c5a418b2 100644 --- a/2ki/21/intro.md +++ b/2ki/21/intro.md @@ -2,12 +2,12 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### God's judgment +####God's judgment God judges sin. When Manasseh worshiped idols and did many evil things, God said he would cause Judah to be destroyed by its enemies. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Simile +####Simile "I will wipe Jerusalem clean, as a man wipes a dish, wiping it and turning it upside down" means "God would completely destroy Jerusalem." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-simile]]) diff --git a/2ki/22/intro.md b/2ki/22/intro.md index 15f0d9933e..4bc9af71f9 100644 --- a/2ki/22/intro.md +++ b/2ki/22/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ The next two chapters (2 Kings 22-23) tell about the spiritual revival under Kin ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The law +####The law The priests found a copy of the law in the temple and took it to the king. He was upset because the people had disobeyed the law so badly. Josiah asked God about it. God said that he would destroy Judah for these sins but not in Josiah's lifetime, since he humbled himself and wanted to do better. Many scholars believe this was a copy of the book of Deuteronomy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) ## Links: diff --git a/2ki/23/intro.md b/2ki/23/intro.md index 58ef6aceb4..ecd5d4f953 100644 --- a/2ki/23/intro.md +++ b/2ki/23/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ The story of Josiah ends in this chapter. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Ending idolatry +####Ending idolatry Josiah destroyed idolatry in Judah and in the deserted areas of Israel. But he fought against Egypt and was killed in battle. After his death, Egypt set up a government of Judah that it controlled. ## Links: diff --git a/2ki/24/intro.md b/2ki/24/intro.md index fa8bbe2ba8..04d3b40416 100644 --- a/2ki/24/intro.md +++ b/2ki/24/intro.md @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ These last two chapters are the final defeat of Judah and the beginning of their exile to Babylon. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### God's punishment +####God's punishment God punished Judah because of their sin. The Babylonians conquer Jerusalem and carry away all the craftsmen, soldiers and wealthy. They make Zedekiah the king. He was not truly a king because he lacked absolute authority. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) ## Links: diff --git a/2ki/25/intro.md b/2ki/25/intro.md index 252f76d683..1942b301b1 100644 --- a/2ki/25/intro.md +++ b/2ki/25/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ This chapter is the final defeat of Judah and the beginning of their exile to Ba ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Zedekiah's revolt +####Zedekiah's revolt Zedekiah revolted against the Babylonians, so they came and completely destroyed Jerusalem. They tore down the city walls and took the rest of the people to Babylon as slaves, except the very poorest people remained. ## Links: diff --git a/2pe/01/intro.md b/2pe/01/intro.md index 06964eccc0..2d18d316dd 100644 --- a/2pe/01/intro.md +++ b/2pe/01/intro.md @@ -6,15 +6,15 @@ Peter formally introduces this letter in verses 1-2. Writers often began letters ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Knowledge of God +####Knowledge of God To have knowledge of God means to belong to him or to have a relationship with him. Here, "knowledge" is more than just mentally knowing about God. It is a knowledge that causes God to save a person and to give him grace and peace. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/know]]) -##### Living godly lives +####Living godly lives Peter teaches that God has given believers all that they need for living godly lives. Therefore, believers should do everything they can to obey God more and more. If believers continue to do this, then they will be effective and productive through their relationship with Jesus. However, if believers do not continue living godly lives, then it is like they have forgotten what God did through Christ to save them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### The truth of Scripture +####The truth of Scripture Peter teaches that the prophecies in Scripture were not made up by men. The Holy Spirit revealed God's message to the men who spoke them or wrote them down. Also, Peter and the other apostles did not make up the stories they told people about Jesus. They witnessed what Jesus did and heard God call Jesus his son. ## Links: diff --git a/2pe/02/intro.md b/2pe/02/intro.md index fc13152254..b344e3726e 100644 --- a/2pe/02/intro.md +++ b/2pe/02/intro.md @@ -2,11 +2,11 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Flesh +####Flesh "Flesh" is a metaphor for a person's sinful nature. Here it does not represent the physical part of man. "Flesh" represents the human nature that rejects all things godly and desires what is sinful. This is the condition of all humans before they receive the Holy Spirit by believing in Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/flesh]]) -##### Implicit information +####Implicit information There are several analogies in 2:4-8 that are difficult to understand if the Old Testament has not yet been translated. Further explanation may be necessary. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) ## Links: diff --git a/2pe/03/intro.md b/2pe/03/intro.md index 15ba977bdb..8468765702 100644 --- a/2pe/03/intro.md +++ b/2pe/03/intro.md @@ -2,10 +2,10 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Fire +####Fire People often use fire to destroy things or to make something pure by burning off the dirt and worthless parts. Therefore when God punishes the wicked or purifies his people, it is often associated with fire. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/fire]]) -##### Day of the Lord +####Day of the Lord The exact time of the coming day of the Lord will come as a surprise to people. This is what the simile "like a thief in the night" means. Because of this, Christians are to be prepared for the coming of the Lord. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/dayofthelord]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-simile]]) ## Links: diff --git a/2pe/front/intro.md b/2pe/front/intro.md index 057b60fa43..f35011e19b 100644 --- a/2pe/front/intro.md +++ b/2pe/front/intro.md @@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ The doctrine of scripture is a very important one. 2 Peter helps readers to unde ## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -##### Singular and plural "you" +####Singular and plural "you" In this book, the word "I" refers to Peter. Also, the word "you" is always plural and refers to Peter's audience. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-exclusive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-you]]) diff --git a/2sa/01/intro.md b/2sa/01/intro.md index 48bea37d94..69dde2d0c9 100644 --- a/2sa/01/intro.md +++ b/2sa/01/intro.md @@ -8,12 +8,12 @@ This chapter continues the material from 1 Samuel. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### David's funeral song +####David's funeral song David praised Saul and Jonathan as great warriors and Jonathan as his dearest friend. ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Synecdoche +####Synecdoche David used two figures of speech to express that Jonathan and Saul were great warriors: "the bow of Jonathan did not turn back, and the sword of Saul did not return empty." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-synecdoche]]) ## Links: diff --git a/2sa/02/intro.md b/2sa/02/intro.md index 6cd7f13d36..7610d34e16 100644 --- a/2sa/02/intro.md +++ b/2sa/02/intro.md @@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ This chapter begins the story of the civil war between Saul's son and David. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Civil war +####Civil war There was a civil war in Israel. David was made king of Judah and Saul's uncle (Abner) made Saul's son (Ishbosheth) king of the rest of Israel. When they fought each other, Abner killed Joab's brother, but David's army was victorious. ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical question +####Rhetorical question Abner finally stopped the battle with a rhetorical question to David's army. "Must the sword devour forever?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) ## Links: diff --git a/2sa/04/intro.md b/2sa/04/intro.md index 327b9258b5..e2e3108553 100644 --- a/2sa/04/intro.md +++ b/2sa/04/intro.md @@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ While the end of the civil war occurs in this chapter, David still only reigned ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### David and Ishbosheth +####David and Ishbosheth David never sought revenge against Saul's family. When two men snuck into Ishbosheth's room, cut off his head and brought it to David, David had them killed for killing an innocent man. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/avenge]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical questions +####Rhetorical questions When two men brought Ishbosheth's head to David and expected to get a reward for it, David condemned them with the rhetorical question: "should I not now require his blood from your hand, and remove you from the earth?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/condemn]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/reward]]) ## Links: diff --git a/2sa/05/intro.md b/2sa/05/intro.md index 5d58000474..bbdae51f8c 100644 --- a/2sa/05/intro.md +++ b/2sa/05/intro.md @@ -6,10 +6,10 @@ This records the beginning of the kingdom's expansion. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### David conquers Jerusalem +####David conquers Jerusalem David brought the combined army to Jerusalem and conquered it by going in through the water shaft. He enlarged the city and strengthened the defenses, and made it his capital. Jerusalem is an important place in the plans of God. -##### David consulting God +####David consulting God David always consulted God before fighting a battle. The Philistines invaded Israel trying to capture David. David asked God if he should attack the Philistines, and God said yes; so he defeated them. They invaded again and God told him to attack them from the rear and he defeated them again. ## Links: diff --git a/2sa/06/intro.md b/2sa/06/intro.md index 0bf4a84d5f..cc72ba8643 100644 --- a/2sa/06/intro.md +++ b/2sa/06/intro.md @@ -2,15 +2,15 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Bringing the Ark of the Covenant to Jerusalem +####Bringing the Ark of the Covenant to Jerusalem David organized a procession with many musical instruments to bring the ark to Jerusalem. They put it on a cart; but when the oxen stumbled, Uzzah reached out to steady it so it would not fall. God killed him for touching the ark. David was angry at God for killing Uzzah and was afraid to bring the ark any further. Uzzah died because the ark was perfectly holy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]]) -##### Dancing +####Dancing David danced for joy in front of the ark. His wife, Michal, criticized David for uncovering himself as he danced, but David did not care. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/joy]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Irony +####Irony Michal criticized David by using irony: "How honored the king of Israel was today, who undressed himself today before the eyes of the slave girls among his servants, like one of the crude fellows who shamelessly undresses himself!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-irony]]) ## Links: diff --git a/2sa/07/intro.md b/2sa/07/intro.md index 2329d1a765..3ea8d944e7 100644 --- a/2sa/07/intro.md +++ b/2sa/07/intro.md @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ This is the finishing of a small interruption about the house of God. (See: [[rc David wanted to honor God by building him a temple. God told David that he would not build it, but his son would build it. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) -##### Covenant of David +####Covenant of David God made a covenant with David that was not conditioned upon anything David or his descendants did. God promised that one of David's descendants would rule Israel forever. Because Israel would not have a king in the future, this promise did not begin at this time. The descendant, who would rule forever, is Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]]) ## Links: diff --git a/2sa/08/intro.md b/2sa/08/intro.md index 3b7f788dd2..58717bf0d4 100644 --- a/2sa/08/intro.md +++ b/2sa/08/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ This chapter returns to the theme of the expansion of David's kingdom. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### God enabled victory +####God enabled victory God enabled David to conquer all the surrounding nations. Much of the loot and tribute David received, he saved for the temple that his son would build. ## Links: diff --git a/2sa/09/intro.md b/2sa/09/intro.md index 1ac98d03a9..aa62dda6e9 100644 --- a/2sa/09/intro.md +++ b/2sa/09/intro.md @@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ This chapter is another interruption to the story of David expanding his kingdom ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### David's vow +####David's vow David determined to fulfill his vow to Jonathan to care for Jonathan's descendants. He found Jonathan's son and told him he would treat him as if he was one of his sons. He restored all of Saul's property to him and had him eat every day at the king's table. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/vow]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical question and metaphor +####Rhetorical question and metaphor Jonathan's son expressed his surprise and feeling of unworthiness with a rhetorical question: "What is your servant, that you should look with favor on such a dead dog as I am?" and by a metaphor comparing himself to "a dead dog." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) ## Links: diff --git a/2sa/10/intro.md b/2sa/10/intro.md index 9175cd4366..d50abbdd4f 100644 --- a/2sa/10/intro.md +++ b/2sa/10/intro.md @@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ The chapter records the last expansion of David's kingdom. This chapter is also ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Shame +####Shame It was apparently the cause of shame or embarrassment in ancient Ammon to have their beards shaved off or to have their garments cut off. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphor +####Metaphor The Ammon people used a metaphor comparing themselves to a bad smell: "they had become a stench to David" when they realized they had made David very angry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) ## Links: diff --git a/2sa/11/intro.md b/2sa/11/intro.md index d5bacc6e3b..75af8670ea 100644 --- a/2sa/11/intro.md +++ b/2sa/11/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ This chapter begins a new section of David's life. God punished David by allowin ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### David's adultery and the murder of Uriah +####David's adultery and the murder of Uriah The army of Israel defeated the army of Ammon and then they besieged Ammon's capital while David stayed in Jerusalem. One day, David saw a beautiful woman, named Bathsheba, bathing. He committed adultery with her. When she became pregnant, David tried to cover up his sin. When this did not work, he had her husband killed in battle. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) ## Links: diff --git a/2sa/12/intro.md b/2sa/12/intro.md index a80956e7ca..58d12e291b 100644 --- a/2sa/12/intro.md +++ b/2sa/12/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ This is the final expansion of David's kingdom and records the end of the war wi ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### David's punishment +####David's punishment God sent a prophet to confront David. He said that because David had Uriah killed, there would always be killing in his family and that the baby conceived with Bathsheba would die. David prayed that the baby be allowed to live, but the infant died. Bathsheba then had another son, who was named Solomon. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) ## Links: diff --git a/2sa/13/intro.md b/2sa/13/intro.md index 1f3fa822dd..16e3831490 100644 --- a/2sa/13/intro.md +++ b/2sa/13/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ This chapter begins the story about the difficulties and killings in David's fam ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Amnon raped Absalom's sister +####Amnon raped Absalom's sister Amnon raped Absalom's sister, who was his own half-sister. David did nothing to punish him and David's lack of action caused significant problems in his family and in Israel. This eventually caused Solomon to become king, even though he was not the oldest son. ## Links: diff --git a/2sa/14/intro.md b/2sa/14/intro.md index 1ba3fe827b..3476bf3c6d 100644 --- a/2sa/14/intro.md +++ b/2sa/14/intro.md @@ -2,12 +2,12 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Reconciliation +####Reconciliation David missed his son, Absalom, who was in exile. Joab summons a wise woman to reconcile David and Absalom. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reconcile]]) ### Important figures of speech used in this chapter -##### Parable +####Parable The wise woman uses a type of story to convince David that his actions were wrong. He treated a stranger worse than he treated his own son. This parable was intended to convict David of his sin. She uses David's own words against him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) diff --git a/2sa/15/intro.md b/2sa/15/intro.md index da812891cb..87359ff8ad 100644 --- a/2sa/15/intro.md +++ b/2sa/15/intro.md @@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ This chapter begins the story of Absalom's attempted revolt. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Absalom's conspiracy +####Absalom's conspiracy For four years, Absalom made many allies in an attempt to make himself king. This is why he acted as a judge for the people. Since this was all done in secret, it is called a "conspiracy." David found out and fled with those in the army who were loyal to him. ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphor +####Metaphor The author used the metaphor of a thief to describe how Absalom was able to win people's loyalty: "So Absalom stole the hearts of the men of Israel." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) ## Links: diff --git a/2sa/16/intro.md b/2sa/16/intro.md index c88fdfc1b7..a0e73a6048 100644 --- a/2sa/16/intro.md +++ b/2sa/16/intro.md @@ -2,11 +2,11 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Absalom seeks advice from David's advisers +####Absalom seeks advice from David's advisers David's best adviser, Ahithophel, told Absalom to publicly seduce the concubines that David had left to take care of the palace. Because the concubines were the king's property, having sexual relations with a king's concubines implied that Absalom was now the king. This would show the people that the break with David was complete. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Simile +####Simile To show how seriously people took Ahithophel's advice, the author used a simile comparing his advice to God's advice. "Now the advice of Ahithophel that he gave in those days was as if a man heard from the mouth of God himself." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-simile]]) ## Links: diff --git a/2sa/17/intro.md b/2sa/17/intro.md index a617bac39a..f50b32adfb 100644 --- a/2sa/17/intro.md +++ b/2sa/17/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Confusion +####Confusion Ahithophel gives good advise to Absalom, but Hushai confuses Absalom. God is using the misleading advice to protect David, his king. ## Links: diff --git a/2sa/18/intro.md b/2sa/18/intro.md index b255de5dc0..fc6317296b 100644 --- a/2sa/18/intro.md +++ b/2sa/18/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ This chapter tells of the defeat and death of Absalom, ending this section on Ab ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### David's mercy +####David's mercy David reorganized his army and sent them out to battle, but told them to be merciful to Absalom. When David's army defeated Absalom's army, Absalom fled on a mule, but his hair caught in a tree limb and the mule ran on, leaving him hanging. One of David's soldiers saw him and told Joab. Joab went and killed him. When David heard about this he mourned for his son, Absalom. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]]) ## Links: diff --git a/2sa/19/intro.md b/2sa/19/intro.md index f54b65e56f..3cabdf3fcc 100644 --- a/2sa/19/intro.md +++ b/2sa/19/intro.md @@ -2,18 +2,18 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### David told to stop mourning Absalom +####David told to stop mourning Absalom Joab warned David that if he continued to mourn Absalom and not thank his army, they would all desert him. So David went out to encourage the soldiers. David was both a good father and a good leader. -##### David made king again +####David made king again This chapter record the recognition that David was the true king of Israel. It is important to remember that even though Absalom had power for a while, David never stopped being the king. -##### The ten tribes and Judah argue over David +####The ten tribes and Judah argue over David The ten tribes of Israel argued with the tribe of Judah about who would bring David across the river. The men of Judah answered the ten tribes very harshly. This may foreshadow, or give a glimpse of, the future civil war that would come to divide these two groups. ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical questions +####Rhetorical questions The people wanted David back as their king and expressed it in a rhetorical question: "So why are we not talking about bringing the king back?" David also used a question to persuade the people of Judah to bring him back: "You are my brothers, my flesh and bone. Why then are you the last to bring back the king?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) ## Links: diff --git a/2sa/20/intro.md b/2sa/20/intro.md index 18cb91b100..ee41e53aa8 100644 --- a/2sa/20/intro.md +++ b/2sa/20/intro.md @@ -2,12 +2,12 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Sheba's revolt +####Sheba's revolt A man named Sheba told the people of the ten tribes that David was Judah's king, but not their king. David worked hard to preserve unity in Israel after this time of division. ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Idiom +####Idiom Joab used an idiom "has lifted up his hand against the king, against David" meaning "revolted against David," to explain why his army was attacking the city of Able. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom]]) ## Links: diff --git a/2sa/21/intro.md b/2sa/21/intro.md index f62e24d03e..9564f7cd9e 100644 --- a/2sa/21/intro.md +++ b/2sa/21/intro.md @@ -4,10 +4,10 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Famine caused by a broken oath +####Famine caused by a broken oath When Israel first conquered the land, they promised not to kill the people of Gibeon. When Saul tried to kill them all, God caused a famine in Israel. David made amends with the people of Gibeon and the famine ended. David also kept his vow to Jonathan's sons. This helps to show the wisdom of king David. Although these people were not Israelites, they believed in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/vow]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]]) -##### Wisdom, grace and justice +####Wisdom, grace and justice David is seen to have many great qualities in this chapter. These were qualities important for a king of Israel: wisdom, grace and justice. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]]) ## Links: diff --git a/2sa/22/intro.md b/2sa/22/intro.md index ea56c05981..d1f8b83b8d 100644 --- a/2sa/22/intro.md +++ b/2sa/22/intro.md @@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### God rescued David +####God rescued David God rescued David when he thought he would die. He protected David, fought against his enemies, and enabled him to defeat his enemies. ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphor +####Metaphor David uses many metaphors to express his trust in God's protection: "my rock, my fortress, my shield, the horn of my salvation, my stronghold and my refuge." He used other metaphors to express his hopelessness: "the waves of death surrounded me," "the rushing waters of worthlessness overwhelmed me," "the cords of sheol surrounded me;" "the snares of death trapped me," and "the surging water." He also used metaphors for the victory God gave him: "I can run over a barricade" and "by my God I can leap over a wall." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) ## Links: diff --git a/2sa/23/intro.md b/2sa/23/intro.md index a5ed5990c1..a5228b4d76 100644 --- a/2sa/23/intro.md +++ b/2sa/23/intro.md @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Everlasting covenant +####Everlasting covenant This is a reference to the covenant God previously made with David. (See: [2 Samuel 7](../07/01.md), [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]]). ## Links: diff --git a/2sa/24/intro.md b/2sa/24/intro.md index 1262352f7c..e34e95f2bb 100644 --- a/2sa/24/intro.md +++ b/2sa/24/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Counting soldiers +####Counting soldiers David ordered the leaders of his army to count how many men of fighting age there were. He was not supposed to do this because it showed he did not trust God. God was displeased and offered David three punishments. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) ## Links: diff --git a/2th/01/intro.md b/2th/01/intro.md index 16d1a22b8b..cccc83181c 100644 --- a/2th/01/intro.md +++ b/2th/01/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Verses 1-2 formally introduce this letter. Letters in the ancient Near East comm ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Paradox +####Paradox A paradox is a true statement that appears to describe something impossible. A paradox occurs in verses 4-5: "We talk about your patience and faith in all your persecutions. We talk about the afflictions that you endure. This is a sign of God's righteous judgment." People would not normally think that believing in God while being persecuted is a sign of God's righteous judgment. But in verses 5-10, Paul explains how God will reward those who believe in him and how he will judge those who afflict them. ([2 Thessalonians 1:4-5](./04.md)) ## Links: diff --git a/2th/02/intro.md b/2th/02/intro.md index ab66591500..0fab4eb212 100644 --- a/2th/02/intro.md +++ b/2th/02/intro.md @@ -2,14 +2,14 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "Being gathered together to be with him" +####"Being gathered together to be with him" This passage refers to a time when Jesus calls to himself those who have believed in him. Scholars differ on whether or not this refers to Christ's final glorious return. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]]) -##### Man of lawlessness +####Man of lawlessness This is the same as "son of destruction" and "lawless one" in this chapter. Paul associates him with Satan, who is actively working in the world. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/antichrist]]) -##### Sits in the temple of God +####Sits in the temple of God Paul could be referring to the Jerusalem temple that the Romans destroyed several years after he wrote this letter. Or he could be referring to a future physical temple, or to the church as the spiritual temple of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) ## Links: diff --git a/2th/03/intro.md b/2th/03/intro.md index 22daae8ca7..f13c81cba5 100644 --- a/2th/03/intro.md +++ b/2th/03/intro.md @@ -2,10 +2,10 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Idle and lazy persons +####Idle and lazy persons In Thessalonica, there apparently was a problem with people in the church who were able to work but refused to do so. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) -##### What should you do if your brother sins? +####What should you do if your brother sins? In this chapter, Paul teaches that Christians need to live in a way that honors God. Christians should also encourage one another and hold each other accountable for what they do. The church is also responsible for encouraging believers to repent if they sin. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) diff --git a/2ti/01/intro.md b/2ti/01/intro.md index 47cc533ddf..b4df18d357 100644 --- a/2ti/01/intro.md +++ b/2ti/01/intro.md @@ -6,13 +6,13 @@ Paul formally introduces this letter in verses 1-2. Writers often began letters ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Spiritual children +####Spiritual children Paul discipled Timothy as a Christian and a church leader. Paul may also have led him to believe in Christ. Therefore, Paul calls Timothy "beloved child." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/disciple]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Persecution +####Persecution Paul was in prison when he wrote this letter. Paul encourages Timothy to be willing to suffer for the gospel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) ## Links: diff --git a/2ti/02/intro.md b/2ti/02/intro.md index 339eb11982..9e7afc1f74 100644 --- a/2ti/02/intro.md +++ b/2ti/02/intro.md @@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ Some translations set words farther to the right on the page than the rest of th ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### We will reign with him +####We will reign with him Faithful Christians will reign with Christ in the future. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Analogies +####Analogies In this chapter, Paul makes several analogies to teach about living as a Christian. He uses analogies of soldiers, athletes, and farmers. Later in the chapter, he uses the analogy of different kinds of containers in a house. ## Links: diff --git a/2ti/04/intro.md b/2ti/04/intro.md index f706796441..7829d766ab 100644 --- a/2ti/04/intro.md +++ b/2ti/04/intro.md @@ -2,12 +2,12 @@ ### Structure and formatting -##### "I give this solemn command" +####"I give this solemn command" Paul begins to give personal instructions to Timothy. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Crown +####Crown Scripture uses different kinds of crowns as images for different things. It appears Christ will award the crown in this chapter to believers as a reward for living rightly. ## Links: diff --git a/act/01/intro.md b/act/01/intro.md index d03585318f..64f77604f8 100644 --- a/act/01/intro.md +++ b/act/01/intro.md @@ -10,17 +10,17 @@ Some translations set quotations from the Old Testament farther to the right on ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Baptize +####Baptize The word "baptize" has two meanings in this chapter. It refers to the water baptism of John and to the baptism of the Holy Spirit ([Acts 1:5](../../act/01/05.md)). (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/baptize]]) -##### "He spoke about the kingdom of God" +####"He spoke about the kingdom of God" Some scholars believe that when Jesus "spoke about the kingdom of God," he explained to the disciples why the kingdom of God did not come before he died. Others believe that the kingdom of God did begin while Jesus was alive and that here Jesus was explaining that it was beginning in a new form. ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### The twelve disciples +####The twelve disciples The following are the lists of the twelve disciples: @@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ Simon (Peter), Andrew, James, John, Philip, Bartholomew, Matthew, Thomas, James Thaddaeus is probably the same person as Jude, the son of James. -##### Akeldama +####Akeldama This is a phrase in Hebrew or Aramaic. Luke used Greek letters so his readers would know how it sounded, and then he told what it means. You should probably spell it the way it sounds in your language and then explain the meaning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-transliterate]]) diff --git a/act/02/intro.md b/act/02/intro.md index b84be14a52..ae043f71bf 100644 --- a/act/02/intro.md +++ b/act/02/intro.md @@ -10,23 +10,23 @@ The events described in this chapter are commonly called "Pentecost." Many peopl ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Tongues +####Tongues The word "tongues" has two meanings in this chapter. Luke describes what came down from heaven ([Acts 2:3](../../act/02/03.md)) as tongues that looked like fire. This is different from "a tongue of flame," which is a fire that looks like a tongue. Luke also uses the word "tongues" to describe the languages that the people spoke after the Holy Spirit filled them ([Acts 2:4](../02/04.md)). -##### Last days +####Last days No one knows for sure when the "last days" ([Acts 2:17](../../act/02/17.md)) began. Your translation should not say more than the ULB does about this. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lastday]]) -##### Baptize +####Baptize The word "baptize" in this chapter refers to Christian baptism ([Acts 2:38-41](../02/38.md)). Though the event described in [Acts 2:1-11](./01.md) is the baptism of the Holy Spirit that Jesus promised in [Acts 1:5](../../act/01/05.md), the word "baptize" here does not refer to that event. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/baptize]]) -##### The prophecy of Joel +####The prophecy of Joel Many of the things that Joel said would happen did happen on the day of Pentecost ([Acts 2:17-18](../02/17.md)), but some things Joel spoke of have not happened yet ([Acts 2:19-20](../02/19.md)). (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -##### Wonders and signs +####Wonders and signs These words refer to things that only God could do, things that showed that Jesus was who the disciples said he was. diff --git a/act/03/intro.md b/act/03/intro.md index 7be1bf4572..e38012c3f4 100644 --- a/act/03/intro.md +++ b/act/03/intro.md @@ -2,13 +2,13 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The covenant God made with Abraham +####The covenant God made with Abraham This chapter explains that Jesus came to the Jews because God was fulfilling part of the covenant he had made with Abraham. Peter thought that the Jews were the ones who were truly guilty of killing Jesus, but he wanted them to understand that Jesus, by living and dying, had fulfilled God's promise to Abraham and that if they repented, God would forgive them. ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "You delivered up" +####"You delivered up" The Romans were the ones who killed Jesus, but they killed him because the Jews captured him, brought him to the Romans, and told the Romans to kill him. For this reason Peter thought that they were the ones who were truly guilty of killing Jesus. But he tells them that they are also the first ones to whom God has sent Jesus's followers to invite them to repent ([Acts 3:26](../../act/03/26.md)). (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]]) diff --git a/act/04/intro.md b/act/04/intro.md index 1d793b509d..905bcc26b0 100644 --- a/act/04/intro.md +++ b/act/04/intro.md @@ -6,23 +6,23 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Unity +####Unity The first Christians wanted very much to be united. They wanted to believe the same things and share everything they owned and help those who needed help. -##### "Signs and wonders" +####"Signs and wonders" This phrase refers to things that only God can do. The Christians wanted God to do what only he can do so that people would believe that what they said about Jesus was true. ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Cornerstone +####Cornerstone The cornerstone was the first piece of stone that people put down when they were building a building. This is a metaphor for the most important part of something, the part on which everything depends. To say that Jesus is the cornerstone of the church is to say that nothing in the church is more important than Jesus and that everything about the church depends on Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Name +####Name "There is no other name under heaven given among men by which we must be saved" ([Acts 4:12](../../act/04/12.md)). With these words Peter was saying that no other person who has ever been on the earth or will ever be on earth can save people. diff --git a/act/05/intro.md b/act/05/intro.md index 155eac5add..eee10980af 100644 --- a/act/05/intro.md +++ b/act/05/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "Satan filled your heart to lie to the Holy Spirit" +####"Satan filled your heart to lie to the Holy Spirit" No one knows for sure if Ananias and Sapphira were truly Christians when they decided to lie about the land that they sold ([Acts 5:1-10](../05/01.md)), because Luke does not say. However, Peter knew that they lied to the believers, and he knew that they had listened to and obeyed Satan. diff --git a/act/06/intro.md b/act/06/intro.md index 628e832eca..3d3e2221b9 100644 --- a/act/06/intro.md +++ b/act/06/intro.md @@ -2,13 +2,13 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The distribution to the widows +####The distribution to the widows The believers in Jerusalem gave help—probably money but possibly food—every day to women whose husbands had died. All of these widows had been raised as Jews, but some of them had lived in Judea and spoke Hebrew. Others had lived in Gentile areas and spoke Greek. Those who gave out the money or food gave it to the Hebrew-speaking widows but not to the Greek-speaking widows. To please God, the church leaders appointed Greek-speaking men to make sure the Greek-speaking widows received their share of help. One of these Greek-speaking men was Stephen. ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "His face was like the face of an angel" +####"His face was like the face of an angel" No one knows for sure what it was about Stephen's face that was like the face of an angel, because Luke does not tell us. It is best for the translation to say only what the ULB says about this. diff --git a/act/07/intro.md b/act/07/intro.md index 3d7d9c0e5b..e9680ccfc4 100644 --- a/act/07/intro.md +++ b/act/07/intro.md @@ -8,31 +8,31 @@ It appears that 8:1 is part of the narrative of this chapter. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "Stephen said" +####"Stephen said" Stephen told the history of Israel very briefly. He paid special attention to the times that the Israelites had rejected the people God had chosen to lead them. At the end of the story, he said that the Jewish leaders he was talking to had rejected Jesus just as the evil Israelites had always rejected the leaders God had appointed for them. -##### "Full of the Holy Spirit" +####"Full of the Holy Spirit" The Holy Spirit completely controlled Stephen so that he said only and all of what God wanted him to say. -##### Foreshadowing +####Foreshadowing When an author speaks of something that is not important at that time but will be important later in the story, this is called foreshadowing. Luke mentions Saul, also known as Paul, here, even though he is not an important person in this part of the story. This is because Paul is an important person in the rest of the Book of Acts. ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Implied information +####Implied information Stephen was talking to Jews who knew the law of Moses well, so he did not explain things that his hearers already knew. But you may need to explain some of these things so that your readers will be able to understand what Stephen was saying. For example, you may need to make explicit that when Joseph's brothers "sold him into Egypt" ([Acts 7:9](../../act/07/09.md)), Joseph was going to be a slave in Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) -##### Metonymy +####Metonymy Stephen spoke of Joseph ruling "over Egypt" and over all of Pharaoh's household. By this he meant that Joseph ruled over the people of Egypt and of the people and possessions in Pharaoh's household. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Background knowledge +####Background knowledge The Jewish leaders to whom Stephen spoke already knew much about the events he was telling them about. They knew what Moses had written in the Book of Genesis. If the Book of Genesis has not been translated into your language, it may be difficult for your readers to understand what Stephen said. diff --git a/act/08/intro.md b/act/08/intro.md index c406f976a6..0b87a4d832 100644 --- a/act/08/intro.md +++ b/act/08/intro.md @@ -8,11 +8,11 @@ The first sentence of verse 1 ends the description of the events in chapter 7. L ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Receiving the Holy Spirit +####Receiving the Holy Spirit In this chapter for the first time Luke speaks of people receiving the Holy Spirit ([Acts 8:15-19](../08/15.md)). The Holy Spirit had already enabled the believers to speak in tongues, to heal the sick, and to live as a community, and he had filled Stephen. But when the Jews started putting believers in prison, those believers who could leave Jerusalem did leave, and as they went, they told people about Jesus. When the people who heard about Jesus received the Holy Spirit, the church leaders knew that those people had truly become believers. -##### Proclaimed +####Proclaimed This chapter more than any other in the Book of Acts speaks of the believers proclaiming the word, proclaiming the good news, and proclaiming that Jesus is the Christ. The word "proclaim" translates a Greek word that means to tell good news about something. diff --git a/act/09/intro.md b/act/09/intro.md index 207bf90e45..8c713bfc59 100644 --- a/act/09/intro.md +++ b/act/09/intro.md @@ -2,17 +2,17 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "The Way" +####"The Way" No one knows for sure who first started calling believers "followers of the Way." This is probably what the believers called themselves, because the Bible often speaks of a person living his life as if that person were walking on a path or "way." If this is true, the believers were "following the way of the Lord" by living in a way that pleased God. -##### "Letters for the synagogues in Damascus" +####"Letters for the synagogues in Damascus" The "letters" Paul asked for were probably legal papers that permitted him to put Christians in prison. The synagogue leaders in Damascus would have obeyed the letter because it was written by the high priest. If the Romans had seen the letter, they also would have allowed Saul to persecute the Christians, because they permitted the Jews to do as they desired to people who broke their religious laws. ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### What Saul saw when he met Jesus +####What Saul saw when he met Jesus It is clear that Saul saw a light and that it was because of this light that he "fell upon the ground." Some people think that Saul knew that it was the Lord speaking to him without seeing a human form, because the Bible often speaks of God as being light and living in light. Other people think that later in his life he was able to say, "I have seen the Lord Jesus" because it was a human form that he saw here. diff --git a/act/10/intro.md b/act/10/intro.md index fc471ebdb7..545c1a741a 100644 --- a/act/10/intro.md +++ b/act/10/intro.md @@ -2,11 +2,11 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Unclean +####Unclean The Jews believed that they could become unclean in God's sight if they visited or ate food with a Gentile. This was because the Pharisees had made a law against it because they wanted to keep people from eating foods that the law of Moses said were unclean. The law of Moses did say that some foods were unclean, but it did not say that God's people could not visit or eat with Gentiles. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]]) -##### Baptism and the Holy Spirit +####Baptism and the Holy Spirit The Holy Spirit "fell on" those who were listening to Peter. This showed the Jewish believers that Gentiles could receive the word of God and receive the Holy Spirit just as the Jewish believers had. After that, the Gentiles were baptized. diff --git a/act/11/intro.md b/act/11/intro.md index 1cf5abc2b5..67455c5bee 100644 --- a/act/11/intro.md +++ b/act/11/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "The Gentiles also had received the word of God" +####"The Gentiles also had received the word of God" Almost all of the first believers were Jewish. Luke writes in this chapter that many Gentiles started to believe in Jesus. They believed that the message about Jesus was true and so began to "receive the word of God." Some of the believers in Jerusalem did not believe that Gentiles could truly follow Jesus, so Peter went to them and told them what had happened to him and how he had seen the Gentiles receive the Word of God and receive the Holy Spirit. diff --git a/act/12/intro.md b/act/12/intro.md index 8bc0ce9118..4bb90209f0 100644 --- a/act/12/intro.md +++ b/act/12/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Chapter 12 tells what happened to King Herod while Barnabas was bringing Saul ba ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Personification +####Personification The "word of God" is spoken of as if it were a living thing that could grow and become many. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wordofgod]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-personification]]) diff --git a/act/13/intro.md b/act/13/intro.md index 0e1d320210..b5e2a9993f 100644 --- a/act/13/intro.md +++ b/act/13/intro.md @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ This chapter is where the second half of the Book of Acts begins. Luke writes mo ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### A light for the Gentiles +####A light for the Gentiles The Bible often speaks of unrighteous people, people who do not do what pleases God, as if they were walking around in darkness. It speaks of light as if it were what enables those sinful people to become righteous, to understand what they are doing wrong and begin to obey God. The Jews considered all Gentiles as walking in darkness, but Paul and Barnabas spoke of telling the Gentiles about Jesus as if they were going to bring them physical light. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) diff --git a/act/14/intro.md b/act/14/intro.md index 74d7e792c1..6ef3b22963 100644 --- a/act/14/intro.md +++ b/act/14/intro.md @@ -2,17 +2,17 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "The message of his grace" +####"The message of his grace" The message of Jesus is the message that God will show grace to those who believe in Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]]) -##### Zeus and Hermes +####Zeus and Hermes The Gentiles in the Roman Empire worshiped many different false gods who do not really exist. Paul and Barnabas told them to believe in the "living God." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "We must enter into the kingdom of God through many sufferings." +####"We must enter into the kingdom of God through many sufferings." Jesus told his followers before he died that everyone who followed him would suffer persecution. Paul is saying the same thing using different words. diff --git a/act/15/intro.md b/act/15/intro.md index 8458f5b499..be5d8501c9 100644 --- a/act/15/intro.md +++ b/act/15/intro.md @@ -8,15 +8,15 @@ The meeting that Luke describes in this chapter is commonly called the "Jerusale ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Brothers +####Brothers In this chapter Luke begins to use the word "brothers" to refer to fellow Christians instead of fellow Jews. -##### Obeying the law of Moses +####Obeying the law of Moses Some believers wanted the Gentiles to be circumcised because God had told Abraham and Moses that everyone who wanted to belong to him had to be circumcised and that this was "an everlasting covenant." But Paul and Barnabas had seen God give uncircumcised Gentiles the gift of the Holy Spirit, so they did not want the Gentiles to be circumcised. Both groups went to Jerusalem to have the church leaders decide what they should do. -##### "Abstain from things sacrificed to idols, blood, things strangled, and from sexual immorality" +####"Abstain from things sacrificed to idols, blood, things strangled, and from sexual immorality" It is possible that the church leaders decided on these laws so that Jews and Gentiles could not only live together but eat the same foods together. diff --git a/act/16/intro.md b/act/16/intro.md index 9a54d8a623..67f8116f1e 100644 --- a/act/16/intro.md +++ b/act/16/intro.md @@ -2,11 +2,11 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Timothy's circumcision +####Timothy's circumcision Paul circumcised Timothy because they were telling the message of Jesus to Jews and Gentiles. Paul wanted the Jews to know that he respected the law of Moses even though the church leaders in Jerusalem had decided that Christians did not need to be circumcised. -##### The woman who had a spirit of divination +####The woman who had a spirit of divination Most people want very much to know the future, but the law of Moses said that speaking with the spirits of dead people to learn about the future is a sin. This woman seems to have been able to tell the future very well. She was a slave, and her masters made much money from her work. Paul wanted her to stop sinning, so he told the spirit to leave her. Luke does not say that she began to follow Jesus or tell us anything more about her. diff --git a/act/17/intro.md b/act/17/intro.md index 6207ed85e8..30dfbcad21 100644 --- a/act/17/intro.md +++ b/act/17/intro.md @@ -2,11 +2,11 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Misunderstandings about the Messiah +####Misunderstandings about the Messiah The Jews expected the Christ or Messiah to be a powerful king because the Old Testament says so many times. But it also says many times that the Messiah would suffer, and that was what Paul was telling the Jews. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]]) -##### The religion of Athens +####The religion of Athens Paul said that the Athenians were "religious," but they did not worship the true God. They worshiped many different false gods. In the past they had conquered other peoples and begun to worship the gods of the people they had conquered. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) diff --git a/act/18/intro.md b/act/18/intro.md index aed9b3ab2f..02738d1380 100644 --- a/act/18/intro.md +++ b/act/18/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The baptism of John +####The baptism of John Some Jews who lived far away from Jerusalem and Judea had heard of John the Baptist and followed his teachings. They had not yet heard about Jesus. One of these Jews was Apollos. He followed John the Baptist, but he did not know that the Messiah had come. John had baptized people to show that they were sorry for their sins, but this baptism was different from Christian baptism. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]]) diff --git a/act/19/intro.md b/act/19/intro.md index 44faf53e76..1b6cfb529a 100644 --- a/act/19/intro.md +++ b/act/19/intro.md @@ -2,11 +2,11 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Baptism +####Baptism John baptized people to show that they were sorry for their sins. Jesus's followers baptized people who wanted to follow Jesus. -##### Temple of Diana +####Temple of Diana The temple of Diana was an important place in the city of Ephesus. Many people came to Ephesus to see this temple, and they bought statues of the goddess Diana while they were there. The people who sold statues of Diana were afraid that if people did not believe Diana was a real goddess, they would stop giving the sellers money for statues. diff --git a/act/20/intro.md b/act/20/intro.md index 9bd7025deb..1ada4e8169 100644 --- a/act/20/intro.md +++ b/act/20/intro.md @@ -6,11 +6,11 @@ In this chapter Luke describes Paul's last visits to believers in the provinces ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Race +####Race Paul spoke of living for Jesus as if he were running in a race. By this he meant that he needed to keep working hard even when things were difficult and he wanted to quit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/discipline]]) -##### "Compelled by the Spirit" +####"Compelled by the Spirit" Paul thought that the Holy Spirit wanted him to go to Jerusalem even if Paul did not want to go there. The same Holy Spirit told other people that when Paul arrived in Jerusalem, people would try to harm him. diff --git a/act/21/intro.md b/act/21/intro.md index ed1aa0428c..bf4e240001 100644 --- a/act/21/intro.md +++ b/act/21/intro.md @@ -8,18 +8,18 @@ The last verse of the chapter ends with an incomplete sentence. Most translation ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "They are all determined to keep the law" +####"They are all determined to keep the law" The Jews in Jerusalem were following the law of Moses. Even those who were following Jesus still kept the law. Both groups thought that Paul had been telling Jews in Greece not to keep the law. But it was only the Gentiles to whom Paul was saying that. -##### Nazarite vow +####Nazarite vow The vow that Paul and his three friends made was probably a Nazarite vow, because they shaved their heads ([Acts 21:23](../../act/21/23.md)). -##### Gentiles in the temple +####Gentiles in the temple The Jews accused Paul of bringing a Gentile man into a part of the temple into which God only allowed Jews to go. They thought that God wanted them to punish Paul by killing him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]]) -##### Roman citizenship +####Roman citizenship The Romans thought that they needed to treat only Roman citizens justly. They could do as they desired with people who were not Roman citizens, but they had to obey the law with other Romans. Some people were born Roman citizens, and others gave money to the Roman government so they could become Roman citizens. diff --git a/act/22/intro.md b/act/22/intro.md index b5c5ee159c..bab7eb6030 100644 --- a/act/22/intro.md +++ b/act/22/intro.md @@ -6,15 +6,15 @@ This is the second account of Paul's conversion in the book of Acts. Because thi ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "In the Hebrew language" +####"In the Hebrew language" Most Jews at this time spoke Aramaic and Greek. Most of the people who spoke Hebrew were educated Jewish scholars. This is why the people paid attention when Paul started speaking in Hebrew. -##### "The Way" +####"The Way" No one knows for sure who first started calling believers "followers of the Way." This is probably what the believers called themselves, because the Bible often speaks of a person living his life as if that person were walking on a path or "way." If this is true, the believers were "following the way of the Lord" by living in a way that pleased God. -##### Roman citizenship +####Roman citizenship The Romans thought that they needed to treat only Roman citizens justly. They could do as they desired with people who were not Roman citizens, but they had to obey the law with other Romans. Some people were born Roman citizens, and others gave money to the Roman government so they could become Roman citizens. The "chief captain" could have been punished for treating a Roman citizen the same way he would treat a non-citizen. diff --git a/act/23/intro.md b/act/23/intro.md index 28dd594950..67471304c3 100644 --- a/act/23/intro.md +++ b/act/23/intro.md @@ -6,21 +6,21 @@ Some translations set quotations from the Old Testament farther to the right on ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Resurrection of the dead +####Resurrection of the dead The Pharisees believed that after people died, they would become alive again and God would either reward them or punish them. The Sadducees believed that once people died, they stayed dead and would never become alive again. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/raise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/reward]]) -##### "Called a curse" +####"Called a curse" Some Jews promised God that they would not eat or drink until they killed Paul, and they asked God to punish them if they did not do what they had promised to do. -##### Roman citizenship +####Roman citizenship The Romans thought that they needed to treat only Roman citizens justly. They could do as they desired with people who were not Roman citizens, but they had to obey the law with other Romans. Some people were born Roman citizens, and others gave money to the Roman government so they could become Roman citizens. The "chief captain" could have been punished for treating a Roman citizen the same way he would treat a non-citizen. ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Whitewashed +####Whitewashed This is a metaphor in scripture describing someone who appears to be good or clean or righteous when that person is evil or unclean or unrighteous. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) diff --git a/act/24/intro.md b/act/24/intro.md index 07a58427d5..29194fb68d 100644 --- a/act/24/intro.md +++ b/act/24/intro.md @@ -6,13 +6,13 @@ Paul told the governor that he had not done what the Jews were accusing him of d ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Respect +####Respect Both the Jewish leaders ([Acts 24:2-4](./02.md)) and Paul ([Acts 24:10](../../act/24/10.md)) began their speeches with words that show respect to the governor. ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Governmental leaders +####Governmental leaders The words "governor," "commander," and "centurion" may be difficult to translate into some languages. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-unknown]]) diff --git a/act/25/intro.md b/act/25/intro.md index 824df9e39b..5bcf14c601 100644 --- a/act/25/intro.md +++ b/act/25/intro.md @@ -2,11 +2,11 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Favor +####Favor This word is used in two different ways in this chapter. When the Jewish leaders asked Festus for a favor, they were asking him to do something special for them on that day. They wanted him to do for them something that he would not usually do. When Festus "wanted to gain the favor of the Jews," he wanted them to like him and be willing to obey him in the months and years to come. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/favor]]) -##### Roman citizenship +####Roman citizenship The Romans thought that they needed to treat only Roman citizens justly. They could do as they desired with people who were not Roman citizens, but they had to obey the law with other Romans. Some people were born Roman citizens, and others gave money to the Roman government so they could become Roman citizens. Roman officials could have been punished for treating a Roman citizen the same way they would treat a non-citizen. diff --git a/act/26/intro.md b/act/26/intro.md index c92bbc10ea..b179221be1 100644 --- a/act/26/intro.md +++ b/act/26/intro.md @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ Paul told the King Agrippa why he had done what he had done and that the governo ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Light and darkness +####Light and darkness The Bible often speaks of unrighteous people, people who do not do what pleases God, as if they were walking around in darkness. It speaks of light as if it were what enables those sinful people to become righteous, to understand what they are doing wrong and begin to obey God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) diff --git a/act/27/intro.md b/act/27/intro.md index 278ac73c23..d27e2bd0dc 100644 --- a/act/27/intro.md +++ b/act/27/intro.md @@ -2,15 +2,15 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Sailing +####Sailing People who lived near the sea traveled by boat powered by the wind. During some months of the year, the wind would blow in the wrong direction or so hard that sailing was impossible. -##### Trust +####Trust Paul trusted God to bring him safely to land. He told the sailers and soldiers to trust that God would also keep them alive. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) -##### Paul breaks bread +####Paul breaks bread Luke uses almost the same words here to describe Paul taking bread, thanking God, breaking it, and eating it that he used to describe the last supper Jesus ate with his disciples. However, your translation should not make your reader think that Paul was leading a religious celebration here. diff --git a/act/28/intro.md b/act/28/intro.md index 53ae93a2e9..e41506765c 100644 --- a/act/28/intro.md +++ b/act/28/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ No one knows for sure why Luke ends his history without telling what happened to ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "Letters" and "brothers" +####"Letters" and "brothers" The Jewish leaders were surprised that Paul wanted to speak with them, because they had received no letters from the high priest in Jerusalem telling them that Paul was coming. @@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ When the Jewish leaders spoke of "brothers," they were referring to fellow Jews, ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "He was a god" +####"He was a god" The native people believed that Paul was a god, but they did not believe that he was the one true God. We do not know why Paul did not tell the native people that he was not a god. diff --git a/amo/01/intro.md b/amo/01/intro.md index aef6ea9b0f..e10d4743a2 100644 --- a/amo/01/intro.md +++ b/amo/01/intro.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ This book is written in a poetic form. Because it was written by a farmer, it includes many references to agricultural concepts. -##### "For three sins of Judah, even for four" +####"For three sins of Judah, even for four" The phrase "For three sins of Judah, even for four," is used to begin each oracle. This is not intended to be a literal count but is an idiom indicating a large number of sins. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) ## Links: diff --git a/amo/02/intro.md b/amo/02/intro.md index 8bb306e517..f81dacd551 100644 --- a/amo/02/intro.md +++ b/amo/02/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ This chapter consists of oracles against Moab and Judah by using poetic language ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Idiom +####Idiom You will notice that the phrase "For three sins of Judah, even for four," is used to begin each of these oracles. This is not intended to be a literal count but is an idiom indicating a large number of sins. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) ## Links: diff --git a/amo/03/intro.md b/amo/03/intro.md index 820d3bf6c3..88ca223f47 100644 --- a/amo/03/intro.md +++ b/amo/03/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Amos continues to use poetic form in this chapter to prophesy the disaster comin ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical Questions +####Rhetorical Questions This chapter begins with a number of rhetorical questions. The last question provides the reader with some answers: "Yahweh has certainly spoken through his prophets. So listen to them." The answer to these rhetorical questions have the expected response of "no" because they are things that are not expected to happen. The writer is helping the reader to conclude that God uses the prophets to speak his message. ## Links: diff --git a/amo/04/intro.md b/amo/04/intro.md index 996d77df70..36a653ca25 100644 --- a/amo/04/intro.md +++ b/amo/04/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ This chapter is written in poetic form and is about the people's refusal to lis ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Repetition +####Repetition This chapter contains a repeated sentence: "Yet you have not returned to me—this is Yahweh's declaration." Please make sure this sentence is translated the same way each time to show the repetition. This repetition produces a list of sins Yahweh is mounting against his people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]]) ## Links: diff --git a/amo/05/intro.md b/amo/05/intro.md index 162791376b..03f6d93ecc 100644 --- a/amo/05/intro.md +++ b/amo/05/intro.md @@ -6,10 +6,10 @@ This chapter continues to be written in a poetic format and foretells the destru ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Place Names +####Place Names This chapter refers to various places in land of Israel (i.e. Gilgal, Bethel, Beersheba). Normally these places have good connotations, but here they are referred to negatively. This is most likely because these cities became known for their idol worship. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]]) -##### City gate +####City gate The "city gate" is mentioned several times. This was a place where people would go with legal and financial issues. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) ## Links: diff --git a/amo/07/intro.md b/amo/07/intro.md index 36434f9a17..1d0d2b6613 100644 --- a/amo/07/intro.md +++ b/amo/07/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ This chapter is mainly written as a narrative about the prophet Amos interacting ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Reported speech +####Reported speech In the latter part of the chapter, it is important to follow the conversation carefully to understand who is speaking. There are some instances of "reported speech." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-quotations]]) ## Links: diff --git a/amo/08/intro.md b/amo/08/intro.md index 5d2af408f1..3c63760597 100644 --- a/amo/08/intro.md +++ b/amo/08/intro.md @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ how he is going to respond. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]] and [ ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### "This is the declaration of Yahweh" +####"This is the declaration of Yahweh" This phrase is used to introduce prophecy. It highlights what God is proclaiming. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) diff --git a/amo/09/intro.md b/amo/09/intro.md index 69dd5cc411..c049a0019b 100644 --- a/amo/09/intro.md +++ b/amo/09/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ This chapter is written in poetic form and continues to show the awesome and ter ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "The declaration of Yahweh" +####"The declaration of Yahweh" This phrase is used to introduce prophecy. It highlights what God is proclaiming. Try to remain consistent in translating this phrase throughout the book. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) ## Links: diff --git a/col/01/intro.md b/col/01/intro.md index 596a002ddc..334eda6e4d 100644 --- a/col/01/intro.md +++ b/col/01/intro.md @@ -9,18 +9,18 @@ Paul writes much of this chapter around two subjects: who Christ is, and what Ch ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Secret truth +####Secret truth Paul refers to a "secret truth" in this chapter. The role of the church in the plans of God was once unknown. But God has now revealed it. Part of this involves the Gentiles having equal standing with the Jews in the plans of God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reveal]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Images for Christian living +####Images for Christian living Paul uses many different images to describe Christian living. In this chapter, he uses the images of "walking" and "bearing fruit." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/fruit]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Paradox +####Paradox A paradox is a true statement that appears to describe something impossible. Verse 24 is a paradox: "Now I rejoice in my sufferings for you." People do not usually rejoice when they suffer. But in verses 25-29 Paul explains why his suffering is good. ([Colossians 1:24](../../col/01/24.md)) diff --git a/col/02/intro.md b/col/02/intro.md index e071ba6246..82fef09788 100644 --- a/col/02/intro.md +++ b/col/02/intro.md @@ -2,16 +2,16 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Circumcision and baptism +####Circumcision and baptism In verses 11-12, Paul uses both the old covenant sign of circumcision and the new covenant sign of baptism to show how Christians are united with Christ and freed from sin. ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Flesh +####Flesh This is a complex issue. "Flesh" is possibly a metaphor for our sinful nature. Paul is not teaching that the physical part of man is sinful. Paul appears to be teaching that, while Christians are alive ("in the flesh"), we will continue to sin. But our new nature will be fighting against our old nature. Paul also uses "flesh" in this chapter to refer to the physical body. -##### Implicit information +####Implicit information Paul mentions several issues in this chapter that imply information about the context of the church in Colossae. It is best to allow the text to remain uncertain over the actual details. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) ## Links: diff --git a/col/03/intro.md b/col/03/intro.md index 09844850c8..905f5af95d 100644 --- a/col/03/intro.md +++ b/col/03/intro.md @@ -6,15 +6,15 @@ The second part of this chapter parallels Ephesians 5 and 6. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Old and new self +####Old and new self The old and new self mean the same as the old and new man. The term "old man" probably refers to the sinful nature with which a person is born. The "new man" is the new nature or new life that God gives a person after they come to believe in Christ. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Character +####Character Many of the things Paul encourages his readers to pursue or avoid are not actions but character qualities. Because of this, they may be difficult to translate. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-abstractnouns]]) -##### "The things above" +####"The things above" Where God dwells is often pictured as being located "above." Paul says to "seek the things above" and to "think about the things above." He is implying Christians should seek and think about heavenly and godly things. diff --git a/col/04/intro.md b/col/04/intro.md index fd887e36ef..d5c84a767c 100644 --- a/col/04/intro.md +++ b/col/04/intro.md @@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "In my own hand" +####"In my own hand" It was common in the ancient Near East for the author to speak and someone else to write down the words. Many of the New Testament letters were written this way. Paul wrote the final greeting himself. ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Secret truth +####Secret truth Paul refers to a "secret truth" in this chapter. The role of the church in the plans of God was once unknown. But God has now revealed it. Part of this involves the Gentiles having equal standing with the Jews in the plans of God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reveal]]) diff --git a/dan/01/intro.md b/dan/01/intro.md index 7cd25552bc..8a83eefc1e 100644 --- a/dan/01/intro.md +++ b/dan/01/intro.md @@ -2,13 +2,13 @@ ### Structure and formatting -##### Training for government jobs +####Training for government jobs Daniel, Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego were chosen to be trained for service in the Babylonian kingdom. It was not unusual for foreigners to be given positions in the Babylonian government as advisors or cultural ambassadors. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Food laws +####Food laws The food from the king included things the Jews were not allowed to eat according to the law of Moses. Daniel requested permission not to eat the king's food. He proved to the king that this food was not necessary for good health. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]]) diff --git a/dan/02/intro.md b/dan/02/intro.md index 71dfcb3ae7..177a32656c 100644 --- a/dan/02/intro.md +++ b/dan/02/intro.md @@ -6,11 +6,11 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The king's dream +####The king's dream Daniel told the king's dream and what the dream meant. In the ancient Near East, it was believed that only people in touch with the gods could interpret dreams. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) -##### How Daniel knew the dream +####How Daniel knew the dream Daniel gave Yahweh the honor for having told him the dream and its meaning in answer to the prayers of the four men. diff --git a/dan/03/intro.md b/dan/03/intro.md index 3b585b3ed0..e9eb8cc4a9 100644 --- a/dan/03/intro.md +++ b/dan/03/intro.md @@ -2,11 +2,11 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The king's new idol +####The king's new idol Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego refused to worship the new idol. In the ancient Near East, refusing to worship the king was a sign of rebellion against the king. It was often considered the crime of treason. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sign]]) -##### The furnace +####The furnace There was a fourth person with them in the furnace, and because of this they were not hurt. Most scholars believe this to be Jesus before he was born. diff --git a/dan/04/intro.md b/dan/04/intro.md index 1ac5e07e89..75de98f494 100644 --- a/dan/04/intro.md +++ b/dan/04/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The king becomes insane +####The king becomes insane The king became insane until he realized that Yahweh was the ruler over everyone, including him. diff --git a/dan/05/intro.md b/dan/05/intro.md index c63b305a40..30ba30afd2 100644 --- a/dan/05/intro.md +++ b/dan/05/intro.md @@ -2,12 +2,12 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The writing on the wall +####The writing on the wall God told the new king that he had failed and God was replacing him, showing that God is the real ruler over everything, even kingdoms that do not worship him. ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Mene, Mene, Tekel, Upharsin +####Mene, Mene, Tekel, Upharsin These are words in Aramaic. Daniel "transliterates" these words by writing them with Hebrew letters, and then he explains their meanings. In the ULB and UDB they are written with English letters. Translators are encouraged to write them using the letters of the target language alphabet. ## Links: diff --git a/dan/06/intro.md b/dan/06/intro.md index 7094eaf503..31728555fa 100644 --- a/dan/06/intro.md +++ b/dan/06/intro.md @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ Some translations set the content of letters farther to the right on the page th Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in the letter in 6:26-27. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Daniel and the lions +####Daniel and the lions Daniel was thrown into the lions' den for praying to Yahweh, but Yahweh protected him and the lions did not hurt him at all. diff --git a/dan/07/intro.md b/dan/07/intro.md index f7d5373bc9..620abe2c1e 100644 --- a/dan/07/intro.md +++ b/dan/07/intro.md @@ -4,11 +4,11 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 7:9-10, 13-14, and 23-27. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The four beasts +####The four beasts There will be four successive kingdoms before Yahweh sets up his eternal kingdom. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]]) -##### The Son of Man +####The Son of Man God will give the Son of Man an eternal kingdom and he will judge people from the books. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sonofman]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]]) diff --git a/dan/08/intro.md b/dan/08/intro.md index 63dc054e47..8a0394bf4b 100644 --- a/dan/08/intro.md +++ b/dan/08/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The vision of the ram and the male goat +####The vision of the ram and the male goat Although specific interpretation of this vision is not given, most scholars believe Daniel saw Greece overthrowing Media-Persia before breaking up into four kingdoms. One of these kingdoms stopped the temple worship for a while and then it was restored. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]]) diff --git a/dan/09/intro.md b/dan/09/intro.md index bc2533620f..429ada185e 100644 --- a/dan/09/intro.md +++ b/dan/09/intro.md @@ -2,10 +2,10 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Daniel told the future +####Daniel told the future Gabriel told Daniel a prophecy that Jerusalem would be rebuilt. Then later an anointed person would be killed and the worship at the temple stopped. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/anoint]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) -##### The unusual expression of numbers in 9:24-26 +####The unusual expression of numbers in 9:24-26 This passage uses the expressions "seventy sevens of years," "seven sevens and sixty-two sevens," and "sixty-two sevens of years" to denote "490 years," "49 years and then 434 years," and "434 years," respectively. The original language uses the idea of a "week" to express the idea of a group of sevens, but these numbers are clearly meant to denote years, not weeks. Most translators should use the ways normal in their languages to express these numbers. diff --git a/deu/01/intro.md b/deu/01/intro.md index be820a4335..1911f6299d 100644 --- a/deu/01/intro.md +++ b/deu/01/intro.md @@ -6,10 +6,10 @@ This chapter forms a continuation with the last chapter of the book of Numbers. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's victory +####Yahweh's victory The chapter explains that Israel's conquering of the Promised Land will be done by Yahweh. They are not to fear the people of Canaan but be obedient to Yahweh. Yahweh is bringing about his judgement upon the people of Canaan. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]]) -##### Possessing the land +####Possessing the land While the Promised Land belongs to Israel, they do not possess the land. Possessing the land is an important theme. Posessing the land depended on Israel's faithfulness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]]) ## Links: diff --git a/deu/02/intro.md b/deu/02/intro.md index 4cebad034d..b3f6393676 100644 --- a/deu/02/intro.md +++ b/deu/02/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Covenant faithfulness +####Covenant faithfulness Yahweh is faithful to the covenant he made with Abraham. He is also faithful to the promises he made with Esau and Lot. Because of this, Israel was given specific land it was able to conquer in Canaan. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenantfaith]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]]) ## Links: diff --git a/deu/03/intro.md b/deu/03/intro.md index d168e0e548..05eb0b8d69 100644 --- a/deu/03/intro.md +++ b/deu/03/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Victories +####Victories The victories recorded in this chapter occurred on the east side of the Jordan River. This was not part of the Promised Land, which was on the west side of the Jordan River. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]]) ## Links: diff --git a/deu/04/intro.md b/deu/04/intro.md index 4c9f9e4a70..2ea56f275d 100644 --- a/deu/04/intro.md +++ b/deu/04/intro.md @@ -2,15 +2,15 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Law of Moses +####Law of Moses In order to possess the land, the people needed to obey the law of Moses. This will be the most important thing in the religious life of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]]) -##### Moses's instructions +####Moses's instructions Moses is not allowed to enter into the Promised Land. Since they are getting ready to possess the Promised Land, Moses gives them some last instructions before his death. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical Questions +####Rhetorical Questions Moses uses several rhetorical questions in this chapter. The purpose of these questions is to convince his readers to obey his instructions. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) ## Links: diff --git a/deu/05/intro.md b/deu/05/intro.md index 840c1ccea0..4036b3f261 100644 --- a/deu/05/intro.md +++ b/deu/05/intro.md @@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ Some translations set each of the commandments in the list of Ten Commandments i ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Ten commandments +####Ten commandments This chapter repeats the material of Exodus 20. It is known as the Ten Commandments. ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphors and idioms +####Metaphors and idioms Moses uses metaphors and idioms to instruct the people to follow the law of Moses. This is because it is very important to follow these laws. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom]]) ## Links: diff --git a/deu/06/intro.md b/deu/06/intro.md index 38e06b118c..50f09a9b06 100644 --- a/deu/06/intro.md +++ b/deu/06/intro.md @@ -2,12 +2,12 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's blessings +####Yahweh's blessings Yahweh's continued blessing of the people of Israel is dependent upon the people's obedience to the law of Moses. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphors +####Metaphors There are many metaphors in this chapter. These metaphors describe the greatness of the Promised Land and the wholehearted worship that is completely dedicated to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]]) ## Links: diff --git a/deu/07/intro.md b/deu/07/intro.md index 8546e5adc8..fdc4593173 100644 --- a/deu/07/intro.md +++ b/deu/07/intro.md @@ -2,10 +2,10 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "You must completely destroy them" +####"You must completely destroy them" The people of Canaan were to be punished by Yahweh. Yahweh used Israel to punish these nations. If they were not completely destroyed, they would lead Israel into sin. Therefore, they were to be completely destroyed and be shown no mercy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]]) -##### Abrahamic Covenant +####Abrahamic Covenant This chapter references parts of the covenant Yahweh made with Abraham. It also emphasizes Yahweh's faithfulness to this covenant. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]]) ## Links: diff --git a/deu/08/intro.md b/deu/08/intro.md index b79d8ced07..71a66b332a 100644 --- a/deu/08/intro.md +++ b/deu/08/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Forgetting +####Forgetting This chapter recalls the great things that Yahweh has done for Israel and is about to do for them. This is so they do not forget him and they will continue to worship him. They must remember that Yahweh is the source of their blessings. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]]) ## Links: diff --git a/deu/09/intro.md b/deu/09/intro.md index 80e99ea395..80bd1ab1a6 100644 --- a/deu/09/intro.md +++ b/deu/09/intro.md @@ -2,10 +2,10 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's victory +####Yahweh's victory This chapter assures the Israelites that it is Yahweh who will empower them to conquer the Promised Land. The Israelites will not be strong enough on their own to conquer these other nations. This victory will be Yahweh's. The people did not earn this victory, but it is Yahweh's punishment of these sinful nations. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -##### Israel's sin +####Israel's sin Yahweh is about to punish the Canaanites for their sin. He also reminds Israel of their sin. This serves as a warning to the people of Israel. If they sin again, Yahweh will punish them too. ## Links: diff --git a/deu/11/intro.md b/deu/11/intro.md index 054cd4c78f..1e2af8520c 100644 --- a/deu/11/intro.md +++ b/deu/11/intro.md @@ -2,15 +2,15 @@ ### Structure and formatting -##### Therefore +####Therefore This chapter begins with the word "therefore," which looks back to the instructions Moses gave in the previous two chapters. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Eyewitnesses +####Eyewitnesses The instruction that Moses gives and the retelling of the great things Yahweh has done for Israel are very important. This is because the generation entering into the Promised Land did not witness many of these events. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/testimony]]) -##### Covenant +####Covenant This chapter is included in the covenant God made with Moses, even though it is not explicitly said. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) ## Links: diff --git a/deu/12/intro.md b/deu/12/intro.md index d645c65775..8291b2af58 100644 --- a/deu/12/intro.md +++ b/deu/12/intro.md @@ -2,11 +2,11 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Covenant with Moses +####Covenant with Moses This chapter is a continuation of the covenant Yahweh made with Moses. The reasons for these food restrictions are not always known.(See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) -##### Israel and Yahweh +####Israel and Yahweh In the ancient Near East, when nations conquered other nations, they often added the gods of the conquered nation into their collection of gods they worshiped. It was rare to worship only one God. Israel was to be known for worshiping Yahweh and Yahweh alone. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) diff --git a/deu/13/intro.md b/deu/13/intro.md index 36bfdf9a8b..ad8f6aa204 100644 --- a/deu/13/intro.md +++ b/deu/13/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Worshiping other gods +####Worshiping other gods The people were required to listen to Yahweh's prophets unless they were encouraging the people to worship other gods. The punishment for anyone leading the people to worship other gods was death. These instructions were to keep Israel's worship of Yahweh pure. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/purify]]) diff --git a/deu/14/intro.md b/deu/14/intro.md index 32a9bf71fd..b35d7bde87 100644 --- a/deu/14/intro.md +++ b/deu/14/intro.md @@ -2,10 +2,10 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Law of Moses +####Law of Moses This chapter is part of the law of Moses, which is part of the covenant Yahweh made with Moses. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]]) -##### Clean animals +####Clean animals There are animals which the law considered to be clean and unclean. The people were not allowed to eat the unclean animals. Scholars are uncertain about the reasons for the animals to be considered to be clean or unclean. The result of these food restrictions was a nation that was different than the nations surrounding it. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]]) ## Links: diff --git a/deu/15/intro.md b/deu/15/intro.md index 1582e1b059..a473e5f007 100644 --- a/deu/15/intro.md +++ b/deu/15/intro.md @@ -2,10 +2,10 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Forgiveness of Debt +####Forgiveness of Debt This chapter gives instructions about the necessity to regularly forgive debt among their fellow countryman. This prevented people from being trapped by their poverty. -##### Justice +####Justice As Yahweh's chosen nation, there must be justice in Israel. This chapter gives commands that encouraged justice by protecting the poor, servants and slaves. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/elect]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]]) ## Links: diff --git a/deu/16/intro.md b/deu/16/intro.md index bc2dfe8c35..544beab243 100644 --- a/deu/16/intro.md +++ b/deu/16/intro.md @@ -2,11 +2,11 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Festivals +####Festivals This chapter retells the specific commands about how to celebrate the Passover. This recalled the Passover in Egypt, which was an important event in the formation of the nation of Israel. There are several other important festivals described in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/passover]]) -##### Life in Israel +####Life in Israel As Yahweh's chosen nation, there must be justice in Israel. Also, Yahweh must be the only God in Israel. He alone is to be worshiped. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/elect]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]]) diff --git a/deu/17/intro.md b/deu/17/intro.md index a576c81028..9eea8407bf 100644 --- a/deu/17/intro.md +++ b/deu/17/intro.md @@ -2,10 +2,10 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Witnesses +####Witnesses In the ancient Near East, it was common for a person to be punished by the testimony of a single person, especially if this was an important person. The rules in this chapter give protection to people, especially the poor by requiring multiple witnesses. This allowed justice to be done. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/testimony]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]]) -##### King +####King Israel was not to have a king because Yahweh was their king. Knowing the sinfulness of the people, Yahweh anticipated that one day Israel would have a king. Therefore, this passage gives commands about their king prophetically. They were not allowed to collect chariots because they were a sign of earthly power and the king was to trust in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sign]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) ## Links: diff --git a/deu/18/intro.md b/deu/18/intro.md index 28bd5b60e8..58710ea4a6 100644 --- a/deu/18/intro.md +++ b/deu/18/intro.md @@ -2,10 +2,10 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Levites +####Levites As Yahweh's chosen priests, the priest were to trust in Yahweh to provide for them. He provided for them through the rest of the Israelites. Yahweh was their inheritance. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/elect]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]]) -##### Messiah +####Messiah This chapter is one of the first prophecies about the promised, coming Messiah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]]) ## Links: diff --git a/deu/19/intro.md b/deu/19/intro.md index 6f43794129..4dc71d705b 100644 --- a/deu/19/intro.md +++ b/deu/19/intro.md @@ -2,15 +2,15 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Justice +####Justice Another way justice would be maintained in Israel was by avoiding revenge killings. This chapter describes the establishment of special cities to protect those fleeing from revenge killings. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/avenge]]) -##### Witnesses +####Witnesses In the ancient Near East, it was common for a person to be punished by the testimony of a single person, especially if this was an important person. The rules in this chapter give protection to people, especially the poor by requiring multiple witnesses. This allowed justice to be done. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/testimony]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Law of retaliation +####Law of retaliation The chapter describes a famous law, often called the "law of retaliation." It is said, an "eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot." This does not mean a person who causes another person to lose their eye must have their own eye removed as punishment. This law is not about making all things equal. Instead, it is about limiting the punishment or the ability of a person to retaliate. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) ## Links: diff --git a/deu/20/intro.md b/deu/20/intro.md index 53c46dce2e..6b633f257e 100644 --- a/deu/20/intro.md +++ b/deu/20/intro.md @@ -2,20 +2,20 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's protection +####Yahweh's protection Israel was not to worry about the power and strength of other nations. Instead, they were to trust in the power of Yahweh. He is the source of their military strength and protection. This is why a priest leads them into battle, rather than a military commander. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]]) -##### Holy war +####Holy war Israel's conquering of the Promised Land was unique in history. It was a type of holy war and had special rules. This war was really Yahweh's punishment against the sin of the Canaanite people. If the people were not completely destroyed, they would cause Israel to sin. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### "What man is there" +####"What man is there" This phrase is used several times to introduce a rhetorical question. The questions are intended to tell the readers that Yahweh only wants soldiers who are completely dedicated to fighting for him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Excused from fighting +####Excused from fighting In ancient Israel, men were excused from fighting in battle for several different reasons. Some of these reasons are mentioned in this chapter. Apparently, needing to establish a new house, the need to harvest a field and cowardice were possible excuses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) ## Links: diff --git a/deu/21/intro.md b/deu/21/intro.md index 86f7c7e64d..f6602f7044 100644 --- a/deu/21/intro.md +++ b/deu/21/intro.md @@ -2,10 +2,10 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Elders +####Elders Older men were required to lead the people of Israel and help to administer justice. These men would function as judges, which would later become a more official position. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]]) -##### Peace in Israel +####Peace in Israel The rules and instructions in this chapter help to ensure peace in Israel. This is not a military peace. Instead, it is about establishing peace within Israel and among the people. ## Links: diff --git a/deu/22/intro.md b/deu/22/intro.md index d482f9c5db..0b5d0c7447 100644 --- a/deu/22/intro.md +++ b/deu/22/intro.md @@ -2,10 +2,10 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Order in Israel +####Order in Israel The instructions in this chapter help to maintain order in this chapter. The people are to have integrity. The people's sin will result in serious punishment. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -##### Virgin woman +####Virgin woman If a woman was not a virgin, she was not considered to be worth marrying. The man who slept with her was responsible for providing for her since she will not be able to find a husband to provide for her. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) ## Links: diff --git a/deu/23/intro.md b/deu/23/intro.md index 3dd8cf1aa1..29876fe6a2 100644 --- a/deu/23/intro.md +++ b/deu/23/intro.md @@ -2,10 +2,10 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The assembly of Yahweh +####The assembly of Yahweh This was probably the corporate worship of Yahweh, when the people would come together to worship him. -##### Racial superiority +####Racial superiority Yahweh viewed Israel as superior to the other nations of Canaan. In many cultures, this may be seen as immoral. It must be remembered that the instructions of this chapter are very remote from the modern world. These people groups were always sinful and idolatrous. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) ## Links: diff --git a/deu/24/intro.md b/deu/24/intro.md index 4ffb1b3dfa..f4ffe2135a 100644 --- a/deu/24/intro.md +++ b/deu/24/intro.md @@ -5,10 +5,10 @@ This chapter continues the teaching about how to maintain justice in Israel. (Se ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "No man may take a mill or an upper millstone as a pledge" +####"No man may take a mill or an upper millstone as a pledge" A millstone was the way a person made a living. To take a person's millstone was to take take away the way they earned money and produced food. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) -##### Lending money +####Lending money Lending money to fellow Israelites was a way to help them out. It was not intended to be a way to make money off their brothers. This chapter gives limitations regarding the lending of money. ## Links: diff --git a/deu/25/intro.md b/deu/25/intro.md index e555cc00b7..e94e6257b0 100644 --- a/deu/25/intro.md +++ b/deu/25/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ This chapter continues to teach about justice in Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "A perfect and just weight you must have" +####"A perfect and just weight you must have" In the ancient Near East, people weighed gold and silver on a scale and used it as money. God was commanding people to use accurate weights for weighing the gold and silver. He did not want them to rob people by using inaccurate weights. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) diff --git a/deu/27/intro.md b/deu/27/intro.md index 6c8b3b419e..be20ebbdf1 100644 --- a/deu/27/intro.md +++ b/deu/27/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### "May the man be cursed" +####"May the man be cursed" This phrase is repeated several times in this chapter. This parallelism serves as a warning to the Israelites when they will live in the Promised Land. This is part of the covenant Yahweh made with Moses. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]]) ## Links: diff --git a/deu/28/intro.md b/deu/28/intro.md index 0751c76a18..bbce5e068c 100644 --- a/deu/28/intro.md +++ b/deu/28/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Blessings and warnings +####Blessings and warnings This chapter explains some of the blessings and warnings associated with Israel's obedience to the law of Moses. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]]) ## Links: diff --git a/deu/31/intro.md b/deu/31/intro.md index bcea869721..1250cdd907 100644 --- a/deu/31/intro.md +++ b/deu/31/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Final instructions +####Final instructions In the Ancient Near East, it was common for an important leader to give instructions for his people to follow after his death. In this chapter, Moses begins his final words to the people of Israel. These are words that he wants them to remember long after he is gone. This section also helped to make a smooth transition to Joshua's leadership. ## Links: diff --git a/deu/32/intro.md b/deu/32/intro.md index 56d373c6fa..3a1204ef02 100644 --- a/deu/32/intro.md +++ b/deu/32/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Punishment +####Punishment This chapter prophesies a time when Israel will be disobedient to Yahweh and he will have to punish them. This is meant to serve as a warning to the nation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) ## Links: diff --git a/deu/33/intro.md b/deu/33/intro.md index f367a3bbd0..d49cd2ee42 100644 --- a/deu/33/intro.md +++ b/deu/33/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Families +####Families Moses gives a series of prophecies or instructions for each of the tribes of Israel and Israel overall. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) ## Links: diff --git a/ecc/01/intro.md b/ecc/01/intro.md index d3b9423758..eabcd1de5a 100644 --- a/ecc/01/intro.md +++ b/ecc/01/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Tone +####Tone The tone of this chapter is sad, or depressing. The author believes that everything in life is pointless. The metaphors in this chapter all describe the idea that nothing ever changes. This is also known as "fatalism." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) ## Links: diff --git a/ecc/02/intro.md b/ecc/02/intro.md index 497d92f77f..1340c8de94 100644 --- a/ecc/02/intro.md +++ b/ecc/02/intro.md @@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Pleasures +####Pleasures When the author thought about the pointlessness of life, he decided to fill it with pointless pleasures. He believed that this type of living would have no effect on the world. Therefore, he indulged in every type of pleasure. ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Assumed knowledge +####Assumed knowledge It is assumed that the author is going to reject the way of living in this chapter. He is certainly not encouraging this way of living even though he does not say this explicitly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) ## Links: diff --git a/ecc/03/intro.md b/ecc/03/intro.md index 5cc5b30ca2..23787b3e79 100644 --- a/ecc/03/intro.md +++ b/ecc/03/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Parallelism +####Parallelism The chapter uses parallelism with the phrase, "a time to." This gives the quotation a poetic style. Their overall purpose is to show that Yahweh directs the events of the world and therefore, they have purpose. ## Links: diff --git a/ecc/04/intro.md b/ecc/04/intro.md index 791e0d0d4c..ba309405c0 100644 --- a/ecc/04/intro.md +++ b/ecc/04/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Irony +####Irony The teacher looks at the oppression in the world and is saddened by it, but he is the king and has the power to change things. He also laments being alone even though he has many wives, children, and concubines. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/oppress]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lament]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-irony]]) ## Links: diff --git a/ecc/05/intro.md b/ecc/05/intro.md index 6325f4af6d..4b32f48a4d 100644 --- a/ecc/05/intro.md +++ b/ecc/05/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Materialism +####Materialism The author describes the pointlessness of pursuing material things. This is known as "materialism." Those who pursue after things will always want more. At the end of their life, they will not be able to use these things. ## Links: diff --git a/ecc/06/intro.md b/ecc/06/intro.md index 4d368aff1c..9ed376da63 100644 --- a/ecc/06/intro.md +++ b/ecc/06/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Satisfaction +####Satisfaction While a person may be given a great many things, they are worthless and provide no sense of satisfaction or peace. It is assumed that only Yahweh can provide these things to man. Solomon is depressed that he had everything he could have ever wanted in life, but they were not enough to give him satisfaction or peace. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) ## Links: diff --git a/ecc/07/intro.md b/ecc/07/intro.md index bd6c208857..b37ed118ef 100644 --- a/ecc/07/intro.md +++ b/ecc/07/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Advice +####Advice This chapter gives a series of disconnected pieces of advice. Translators should not try to smooth the transitions between these pieces of advice. The advice in these statements do not apply in every situation. Therefore, they should be seen as "good ideas." ## Links: diff --git a/ecc/08/intro.md b/ecc/08/intro.md index b70996ca43..f9d2090ff0 100644 --- a/ecc/08/intro.md +++ b/ecc/08/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Wisdom +####Wisdom Solomon, known for his wisdom, gives a detailed description of wisdom. True wisdom is seeking to honor God. This is the only thing that lasts. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]]) ## Links: diff --git a/ecc/09/intro.md b/ecc/09/intro.md index 033df27e39..5b72c31d3a 100644 --- a/ecc/09/intro.md +++ b/ecc/09/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Judgment +####Judgment This chapter explains that there is one thing that awaits all people: judgment. When people die, they will all face Yahweh's judgment. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]]) ## Links: diff --git a/ecc/10/intro.md b/ecc/10/intro.md index 6bf0c34803..7aa569e4ec 100644 --- a/ecc/10/intro.md +++ b/ecc/10/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Advice +####Advice This chapter gives a series of disconnected pieces of advice. Translators should not try to smooth the transitions between these pieces of advice. The advice in these statements do not apply in every situation. Therefore, they should be seen as "good ideas." ## Links: diff --git a/ecc/11/intro.md b/ecc/11/intro.md index b8ff4bb4e0..4210c0bdd9 100644 --- a/ecc/11/intro.md +++ b/ecc/11/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Advice +####Advice This chapter gives a series of disconnected pieces of advice. Translators should not try to smooth the transitions between these pieces of advice. The advice in these statements do not apply in every situation. Therefore, they should be seen as "good ideas." ## Links: diff --git a/ecc/12/intro.md b/ecc/12/intro.md index 6ec51a736b..3e88b493a5 100644 --- a/ecc/12/intro.md +++ b/ecc/12/intro.md @@ -6,10 +6,10 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Advice +####Advice This chapter gives a series of disconnected pieces of advice. Translators should not try to smooth the transitions between these pieces of advice. The advice in these statements do not apply in every situation. Therefore, they should be seen as "good ideas." -##### Yahweh +####Yahweh At the end of a very impressive life, Solomon looks back and sees that the only real lasting thing in this world is Yahweh. The purpose of his life was to honor Yahweh, something he should have done far more throughout his life. Therefore, he felt that his life was wasted. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) ## Links: diff --git a/eph/01/intro.md b/eph/01/intro.md index eee30d6ad4..8a6d30cac3 100644 --- a/eph/01/intro.md +++ b/eph/01/intro.md @@ -2,13 +2,13 @@ ### Structure and formatting -##### "I pray" +####"I pray" Paul structures part of this chapter like a prayer of praise to God. But Paul is not just talking to God. He is teaching the church in Ephesus. He also tells the Ephesians how he is praying for them. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Predestination +####Predestination Many scholars believe this chapter teaches on a subject known as "predestination." This is related to the biblical concept of "predestine." Some scholars take this to indicate that God has, from before the foundation of the world, chosen some people to eternally save. Christians have different views on what the Bible teaches on this subject. So translators need to take extra care when translating this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/predestine]]) ## Links: diff --git a/eph/02/intro.md b/eph/02/intro.md index 58d1664467..2e6d446c0b 100644 --- a/eph/02/intro.md +++ b/eph/02/intro.md @@ -6,23 +6,23 @@ This chapter focuses on a Christian's life before coming to believe in Jesus. Pa ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### One body +####One body Paul teaches about the church in this chapter. The church is made of two different groups of people (Jews and Gentiles). They are now one group or "body." The church is also known as the body of Christ. Jews and Gentiles are united in Christ. ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### "Dead in trespasses and sins" +####"Dead in trespasses and sins" Paul teaches that those who are not Christians are "dead" in their sin. Sin binds or enslaves them. This makes them spiritually "dead." Paul writes that God makes Christians alive in Christ. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/death]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) -##### Descriptions of worldly living +####Descriptions of worldly living Paul uses many different ways to describe how non-Christians act. They "lived according to the ways of this world" and are "living according to the ruler of the authorities of the air," "fulfilling the evil desires of our sinful nature," and "carrying out the desires of the body and of the mind." ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "It is the gift of God" +####"It is the gift of God" Some scholars believe "it" here refers to being saved. Other scholars believe that it is faith that is the gift of God. Because of how the Greek tenses agree, "it" here more likely refers to all of being saved by God's grace through faith. -##### Flesh +####Flesh This is a complex issue. "Flesh" is possibly a metaphor for a person's sinful nature. The phrase "Gentiles in the flesh" indicates the Ephesians once lived without any concern for God. "Flesh" is also used in this verse to refer to the physical part of man. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/flesh]]) diff --git a/eph/03/intro.md b/eph/03/intro.md index a20c4fc110..f6afb62964 100644 --- a/eph/03/intro.md +++ b/eph/03/intro.md @@ -2,13 +2,13 @@ ### Structure and formatting -##### "I pray" +####"I pray" Paul structures part of this chapter as a prayer to God. But Paul is not just talking to God. He is both praying for and instructing the church in Ephesus. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Mystery +####Mystery Paul refers to the church as a "mystery." The role of the church in the plans of God was once not known. But God has now revealed it. Part of this mystery involves the Gentiles having equal standing with the Jews in the plans of God. ## Links: diff --git a/eph/04/intro.md b/eph/04/intro.md index ddc35172fd..e4867dc9bb 100644 --- a/eph/04/intro.md +++ b/eph/04/intro.md @@ -6,15 +6,15 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Spiritual gifts +####Spiritual gifts Spiritual gifts are specific supernatural abilities that the Holy Spirit gives to Christians after they come to believe in Jesus. These spiritual gifts were foundational to developing the church. Paul lists here only some of the spiritual gifts. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) -##### Unity +####Unity Paul considers it very important that the church is united. This is a major theme of this chapter. ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Old man and new man +####Old man and new man The term "old man" probably refers to the sinful nature with which a person is born. The "new man" is the new nature or new life that God gives a person after they come to believe in Christ. ## Links: diff --git a/eph/05/intro.md b/eph/05/intro.md index 4da76fc111..2ef4e131be 100644 --- a/eph/05/intro.md +++ b/eph/05/intro.md @@ -6,17 +6,17 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Darkness and Light +####Darkness and Light In this chapter Paul teaches how God's people should live. He uses the image of darkness to represent sin and the image of light to represent righteousness. -##### Christ and his church as a model for marriage +####Christ and his church as a model for marriage Paul teaches husbands and wives to relate to each other as Christ and the church relate to each other. ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Wives, submit to your husbands +####Wives, submit to your husbands Scholars are divided over how to understand this passage in its historical and cultural context. Some scholars believe men and women are perfectly equal in all things. Other scholars believe God created men and women to serve in distinctly different roles in marriage and the church. Translators should be careful not to let how they understand this issue affect how they translate this passage. ## Links: diff --git a/eph/06/intro.md b/eph/06/intro.md index d20c248f41..93e55f07e8 100644 --- a/eph/06/intro.md +++ b/eph/06/intro.md @@ -2,12 +2,12 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Slavery +####Slavery Paul does not write in this chapter about whether slavery is good or bad. Paul teaches about working to please God whether as a slave or as a master. What Paul teaches here about slavery would have been surprising. In his time, masters were not expected to treat their slaves with respect and not threaten them. ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Armor of God +####Armor of God This extended metaphor describes how Christians can protect themselves when spiritually attacked. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) ## Links: diff --git a/est/01/intro.md b/est/01/intro.md index c3cf65ce13..87f2fec573 100644 --- a/est/01/intro.md +++ b/est/01/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The king's divorce +####The king's divorce The king's advisers were afraid that husbands would lose their authority when they heard the queen had refused to come to show her beauty to the king's guests; so the advisers told him to divorce her. diff --git a/est/02/intro.md b/est/02/intro.md index a6e4d9a400..b1d49d1e01 100644 --- a/est/02/intro.md +++ b/est/02/intro.md @@ -2,11 +2,11 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Esther becomes queen +####Esther becomes queen Esther was humble and took the advice of the royal officials about how to dress for her time with the king. The king chose Esther to be the new queen. -##### Mordecai warns the king against a plot +####Mordecai warns the king against a plot Esther's cousin, Mordecai, discovered that two men planned to kill the king. He told Esther, who then told the king. She also gave Mordecai credit for telling her. diff --git a/est/03/intro.md b/est/03/intro.md index 0b9b4c5ab5..3e4a6928df 100644 --- a/est/03/intro.md +++ b/est/03/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Haman plots against the Jews +####Haman plots against the Jews Mordecai considered prostrating himself before Haman. This would be considered to be worship. It was wrong to worship someone other than Yahweh. Because of this, he refused to do it on religious grounds. This made Haman angry so he decided to kill all the Jews in the Persian Empire. diff --git a/est/04/intro.md b/est/04/intro.md index cfa45ed8ab..63afd8e8f0 100644 --- a/est/04/intro.md +++ b/est/04/intro.md @@ -2,13 +2,13 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Mordecai warns Esther to act +####Mordecai warns Esther to act Mordecai tells Esther she must beg the king for the Jews' lives, even if she risks her own death. ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Implicit information +####Implicit information There is implicit information translators may not understand. "Who knows whether you have come to this royal position for such a time as this?" This means "maybe God made you the queen so you could save the Jews." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) diff --git a/est/05/intro.md b/est/05/intro.md index 37530b75dd..c40de925d0 100644 --- a/est/05/intro.md +++ b/est/05/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ This chapter begins a section about Haman's fall (Chapters 5-7). ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Esther's respect +####Esther's respect Esther approached the king with the utmost of respect. By doing this, her character became respected by the king. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) ## Links: diff --git a/est/06/intro.md b/est/06/intro.md index 079e94546b..964235910b 100644 --- a/est/06/intro.md +++ b/est/06/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ This chapter continues the story of Haman's fall. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Approaching the king +####Approaching the king It was not possible for a person to easily approach the king. Normally, access to him was very limited. There are several events in this chapter which show the layers of protection surrounding the king. ## Links: diff --git a/est/07/intro.md b/est/07/intro.md index 4ca4f94c92..c276a32102 100644 --- a/est/07/intro.md +++ b/est/07/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ The story of Haman's fall concludes in this chapter. ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Covering Haman's face +####Covering Haman's face When "the servants covered Haman's face," they were showing that he had been condemned to be executed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/condemn]]) diff --git a/est/08/intro.md b/est/08/intro.md index 46f2a82592..693669a26d 100644 --- a/est/08/intro.md +++ b/est/08/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### God's protection +####God's protection Yahweh is at work in this chapter preventing the Jews from possible destruction. God used Esther and Mordecai to protect their people. ## Links: diff --git a/est/09/intro.md b/est/09/intro.md index 7c6bdd82ed..f2d9f4db57 100644 --- a/est/09/intro.md +++ b/est/09/intro.md @@ -2,12 +2,12 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Purim +####Purim The events of this chapter were so significant, the Jews celebrated these events every year after this. It is known as "Purim." ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Ironic Situation +####Ironic Situation The day that was supposed to bring great victory to the enemies of the Jews became a day of great victory for the Jews. This is a type of irony. ## Links: diff --git a/est/10/intro.md b/est/10/intro.md index b64f6acf5b..bcfbd9b612 100644 --- a/est/10/intro.md +++ b/est/10/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Mordecai's new position +####Mordecai's new position Through the power of Yahweh, Mordecai was given a new position in the Persian Empire. Mordecai was now the second in command in the kingdom of Persia and he used his position to help other Jews. diff --git a/exo/01/intro.md b/exo/01/intro.md index 71f0fa91c6..310553eac9 100644 --- a/exo/01/intro.md +++ b/exo/01/intro.md @@ -6,15 +6,15 @@ This chapter is intended to form a smooth transition with the last chapter of th ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Israel's growth +####Israel's growth Israel grew in number. This was in fulfillment of the covenant God made with Abraham. It also caused the Egyptians great concern that there would be more Israelites than Egyptians because they would be unable to defend themselves against such a large number of people. Pharaoh also tried to kill all of the male babies so they would not become soldiers who fought against him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]]) -##### End of the famine +####End of the famine It is obvious that some time has passed since the beginning of the famine which brought the Israelites into Egypt. Yahweh appears to be punishing the Hebrews for not returning back to the Promised Land instead choosing to stay in Egypt. No return attempt is recorded to have been made. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "All of the descendants of Jacob were seventy in number" +####"All of the descendants of Jacob were seventy in number" This number included both Jacob's children and grandchildren. It may cause confusion, but it is important to remember Jacob only had 12 sons. ## Links: diff --git a/exo/02/intro.md b/exo/02/intro.md index 0dcefb06c5..fd649d5af4 100644 --- a/exo/02/intro.md +++ b/exo/02/intro.md @@ -2,12 +2,12 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Moses's heritage +####Moses's heritage In the first part of this chapter, Pharaoh's daughter recognizes Moses as being a Hebrew, but in the last part of this chapter, the Midianites believe him to be an Egyptian. ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Ironic situations +####Ironic situations While Pharaoh tried to diminish the power of the Israelites by killing all of their baby boys, Yahweh used Pharaoh's own daughter to save Moses. Moses was the one who would ultimately be used by Yahweh to deliver Israel. ## Links: diff --git a/exo/03/intro.md b/exo/03/intro.md index 86260b9f48..03ae73e211 100644 --- a/exo/03/intro.md +++ b/exo/03/intro.md @@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ This chapter records one of the most important events in the history of the Isra ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### God's holiness +####God's holiness God is so holy that people could not look upon him without dying. This is why Moses covered his eyes. It is also why he took off his shoes. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Yahweh +####Yahweh The name Yahweh is sacred in the Hebrew religion. It is the personal name of God, which he revealed to Moses. It is by this name, he is known. Yahweh means "I am." Some translations use all capitals to set this apart, "I AM." Great care must be taken in translating the phrase "I am that I am." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/yahweh]]) ## Links: diff --git a/exo/04/intro.md b/exo/04/intro.md index c375ab398c..055999a4f4 100644 --- a/exo/04/intro.md +++ b/exo/04/intro.md @@ -2,15 +2,15 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Moses does not understand +####Moses does not understand Although Moses believes in Yahweh, he does not trust in him. This is because Moses lacks understanding. Moses tries to believe the things he is asked to do are done by his own power. Yahweh is trying to get Moses to trust that these are Yahweh's doing. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) -##### Children of God +####Children of God This chapter really introduces the concept that the people group Israel is the chosen people of God and God's children, possibly God's firstborn children. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/elect]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/firstborn]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Yahweh hardened Pharaoh's heart +####Yahweh hardened Pharaoh's heart Scholars are divided over how to understand this statement. There is debate over whether Pharaoh plays an active or passive role in the hardening of his own heart. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]]) ## Links: diff --git a/exo/05/intro.md b/exo/05/intro.md index c4eb34e053..1981b3fcfb 100644 --- a/exo/05/intro.md +++ b/exo/05/intro.md @@ -2,15 +2,15 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### A slave's work +####A slave's work The Egyptians were known for making their slaves do a lot of work. They were forced to make a specific number of bricks every day. In this chapter, the were required to not only make these bricks, but also to gather the straw in order to make these bricks. ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "Let my people go" +####"Let my people go" This is a very important statement. Moses does not ask Pharaoh for permission to "let go" of the Hebrew people. Instead, he is demanding that Pharaoh free the Hebrew people. -##### Titles +####Titles The leaders are given different titles in this chapter. The ULB uses "taskmasters" and "foremen." Many cultures will not have these types of titles. Generic expressions like "Egyptian leaders" and "Hebrew leaders" may be necessary. ## Links: diff --git a/exo/06/intro.md b/exo/06/intro.md index 9c8da99cc2..14d2914cce 100644 --- a/exo/06/intro.md +++ b/exo/06/intro.md @@ -2,12 +2,12 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Promised Land +####Promised Land According to the covenant Yahweh made with Abraham, Egypt is not the home of the Hebrew people. It is the Promised Land in Canaan. The people are to return home to their land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Let my people go +####Let my people go This is a very important statement. Moses does not ask Pharaoh for permission to "let go" of the Hebrew people. Instead, he is demanding that Pharaoh free the Hebrew people. diff --git a/exo/07/intro.md b/exo/07/intro.md index 84ac413efc..d73c9adcb5 100644 --- a/exo/07/intro.md +++ b/exo/07/intro.md @@ -2,15 +2,15 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Miracles +####Miracles When Yahweh had Moses perform miracles, Pharaoh's men were able to copy these miracles. It is unknown how they were able to do this, but since it was not from Yahweh, they were probably done under some evil power. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/miracle]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) -##### Pharaoh's hard heart +####Pharaoh's hard heart Pharaoh's heart is often described as hard in this chapter. This means that his heart was not open or willing to understand Yahweh's instructions. When his heart was hardened, it became less and less receptive to Yahweh. ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Let my people go +####Let my people go This is a very important statement. Moses does not ask Pharaoh for permission to "let go" of the Hebrew people. Instead, he is demanding that Pharaoh free the Hebrew people. diff --git a/exo/08/intro.md b/exo/08/intro.md index a1a8d0a09b..59164ee157 100644 --- a/exo/08/intro.md +++ b/exo/08/intro.md @@ -2,12 +2,12 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Pharaoh's hard heart +####Pharaoh's hard heart Pharaoh's heart is often described as hard in this chapter. This means that his heart was not open or willing to understand Yahweh's instructions. When his heart was hardened, it became less and less receptive to Yahweh. ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Let my people go +####Let my people go This is a very important statement. Moses does not ask Pharaoh for permission to "let go" of the Hebrew people. Instead, he is demanding that Pharaoh free the Hebrew people. diff --git a/exo/09/intro.md b/exo/09/intro.md index 7a65e4bd50..d73a5979d0 100644 --- a/exo/09/intro.md +++ b/exo/09/intro.md @@ -2,13 +2,13 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Pharaoh's hard heart +####Pharaoh's hard heart Pharaoh's heart is often described as hard in this chapter. This means that his heart was not open or willing to understand Yahweh's instructions. When his heart was hardened, it became less and less receptive to Yahweh. ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Let my people go +####Let my people go This is a very important statement. Moses does not ask Pharaoh for permission to "let go" of the Hebrew people. Instead, he is demanding that Pharaoh free the Hebrew people. diff --git a/exo/10/intro.md b/exo/10/intro.md index e2599db4dc..f07544325c 100644 --- a/exo/10/intro.md +++ b/exo/10/intro.md @@ -2,13 +2,13 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Pharaoh's hard heart +####Pharaoh's hard heart Pharaoh's heart is often described as hard in this chapter. This means that his heart was not open or willing to understand Yahweh's instructions. When his heart was hardened, it became less and less receptive to Yahweh. ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Let my people go +####Let my people go This is a very important statement. Moses does not ask Pharaoh for permission to "let go" of the Hebrew people. Instead, he is demanding that Pharaoh free the Hebrew people. diff --git a/exo/11/intro.md b/exo/11/intro.md index 1d92cebff1..edfb902693 100644 --- a/exo/11/intro.md +++ b/exo/11/intro.md @@ -2,13 +2,13 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Pharaoh's hard heart +####Pharaoh's hard heart Pharaoh's heart is often described as hard in this chapter. This means that his heart was not open or willing to understand Yahweh's instructions. When his heart was hardened, it became less and less receptive to Yahweh. ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Let my people go +####Let my people go In the previous chapters, Moses does not ask Pharaoh for permission to "let go" of the Hebrew people. Instead, he demanded that Pharaoh free the Hebrew people. In this chapter, the same wording is used to refer to Pharaoh "allowing" the Hebrew people to leave Egypt. diff --git a/exo/12/intro.md b/exo/12/intro.md index 850f04db8d..97f2f0c330 100644 --- a/exo/12/intro.md +++ b/exo/12/intro.md @@ -6,10 +6,10 @@ The events of this chapter are known as the Passover. They are remembered in the ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Unleavened bread +####Unleavened bread The concept of unleavened bread is introduced in this chapter. Its significance stems from its connection to the events in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/unleavenedbread]]) -##### Ethnic segregation +####Ethnic segregation The Hebrew people were to be separate from the rest of the world. Because of this, they separated themselves from other people groups. At this time, these foreigners were looked upon as unholy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]]) ## Links: diff --git a/exo/13/intro.md b/exo/13/intro.md index 9a176ba91c..7e314d3c00 100644 --- a/exo/13/intro.md +++ b/exo/13/intro.md @@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ This chapter records the instructions for the celebration of Passover. (See: [[r ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Law +####Law The law mentioned here is not the law of Moses because it has not yet been revealed. Instead, it is a more generic "rule." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reveal]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Let my people go +####Let my people go This is a very important statement. Moses does not ask Pharaoh for permission to "let go" of the Hebrew people. Instead, he is demanding that Pharaoh free the Hebrew people. When this chapter states that Pharaoh let the people go, it indicates that he gave them permission to leave. diff --git a/exo/14/intro.md b/exo/14/intro.md index 2cb520af92..c3aa09fadd 100644 --- a/exo/14/intro.md +++ b/exo/14/intro.md @@ -6,16 +6,16 @@ This is an important event in the history of Israel, known as the "parting of th ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Pharaoh's hard heart +####Pharaoh's hard heart Pharaoh's heart is often described as hard in this chapter. This means that his heart was not open or willing to understand Yahweh's instructions. When his heart was hardened, it became less and less receptive to Yahweh. -##### Pharaoh's chariots +####Pharaoh's chariots These chariots were a fighting force. Pharaoh took an army to kill the Hebrew people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical Questions +####Rhetorical Questions The Israelites asked a few rhetorical questions of Moses. These questions were not really directed at Moses, but at Yahweh. This showed their lack of faith in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) ## Links: diff --git a/exo/15/intro.md b/exo/15/intro.md index 2ec1631c09..af94fe51ea 100644 --- a/exo/15/intro.md +++ b/exo/15/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's laws +####Yahweh's laws In this chapter, Moses talks about Yahweh's laws. The law of Moses is about to be introduced. Although it has not yet been formally introduced, this is what is being referenced in this chapter in anticipation of the revelation of the law of Moses. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reveal]]) ## Links: diff --git a/exo/16/intro.md b/exo/16/intro.md index d7490dfc4e..3a096284a6 100644 --- a/exo/16/intro.md +++ b/exo/16/intro.md @@ -2,21 +2,21 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Complaints +####Complaints The Israelites complained about the amount of food Yahweh gave them, even when he miraculously provided their food for them. This is intended to show their ungratefulness and their sinful view of Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -##### Prohibition against storing food +####Prohibition against storing food The people were not allowed to store the food, called manna, they were provided with. This is because they were to trust in Yahweh to provide for their needs every day. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) -##### Sabbath +####Sabbath This is the first recorded celebration of the Sabbath rest. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sabbath]]) -##### Ark of the covenant +####Ark of the covenant Although the covenant has not yet been made, it is referenced in [Exodus 16:34](../../exo/16/34.md). This is probably done either in anticipation of the building of the ark or as an editorial comment made by Moses after these events. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Wilderness of Sin +####Wilderness of Sin Sin is the name of a part of the Sinai Wilderness. It is not the description of a place, and it has nothing to do with sinning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]]) ## Links: diff --git a/exo/17/intro.md b/exo/17/intro.md index 2f7d55fa32..5a11ac17eb 100644 --- a/exo/17/intro.md +++ b/exo/17/intro.md @@ -2,12 +2,12 @@ ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical Questions +####Rhetorical Questions Moses uses several rhetorical questions in this chapter. The purpose of these questions is to convince people of their sin. Likewise, the people's rhetorical question showed their ignorance. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Wilderness of Sin +####Wilderness of Sin Sin is the name of a part of the Sinai Wilderness. It is not the description of a place, and it has nothing to do with sinning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]]) ## Links: diff --git a/exo/18/intro.md b/exo/18/intro.md index aee715e467..76760977ff 100644 --- a/exo/18/intro.md +++ b/exo/18/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Leadership lessons +####Leadership lessons Jethro taught Moses an important leadership lesson in this chapter. Many scholars look at this chapter for important leadership lessons. Moses delegated some of his responsibilities to other godly men so that he would not become worn out by all the demands made of him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]]) ## Links: diff --git a/exo/19/intro.md b/exo/19/intro.md index 44e2bc2649..ba9ec91001 100644 --- a/exo/19/intro.md +++ b/exo/19/intro.md @@ -2,10 +2,10 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "A kingdom of priests" +####"A kingdom of priests" The function of the priests was to intercede for the people. The Levites were the only priests in Israel; this is a metaphor indicating that the nation was to intercede for the world as a whole. They were also to be holy, or set apart, from the rest of the world. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]]) -##### Revealing the Law +####Revealing the Law The events of this chapter are concerned with preparing the people to receive the law of Moses. The people go through all of this to prepare themselves for the law, which show the great importance of this event for Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]]) ## Links: diff --git a/exo/20/intro.md b/exo/20/intro.md index d6f0051227..7f379cd0db 100644 --- a/exo/20/intro.md +++ b/exo/20/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ The instructions recorded in this chapter are commonly known as the "ten command ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Covenant +####Covenant Yahweh's covenant faithfulness is now based on the covenant he made with Abraham as well as the covenant he is making with Moses. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenantfaith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]]) ## Links: diff --git a/exo/21/intro.md b/exo/21/intro.md index d9f217a040..70a557b726 100644 --- a/exo/21/intro.md +++ b/exo/21/intro.md @@ -2,13 +2,13 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Covenant with Moses +####Covenant with Moses Although the covenant Yahweh made with Moses began in the previous chapter, it formally begins with the statement, "Now these are the decrees that you must set before them." The law of Moses was a major part of this covenant. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]]) -##### Slavery +####Slavery This passage does not condone slavery as an acceptable practice. However, it does impose some restrictions on the practice. -##### Justice in society +####Justice in society The rules and law of this chapter are not intended to be followed by every society. Israel was God's chosen nation and was required to live in a special way. These laws concerned creating a just society and a holy nation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/elect]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]]) ## Links: diff --git a/exo/22/intro.md b/exo/22/intro.md index 98f0b7314d..1ff61a1a38 100644 --- a/exo/22/intro.md +++ b/exo/22/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Justice in society +####Justice in society The rules and laws of this chapter are not intended to be followed by every society. Israel was God's chosen nation and was required to live in a special way. These laws concerned creating a just society and a holy nation. In this chapter, the purpose of these laws often focuses on minimizing the people's desire for vengeance. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/elect]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/avenge]]) ## Links: diff --git a/exo/23/intro.md b/exo/23/intro.md index 01bbfc465c..7d0e5d082a 100644 --- a/exo/23/intro.md +++ b/exo/23/intro.md @@ -2,10 +2,10 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Justice in society +####Justice in society The rules and laws of this chapter are not intended to be followed by every society. Israel was God's chosen nation and was required to live in a special way. These laws concerned creating a just society and a holy nation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/elect]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]]) -##### Celebrations of feasts and festivals +####Celebrations of feasts and festivals The people of Israel were required to celebrate certain feasts and festivals. These were part of the law of Moses and some are described in this chapter. Their purpose was to worship Yahweh and to remember the great things Yahweh has done for them. ## Links: diff --git a/exo/24/intro.md b/exo/24/intro.md index 05af5dde26..54b8c91a8a 100644 --- a/exo/24/intro.md +++ b/exo/24/intro.md @@ -2,10 +2,10 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Moses's covenant +####Moses's covenant The people of Israel promise to obey the covenant Yahweh made with Moses. Their continued blessings were contingent upon their obedience to this covenant. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]]) -##### God's holiness +####God's holiness Because Yahweh is perfectly holy, he can only be approached in a certain way. Because of this, only Moses was allowed near Yahweh. This is also why Yahweh is described as a "devouring fire." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]]) ## Links: diff --git a/exo/25/intro.md b/exo/25/intro.md index f653b8c144..f813723198 100644 --- a/exo/25/intro.md +++ b/exo/25/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The tent of meeting +####The tent of meeting This chapter gives specific instructions regarding the building of a tent where Moses would meet Yahweh and the ark would be stored. This would eventually become the tabernacle. It was to be considered a very holy place. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/tabernacle]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]]) ## Links: diff --git a/exo/26/intro.md b/exo/26/intro.md index bc8941a0c8..7381d67774 100644 --- a/exo/26/intro.md +++ b/exo/26/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ This chapter is a continuation of the material in the previous chapter. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The tent of meeting +####The tent of meeting This chapter gives specific instructions regarding the building of a tent where Moses would meet Yahweh and the ark would be stored. This would eventually become the tabernacle. It was to be considered a very holy place. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/tabernacle]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]]) ## Links: diff --git a/exo/27/intro.md b/exo/27/intro.md index d88f78541f..72ff65cd8d 100644 --- a/exo/27/intro.md +++ b/exo/27/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ This chapter is a continuation of the material in the previous chapter. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The tent of meeting +####The tent of meeting This chapter gives specific instructions regarding the building of a tent where Moses would meet Yahweh and the ark would be stored. This would eventually become the tabernacle. It was to be considered a very holy place. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/tabernacle]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]]) ## Links: diff --git a/exo/28/intro.md b/exo/28/intro.md index c5742529b6..509150d346 100644 --- a/exo/28/intro.md +++ b/exo/28/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Holy garments +####Holy garments Because Yahweh is holy, only the priests could approach him, and when they did they must be wearing specially made clothing. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]]) ## Links: diff --git a/exo/29/intro.md b/exo/29/intro.md index 713c375d52..f5f6b3f564 100644 --- a/exo/29/intro.md +++ b/exo/29/intro.md @@ -2,12 +2,12 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Consecrating priests +####Consecrating priests This chapter records the process of consecrating priests. The priests were to be set apart from the rest of Israel because Yahweh is holy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/consecrate]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "I will live among the Israelites" +####"I will live among the Israelites" As God, Yahweh is everywhere and cannot be limited to a single space. This phrase indicates that he permanently remains within Israel in a special way while they have the ark. ## Links: diff --git a/exo/30/intro.md b/exo/30/intro.md index f7c5bf83b5..7d4286dfb4 100644 --- a/exo/30/intro.md +++ b/exo/30/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Atonement +####Atonement The atonement offered by the priests was very important in the religious life of Israel. In order to offer sacrifices, the priests had to maintain ritual cleanliness by washing themselves. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/atonement]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]]) ## Links: diff --git a/exo/31/intro.md b/exo/31/intro.md index 305f7472a8..6428d111b9 100644 --- a/exo/31/intro.md +++ b/exo/31/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ This chapter is the end of Exodus' recording of the law of Moses. (See: [[rc://e ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Sabbath +####Sabbath As described in this chapter, the Sabbath is more than just a day of worship or celebration. Its significance extends beyond a way to help people rest. It is a major part of the identity of the Hebrew people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sabbath]]) ## Links: diff --git a/exo/32/intro.md b/exo/32/intro.md index 484135a8d4..bdec2f5542 100644 --- a/exo/32/intro.md +++ b/exo/32/intro.md @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Idolatry +####Idolatry The making of the golden calf was considered a form of idolatry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) ## Links: diff --git a/exo/33/intro.md b/exo/33/intro.md index a4e2ba529a..1f9e5cd615 100644 --- a/exo/33/intro.md +++ b/exo/33/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Covenant +####Covenant While the covenants Yahweh made may not be conditioned upon the obedience of Israel, it is clear that their conquering of the Promised Land was conditioned on their obedience to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]]) ## Links: diff --git a/exo/34/intro.md b/exo/34/intro.md index 03e5504afc..d7942834be 100644 --- a/exo/34/intro.md +++ b/exo/34/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "He will bring the punishment for the fathers' sin on their children" +####"He will bring the punishment for the fathers' sin on their children" This phrase does not mean that a child is necessarily punished for the sins of their parents. Many scholars believe that this passage indicates that a parent's sins will have consequences that will affect their children and grandchildren. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) ## Links: diff --git a/exo/35/intro.md b/exo/35/intro.md index 22efe97b29..60cc2952da 100644 --- a/exo/35/intro.md +++ b/exo/35/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Sacrifice +####Sacrifice All of the people offered sacrifices to Yahweh. This was a form of worship and a sign of repentance from making the golden calf idol. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/worship]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]]) ## Links: diff --git a/exo/36/intro.md b/exo/36/intro.md index ea400095e6..744984e6e8 100644 --- a/exo/36/intro.md +++ b/exo/36/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Tent of meeting +####Tent of meeting The tent of meeting, or tabernacle, mentioned in previous chapters is constructed in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/tabernacle]]) ## Links: diff --git a/exo/37/intro.md b/exo/37/intro.md index d0bc76903e..7cfd6eb976 100644 --- a/exo/37/intro.md +++ b/exo/37/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The ark of the covenant +####The ark of the covenant The ark, mentioned in previous chapters, is constructed in this chapter. There are other furnishings of the tabernacle that are also produced in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/tabernacle]]) ## Links: diff --git a/exo/38/intro.md b/exo/38/intro.md index b4a96dd0ab..fb00a01c1c 100644 --- a/exo/38/intro.md +++ b/exo/38/intro.md @@ -2,10 +2,10 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The altar +####The altar The altar is constructed in this chapter. There are other furnishings of the tabernacle that are also produced in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/tabernacle]]) -##### Materials +####Materials The list of materials being used is intended to give the reader an understanding of the scale of the tabernacle. It should fill the reader with awe concerning the power of Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) ## Links: diff --git a/exo/39/intro.md b/exo/39/intro.md index 63b2c694f7..0c0b54bfe6 100644 --- a/exo/39/intro.md +++ b/exo/39/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The holy clothing +####The holy clothing The special, holy clothing mentioned in previous chapters is produced in this chapter to the correct specifications. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]]) ## Links: diff --git a/exo/40/intro.md b/exo/40/intro.md index d91f758417..a06cb27457 100644 --- a/exo/40/intro.md +++ b/exo/40/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ This chapter is repetitive and should read as a series of instructions. It is re ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "Yahweh's glory filled the tabernacle" +####"Yahweh's glory filled the tabernacle" This phrase indicates that Yahweh began to dwell within the tabernacle, among Israel, in a special way. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/glory]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/tabernacle]]) ## Links: diff --git a/ezk/01/intro.md b/ezk/01/intro.md index bd09413889..ba65369b1d 100644 --- a/ezk/01/intro.md +++ b/ezk/01/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Structure and formatting -##### Ezekiel's call +####Ezekiel's call Ezekiel had a vision of God calling him to prophetic ministry. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/call]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) diff --git a/ezk/04/intro.md b/ezk/04/intro.md index e12fed3240..635537272a 100644 --- a/ezk/04/intro.md +++ b/ezk/04/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Destruction of Jerusalem +####Destruction of Jerusalem The destruction of Jerusalem is pictured in this chapter. Ezekiel showed the lack of food and water that would occur during the siege of Jerusalem. ## Links: diff --git a/ezk/05/intro.md b/ezk/05/intro.md index e97ebccf16..4b778d0dcd 100644 --- a/ezk/05/intro.md +++ b/ezk/05/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The destruction of Jerusalem +####The destruction of Jerusalem The destruction of Jerusalem is continued to be pictured in this chapter. Ezekiel showed the destruction of Jerusalem by fire and war. ## Links: diff --git a/ezk/06/intro.md b/ezk/06/intro.md index 6fbf850085..2c07b8075b 100644 --- a/ezk/06/intro.md +++ b/ezk/06/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Shrines on the hill tops +####Shrines on the hill tops God will destroy all those who have been worshiping idols at the hill top shrines. diff --git a/ezk/07/intro.md b/ezk/07/intro.md index 3462714edc..40e0c97211 100644 --- a/ezk/07/intro.md +++ b/ezk/07/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Now is the time for punishment +####Now is the time for punishment The people will be punished severely for their idol worship and the temple will be destroyed. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) diff --git a/ezk/08/intro.md b/ezk/08/intro.md index b9da966811..3229334f9d 100644 --- a/ezk/08/intro.md +++ b/ezk/08/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Judah's sin +####Judah's sin The people have contaminated the temple with their worship of other gods and through their sin. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) diff --git a/ezk/09/intro.md b/ezk/09/intro.md index ad34a4d821..2bc79a23e0 100644 --- a/ezk/09/intro.md +++ b/ezk/09/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Sorrow over sin +####Sorrow over sin God was looking for people who were sad that there was so much evil being done. Yahweh would keep these faithful people from being killed with the rest of the people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]]) diff --git a/ezk/10/intro.md b/ezk/10/intro.md index 2407c0f103..a7b4c30586 100644 --- a/ezk/10/intro.md +++ b/ezk/10/intro.md @@ -2,15 +2,15 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The throne +####The throne Ezekiel once again saw and described the throne, its wheels, and the cherubim. See also his description in Ezekiel 1. -##### Symbolism +####Symbolism God told the man dressed in lenin to take coals from between the wheels of the throne and scatter them over the city of Jerusalem. This was a symbolic action that showed God's judgment against the city and that it would be destroyed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-symaction]]) -##### God left the temple +####God left the temple God now abandoned Jerusalem and left the temple. This was devastating to the religious life of Judah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) diff --git a/ezk/11/intro.md b/ezk/11/intro.md index ed85b3fee2..6c37727edf 100644 --- a/ezk/11/intro.md +++ b/ezk/11/intro.md @@ -2,13 +2,13 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Safety +####Safety The people were trusting Jerusalem to keep them safe. But God was going to pull them out of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphor +####Metaphor The people in Jerusalem used the metaphor "this city is the pot and we are the meat in the pot" meaning they were safe in Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) diff --git a/ezk/12/intro.md b/ezk/12/intro.md index 64f45228ba..870b4c9d57 100644 --- a/ezk/12/intro.md +++ b/ezk/12/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Exile +####Exile God warned that very soon the people in Jerusalem would be exiled to Babylon. diff --git a/ezk/13/intro.md b/ezk/13/intro.md index c1d3a34b4a..9754dfeb1e 100644 --- a/ezk/13/intro.md +++ b/ezk/13/intro.md @@ -2,13 +2,13 @@ ### Structure and formatting -##### False prophets +####False prophets God spoke against people who said they were prophesying but had not received any message from God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphor +####Metaphor God said of people who encourage others to feel safe even when they continue to sin were not strengthening a wall but just putting whitewash on it to hide the imperfections. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) diff --git a/ezk/14/intro.md b/ezk/14/intro.md index 16f800c096..bdcdca0ed3 100644 --- a/ezk/14/intro.md +++ b/ezk/14/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Jerusalem deserves punishment +####Jerusalem deserves punishment When the captives from Jerusalem arrive in Babylon, it will be obvious why God has punished them. diff --git a/ezk/15/intro.md b/ezk/15/intro.md index ebecddc2f8..f48bdbc013 100644 --- a/ezk/15/intro.md +++ b/ezk/15/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Useless +####Useless God said that the people of Jerusalem were useless to him. He uses a simile to show just how useless they were. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-simile]]) diff --git a/ezk/16/intro.md b/ezk/16/intro.md index 15452bccc2..7e05e12850 100644 --- a/ezk/16/intro.md +++ b/ezk/16/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphor +####Metaphor God compared Judah to an adulteress because she worshiped idols instead of God who had done so much to help her. Adultery is a common image used to describe the worship of idols by Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) diff --git a/ezk/17/intro.md b/ezk/17/intro.md index 85d2bd91c1..1355d262cc 100644 --- a/ezk/17/intro.md +++ b/ezk/17/intro.md @@ -2,13 +2,13 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Breaking allegiance +####Breaking allegiance The king of Judah had vowed to obey Babylon but instead he followed Egypt. Therefore, God said he would not prosper. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/vow]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphor +####Metaphor Judah is compared to a vine that grows one direction and then another. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) diff --git a/ezk/18/intro.md b/ezk/18/intro.md index 77f363a50a..d8b6ef1ec8 100644 --- a/ezk/18/intro.md +++ b/ezk/18/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Inherited Guilt +####Inherited Guilt God does not punish children for the sins of their parents, but only punishes them for their own sins. Despite this, the parents' sins may still have consequences for their children. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) diff --git a/ezk/19/intro.md b/ezk/19/intro.md index af8733b473..14b4faf284 100644 --- a/ezk/19/intro.md +++ b/ezk/19/intro.md @@ -2,13 +2,13 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Judah destroyed +####Judah destroyed The first king was taken as a captive to Egypt, the next was taken as a captive to Babylon. Now Judah is not prospering. ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphor +####Metaphor The kings of Judah are compared to man-eating lions. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) diff --git a/ezk/20/intro.md b/ezk/20/intro.md index 5e56634972..8a5b3e5f86 100644 --- a/ezk/20/intro.md +++ b/ezk/20/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Rebels cannot ask for help +####Rebels cannot ask for help The people of Israel have rebelled against God again and again. Now they cannot come to God for help in their troubles. diff --git a/ezk/21/intro.md b/ezk/21/intro.md index 7386f95f29..2c3375afcd 100644 --- a/ezk/21/intro.md +++ b/ezk/21/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Refusing to learn +####Refusing to learn Judah has refused to learn from their punishment, so God is about to destroy the nation in war. diff --git a/ezk/22/intro.md b/ezk/22/intro.md index 7853d72080..396b1ed11f 100644 --- a/ezk/22/intro.md +++ b/ezk/22/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Continuous evil +####Continuous evil Murder, idolatry and all sorts of evil have been done in Jerusalem; so God will destroy the city and scatter the people among the nations. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) diff --git a/ezk/23/intro.md b/ezk/23/intro.md index d74aaf1c0f..3bcf6232e0 100644 --- a/ezk/23/intro.md +++ b/ezk/23/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphor +####Metaphor Israel and Judah have been unfaithful to God by worshiping idols. They are compared to two unfaithful wives who have repeatedly committed adultery. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) diff --git a/ezk/24/intro.md b/ezk/24/intro.md index 8d0efbf77d..65533c4422 100644 --- a/ezk/24/intro.md +++ b/ezk/24/intro.md @@ -2,13 +2,13 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Too many sins to be forgiven +####Too many sins to be forgiven The people of Jerusalem cannot be cleaned from their sin. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphor +####Metaphor Jerusalem is compared to a pot, so rusted that it cannot be cleaned from its rust. They have been completely rotted by their sin. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) diff --git a/ezk/25/intro.md b/ezk/25/intro.md index 0ce2902501..466dde5407 100644 --- a/ezk/25/intro.md +++ b/ezk/25/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Structure and formatting -##### Prophecy against other nations +####Prophecy against other nations This chapter includes prophecies against some Gentile nations. Ammon, Moab, Edom and Philistia will all be destroyed. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) ## Links: diff --git a/ezk/27/intro.md b/ezk/27/intro.md index 7a9845e067..2ced74ef61 100644 --- a/ezk/27/intro.md +++ b/ezk/27/intro.md @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ The prophecy against Tyre continues in this chapter. Tyre has become wealthy fro ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphor +####Metaphor Tyre is compared to a ship built with the very best materials. Despite its strength and power, Yahweh will destroy it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) diff --git a/ezk/33/intro.md b/ezk/33/intro.md index b6ca629d49..881c7b8e1c 100644 --- a/ezk/33/intro.md +++ b/ezk/33/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Repentance +####Repentance God does not want sinners to die. He wants them to repent and live. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]]) diff --git a/ezk/34/intro.md b/ezk/34/intro.md index 8acca1e2b2..e8dcabb991 100644 --- a/ezk/34/intro.md +++ b/ezk/34/intro.md @@ -2,13 +2,13 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### God protects the people +####God protects the people God is against those who exploit others. He will protect and take care of his people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphor +####Metaphor The people of Israel are compared to sheep and God and the son of David as good shepherds. This is a common metaphor in scripture. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) diff --git a/ezk/35/intro.md b/ezk/35/intro.md index 001ad32deb..e4bec5b0b4 100644 --- a/ezk/35/intro.md +++ b/ezk/35/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Edom +####Edom Because the people of Edom rejoiced at the destruction of Israel, they too will be destroyed. diff --git a/ezk/36/intro.md b/ezk/36/intro.md index c0e4312f8c..c96baa40fd 100644 --- a/ezk/36/intro.md +++ b/ezk/36/intro.md @@ -2,11 +2,11 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Israel restored +####Israel restored Israel is promised to be restored by Yahweh. Because of his honor, God will bring Israel back to their land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]]) -##### New hearts +####New hearts God will forgive Israel's sin and give them the desire to obey him. This is expressed by the metonym "heart." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/forgive]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) diff --git a/ezk/37/intro.md b/ezk/37/intro.md index d99f512f0f..2843393721 100644 --- a/ezk/37/intro.md +++ b/ezk/37/intro.md @@ -2,12 +2,12 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Israel restored +####Israel restored God will unite the two kingdoms of Israel and Judah and the Messiah will rule over them. This will come in a prophesied day of restoration. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphor +####Metaphor The people are discouraged and compare themselves to skeletons, but God will cause them to become a nation again. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) diff --git a/ezk/40/intro.md b/ezk/40/intro.md index 4bf227cdb9..aa37092416 100644 --- a/ezk/40/intro.md +++ b/ezk/40/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Structure and formatting -##### The new temple and city +####The new temple and city In a vision, Ezekiel saw a man measuring the wall of a new temple. The next chapters will give precise measurements for the construction of a temple to be built. This was not the temple of Ezra's day. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) diff --git a/ezr/01/intro.md b/ezr/01/intro.md index dc070ba99f..ae43318d93 100644 --- a/ezr/01/intro.md +++ b/ezr/01/intro.md @@ -6,11 +6,11 @@ The chapter records the story of the first Jews as they return from Persia to Ju ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### King Cyrus +####King Cyrus King Cyrus allowed them to return because he wanted them to rebuild the temple. Those who stayed behind gave gifts to those who left to help them on their journey and resettlement. This practice was common under the reign of Cyrus and was used as a way to maintain peace throughout his kingdom. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) ### Possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Jews +####Jews Upon return to Judea, the focus of the rest of the Old Testament is on the Jewish people. ## Links: diff --git a/ezr/02/intro.md b/ezr/02/intro.md index 65150bc732..06124c5050 100644 --- a/ezr/02/intro.md +++ b/ezr/02/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Genealogy +####Genealogy People had to prove they were priests, or that they were Jews, through their genealogies. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]]) ## Links: diff --git a/ezr/03/intro.md b/ezr/03/intro.md index 8d5f564ffe..0e06984255 100644 --- a/ezr/03/intro.md +++ b/ezr/03/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ This chapter begins the story of the building of the temple and re-establishment ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Rebuilding the temple +####Rebuilding the temple They immediately began the temple worship, even though the temple had not yet been built because they feared the people of the surrounding nations. ## Links: diff --git a/ezr/04/intro.md b/ezr/04/intro.md index 16caf2e27b..9d980cdd09 100644 --- a/ezr/04/intro.md +++ b/ezr/04/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ The story of the building of the temple and re-establishment of the temple worsh ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Helping to build the temple +####Helping to build the temple The people of the surrounding nations offered to help to build the temple. It is unknown why the Jews refused their help. These other people became their enemies and tried to hinder the work. They even persuaded the king of Persia to stop the Jews from building. ## Links: diff --git a/ezr/05/intro.md b/ezr/05/intro.md index e41cbd23e1..ef56bc9776 100644 --- a/ezr/05/intro.md +++ b/ezr/05/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ The story of the building of the temple and re-establishment of the temple worsh ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Rebuilding the temple +####Rebuilding the temple The prophets Haggai and Zechariah encouraged the Jews to begin again building the temple. This was very important to life in Judah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) ## Links: diff --git a/ezr/06/intro.md b/ezr/06/intro.md index 8733887d0d..c33a0c20fc 100644 --- a/ezr/06/intro.md +++ b/ezr/06/intro.md @@ -6,11 +6,11 @@ The completion of the story of the building of the temple and re-establishment o ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Temple taxes +####Temple taxes The king said the Jews were right and ordered money from his taxes to be used to help them with their sacrifices. ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Darius +####Darius In this chapter, Darius is called the king of Assyria. In reality, besides ruling over the former Assyrian Empire, Darius was also king of Persia. Persia had conquered Babylon, which had previously conquered Assyria. This made the king of Persia, the king of Assyria as well. It was unusual to refer to Darius as the king or ruler of Assyria. Ezra may have referred to him in this way to contrast Darius' actions with those of the former rulers of Assyria, who had treated the Jews very cruelly. It was those earlier Assyrian rulers who had conquered the northern tribes of Israel and deported them to other lands. It was for this reasons that the northern tribes lost their identity and were no longer a distinct people group. ## Links: diff --git a/ezr/07/intro.md b/ezr/07/intro.md index 7d04c07ee8..02c28b3c9c 100644 --- a/ezr/07/intro.md +++ b/ezr/07/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Ezra begins his religious reforms. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### God's Law +####God's Law The people no longer know the law of Moses. Therefore, the king allows Ezra to return to Judea to teach the people about God's law. Many people go with him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]]) ## Links: diff --git a/ezr/08/intro.md b/ezr/08/intro.md index ca103312d7..0084a25945 100644 --- a/ezr/08/intro.md +++ b/ezr/08/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The people's return to Judah +####The people's return to Judah Many people went back to Judah with Ezra. They trusted God to protect them and the precious items they carried with them, which had been given for the temple. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) ## Links: diff --git a/ezr/09/intro.md b/ezr/09/intro.md index e0b8e19cc7..56ccfa9ab6 100644 --- a/ezr/09/intro.md +++ b/ezr/09/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Intermarriage +####Intermarriage When Ezra found out that many Jews had married Gentile wives, he prayed to God and asked God why he had been so good to them by letting these few people return from captivity even though they sinned by marrying Gentile wives. They did this before and God had punished them for it. God forbid this type of marriage because it caused the people to worship other gods. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) ## Links: diff --git a/ezr/10/intro.md b/ezr/10/intro.md index e334ffc882..c708b1d963 100644 --- a/ezr/10/intro.md +++ b/ezr/10/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Intermarriages +####Intermarriages The people agree to divorce their Gentile wives. Many Jews were involved in these mixed marriages. Divorce should not normally have been common for the Jews to engage in, but marriage with non-Jewish women was not allowed. ## Links: diff --git a/gal/01/intro.md b/gal/01/intro.md index 81544c6ea3..c4813f723f 100644 --- a/gal/01/intro.md +++ b/gal/01/intro.md @@ -6,16 +6,16 @@ Paul started this letter differently than his other letters. He adds that he was ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Heresy +####Heresy God eternally saves people only through the true, biblical gospel. God condemns any other version of the gospel. Paul asks God to curse those who teach a false gospel. They might not be saved. They should be treated as non-Christians. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/goodnews]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/condemn]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]]) -##### Paul's qualifications +####Paul's qualifications Some people in the early church were teaching that Gentiles needed to obey the law of Moses. To refute this teaching, in verses 13-16 Paul explains how he was formerly a zealous Jew. But God still needed to save him and show him the true gospel. As a Jew, and the apostle to Gentile people, Paul was uniquely qualified to address this issue. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "You are turning so quickly to a different gospel" +####"You are turning so quickly to a different gospel" The Book of Galatians is one of Paul's earliest letters in Scripture. It shows that heresies troubled even the early church. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) ## Links: diff --git a/gal/02/intro.md b/gal/02/intro.md index 803dcd74f1..5d3f4c69f2 100644 --- a/gal/02/intro.md +++ b/gal/02/intro.md @@ -6,16 +6,16 @@ Paul continues to defend the true gospel. This began in [Galatians 1:11](../../g ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Circumcised and uncircumcised +####Circumcised and uncircumcised The law of Moses required Jewish males to be circumcised. The Jews called Gentiles "the uncircumcised." -##### Slavery and freedom +####Slavery and freedom Paul introduces these ideas in Galatians 2:4. He uses the metaphor of slavery for people who are obligated to obey the law of Moses. He uses the metaphor of freedom, or liberty, for people who are not obligated to obey the law of Moses because they trust in Jesus Christ to make them righteous. -##### The false brothers +####The false brothers When Paul says that false brothers wanted to make the believers slaves, he is referring to Jews who claimed to be Christians and who wanted to convince Gentile Christians to obey the law of Moses. -##### The hypocrisy of Cephas +####The hypocrisy of Cephas Jews normally did not eat with Gentiles because Gentiles did not obey the law of Moses. Cephas knew that Gentile Christians are not obligated to obey the law of Moses, and because of this, he knew that it was permissible to eat with them. However, when some men came saying that Gentile Christians are obligated to obey the law, Cephas stopped eating with the Gentiles Christians, as if he, too, believed that they need to obey the law of Moses. Paul rebuked Cephas for treating the Gentile Christians like that. ## Links: diff --git a/gal/03/intro.md b/gal/03/intro.md index 272843dec8..c732047c1b 100644 --- a/gal/03/intro.md +++ b/gal/03/intro.md @@ -2,20 +2,20 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Equality in Christ +####Equality in Christ All Christians are equally united to Christ. Ancestry, gender, and status do not matter. All are equal with each other. All are equal in the eyes of God. ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical Questions +####Rhetorical Questions Paul uses many different rhetorical questions in this chapter. He uses them to convince the Galatians of their sin. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Flesh +####Flesh This is a complex issue. "Flesh" is possibly a metaphor for our sinful nature. Paul is not teaching that the physical part of man is sinful. "Flesh" is used in this chapter to contrast with that which is spiritual. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/flesh]]) -##### "Those of faith are children of Abraham" +####"Those of faith are children of Abraham" Scholars are divided on what this means. Some believe Christians inherit the promises that God gave to Abraham, so Christians replace the physical descendants of Israel. Others believe Christians spiritually follow Abraham, but they do not inherit the promises that God gave to Abraham. In light of Paul's other teachings and the context here, Paul is probably writing about the Jewish and Gentile Christians sharing the same faith as Abraham did. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) ## Links: diff --git a/gal/04/intro.md b/gal/04/intro.md index e44469f057..493b7adea2 100644 --- a/gal/04/intro.md +++ b/gal/04/intro.md @@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Sonship +####Sonship Sonship is a complex issue. Scholars have many views on Israel's sonship. Paul uses sonship to teach how being under the law differs from being free in Christ. Not all of Abraham's physical descendants inherited God's promises to him. Only his descendants through Isaac and Jacob inherited the promises. And God only adopts into his family those who follow Abraham spiritually through faith. They are children of God with an inheritance. Paul calls them "children of promise." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/adoption]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Abba, Father +####Abba, Father "Abba" is an Aramaic word. In ancient Israel, people used it to informally refer to their fathers. Paul "transliterates" its sounds by writing them with Greek letters. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-transliterate]]) ## Links: diff --git a/gal/05/intro.md b/gal/05/intro.md index 3cfd3c1c0e..6e69a69a24 100644 --- a/gal/05/intro.md +++ b/gal/05/intro.md @@ -6,17 +6,17 @@ Paul continues writing about the law of Moses as if it were something that traps ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Fruit of the Spirit +####Fruit of the Spirit The phrase "the fruit of the Spirit" is not plural, even though it begins a list of several things. Translators should keep the singular form if possible. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/fruit]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Illustrations +####Illustrations Paul uses several metaphors in this chapter to illustrate his points and help explain complicated issues. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "You are cut off from Christ, you who would be justified by the law; you no longer experience grace." +####"You are cut off from Christ, you who would be justified by the law; you no longer experience grace." Some scholars think Paul teaches that being circumcised causes a person to lose their salvation. Other scholars think Paul means that obeying the law to try to get right with God will keep a person from being saved by grace. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]]) ## Links: diff --git a/gal/06/intro.md b/gal/06/intro.md index a336cce44d..eaa2890f84 100644 --- a/gal/06/intro.md +++ b/gal/06/intro.md @@ -4,18 +4,18 @@ This chapter concludes Paul's letter. His final words address some issues that do not seem to be connected to the rest of his letter. -##### Brothers +####Brothers Paul writes the words in this chapter to Christians. He calls them "brothers." This refers to Paul's Christian brothers and not his Jewish brothers. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### New Creation +####New Creation People who are born again are a new creation in Christ. Christians have been given new life in Christ. They have a new nature in them after they come to faith in Christ. To Paul, this is more significant than a person's ancestry. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bornagain]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Flesh +####Flesh This is a complex issue. "Flesh" is contrasted with "spirit." In this chapter, flesh is also used to refer to the physical body. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/flesh]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]]) diff --git a/gen/01/intro.md b/gen/01/intro.md index 92a0b98b6a..90556413f5 100644 --- a/gen/01/intro.md +++ b/gen/01/intro.md @@ -6,21 +6,21 @@ This chapter presents the first account of God creating the world. There is a pa ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The universe +####The universe This account of creation is told within the framework of ancient Hebrew ideas about the universe: the earth was resting with water around it and below it. Over the earth was something like a vast dome, called "an expanse between the waters" (1:6), on top of which was more water. Translators should try to keep these original images in their work, even though readers in their project language might have a completely different idea of what the universe is like. -##### Evening and morning +####Evening and morning Genesis 1 presents the ancient Hebrew idea of a day: it begins with sunset, lasts through the night and continues through the daylight hours until the next sunset. This pattern should be preserved in translation, even if readers in the project language define "day" differently. ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "In the beginning" +####"In the beginning" Some languages and cultures speak of the world as if it has always existed, as if it had no beginning. But "very long ago" is different from "in the beginning," and you need to be sure that your translation communicates correctly. -##### "God said, 'Let there be'" +####"God said, 'Let there be'" This expression occurs often in this chapter. It can be difficult to translate, because God is not shown as talking to a particular person. If God is talking to a thing, it is something not yet in existence. Translators should find the most natural way in the project language to signal the idea that God spoke things into existence; he created the world and the things in it by simply commanding that they should exist. diff --git a/gen/02/intro.md b/gen/02/intro.md index a5f5dcd7d9..3b6a7c21ce 100644 --- a/gen/02/intro.md +++ b/gen/02/intro.md @@ -6,11 +6,11 @@ Gen. 2:1-3 ends the first creation account, begun in the previous chapter. The s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The second creation account in Gen. 2:4-25 +####The second creation account in Gen. 2:4-25 Gen. 2:4-25 presents an account of creation from a different viewpoint than the one given in Gen. 1:1-2:3. This second account should be regarded as filling out the first account, not as conflicting with it. -##### Yahweh, the name of God +####Yahweh, the name of God "Yahweh," the personal name of God in the Old Testament, appears for the first time in this chapter. Translators must decide how to represent it in their versions. For 2,000 years, it has been traditional for many Christians to represent it with the term "the Lord." Indeed, it is demanded by Roman Catholics for their Bible versions to continue doing this. Of course, the disadvantage of using "the Lord" is that this is a title for God, not a personal name. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/yahweh]]) @@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ Or translators can consider using expressions for the supreme god that might exi Translators can also consider pairing a transliteration of "Yahweh" with a meaningful title for the supreme god in the project language. Whatever solution is found should be followed consistently when the name "Yahweh" occurs in the Scriptures. -##### The Garden of Eden +####The Garden of Eden This was not a vegetable garden or cultivated field. Instead, it was probably a large area of land with fruit trees and other plants bearing leaves, etc., that were good to eat. A river flowed out from the Garden of Eden, giving the impression that the Garden was a holy place; in the ancient Near East, temples had gardens and waterways. In Rev. 22:1-2, the throne of God in the New Jerusalem is pictured with a river flowing out from it. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]]) diff --git a/gen/03/intro.md b/gen/03/intro.md index cdcd0dfa40..366d8786b6 100644 --- a/gen/03/intro.md +++ b/gen/03/intro.md @@ -8,11 +8,11 @@ Scholars typically refer to the events of this chapter as "the fall" or "the fal ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Curses +####Curses In this chapter, God curses the man, the woman, and the serpent for their sins. In general, cursing is calling down God's punishment on someone or something. In this chapter, however, it is God himself who is doing the cursing. Of course, he does not call down punishment on the man, the woman, and the serpent from someone else. Instead, he is promising that he himself will punish them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]]) -##### Serpent +####Serpent Most scholars believe that the serpent is Satan, even though his name is not used in this chapter. There are other places in Scripture where the serpent is used as an image for Satan. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/satan]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]])) ## Links: diff --git a/gen/04/intro.md b/gen/04/intro.md index e2068fa2e5..b3ecdbc343 100644 --- a/gen/04/intro.md +++ b/gen/04/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Most of the text in this chapter is prose, but 4:23-24 is poetry. It would be go ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Vengeance +####Vengeance The theme of vengeance is important in this chapter. Ancient Hebrew society allowed for people to seek revenge if a relative was murdered. After Cain murdered his brother Abel, he thought that he would be helpless against this danger because he had been driven away from God's protection. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/avenge]]) diff --git a/gen/07/intro.md b/gen/07/intro.md index c3047dd735..641500bed5 100644 --- a/gen/07/intro.md +++ b/gen/07/intro.md @@ -6,11 +6,11 @@ In this chapter, the author continues his pattern of statements that summarize e ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Clean animals and birds +####Clean animals and birds Noah sacrificed to Yahweh some of the "clean" animals and birds that he had with him (8:20). These were animals and birds that the Hebrew people would later consider to be fit to eat and to sacrifice to God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]]) -##### Water underneath and over the earth +####Water underneath and over the earth The flood is presented as occurring because of rain pouring out of the sky and because of seawater rising from under the earth. This is because the ancient Hebrews pictured the earth as resting on top of the sea. They also pictured the sky as containing water above the earth that poured down through windows in the sky when God allowed it to rain. Translators should not try to change this picture in order to suit what readers believe about the world. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]]) diff --git a/gen/08/intro.md b/gen/08/intro.md index 2c76334436..b730edd4bf 100644 --- a/gen/08/intro.md +++ b/gen/08/intro.md @@ -6,10 +6,10 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Flood waters +####Flood waters The waters receded after this great flood. Because there was so much water, and it came from God, it is described in a unique way. -##### The mountains of Ararat +####The mountains of Ararat It is unclear where Ararat was located. Many people believe it is located in the modern country of Turkey. ## Links: diff --git a/gen/09/intro.md b/gen/09/intro.md index 7b41a19acb..ed62cc967f 100644 --- a/gen/09/intro.md +++ b/gen/09/intro.md @@ -8,21 +8,21 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Man's relationship to animals +####Man's relationship to animals There is a noticeable shift in man's relationship with the animals on the earth. Before the flood, there apparently was harmony between man and the animals. After the flood, the animals fear man and man is permitted to eat the animals, something he was not allowed to do previously. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) -##### Life in the blood +####Life in the blood This chapter introduces the concept that there is life in the blood of an animal and in man. In Hebrew thought, blood represents the life present in a living thing. This is an image used throughout Scripture. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/life]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/blood]]) -##### Covenant with Noah +####Covenant with Noah God made a covenant with Noah. This covenant was an unconditional promise God made to never destroy the whole world with a flood. Rainbows are a perpetual sign of this covenant. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]]) -##### A father's nakedness +####A father's nakedness In Noah's culture, it was unacceptable to see a father's nakedness. It was wrong for Ham to show his brothers their father's nakedness. Ham's actions were insulting or disrespectful. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "Be fruitful, multiply, and fill the earth" +####"Be fruitful, multiply, and fill the earth" This is a command that God gives. He expects Noah to obey him. ## Links: diff --git a/gen/10/intro.md b/gen/10/intro.md index 4c4fb3ce72..438323dc68 100644 --- a/gen/10/intro.md +++ b/gen/10/intro.md @@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ This chapter begins a genealogical record. It also records the location of ancie ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Assyria and Nineveh +####Assyria and Nineveh While these places may be located in the same area as the Assyria mentioned later in Scripture, they are not the same kingdom. ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "Sons were born to" +####"Sons were born to" This is an unusual phrase meaning "were sons of." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]]) ## Links: diff --git a/gen/11/intro.md b/gen/11/intro.md index f2acef7f74..43a539ce5f 100644 --- a/gen/11/intro.md +++ b/gen/11/intro.md @@ -8,17 +8,17 @@ This chapter seeks to answer the questions: why do people speak different langua ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Age of people when they die +####Age of people when they die After the flood, people began to live shorter lives. This chapter begins to record the shortening of the average lifespan. ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Personification +####Personification The statement "Yahweh came down to see" is a type of personification. Yahweh always knows what happens on earth. This statement indicates that Yahweh is about to bring judgment on mankind. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "Let us build ourselves a city and a tower whose top will reach to the sky" +####"Let us build ourselves a city and a tower whose top will reach to the sky" The people were very full of pride and rebelled against God in this action. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) ## Links: diff --git a/gen/12/intro.md b/gen/12/intro.md index 884c607d93..0ef1c896b7 100644 --- a/gen/12/intro.md +++ b/gen/12/intro.md @@ -2,15 +2,15 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Abram +####Abram When God said, "Go from your country, and from your relatives," he established several new people groups. These groups descended from Abram. -##### God's covenant with Abram +####God's covenant with Abram God made a covenant with Abram. This covenant was not conditioned upon anything that Abram needed to do, but the fulfillment of its promises is conditioned upon the actions of each generation of his descendants. It has not yet been fulfilled in its entirety. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "They will kill me" +####"They will kill me" Abram was afraid the Egyptians would see him as a foreigner and upon seeing his beautiful wife, they would try to kill him. This would free Sarai to marry someone else. Apparently, it would have been easy for them to kill a foreigner without punishment. If she was Abram's sister, they would have shown favor to him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/favor]]) ## Links: diff --git a/gen/13/intro.md b/gen/13/intro.md index a601b1563f..681edfba57 100644 --- a/gen/13/intro.md +++ b/gen/13/intro.md @@ -2,16 +2,16 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Abram's faith +####Abram's faith Since the land could not support both Lot's and Abram's family, they each went their own way. Even though good land was not plentiful, Abram allowed Lot to choose the better land because he trusted in God to fulfill his promises. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]]) -##### God's covenant with Abram +####God's covenant with Abram God made a covenant with Abram. This covenant was not conditioned upon anything that Abram needed to do, but the fulfillment of its promises is conditioned upon the actions of each generation of his descendants. It has not yet been fulfilled in its entirety. This chapter continues the covenant which began in the previous chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Built an altar +####Built an altar Abram would have built an altar in order to offer sacrifices to Yahweh. There is an implicit understanding that building an altar was an act of worship. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) ## Links: diff --git a/gen/14/intro.md b/gen/14/intro.md index 2e7b71fc16..d7c2aef8d3 100644 --- a/gen/14/intro.md +++ b/gen/14/intro.md @@ -6,15 +6,15 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Names of places +####Names of places Sometimes the names of places in Scripture are referred to by the name used during the time of the writer. For example, the location referred to as Dan was not yet known by that name because Dan had not yet come to live there. Moses, the author of Genesis, would have known this location as Dan. -##### Melchizedek +####Melchizedek Melchizedek was both a priest and a king. Because of this, he parallels the roles of Jesus. Melchizedek is an important figure in the book of Hebrews. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### God Most High +####God Most High Melchizedek worshiped the God Most High. This is probably a reference to the true and only God who created the heavens and the earth and came to be known as Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]]) diff --git a/gen/15/intro.md b/gen/15/intro.md index 4050d08d63..4a03ca137a 100644 --- a/gen/15/intro.md +++ b/gen/15/intro.md @@ -2,13 +2,13 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Inheritance +####Inheritance In the ancient Near East, a person's children inherited the property and land of their parents. Abram doubted the fulfillment of God's covenant because he did not have any children to whom to give his land. This showed a lack of faith. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]],[[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) -##### Fulfilling a promise +####Fulfilling a promise In the ancient Near East, two people performed a similar sacrifice by dividing animals in half. It was a way to say to the other person, "may this happen to me if I do not fulfill my promise." The event recorded here indicates that God will fulfill his promise and only he is responsible for bringing it about. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]]) -##### God's covenant with Abram +####God's covenant with Abram God made a covenant with Abram. This covenant was not conditioned upon anything that Abram needed to do, but the fulfillment of its promises is conditioned upon the actions of each generation of his descendants. This covenant has not yet been fulfilled in its entirety. diff --git a/gen/16/intro.md b/gen/16/intro.md index ee9f728292..1f94b02d28 100644 --- a/gen/16/intro.md +++ b/gen/16/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Plural marriage +####Plural marriage Abram married Hagar while he was also married to Sarai. Even though Abram had his wife's permission, this was an immoral and sinful action. It also showed a lack of faith in God. Sarai quickly became jealous of Hagar. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/jealous]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) ## Links: diff --git a/gen/17/intro.md b/gen/17/intro.md index f9c772ba92..ab068b4412 100644 --- a/gen/17/intro.md +++ b/gen/17/intro.md @@ -2,17 +2,17 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "The father of a multitude of nations" +####"The father of a multitude of nations" Abram came to have many descendants. He had so many descendants that many of his immediate descendants became large people groups and nations. -##### God's covenant with Abram +####God's covenant with Abram God made a covenant with Abram. This covenant was not conditioned upon anything that Abram needed to do, but the fulfillment of its promises is conditioned upon the actions of each generation of his descendants. It has not yet been fulfilled in its entirety. It is important to note in this chapter that Isaac is the son who receives the promises associated with the covenant and not Ishmael. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]]) -##### Circumcision +####Circumcision Circumcision was an unusual practice in the ancient Near East. It served to separate the Hebrew people from the rest of the world. This chapter records the beginning of this practice among Abram and his descendants. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/circumcise]]) -##### Name change +####Name change In this chapter, God changed Abram's name to "Abraham." In Scripture, a change in name always occurs at a highly significant point in a person's life. The beginning of the practice of circumcision was a significant event in the history of the Hebrew people. ## Links: diff --git a/gen/18/intro.md b/gen/18/intro.md index 9612c2aa83..158cd9fa11 100644 --- a/gen/18/intro.md +++ b/gen/18/intro.md @@ -2,17 +2,17 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Three men +####Three men The three men who visited Abraham were probably angels. This is evident from Abraham's reaction to them. Also, it appears Abraham knew that he was speaking directly to Yahweh through these men. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/angel]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) -##### Disbelief +####Disbelief When Sarah heard the news that she was going to have a baby, she laughed in disbelief because she was considered too old to have a baby. She also asked a rhetorical question in order to further show her disbelief. This would have been considered an insult to God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) In his exchange with God, Abraham did not show any sign of unbelief. Instead, he is asking God for mercy because he trusted in the character of God. He does not question God's power to accomplish things as Sarah had done. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Sarah's age +####Sarah's age It should be apparent that Sarah was physically no longer able to have children because of her age. There is a natural period in a woman's life when she stops being able to have children. The text assumes the reader understands that Sarah has already experienced this event. In English, this is called "menopause." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) diff --git a/gen/19/intro.md b/gen/19/intro.md index 7810f5665c..5fe967af1e 100644 --- a/gen/19/intro.md +++ b/gen/19/intro.md @@ -2,15 +2,15 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The evil desires of the Sodomites +####The evil desires of the Sodomites The men of Sodom desired to forcibly have sexual relations with the angels who came to the city appearing as men. Such action is known as "rape." Their desire was viewed as especially evil because Lot was obligated to protect his guests at all costs, even that of sacrificing his own children for his guests. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) -##### Hospitality +####Hospitality Hospitality, or being kind to a visitor, was very important in the Ancient Near East. Lot showed his guests loyalty by doing his utmost to protect them from the people of Sodom. ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Contrasts +####Contrasts It is probable that Abraham's faith and actions in chapter 18 are intended to contrast with the actions of the worldly Sodomites. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) ## Links: diff --git a/gen/20/intro.md b/gen/20/intro.md index ecc7574cc9..ecd5390992 100644 --- a/gen/20/intro.md +++ b/gen/20/intro.md @@ -2,12 +2,12 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "She is my sister" +####"She is my sister" Abraham was afraid the people of Gerar would see him as a foreigner and upon seeing his beautiful wife, they would try to kill him. This would free Sarah to marry someone else. Apparently, it would have been easy for them to kill a foreigner without punishment. If she was Abraham's sister, they would have shown favor to him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/favor]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Irony +####Irony Abraham believed that the people of Gerar did not fear Yahweh, but when confronted by Yahweh, the king showed that he feared Yahweh. Instead, it was Abraham who did not show any fear of Yahweh when he sinned. This is irony. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fear]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) ## Links: diff --git a/gen/21/intro.md b/gen/21/intro.md index 4c0bd04708..ab1e407149 100644 --- a/gen/21/intro.md +++ b/gen/21/intro.md @@ -2,13 +2,13 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Sarah's anger +####Sarah's anger After Sarah was able to have her own child, and he survived infancy, she began to get angry with Abraham's other son, Ishmael. He would have been a constant reminder of her own sin. God blessed Ishmael, but he was not able to inherit the promises given to Abraham. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]]) -##### Abandoning Ishmael +####Abandoning Ishmael According to the law at this time, Hagar was able to gain her freedom from slavery by abandoning any claim to receive an inheritance. This is why Hagar would have abandoned her son under the tree. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) -##### Treaty +####Treaty The Gentile king, Abimelech, made a covenant or treaty with Abraham. It is possible that he did this because he recognized the power of Abraham's God, but his exact reasons are unknown. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]]) ## Links: diff --git a/gen/22/intro.md b/gen/22/intro.md index ae4202f863..15c54fcdc9 100644 --- a/gen/22/intro.md +++ b/gen/22/intro.md @@ -2,15 +2,15 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Sacrificing his son +####Sacrificing his son Although Isaac was not Abraham's only son, he was the son who was to inherit Abraham's promised blessings. It is possible this parallels God's actual sacrifice of his son, Jesus, for the sins of man. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -##### Covenant affirmation +####Covenant affirmation After important events, it is common for Scripture to affirm the tenets of a covenant. This serves as a reminder of the covenant and affirms it. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### God tests Abraham +####God tests Abraham Extra care should be taken when translating "testing." It is best to avoid using the same word used for "tempting" even though they overlap in meaning. This is because Scripture also says God does not tempt anyone. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/test]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/tempt]] and [James 2:13](../../jas/02/13.md)) ## Links: diff --git a/gen/23/intro.md b/gen/23/intro.md index 189071da8a..3377fc2867 100644 --- a/gen/23/intro.md +++ b/gen/23/intro.md @@ -2,10 +2,10 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Abraham's character +####Abraham's character Abraham's interaction with the people show that he was greatly respected. This would have been unusual for a foreigner and indicates that Abraham was a man of great character. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) -##### Burial +####Burial Burial was a common practice when Abraham lived, but only the wealthy were able to bury their dead relatives in this way. ## Links: diff --git a/gen/24/intro.md b/gen/24/intro.md index 2ce3ccd2d3..d9921576ac 100644 --- a/gen/24/intro.md +++ b/gen/24/intro.md @@ -6,17 +6,17 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Intermarriage +####Intermarriage Abraham would not allow his son to marry anyone from the people of Canaan. This is because it would cause his son to worship other gods. Intermarriage and worshiping false gods are things that frequently caused Abraham's descendants to struggle. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) -##### Abraham's wealth +####Abraham's wealth There are many instances recorded in this chapter which highlight Abraham's significant wealth. He owned more than 10 camels and had large amounts of gold. ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "Put your hand under my thigh" +####"Put your hand under my thigh" Many scholars believe this is a euphemism. Putting one's hand on a man's genitals was a way to make an important oath. It represented power and progeny. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-euphemism]]) diff --git a/gen/25/intro.md b/gen/25/intro.md index 5832026419..fe29eee4b6 100644 --- a/gen/25/intro.md +++ b/gen/25/intro.md @@ -6,15 +6,15 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Polygamy +####Polygamy Abraham married another wife. This was sinful of him. Many other Hebrew leaders came to marry multiple wives. This is known as "polygamy." It has never been an acceptable practice. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -##### Inheritance +####Inheritance In the ancient Near East, inheritance was passed on through the eldest son. Even though Esau and Jacob were twins, it is very important that Esau was born first. It was his birthright to receive his inheritance, but he foolishly gave it up. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/birthright]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### God fulfill's his promise +####God fulfill's his promise God begins to fulfill the promise he gave to Abraham about making his descendants numerous. Many of these children through his concubines would become large people groups. This may not be easy to understand without the remainder of the Old Testament and the history it records. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) ## Links: diff --git a/gen/26/intro.md b/gen/26/intro.md index 0e38571a7c..a3c53e0250 100644 --- a/gen/26/intro.md +++ b/gen/26/intro.md @@ -2,15 +2,15 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Trust +####Trust When things in the land were bad, Isaac did not trust in Yahweh. Instead, he ran to the safety of Egypt. Even when Abraham's descendants did not trust in Yahweh's faithfulness to fulfill his covenant, Yahweh remained faithful to his covenant and blessed Isaac. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]]) -##### Wells +####Wells In the ancient Near East, wells were very important strategically. Therefore, they were a sign of power and a sign of God's blessing being upon Isaac. ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "She is my sister" +####"She is my sister" Isaac was afraid the Egyptians would see him as a foreigner and upon seeing his beautiful wife, they would try to kill him. This would free Rebekah to marry someone else. Apparently, it would have been easy for them to kill a foreigner without punishment. If she was Isaac's sister, they would have shown favor to him. This is the same thing his father, Abraham, did. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/favor]]) ## Links: diff --git a/gen/27/intro.md b/gen/27/intro.md index 81a3de50a0..04b5d96e39 100644 --- a/gen/27/intro.md +++ b/gen/27/intro.md @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 27:27-29 and in 27:39-40. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Blessing +####Blessing In the ancient Near East, a father's blessing was very important. This spoken blessing was legally binding. Jacob previously received the birthright from Esau and was guaranteed the double portion of land money that was supposed to be inherited by the older son, Esau. In this chapter, Jacob tricks Isaac into giving him Esau's blessing. This means that he is to inherit the promises of the covenant Yahweh made with Abraham. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/birthright]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]]) ## Links: diff --git a/gen/28/intro.md b/gen/28/intro.md index 132fcfa407..f05f784411 100644 --- a/gen/28/intro.md +++ b/gen/28/intro.md @@ -6,10 +6,10 @@ Even though Jacob tricked his father in order to receive Esau's blessing, the ch ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Jacob's dream +####Jacob's dream Jacob had a dream or received a vision. The purpose of this dream is to show that, despite Jacob's sin, God is giving Abraham's covenant promises to Jacob and his descendants. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]]) -##### Bethel +####Bethel This was an important city for Abraham and his descendants. It is possible that there is some theological significance to the city of Bethel. ## Links: diff --git a/gen/29/intro.md b/gen/29/intro.md index 7281b09950..9b46b14a8f 100644 --- a/gen/29/intro.md +++ b/gen/29/intro.md @@ -5,13 +5,13 @@ This chapter records the conflict between Jacob's wives, Rachel and Leah. This a ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Shepherds +####Shepherds Although the exact reasoning for the shepherds' unwillingness to give water to the sheep is unknown, it is probable they were being lazy. The actions of these shepherds contrast Jacob's actions. -##### Kissing +####Kissing It was common in the ancient Near East for relatives to greet each other with a kiss. There was nothing sexual about this type of kissing. -##### Marriage +####Marriage It was customary in the ancient Near East for a man to work for a woman's father in order to earn the right to marry her. It is unknown how common it was for a father to have his younger daughter marry before an older daughter. It was also sinful for Jacob to marry more than one wife. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) ## Links: diff --git a/gen/30/intro.md b/gen/30/intro.md index ac3afe1d81..364ef8fd36 100644 --- a/gen/30/intro.md +++ b/gen/30/intro.md @@ -6,10 +6,10 @@ This chapter continues the story of the conflict between Rachel and Leah. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Women and their children +####Women and their children In the ancient Near East, it was important for a married woman to have many children. If a woman did not have many children, people believed it brought shame upon her. This is one of the reasons why Rachel and Leah were always jealous of each other. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/jealous]]) -##### Speckled and spotted +####Speckled and spotted Speckled and spotted sheep were considered to be imperfect. Therefore, they were considered to be much less valuable than the spotless sheep. Despite Jacob's fair offer, Laban once again tried to cheat him out of something he deserved. Jacob anticipated Laban's cheating. ## Links: diff --git a/gen/31/intro.md b/gen/31/intro.md index c15e9eafbe..53580c384c 100644 --- a/gen/31/intro.md +++ b/gen/31/intro.md @@ -2,15 +2,15 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### God's blessing +####God's blessing When Jacob left Paddam Aram, he left very wealthy. Despite his punishment of exile from Canaan, God still blessed Jacob and his family. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]]) -##### Household gods +####Household gods Although a few scholars believe the possession of the household gods was a sign of inheritance, this seems unlikely. It is probable that Rachel believed these idols would bring them "good luck" and would bring them great blessing. This was sinful because they were to trust in Yahweh, who already promised to bless them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Irony +####Irony Laban's sons complained that Jacob cheated them out of their father's possessions. It was their father who tried to cheat Jacob out of what he promised to give Jacob. Jacob treated his brother Esau in the same way. Jacob cheated Esau out of their father's blessing. ## Links: diff --git a/gen/32/intro.md b/gen/32/intro.md index a062391a62..0ecee3c59c 100644 --- a/gen/32/intro.md +++ b/gen/32/intro.md @@ -2,16 +2,16 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Jacob does not trust Yahweh +####Jacob does not trust Yahweh Jacob does not trust in Yahweh. Instead, he fears that his brother Esau could kill him and his family. He should have known that Yahweh would continue to bless him and protect his family. He should have trusted in Yahweh's covenant faithfulness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenantfaith]]) -##### Name change +####Name change In Scripture, a change in name always occurs at a highly significant point in a person's life. The return of Jacob to Canaan was a significant event in the history of the Hebrew people. ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "A man wrestled with him" +####"A man wrestled with him" Scholars are divided over the identity of the person Jacob wrestled with. It was probably an angel, but some believe he wrestled with Jesus before he came to earth. The translator will probably have difficulty trying to keep ambiguity in identifying this individual because the word "man" usually indicates a normal, living person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) ## Links: diff --git a/gen/33/intro.md b/gen/33/intro.md index ffd7bdea17..8c193cc11b 100644 --- a/gen/33/intro.md +++ b/gen/33/intro.md @@ -2,10 +2,10 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Jacob's fear +####Jacob's fear Jacob feared his brother. He showed Esau great respect and sought to protect his family from Esau's power. He did not fear and trust Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fear]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) -##### Favoritism +####Favoritism Jacob showed favoritism towards Rachel and Joseph. He arranged the family according to those he loved the most. Rachel and Joseph were the most protected from a potential attack by Esau. He would have rather had everyone else die, in order to spare their lives. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/favor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) ## Links: diff --git a/gen/34/intro.md b/gen/34/intro.md index df38a7daa3..5f9748a8ba 100644 --- a/gen/34/intro.md +++ b/gen/34/intro.md @@ -2,12 +2,12 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Israel +####Israel Jacob's name was changed to Israel. It is his descendants who inherited the promised blessings given to him and to Isaac and Abraham. This is the first time his descendants are collectively referred to as the people group Israel. The people group Israel is identified through the covenant of circumcision. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/circumcise]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Implicit information +####Implicit information Jacob's reacted to the rape of Dinah with indifference. This is possibly because she was not a daughter of Rachel. His reaction was both unwise and improper. This action brought shame on the whole family. Therefore, Jacob's sons corrected this wrong and plotted against Hamor and Shechem. Shechem raped Dinah, but then he said he loved her. By raping her, he ensured that no one else would want to marry her. This is not love. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/love]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) diff --git a/gen/35/intro.md b/gen/35/intro.md index e200800626..c9fdf999b7 100644 --- a/gen/35/intro.md +++ b/gen/35/intro.md @@ -2,11 +2,11 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Name change +####Name change In Scripture, a change in name always occurs at a highly significant point in a person's life. The return of Jacob to Canaan was a significant event in the history of the Hebrew people. -##### Covenant +####Covenant The covenant God made with Abraham is repeated here. It indicates that all of Jacob's descendants will inherit the promises of this covenant. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]]) ## Links: diff --git a/gen/36/intro.md b/gen/36/intro.md index 000f4a0370..8b25cdb959 100644 --- a/gen/36/intro.md +++ b/gen/36/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Esau's descendants +####Esau's descendants Esau's descendants became known as the Edomite people group. They also become a great nation. This nation is prominent in the rest of the Old Testament. God graciously blessed Esau and he had many descendants. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]]) ## Links: diff --git a/gen/37/intro.md b/gen/37/intro.md index 124fda54b1..ce9773df83 100644 --- a/gen/37/intro.md +++ b/gen/37/intro.md @@ -6,10 +6,10 @@ This chapter begins to record the account of Jacob's sons. The rest of the book ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Favoritism +####Favoritism Jacob's favoritism became a great problem for his sons. They are always jealous of Joseph because he is the favorite son. The beautiful garment Jacob gave to Joseph greatly strained the relationship between Joseph and his brothers. Joseph dreams he will rule all of his brothers, even though he is not the oldest son. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/favor]]) -##### God's power +####God's power The account of Joseph focuses on the power of God. God is able to protect his people despite the evil actions of some. He also is able to continue to bless them despite their circumstances. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]]) ## Links: diff --git a/gen/38/intro.md b/gen/38/intro.md index 28192c6c56..170a38c5bb 100644 --- a/gen/38/intro.md +++ b/gen/38/intro.md @@ -6,10 +6,10 @@ This chapter focuses on Jacob's son Judah. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "Spilling his seed" +####"Spilling his seed" Onan was to provide for his brother's widow and give her an heir. This phrase indicates that he used Tamar to fulfill his own sexual desires rather than help her. This was sinful. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-euphemism]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -##### God preserves Judah's line +####God preserves Judah's line The Canaanite woman, Tamar, deceived her father-in-law, Judah, into having sexual relations with her. If it had not been for this act, Judah would not have any descendants to carry on his family line. Although her actions were wrong, God used them to protect his people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]]) ## Links: diff --git a/gen/39/intro.md b/gen/39/intro.md index d5fe638ef2..82ea88a465 100644 --- a/gen/39/intro.md +++ b/gen/39/intro.md @@ -2,10 +2,10 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### God's power +####God's power The account of Joseph focuses on the power of God. God is able to protect his people despite the evil actions of some. He also is able to continue to bless them despite their circumstances. This is a sign of Yahweh's covenant faithfulness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sign]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenantfaith]]) -##### Joseph's character +####Joseph's character Genesis just recorded a period of time where Joseph's ancestors and brothers struggled with sin. Joseph's character in this chapter is upright. He chose to do what was right, even when it could cause him harm. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) ## Links: diff --git a/gen/40/intro.md b/gen/40/intro.md index 3d355801e5..f2bca17bb6 100644 --- a/gen/40/intro.md +++ b/gen/40/intro.md @@ -2,10 +2,10 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### God's power +####God's power The account of Joseph focuses on the power of God. God is able to protect his people despite the evil actions of some. He also is able to continue to bless them despite their circumstances. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]]) -##### Interpretation of dreams +####Interpretation of dreams The interpretation of dreams was important in the ancient Near East. It was seen as possible only through divine power. Yahweh gave Joseph the power to interpret dreams in order to bring himself glory and to protect Joseph and the Hebrew people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/glory]]) ## Links: diff --git a/gen/41/intro.md b/gen/41/intro.md index 4e02fcb0ce..b0d21a7ba6 100644 --- a/gen/41/intro.md +++ b/gen/41/intro.md @@ -2,13 +2,13 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### God's power +####God's power The account of Joseph focuses on the power of God. God is able to protect his people despite the evil actions of some. He also is able to continue to bless them despite their circumstances. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]]) -##### Interpretation of dreams +####Interpretation of dreams The interpretation of dreams was important in the ancient Near East. It was seen as possible only through divine power. Yahweh gave Joseph the power to interpret dreams in order to bring himself glory and to protect Joseph and the Hebrew people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/glory]]) -##### Joseph's character +####Joseph's character Genesis just recorded a period of time where Joseph's ancestors and brothers struggled with sin. Joseph's character in this chapter is upright. It gained him great favor in the eyes of Pharaoh and helped to save his people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]l, [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) ## Links: diff --git a/gen/42/intro.md b/gen/42/intro.md index bbbd33246c..d3ea346dfc 100644 --- a/gen/42/intro.md +++ b/gen/42/intro.md @@ -2,10 +2,10 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Famine +####Famine Apparently this famine extended beyond Egypt and encompassed the land of Canaan too. Because of Egypt's size and power, it would not have been unusual for people to go there in times of need. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) -##### Joseph's test +####Joseph's test Joseph tests his brothers to see if they are good. They treat their brother Benjamin better than they treated Joseph and tried to protect him. ## Links: diff --git a/gen/43/intro.md b/gen/43/intro.md index afd2c860d3..7b978991a9 100644 --- a/gen/43/intro.md +++ b/gen/43/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Israel's concern +####Israel's concern Israel is concerned over his favored son, Benjamin. He is also confused about the reason the Egyptian official treated them so kindly. This caused him some concern. It is possible he thought his sons were lying to him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/favor]]) ## Links: diff --git a/gen/44/intro.md b/gen/44/intro.md index 7c25251ddf..aecf56eb30 100644 --- a/gen/44/intro.md +++ b/gen/44/intro.md @@ -2,12 +2,12 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Judah's sacrifice +####Judah's sacrifice Judah is willing to sacrifice himself in order to save Benjamin, the favored son of Jacob. Judah's descendants will become the leaders of the Israelites and the godliest of the twelve tribes of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/favor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Joseph's test +####Joseph's test Joseph tests his brothers to see if they are good. They treat their brother Benjamin better than they treated Joseph and tried to protect him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/test]]) diff --git a/gen/45/intro.md b/gen/45/intro.md index 8904fffebc..00a743c030 100644 --- a/gen/45/intro.md +++ b/gen/45/intro.md @@ -6,10 +6,10 @@ Joseph finally reveals himself to his brothers in this chapter. This chapter for ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### God's power +####God's power The account of Joseph focuses on the power of God. God is able to protect his people despite the evil actions of some. He also is able to continue to bless them despite their circumstances. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]]) -##### Joseph's character +####Joseph's character Genesis just recorded a period of time where Joseph's ancestors and brothers struggled with sin. Joseph's character in this chapter is upright. It gained him great favor in the eyes of Pharaoh and helped to save his people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) ## Links: diff --git a/gen/46/intro.md b/gen/46/intro.md index cc9059b2ea..362bee1e53 100644 --- a/gen/46/intro.md +++ b/gen/46/intro.md @@ -2,10 +2,10 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Going to Egypt +####Going to Egypt Yahweh allowed Israel to go to Egypt. He was to trust in Yahweh and his covenant faithfulness. God continued to bless them in Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenantfaith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]]) -##### Shepherds +####Shepherds Because of the regular flooding of the Nile River, Egypt's economy revolved around farming more than raising animals. Therefore, the Egyptians despised the nomadic lifestyle of shepherds. Joseph's instructions permitted the Hebrew people to live separately from the Egyptians. diff --git a/gen/47/intro.md b/gen/47/intro.md index e39c7cb33c..b6ed4c1037 100644 --- a/gen/47/intro.md +++ b/gen/47/intro.md @@ -2,10 +2,10 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Abrahamic covenant +####Abrahamic covenant Part of the Abrahamic covenant was that Yahweh would bless those who bless Abraham's descendants. Since Pharaoh cared for the Hebrew people, Yahweh blessed the Egyptians while the Hebrew people lived in Egypt. The Hebrew people also multiplied greatly as this covenant promised. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]]) -##### Jacob was not buried in Egypt +####Jacob was not buried in Egypt In the ancient Near east, a person was typically buried in their hometown. Since Egypt was not the Israelites' home, Jacob did not wish to be buried in Egypt. This was a lesson to the Israelites that Canaan was their true home, the promised land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]]) ## Links: diff --git a/gen/48/intro.md b/gen/48/intro.md index b1d0f5803c..2a81f9e03c 100644 --- a/gen/48/intro.md +++ b/gen/48/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Blessing +####Blessing The blessing of Jacob is given to Joseph, and his sons Manasseh and Ephraim. It is probably distinct from inheriting the promises Yahweh gave to Abraham because Scripture talks about all of Israel's descendants inheriting those promises. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]]) ## Links: diff --git a/gen/49/intro.md b/gen/49/intro.md index f0c8de4d0d..f26944e8db 100644 --- a/gen/49/intro.md +++ b/gen/49/intro.md @@ -6,15 +6,15 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Prophecies +####Prophecies These statements made by Jacob to his sons are probably prophecies. These prophecies are concerned with the descendants of each of Jacob's sons who would become the twelve tribes of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "The scepter will not depart from Judah" +####"The scepter will not depart from Judah" This prophecy indicates Judah will be the ruling tribe of Israel. The future kings of Israel all come from the tribe of Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) -##### "I buried Leah" +####"I buried Leah" Since Moses wrote the book of Genesis, this is an editorial comment he makes in the text as the narrator. ## Links: diff --git a/gen/50/intro.md b/gen/50/intro.md index 6530bfd5e6..60d2b5cf15 100644 --- a/gen/50/intro.md +++ b/gen/50/intro.md @@ -2,10 +2,10 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Embalming +####Embalming Embalming was practiced in Egypt on very important people when they died. They removed the liquids from the body then wrapped it in an attempt to preserve the body from decay. -##### Joseph's character +####Joseph's character Joseph's character was so upright that Pharaoh's officials went with him to Canaan to bury Jacob. This was a very large funeral procession. He also learned lessons from earlier in his life and unified his family. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) ## Links: diff --git a/hab/01/intro.md b/hab/01/intro.md index c244c40cdb..924f9b49a4 100644 --- a/hab/01/intro.md +++ b/hab/01/intro.md @@ -8,11 +8,11 @@ This chapter is arranged in a series of questions and answers between Yahweh and ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Injustice +####Injustice Habakkuk sees great injustice, especially in the defeat of Israel by the Assyrians. He cries out to Yahweh to ask him to put an end to it. He is questioning Yahweh, but he trusts in him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) -##### Chaldeans +####Chaldeans Yahweh will raise up the Chaldeans to bring justice to the Hebrew people. They will defeat the Assyrians. At this time, the Chaldeans were an insignificant city and people group. This was probably intended to show the power of Yahweh. ## Links: diff --git a/hab/02/intro.md b/hab/02/intro.md index 369da9bd18..01dcc8c785 100644 --- a/hab/02/intro.md +++ b/hab/02/intro.md @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ This chapter is arranged in a series of questions and answers between Yahweh and ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "The righteous will live by his faith" +####"The righteous will live by his faith" This is an important phrase in Scripture. Paul also uses it to explain that man is justified by his faith. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) ## Links: diff --git a/hab/03/intro.md b/hab/03/intro.md index 7ec04d5ab5..76331d4831 100644 --- a/hab/03/intro.md +++ b/hab/03/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Poetry +####Poetry Although this is a prayer, it is in the form of poetry. Habakkuk uses startling imagery to show his fear of Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fear]]) ## Links: diff --git a/hag/01/intro.md b/hag/01/intro.md index 9f002104c9..1756e1a3e6 100644 --- a/hag/01/intro.md +++ b/hag/01/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Farming imagery +####Farming imagery Scripture frequently uses the imagery of farming in reference to spiritual matters. The statement "You have sown much seed, but bring in little harvest" indicates that they had done a lot but have very little to show for it. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/seed]]) ## Links: diff --git a/hag/02/intro.md b/hag/02/intro.md index 945c201c6b..2dcea8291e 100644 --- a/hag/02/intro.md +++ b/hag/02/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Unclean +####Unclean Haggai uses an extended metaphor in this chapter related to ritual cleanliness. While the Jews were not unclean by nature as the Gentiles were, their actions made them unclean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]]) ## Links: diff --git a/heb/01/intro.md b/heb/01/intro.md index 10f5ca0cea..e43cbe0b8a 100644 --- a/heb/01/intro.md +++ b/heb/01/intro.md @@ -6,17 +6,17 @@ This chapter describes how Jesus is more important to us than the angels are. Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 1:5, 7-13, which is from the Old Testament. -##### "Our ancestors" +####"Our ancestors" The writer wrote this letter to Christians who had grown up as Jews. This is why the letter is called "Hebrews." ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical questions +####Rhetorical questions The author uses rhetorical questions as a way of proving Jesus is better than the angels. Both he and the readers know the answers to the questions, and the writer knows that as the readers think about the answers to the questions, they will realize that God's Son is more important than any of the angels. -##### Poetry +####Poetry Jewish teachers, like the Old Testament prophets, would put their most important teachings in the form of poetry so that the hearers would be able to learn and remember them. diff --git a/heb/02/intro.md b/heb/02/intro.md index a0e7533750..a315ce891b 100644 --- a/heb/02/intro.md +++ b/heb/02/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Brothers +####Brothers The author probably uses the term "brothers" to refer to Christians who grew up as Jews. diff --git a/heb/03/intro.md b/heb/03/intro.md index 76da5d3038..0917f9bf9a 100644 --- a/heb/03/intro.md +++ b/heb/03/intro.md @@ -8,17 +8,17 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Brothers +####Brothers The author probably uses the term "brothers" to refer to Christians who grew up as Jews. ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Harden your hearts +####Harden your hearts A person who hardens his heart is a person who will not listen to or obey God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) -##### Rhetorical questions +####Rhetorical questions The author uses rhetorical questions as a way of warning his readers. Both he and the readers know the answers to the questions, and the writer knows that as the readers think about the answers to the questions, they will realize that they need to listen to God and obey him. diff --git a/heb/04/intro.md b/heb/04/intro.md index eb3718bc71..c92f57f9ba 100644 --- a/heb/04/intro.md +++ b/heb/04/intro.md @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### God's rest +####God's rest The word "rest" seems to refer to at least two things in this chapter. It refers to a place or time when God will allow his people to rest from their work ([Hebrews 4:3](../../heb/04/03.md)), and it refers to God resting on the seventh day ([Hebrews 4:4](../../heb/04/04.md)). diff --git a/heb/05/intro.md b/heb/05/intro.md index 18a1ae475f..3019df627a 100644 --- a/heb/05/intro.md +++ b/heb/05/intro.md @@ -8,13 +8,13 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### High priest +####High priest Only a high priest could offer sacrifices so that God could forgive sins, so Jesus had to be a high priest. The law of Moses commanded that the high priest be from the tribe of Levi, but Jesus was from the tribe of Judah. God made him a priest like the priest Melchizedek, who lived at the time of Abraham, before there was a tribe of Levi. ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Milk and solid food +####Milk and solid food The writer speaks of Christians who are only able to understand simple things about Jesus as if they were babies, who drink only milk and cannot eat solid food. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) diff --git a/heb/06/intro.md b/heb/06/intro.md index 5c0cf2dbec..bb4f442e40 100644 --- a/heb/06/intro.md +++ b/heb/06/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Abrahamic Covenant +####Abrahamic Covenant In the covenant that God made with Abraham, God promised to make Abraham's descendants into a great nation. He also promised to protect Abraham's descendants and to give them land of their own. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]]) diff --git a/heb/07/intro.md b/heb/07/intro.md index e9f3115f9a..f415102716 100644 --- a/heb/07/intro.md +++ b/heb/07/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### High priest +####High priest Only a high priest could offer sacrifices so that God could forgive sins, so Jesus had to be a high priest. The law of Moses commanded that the high priest be from the tribe of Levi, but Jesus was from the tribe of Judah. God made him a priest like the priest Melchizedek, who lived at the time of Abraham, before there was a tribe of Levi. diff --git a/heb/08/intro.md b/heb/08/intro.md index 856ef130a2..af0d293f17 100644 --- a/heb/08/intro.md +++ b/heb/08/intro.md @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### New covenant +####New covenant The author tells how Jesus has established a new covenant that is better than the covenant that God established with the Israelites. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]]) diff --git a/heb/09/intro.md b/heb/09/intro.md index ce16d65beb..a408d44e67 100644 --- a/heb/09/intro.md +++ b/heb/09/intro.md @@ -6,21 +6,21 @@ This chapter describes how Jesus is better than the tabernacle and all its laws ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Will +####Will A will is a legal document that describes what will happen to a person's property after he dies. -##### Blood +####Blood In the Old Testament, God had commanded the Israelites to offer sacrifices so that he would forgive their sins. Before they could offer these sacrifices, they had to kill animals and then offer not only the animal's body but also its blood. Shedding blood is a metaphor for killing an animal or person. Jesus offered his life, his blood, as a sacrifice when he allowed men to kill him. The writer of the Book of Hebrews is saying in this chapter that this sacrifice is better than the sacrifices of the Old Testament. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]]) -##### Return of Christ +####Return of Christ Jesus will return to finish the work that he began when he died so that God would forgive his people's sins. He will finish saving those people who are waiting for him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### First covenant +####First covenant This refers to the covenant that God made with Moses. However, before he made this covenant, God had made a covenant with Abraham. But this was the first covenant that God had made with the people of Israel. You may decide to translate "the first covenant" as "the earlier covenant." diff --git a/heb/10/intro.md b/heb/10/intro.md index de1b4b31df..369e7c3356 100644 --- a/heb/10/intro.md +++ b/heb/10/intro.md @@ -8,16 +8,16 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### God's judgment and reward +####God's judgment and reward Holy living is important for Christians. God will hold people accountable for how they lived their Christian lives. Even though there will not be eternal condemnation for Christians, ungodly actions do and will have consequences. In addition, faithful living will be rewarded. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/reward]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "For it is impossible for the blood of bulls and goats to take away sins" +####"For it is impossible for the blood of bulls and goats to take away sins" The sacrifices themselves had no redeeming power. They were effective because they were a display of faith, which was credited to the person offering the sacrifice. It is ultimately the sacrifice of Jesus that "takes away sins." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/redeem]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) -##### "The covenant that I will make" +####"The covenant that I will make" It is unclear whether this prophecy was being fulfilled as the author was writing or whether it was to occur later. The translator should try to avoid making a claim about the time this covenant begins. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]]) ## Links: diff --git a/heb/11/intro.md b/heb/11/intro.md index 793fc6b1e2..30abbea93e 100644 --- a/heb/11/intro.md +++ b/heb/11/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ The writer begins this chapter by telling what faith is. Then he gives many exam ### Important concepts in this chapter -##### Faith +####Faith In both the old and new covenants, God required faith. Some people with faith performed miracles and were very powerful. Other people with faith suffered greatly. diff --git a/heb/12/intro.md b/heb/12/intro.md index 8f98b8b363..8dbd8021ee 100644 --- a/heb/12/intro.md +++ b/heb/12/intro.md @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Discipline +####Discipline God wants his people to do what is right. When they do what is wrong, he needs to correct or punish them. He does this just as earthly fathers correct and punish children whom they love. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/discipline]]) diff --git a/heb/13/intro.md b/heb/13/intro.md index fad520aff6..c977c5bea0 100644 --- a/heb/13/intro.md +++ b/heb/13/intro.md @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Hospitality +####Hospitality God wants his people to invite other people to come to their homes to eat food and even to sleep. His people should do this even if they do not know well the people they are inviting. In the Old Testament, Abraham and his nephew Lot both showed hospitality to people they did not know. Abraham served a costly meal to them, and then Lot invited them to sleep in his house. They learned later that those people were actually angels. diff --git a/hos/01/intro.md b/hos/01/intro.md index 4b67c2d06d..571777e0fc 100644 --- a/hos/01/intro.md +++ b/hos/01/intro.md @@ -6,14 +6,14 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Hosea's marriage +####Hosea's marriage God does not approve of prostitution, but he told Hosea to marry a prostitute so that the message of Israel's unfaithfulness would be shown to the people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]]) Hosea's marriage to Gomer is a metaphor for the kingdom of Israel's relationship to Yahweh. Israel was unfaithful to Yahweh and broke the covenant with him. Gomer was a woman who was unfaithful to her husband broke her marriage agreement with him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphor +####Metaphor Hosea 1-4 is controlled by a metaphor that Hosea lived out. He was personifying the relationship between Israel and Yahweh. Hosea played the part of Yahweh, and Gomer played the part of Israel. diff --git a/hos/02/intro.md b/hos/02/intro.md index b410533d95..d4ec86c665 100644 --- a/hos/02/intro.md +++ b/hos/02/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Some translations prefer to set apart quotations. The ULB and many other English ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphor +####Metaphor Many relationships are used in this chapter that are metaphors for the relationship between Israel and her God. Brother, sister, husband, wife, mother, and children are examples. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter diff --git a/hos/03/intro.md b/hos/03/intro.md index a1f75091c2..6418e93043 100644 --- a/hos/03/intro.md +++ b/hos/03/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ This chapter focuses on the meaning of the illustration of Hosea's marriage. It ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphor +####Metaphor This chapter contains a continuation of the metaphor played out in chapter 2. Hosea is told to go and buy his wife out of slavery. Gomer must have been captured and held as a slave due to her adulterous activity. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/adultery]]) diff --git a/hos/04/intro.md b/hos/04/intro.md index bb9f51faca..7db22a9724 100644 --- a/hos/04/intro.md +++ b/hos/04/intro.md @@ -6,13 +6,13 @@ The author stops using the metaphor of a husband/wife relationship and begins us ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Lawsuits +####Lawsuits Lawsuits are special cases where people go to court when they have a legal issue to resolve between them. Normally, one party is accusing another party of having done wrong. ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metonymy +####Metonymy Metonymy is used in the first few verses of this chapter. Metonymy is a figure of speech in which a thing or idea is called not by its own name, but by the name of something closely associated with it. Bloodshed is associated with murder. Stumbling represents sinning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) diff --git a/hos/06/intro.md b/hos/06/intro.md index 00da9b2a6e..a390206f56 100644 --- a/hos/06/intro.md +++ b/hos/06/intro.md @@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ This chapter continues using the poetic form to show how Yahweh will still show ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Change in speaker +####Change in speaker There is a change in person from 6:1-3 to 6:4-11. In the first passage, the speaker is an anonymous Israelite, but in the rest of the chapter, the speaker is Yahweh. ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphor +####Metaphor Throughout the chapter, the author uses the metaphor of prostitution to say that his people have abandoned him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) ## Links: diff --git a/hos/07/intro.md b/hos/07/intro.md index df7ad572aa..c29f6f1aa6 100644 --- a/hos/07/intro.md +++ b/hos/07/intro.md @@ -6,13 +6,13 @@ This chapter continues using poetic forms to speak of Yahweh's anger over the si ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Baking +####Baking Baking of bread is an extended metaphor in this chapter. Yahweh uses various aspects of this activity to show his displeasure with their sins. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Israel and Ephraim +####Israel and Ephraim This chapter begins by using two different names for the same group of people: Israel and Ephraim. It also mentions Samaria, which was the capital of the northern kingdom of Israel. ## Links: diff --git a/hos/09/intro.md b/hos/09/intro.md index 2abbecf12d..156d6f8032 100644 --- a/hos/09/intro.md +++ b/hos/09/intro.md @@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ The chapter is written in poetic form to speak of Yahweh's displeasure with Isra ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Exile +####Exile Because the covenant has been broken, the people will be exiled into another land. This actually shows the mercy of God toward his people. He did not destroy them; he simply moved them to another place. However, this chapter goes into detail about many parts of their society to show how far they have moved away from truly worshiping Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Change in speaker +####Change in speaker In verse 16, Yahweh is speaking; but in verse 17, Hosea starts speaking. There is a change in pronouns; the use of "my God" must imply that someone other than Yahweh is speaking. ## Links: diff --git a/hos/10/intro.md b/hos/10/intro.md index 453c0c6489..47d5a32d9a 100644 --- a/hos/10/intro.md +++ b/hos/10/intro.md @@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ Yahweh's relationship to his people was not based on his people's actions. Even ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Jacob +####Jacob The repeated use of different names for the two kingdoms can be confusing. In verse 11, "Ephraim" refers to the northern kingdom of Israel, and "Judah" refers to the southern kingdom of Judah. However, Jacob is also mentioned. This use of "Jacob" makes us think of the earlier unified nation and may also refer to a future unified nation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]]) diff --git a/hos/11/intro.md b/hos/11/intro.md index a2330a7858..80d0d86062 100644 --- a/hos/11/intro.md +++ b/hos/11/intro.md @@ -6,10 +6,10 @@ This chapter continues using the poetic form to communicate about Yahweh's relat ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphor +####Metaphor This chapter contains an extended metaphor of Israel as a male child in the care of Yahweh, his parent. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) -##### Rhetorical question +####Rhetorical question Yahweh uses rhetorical questions to show his disappointment and anger at Israel's persistent rejection of him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) diff --git a/hos/12/intro.md b/hos/12/intro.md index e750b459ff..8b42d4ded8 100644 --- a/hos/12/intro.md +++ b/hos/12/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Jacob +####Jacob There is a parallel between Jacob and the northern kingdom of Israel. In the same way that Jacob returned to Yahweh, the northern kingdom should repent of their idolatry and turn back to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]]) diff --git a/hos/13/intro.md b/hos/13/intro.md index 403ab09c90..e3303fc15d 100644 --- a/hos/13/intro.md +++ b/hos/13/intro.md @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ This chapter makes it clear that the northern kingdom is going to be nearly deci ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical question +####Rhetorical question Hosea uses rhetorical questions throughout this chapter. They are not questions requesting information but rather questions indicating some emotion like anger or dissatisfaction. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) diff --git a/hos/14/intro.md b/hos/14/intro.md index c68a34ec86..95f6b7b458 100644 --- a/hos/14/intro.md +++ b/hos/14/intro.md @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ Why are confession and repentance even suggested here for a people that Yahweh h ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Speaker +####Speaker The use of first and second person in this chapter often signifies a change in speaker. In this chapter, Hosea is speaking to the northern kingdom to tell them that Yahweh loves them. There are several places in this chapter where the writer switches from the third person to the second or the first person. This may cause some confusion about who is speaking. diff --git a/isa/01/intro.md b/isa/01/intro.md index 495fea6625..30eb6d99ea 100644 --- a/isa/01/intro.md +++ b/isa/01/intro.md @@ -6,15 +6,15 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Woe +####Woe The prophecy of this chapter serves as a warning to the people of the kingdom of Judah. If they do not change their evil ways, Yahweh will punish them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/woe]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphors +####Metaphors There are many vivid metaphors used to describe Judah's sin. Their sin is described as a sickness that spreads. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -##### Rhetorical Questions +####Rhetorical Questions Yahweh uses several rhetorical questions in this chapter. The purpose of these questions is to convince the people of Judah of their sin. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) ## Links: diff --git a/isa/02/intro.md b/isa/02/intro.md index fee146790d..2b431651c1 100644 --- a/isa/02/intro.md +++ b/isa/02/intro.md @@ -6,10 +6,10 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Latter days +####Latter days This is probably a reference to the "last days." This makes parts of this prophecy reference events near the end of this world. Most scholars expect these prophecies to be fulfilled by Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lastday]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]]) -##### Idolatry +####Idolatry While the first prophecy of Isaiah concerned the lack of justice in Judah, this chapter focuses on the presence of idolatry in Judah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]]) ## Links: diff --git a/isa/03/intro.md b/isa/03/intro.md index 2cd7dc3e62..e1543e85b3 100644 --- a/isa/03/intro.md +++ b/isa/03/intro.md @@ -4,12 +4,12 @@ This chapter is a continuation of the material in the previous chapter. Some translations Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 3:1-26, which is a vision Isaiah receives. These are the words of Yahweh. -##### Judgment +####Judgment This chapter is structured as a judgment against the Jews. God is acting as a judge reading the list of convictions against them and then he reads the judgment. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]]) ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Exile +####Exile While the previous part of the prophecy in chapter 2 discussed the last days, this part of the prophecy predicts the exile of Judah to Babylon. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lastday]]) ## Links: diff --git a/isa/04/intro.md b/isa/04/intro.md index 17985aa8cf..0e06253f6f 100644 --- a/isa/04/intro.md +++ b/isa/04/intro.md @@ -2,12 +2,12 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### More women than men +####More women than men This chapter describes a time when there will be many more women than men in Judah. This is because so many of Judah's fighting men will have died before the exile. Those who come through this difficult time will be a holy remnant. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/remnant]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Branch of Yahweh +####Branch of Yahweh Scholars are divided over the possible meaning of this metaphor. Some believe it is a reference to the Messiah, while others believe it is a reference to the faithful remnant. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]]) ## Links: diff --git a/isa/05/intro.md b/isa/05/intro.md index 20b9d6f838..6f115c8007 100644 --- a/isa/05/intro.md +++ b/isa/05/intro.md @@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Woe +####Woe This chapter presents a series of woes, or judgments against those who are spoken against. Most of these judgements are due to the lack of justice in Judah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/woe]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Allegory +####Allegory This chapter begins as an allegory. An allegory is a story with a symbolic meaning. This allegory is meant to teach the Jews that they sinned against Yahweh and that there was nothing more he could have done for them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) ==Animals being present where people once lived== diff --git a/isa/06/intro.md b/isa/06/intro.md index 526412e74f..ccf39ec40d 100644 --- a/isa/06/intro.md +++ b/isa/06/intro.md @@ -6,15 +6,15 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Heaven +####Heaven This vision described in this chapter is probably a scene in heaven. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]]) -##### Isaiah's call +####Isaiah's call This chapter record Isaiah's call to prophetic ministry. It recognizes the holiness of God and Isaiah recognizes his need for holiness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/call]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Inevitability +####Inevitability The way Yahweh speaks in this chapter shows the inevitability of the punishment of Yahweh against the people of Judah. The punishment must now come. It is too late for repentance. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]]) ## Links: diff --git a/isa/07/intro.md b/isa/07/intro.md index 2107ded92c..8feaaf2dc8 100644 --- a/isa/07/intro.md +++ b/isa/07/intro.md @@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "Young woman" +####"Young woman" Some translations choose to translate this as "virgin" and believe it is a reference to the Messiah being born of a virgin woman. This is only one possible translation, therefore most translations have avoided forcing this specific connotation into the meaning of the term. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Israel +####Israel In this chapter, Israel is a reference to the northern kingdom of Israel and not the nation as a whole. They are also called Ephraim in this chapter after its most prominent tribe. ## Links: diff --git a/isa/08/intro.md b/isa/08/intro.md index 24a8cf8c9c..d3dcea28c9 100644 --- a/isa/08/intro.md +++ b/isa/08/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Trust in Yahweh +####Trust in Yahweh Israel will not trust in Yahweh. Instead, they will trust in their own power, their Gentile allies and the power of false gods. They will be punished because the power of Yahweh is greater than all of these. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) ## Links: diff --git a/isa/09/intro.md b/isa/09/intro.md index d52f02ab11..108f94d9cb 100644 --- a/isa/09/intro.md +++ b/isa/09/intro.md @@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ This chapter begins with a prophecy that is a continuation of the prophecy concl ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Messiah +####Messiah The prophecy in 9:1-7 is about the coming Messiah. Parts of this prophecy were fulfilled when he first came to earth. Other parts are to be fulfilled when he will return in glory to earth. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Fulfillment of prophecies +####Fulfillment of prophecies Some of the prophecies in this chapter were fulfilled in Isaiah's lifetime while others are fulfilled in the distant future. Some scholars believe that there can be multiple fulfillments of each of these prophecies, while others see only one complete fulfillment. ## Links: diff --git a/isa/10/intro.md b/isa/10/intro.md index fa452191b2..8a230dfe77 100644 --- a/isa/10/intro.md +++ b/isa/10/intro.md @@ -7,12 +7,12 @@ This chapter begins with a prophecy that is a continuation of the prophecy begin ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's sovereignty +####Yahweh's sovereignty Yahweh has so much power and authority that he controls all of the nations. He even controls the nations who do not worship him. He uses Assyria to punish the kingdom of Israel. ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical Questions +####Rhetorical Questions There are many rhetorical questions in this chapter. Yahweh uses rhetorical questions to make statements about Israel's sin. The Assyrians use rhetorical questions in order to boast in their pride. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) ## Links: diff --git a/isa/11/intro.md b/isa/11/intro.md index f40d7bdf28..1f11a2599b 100644 --- a/isa/11/intro.md +++ b/isa/11/intro.md @@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Messiah +####Messiah The prophecies of this chapter focus on the coming Messiah. Some of these prophecies concern the first coming of Jesus, while some reference a future day of restoration. The author transitions between these time periods without telling his reader. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Ambiguity +####Ambiguity It is uncertain what period of time these prophecies refer to or who will fulfill them. The translator should allow this uncertainty and ambiguity to remain. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]]) ## Links: diff --git a/isa/12/intro.md b/isa/12/intro.md index a971fc53c0..5a72b70a7e 100644 --- a/isa/12/intro.md +++ b/isa/12/intro.md @@ -2,12 +2,12 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "That day" +####"That day" The time of this day is unclear. It may be a time in the near future for Isaiah, or a time in the distant future for him. In the latter case, it would reference the last days. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lastday]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Tense +####Tense Extra care must be taken in translating the tense of this chapter. The author talks about the future, but frequently changes to speak in the present tense. Some languages will have difficulty speaking in this way. ## Links: diff --git a/isa/13/intro.md b/isa/13/intro.md index 519428b953..05608a862d 100644 --- a/isa/13/intro.md +++ b/isa/13/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Prophecies +####Prophecies It is unclear who is addressed by these prophecies. At times, it appears to be the people of Judah, while at other times it seems to reference the last days. This ambiguity should remain in translation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lastday]]) ## Links: diff --git a/isa/14/intro.md b/isa/14/intro.md index 621c0c42ad..d430acf146 100644 --- a/isa/14/intro.md +++ b/isa/14/intro.md @@ -6,15 +6,15 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Satan +####Satan It is believed that this chapter references Satan. It describes Satan as a star fallen from heaven. There are five important statements beginning with the words "I will" which appear to show the essence of Satan's sin. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/satan]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) -##### Babylon +####Babylon This is the name of the kingdom that conquered Judah, but it is also the name representing Satan's kingdom in prophecies. They were not yet a world power when these words were spoken. It should be translated as "Babylon," but translators should be aware of its dual meaning. ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Israel +####Israel The use of Israel in this chapter is in reference to the nation or people group of Israel. It is this Israel who will be restored and not the kingdom of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]]) ## Links: diff --git a/isa/17/intro.md b/isa/17/intro.md index 640bfad270..f318a5d08d 100644 --- a/isa/17/intro.md +++ b/isa/17/intro.md @@ -8,12 +8,12 @@ The ULB sets the lines in 17:1-6, 9-14 farther to the right on the page than the ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Damascus +####Damascus This chapter prophesies destruction against the people of Damascus. Damascus was the capital of Aram. The people of Damascus worship gods other than Yahweh and have fought Yahweh's people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Ephraim +####Ephraim This chapter prophesied destruction against the kingdom of Israel. They are also called Ephraim in this chapter. Both the northern kingdom of Israel and Aram were conquered at about the same time in history. ## Links: diff --git a/isa/18/intro.md b/isa/18/intro.md index 87339bbfe9..dc7098bc2e 100644 --- a/isa/18/intro.md +++ b/isa/18/intro.md @@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Cush +####Cush This chapter records prophecies against the nation of Cush. They are being punished by Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphors +####Metaphors This chapter uses many metaphors to describe the destruction coming to the people of Cush. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) ## Links: diff --git a/isa/19/intro.md b/isa/19/intro.md index 83ec55212d..e9205cea05 100644 --- a/isa/19/intro.md +++ b/isa/19/intro.md @@ -6,19 +6,19 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Egypt +####Egypt This chapter prophesied destruction against the nation of Egypt. Their destruction will come from internal division instead of being conquered by another nation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Imagery +####Imagery Some of the imagery used in this chapter may be connected to the worship of specific false gods. One important god the people of Canaan worshiped was Baal, the god of rain or storms. One of the important gods the Egyptians worshiped was Ra, the god of the sun. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "In that day" +####"In that day" This changes the reference from the time when Assyria comes to dominate the world and looks to a more distant future day. ## Links: diff --git a/isa/20/intro.md b/isa/20/intro.md index c9f374ffde..15539e936b 100644 --- a/isa/20/intro.md +++ b/isa/20/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Naked and barefoot +####Naked and barefoot This is an image used in this chapter to describe Assyria's victory over Egypt and Ethiopia. While they will be defeated, they will not be totally destroyed. Instead, they will be left with nothing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) ## Links: diff --git a/isa/21/intro.md b/isa/21/intro.md index c2737b84d4..5f85f6dfda 100644 --- a/isa/21/intro.md +++ b/isa/21/intro.md @@ -6,15 +6,15 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Cush +####Cush Dumah and Seir are places in Edom. Part of this chapter is a prophecy against Cush. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### The desert by the sea +####The desert by the sea This is a metaphor for an unknown nation. Scholars are divided over the proper identity of this nation, but it is probably Babylon. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) -##### Mystery +####Mystery The fulfillment of this chapter is very mysterious. It is unknown who is truly being addressed and how this is to be fulfilled in history. The translator should not attempt to give the reader insight into this prophecy's fulfillment. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]]) ## Links: diff --git a/isa/22/intro.md b/isa/22/intro.md index 89b8c14470..b6293ad05b 100644 --- a/isa/22/intro.md +++ b/isa/22/intro.md @@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Repentance +####Repentance On this day of judgment, Judah should be repenting of their sin. Instead, they are celebrating it. Although Judah avoids Yahweh's punishment through the Assyrians, their punishment will still come. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "Valley of Visions" +####"Valley of Visions" This is a metaphor used in this prophecy against the nation of Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) ## Links: diff --git a/isa/23/intro.md b/isa/23/intro.md index 177824574c..f90ace6975 100644 --- a/isa/23/intro.md +++ b/isa/23/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Phoenicia +####Phoenicia This chapter prophesies destruction against several cities in Phoenicia as well as in Tarshish. The exact location of Tarshish is unknown. Because of the locations mentioned in this chapter, it appears that the Assyrians will conquer many of the nations on the Mediterranean Sea. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) ## Links: diff --git a/isa/24/intro.md b/isa/24/intro.md index cac19aa1c3..ddd981c7dd 100644 --- a/isa/24/intro.md +++ b/isa/24/intro.md @@ -8,12 +8,12 @@ While it appears that this chapter is a continuation of the prophecy from the pr ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Covenant +####Covenant The mention of an "everlasting covenant" in this chapter is probably not to a specific covenant with Abraham or Moses. Instead, it is an expectation that mankind would obey Yahweh. Some consider this to be a covenant Yahweh made with Adam. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Reign of Yahweh +####Reign of Yahweh This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. This chapter pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator should not add explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]]) ## Links: diff --git a/isa/25/intro.md b/isa/25/intro.md index ad6f521dde..55655ec5c4 100644 --- a/isa/25/intro.md +++ b/isa/25/intro.md @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ This chapter shifts from being a prophecy against the nations to the personal pr ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Reign of the Messiah +####Reign of the Messiah This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. This chapter pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator should not add explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]]) ## Links: diff --git a/isa/26/intro.md b/isa/26/intro.md index e8ae891e61..775914a720 100644 --- a/isa/26/intro.md +++ b/isa/26/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "That day" +####"That day" This is a common phrase in this section of Isaiah. This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. This chapter pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator should not add explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]]) ## Links: diff --git a/isa/27/intro.md b/isa/27/intro.md index b9ddc0068b..3de3b047c5 100644 --- a/isa/27/intro.md +++ b/isa/27/intro.md @@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Leviathan +####Leviathan This was an ancient type of dragon or serpent. It is possible that this is a reference to Satan, who is also described as a serpent and a dragon. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/satan]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "That day" +####"That day" This is a common phrase in this section of Isaiah. This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. This chapter pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator should not add explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]]) ## Links: diff --git a/isa/28/intro.md b/isa/28/intro.md index 863c21a886..30020ec0d8 100644 --- a/isa/28/intro.md +++ b/isa/28/intro.md @@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphors +####Metaphors There are many metaphors used to describe Yahweh's punishment as well as the sin of the people of Ephraim. In one such metaphor, they are described as being drunk. Construction and weather metaphors are also used in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "That day" +####"That day" This is a common phrase in this section of Isaiah. This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. This chapter pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator does not need to add an explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]]) ## Links: diff --git a/isa/29/intro.md b/isa/29/intro.md index 69eaaf5320..92f755e536 100644 --- a/isa/29/intro.md +++ b/isa/29/intro.md @@ -8,12 +8,12 @@ This chapter begins a series of "woes" against specific nations. It presents jud ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Ariel +####Ariel This is another name for Jerusalem. It is an uncommon name. ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Prophecies +####Prophecies This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. It pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator does not need to add an explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]]) ## Links: diff --git a/isa/30/intro.md b/isa/30/intro.md index 08b0cf266b..b3b2d3c146 100644 --- a/isa/30/intro.md +++ b/isa/30/intro.md @@ -8,15 +8,15 @@ This chapter continues the series of "woes" against specific nations. It present ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Negev +####Negev This is an area between Egypt and Judah. The people would have had to travel though it in order to get to Egypt. No one really lived in this area and it was known to be very dangerous. -##### Trust +####Trust The people were to trust in Yahweh. Only he could provide them with protection. The people were punished for their lack of trust when they were in trouble, but Yahweh only required that they trust him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "That day" +####"That day" This is a common phrase in this section of Isaiah. The chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. It pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator does not need to add an explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]]) ## Links: diff --git a/isa/31/intro.md b/isa/31/intro.md index f8c2d49555..57f59b6e1b 100644 --- a/isa/31/intro.md +++ b/isa/31/intro.md @@ -8,15 +8,15 @@ This chapter continues the series of "woes" against specific nations. It present ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Trust +####Trust The people were to trust in Yahweh. Only he could provide them with protection. They were punished for their lack of trust when they were in trouble, but Yahweh only required that they trust him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "That day" +####"That day" This is a common phrase in this section of Isaiah. This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. It pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator does not need to add an explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]]) -##### Israel +####Israel The use of the term "Israel" in this chapter is in reference to the northern kingdom of Israel exclusively. ## Links: diff --git a/isa/32/intro.md b/isa/32/intro.md index 795b8c71d4..d419cb8c60 100644 --- a/isa/32/intro.md +++ b/isa/32/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Reign of the Messiah +####Reign of the Messiah This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. It pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator does not need to add an explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]]) ## Links: diff --git a/isa/34/intro.md b/isa/34/intro.md index fd4a48ff59..b0fc5eb399 100644 --- a/isa/34/intro.md +++ b/isa/34/intro.md @@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Destruction +####Destruction There are many images used in this chapter which describe destruction. Here each of these metaphors describes complete destruction. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Prophecy +####Prophecy This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. It pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator does not need to add an explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]]) diff --git a/isa/35/intro.md b/isa/35/intro.md index 79c520e76a..533449fa22 100644 --- a/isa/35/intro.md +++ b/isa/35/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Reign of the Messiah +####Reign of the Messiah This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. It pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator does not need to add an explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]]) ## Links: diff --git a/isa/36/intro.md b/isa/36/intro.md index 7faae9245c..ab2458b53e 100644 --- a/isa/36/intro.md +++ b/isa/36/intro.md @@ -6,13 +6,13 @@ The previous chapters have been constructed as prophecy and contain many poetic ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Trust +####Trust The people of Judah were to trust in Yahweh because only he could provide them with protection. The people of Jerusalem were protected because they trusted in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical Questions +####Rhetorical Questions The Assyrian commanders use rhetorical questions in this chapter to mock or insult Judah and their God, Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) ## Links: diff --git a/isa/37/intro.md b/isa/37/intro.md index 99c2f84ffa..26bb5764dc 100644 --- a/isa/37/intro.md +++ b/isa/37/intro.md @@ -6,10 +6,10 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Tearing clothes and putting on sackcloth +####Tearing clothes and putting on sackcloth This was a sign of great distress. While it is often accompanies repentance, in this chapter it is intended to show the king's anger at the blasphemy of the Assyrians when they spoke against Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sign]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/blasphemy]]) -##### Prayer +####Prayer Hezekiah was different from the other kings because when he was threatened by Assyria, he went to Yahweh in prayer. He did not trust in his army or make an alliance with Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) ## Links: diff --git a/isa/38/intro.md b/isa/38/intro.md index 14b685d1b9..84491f4dab 100644 --- a/isa/38/intro.md +++ b/isa/38/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Poetry +####Poetry This chapter is written as a narrative, but the section including Hezekiah's prayer is written as poetry. The tone of this prayer shifts from sorrow to praise. ## Links: diff --git a/isa/39/intro.md b/isa/39/intro.md index eed5528d40..a74f67364c 100644 --- a/isa/39/intro.md +++ b/isa/39/intro.md @@ -2,10 +2,10 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Pride +####Pride Although it is not said why it was sinful for Hezekiah to show the king of Babylon his riches, the sin was probably because of his pride. It can be viewed as bragging to another king about how rich and powerful he was without giving proper credit to Yahweh. Because of this sin, Yahweh punished him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) -##### Babylon +####Babylon At this time, Babylon was not very powerful, but was little more than a city. In a short time, however, Babylon became a very powerful nation and conquered Assyria. ## Links: diff --git a/isa/40/intro.md b/isa/40/intro.md index ac6212eb61..93ed2014d5 100644 --- a/isa/40/intro.md +++ b/isa/40/intro.md @@ -6,17 +6,17 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical Questions +####Rhetorical Questions Yahweh uses many rhetorical questions in this chapter. These rhetorical questions help to prove the point he is making and convince the reader. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "She has received double from Yahweh's hand for all her sins" +####"She has received double from Yahweh's hand for all her sins" It is common in many languages to use the feminine "she" to refer to a nation, rather than the word "it," which is neither masculine or feminine. The translator should use the pronoun that aligns with the common usage in the target language. Therefore, it is acceptable to use "he," "she," or "it" in reference to a nation. The phrase "received double" indicates that Jerusalem was punished more severely than the other nations. This is because they had the privilege of a special relationship to Yahweh and had more knowledge than the other nations. -##### Reign of Yahweh +####Reign of Yahweh This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. It pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator does not need to add an explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. It does not appear that this prophecy was fulfilled in the days of Isaiah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]]) ## Links: diff --git a/isa/41/intro.md b/isa/41/intro.md index 1a0356f9d7..f9b5f595bd 100644 --- a/isa/41/intro.md +++ b/isa/41/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Mocking +####Mocking Yahweh tells the people to present their best arguments in favor of honoring their idols. In this Yahweh challenges the people. Yahweh mocks or insults these false gods because they are not real and have no power. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) ## Links: diff --git a/isa/42/intro.md b/isa/42/intro.md index 4bb5d5c189..bd95d50792 100644 --- a/isa/42/intro.md +++ b/isa/42/intro.md @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ Many scholars believe that there are four songs or poems which Isaiah records ab ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Servant +####Servant Israel is called Yahweh's servant. The Messiah is also called the servant of Yahweh. It is likely that the two different usages of the word "servant" are intended to contrast with one another. ## Links: diff --git a/isa/43/intro.md b/isa/43/intro.md index 3f8712ed68..7ceeab9b10 100644 --- a/isa/43/intro.md +++ b/isa/43/intro.md @@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Exodus +####Exodus This chapter pictures Judah's eventual return from exile in Babylon as a kind of second exodus. It was reminiscent of their exodus from Egypt. ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Exile +####Exile This chapter prophesies about the Jews return from Babylon, but the exile has yet to happen and is still more than a hundred years in the future. These events will show that Yahweh alone is God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) ## Links: diff --git a/isa/44/intro.md b/isa/44/intro.md index 519f2a07b3..b0f4d6e464 100644 --- a/isa/44/intro.md +++ b/isa/44/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's power +####Yahweh's power There is a prophecy in this chapter that gives the name of the king who will end the exile of the Jews from Babylon and rebuild the temple, even though the exile has not yet even occurred. This emphasizes that Yahweh knows the future, so the translator should translate the name of Cyrus given here. There are many other aspects of this chapter that show Yahweh's power as well. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) ## Links: diff --git a/isa/45/intro.md b/isa/45/intro.md index 4294c7b65a..33f5f1b77e 100644 --- a/isa/45/intro.md +++ b/isa/45/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Potter and clay +####Potter and clay The potter and the clay are important images used in Scripture. They emphasize the power and control of God. This chapter connects this to the truth that Yahweh is the creator of all, which it repeatedly emphasizes. He is even able to "anoint" or chose a future, pagan king. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/anoint]]) ## Links: diff --git a/isa/46/intro.md b/isa/46/intro.md index 9788ced1da..68f857580f 100644 --- a/isa/46/intro.md +++ b/isa/46/intro.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter. -##### Yahweh and the false gods +####Yahweh and the false gods This chapter is intended to compare Yahweh with various false Gods whom the Israelites worship. There really is no comparison at all because Yahweh alone is God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) ## Links: diff --git a/isa/47/intro.md b/isa/47/intro.md index 2882d54853..b2398045a1 100644 --- a/isa/47/intro.md +++ b/isa/47/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Babylon +####Babylon This chapter prophesied the destruction of Babylon. At the time that the prophesy was written, Assyria was still in power and Babylon had not yet become a world power. The Chaldeans were not yet a powerful nation either. The people of Judah would become servants or slaves of Babylon and be forced to work very hard. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) ## Links: diff --git a/isa/48/intro.md b/isa/48/intro.md index b1a7e1f8b9..c0a2af1698 100644 --- a/isa/48/intro.md +++ b/isa/48/intro.md @@ -4,13 +4,13 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter. -##### Yahweh and the false gods +####Yahweh and the false gods This chapter is set up to compare Yahweh with various false Gods whom the Israelites worship. There really is no comparison between the two because Yahweh alone is God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Exile +####Exile Yahweh explains purpose behind the Jews exile in Babylon, even though it is still in the future. This emphasizes that that Yahweh is much more powerful than the false gods. ## Links: diff --git a/isa/49/intro.md b/isa/49/intro.md index 75d04eaa90..7a511bfad2 100644 --- a/isa/49/intro.md +++ b/isa/49/intro.md @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ Many scholars believe that there are four songs or poems which Isaiah records ab ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### A day of salvation +####A day of salvation It is unclear if this is a reference to the gospel proclaimed by the Messiah or to the day of restoration of all things. The translator should not try to explain its reference to the reader. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/goodnews]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]]) ## Links: diff --git a/isa/50/intro.md b/isa/50/intro.md index c3fd5f151c..337b1bc1f7 100644 --- a/isa/50/intro.md +++ b/isa/50/intro.md @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ Many scholars believe that there are four songs or poems which Isaiah records ab ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical Questions +####Rhetorical Questions There are many rhetorical questions in this chapter. These questions prove Yahweh's point and are intended to convince the readers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) ## Links: diff --git a/isa/51/intro.md b/isa/51/intro.md index 09bbca9518..15c03b6930 100644 --- a/isa/51/intro.md +++ b/isa/51/intro.md @@ -6,10 +6,10 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical Questions +####Rhetorical Questions There are many rhetorical questions in this chapter. These questions prove Yahweh's point and are intended to convince the readers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) -##### Awake +####Awake In this chapter the author uses sleeping as a metaphor for sin. The people are told to "awake," meaning they are to repent and return to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]]) ## Links: diff --git a/isa/53/intro.md b/isa/53/intro.md index c5a76cfa72..6e6ae8a7f5 100644 --- a/isa/53/intro.md +++ b/isa/53/intro.md @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ In this chapter there is an important teaching or prophecy about the Messiah and ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Atonement +####Atonement This chapter prophesies about the death of Christ for sin. Most scholars believe it teaches that Christ was a righteous man who died for the sins of mankind. This is usually referred to as the atonement. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/atonement]]) ## Links: diff --git a/isa/54/intro.md b/isa/54/intro.md index e89639ac62..87d94a70ea 100644 --- a/isa/54/intro.md +++ b/isa/54/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's covenant faithfulness +####Yahweh's covenant faithfulness This chapter focuses on Yahweh's faithfulness to fulfill his covenants. It references several different covenant promises in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenantfaith]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]]) ## Links: diff --git a/isa/55/intro.md b/isa/55/intro.md index d155db1273..ff613ef686 100644 --- a/isa/55/intro.md +++ b/isa/55/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Gentiles +####Gentiles Many scholars believe this chapter prophesies that Gentiles will be able to come to a saving faith in Yahweh. At this time, the Israelites believed that only an Israelite could be saved. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) ## Links: diff --git a/isa/56/intro.md b/isa/56/intro.md index 0cfc1549e3..5aea0495f7 100644 --- a/isa/56/intro.md +++ b/isa/56/intro.md @@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Gentiles +####Gentiles Many scholars believe this chapter prophesies that Gentiles will be able to come to a saving faith in Yahweh. At this time, the Israelites believed that only an Israelite could be saved. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Beasts +####Beasts The Israelites are compared to beasts and dogs in this chapter. This would have been very offensive to them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) ## Links: diff --git a/isa/57/intro.md b/isa/57/intro.md index 6bde26c354..863d5816fe 100644 --- a/isa/57/intro.md +++ b/isa/57/intro.md @@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Child sacrifice +####Child sacrifice This chapter references the killing of children. Some religions in the ancient Near East practiced the sacrificing of their children. This was considered evil by Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Mocking +####Mocking The people abandoned the worship of Yahweh in favor of other gods. When they needed help, he tells them to ask these false gods. This is mocking the power of the false gods and shows the people the uselessness of their worship of these gods. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) ## Links: diff --git a/isa/58/intro.md b/isa/58/intro.md index e7741065e6..4c451515be 100644 --- a/isa/58/intro.md +++ b/isa/58/intro.md @@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Fasting +####Fasting The practice of fasting became more common after the exile. This was intended to bring people into a right relationship with God by creating a designated time to concentrate on him. It may have been believed that Yahweh heard people better when they fasted. The significance of fasting is derived from the faster's attitude of repentance and faith in Yahweh and not the practice itself. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "Yet they seek me daily" +####"Yet they seek me daily" The people did not truly seek Yahweh every day. They practiced the outward aspects of the Jewish religion, but their hearts were far from Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) ## Links: diff --git a/isa/59/intro.md b/isa/59/intro.md index bc2d13f05a..4770d83baa 100644 --- a/isa/59/intro.md +++ b/isa/59/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's deliverance +####Yahweh's deliverance When Israel was conquered, they were being punished for their sin. Yahweh is strong enough to deliver them, but he did not because he desired to refine them through the experience of the exile. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) ## Links: diff --git a/isa/60/intro.md b/isa/60/intro.md index f8a2349614..bcf114d8a3 100644 --- a/isa/60/intro.md +++ b/isa/60/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Israel's restoration +####Israel's restoration This chapter pictures a time when Israel will be fully restored to Yahweh. They will be everything Yahweh intended them to be. All the nations will look to Israel and acknowledge her special relationship to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]]) ## Links: diff --git a/isa/61/intro.md b/isa/61/intro.md index 9d0245662e..7f89755ff2 100644 --- a/isa/61/intro.md +++ b/isa/61/intro.md @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ The first part of this chapter is probably a prophecy about the coming Messiah a ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Restoration +####Restoration This chapter prophesies concerning a future time of peace and restoration. It is unlikely to have been fulfilled in Isaiah's day. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]]) ## Links: diff --git a/isa/62/intro.md b/isa/62/intro.md index 08d6f7c0bf..0785efddba 100644 --- a/isa/62/intro.md +++ b/isa/62/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Restoration +####Restoration This chapter prophesies concerning a future time of peace and restoration. It is unlikely to have been fulfilled in Isaiah's day. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]]) ## Links: diff --git a/isa/63/intro.md b/isa/63/intro.md index 23759194ab..cf039ed0ec 100644 --- a/isa/63/intro.md +++ b/isa/63/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Imagery +####Imagery The imagery of judgment in this chapter is intended to be rather vivid. The translator should avoid euphemisms, if possible. Overall, this chapter prophesies a day of great judgment and God's wrath. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wrath]]) ## Links: diff --git a/isa/64/intro.md b/isa/64/intro.md index 20da8d9d4a..4ba564507e 100644 --- a/isa/64/intro.md +++ b/isa/64/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Repentance +####Repentance This chapter records the repentance of the righteous remnant of Judah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/remnant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) ## Links: diff --git a/isa/65/intro.md b/isa/65/intro.md index eb65202b6f..7455d38665 100644 --- a/isa/65/intro.md +++ b/isa/65/intro.md @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ This chapter is Yahweh's response to the repentance of the people. (See: [[rc:// ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Judgment and hope +####Judgment and hope This chapter records that Yahweh's judgment on the people must come. Despite this, there is hope that in the end, Yahweh will make all things new and restore them to himself. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/hope]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]]) ## Links: diff --git a/isa/66/intro.md b/isa/66/intro.md index 1d92878e7c..eb272c34d5 100644 --- a/isa/66/intro.md +++ b/isa/66/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### In the end +####In the end In the end, Yahweh will enact his perfect justice. This is the true hope of this world. The new heaven and the new earth are an important part of this. In the end, this will be the perfect creation of Yahweh and will last forever. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/hope]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]]) ## Links: diff --git a/jas/01/intro.md b/jas/01/intro.md index a685e016cb..42abf40a3d 100644 --- a/jas/01/intro.md +++ b/jas/01/intro.md @@ -6,23 +6,23 @@ James formally introduces this letter in verse 1. Writers often began letters in ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Testing and temptation +####Testing and temptation These two words occur together in ([James 1:12-13](./12.md)). Both words speak of a person who is able to choose between doing something good and doing something evil. The difference between them is important. God is testing the person and wants him to do what is good. Satan is tempting the person and wants him to do what is evil. -##### Crowns +####Crowns The crown that a man who passes the test receives is a reward, something that people who do something especially good receive. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/reward]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphors +####Metaphors James uses many metaphors in this chapter, and you will need to understand the material on the metaphor page before you can translate them well. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "To the twelve tribes in the dispersion" +####"To the twelve tribes in the dispersion" It is not clear to whom James wrote this letter. He calls himself a servant of the Lord Jesus Christ, so he was probably writing to Christians. But he calls his readers "the twelve tribes in the dispersion," words which usually refer to Jews. It is possible that he is using the words as a metaphor for "all people whom God has chosen" or that he wrote the letter at a time when most Christians had grown up as Jews. diff --git a/jas/02/intro.md b/jas/02/intro.md index 591a1cebea..d5ddb11270 100644 --- a/jas/02/intro.md +++ b/jas/02/intro.md @@ -2,21 +2,21 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Favoritism +####Favoritism Some of James's readers treated rich and powerful people well and treated poor people badly. This is called favoritism, and James tells them that this is wrong. God wants his people to treat both rich people and poor people well. -##### Justification +####Justification Justification is what happens when God makes a person righteous. James says here that God makes righteous or justifies people who do good works along with having faith. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Quotation marks +####Quotation marks The words "Show me your faith without works, and I will show you my faith by my works" are hard to understand. Some people think that they are what "someone may say," like the words in the quotation marks. Most versions translate them as words that James is saying back to that "someone." -##### "You have ... I have" +####"You have ... I have" Some people think that the words "you" and "I" are metonyms for "some people" and "other people." If they are correct, verse 18 could be translated, "Someone may say, 'Some people have faith and other people have works. Not everyone has both.'" If the next sentence is also what "someone may say," it could be translated "Some people show their faith without works, and other people show their faith by their works. Both have faith." In both cases, the reader will understand only if you add the extra sentence. It is probably best to translate as the ULB does. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) diff --git a/jas/03/intro.md b/jas/03/intro.md index a4734c19b8..29863ceafe 100644 --- a/jas/03/intro.md +++ b/jas/03/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphors +####Metaphors James teaches his readers that they should live to please God by reminding them of things that they know from everyday life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) diff --git a/jas/04/intro.md b/jas/04/intro.md index 0a8219ce0d..b34f3f357c 100644 --- a/jas/04/intro.md +++ b/jas/04/intro.md @@ -2,23 +2,23 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Adultery +####Adultery Writers in the Bible often speak of adultery as a metaphor for people who say they love God but do things that God hates. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]]) -##### Law +####Law James probably uses this word in [James 4:11](../../jas/04/11.md) to refer to "the royal law" ([James 2:8](../../jas/02/08.md)). ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical Questions +####Rhetorical Questions James asks many questions because he wants his readers to think about how they are living. He wants to correct and teach them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Humble +####Humble This word probably usually refers to people who are not proud. James uses the word here to refer to people who are not proud and who also trust in Jesus and obey him. diff --git a/jas/05/intro.md b/jas/05/intro.md index b697033e2a..724ff5e645 100644 --- a/jas/05/intro.md +++ b/jas/05/intro.md @@ -2,18 +2,18 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Eternity +####Eternity This chapter contrasts living for things of this world, which will not last, with living for things that will last for eternity. It is also important to live with the expectation that Jesus will return soon. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]]) -##### Oaths +####Oaths Scholars are divided over whether this passage teaches all oaths are wrong. Most scholars believe some oaths are permissible and James instead is teaching Christians to have integrity. ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Elijah +####Elijah This story will be difficult to understand if the books of 1 and 2 Kings and 1 and 2 Chronicles have not yet been translated. -##### "Save his soul from death" +####"Save his soul from death" This probably teaches that the person who stops their sinful lifestyle will not be punished with physical death as a consequence of their sin. On the other hand, some scholars believe this passage teaches about eternal salvation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/death]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) ## Links: diff --git a/jdg/01/intro.md b/jdg/01/intro.md index d98915f4d2..098f1ff64e 100644 --- a/jdg/01/intro.md +++ b/jdg/01/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # Judges 01 General Notes ### Structure and formatting -##### "After the death of Joshua" +####"After the death of Joshua" This statement creates a seamless transition from the book of Joshua. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Finishing the conquest of the Promised Land +####Finishing the conquest of the Promised Land Israel fought to clear the land of the Canaanites, but they also made treaties with other peoples and made some of them do hard labor. This was against God's instruction to completely remove the Canaanite people from the land. diff --git a/jdg/02/intro.md b/jdg/02/intro.md index 5d07309c1e..cdc00766ae 100644 --- a/jdg/02/intro.md +++ b/jdg/02/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh tests Israel +####Yahweh tests Israel Yahweh said, "Because this nation has broken the terms of my covenant." Completely removing the Canaanites from the land was a test from Yahweh. While Yahweh displayed covenant faithfulness, Israel did not. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/test]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenantfaith]]) diff --git a/jdg/03/intro.md b/jdg/03/intro.md index a33cdc79a0..587a8e72e3 100644 --- a/jdg/03/intro.md +++ b/jdg/03/intro.md @@ -2,13 +2,13 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The people worship false gods +####The people worship false gods Israel worshiped idols and false gods. Because of this, Yahweh allowed Aram and Moab to rule over them. In the period of Judges, when Israel sinned, they were often placed under the rule of a foreign power. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "Blew a trumpet" +####"Blew a trumpet" When Ehud "blew a trumpet," he was calling all of the men to come help him fight. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) diff --git a/jdg/04/intro.md b/jdg/04/intro.md index fa62dd03ef..8a13c3e6de 100644 --- a/jdg/04/intro.md +++ b/jdg/04/intro.md @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Chapters 4 and 5 form one section about Barak and Deborah. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Barak's leadership +####Barak's leadership At this time, it was very unusual for a woman to be a leader, especially a military leader. Barak lacked the strength to go into battle without Deborah. This indicates that Barak was a poor leader. If a woman won the battle for him, it would have brought Barak shame. It also indicates that Deborah was very well respected. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) diff --git a/jdg/05/intro.md b/jdg/05/intro.md index 8b82800cad..c188ec5279 100644 --- a/jdg/05/intro.md +++ b/jdg/05/intro.md @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ Some translations prefer to set apart quotations, prayers, and songs. The ULB an ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### The flood +####The flood God caused rain and flooding to bog down Jaban's chariots making them vulnerable to soldiers on foot, even though it is not said. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) diff --git a/jdg/06/intro.md b/jdg/06/intro.md index 27f3c3b322..5aa14f1101 100644 --- a/jdg/06/intro.md +++ b/jdg/06/intro.md @@ -4,9 +4,9 @@ This chapter begins a section about Gideon. (Chapters 6-8) -##### Special concepts in this chapter +####Special concepts in this chapter -##### Israel's punishment +####Israel's punishment In Judges, Israel's actions are connected to their obedience to Yahweh. When Israel does evil, they are oppressed. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/oppress]]) ## Links: diff --git a/jdg/07/intro.md b/jdg/07/intro.md index d4ac1c5116..92cf227641 100644 --- a/jdg/07/intro.md +++ b/jdg/07/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ The account of Gideon continues in this chapter. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### God gets all of the credit +####God gets all of the credit God said, "There are too many soldiers for me to give you victory over the Midianites. Make sure that Israel will not boast against me, saying, 'Our own power has saved us.'" By lowering the number of fighting soldiers, it emphasizes that the victory is achieved through God's power. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/glory]]) diff --git a/jdg/08/intro.md b/jdg/08/intro.md index c67128d78f..038c71b338 100644 --- a/jdg/08/intro.md +++ b/jdg/08/intro.md @@ -6,10 +6,10 @@ The account of Gideon concludes in this chapter. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Sukkoth's refusal to help Gideon +####Sukkoth's refusal to help Gideon The men of Sukkoth feared the Midianites more than Gideon. This is why they refused to help Gideon. By allying themselves with the Midianites, they aligned themselves against Yahweh. Because of this, Gideon treated them like he treated the Midianites. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) -##### Gideon refuses to be king +####Gideon refuses to be king Gideon said to them, "I will not rule over you, neither will my son rule over you. Yahweh will rule over you." Although the book of Deuteronomy anticipates a king in Israel, it was sinful for Israel to desire to have a king. He did though take a share of everyone's plunder as a king would have done through taxes. This may serve as a warning to Israel about their desire to have a king. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) diff --git a/jdg/09/intro.md b/jdg/09/intro.md index 43e3ac3915..dffd15fba2 100644 --- a/jdg/09/intro.md +++ b/jdg/09/intro.md @@ -2,13 +2,13 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Jotham's curse +####Jotham's curse Gideon's son, Abimelech, killed all of his brothers except Jotham in order to become king of Shechem. Jotham cursed Abimelech for having murdered Gideon's other sons. "Let fire come out from Abimelech and burn up the men of Shechem and the house of Millo. Let fire come out from the men of Shechem and Beth Millo, to burn up Abimelech." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]]) =##### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Tree metaphor +####Tree metaphor This chapter contains an extended metaphor about trees. This metaphor functions as a parable instructing Israel about their sinful desire to have a king. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) ## Links: diff --git a/jdg/10/intro.md b/jdg/10/intro.md index 66f4cf2e37..39aa08ce3e 100644 --- a/jdg/10/intro.md +++ b/jdg/10/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ This chapter begins the account of Jephthah ([Judges 10-12](./01.md)). ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Israel's punishment +####Israel's punishment In Judges, Israel's actions are connected to their obedience to Yahweh. When Israel does evil, they are oppressed. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/oppress]]) ## Links: diff --git a/jdg/11/intro.md b/jdg/11/intro.md index 04a1b58e98..c8b6f583ee 100644 --- a/jdg/11/intro.md +++ b/jdg/11/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ The account of Jephthah continues in this chapter. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Jephthah the leader +####Jephthah the leader Jephthah was half Israelite and half Canaanite by birth. While all of the judges were called by Yahweh, it is the leaders who called Jephthah to help them, but Yahweh still used Jephthah to help them. ## Links: diff --git a/jdg/12/intro.md b/jdg/12/intro.md index 396c387d41..d41b90b962 100644 --- a/jdg/12/intro.md +++ b/jdg/12/intro.md @@ -4,9 +4,9 @@ The account of Jephthah concludes in this chapter. -##### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +####Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Shibboleth +####Shibboleth This is a word in Hebrew. Its importance in this chapter is because of its sounds, not its meaning. The translator should not translate the meaning of this word, but should transliterate or transfer it into the target language by substituting letters that have the same sounds. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-transliterate]]) ## Links: diff --git a/jdg/13/intro.md b/jdg/13/intro.md index 95d65b4380..054142d9b5 100644 --- a/jdg/13/intro.md +++ b/jdg/13/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ This chapter begins the account of Samson ([Judges 13-16](./01.md)). ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Warning not to cut his hair +####Warning not to cut his hair The angel of the Lord prophesied about Samson and gave instructions to Samson's mother. Samson's mother was to offer up her son under a Nazarite vow. This was a special type of vow, dedicating Samson to Yahweh. Part of this vow prohibited the cutting of the person's hair. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/vow]]) diff --git a/jdg/14/intro.md b/jdg/14/intro.md index 4bab0055fc..8fea344ebf 100644 --- a/jdg/14/intro.md +++ b/jdg/14/intro.md @@ -6,9 +6,9 @@ The account of Samson continues in this chapter. Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 14:14, 18. -##### Special concepts in this chapter +####Special concepts in this chapter -##### Intermarriage +####Intermarriage It was considered sinful for an Israel to marry a Canaanite or anyone from a different people group. This is why Samson's parents did not want him to marry a Philistine woman. They use rhetorical questions to convince him that he is sinning. This woman caused Samson many problems. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) ## Links: diff --git a/jdg/15/intro.md b/jdg/15/intro.md index ca3e454041..a68fdb02e1 100644 --- a/jdg/15/intro.md +++ b/jdg/15/intro.md @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Samson's strength +####Samson's strength The Spirit of Yahweh rushed upon Samson. This meant God gave Samson extraordinary strength. Samson's power is the power of Yahweh himself and he enacted the judgment of God on the Philistines. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holyspirit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]]) diff --git a/jdg/16/intro.md b/jdg/16/intro.md index 9dce6b9ab8..32236458a9 100644 --- a/jdg/16/intro.md +++ b/jdg/16/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ The account of Samson concludes in this chapter. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Samson's mistake +####Samson's mistake Samson mistakenly thought that he was the source of his strength. He did not realize that Yahweh had left him and without Yahweh, he had no strength. This was not Samson's only mistake. His foreign wife created most of his problems. diff --git a/jdg/17/intro.md b/jdg/17/intro.md index d7ca204a82..d15e32fa1a 100644 --- a/jdg/17/intro.md +++ b/jdg/17/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ This chapter begins a section explaining how Israel came to have a king. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Idols and figures +####Idols and figures According to the law of Moses, the Israelites were prohibited from making wooden figures or cast metal idols. This was a form of idolatry. This practice was common in Canaan and it shows the influence the Israelites allowed these people to have on them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]]) diff --git a/jdg/18/intro.md b/jdg/18/intro.md index d12c8b242c..21b06c685a 100644 --- a/jdg/18/intro.md +++ b/jdg/18/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The tribe of Dan +####The tribe of Dan The tribe of Dan lacked faith in Yahweh and had yet to conquer its inheritance. In this chapter, they begin to conquer their land, but they also started to worship an idol. Their conquering of the land is much different than the other tribes' victories. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]]) diff --git a/jdg/19/intro.md b/jdg/19/intro.md index 689d85ff80..bad42ce635 100644 --- a/jdg/19/intro.md +++ b/jdg/19/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The sin of Benjamin +####The sin of Benjamin People from a village of the tribe of Benjamin raped a visitor's wife to death. This was very evil, especially in the ancient Near East. The people of Israel considered mistreatment of a guest one of the worst crimes. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) ## Links: diff --git a/jdg/20/intro.md b/jdg/20/intro.md index 49deaadd69..f5d6f9e57d 100644 --- a/jdg/20/intro.md +++ b/jdg/20/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Benjamin destroyed +####Benjamin destroyed The army of Israel destroys all the tribe of Benjamin except 600 men. After this point in time, the tribe of Benjamin becomes mostly insignificant. diff --git a/jdg/21/intro.md b/jdg/21/intro.md index ce0511d180..342df4c681 100644 --- a/jdg/21/intro.md +++ b/jdg/21/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ This chapter concludes the account of the previous chapter. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Sin and immorality +####Sin and immorality At the end of Judges, there is much sin and immorality. The people are doing wrong and fixing their wrongs by doing more evil things. This period of Judges is typified by this final account and summarized by the statement, "everyone did what was right in his own eyes." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) diff --git a/jer/01/intro.md b/jer/01/intro.md index 798b79f1ee..caf65f12ec 100644 --- a/jer/01/intro.md +++ b/jer/01/intro.md @@ -6,14 +6,14 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Jeremiah appointed as prophet +####Jeremiah appointed as prophet God chose Jeremiah to be his prophet and although many powerful people would be against him, God promised to protect him. This chapter emphasizes that Jeremiah was chosen by God to be his prophet. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/appoint]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/elect]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]]) -##### Northern kingdom +####Northern kingdom This was not a reference to the northern kingdom of Israel; it had already been conquered. It was a reference to a kingdom located north of Judah, that is, to Babylon. The Babylonian armies would attack Judah and conquer it. -##### Opposition +####Opposition The people were supposed to listen to God's prophet. When he prophesied, they should have repented. Instead, they persecuted Jeremiah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]]) ## Links: diff --git a/jer/02/intro.md b/jer/02/intro.md index 1e59bb9c5c..62ed8ff5cc 100644 --- a/jer/02/intro.md +++ b/jer/02/intro.md @@ -8,13 +8,13 @@ The prophecy revealed to Jeremiah is recorded in 2:1-3:5. Despite covering more ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The people refuse to learn +####The people refuse to learn The people worshiped other gods, particularly the fertility gods of Baal and Ashtoreth. Even when the nation was punished, the people did not learn. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphor +####Metaphor Israel is compared to a female camel or a wild donkey for being unstable and lustful. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) diff --git a/jer/03/intro.md b/jer/03/intro.md index 70b35be493..f0a1057f09 100644 --- a/jer/03/intro.md +++ b/jer/03/intro.md @@ -8,11 +8,11 @@ The prophecy revealed to Jeremiah is recorded in 2:1-3:5. Despite covering more ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Judah told to repent +####Judah told to repent If Judah repents, God will bring the people back from the captivity into which he is going to send them. In this book, "Israel" serves as another name Judah because the northern kingdom of Israel no longer exists. The people group formed by these ten tribes had been scattered among the other nations by the Assyrians, who had conquered them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]]) -##### Adultery +####Adultery Judah's faithlessness to God is often pictured as adultery. This is a common image in Scripture. When Judah does not worship God, their nation is spoken of as if it were a woman unfaithful to her husband. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/adultery]]) ## Links: diff --git a/jer/04/intro.md b/jer/04/intro.md index 734d3eab78..650418e648 100644 --- a/jer/04/intro.md +++ b/jer/04/intro.md @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ The prophecy revealed to Jeremiah is recorded in 3:19-4:3. Despite covering more ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's punishment +####Yahweh's punishment This chapter prophecies Yahweh's punishment on Judah. This should bring Judah to repentance, but it does not. It is also intended to make the nations fear the power of Yahweh and make them desire to worship him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fear]]) ## Links: diff --git a/jer/05/intro.md b/jer/05/intro.md index 31d128517a..af51f182dd 100644 --- a/jer/05/intro.md +++ b/jer/05/intro.md @@ -5,10 +5,10 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 5:1-31. ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Hyperbole +####Hyperbole It is possible that Yahweh is using the word "a" (meaning "even one") as hyperbole when he states, "If you can find a man or anyone who is acting justly and trying to act faithfully, then I will forgive Jerusalem." The purpose of this is to show how evil Jerusalem had become. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-hyperbole]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/forgive]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) -##### Rhetorical questions +####Rhetorical questions Yahweh asks several rhetorical questions in this chapter. This is intended to show Jeremiah the justness of his actions. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) ## Links: diff --git a/jer/06/intro.md b/jer/06/intro.md index d11bdf51d1..3e68d14893 100644 --- a/jer/06/intro.md +++ b/jer/06/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Gods and battle +####Gods and battle In the ancient Near East, it was commonly believed that a nation's gods were responsible for military victory. It may have been believed that a god would not defend an evil city. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) ## Links: diff --git a/jer/07/intro.md b/jer/07/intro.md index b0f70f36f2..4c9c494054 100644 --- a/jer/07/intro.md +++ b/jer/07/intro.md @@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ Some translations prefer to set apart quotations. The ULB and many other English ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Justice in society +####Justice in society Jeremiah commanded the people of Jerusalem to live justly. Without justice, they did not truly have faith in Yahweh. Without this faith in Yahweh, the temple and its rituals were useless. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "Do not pray for this people" +####"Do not pray for this people" Yahweh wanted the people to repent. This statement, and the others that follow, may be taken in another way. They are intended to show that it is too late for the people, and their punishment will come regardless of their response. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]]) ## Links: diff --git a/jer/08/intro.md b/jer/08/intro.md index 4c182b56bd..6d9daaeea6 100644 --- a/jer/08/intro.md +++ b/jer/08/intro.md @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ The prophecy revealed to Jeremiah is recorded in 8:5-9:12. Despite covering more ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Hyperbole +####Hyperbole The author frequently uses hyperbole in this chapter to describe the complete destruction of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-hyperbole]]) ## Links: diff --git a/jer/09/intro.md b/jer/09/intro.md index bdc2ea2373..ff827fc715 100644 --- a/jer/09/intro.md +++ b/jer/09/intro.md @@ -8,10 +8,10 @@ The prophecy revealed to Jeremiah is recorded in 8:5-9:12. Despite covering more ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Funeral +####Funeral This chapter pictures Jerusalem as having a funeral with its typical songs. This is an image used to describe their destruction. It is a time of great sadness. -##### Circumcision +####Circumcision Circumcision is used here in an unusual way. Since circumcision was intended to be a display of faith, the author uses the term to differentiate between those who have faith in Yahweh and those who don't. This is a type of metaphor. Those who have a circumcised heart have faith in Yahweh while those with an uncircumcised heart do not have faith in Yahweh, regardless of whether they are physically circumcised. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/circumcise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) ## Links: diff --git a/jer/10/intro.md b/jer/10/intro.md index bac41695b9..f766f36b1d 100644 --- a/jer/10/intro.md +++ b/jer/10/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ The ULB sets the lines in 10:1-25 farther to the right on the page than the rest ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's power +####Yahweh's power This chapter contrasts the great power of Yahweh with the powerlessness of any other false god. It is intended to question why the Jews would worship any other god. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) ## Links: diff --git a/jer/11/intro.md b/jer/11/intro.md index c29dd93244..6bea1c975f 100644 --- a/jer/11/intro.md +++ b/jer/11/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The covenant +####The covenant The covenant Yahweh made with Moses is prominent in this chapter. Because the people disobeyed this covenant, God will not help them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]]) diff --git a/jer/12/intro.md b/jer/12/intro.md index ca9e5ce907..4ae13f987b 100644 --- a/jer/12/intro.md +++ b/jer/12/intro.md @@ -6,11 +6,11 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Jeremiah complains that evil men prosper +####Jeremiah complains that evil men prosper Jeremiah complains that evil men prosper. He questions Yahweh's justice. Yahweh's response: if Jeremiah is upset by the people of Anathoth, how will he face enemies in Jerusalem? (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]]) -##### Yahweh's grace to the other nations +####Yahweh's grace to the other nations Yahweh gives a gracious offer to the Gentile nations. If the other nations who have been against Judah leave their idols and worship God, then God will allow them to return to their lands. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]]) diff --git a/jer/13/intro.md b/jer/13/intro.md index 018b2b31e1..0309a27978 100644 --- a/jer/13/intro.md +++ b/jer/13/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ===Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter === -##### Symbolism +####Symbolism The action of hiding the undergarment was intended to be a symbolic event. It was supposed to get the Jews' attention and be a lesson for them to learn. Jeremiah performed the action, but it was not the action itself that was important. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) diff --git a/jer/14/intro.md b/jer/14/intro.md index 2aec50f0a9..ac325f16e9 100644 --- a/jer/14/intro.md +++ b/jer/14/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### False prophets +####False prophets The false prophets promised there would not be any war or drought. They gave people a false sense of hope, when they needed to repent. Because of this, Yahweh sent a drought and said that the false prophets would die of drought and war. This showed that these were not true prophets of Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/hope]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]]) diff --git a/jer/15/intro.md b/jer/15/intro.md index 20cbc61287..45194adb21 100644 --- a/jer/15/intro.md +++ b/jer/15/intro.md @@ -6,11 +6,11 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Do not pray for the people +####Do not pray for the people God told Jeremiah not to pray for the people because God was punishing them. This was meant to be an illustration for Jeremiah. Jeremiah was not to pray because the punishment was already determined. Yahweh also explains that even the great Moses could not help the sinful Jews. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -##### Yahweh uses Gentile nations +####Yahweh uses Gentile nations Yahweh is going to use the Gentile nations to punish Judah. This would have been very offensive to the Jews. They would have also been surprised to learn that Yahweh was using the Gentile nations to punish his people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) ## Links: diff --git a/jer/16/intro.md b/jer/16/intro.md index 73ea36f8ae..5db1bfa923 100644 --- a/jer/16/intro.md +++ b/jer/16/intro.md @@ -6,11 +6,11 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Coming punishment +####Coming punishment The punishment that is prophesied in this chapter will happen quickly. The author gives many illustrations which describe how quickly this punishment will come. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -##### Israel restored +####Israel restored God will bring his people back from captivity. Even though the punishment of Judah will be great, Yahweh promised a future restoration. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]]) diff --git a/jer/17/intro.md b/jer/17/intro.md index c7c6880f2a..ca40c7d38f 100644 --- a/jer/17/intro.md +++ b/jer/17/intro.md @@ -6,13 +6,13 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Trusting God or humans +####Trusting God or humans Trust is an important part of this chapter. Those who trust in human wisdom will not prosper. Those who trust in God will have all of their needs met. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Simile +####Simile The person who depends on the power of other people is compared to a bush in the desert which always has to struggle for life. But the person who trusts in God is like a tree growing by a stream and has all his needs supplied. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-simile]]) diff --git a/jer/18/intro.md b/jer/18/intro.md index 6500528adf..6fd1bcc62f 100644 --- a/jer/18/intro.md +++ b/jer/18/intro.md @@ -5,12 +5,12 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 18:13-17, 19-23. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Attacking Jeremiah +####Attacking Jeremiah Things were so bad in Judah, they even attacked Jeremiah. To attack Yahweh's prophet was to attack Yahweh himself. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Simile +####Simile Like a potter can change what he is making from one type of pot to another, God can change his plans and not punish people if they repent. The image of God as a potter and mankind as clay is an important one in Scripture. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-simile]]) diff --git a/jer/19/intro.md b/jer/19/intro.md index 51aacccf3a..40c584294d 100644 --- a/jer/19/intro.md +++ b/jer/19/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### People horrified +####People horrified The destruction of Jerusalem will be so complete that it will leave dead bodies everywhere and horrify people who see it. diff --git a/jer/20/intro.md b/jer/20/intro.md index 03fe8d8deb..db3f514aad 100644 --- a/jer/20/intro.md +++ b/jer/20/intro.md @@ -6,10 +6,10 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Pashhur +####Pashhur This chapter prophesied punishment against a specific leader named Pashhur. He was in charge of protecting the temple and had Jeremiah beaten and arrested. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) -##### Different Reactions to Suffering +####Different Reactions to Suffering Jeremiah and the Jews reacted differently to suffering. Jeremiah told the Jews that God said that he would punish them and they would suffer, so the Jews became angry and were cruel to Jeremiah. Jeremiah suffered when they were cruel to him, and he complained to God about it. However, Jeremiah also praised God for always being with him, and he trusted that God would punish the people who had harmed him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) ## Links: diff --git a/jer/21/intro.md b/jer/21/intro.md index 6e41ed0025..c9fa52646b 100644 --- a/jer/21/intro.md +++ b/jer/21/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Jerusalem doomed +####Jerusalem doomed God will fight against Jerusalem and will use the nation of Babylon to fight his battle. If the Jews wanted to live, they needed to surrender to Babylon. Most of the Jews would have rather died than to surrender to Babylon. Usually, fighting against a Gentile nation was a sign of trust in Yahweh's power. In this instance, it was a sign of trust in Yahweh to surrender. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sign]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) diff --git a/jer/22/intro.md b/jer/22/intro.md index 97b4f3218b..d645e71ff7 100644 --- a/jer/22/intro.md +++ b/jer/22/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Luxury and oppression +####Luxury and oppression Because the king lived in luxury and oppressed the poor, God was sending him and his mother into captivity unless he repented. The king lacked justice. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/oppress]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]]) diff --git a/jer/23/intro.md b/jer/23/intro.md index cb81cfd560..1d91d26a7a 100644 --- a/jer/23/intro.md +++ b/jer/23/intro.md @@ -6,13 +6,13 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Prophesying lies +####Prophesying lies The false prophets had encouraged people to continue sinning by saying everything will be alright. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Wordplay +####Wordplay In Hebrew, the word for "message" can also mean "burden." In translations that are using footnotes, you may want to explain the wordplay in a footnote. In translations that are not using footnotes or which will primarily be distributed in an oral form, you may need a sentence like "What message has the Lord burdened you with now?" or "You (plural) call God's message a heavy burden on you." diff --git a/jer/24/intro.md b/jer/24/intro.md index e22b515747..a0d8f14300 100644 --- a/jer/24/intro.md +++ b/jer/24/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The exiles are blessed and the others punished +####The exiles are blessed and the others punished God will bless the people who were taken away into Babylon but punish the people left in the land because they still did not repent and turn to him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]]) diff --git a/jer/25/intro.md b/jer/25/intro.md index b24c0102d2..6023d62a05 100644 --- a/jer/25/intro.md +++ b/jer/25/intro.md @@ -6,13 +6,13 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Seventy years +####Seventy years Babylon will rule over Judah for seventy years. Because Yahweh is just, he will soon punish Babylon for their evil actions. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Idiom +####Idiom Jeremiah uses the idiom of drinking the cup of wine of God's punishment to say that Babylon will destroy all the surrounding nations and then be destroyed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom]]) diff --git a/jer/26/intro.md b/jer/26/intro.md index 551f5dac3c..4d404fbbd3 100644 --- a/jer/26/intro.md +++ b/jer/26/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The people want to kill Jeremiah +####The people want to kill Jeremiah The people wanted to kill Jeremiah but other people intervened and said that they should listen to Jeremiah and repent. They represent the remnant of the faithful Jews. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/remnant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]]) diff --git a/jer/27/intro.md b/jer/27/intro.md index a96c641f60..eecaf0f13b 100644 --- a/jer/27/intro.md +++ b/jer/27/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The nations should serve Babylon +####The nations should serve Babylon Jeremiah told the king of Judah, and all the surrounding nations, to serve the Babylonians and live in their land. If they refused, Babylon would take them as captives to another land. diff --git a/jer/28/intro.md b/jer/28/intro.md index b2201e596e..ba664f4679 100644 --- a/jer/28/intro.md +++ b/jer/28/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### False prophecies continue +####False prophecies continue A false prophet prophesied that the captives would return from Babylon with all the temple vessels. Jeremiah told the false prophet that he would die that year for prophesying lies, and he did die. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) diff --git a/jer/29/intro.md b/jer/29/intro.md index 7b2b56d0e1..5d02f311c7 100644 --- a/jer/29/intro.md +++ b/jer/29/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Two letters +####Two letters Jeremiah sent a letter to Babylon telling the exiles to prepare for a long stay. A false prophet in Babylon wrote back to the chief priest telling him to punish Jeremiah. Even though Jeremiah had prophesied the exile, the Jews still did not believe him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]]) diff --git a/jer/30/intro.md b/jer/30/intro.md index 146e5ae5b4..e19ac29674 100644 --- a/jer/30/intro.md +++ b/jer/30/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### God promises restoration +####God promises restoration Despite the prophesied punishment in this chapter, Yahweh promises to restore Judah. In addition to this, he also declares that he will ultimately restore Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]]) diff --git a/jer/31/intro.md b/jer/31/intro.md index cbb40d9daa..9d47b80326 100644 --- a/jer/31/intro.md +++ b/jer/31/intro.md @@ -9,13 +9,13 @@ The ULB sets 31:29 farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text be This chapter begins with a transition from the previous chapter. "At that time" is a reference to the day of restoration mentioned in [Jeremiah 30:24](../../jer/30/24.md). (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]]) ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The new covenant +####The new covenant This chapter is an important teaching regarding the new covenant. God will make a new covenant that will bring forgiveness of sins and a desire to obey God. Scholars disagree about whether this new covenant has begun. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/forgive]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Israel +####Israel In this chapter, Jeremiah uses the term "Israel" in reference to the nation of Israel as a whole. He also uses it in reference to the northern kingdom of Israel and their people group. ## Links: diff --git a/jer/32/intro.md b/jer/32/intro.md index d10659ad4b..6acb5ce502 100644 --- a/jer/32/intro.md +++ b/jer/32/intro.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ The king should have listened to the prophet Jeremiah and repented of his sin. Instead, he objected to his message. Yahweh punished him because of this. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Israel +####Israel The term "Israel" is used exclusively in reference to the nation of Israel as a whole in this chapter. ## Links: diff --git a/jer/33/intro.md b/jer/33/intro.md index fd0117bfbe..1940c8ab25 100644 --- a/jer/33/intro.md +++ b/jer/33/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Structure and formatting -##### Covenant faithfulness +####Covenant faithfulness Despite the great punishment Judah is facing and Israel has undergone, there is hope. This hope is based in the covenant faithfulness of Yahweh. Ultimately, he will restore his people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenantfaith]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/hope]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]]) ## Links: diff --git a/jer/34/intro.md b/jer/34/intro.md index 7c3d4c541a..193b986596 100644 --- a/jer/34/intro.md +++ b/jer/34/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # Jeremiah 34 General Notes ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Law of Moses +####Law of Moses According to the law of Moses, the people were required to free their indebted slaves after a period of time. The king led them in freeing their fellow Israelites whom they held as slaves, but later they changed their minds and enslaved them again. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Actions with cultural meaning +####Actions with cultural meaning When the people of Israel made a sacred promise to God, they cut a calf in two and passed between its parts. It was a very serious sin not to do what one had promised. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) diff --git a/jer/35/intro.md b/jer/35/intro.md index 99d3059959..e102ee6bea 100644 --- a/jer/35/intro.md +++ b/jer/35/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The Rechabites +####The Rechabites The actions of the Rechabites contrasted with the actions of the Jews. The Rechabites obeyed the commands their ancestor had give while living in Canaan, but Judah did not obey Yahweh's commands. Because the Rechabites were obedient, Yahweh preserved their clan. The Rechabites' history is found in the book of Judges. diff --git a/jer/36/intro.md b/jer/36/intro.md index f84e479531..88eb87cc32 100644 --- a/jer/36/intro.md +++ b/jer/36/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Opposition to Jeremiah +####Opposition to Jeremiah Jeremiah wrote God's prophesies on a scroll but the king burned it. It is possible that this action was intended to be understood as representing the definitiveness of these prophecies. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) diff --git a/jer/37/intro.md b/jer/37/intro.md index 158661e1b6..844b1495a1 100644 --- a/jer/37/intro.md +++ b/jer/37/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Ironic situation +####Ironic situation Jeremiah was thrown into prison and beaten for prophesying the word of God. Then the king asked him, "Is there any word from Yahweh?" This is a type of irony. The king simply did not agree with God's original word. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wordofgod]]) diff --git a/jer/38/intro.md b/jer/38/intro.md index 3462647464..6d69709e06 100644 --- a/jer/38/intro.md +++ b/jer/38/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Surrender and live +####Surrender and live If the king obeyed God and surrendered to the Babylonians, he would be allowed to live and the city would not be burned. But if he refused, he would be captured and the city burned. This took faith that Yahweh was using this ungodly, Gentile nation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]]) diff --git a/jer/40/intro.md b/jer/40/intro.md index efd1db5dcb..cfc9a4495a 100644 --- a/jer/40/intro.md +++ b/jer/40/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Structure and formatting -##### Peace in Judah +####Peace in Judah After Babylon conquered Jerusalem, this chapter reveals an unfolding peace in the area. Ammon, who was supposed to be Judah's ally against Babylon, probably sought to distract Babylon from attacking them by ruining the peace in the region of Judah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reveal]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) diff --git a/jer/41/intro.md b/jer/41/intro.md index 6381840ca2..05aababa1a 100644 --- a/jer/41/intro.md +++ b/jer/41/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Life in Judah +####Life in Judah This chapter explains what life was like in Judah after the Babylonian conquest. It was a difficult and dangerous time, but some of the faithful remained in the Promised Land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]]) ## Links: diff --git a/jer/42/intro.md b/jer/42/intro.md index c88987b03a..1a67f30caf 100644 --- a/jer/42/intro.md +++ b/jer/42/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Life in Babylon +####Life in Babylon The remaining army commanders, who scattered after the Babylonian victory, asked Jeremiah to ask Yahweh about where they should go. Yahweh encouraged them to go to Babylon because they would soon return to the Promised Land. They would be punished if they went to Egypt or anywhere else. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]]) ## Links: diff --git a/jer/43/intro.md b/jer/43/intro.md index 7b34167b58..d464bc3c6f 100644 --- a/jer/43/intro.md +++ b/jer/43/intro.md @@ -2,15 +2,15 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### They did not believe Jeremiah +####They did not believe Jeremiah After Jeremiah prophesied the destruction of Judah, the people did not believe him. Judah was conquered and destroyed. Even after this, the people did not believe they would be safe in Babylon as Jeremiah prophesied. This is shocking. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]]) -##### Babylon invades Egypt +####Babylon invades Egypt Babylon is described as invading part of Egypt. This would have been unthinkable for the people. It would have gotten their attention. ### Other possible translation issues in this chapter -##### Symbolic actions +####Symbolic actions Jeremiah's burial of the stones was intended to be a symbolic action for the people. This was supposed to teach the people a lesson. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) ## Links: diff --git a/jer/44/intro.md b/jer/44/intro.md index 4f7e60b8cf..f1bdc5b2b5 100644 --- a/jer/44/intro.md +++ b/jer/44/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Idiom +####Idiom The people called Ashtoreth the goddess of the Canaanites, "the queen of heaven." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) diff --git a/jer/46/intro.md b/jer/46/intro.md index c7c5be104a..8c46639231 100644 --- a/jer/46/intro.md +++ b/jer/46/intro.md @@ -7,12 +7,12 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s This begins a section where Jeremiah prophesies about other nations. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Justice +####Justice Much of Jeremiah is concerned with Yahweh's punishment of Judah. Yahweh used Egypt to punish Judah. Because Yahweh is just, he is going to punish Egypt for their evil deeds as well. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/works]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Battle preparations +####Battle preparations Jeremiah commands the Egyptian army to prepare for battle, even though they will not be able to defend themselves. Their punishment has already been determined by Yahweh. ## Links: diff --git a/jer/47/intro.md b/jer/47/intro.md index 726dd41966..83ffe117d2 100644 --- a/jer/47/intro.md +++ b/jer/47/intro.md @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ Jeremiah's prophesies about other nations continue in this chapter. (See: [[rc:/ ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Flood waters +####Flood waters This chapter uses the imagery of a flood to describe the enemies who conquer the Philistines. Their destruction will be swift and complete. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) ## Links: diff --git a/jer/48/intro.md b/jer/48/intro.md index c731fe2dff..523d56e81d 100644 --- a/jer/48/intro.md +++ b/jer/48/intro.md @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ Jeremiah's prophesies about other nations continue in this chapter. (See: [[rc:/ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Obeying Yahweh +####Obeying Yahweh Moab worshiped and served other gods. Despite this, Yahweh expected every nation to worship and serve him and him alone. They were punished because of it. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) diff --git a/jer/49/intro.md b/jer/49/intro.md index e3f5d6bb89..72450c349f 100644 --- a/jer/49/intro.md +++ b/jer/49/intro.md @@ -7,11 +7,11 @@ The ULB sets the lines in 49:1-11, 14-27, 29-33, 37-39 farther to the right on t Jeremiah's prophesies about other nations conclude in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Covenant with Abraham +####Covenant with Abraham Ammon is destroyed because it drove the people of the tribe of Gad from their homeland. This is in line with the promises of the covenant Yahweh made with Abraham to curse those who curse Abraham's descendants. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical questions +####Rhetorical questions There are many rhetorical questions in this chapter. The purpose of these rhetorical questions is to convict those Yahweh addresses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) ## Links: diff --git a/jer/50/intro.md b/jer/50/intro.md index 36fe0c4b96..0b066a7d0f 100644 --- a/jer/50/intro.md +++ b/jer/50/intro.md @@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Babylon destroyed +####Babylon destroyed Babylon will be conquered and the Jews will return to their homeland. At this time, Babylon controlled almost the entire Near East. The fulfillment of this prophecy would have been unthinkable. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Israel +####Israel The author sometimes uses the term "Israel" to refer to the people of the old northern kingdom of Israel, and at other times to the nation of Israel as a whole. He switches between these uses several times without warning the reader. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) ## Links: diff --git a/jer/51/intro.md b/jer/51/intro.md index a4b91edaaf..05d1af7214 100644 --- a/jer/51/intro.md +++ b/jer/51/intro.md @@ -7,11 +7,11 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s The prophesied destruction of Babylon continues in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Babylon destroyed +####Babylon destroyed Babylon will be conquered and the Jews will return to their homeland. At this time, Babylon controlled almost the entire Near East. The fulfillment of this prophecy would have been unthinkable. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]]) -##### Covenant with Abraham +####Covenant with Abraham Babylon is destroyed because it drove the people of Judah from their homeland. This is in line with the promises of the covenant Yahweh made with Abraham to curse those who curse Abraham's descendants. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]]) ## Links: diff --git a/jhn/01/intro.md b/jhn/01/intro.md index 26b044c58d..35bf505b24 100644 --- a/jhn/01/intro.md +++ b/jhn/01/intro.md @@ -6,31 +6,31 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "The Word" +####"The Word" John uses the phrase "the Word" to refer to Jesus ([John 1:1, 14](./01.md)). John is saying that God's most important message to all people is actually Jesus, a person with a physical body. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wordofgod]]) -##### Light and darkness +####Light and darkness The Bible often speaks of unrighteous people, people who do not do what pleases God, as if they were walking around in darkness. It speaks of light as if it were what enables those sinful people to become righteous, to understand what they are doing wrong and begin to obey God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -##### "Children of God" +####"Children of God" When people believe in Jesus, they go from being "children of wrath" to "children of God." They are adopted into the "family of God." This is an important image that is used many times in the New Testament. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/adoption]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphors +####Metaphors John uses the metaphors of light and darkness and of the Word to tell the reader that he will be writing more about good and evil and about what God wants to tell people through Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "In the beginning" +####"In the beginning" Some languages and cultures speak of the world as if it has always existed, as if it had no beginning. But "very long ago" is different from "in the beginning," and you need to be sure that your translation communicates correctly. -##### "Son of Man" +####"Son of Man" Jesus refers to himself as the "Son of Man" in this chapter ([John 1:51](../../jhn/01/51.md)). Your language may not allow people to speak of themselves as if they were speaking about someone else. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sonofman]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-123person]]) diff --git a/jhn/02/intro.md b/jhn/02/intro.md index 2345033114..1f4462ee29 100644 --- a/jhn/02/intro.md +++ b/jhn/02/intro.md @@ -2,21 +2,21 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Wine +####Wine The Jews drank wine at many meals and especially when they were celebrating special events. They did not believe that it was a sin to drink wine. -##### Driving out the money changers +####Driving out the money changers When Jesus drove the money changers out of the temple, he showed that he had authority over the temple and over all of Israel. -##### "He knew what was in man" +####"He knew what was in man" Jesus knew what other people were thinking only because he was and is the Son of Man and the Son of God. ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "His disciples remembered" +####"His disciples remembered" John used this phrase to stop telling the main history and to tell about something that happened much later. It was right after he scolded the pigeon sellers ([John 2:16](../../jhn/02/16.md)) that the Jewish authorities spoke to him. It was after Jesus became alive again that his disciples remembered what the prophet had written long before and that Jesus had talkid about the temple of his body ([John 2:17](../../jhn/02/17.md) and [John 2:22](../../jhn/02/22.md)). diff --git a/jhn/03/intro.md b/jhn/03/intro.md index 4d50c472bc..99cba14705 100644 --- a/jhn/03/intro.md +++ b/jhn/03/intro.md @@ -2,13 +2,13 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Light and darkness +####Light and darkness The Bible often speaks of unrighteous people, people who do not do what pleases God, as if they were walking around in darkness. It speaks of light as if it were what enables those sinful people to become righteous, to understand what they are doing wrong and begin to obey God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) ### Possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "Son of Man" +####"Son of Man" Jesus refers to himself as the "Son of Man" in this chapter ([John 3:13](../../jhn/03/13.md)). Your language may not allow people to speak of themselves as if they were speaking about someone else. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sonofman]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-123person]]) diff --git a/jhn/04/intro.md b/jhn/04/intro.md index e40e725c11..974d4dd117 100644 --- a/jhn/04/intro.md +++ b/jhn/04/intro.md @@ -6,29 +6,29 @@ John 4:4-38 forms one story centered on the teaching of Jesus as the "living wat ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "It was necessary for him to pass through Samaria" +####"It was necessary for him to pass through Samaria" Jews avoided traveling through the region of Samaria because the Samaritans were descendants of ungodly people. So Jesus had to do what most Jews did not want to do. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/names/kingdomofisrael]]) -##### "The hour is coming" +####"The hour is coming" Jesus used these words to begin prophecies about times that could be shorter or longer than sixty minutes. "The hour" in which true worshipers will worship in spirit and truth is longer than sixty minutes. -##### The proper place of worship +####The proper place of worship Long before Jesus lived, the Samaritan people had broken the law of Moses by setting up a false temple in their land ([John 4:20](../../jhn/04/20.md)). Jesus explained to the woman that it was no longer important where people worshiped ([John 4:21-24](./21.md)). -##### Harvest +####Harvest Harvest is when people go out to get the food they have planted so they can bring it to their houses and eat it. Jesus used this as a metaphor to teach his followers that they need to go and tell other people about Jesus so those people can be part of God's kingdom. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) -##### "The Samaritan woman" +####"The Samaritan woman" John probably told this story to show the difference between the Samaritan woman, who believed, and the Jews, who did not believe and later killed Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "In spirit and truth" +####"In spirit and truth" The people who truly know who God is and enjoy worshiping him and love him for who he is are the ones who truly please him. Where they worship is not important. diff --git a/jhn/05/intro.md b/jhn/05/intro.md index aed04c2def..6f3f216851 100644 --- a/jhn/05/intro.md +++ b/jhn/05/intro.md @@ -2,21 +2,21 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Healing water +####Healing water Many of the Jews believed that God would heal people who got into some of the pools in Jerusalem when the waters were "stirred up." -##### Testimony +####Testimony Testimony is what one person says about another person. What a person says about himself is not as important as what other people say about that person. Jesus told the Jews that God had told them who Jesus was, so he did not need to tell them who he was. This was because God had told the writers of the Old Testament what his Messiah would do, and Jesus had done everything they had written that he would do. -##### The resurrection of life and the resurrection of judgment +####The resurrection of life and the resurrection of judgment God will make some people alive again and because he gives them his grace, they will live with him forever. But he will make some people alive again and because he will treat them justly, they will live apart from him forever. ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### The Son, the Son of God, and the Son of Man +####The Son, the Son of God, and the Son of Man Jesus refers to himself in this chapter as the "Son" ([John 5:19](../../jhn/05/19.md)), the "Son of God" ([John 5:25](../../jhn/05/25.md)), and the "Son of Man" ([John 5:27](../../jhn/05/27.md)). Your language may not allow people to speak of themselves as if they were speaking about someone else. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sonofman]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-123person]]) diff --git a/jhn/06/intro.md b/jhn/06/intro.md index b22ad21ac4..de7694b048 100644 --- a/jhn/06/intro.md +++ b/jhn/06/intro.md @@ -2,26 +2,26 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### King +####King The king of any nation was the richest and most powerful person in that nation. The people wanted Jesus to be their king because he gave them food and so they thought he would make the Jews into the richest and most powerful nation in the world. They did not understand that Jesus came to die so God could forgive his people's sins and that the world would persecute his people. ### Important metaphors in this chapter -##### Bread +####Bread Bread was the most common and important food in Jesus's day, and so the word "bread" was their general word for "food." It is often difficult to translate the word "bread" into the languages of people who do not eat bread because the general word for food in some languages refers to food that did not exist in Jesus's culture. Jesus used the word "bread" to refer to himself. He wanted them to understand that they need him so they can have eternal life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-synecdoche]]) -##### Eating the flesh and drinking the blood +####Eating the flesh and drinking the blood When Jesus said, "Unless you eat the flesh of the Son of Man and drink his blood, you will not have life in yourselves," he knew that before he died he would tell his followers to do this by eating bread and drinking wine. In the event this chapter describes, he expected that his hearers would understand that he was using a metaphor but would not understand what the metaphor referred to. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/flesh]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/blood]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Parenthetical Ideas +####Parenthetical Ideas Several times in this passage, John explains something or gives the reader some context to better understand the story. These explanation are intended to give the reader some additional knowledge without interrupting the flow of the narrative. The information is placed inside parentheses. -##### "Son of Man" +####"Son of Man" Jesus refers to himself as the "Son of Man" in this chapter ([John 6;26](./26.md)). Your language may not allow people to speak of themselves as if they were speaking about someone else. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sonofman]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-123person]]) diff --git a/jhn/07/intro.md b/jhn/07/intro.md index 0ec9eba110..297a0de154 100644 --- a/jhn/07/intro.md +++ b/jhn/07/intro.md @@ -8,26 +8,26 @@ Translators may wish to include a note at verse 53 to explain to the reader why ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "My time has not yet come" +####"My time has not yet come" This phrase and "his hour had not yet come" are used in this chapter to indicate that Jesus is in control of the events unfolding in his life. -##### "Living water" +####"Living water" This is an important image used in the New Testament. It is a metaphor. Because this metaphor is given in a desert environment, it probably emphasizes that Jesus is able to give life sustaining nourishment. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Prophecy +####Prophecy Jesus gives a prophecy about his life without an explicit statement in [John 7:33-34](./33.md). -##### Irony +####Irony Nicodemus explains to the other Pharisees that the Law requires him to hear directly from a person before making a judgment about them. The Pharisees in turn made a judgment about Jesus without speaking to Jesus. ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "Did not believe in him" +####"Did not believe in him" Jesus's brothers did not believe Jesus was the Messiah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]]) -##### "The Jews" +####"The Jews" This term is used in two different ways in this passage. It is used specifically in reference to the Jewish leaders who were trying to kill him ([John 7:1](../../jhn/07/01.md)). It is also used in reference to the people of Judea in general who had a positive opinion of Jesus ([John 7:13](../../jhn/07/13.md)). The translator may wish to use the terms "Jewish leaders" and "Jewish people" or "Jews (leaders)" and "Jews (in general)." ## Links: diff --git a/jhn/08/intro.md b/jhn/08/intro.md index 18e787d0f4..74e40a7b5f 100644 --- a/jhn/08/intro.md +++ b/jhn/08/intro.md @@ -6,21 +6,21 @@ Translators may wish to include a note at verse 1 to explain to the reader why t ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### A light and darkness +####A light and darkness The Bible often speaks of unrighteous people, people who do not do what pleases God, as if they were walking around in darkness. It speaks of light as if it were what enables those sinful people to become righteous, to understand what they are doing wrong and begin to obey God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/light]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/darkness]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -##### I AM +####I AM John records Jesus as saying these words four times in this book, three times in this chapter. They stand alone as a complete sentence, and they literally translate the Hebrew word for "I AM," by which Yahweh identified himself to Moses. For these reasons, many people believe that when Jesus said these words he was claiming to be Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/yahweh]]). -##### The Scribes and Pharisees' trap +####The Scribes and Pharisees' trap The Scribes and Pharisees wanted to trick Jesus. They wanted him to say either that they should keep the law of Moses by killing a woman whom they had found committing adultery or that they should disobey the law of Moses and forgive her sin. Jesus knew that they were trying to trick him and that they did not really want to keep the law of Moses. He knew this because the law said that both the woman and the man should die, but they did not bring the man to Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/adultery]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "Son of Man" +####"Son of Man" Jesus refers to himself as the "Son of Man" in this chapter ([John 8:28](../../jhn/08/28.md)). Your language may not allow people to speak of themselves as if they were speaking about someone else. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sonofman]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-123person]]) diff --git a/jhn/09/intro.md b/jhn/09/intro.md index 1850e001a1..da530fe01f 100644 --- a/jhn/09/intro.md +++ b/jhn/09/intro.md @@ -2,27 +2,27 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "Who sinned?" +####"Who sinned?" Many of the Jews of Jesus's time believed that if a person was blind or deaf or crippled, it was because he or his parents or someone in his family had sinned. This was not the teaching of the law of Moses. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]]) -##### "He does not keep the Sabbath" +####"He does not keep the Sabbath" The Pharisees thought that Jesus was working, and so breaking the Sabbath, by making mud. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sabbath]]) ### Important metaphors in this chapter -##### Light and darkness +####Light and darkness The Bible often speaks of unrighteous people, people who do not do what pleases God, as if they were walking around in darkness. It speaks of light as if it were what enables those sinful people to become righteous, to understand what they are doing wrong and begin to obey God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -##### Seeing and being blind +####Seeing and being blind Jesus calls the Pharisees blind because they see that Jesus is able to heal blind people but they still do not believe that God sent him ([John 9:39-40](./39.md)). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "Son of Man" +####"Son of Man" Jesus refers to himself as the "Son of Man" in this chapter ([John 9:35](../../jhn/09/35.md)). Your language may not allow people to speak of themselves as if they were speaking about someone else. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sonofman]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-123person]]) diff --git a/jhn/10/intro.md b/jhn/10/intro.md index 9ae5105354..364bf73fab 100644 --- a/jhn/10/intro.md +++ b/jhn/10/intro.md @@ -2,21 +2,21 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Blasphemy +####Blasphemy When a person claims that he is God or that God has told him to speak when God has not told him to speak, this is called blasphemy. The law of Moses commanded the Israelites to kill blasphemers by stoning them to death. When Jesus said, "I and the Father are one," the Jews thought he was blaspheming, so they took up stones to kill him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/blasphemy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]]) ### Important metaphors in this chapter -##### Sheep +####Sheep Jesus spoke of people as sheep because sheep do not see well, they do not think well, they often walk away from those who care for them, and they cannot defend themselves when other animals attack them. God's people also rebel against him and do not know when they are doing wrong. -##### Sheep pen +####Sheep pen A sheep pen was a space with a stone wall around it in which shepherds would keep their sheep. Once they were inside the sheep pen, the sheep could not run away, and animals and thieves could not easily get inside to kill or steal them. -##### Laying down and taking up life +####Laying down and taking up life Jesus speaks of his life as if it were a physical object that he could lay down on the ground, a metaphor for dying, or pick up again, a metaphor for becoming alive again. diff --git a/jhn/11/intro.md b/jhn/11/intro.md index 30cf53cc7f..2ba3e1e60c 100644 --- a/jhn/11/intro.md +++ b/jhn/11/intro.md @@ -2,21 +2,21 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Light and darkness +####Light and darkness The Bible often speaks of unrighteous people, people who do not do what pleases God, as if they were walking around in darkness. It speaks of light as if it were what enables those sinful people to become righteous, to understand what they are doing wrong and begin to obey God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -##### Passover +####Passover After Jesus made Lazarus become alive again, the Jewish leaders were trying hard to kill him, so he started traveling from place to place in secret. Now the Pharisees knew that he would probably come to Jerusalem for the Passover because God had commanded all Jewish men to celebrate the Passover in Jerusalem, so they planned to catch him and kill him then. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/passover]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### "One man dies for the people" +####"One man dies for the people" The law of Moses commanded the priests to kill animals so that God would forgive the people's sins. The high priest Caiaphas said, "It is better for you that one man dies for the people than that the whole nation perishes" ([John 11:50](../../jhn/11/50.md)). He said this because he loved his "place" and "nation" ([John 11:48](../../jhn/11/48.md)) more than he loved the God who had made Lazarus become alive again. He wanted Jesus to die so that the Romans would not destroy the temple and Jerusalem, but God wanted Jesus to die so that he could forgive all of his people's sins. -##### Condition that is contrary to fact +####Condition that is contrary to fact When Martha said, "If you had been here, my brother would not have died," she was speaking of a situation that could have happened but did not happen. Jesus had not come sooner, and her brother died. diff --git a/jhn/12/intro.md b/jhn/12/intro.md index 15e61c4f3d..170d4b1c07 100644 --- a/jhn/12/intro.md +++ b/jhn/12/intro.md @@ -8,29 +8,29 @@ Verse 16 is a commentary on these events. It is possible to put this entire vers ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Mary anointed Jesus's feet +####Mary anointed Jesus's feet The Jews would put oil on a person's head to make that person feel welcome and comfortable. They would also put oil on a person's body after the person had died but before they buried the body. But they would never think to put oil on a person's feet, because they thought that feet were dirty. -##### The donkey and the colt +####The donkey and the colt Jesus rode into Jerusalem on an animal. In this way he was like a king who came into a city after he had won an important battle. Also, the kings of Israel in the Old Testament rode on a donkeys. Other kings rode on horses. So Jesus was showing that he was the king of Israel and that he was not like other kings. Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John all wrote about this event. Matthew and Mark wrote that the disciples brought Jesus a donkey. John wrote that Jesus found a donkey. Luke wrote that they brought him a colt. Only Matthew wrote that there were both a donkey had a colt. No one knows for sure whether Jesus rode the donkey or the colt. It is best to translate each of these accounts as it appears in the ULB without trying to make them all say exactly the same thing. (See: [Matthew 21:1-7](../../mat/21/01.md) and [Mark 11:1-7](../../mrk/11/01.md) and [Luke 19:29-36](../../luk/19/29.md) and [John 12:14-15](../../jhn/12/14.md)) -##### Glory +####Glory Scripture often speaks of God's glory as a great, brilliant light. When people see this light, they are afraid. In this chapter John says that the glory of Jesus is his resurrection ([John 12:16](../../jhn/12/16.md)). ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### The metaphors of light and darkness +####The metaphors of light and darkness The Bible often speaks of unrighteous people, people who do not do what pleases God, as if they were walking around in darkness. It speaks of light as if it were what enables those sinful people to become righteous, to understand what they are doing wrong and begin to obey God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Paradox +####Paradox A paradox is a true statement that appears to describe something impossible. A paradox occurs in 12:25: "He who loves his life will lose it; but he who hates his life in this world will keep it for eternal life." But in 12:26 Jesus explains what it means to keep one's life for eternal life. ([John 12:25-26](./25.md)). diff --git a/jhn/13/intro.md b/jhn/13/intro.md index cb4ccec9da..f0d38729b1 100644 --- a/jhn/13/intro.md +++ b/jhn/13/intro.md @@ -6,17 +6,17 @@ The events of this chapter are commonly referred to as the last supper or the Lo ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The washing of feet +####The washing of feet People in the ancient Near East thought that feet were very dirty. Only servants would wash people's feet. The disciples did not want Jesus to wash their feet because they considered him their master and themselves his servants, but he wanted to show them that they needed to serve each other. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-symaction]]) -##### I AM +####I AM John records Jesus as saying these words four times in this book, once in this chapter. They stand alone as a complete sentence, and they literally translate the Hebrew word for "I AM," by which Yahweh identified himself to Moses. For these reasons, many people believe that when Jesus said these words he was claiming to be Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/yahweh]]). ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "Son of Man" +####"Son of Man" Jesus refers to himself as the "Son of Man" in this chapter ([John 13:31](../../jhn/13/31.md)). Your language may not allow people to speak of themselves as if they were speaking about someone else. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sonofman]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-123person]]) diff --git a/jhn/14/intro.md b/jhn/14/intro.md index 28c7babf63..e98784640c 100644 --- a/jhn/14/intro.md +++ b/jhn/14/intro.md @@ -2,11 +2,11 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "My Father's house" +####"My Father's house" Jesus used these words to speak of heaven, where God lives, not of the temple. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]]) -##### The Holy Spirit +####The Holy Spirit Jesus told his disciples that he would send the Holy Spirit to them. The Holy Spirit is the Comforter ([John 14:16](../../jhn/14/16.md)) who is always with God's people to help them and to speak to God for them. He is also the Spirit of truth ([John 14:17](../../jhn/14/17.md)) who tells God's people what is true about God so they know him better and serve him well. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holyspirit]]) diff --git a/jhn/15/intro.md b/jhn/15/intro.md index 332c2462b8..66988bf8a8 100644 --- a/jhn/15/intro.md +++ b/jhn/15/intro.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Vine +####Vine Jesus used the vine as a metaphor for himself. This is because the vine of the grape plant is what takes water and minerals from the ground to the leaves and grapes. Without the vine, the grapes and leaves die. He wanted his followers to know that unless they loved and obeyed him, they would be unable to do anything that pleased God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) diff --git a/jhn/16/intro.md b/jhn/16/intro.md index 4b44b24e29..a1df8e0229 100644 --- a/jhn/16/intro.md +++ b/jhn/16/intro.md @@ -2,17 +2,17 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The Holy Spirit +####The Holy Spirit Jesus told his disciples that he would send the Holy Spirit to them. The Holy Spirit is the Comforter ([John 16:7](../../jhn/16/07.md)) who is always with God's people to help them and to speak to God for them. He is also the Spirit of truth ([John 16:13](../../jhn/16/13.md)) who tells God's people what is true about God so they know him better and serve him well. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holyspirit]]) -##### "The hour is coming" +####"The hour is coming" Jesus used these words to begin prophecies about times that could be shorter or longer than sixty minutes. "The hour" in which people would persecute his followers ([John 16:2](../../jhn/16/02.md)) was days, weeks, and years long, but "the hour" in which his disciples would scatter and leave him alone ([John 16:32](../../jhn/16/32.md)) was less than sixty minutes long. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Simile +####Simile Jesus said that just as a woman is in pain as she gives birth to a baby and his followers would be sad when he died. But the woman is glad after the baby is born, and his followers would be happy when he became alive again. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-simile]]) diff --git a/jhn/17/intro.md b/jhn/17/intro.md index d14d95cc7b..2de0190ca7 100644 --- a/jhn/17/intro.md +++ b/jhn/17/intro.md @@ -6,17 +6,17 @@ This chapter forms one long prayer. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Glory +####Glory Scripture often speaks of God's glory as a great, brilliant light. When people see this light, they are afraid. In this chapter Jesus asks God to show his followers his true glory ([John 17:1](../../jhn/17/01.md)). -##### Jesus is eternal +####Jesus is eternal Jesus existed before God created the world ([John 17:5](../../jhn/17/05.md)). John wrote about this in [John 1:1](../../jhn/01/01.md). ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Prayer +####Prayer Jesus is God's one and only Son ([John 3:16](../../jhn/03/16.md)), so he could pray differently from the way other people pray. He used many words that sounded like commands. Your translation should make Jesus sound like a son speaking with love and respect to his father and telling him what the father needs to do so that the father will be happy. diff --git a/jhn/18/intro.md b/jhn/18/intro.md index 8a9a03354f..dcafbdb6f6 100644 --- a/jhn/18/intro.md +++ b/jhn/18/intro.md @@ -6,15 +6,15 @@ Verse 14 says, "Now Caiaphas was the one who had given the advice to the Jews th ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "It is not lawful for us to put any man to death" +####"It is not lawful for us to put any man to death" The Roman government did not allow the Jews to kill criminals, so the Jews needed to ask Pilate, the governor, to kill him ([John 18:31](../../jhn/18/31.md)). -##### Jesus's kingdom +####Jesus's kingdom No one knows for sure what Jesus meant when he told Pilate that his kingdom was not "of this world" ([John 18:36](../../jhn/18/36.md)). Some people think that Jesus means that his kingdom is only spiritual and that he has no visible kingdom on this earth, Other people think that Jesus meant that he would not build and rule his kingdom by force, the way other kings build theirs. It is possible to translate the words "is not of this world" as "is not from this place" or "comes from another place." -##### King of the Jews +####King of the Jews Pilate asked Jesus if he were the King of the Jews ([John 18:33](../../jhn/18/33.md)) to see if Jesus were claiming to be like King Herod, whom the Romans were permitting to rule Judea. When he asked the crowd if he should release the King of the Jews ([John 18:39](../../jhn/18/39.md)), he was mocking the Jews because the Romans and Jews hated each other. He was also mocking Jesus, because he did not think that Jesus was a king at all. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-irony]]) diff --git a/jhn/19/intro.md b/jhn/19/intro.md index 43497e68e0..6833d1ddfb 100644 --- a/jhn/19/intro.md +++ b/jhn/19/intro.md @@ -6,27 +6,27 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "Purple garment" +####"Purple garment" Purple is a color like red or blue. The people were mocking Jesus, so they put him in a purple garment. This was because kings wore purple garments. They spoke and acted like they were giving honor to a king, but everyone knew that they were doing it because they hated Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-irony]]) -##### "You are not Caesar's friend" +####"You are not Caesar's friend" Pilate knew that Jesus was not a criminal, so he did not want to have his soldiers kill him. But the Jews told him that Jesus was claiming to be a king, and anyone who did that was breaking Caesar's laws ([John 19:12](../../jhn/19/12.md)). -##### The tomb +####The tomb The tomb in which Jesus was buried ([John 19:41](../../jhn/19/41.md)) was the kind of tomb in which wealthy Jewish families buried their dead. It was an actual room cut into a rock. It had a flat place on one side where they placed the body after they had put oil and spices on it and wrapped it in cloth. Then they rolled a large rock in front of the tomb so no one could see inside or enter. ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Sarcasm +####Sarcasm The soldiers were insulting Jesus when they said, "Hail, King of the Jews." Pilate was insulting the Jews when he asked, "Should I crucify your king?" He was probably also insulting both Jesus and the Jews when he wrote, "Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-irony]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Gabbatha, Golgotha +####Gabbatha, Golgotha These are two Hebrew words. After translating the meanings of these words ("The Pavement" and "The Place of a Skull"), the author transliterates their sounds by writing them with Greek letters. diff --git a/jhn/20/intro.md b/jhn/20/intro.md index 8c07b4b276..4b48f80ffe 100644 --- a/jhn/20/intro.md +++ b/jhn/20/intro.md @@ -2,25 +2,25 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The tomb +####The tomb The tomb in which Jesus was buried ([John 20:1](../../jhn/20/01.md)) was the kind of tomb in which wealthy Jewish families buried their dead. It was an actual room cut into a rock. It had a flat place on one side where they could place the body after they had put oil and spices on it and wrapped it in cloth. Then they would roll a large rock in front of the tomb so no one could see inside or enter. -##### "Receive the Holy Spirit" +####"Receive the Holy Spirit" If your language uses the same word for "breath" and "spirit," be sure that the reader understands that Jesus was performing a symbolic action by breathing, and that what the disciples received was the Holy Spirit, not Jesus's breath. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-symaction]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holyspirit]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Rabboni +####Rabboni John used Greek letters to describe the sound of the word, and then he explained that it means "Teacher." You should do the same, using the letters of your language. -##### Jesus's resurrection body +####Jesus's resurrection body No one is sure what Jesus's body looked like after he became alive again. His disciples knew it was Jesus because they could see his face and touch the places where the soldiers had put the nails through his hands and feet, But he could also walk through solid walls and doors. It is best not to try to say more than what the ULB says. -##### Two angels in white +####Two angels in white Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John all wrote about angels in white clothing with the women at Jesus's tomb. Two of the authors called them men, but that is only because the angels were in human form. Two of the authors wrote about two angels, but the other two authors wrote about only one of them. It is best to translate each of these passages as it appears in the ULB without trying to make the passages all say exactly the same thing. (See: [Matthew 28:1-2](../../mat/28/01.md) and [Mark 16:5](../../mrk/16/05.md) and [Luke 24:4](../../luk/24/04.md) and [John 20:12](../../jhn/20/12.md)) diff --git a/jhn/21/intro.md b/jhn/21/intro.md index 96198d49c1..fd1f8ce247 100644 --- a/jhn/21/intro.md +++ b/jhn/21/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### The metaphor of sheep +####The metaphor of sheep Before Jesus died, he spoke of himself taking care of his people as if he were a good shepherd taking care of sheep ([John 10:11](../../jhn/10/11.md)). After he became alive again, he told Peter that Peter would be the one who would take care of Jesus's sheep. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) diff --git a/job/01/intro.md b/job/01/intro.md index 0c6f126a1f..cb59999f5b 100644 --- a/job/01/intro.md +++ b/job/01/intro.md @@ -6,13 +6,13 @@ This chapter introduces a story about a man named Job who lives during a time lo ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Wealth +####Wealth Job is very rich. During his time, a man's wealth is measured by the number of animals he owns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) -##### Feasts +####Feasts Job is a very godly man and celebrates Yahweh's provision by having feasts. It must be remembered that Job lives prior to the law of Moses, so his religious practices are different than the Hebrew people after Moses. The events of this book occur about the same time as the life of Abraham. Therefore, this book corresponds more with Genesis 12-50 than the rest of the Old Testament. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]]) -##### Job's faith +####Job's faith Satan believes that Job's faith is based on Yahweh's blessings. He challenges Yahweh to remove these blessings from Job's life because he thinks that Job will no longer trust in Yahweh if this happens. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) ## Links: diff --git a/job/03/intro.md b/job/03/intro.md index a89cd28e27..9f0fb9b4e6 100644 --- a/job/03/intro.md +++ b/job/03/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical questions +####Rhetorical questions Job uses several rhetorical questions in this chapter. The purpose of these rhetorical questions is to show Job's earnest desire. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) ## Links: diff --git a/job/04/intro.md b/job/04/intro.md index 1b71caba30..4a25cef1dc 100644 --- a/job/04/intro.md +++ b/job/04/intro.md @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical questions +####Rhetorical questions Eliphaz uses many different rhetorical questions in this chapter in order to try to convince Job that he is wrong. These questions help to form Eliphaz's argument. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) ## Links: diff --git a/job/05/intro.md b/job/05/intro.md index 72f479bba8..e496d4f0db 100644 --- a/job/05/intro.md +++ b/job/05/intro.md @@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Sickness and sin +####Sickness and sin In the ancient Near East, it was common to believe that a person's illness was caused by sin. It was seen as the punishment of a god. While Yahweh may punish people because of their sin, not all sicknesses are caused by sin. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical questions +####Rhetorical questions Eliphaz uses many different rhetorical questions in this chapter in order to try to convince Job that he is wrong. These questions help to build Eliphaz's argument. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) ## Links: diff --git a/job/06/intro.md b/job/06/intro.md index a931b49233..d1a965f5f6 100644 --- a/job/06/intro.md +++ b/job/06/intro.md @@ -6,15 +6,15 @@ The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Job's righteousness +####Job's righteousness Despite being upset about his circumstances, and desiring his own death, Job does not curse God. He would rather have God end his life than to curse him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphors +####Metaphors Job uses many different metaphors in this chapter to express his pain or despair. He also is upset with the advice of his friends, who are supposed to help him during difficult times. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) -##### Rhetorical questions +####Rhetorical questions Job uses many different rhetorical questions in this chapter in order to try to convince Eliphaz that he is wrong. These questions help to build Job's response. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) ## Links: diff --git a/job/07/intro.md b/job/07/intro.md index 8445d0d78a..88668b1712 100644 --- a/job/07/intro.md +++ b/job/07/intro.md @@ -6,15 +6,15 @@ The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Job's righteousness +####Job's righteousness Despite being upset about his circumstances, and desiring his own death, Job does not curse God. He would rather have God end his life than to curse him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphors +####Metaphors Job uses many different metaphors in this chapter to express his pain or despair. He also is upset with the advice of his friends, who are supposed to help him during difficult times. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) -##### Rhetorical questions +####Rhetorical questions Job uses many different rhetorical questions in this chapter in order to try to convince Eliphaz that he is wrong. These questions help to build Job's response. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) ## Links: diff --git a/job/08/intro.md b/job/08/intro.md index f78773e0fe..502a6ef6a7 100644 --- a/job/08/intro.md +++ b/job/08/intro.md @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical questions +####Rhetorical questions Bildad uses many different rhetorical questions in this chapter in order to try to convince Job that he is wrong. These questions help to build Bildad's argument. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) ## Links: diff --git a/job/09/intro.md b/job/09/intro.md index db01a0426a..e97871fce1 100644 --- a/job/09/intro.md +++ b/job/09/intro.md @@ -6,15 +6,15 @@ The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Job's righteousness and Yahweh's power +####Job's righteousness and Yahweh's power Despite being upset about his circumstances, Job does not curse God. Job does not think that he can make a claim against Yahweh because only God is perfectly wise and just. Yahweh is truly powerful and Job understands this. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphors +####Metaphors Job uses many different metaphors in this chapter to express himself or to describe Yahweh's power. He is also upset with the advice of his friends, who are supposed to help him during difficult times. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) -##### Rhetorical questions +####Rhetorical questions Job uses many different rhetorical questions in this chapter in order to try to convince Bildad that he is wrong. These questions help to build Job's response. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) ## Links: diff --git a/job/10/intro.md b/job/10/intro.md index 55eb6a8f53..2d4b645df0 100644 --- a/job/10/intro.md +++ b/job/10/intro.md @@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Job's righteousness +####Job's righteousness Despite being upset about his circumstances, Job does not curse Yahweh. Instead, he defends himself to Yahweh, while trusting in his decision. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical questions +####Rhetorical questions Job uses many different rhetorical questions in this chapter in order to try to defend himself. He does not believe that he committed a sin deserving severe punishment. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) ## Links: diff --git a/job/11/intro.md b/job/11/intro.md index 6be8db5106..807b699b2c 100644 --- a/job/11/intro.md +++ b/job/11/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical questions +####Rhetorical questions Zophar uses many different rhetorical questions in this chapter in order to try to convince Job that he is wrong. These questions help to build Zophar's argument. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) diff --git a/job/12/intro.md b/job/12/intro.md index efbc5ddc0f..4be879299e 100644 --- a/job/12/intro.md +++ b/job/12/intro.md @@ -6,15 +6,15 @@ The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Job's righteousness +####Job's righteousness Despite being upset about his circumstances, Job does not curse God. His friends, on the other hand, judge Job's case, which Job recognizes to be Yahweh's authority. These three friends therefore try to take God's place. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphors +####Metaphors Job uses many different metaphors in this chapter to express his pain or despair. He is also upset with the advice of his friends, who are supposed to help him during difficult times. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) -##### Rhetorical questions +####Rhetorical questions Job uses many different rhetorical questions in this chapter in order to try to convince Zophar that he is wrong. These questions help to build Job's response. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) ## Links: diff --git a/job/13/intro.md b/job/13/intro.md index e73b7dda82..44af290bde 100644 --- a/job/13/intro.md +++ b/job/13/intro.md @@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Job's righteousness +####Job's righteousness Despite being upset about his circumstances, Job does not curse God. His friends, on the other hand, judge Job's case, which Job recognizes to be Yahweh's authority. These three friends therefore try to take God's place. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical questions +####Rhetorical questions Job uses many different rhetorical questions in this chapter in order to try to convince Zophar that he is wrong. These questions help to build Job's response. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) ## Links: diff --git a/job/14/intro.md b/job/14/intro.md index 48b7941314..6bc0533b1f 100644 --- a/job/14/intro.md +++ b/job/14/intro.md @@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Resurrection +####Resurrection The events of Job occurred long before the Old Testament was written. Therefore, he likely had very little direct revelation about Yahweh. The resurrection of the dead was apparently not well-known during Job's day. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reveal]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical questions +####Rhetorical questions Job uses many different rhetorical questions in this chapter in his appeal to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) ## Links: diff --git a/job/15/intro.md b/job/15/intro.md index bb550d536f..4fa95f99c7 100644 --- a/job/15/intro.md +++ b/job/15/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical questions +####Rhetorical questions Eliphaz uses many different rhetorical questions in this chapter in order to try to convince Job that he is wrong. These questions help to build Eliphaz's argument. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) ## Links: diff --git a/job/16/intro.md b/job/16/intro.md index 136af45ecc..2998ba5883 100644 --- a/job/16/intro.md +++ b/job/16/intro.md @@ -6,10 +6,10 @@ The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Job's response +####Job's response Job expresses shock and disgust at the advice Eliphaz gives to him. He even mocks Eliphaz. He describes the difficulties of his circumstances but never curses Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]]) -##### Advocate +####Advocate Job describes the need for someone to intercede for him in heaven. This person would be his advocate and provide a witness for him. Although this is probably not intended as a prophecy, it closely parallels the way Jesus intercedes for people in heaven. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/intercede]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/testimony]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) ## Links: diff --git a/job/17/intro.md b/job/17/intro.md index ab57aedd43..976d234ee8 100644 --- a/job/17/intro.md +++ b/job/17/intro.md @@ -6,10 +6,10 @@ The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Job's grief +####Job's grief Job expresses grief or great sadness in this chapter. He awaits the justice and intercession of Yahweh as he awaits his own death. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/intercede]]) -##### Advocate +####Advocate Job describes the need for someone to intercede for him in heaven. This person would be his advocate and provide a witness for him. Although this is probably not intended as a prophecy, it closely parallels the way Jesus intercedes for people in heaven. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/testimony]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) ## Links: diff --git a/job/20/intro.md b/job/20/intro.md index 41152164ca..f4618a354d 100644 --- a/job/20/intro.md +++ b/job/20/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphors +####Metaphors There are many metaphors used in this chapter. Zophar uses them to explain the temporary nature of life and riches. He also uses them to describe God's punishment of Job. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) ## Links: diff --git a/job/21/intro.md b/job/21/intro.md index 3adfd0fd04..e44ac388cd 100644 --- a/job/21/intro.md +++ b/job/21/intro.md @@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Ancestor's sin +####Ancestor's sin In the ancient Near East, it was common to believe that a person could be punished because of the sins of their fathers and ancestors. It was seen as the punishment of a god. While a father's sin may have consequences for their children, Yahweh does not punish people because of their father's sin. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical questions +####Rhetorical questions Job uses many different rhetorical questions in this chapter in order to try to convince Zophar that he is wrong. These questions help to build Job's argument. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) ## Links: diff --git a/job/22/intro.md b/job/22/intro.md index a0d4d42c41..ef1eeeee19 100644 --- a/job/22/intro.md +++ b/job/22/intro.md @@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Repentance +####Repentance Eliphaz tries to get Job to repent in this chapter. Eliphaz assumes that he is righteous, while assuming Job is not. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical questions +####Rhetorical questions Eliphaz uses many different rhetorical questions in this chapter in order to try to convince Job that he is wrong. These questions help to build Eliphaz's argument. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) ## Links: diff --git a/job/23/intro.md b/job/23/intro.md index 39972d3dae..2b282e66ca 100644 --- a/job/23/intro.md +++ b/job/23/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Court +####Court This chapter uses an extended metaphor of a court case to describe Job's "case," which he seeks to bring to Yahweh, who is a judge. Cultures without a legal system will have difficulty translating this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) ## Links: diff --git a/job/24/intro.md b/job/24/intro.md index 3d3aec1a41..7a8e19c519 100644 --- a/job/24/intro.md +++ b/job/24/intro.md @@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Court +####Court This chapter uses an extended metaphor of a court case to describe Job's "case," which he seeks to bring to Yahweh, who is a judge. Cultures without a legal system will have difficulty translating this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical questions +####Rhetorical questions Job uses many different rhetorical questions in this chapter in order to try to convince Eliphaz that he is wrong. These questions help to build Job's argument. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) ## Links: diff --git a/job/25/intro.md b/job/25/intro.md index 7ba9f0e3f6..862c242dcd 100644 --- a/job/25/intro.md +++ b/job/25/intro.md @@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### God's holiness and man's sin +####God's holiness and man's sin Bildad describes the holiness of Yahweh and the universal nature of man's sinfulness. While his points are accurate, they are not convincing for Job because he has been righteous. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical questions +####Rhetorical questions Bildad uses many different rhetorical questions in this chapter in order to try to convince Job that he is wrong. These questions help to build Bildad's argument. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) ## Links: diff --git a/job/26/intro.md b/job/26/intro.md index cd0c967f3e..6b20b5ddd7 100644 --- a/job/26/intro.md +++ b/job/26/intro.md @@ -8,12 +8,12 @@ This chapter begins a section continuing through chapter 31. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's power +####Yahweh's power While Bildad describes Yahweh's power as being so much greater than Job's, Job understands the true extent of Yahweh's power. It is not just over Job's life, but over all of creation. ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Sarcasm +####Sarcasm Job uses sarcasm in this chapter. This is the use of irony to insult Bildad. (See: [Job 1-4](./01.md) and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-irony]]) ## Links: diff --git a/job/27/intro.md b/job/27/intro.md index 8177f03c80..68fdc8c623 100644 --- a/job/27/intro.md +++ b/job/27/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Job's righteousness +####Job's righteousness Despite being upset about his circumstances, Job does not curse God. Instead, he recognizes Yahweh's authority. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]]) ## Links: diff --git a/job/28/intro.md b/job/28/intro.md index a573139a5e..148a18b5ee 100644 --- a/job/28/intro.md +++ b/job/28/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's wisdom +####Yahweh's wisdom Despite being upset about his circumstances, Job does not curse God. Instead, he recognizes Yahweh's wisdom and authority. This chapter especially focuses on Yahweh's wisdom as he controls the circumstances of Job's life. Men cannot understand because they do not have Yahweh's wisdom. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]]) diff --git a/job/33/intro.md b/job/33/intro.md index 6d08bee0c6..ee7d20b189 100644 --- a/job/33/intro.md +++ b/job/33/intro.md @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### God's mercy +####God's mercy While Job has been complaining about the lack of justice and response from Yahweh, Elihu shows Job that Yahweh has shown him great mercy along the way. He is still alive because of Yahweh's mercy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]]) ## Links: diff --git a/job/34/intro.md b/job/34/intro.md index 156504df97..e0c98def6f 100644 --- a/job/34/intro.md +++ b/job/34/intro.md @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's justice +####Yahweh's justice Elihu defends the justice of Yahweh after Job claimed that Yahweh was being unjust. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]]) ## Links: diff --git a/job/35/intro.md b/job/35/intro.md index ffb3b2fdc1..d5af370f50 100644 --- a/job/35/intro.md +++ b/job/35/intro.md @@ -8,12 +8,12 @@ The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical questions +####Rhetorical questions Elihu uses many different rhetorical questions in this chapter in order to try to convince Job. These questions help to build Elihu's argument. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Ironic situation +####Ironic situation Elihu explains the irony of Job's claim. He claimed to be righteous and desired Yahweh to intervene. In this chapter, Elihu explains to Job that his claims of righteousness are prideful. This makes him unrighteous. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-irony]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) ## Links: diff --git a/job/36/intro.md b/job/36/intro.md index 96824917ad..7ecef45d7f 100644 --- a/job/36/intro.md +++ b/job/36/intro.md @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's justice +####Yahweh's justice This chapter focuses on the justice of Yahweh. It is important to remember that justice won't always come in this life. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]]) ## Links: diff --git a/job/37/intro.md b/job/37/intro.md index 7a26f87260..61299c6d13 100644 --- a/job/37/intro.md +++ b/job/37/intro.md @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's justice +####Yahweh's justice This chapter focuses on the justice of Yahweh. It is important to remember that justice won't always come in this life. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]]) ## Links: diff --git a/job/38/intro.md b/job/38/intro.md index e3b796d6fd..2aea09e3e1 100644 --- a/job/38/intro.md +++ b/job/38/intro.md @@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's greatness +####Yahweh's greatness Yahweh is far greater than any man. He is the creator of the earth, and his ways will not always be understood by men because their knowledge is always limited. ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical questions +####Rhetorical questions Yahweh uses a series of rhetorical questions in this chapter in order to defend his character. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) ## Links: diff --git a/job/39/intro.md b/job/39/intro.md index 78dd7179f7..5d5194006e 100644 --- a/job/39/intro.md +++ b/job/39/intro.md @@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's greatness +####Yahweh's greatness Yahweh is far greater than any man. He is the creator of the earth, and his ways will not always be understood by men because their knowledge is always limited. Since Job cannot understand creation, he cannot truly understand Yahweh. ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical questions +####Rhetorical questions Yahweh uses a series of rhetorical questions in this chapter in order to defend his character. Many of these questions focus on nature because Yahweh is the creator of the heavens and the earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]]) ## Links: diff --git a/job/40/intro.md b/job/40/intro.md index 77d62b5457..7c4d33466a 100644 --- a/job/40/intro.md +++ b/job/40/intro.md @@ -6,17 +6,17 @@ Some translations prefer to set apart extended quotations, prayers, or songs. Th ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Job's righteousness +####Job's righteousness In seeking to defend his own righteousness, Job accuses Yahweh of being unjust. Yahweh asks a very important question: "Will you condemn me so you may claim you are right?" This is the essence of Job's error. ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Irony +####Irony Yahweh states, "He who argues with God, let him answer." Job immediately answers him. This is irony. While Job is forced to acknowledge the power of Yahweh, he does not repent of his former statements. Because of this, Yahweh asks him more questions. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Animals +####Animals There are several animals mentioned in this chapter that do not exist and may never have existed. It may be necessary to leave these names untranslated or to translate their names as adjectives. ## Links: diff --git a/job/41/intro.md b/job/41/intro.md index 32da3c77aa..9bd2e3b7f0 100644 --- a/job/41/intro.md +++ b/job/41/intro.md @@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ Some translations prefer to set apart extended quotations, prayers, or songs. Th ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical questions +####Rhetorical questions Yahweh uses a series of rhetorical questions in this chapter in order to defend his character and to convince Job to repent. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Animals +####Animals There are several animals mentioned in this chapter that do not exist and may never have existed. It may be necessary to leave these names untranslated or to translate their names as adjectives. diff --git a/job/42/intro.md b/job/42/intro.md index d4f76c924e..1324fbb6b3 100644 --- a/job/42/intro.md +++ b/job/42/intro.md @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ In this chapter Job shows his complete trust in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Justice +####Justice Yahweh enacts justice at the end of this book. He punishes Job's friends and restores Job's blessings. Yahweh's blessing was not dependent upon Job's repentance, but upon Yahweh's grace. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]]) ## Links: diff --git a/jol/01/intro.md b/jol/01/intro.md index 8406708370..9ec9e456a2 100644 --- a/jol/01/intro.md +++ b/jol/01/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Joel is written in poetic form and with striking imagery. The ULB is written in ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Locusts +####Locusts This book starts very dramatically with the imagery of the locusts and the devastation they produce. There are five different kinds of locusts that appear to come and they progressively destroy the vegetation including the crops, vineyards and even the trees of the whole land of Israel. It was common for farmers in the ancient Near East to experience large locust swarms that would come and eat all crops in their fields. Joel might be describing such attacks in this first chapter. Because Joel uses military terms and images to describe these locust attacks, his descriptions might represent enemy invaders who would come and destroy the land its people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ Translators should translate simply, presenting the scenes of locusts as Joel de ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical Questions +####Rhetorical Questions The author also uses rhetorical questions that communicate surprise and alarm. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) ## Links: diff --git a/jol/02/intro.md b/jol/02/intro.md index ffa3e804e8..cc0202199f 100644 --- a/jol/02/intro.md +++ b/jol/02/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ This chapter continues in the poetic form with striking imagery of armies and so ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Locusts +####Locusts This book starts very dramatically with the imagery of the locusts and the devastation they produce. There are five different kinds of locusts that appear to come and progressively destroy the vegetation including the crops, vineyards and even the trees of Israel. @@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ This book starts very dramatically with the imagery of the locusts and the devas This chapter uses simile to a great extent as Joel tries to describe this army. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-simile]]) -##### Metaphor +####Metaphor The drought, or severe lack of rain, Joel describes is probably a real drought. It might also be a picture of either enemy invaders or of Yahweh himself coming to punish his people and the other nations. Translators should translate simply, presenting the scenes of locusts and drought as Joel describes them, and not worry about the various possible meanings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) ## Links: diff --git a/jol/03/intro.md b/jol/03/intro.md index f1457f5c9e..ada03177e6 100644 --- a/jol/03/intro.md +++ b/jol/03/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ There is a change in focus in this chapter from the people of Israel to her enem ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Israel +####Israel The mention of Israel in this chapter is probably a reference to the people of Judah and not the northern kingdom of Israel. It is also possible this is a reference to the people of Israel as a whole. ## Links: diff --git a/jon/01/intro.md b/jon/01/intro.md index ff1ecc097e..f3f4ca5da4 100644 --- a/jon/01/intro.md +++ b/jon/01/intro.md @@ -6,23 +6,23 @@ The narrative of this chapter starts abruptly. This could cause difficulty for t ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Miracle +####Miracle In verse [Jonah 17](./17.md), there is the mention of "a great fish." It may be difficult to imagine a sea creature big enough to swallow a man whole and who then survives for three days and nights inside. Translators should not try to explain miraculous events in an attempt to make it easier to understand. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/miracle]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Situational irony +####Situational irony There is an ironic situation in this chapter. Jonah is a prophet of God and should endeavor to do God's will. Instead, he is running away from God. Although the Gentile sailors are not Israelites, they act out of faith and fear of Yahweh when sending Jonah to a "certain death" by throwing him overboard. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-irony]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/willofgod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) -##### Sea +####Sea People in the ancient Near East also saw the sea as chaotic and did not trust it. Some of the gods they worshiped were gods of the sea. Jonah's people, the Hebrews, feared the sea greatly. However, Jonah's fear of Yahweh was not enough to keep him from going into a ship and sailing to get away from Yahweh. His actions are contrasted by the actions of the Gentiles. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-irony]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fear]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Implicit information +####Implicit information Even though no one knows for sure where Tarshish was, the writer assumes that the reader knows that Jonah had to face away from Nineveh to go there. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) diff --git a/jon/02/intro.md b/jon/02/intro.md index 68ef29a304..ca7f2b0cc4 100644 --- a/jon/02/intro.md +++ b/jon/02/intro.md @@ -6,17 +6,17 @@ This chapter begins with a prayer by Jonah, and many translators have chosen to ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Sea +####Sea This chapter contains many terms from the sea. ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Poetry +####Poetry Prayers in Scripture often contain a poetic form. Poetry frequently uses metaphors to communicate something with a special meaning. For example, since Jonah was in a fish in the sea, being trapped is compared to a prison. Jonah is overwhelmed by the depth of the sea and expresses this by speaking about the at the "base of the mountains" and in the "belly of Sheol." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Repentance +####Repentance Scholars are divided over whether Jonah's repentance was genuine or whether he was trying to save his life. In light of his attitude in chapter 4, it is uncertain if he was genuinely repentant. If possible, it is best for translators to avoid making a definitive stance on whether Jonah's repentance was genuine. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) ## Links: diff --git a/jon/03/intro.md b/jon/03/intro.md index 6f3926580d..3dd7af8432 100644 --- a/jon/03/intro.md +++ b/jon/03/intro.md @@ -6,15 +6,15 @@ This chapter returns to a narrative of Jonah's life. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Animals +####Animals According to the king's proclamation, the animals had to participate in the fast he ordered. This most likely reflects their pagan mindset. There was nothing in the law of Moses that instructed the people to have the animals participate in any religious acts. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Size of Nineveh +####Size of Nineveh When the author talks about the size of Nineveh, the measurements he gives are confusing. The phrase "three days' journey" is ambiguous in Hebrew, as many scholars have remarked. In Jonah's day, cities were not as big as they are today. So although Nineveh was a big city, it was not as big as most modern cities. -##### God repenting or relenting +####God repenting or relenting The last verse of this chapter says, "So then God changed his mind about the punishment that he had said he would do to them, and he did not do it." This concept of God changing his mind may be troubling for some translators and people may struggle to understand it. God's character is consistent. This whole book is written from a human viewpoint and so it is hard to understand the mind of God. Yahweh is just and merciful so even though God did not follow through with a judgment in this instance, God's plan is always to punish evil. Later in history this nation did fall and was destroyed. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) diff --git a/jon/04/intro.md b/jon/04/intro.md index 4d0133211b..cebed5f68d 100644 --- a/jon/04/intro.md +++ b/jon/04/intro.md @@ -6,20 +6,20 @@ Jonah continues the narrative while bringing the book to what seems like an unus ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Jonah's anger +####Jonah's anger It is important to see the relationship between a prophet and Yahweh. Aprophet was to prophesy for Yahweh, and his words must come true. According to the law of Moses, if that did not happen, the penalty was death. When Jonah told the city of Nineveh that it was going to be destroyed in forty days, he was certain it was going to happen. When it did not happen, Jonah was angry with God because he hated the people of Nineveh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical questions +####Rhetorical questions As in other places, Jonah asks rhetorical questions to show how angry he was at Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) -##### Parallel to Mount Sinai +####Parallel to Mount Sinai In verse 2, Jonah attributes a series of characteristics to God. A Jewish reader of this book would recognize this as a formula Moses used in speaking about God when he was meeting God on Mount Sinai. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### God's grace +####God's grace When Jonah went outside the city, he got very hot and God graciously provided some relief through the plant. God was trying to teach Jonah through an object lesson. It is important for the reader to see this clearly. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]]) ## Links: diff --git a/jos/01/intro.md b/jos/01/intro.md index eb163bef9d..f84219f903 100644 --- a/jos/01/intro.md +++ b/jos/01/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ This chapter appears to be a natural continuation of the book of Deuteronomy. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Be strong and Courageous +####Be strong and Courageous Joshua is often told, "Be strong and courageous." This repeated encouragement is on purpose and may indicate Joshua will need help in the future. diff --git a/jos/02/intro.md b/jos/02/intro.md index d9b8906647..16289dedee 100644 --- a/jos/02/intro.md +++ b/jos/02/intro.md @@ -6,13 +6,13 @@ This chapter begins the story of the conquest of the Promised Land. (See: [[rc:/ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Rahab's faith +####Rahab's faith Rahab expressed her faith in Yahweh. The statement "for Yahweh your God, he is God in heaven above and on the earth below" is a recognition of her faith. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphor +####Metaphor The Israelites were to completely destroy the evil Canaanites. They are compared to melting snow: "... melting away because of us." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) diff --git a/jos/03/intro.md b/jos/03/intro.md index 9214cf551e..b9c21dec5b 100644 --- a/jos/03/intro.md +++ b/jos/03/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### God dries the Jordan River +####God dries the Jordan River Joshua told the people "Dedicate yourselves to Yahweh tomorrow, for Yahweh will do wonders among you." The conquest of the Promised Land is accomplished through the supernatural power of God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/miracle]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]]) diff --git a/jos/04/intro.md b/jos/04/intro.md index 5d1261e1f2..2764ecb9f1 100644 --- a/jos/04/intro.md +++ b/jos/04/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### God's war +####God's war The conquering of the Promised Land was a special war. It was God's war against the people of Canaan and Joshua recognized that they would only be victorious through Yahweh's power. This is why their first act after crossing the Jordan River was to build an altar. This war was a witness to Yahweh's power. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]]) ## Links: diff --git a/jos/05/intro.md b/jos/05/intro.md index 7bd4f4c231..611b196c54 100644 --- a/jos/05/intro.md +++ b/jos/05/intro.md @@ -2,11 +2,11 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Circumcision +####Circumcision It would have been very unusual to be circumcised in a time of war. When men are circumcised they are unable to move without pain or to defend themselves in battle for several days. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/circumcise]]) -##### Manna +####Manna Yahweh stops providing manna in this chapter and will no longer provide them with their daily allotment of food. This does not mean Yahweh's care and provision will stop. diff --git a/jos/06/intro.md b/jos/06/intro.md index 2d51e647e0..13b959eb2d 100644 --- a/jos/06/intro.md +++ b/jos/06/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh conquers +####Yahweh conquers It was God, not the army, who gave them victory. It is said, "Shout! For Yahweh has given you the city." The circumstances of Israel's victory in the battle for Jericho were very unusual. It was never common to march around a city or to shout in order to win a military battle. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) diff --git a/jos/07/intro.md b/jos/07/intro.md index dc443fd7b1..b734ccaace 100644 --- a/jos/07/intro.md +++ b/jos/07/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Sin brought defeat +####Sin brought defeat It was a great sin to take what was to be destroyed. Because of their sin, Yahweh withheld victory from the Israelites. Sin resulted in defeat in battle. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) diff --git a/jos/08/intro.md b/jos/08/intro.md index d489fc67fb..509b9299d9 100644 --- a/jos/08/intro.md +++ b/jos/08/intro.md @@ -4,10 +4,10 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Sin brought defeat +####Sin brought defeat It was a great sin to take what was to be destroyed. Because of their sin, Yahweh withheld victory from the Israelites. Sin resulted in defeat in battle. Because they repented, Yahweh brought victory to Israel in Ai. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]]) -##### Built an altar +####Built an altar Altars were commonly built in the Ancient Near East to commemorate important events. Several altars were built in the Book of Joshua. ## Links: diff --git a/jos/09/intro.md b/jos/09/intro.md index 9b7bf24711..f783ab3c60 100644 --- a/jos/09/intro.md +++ b/jos/09/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Israel's mistake +####Israel's mistake Israel was deceived because "they did not consult with Yahweh for guidance." Instead of consulting Yahweh, they attempted to achieve victory under their own power. This was sinful. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) diff --git a/jos/10/intro.md b/jos/10/intro.md index 0e4471077b..094d4fa876 100644 --- a/jos/10/intro.md +++ b/jos/10/intro.md @@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ The ULB sets the lines in 10:12-13 farther to the right on the page than the res ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "For Yahweh was waging war on behalf of Israel" +####"For Yahweh was waging war on behalf of Israel" Israel's conquest of the Promised Land was Yahweh's war on the ungodly Canaanites more than Israel's war. This type of war was different from other wars and God gave Israel special instructions. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Idiom +####Idiom The people of Gibeon used an idiom when they called for help from Israel: "Do not withdraw your hands," meaning "do not stop protecting." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom]]) diff --git a/jos/11/intro.md b/jos/11/intro.md index 010f9e9b38..d1606a1068 100644 --- a/jos/11/intro.md +++ b/jos/11/intro.md @@ -2,12 +2,12 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh overcomes the united forces of the northern kingdoms +####Yahweh overcomes the united forces of the northern kingdoms Yahweh said to Joshua, "Do not be afraid in their presence, because tomorrow at this time I am giving them all to Israel as dead men." Even when the kingdoms of Canaan joined forces, they were not able to overcome the power of Yahweh. ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "Yahweh gave the enemy into the hand of Israel" +####"Yahweh gave the enemy into the hand of Israel" This phrase may present difficulties in translation. The translator should ensure that Yahweh receives credit for Israel's victory. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom]]) ## Links: diff --git a/jos/13/intro.md b/jos/13/intro.md index f303db80e0..303b6803d2 100644 --- a/jos/13/intro.md +++ b/jos/13/intro.md @@ -6,11 +6,11 @@ This chapter begins a section about dividing the land between the tribes of Isra ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Division of the land +####Division of the land There was still much land to be captured west of the Jordan River, but the tribe of Reuben, Gad and half of the tribe of Mannasah received their land east of the Jordan. This land had been promised to them in Numbers 32. -##### Driving out the people +####Driving out the people While Yahweh achieved many great victories through Joshua, Israel was still supposed to drive out the rest of the Canaanites. Israel's success in this would depend on their faith in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) diff --git a/jos/14/intro.md b/jos/14/intro.md index 324c171e78..793a8c2184 100644 --- a/jos/14/intro.md +++ b/jos/14/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Drive them out +####Drive them out The Israelites were to completely drive out the Canaanites. If they did not drive them out completely, the Canaanites would cause the Israelites to worship other gods. It was sinful to allow the Canaanites to remain in the land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) ## Links: diff --git a/jos/16/intro.md b/jos/16/intro.md index a672b0ffd4..3d3b6ddb5c 100644 --- a/jos/16/intro.md +++ b/jos/16/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Drive them out +####Drive them out The Israelites were to completely drive out the Canaanites. If they did not drive them out completely, the Canaanites would cause the Israelites to worship other gods. It was sinful to allow the Canaanites to remain in the land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter diff --git a/jos/17/intro.md b/jos/17/intro.md index 26198c7dd7..d06dd47f84 100644 --- a/jos/17/intro.md +++ b/jos/17/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Manasseh's lack of faith +####Manasseh's lack of faith Even though they were one of the largest and most powerful tribes of Israel, the tribe of Manasseh lacked faith in the power of Yahweh. This caused them many problems. It would also cause their descendants many problems. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter diff --git a/jos/20/intro.md b/jos/20/intro.md index 28ec70130f..bf69767a31 100644 --- a/jos/20/intro.md +++ b/jos/20/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Cities of Refuge +####Cities of Refuge If a person was killed, it was the duty of his relatives to kill the killer. If the death was an accident, this would be unfair. Therefore, God told the Israelites to make cities of refuge for a person who killed someone accidentally. In the city where he sought refuge, his case would be solved legally: "Do this so that one who unintentionally kills a person can go there. These cities will be a place of refuge from anyone who seeks to avenge the blood of a person who was killed." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/refuge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/avenge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/blood]]) diff --git a/jos/22/intro.md b/jos/22/intro.md index 261578f45f..007c8501ad 100644 --- a/jos/22/intro.md +++ b/jos/22/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ The division of the land is completed in this chapter. Additionally, the soldier ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The tribes east of the Jordan River build a monument +####The tribes east of the Jordan River build a monument The tribes east of the Jordan River said, "Let us now build an altar, not for burnt offerings nor for any sacrifices, but to be a witness between us and you, and between our generations after us, that we will perform the service of Yahweh before him, with our burnt offerings and with our sacrifices and with our peace offerings, so that your children will never say to our children in time to come, 'You have no share in Yahweh.'" They went home even though the Israelites had not fully conquered the land. diff --git a/jos/23/intro.md b/jos/23/intro.md index 6d06cfad8f..6e8edc90cd 100644 --- a/jos/23/intro.md +++ b/jos/23/intro.md @@ -2,11 +2,11 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Joshua's final words to Israel (Joshua 23-24) +####Joshua's final words to Israel (Joshua 23-24) "Do not marry with the heathen people but drive them out." -##### Drive them out +####Drive them out The Israelites were to completely drive out the Canaanites. If they did not drive them out completely, the Canaanites would cause the Israelites to worship other gods. It was sinful to allow the Canaanites to remain in the land because if the Israelites married the Canaanites, the Canaanites would cause them to worship other gods. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) ## Links: diff --git a/jos/24/intro.md b/jos/24/intro.md index ea235f61e3..24399daebd 100644 --- a/jos/24/intro.md +++ b/jos/24/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Joshua's instructions +####Joshua's instructions In this chapter, Joshua gives the leaders and people instructions in preparation for his death. It was common in the Ancient Near East for important leaders to do this. Unfortunately, the people of Israel did not listen to Joshua's instructions. ## Links: diff --git a/lam/01/intro.md b/lam/01/intro.md index 3e9a8e0928..81d112e2f8 100644 --- a/lam/01/intro.md +++ b/lam/01/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Structure and formatting -##### Judah destroyed for her sin +####Judah destroyed for her sin Judah used to be great, but is now a slave. The temple is stripped of all its valuables. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) diff --git a/lam/03/intro.md b/lam/03/intro.md index 8cf991c1d0..b1284af9b6 100644 --- a/lam/03/intro.md +++ b/lam/03/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Troubles +####Troubles Here the author speaks of the suffering experienced by the people of Jerusalem during the Babylonian siege and after the city's fall. He speaks of these sufferings as if they had been directed against him personally, as if God had personally attacked him. However, we should understand the writer's feelings as having been shared by everyone in the city. diff --git a/lev/01/intro.md b/lev/01/intro.md index 681b08f7c7..904a35b835 100644 --- a/lev/01/intro.md +++ b/lev/01/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ In Hebrew, this chapter begins with the word "and" indicating a connection with ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Atonement +####Atonement In order to offer a sacrifice for the people, the priest first had to make an atonement for himself, in order to make himself clean. Only then would he be clean and be allowed to perform a sacrifice. These sacrificed animals had to be perfect, the best of all of the animals. A person was not allowed to bring an inferior animal to be sacrificed to Yahweh. These sacrifices also had to be offered in a very specific way. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/atonement]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]]) ## Links: diff --git a/lev/02/intro.md b/lev/02/intro.md index 84a8baa8c5..cc4b38603c 100644 --- a/lev/02/intro.md +++ b/lev/02/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ This chapter gives instructions about how to make a grain offering. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yeast +####Yeast Yeast is connected to the events of the Passover. Any prohibition of yeast may be connected to the original Passover. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/passover]]) ## Links: diff --git a/lev/03/intro.md b/lev/03/intro.md index f97e7b7b48..228ad5ff71 100644 --- a/lev/03/intro.md +++ b/lev/03/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ This chapter gives instructions about how to offer a fellowship offering. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Fat +####Fat The fat of the animal was considered the best part of the animal to eat. Therefore, this belonged to Yahweh. This is why the Israelites were not allowed to consume it. ## Links: diff --git a/lev/04/intro.md b/lev/04/intro.md index 41a33ca62e..b8669bc834 100644 --- a/lev/04/intro.md +++ b/lev/04/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ This chapter gives instructions on how to offer a sacrifice for unintentional si ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Unintentional sins +####Unintentional sins Many scholars have taken special note that all of the sacrifices concern sins that are unintentional and that no provision is offered for sins intentionally committed. Many have suggested that it is only the sacrifice of Jesus's life that can be offered for these sins. Many also believe that this offering parallels the sacrifice of Jesus. ## Links: diff --git a/lev/05/intro.md b/lev/05/intro.md index b62ef03813..92f1fe6d9b 100644 --- a/lev/05/intro.md +++ b/lev/05/intro.md @@ -6,10 +6,10 @@ This chapter gives instructions about how to offer a specific type of sacrifice. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Not testifying +####Not testifying If a person saw a crime, or a wrong being done, they were required to be a witness about what they saw or heard. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/testimony]]) -##### Sacrifices for the poor +####Sacrifices for the poor This chapter explains that poor people were allowed to offer less expensive sacrifices if they could not afford more costly sacrifices. ## Links: diff --git a/lev/06/intro.md b/lev/06/intro.md index 5845a8b67f..aae1fe9165 100644 --- a/lev/06/intro.md +++ b/lev/06/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ This chapter gives instructions on how to offer guilt offerings, burnt offerings ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Eating sacrifices +####Eating sacrifices The Levites were allowed to eat some of the leftover parts of the sacrifice, while they were not allowed to eat other sacrifices. The reasons for this is unknown. ## Links: diff --git a/lev/07/intro.md b/lev/07/intro.md index fbdd4a5e46..c6290b2fcc 100644 --- a/lev/07/intro.md +++ b/lev/07/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ This chapter gives instructions on how to offer guilt offerings, peace offerings ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Blood +####Blood The people were not allowed to eat or drink the blood of the sacrificed meat because life was considered to be in the blood of the animal. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/blood]] and [Leviticus 17:11](../../lev/17/11.md)) ## Links: diff --git a/lev/09/intro.md b/lev/09/intro.md index 95a4776eae..5053f6c8dc 100644 --- a/lev/09/intro.md +++ b/lev/09/intro.md @@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ Aaron begins to function as the high priest in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Following Yahweh's instructions +####Following Yahweh's instructions Great care is taken to show that Aaron perfectly followed Yahweh's instructions. Moses records every detail to show how Aaron correctly followed Yahweh. ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "Fire came out from Yahweh" +####"Fire came out from Yahweh" Aaron did not create the fire that consumed his sacrifice. Instead, Yahweh miraculously began the fire which consumed the sacrifice. This showed that the sacrifice was acceptable to him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/miracle]]) ## Links: diff --git a/lev/10/intro.md b/lev/10/intro.md index f319d75971..e4e6f9bf35 100644 --- a/lev/10/intro.md +++ b/lev/10/intro.md @@ -6,13 +6,13 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Mourning +####Mourning Aaron was told that he and his remaining sons should not mourn Aaron's sons who were killed. As priests, they must put priestly work first, before their mourning and personal problems. ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "Unapproved fire" +####"Unapproved fire" The phrase "unapproved fire " indicates that Aaron's son offered an unacceptable sacrifice. Because of Yahweh's holiness, this was a serious sin. They may have offered a sacrifice at the wrong time or in the wrong way. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) ## Links: diff --git a/lev/11/intro.md b/lev/11/intro.md index beb19817dd..6f5d98ea83 100644 --- a/lev/11/intro.md +++ b/lev/11/intro.md @@ -2,11 +2,11 @@ ### Structure and formatting -##### Laws about food +####Laws about food This chapter contains a list of the animals the Israelites were not allowed to eat. Further research may be needed to determine the exact location of different parts of an animal. Many of these foods are not consumed to this day because they cause diseases, but it is unclear why the other foods are prohibited. -##### Special concepts in this chapter +####Special concepts in this chapter Eating unclean foods made a person unclean. The process of consuming these types of foods spread the uncleanliness to a person. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]]) ## Links: diff --git a/lev/12/intro.md b/lev/12/intro.md index 8aed91f6ba..26293f4e9f 100644 --- a/lev/12/intro.md +++ b/lev/12/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Menstruation +####Menstruation A woman was considered to be unclean after she began to bleed from her womb every month and after having a baby. This was because all blood was considered to be unclean. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/blood]]) diff --git a/lev/13/intro.md b/lev/13/intro.md index 4993a86213..ed66d12314 100644 --- a/lev/13/intro.md +++ b/lev/13/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Skin disease +####Skin disease This chapter addresses the ways a priest was to decide if a person had a skin disease, which would make a person unclean. This was important because these diseases could have easily spread among the people in the ancient Near East. This is also true concerning things growing on clothing or things that touch a person's skin. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]]) diff --git a/lev/14/intro.md b/lev/14/intro.md index 3f39615051..ea6c4082df 100644 --- a/lev/14/intro.md +++ b/lev/14/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ This chapter is a continuation of the material in the previous chapter. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Skin disease and mildew +####Skin disease and mildew This chapter addresses the ways a priest was to decide if a person had a skin disease, which would make a person unclean. This was important because these diseases could have easily spread among the people in the ancient Near East. This was also true for the things which could have touched a person's skin. This chapter explains how the priest was to treat the person suffering with a skin disease. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]]) diff --git a/lev/15/intro.md b/lev/15/intro.md index a976f31549..bee837a018 100644 --- a/lev/15/intro.md +++ b/lev/15/intro.md @@ -2,10 +2,10 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Bodily fluid +####Bodily fluid This chapter discusses fluids that come out of the body. These fluids caused a person to be unclean because of their potential to cause diseases. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]]) -##### Cleanliness +####Cleanliness While these rules about cleanliness are intended to benefit the Israelites and promote their health, they also were about making Israel into a separate and holy nation, different from the rest of the world. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]]) ## Links: diff --git a/lev/16/intro.md b/lev/16/intro.md index 9753010bf5..9327c91cb7 100644 --- a/lev/16/intro.md +++ b/lev/16/intro.md @@ -2,10 +2,10 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Holiness +####Holiness Because Yahweh is holy, he can only be approached in a certain way. This could only happen on a specific day, by a specific person, and only after they offered the proper sacrifice to make themselves clean. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]]) -##### Day of Atonement +####Day of Atonement This chapter gives rules for what the high priest had to do on the Day of Atonement. This was the most important day in Judaism. This is when he interceded for the sins of the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/highpriest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/atonement]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) ## Links: diff --git a/lev/17/intro.md b/lev/17/intro.md index 50dde3df62..1b6fdcecd6 100644 --- a/lev/17/intro.md +++ b/lev/17/intro.md @@ -2,12 +2,12 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Sacrifices +####Sacrifices Sacrifices could only be offered by the priests at the temple. Any other sacrifice was strictly prohibited. This was probably intended to ensure that the people were only offering sacrifices to Yahweh and not to another god. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "The life of each creature is its blood" +####"The life of each creature is its blood" It is unclear why the life is described as being in the blood. It is possible that diseases were more common in the blood and this is why it was prohibited. Blood is also necessary for life to continue in a creature. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/life]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/blood]]) ## Links: diff --git a/lev/18/intro.md b/lev/18/intro.md index a898ce9561..96e9798efd 100644 --- a/lev/18/intro.md +++ b/lev/18/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Uncovering nakedness +####Uncovering nakedness To uncover someone’s nakedness is an idiom that has two related meanings. If a man uncovers a woman’s nakedness, it means that he has sexual relations with her. If a man uncovers another man’s nakedness, it means that he shames that man by having sexual relations with that man’s wife. diff --git a/lev/19/intro.md b/lev/19/intro.md index 1146584e86..3a66aeee6b 100644 --- a/lev/19/intro.md +++ b/lev/19/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Obeying Yahweh +####Obeying Yahweh Being holy meant obeying Yahweh in all matters of a person's life. It is not limited to offering correct sacrifices. The law helped to establish righteousness in a person's life, as well as justice in Israel. In Israel, these concepts are closely related. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]]) diff --git a/lev/20/intro.md b/lev/20/intro.md index cb80fae254..dfb9f1300a 100644 --- a/lev/20/intro.md +++ b/lev/20/intro.md @@ -2,17 +2,17 @@ ### Structure and formatting -##### Punishments for serious sins +####Punishments for serious sins This chapter compiles a list of serious sins. The most serious sins are punished by death. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/death]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### See each other's nakedness +####See each other's nakedness For a man and a woman to see each other's nakedness means for them have sexual relations together. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom]]) -##### Carry guilt +####Carry guilt The phrase "you must carry your own guilt" is a metaphor. It is unknown what this means, but it is possible it indicates a penalty of death. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) ## Links: diff --git a/lev/21/intro.md b/lev/21/intro.md index 8222f1a589..98db3849cf 100644 --- a/lev/21/intro.md +++ b/lev/21/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Priests must be holy +####Priests must be holy Priests must be separate from the rest of the world. Priests should not do anything that would be unclean. They also cannot be unclean because of a birth defect, and they must not marry an unclean woman. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]]) diff --git a/lev/22/intro.md b/lev/22/intro.md index c3150ad437..b32ee9c2bf 100644 --- a/lev/22/intro.md +++ b/lev/22/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Structure and formatting -##### Holy things +####Holy things Priests who are unclean must not touch any holy thing. The things in the temple and involved in sacrifices must remain clean. An unclean priest would cause anything he touched to become unclean. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]]) diff --git a/lev/23/intro.md b/lev/23/intro.md index b80658f5f7..6cb58e9c7a 100644 --- a/lev/23/intro.md +++ b/lev/23/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Structure and formatting -##### The feasts +####The feasts The people should celebrate the Sabbath, the Passover, the Feast of First Fruits, the Feast of Weeks, the Feast of Trumpets, the Day of Atonement and the Feast of Booths. These feasts were important for the religious life of Israel. They were a part of proper worship of Yahweh and the identity of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sabbath]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/passover]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/firstfruit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/atonement]]) ## Links: diff --git a/lev/24/intro.md b/lev/24/intro.md index 9d46a1b391..ee9801a396 100644 --- a/lev/24/intro.md +++ b/lev/24/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Cursing God +####Cursing God The punishment for someone who curses God is to have stones thrown at him until he is dead. This was acceptable in ancient Israel, but it is no longer considered acceptable. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]]) diff --git a/lev/25/intro.md b/lev/25/intro.md index 537d554576..5eee4959ca 100644 --- a/lev/25/intro.md +++ b/lev/25/intro.md @@ -2,10 +2,10 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Over-farming +####Over-farming There is a provision made in this chapter to prevent over-farming of the land. If a land is farmed every year with the same crops, it will quickly become unable to grow anything. -##### Sabbath and Jubilee Years +####Sabbath and Jubilee Years Every seventh year, the land should not be planted. Every fiftieth year Israelite slaves must be freed and all land that has been bought returned to its original owners. This prevented people from getting trapped by their poverty. diff --git a/lev/26/intro.md b/lev/26/intro.md index c76d955748..485f4e3bbe 100644 --- a/lev/26/intro.md +++ b/lev/26/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Worship only Yahweh +#### Worship only Yahweh If people obey God and worship only him, he will bless and protect them. If people disobey his law and if they worship other gods, then he will severely punish them to help them to repent and begin obeying him. This takes the form of a promise. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]]) diff --git a/lev/27/intro.md b/lev/27/intro.md index 90585c5827..a98192a2ce 100644 --- a/lev/27/intro.md +++ b/lev/27/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Dedicated to Yahweh +####Dedicated to Yahweh This chapter records the manner in which people make vows of dedication to Yahweh. There are many reasons why a person would dedicate something to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/vow]]) diff --git a/luk/01/intro.md b/luk/01/intro.md index 6c49264863..bb923a5989 100644 --- a/luk/01/intro.md +++ b/luk/01/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "He will be called John" +####"He will be called John" Most people in the ancient Near East would give a child the same name as someone in their family. People were surprised that Elizabeth and Zechariah named their son John, because there was no one else in their family with that name. diff --git a/luk/03/intro.md b/luk/03/intro.md index 7a81ab83c7..c1092162fc 100644 --- a/luk/03/intro.md +++ b/luk/03/intro.md @@ -6,21 +6,21 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Justice +####Justice John's instructions to the soldiers and tax collectors in this chapter are not complicated. They are things that should have been obvious to them. He instructed them to live justly. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [Luke 3:12-15](./12.md)) -##### Genealogy +####Genealogy A genealogy is a list which records a person's ancestors or descendants. Such lists were very important in determining who had the right be king, because the king's authority was usually passed down or inherited from his father. It was also common for other important people to have a recorded genealogy. ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphor +####Metaphor Prophecy often involves the use of metaphors to express its meaning. Spiritual discernment is needed for proper interpretation of the prophecy. The prophecy of Isaiah is an extended metaphor describing the ministry of John the Baptist ([Luke 3:4-6](./04.md)). Translation is difficult. It is suggested that the translator treat each line of the ULB as a separate metaphor. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "(Herod) had John locked up in prison" +####"(Herod) had John locked up in prison" This event can cause confusion because the author says John was imprisoned and then says he was baptizing Jesus. The author probably uses this phrase in anticipation of Herod's imprisonment of John. This would mean that this statement is still in the future at the time of the narrative. ## Links: diff --git a/luk/04/intro.md b/luk/04/intro.md index c0073d698e..c2c14401e4 100644 --- a/luk/04/intro.md +++ b/luk/04/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Jesus was tempted by the devil +####Jesus was tempted by the devil While it is true that the devil sincerely believed that he could persuade Jesus to obey him, it is important not to imply that Jesus actually ever really wanted to obey him. ## Links: diff --git a/luk/05/intro.md b/luk/05/intro.md index a195c0e89c..fbde9d7332 100644 --- a/luk/05/intro.md +++ b/luk/05/intro.md @@ -2,35 +2,35 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "You will catch men" +####"You will catch men" Peter, James, and John were fishermen. When Jesus told them that they would catch men, he was using a metaphor to tell them he wanted them to help people believe the good news about him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/disciple]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) -##### Sinners +####Sinners When the people of Jesus's time spoke of "sinners," they were talking about people who did not obey the law of Moses and instead committed sins like stealing or sexual sins. When Jesus said that he came to call "sinners," he meant that only people who believe that they are sinners can be his followers. This is true even if they are not what most people think of as "sinners." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -##### Fasting and Feasting +####Fasting and Feasting People would fast, or not eat food for a long time, when they were sad or were showing God that they were sorry for their sins. When they were happy, like during weddings, they would have feasts, or meals where they would eat much food. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/fast]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Irony +####Irony Jesus uses irony to condemn the Pharisees. This passage includes "people in good health" and "righteous people." This does not mean that there are people who do not need Jesus. There are no "righteous people." Everybody needs Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-irony]] and [Luke 5:31-32](./31.md)) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Implicit information +####Implicit information In several parts of this chapter the author left out some implicit information that his original readers would have understood and thought about. Modern readers might not know some of those things, so they might have trouble understanding all that the author was communicating. The UDB often shows how that information can be presented so that modern readers will be able to understand those passages. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-unknown]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) -##### Past Events +####Past Events Parts of this chapter are sequences of events that have already happened. In a given passage, Luke sometimes writes as if the events have already happened while other events are still in progress (even though they are complete at the time he writes). This can cause difficulty in translation by creating an illogical order of events. It may be necessary to make these consistent by writing as if all the events have already happened. -##### "Son of Man" +####"Son of Man" Jesus refers to himself as the "Son of Man" in this chapter ([Luke 5:24](../../luk/05/24.md)). Your language may not allow people to speak of themselves as if they were speaking about someone else. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sonofman]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-123person]]) diff --git a/luk/06/intro.md b/luk/06/intro.md index cba92f0972..e1f6b39ce4 100644 --- a/luk/06/intro.md +++ b/luk/06/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Luke 6:20-49 contains many blessings and woes that appear to correspond to Matth ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "Eating the grain" +####"Eating the grain" When the disciples plucked and ate the grain in a field they were walking through on the Sabbath ([Luke 6:1](../../luk/06/01.md)), the Pharisees said that they were breaking the law of Moses. The Pharisees said that the disciples were doing work by picking the grain and so disobeying God's command to rest and not work on the Sabbath. @@ -14,21 +14,21 @@ The Pharisees did not think the disciples were stealing. That is because the law ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphor +####Metaphor Metaphors are pictures of visible objects that speakers use to explain invisible truths. Jesus used a metaphor of a generous grain merchant to teach his people to be generous ([Luke 6:38](../../luk/06/38.md)). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) -##### Rhetorical Questions +####Rhetorical Questions Rhetorical questions are questions to which the speaker already knows the answer. The Pharisees scolded Jesus by asking him a rhetorical question when they thought he was breaking the Sabbath ([Luke 6:2](../../luk/06/02.md)). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Implicit information +####Implicit information Speakers usually do not say things that they think their hearers already understand. When Luke wrote that the disciples were rubbing the heads of grain between their hands, he expected his reader to know that they were separating the part they would eat from what they would throw away ([Luke 6:1](../../luk/06/01.md)). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) -##### The twelve disciples +####The twelve disciples The following are the lists of the twelve disciples: diff --git a/luk/07/intro.md b/luk/07/intro.md index 6057c7cc05..d7fb357628 100644 --- a/luk/07/intro.md +++ b/luk/07/intro.md @@ -8,25 +8,25 @@ Several times in this chapter Luke changes his topic without marking the change. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Centurion +####Centurion The centurion who asked Jesus to heal his slave ([Luke 7:2](../../luk/07/02.md) was doing many unusual things. A Roman soldier would almost never go to a Jew for anything, and most wealthy people did not love or care for their slaves. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/centurion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) -##### John's Baptism +####John's Baptism John baptized people to show that those he was baptizing knew they were sinners and were sorry for their sin. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -##### "Sinners" +####"Sinners" Luke refers to a group of people as "sinners." The Jewish leaders considered these people to be hopelessly ignorant of the law of Moses, and so called them "sinners." In reality, the leaders were sinful. This situation can be taken as irony. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-irony]]) -##### "Feet" +####"Feet" The feet of the people in the ancient Near East were very dirty because they wore sandals and the roads and trails were dusty and muddy. Only slaves washed other people's feet. The woman who washed Jesus's feet was showing him great honor. ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "Son of Man" +####"Son of Man" Jesus refers to himself as the "Son of Man" in this chapter ([Luke 7:34](../../luk/07/34.md)). Your language may not allow people to speak of themselves as if they were speaking about someone else. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sonofman]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-123person]]) diff --git a/luk/08/intro.md b/luk/08/intro.md index 6af6275967..1679d079da 100644 --- a/luk/08/intro.md +++ b/luk/08/intro.md @@ -6,13 +6,13 @@ Several times in this chapter Luke changes his topic without marking the change. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Miracles +####Miracles Jesus made a storm stop by speaking to it, he made a dead girl alive by speaking to her, and he made evil spirits leave a man by speaking to them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/miracle]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Parables +####Parables The parables were short stories that Jesus told so that people would easily understand the lesson he was trying to teach them. He also told the stories so that those who did not want to believe in him would not understand the truth ([Luke 8:4-15](./04.md)). diff --git a/luk/09/intro.md b/luk/09/intro.md index af6190c5af..6c5a7dd782 100644 --- a/luk/09/intro.md +++ b/luk/09/intro.md @@ -2,33 +2,33 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "To preach the kingdom of God" +####"To preach the kingdom of God" No one knows for sure what the words "kingdom of God" here refer to. Some say it refers to the reign of God on earth, and others say it refers to the gospel message that Jesus died to pay for his people's sins. It is best to translate this as "to preach about the kingdom of God" or "to teach them about how God was going to show himself as king." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) -##### Elijah +####Elijah God had promised the Jews that the prophet Elijah would return before the Messiah came, so some people who saw Jesus do miracles thought Jesus was Elijah ([Luke 9:9](../../luk/09/09.md), [Luke 9:19](../../luk/09/19.md)). However, Elijah did come to earth to speak with Jesus ([Luke 9:30](../../luk/09/30.md)). (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/names/elijah]]) -##### "Kingdom of God" +####"Kingdom of God" The term "kingdom of God" is used in this chapter to refer to a kingdom that was still in the future when the words were spoken. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/kingdomofgod]]) -##### Glory +####Glory Scripture often speaks of God's glory as a great, brilliant light. When people see this light, they are afraid. Luke says in this chapter that Jesus's clothing shone with this glorious light so that his followers could see that Jesus truly was God's Son. At the same time, God told them that Jesus was his Son. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/glory]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fear]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Paradox +####Paradox A paradox is a true statement that appears to describe something impossible. An example in this chapter is: "Whoever would save his life will lose it, but whoever loses his life for my sake will save it." ([Luke 9:24](../../luk/09/24.md)). -##### "Son of Man" +####"Son of Man" Jesus refers to himself as the "Son of Man" in this chapter ([Luke 9:22](../../luk/09/22.md)). Your language may not allow people to speak of themselves as if they were speaking about someone else. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sonofman]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-123person]]) -##### "Receiving" +####"Receiving" This word appears several times in this chapter and means different things. When Jesus says, "If someone receives a little child like this in my name, he also is receiving me, and if someone receives me, he is also receiving the one who sent me" ([Luke 9:48](../../luk/09/48.md)), he is speaking of people serving the child. When Luke says, "the people there did not receive him" ([Luke 9:53](../../luk/09/53.md)), he means that the people did not believe in or accept Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]]) diff --git a/luk/10/intro.md b/luk/10/intro.md index f7dc0e2ee6..ea7627b668 100644 --- a/luk/10/intro.md +++ b/luk/10/intro.md @@ -2,11 +2,11 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Harvest +####Harvest Harvest is when people go out to get the food they have planted so they can bring it to their houses and eat it. Harvest can also refer to the food that is gathered. Jesus used this as a metaphor to teach his followers that they need to go and tell other people about Jesus so those people can be part of God's kingdom. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/harvest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) -##### Neighbor +####Neighbor A neighbor is anyone who lives nearby. The Jews helped their Jewish neighbors who needed help, and they expected their Jewish neighbors to help them. Jesus wanted them to understand that people who were not Jews were also their neighbors, so he told them a parable ([Luke 10:29-36](./29.md)). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-parables]]) diff --git a/luk/11/intro.md b/luk/11/intro.md index e4f8b1a8da..7f5eafc52f 100644 --- a/luk/11/intro.md +++ b/luk/11/intro.md @@ -6,19 +6,19 @@ The ULB sets the lines in 11:2-4 farther to the right on the page than the rest ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The Lord's Prayer +####The Lord's Prayer When Jesus's followers asked him to teach them how to pray, he taught them this prayer. He did not expect them to use the same words every time they prayed, but he did want them to know what God wanted them to pray about. -##### Jonah +####Jonah Jonah was an Old Testament prophet who was sent to the Gentile city of Nineveh to tell them to repent. When he told them to repent, they repented. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]]) -##### Light and darkness +####Light and darkness The Bible often speaks of unrighteous people, people who do not do what pleases God, as if they were walking around in darkness. It speaks of light as if it were what enables those sinful people to become righteous, to understand what they are doing wrong and begin to obey God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -##### Washing +####Washing The Pharisees would wash themselves and the things they ate with. They would even wash things that were not dirty. The law of Moses did not tell them to wash these things, but they would wash them anyway. This was because they thought that if they obeyed both the rules that God had made and some rules that God had not made, God would think that they were better people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]]) diff --git a/luk/12/intro.md b/luk/12/intro.md index 9cf3d23716..1b04a478f5 100644 --- a/luk/12/intro.md +++ b/luk/12/intro.md @@ -2,21 +2,21 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "Blasphemy against the Spirit" +####"Blasphemy against the Spirit" No one knows for sure what actions people perform or what words they say when they commit this sin. However, they probably insult the Holy Spirit and his work. Part of the Holy Spirit's work is to make people understand that they are sinners and that they need to have God forgive them. Therefore, anyone who does not try to stop sinning is probably committing blasphemy against the Spirit. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/blasphemy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holyspirit]]) -##### Servants +####Servants God expects his people to remember that everything in the world belongs to God. God gives his people things so they can serve him. He wants them to please him by doing what he wants them to do with everything he has given them. One day Jesus will ask his servants what they have done with everything he gave them to use. He will give a reward to those who have done what he wanted them to do, and he will punish those who have not. -##### Division +####Division Jesus knew that those who did not choose to follow him would hate those who did choose to follow him. He also knew that most people love their families more than they love anyone else. So he wanted his followers to understand that following and pleasing him had to be more important to them than having their family love them ([Luke 12:51-56](./51.md)). ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "Son of Man" +####"Son of Man" Jesus refers to himself as the "Son of Man" in this chapter ([Luke 12;8](./08.md)). Your language may not allow people to speak of themselves as if they were speaking about someone else. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sonofman]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-123person]]) diff --git a/luk/13/intro.md b/luk/13/intro.md index 356d02ec65..895fe7b321 100644 --- a/luk/13/intro.md +++ b/luk/13/intro.md @@ -2,11 +2,11 @@ ### Possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Unknown events +####Unknown events The people and Jesus speak about two events that they knew about but about which no one today knows anything except what Luke has written ([Luke 13:1-5](./01.md)). Your translation should tell only what Luke tells. -##### Paradox +####Paradox A paradox is a true statement that appears to describe something impossible. A paradox occurs in this chapter: "those who are least important will be first, and those who are most important will be last" ([Luke 13:30](../../luk/13/30.md)). diff --git a/luk/14/intro.md b/luk/14/intro.md index a38c1bbcec..14c0e01ad4 100644 --- a/luk/14/intro.md +++ b/luk/14/intro.md @@ -4,19 +4,19 @@ Verse 3 says, "Jesus asked the experts in the Jewish law and the Pharisees, 'Is it lawful to heal on the Sabbath, or not?'" Many times, the Pharisees got angry with Jesus for healing on the Sabbath. In this passage, Jesus dumbfounds the Pharisees. It was normally the Pharisees who tried to trap Jesus. -##### Changes of subject +####Changes of subject Many times in this chapter Luke changes from one subject to another without marking the changes. ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Parable +####Parable Jesus told the parable in [Luke 14:15-24](./15.md) to teach that the kingdom of God will be something that everyone can enjoy. But people will refuse to be part of it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/kingdomofgod]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Paradox +####Paradox A paradox is a true statement that appears to describe something impossible. A paradox occurs in this chapter: "for everyone who exalts himself will be humbled, and he who humbles himself will be exalted" ([Luke 14:11](../../luk/14/11.md)). diff --git a/luk/15/intro.md b/luk/15/intro.md index c381ea6a0d..98833441e3 100644 --- a/luk/15/intro.md +++ b/luk/15/intro.md @@ -2,13 +2,13 @@ ### Structure and formatting -##### The parable of the prodigal son +####The parable of the prodigal son [Luke 15:11-32](./11.md) is the parable of the prodigal son. Most people think that the father in the story represents God (the Father), the sinful younger son represents those who repent and come to faith in Jesus, and the self-righteous older son represents the Pharisees. In the story the older son becomes angry at the father because the father has forgiven the younger son's sins, and he will not go into the party the father has thrown because the younger son has repented. Jesus includes the part of the story about the older brother because he knows that the Pharisees want God to think only they are good and to not forgive other people's sins. He is teaching them that they will never be part of God's kingdom because they think that way. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/forgive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-parables]]) ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Sinners +####Sinners When the people of Jesus's time spoke of "sinners," they were talking about people who did not obey the law of Moses and instead committed sins like stealing or sexual sins. But Jesus told three parables ([Luke 15:4-7](./04.md), [Luke 15:8-10](./08.md), and [Luke 15:11-32](./11.md)) to teach that the people who believe they are sinners and who repent are the people who truly please God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-parables]]) diff --git a/luk/17/intro.md b/luk/17/intro.md index ff19b693dc..c09b1ab1d7 100644 --- a/luk/17/intro.md +++ b/luk/17/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Old Testament Examples +####Old Testament Examples Jesus used the lives of Noah and of Lot to teach his followers. Noah was ready for the flood when it came, and they needed to be ready for him to return, because he would not warn them when he came. Lot's wife loved the evil city she had been living in so much that God also punished her when he destroyed it, and they needed to love Jesus more than anything else, @@ -10,17 +10,17 @@ Those who read your translation may need help so they can understand what Jesus ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical Questions +####Rhetorical Questions Jesus asked his disciples three questions ([Luke 17:7-9](./07.md)) to teach them that even those who serve him well are righteous only because of his grace. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "Son of Man" +####"Son of Man" Jesus refers to himself as the "Son of Man" in this chapter ([Luke 17:22](../../luk/17/22.md)). Your language may not allow people to speak of themselves as if they were speaking about someone else. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sonofman]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-123person]]) -##### Paradox +####Paradox A paradox is a true statement that appears to describe something impossible. A paradox occurs in this chapter: "Whoever seeks to gain his life will lose it, but whoever loses his life will save it" ([Luke 17:33](../../luk/17/33.md)). diff --git a/luk/18/intro.md b/luk/18/intro.md index 922fb3037c..1644fc0e57 100644 --- a/luk/18/intro.md +++ b/luk/18/intro.md @@ -6,17 +6,17 @@ Jesus told two parables ([Luke 18:1-8](./01.md) and [Luke 18:9-14](./09.md)) and ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Judges +####Judges People expected judges always to do what God said was right and to make sure that other people did what was right. But some judges did not care about doing right or making sure others did right. Jesus called this kind of judge unjust. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]]) -##### Pharisees and tax collectors +####Pharisees and tax collectors The Pharisees thought that they themselves were the best examples of righteous good people, and they thought that tax collectors were the most unrighteous sinners. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "Son of Man" +####"Son of Man" Jesus refers to himself as the "Son of Man" in this chapter ([Luke 18:8](../../luk/18/08.md)). Your language may not allow people to speak of themselves as if they were speaking about someone else. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sonofman]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-123person]]) diff --git a/luk/19/intro.md b/luk/19/intro.md index ec057def64..c0a8ce7cb0 100644 --- a/luk/19/intro.md +++ b/luk/19/intro.md @@ -6,24 +6,24 @@ After Jesus helped a man named Zacchaeus repent of his sins ([Luke 19:1-10](./01 ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "Sinner" +####"Sinner" The Pharisees referred to a group of people as "sinners." The Jewish leaders thought these people were sinful, but in reality the leaders were also sinful. This can be taken as irony. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-irony]]) -##### Servants +####Servants God expects his people to remember that everything in the world belongs to God. God gives his people things so they can serve him. He wants them to please him by doing what he wants them to do with everything he has given them. One day Jesus will ask his servants what they have done with everything he gave them to use. He will give a reward to those who have done what he wanted them to do, and he will punish those who have not. -##### The donkey and the colt +####The donkey and the colt Jesus rode into Jerusalem on an animal. In this way he was like a king who came into a city after he had won an important battle. Also, the kings of Israel in the Old Testament rode on a donkeys. Other kings rode on horses. So Jesus was showing that he was the king of Israel and that he was not like other kings. Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John all wrote about this event. Matthew and Mark wrote that the disciples brought Jesus a donkey. John wrote that Jesus found a donkey. Luke wrote that they brought him a colt. Only Matthew wrote that there were both a donkey had a colt. No one knows for sure whether Jesus rode the donkey or the colt. It is best to translate each of these accounts as it appears in the ULB without trying to make them all say exactly the same thing. (See: [Matthew 21:1-7](../../mat/21/01.md) and [Mark 11:1-7](../../mrk/11/01.md) and [Luke 19:29-36](../../luk/19/29.md) and [John 12:14-15](../../jhn/12/14.md)) -##### Spreading garments and branches +####Spreading garments and branches When a king would enter one of the cities he ruled, people would cut branches from trees and would take off the clothes that they wore to stay warm in cold weather and spread them all on the road so the king would ride over them. They did this to honor the king and show that they loved him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/honor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-symaction]]) -##### The merchants in the temple +####The merchants in the temple Jesus forced the people who were selling animals in the temple to leave. He did this to show everyone that he had authority over the temple and that only those who were righteous, who did what God said was good, could be in it. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) diff --git a/luk/20/intro.md b/luk/20/intro.md index 9bb6699665..b9e2e31886 100644 --- a/luk/20/intro.md +++ b/luk/20/intro.md @@ -6,13 +6,13 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Using questions to trap people +####Using questions to trap people When Jesus asked the Pharisees who gave John the authority to baptize ([Luke 20:4](../../luk/20/04.md)), they could not answer because any answer they gave would give someone a reason to say that they were wrong ([Luke 20:5-6](./05.md)). They thought that they would be able to say that Jesus was wrong when they asked him if people should pay taxes to Caesar ([Luke 20:22](../../luk/20/22.md)), but Jesus gave them an answer that they had not thought of. ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Paradox +####Paradox A paradox is a true statement that appears to describe something impossible. In this chapter, Jesus quotes a psalm that records David calling his son "Lord," that is, "master." However, to the Jews, ancestors were greater than their descendants. In this passage, Jesus is trying to lead his hearers to the true understanding that the Messiah will himself be divine, and that he himself is the Messiah. ([Luke 20:41-44](./41.md)). diff --git a/luk/21/intro.md b/luk/21/intro.md index 0736cd834e..e71b5c022f 100644 --- a/luk/21/intro.md +++ b/luk/21/intro.md @@ -6,17 +6,17 @@ Jesus told his disciples much about what would happen before he returned. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "For many will come in my name, saying, 'I am he,'" +####"For many will come in my name, saying, 'I am he,'" Jesus taught that before he returned many people would falsely claim to be him returning. It will also be a time when many people will hate Jesus's followers and even want to kill them. -##### "Until the times of the Gentiles are fulfilled" +####"Until the times of the Gentiles are fulfilled" The Jews spoke of the time between when the Babylonians forced their ancestors to go to Babylon and the time when the Messiah would come as "the times of the Gentiles," the time when the Gentiles would rule over the Jews. ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "Son of Man" +####"Son of Man" Jesus refers to himself as the "Son of Man" in this chapter ([Luke 21:27](../../luk/21/27.md)). Your language may not allow people to speak of themselves as if they were speaking about someone else. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sonofman]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-123person]]) diff --git a/luk/22/intro.md b/luk/22/intro.md index 4a59a599d5..4cb004dd83 100644 --- a/luk/22/intro.md +++ b/luk/22/intro.md @@ -2,17 +2,17 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The eating of the body and blood +####The eating of the body and blood [Luke 22:19-20](./19.md) describes Jesus's last meal with his followers. At that time, Jesus told them that what they were eating and drinking were his body and his blood. Nearly all Christian churches celebrate "the Lord's Supper," the "Eucharist," or "Holy Communion" to remember this meal. -##### The new covenant +####The new covenant Some people think that Jesus established the new covenant during the supper. Others think he established it after he went up to heaven. Others think it will not be established until Jesus comes again. Your translation should say no more about this than the ULB does. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "Son of Man" +####"Son of Man" Jesus refers to himself as the "Son of Man" in this chapter ([Luke 22:22](../../luk/22/22.md)). Your language may not allow people to speak of themselves as if they were speaking about someone else. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sonofman]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-123person]]) diff --git a/luk/23/intro.md b/luk/23/intro.md index 04a9bd8124..536049c861 100644 --- a/luk/23/intro.md +++ b/luk/23/intro.md @@ -6,21 +6,21 @@ The ULB sets the last line of this chapter apart because it is more connected wi ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Accuse +####Accuse The chief priests and scribes accused Jesus of doing evil because they wanted Pilate to kill Jesus. But they were accusing him falsely, because Jesus had never done what they accused him of doing. -##### "The curtain of the temple was split in two" +####"The curtain of the temple was split in two" The curtain in the temple was an important symbol that showed that people needed to have someone speak to God for them. They could not speak to God directly because all people are sinful and God hates sin. God split the curtain to show that Jesus's people can now speak to God directly because Jesus has paid for their sins. -##### The tomb +####The tomb The tomb in which Jesus was buried ([Luke 23:53](../../luk/23/53.md)) was the kind of tomb in which wealthy Jewish families buried their dead. It was an actual room cut into a rock. It had a flat place on one side where they could place the body after they had put oil and spices on it and wrapped it in cloth. Then they would roll a large rock in front of the tomb so no one could see inside or enter. ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "I find no fault in this man" +####"I find no fault in this man" Pilate was saying that he did not know of any reason why he should punish Jesus: Jesus had not broken any laws. Pilate was not saying that Jesus was perfect. diff --git a/luk/24/intro.md b/luk/24/intro.md index c57d3d9105..c02210fbc9 100644 --- a/luk/24/intro.md +++ b/luk/24/intro.md @@ -2,29 +2,29 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The tomb +####The tomb The tomb in which Jesus was buried ([Luke 24:1](../../luk/24/01.md)) was the kind of tomb in which wealthy Jewish families buried their dead. It was an actual room cut into a rock. It had a flat place on one side where they could place the body after they had put oil and spices on it and wrapped it in cloth. Then they would roll a large rock in front of the tomb so no one could see inside or enter. -##### The faith of the women +####The faith of the women Most of Luke's original readers would have thought of women as less important than men, but Luke carefully shows that some women loved Jesus very much and had more faith than the twelve disciples had. -##### Resurrection +####Resurrection Luke wants his readers to understand that Jesus came alive again in a physical body ([Luke 24:38-43](./38.md)). ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "Son of Man" +####"Son of Man" Jesus refers to himself as the "Son of Man" in this chapter ([Luke 24:7](../../luk/24/07.md)). Your language may not allow people to speak of themselves as if they were speaking about someone else. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sonofman]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-123person]]) -##### "On the third day" +####"On the third day" Jesus told his followers that he would become alive again "on the third day" ([Luke 18:33](../../luk/18/33.md)). He died on a Friday afternoon (before sunset) and became alive again on a Sunday, so he became alive again "on the third day" because the Jews said that the day began and ended at sunset, and they counted any part of the day as a day. Friday was the first day, Saturday was the second day, and Sunday was the third day. -##### Two men in bright shining robes +####Two men in bright shining robes Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John all wrote about angels in white clothing with the women at Jesus's tomb. Two of the authors called them men, but that is only because the angels were in human form. Two of the authors wrote about two angels, but the other two authors wrote about only one of them. It is best to translate each of these passages as it appears in the ULB without trying to make the passages all say exactly the same thing. (See: [Matthew 28:1-2](../../mat/28/01.md) and [Mark 16:5](../../mrk/16/05.md) and [Luke 24:4](../../luk/24/04.md) and [John 20:12](../../jhn/20/12.md)) diff --git a/mal/01/intro.md b/mal/01/intro.md index 1fa1db71e0..35cbb3eb00 100644 --- a/mal/01/intro.md +++ b/mal/01/intro.md @@ -2,12 +2,12 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh of hosts +####Yahweh of hosts This is an important title used in this chapter. It reminds the reader of the great power Yahweh has to punish the nations. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/yahwehofhosts]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical questions +####Rhetorical questions There are many rhetorical questions in this chapter. They all have a rather dramatic effect. They increase the emotional connotations of what is being said. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) ## Links: diff --git a/mal/02/intro.md b/mal/02/intro.md index bcc9ac5507..b59aaf2e1d 100644 --- a/mal/02/intro.md +++ b/mal/02/intro.md @@ -2,10 +2,10 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Levites +####Levites The priests are given a strong warning in this chapter. They have not followed the law of Moses and have led the people in the wrong direction. Yahweh has not accepted their sacrifices. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]]) -##### Marital unfaithfulness +####Marital unfaithfulness Because the Jews lived under a covenantal arrangement with Yahweh, their relationship is described using the imagery of a marriage. Marital unfaithfulness indicates a person's unfaithfulness to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) ## Links: diff --git a/mal/03/intro.md b/mal/03/intro.md index 283575f0ae..91e8f5e67d 100644 --- a/mal/03/intro.md +++ b/mal/03/intro.md @@ -2,12 +2,12 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Messiah +####Messiah There are several prophecies in this chapter concerning the Messiah and the one who comes before the Messiah. At times, this chapter switches between prophesying about the first coming of the Messiah and the second coming of the Messiah without formal divisions between them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical questions +####Rhetorical questions Several rhetorical questions are used in this chapter to convince the reader of the truth of what he is saying and of their sin. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) ## Links: diff --git a/mal/04/intro.md b/mal/04/intro.md index cab67ddbd5..72c3f271eb 100644 --- a/mal/04/intro.md +++ b/mal/04/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Last days +####Last days Although the Jews may have hoped these prophecies referenced a time in the near future to them, the prophecies of this chapter exclusively relate to the last days. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lastday]]) ## Links: diff --git a/mat/01/intro.md b/mat/01/intro.md index ec6e453575..2b346fdc16 100644 --- a/mat/01/intro.md +++ b/mat/01/intro.md @@ -6,13 +6,13 @@ Some translations set a quotation from the Old Testament farther to the right on ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Genealogy +####Genealogy A genealogy is a list that records a person's ancestors or descendants. Jews used genealogies to choose the right man to become king. They did this because only a son of a king could become king. Most important people had records of their genealogies. ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Use of the passive voice +####Use of the passive voice Matthew uses the passive voice very purposefully in this chapter to indicate that Mary did not have a sexual relationship with anyone. She became pregnant with Jesus because the Holy Spirit performed a miracle. Many languages do not have a passive voice, so translators in those languages must find other ways to present the same truths. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]]) diff --git a/mat/02/intro.md b/mat/02/intro.md index 1dc6d3fec6..d59cbb6536 100644 --- a/mat/02/intro.md +++ b/mat/02/intro.md @@ -6,13 +6,13 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "His star" +####"His star" These words probably refer to a star that the learned men believed to be the sign of a new king of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sign]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "Learned men" +####"Learned men" English translations use many different words to translate this phrase. These words include "magi" and "wise men." These men could have been scientists or astrologers. If you can, you should translate this with the general words "learned men." diff --git a/mat/03/intro.md b/mat/03/intro.md index b8598bc8a4..234b77171e 100644 --- a/mat/03/intro.md +++ b/mat/03/intro.md @@ -6,13 +6,13 @@ Some translations set quotations from the Old Testament farther to the right on ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "Bear fruit worthy of repentance" +####"Bear fruit worthy of repentance" Fruit is a common picture word in the scriptures. Writers use it to describe the results of either good or bad behavior. In this chapter, good fruit is the result of living as God commands. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/fruit]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "The kingdom of heaven is near" +####"The kingdom of heaven is near" No one knows for sure whether the "kingdom of heaven" was present or still coming when John spoke these words. English translations often use the phrase "at hand," but these words can be difficult to translate. Other versions use the phrases "is coming near" and "has come near." diff --git a/mat/04/intro.md b/mat/04/intro.md index 45202254a1..71e52d924b 100644 --- a/mat/04/intro.md +++ b/mat/04/intro.md @@ -6,11 +6,11 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "the kingdom of heaven has come near" +####"the kingdom of heaven has come near" No one knows for use whether the "kingdom of heaven" was present or still coming when Jesus spoke these words. English translations often use the phrase "at hand," but these words can be difficult to translate. Other versions use the phase "is coming near" and "has come near." -##### "If you are the Son of God" +####"If you are the Son of God" The reader should not understand these words in verses 3 and 6 to mean that Satan did not know whether Jesus was the Son of God. God had already said that Jesus was his Son ([Matthew 3:17](../../mat/03/17.md)), so Satan knew who Jesus was. He also knew that Jesus could make stones become bread and could throw himself off of high places and not be hurt. He was trying to make Jesus do these things and so disobey God and obey Satan. These words can be translated as "Show me your power if you are the Son of God" (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/satan]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sonofgod]]) diff --git a/mat/05/intro.md b/mat/05/intro.md index 6c5c9f7e90..be0f0e0400 100644 --- a/mat/05/intro.md +++ b/mat/05/intro.md @@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ Jesus spoke about many different subjects in this sermon, so you may wish to hel ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "His disciples" +####"His disciples" It is possible to refer to anyone who followed Jesus as a follower or disciple. Jesus selected twelve of his followers to become his closest disciples, "the twelve disciples." They would later become known as the apostles. diff --git a/mat/07/intro.md b/mat/07/intro.md index ae45c8cbe9..2273d50ff9 100644 --- a/mat/07/intro.md +++ b/mat/07/intro.md @@ -6,11 +6,11 @@ Jesus spoke about many different subjects in this sermon, so you may wish to hel ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Matthew 5-7 +####Matthew 5-7 Many people call the words in Matthew 5-7 the Sermon on the Mount. This is one long lesson that Jesus taught. Bibles divide this lesson into three chapters, but this can sometimes confuse the reader. If your translation divides the text into sections, be sure that the reader understands that the whole sermon is one large section. -##### "By their fruits you will know them" +####"By their fruits you will know them" Fruit is a common image in the scriptures. It is used to describe the results of either good or bad actions. In this chapter, good fruit is the result of living as God commands. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/fruit]]) diff --git a/mat/08/intro.md b/mat/08/intro.md index edffc951f9..9b525c71ce 100644 --- a/mat/08/intro.md +++ b/mat/08/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ This chapter begins a new section. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Miracles +####Miracles Jesus performed miracles to show that he could control things that no other people could control. He also showed that it is proper to worship him because he performed miracles. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/authority]]) diff --git a/mat/09/intro.md b/mat/09/intro.md index addb2f34d0..d27cfb8793 100644 --- a/mat/09/intro.md +++ b/mat/09/intro.md @@ -2,21 +2,21 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "Sinners" +####"Sinners" When the people of Jesus's time spoke of "sinners," they were talking about people who did not obey the law of Moses and instead committed sins like stealing or sexual sins. When Jesus said that he came to call "sinners," he meant that only people who believe that they are sinners can be his followers. This is true even if they are not what most people think of as "sinners." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Passive voice +####Passive voice Many sentences in this chapter tell that a person had something happen to him without saying who caused that something to happen. You may have to translate the sentence so that it tells the reader who performed the action. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]]) -##### Rhetorical questions +####Rhetorical questions Speakers in this chapter asked questions to which they already knew the answer. They asked the questions to show that they were not happy with the hearers or to teach them or to get them to think. Your language may have another way of doing this. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) -##### Proverbs +####Proverbs Proverbs are very short sentences that use words that are easy to remember. They teach about something that is generally true. People who understand proverbs usually have to know much about the language and culture of the speaker. When you translate the proverbs in this chapter, you may have to use many more words than the speakers used so that your readers can understand things that the original audiences understood. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/writing-proverbs]]) diff --git a/mat/10/intro.md b/mat/10/intro.md index afc5df9f95..9aaf705c82 100644 --- a/mat/10/intro.md +++ b/mat/10/intro.md @@ -2,13 +2,13 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The sending of the twelve disciples +####The sending of the twelve disciples Many verses in this chapter describe how Jesus sent the twelve disciples out. He sent them to tell his message about the kingdom of heaven. They were to tell his message only in Israel and not to share it with the Gentiles. ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### The twelve disciples +####The twelve disciples The following are the lists of the twelve disciples: @@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ Simon (Peter), Andrew, James, John, Philip, Bartholomew, Matthew, Thomas, James Thaddaeus is probably the same person as Jude, the son of James. -##### "The kingdom of heaven has come near" +####"The kingdom of heaven has come near" No one knows for sure whether the "kingdom of heaven" was present or still coming when Jesus spoke these words. English translations often use the phrase "at hand," but these words can be difficult to translate. Other versions use the phrases "is coming near" and "has come near." diff --git a/mat/11/intro.md b/mat/11/intro.md index 385d659a17..d3e27444d5 100644 --- a/mat/11/intro.md +++ b/mat/11/intro.md @@ -8,13 +8,13 @@ Some scholars believe that [Matthew 11:20](../../mat/11/20.md) begins a new stag ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Hidden revelation +####Hidden revelation After [Matthew 11:20](../../mat/11/20.md) Jesus begins to reveal information about himself and about the plans of God the Father, while hiding this information from those who reject him ([Matthew 11:25](../../mat/11/25.md)). ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "The kingdom of heaven is near" +####"The kingdom of heaven is near" No one knows for sure whether the "kingdom of heaven" was present or still coming when John spoke these words. English translations often use the phrase "at hand," but these words can be difficult to translate. Other versions use the phrases "is coming near" and "has come near." diff --git a/mat/12/intro.md b/mat/12/intro.md index cbda66f0da..59a43aa577 100644 --- a/mat/12/intro.md +++ b/mat/12/intro.md @@ -6,11 +6,11 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The Sabbath +####The Sabbath This chapter has much to say about how God's people are to obey the Sabbath. Jesus said that the rules that the Pharisees made up did not help people obey the Sabbath the way God wanted them to. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sabbath]]) -##### "Blasphemy against the Spirit" +####"Blasphemy against the Spirit" No one knows for sure what actions people perform or what words they say when they commit this sin. However, they probably insult the Holy Spirit and his work. Part of the Holy Spirit's work is to make people understand that they are sinners and that they need to have God forgive them. Therefore, anyone who does not try to stop sinning is probably committing blasphemy against the Spirit. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/blasphemy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holyspirit]]) diff --git a/mat/13/intro.md b/mat/13/intro.md index 86f655cef7..5cc434a87f 100644 --- a/mat/13/intro.md +++ b/mat/13/intro.md @@ -8,25 +8,25 @@ This chapter begins a new section. It contains some of Jesus's parables about th ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metonymy +####Metonymy Jesus often says the word "heaven" when he wants his hearers to think of God, who lives in heaven ([Matthew 13:11](../../mat/13/11.md)). -##### Implicit information +####Implicit information Speakers usually do not say things that they think their hearers already understand. When Matthew wrote that Jesus "sat beside the sea" ([Matthew 13:1](../../mat/13/01.md)), he probably expected his hearers to know that Jesus was about to teach the people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) -##### Metaphor +####Metaphor Speakers often use words for things that can be touched to speak of things that cannot be touched. Jesus spoke of a bird eating a seed to describe how Satan kept people from understanding Jesus's message ([Matthew 13:19](../../mat/13/19.md)). ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Passive voice +####Passive voice Many sentences in this chapter tell that a person had something happen to him without saying who caused that something to happen. For example, "they were scorched" ([Matthew 13:6](../../mat/13/06.md)). You may have to translate the sentence so that it tells the reader who performed the action. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]]) -##### Parables +####Parables The parables were short stories that Jesus told so that people would easily understand the lesson he was trying to teach them. He also told the stories so that those who did not want to believe in him would not understand the truth ([Matthew 13:11-13](./11.md)). diff --git a/mat/14/intro.md b/mat/14/intro.md index 5c90316dfe..bbdb1d4df0 100644 --- a/mat/14/intro.md +++ b/mat/14/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Verses 1 and 2 continue the account from chapter 13. Verses 3-12 stop the accoun ### Possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Passive voice +####Passive voice Many sentences in this chapter tell that a person had something happen to him without saying who caused that something to happen. For example, the writer does not tell who brought John's head to Herodias's daughter ([Matthew 14:11](../../mat/14/11.md)). You may have to translate the sentence so that it tells the reader who performed the action. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]]) diff --git a/mat/15/intro.md b/mat/15/intro.md index 869236e1f5..39f0aa57ef 100644 --- a/mat/15/intro.md +++ b/mat/15/intro.md @@ -6,17 +6,17 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The "traditions of the elders" +####The "traditions of the elders" The "traditions of the elders" were oral laws that the Jewish religious leaders developed because they wanted to make sure that everyone obeyed the law of Moses. However, they often worked harder to obey these rules than to obey the law of Moses itself. Jesus rebuked the religious leaders for this, and they became angry as a result. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]]) -##### Jews and Gentiles +####Jews and Gentiles The Jews of Jesus's time thought that only Jews could please God by the way they lived. Jesus healed a Canaanite Gentile woman's daughter to show his followers that he would accept both Jews and Gentiles as his people. ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Sheep +####Sheep The Bible often speaks of people as if they were sheep because sheep need someone to take care of them. This is because they do not see well and they often go to where other animals can kill them easily. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) diff --git a/mat/16/intro.md b/mat/16/intro.md index bb9b051fbc..49aca47e8d 100644 --- a/mat/16/intro.md +++ b/mat/16/intro.md @@ -2,23 +2,23 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yeast +####Yeast Jesus spoke of the way people thought about God as if it were bread, and he spoke of what people taught about God as if it were the yeast that makes bread dough become larger and the baked bread taste good. He did not want his followers to listen to what the Pharisees and Sadducees taught. This was because if they did listen, they would not understand who God is and how he wants his people to live. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphor +####Metaphor Jesus told his people to obey his commands. He did this by telling them to "follow" him. It is as if he were walking on a path and they were walking after him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Background information +####Background information Matthew continues his account from chapter 15 in verses 1-20. The account stops in verse 21 so Matthew can tell the reader that Jesus told his disciples again and again that people would kill him after he arrived in Jerusalem. Then the account continues in verses 22-27 with what happened the first time Jesus told the disciples that he would die. -##### Paradox +####Paradox A paradox is a true statement that appears to describe something impossible. Jesus uses a paradox when he says, "Whoever wants to save his life will lose it, and whoever loses his life for my sake will find it" ([Matthew 16:25](../../mat/16/25.md)). diff --git a/mat/17/intro.md b/mat/17/intro.md index 42411b80aa..e66c139efa 100644 --- a/mat/17/intro.md +++ b/mat/17/intro.md @@ -2,11 +2,11 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Elijah +####Elijah The Old Testament prophet Malachi lived many years before Jesus was born. Malachi had said that before the Messiah came a prophet named Elijah would return. Jesus explained that Malachi had been talking about John the Baptist. Jesus said this because John the Baptist had done what Malachi had said that Elijah would do. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]]) -##### "transfigured" +####"transfigured" Scripture often speaks of God's glory as a great, brilliant light. When people see this light, they are afraid. Matthew says in this chapter that Jesus's body shone with this glorious light so that his followers could see that Jesus truly was God's Son. At the same time, God told them that Jesus was his Son. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/glory]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fear]]) diff --git a/mat/18/intro.md b/mat/18/intro.md index 9e0f6cdfee..1285dd4909 100644 --- a/mat/18/intro.md +++ b/mat/18/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### What should Jesus's followers do when other followers sin against them? +####What should Jesus's followers do when other followers sin against them? Jesus taught that his followers must treat each other well and not be angry with each other. They should forgive anyone who is sorry for his sin, even if he has committed the same sin before. If he is not sorry for his sin, Jesus's followers should speak with him alone or in a small group. If he is still not sorry after that, then Jesus's followers can treat him as guilty. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) diff --git a/mat/19/intro.md b/mat/19/intro.md index 50ae199683..520403c430 100644 --- a/mat/19/intro.md +++ b/mat/19/intro.md @@ -2,13 +2,13 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Divorce +####Divorce Jesus taught about divorce because the Pharisees wanted people to think Jesus's teachings about divorce were wrong ([Matthew 19:3-12](./03.md)). Jesus talked about what God had first said about marriage when he created it. ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metonymy +####Metonymy Jesus often says the word "heaven" when he wants his hearers to think of God, who lives in heaven ([Matthew 1:12](../../mat/01/12.md)). diff --git a/mat/20/intro.md b/mat/20/intro.md index e1d8d93300..1529d54c30 100644 --- a/mat/20/intro.md +++ b/mat/20/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The parable of the landowner and his vineyard +####The parable of the landowner and his vineyard Jesus tells this parable ([Matthew 20:1-16](./01.md)) to teach his disciples that what God says is right is different from what people say is right. diff --git a/mat/21/intro.md b/mat/21/intro.md index 60f6761a46..ee3350f328 100644 --- a/mat/21/intro.md +++ b/mat/21/intro.md @@ -6,19 +6,19 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The donkey and the colt +####The donkey and the colt Jesus rode into Jerusalem on an animal. In this way he was like a king who came into a city after he had won an important battle. Also, the kings of Israel in the Old Testament rode on donkeys. Other kings rode on horses. So Jesus was showing that he was the king of Israel and that he was not like other kings. Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John all wrote about this event. Matthew and Mark wrote that the disciples brought Jesus a donkey. John wrote that Jesus found a donkey. Luke wrote that they brought him a colt. Only Matthew wrote that there were both a donkey had a colt. No one knows for sure whether Jesus rode the donkey or the colt. It is best to translate each of these accounts as it appears in the ULB without trying to make them all say exactly the same thing. (See: [Matthew 21:1-7](../../mat/21/01.md) and [Mark 11:1-7](../../mrk/11/01.md) and [Luke 19:29-36](../../luk/19/29.md) and [John 12:14-15](../../jhn/12/14.md)) -##### Hosanna +####Hosanna This is what the people shouted to welcome Jesus into Jerusalem. This word means "save us," but people used it to praise God. ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "The kingdom of God will be taken away from you" +####"The kingdom of God will be taken away from you" No one knows for sure what this phrase means. No one knows if Jesus meant that God would someday give the kingdom back or not. diff --git a/mat/22/intro.md b/mat/22/intro.md index 40cb96a410..f34f9dd6d6 100644 --- a/mat/22/intro.md +++ b/mat/22/intro.md @@ -6,17 +6,17 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Wedding Feast +####Wedding Feast In the parable of the wedding feast ([Matthew 22:1-14](./01.md)), Jesus taught that when God offers to save a person, that person needs to accept the offer. Jesus spoke of life with God as a feast that a king prepares for his son, who has just gotten married. In addition, Jesus emphasized that not everyone whom God invites will properly prepare themselves to come to the feast. God will throw these people out from the feast. ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Implicit information +####Implicit information Speakers usually do not say things that they think their hearers already understand. When the king in the parable said, "My oxen and fattened calves have been killed" ([Matthew 22:4](../../mat/22/04.md)), he assumed that the hearers would understand that those who had killed the animals had also cooked them. -##### Paradox +####Paradox A paradox is a true statement that appears to describe something impossible. To the Jews, the ancestors were the masters of the descendants, but in one psalm David calls one of his descendants "Lord." Jesus tells the Jewish leaders that this is a paradox, saying, "If David then calls the Christ 'Lord,' how is he David's son?" ([Matthew 22:45](../../mat/22/45.md)). diff --git a/mat/23/intro.md b/mat/23/intro.md index 1b73847b69..c617b9e997 100644 --- a/mat/23/intro.md +++ b/mat/23/intro.md @@ -2,17 +2,17 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Hypocrites +####Hypocrites Jesus calls the Pharisees hypocrites many times ([Matthew 23:13](../../mat/23/13.md), [15](../../mat/23/15.md), [23](../../mat/23/23.md), [25](../../mat/23/25.md), [27](../../mat/23/27.md), [29](../../mat/23/29.md)) and carefully tells what he means by doing that. The Pharisees made rules that no one could actually obey, and then they persuaded the ordinary people that they were guilty because they could not obey the rules. Also, the Pharisees obeyed their own rules instead of obeying God's original commands in the law of Moses. ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Name calling +####Name calling In most cultures, it is wrong to insult people. The Pharisees took many of the words in this chapter as insults. Jesus called them "hypocrites," "blind guides," "fools," and "serpents" ([Matthew 23:16-17](./16.md)). Jesus uses these words to say that God would surely punish them because they were doing wrong. -##### Paradox +####Paradox A paradox is a true statement that appears to describe something impossible. Jesus uses a paradox when he says, "He who is greatest among you will be your servant" ([Matthew 23:11-12](./11.md)). diff --git a/mat/24/intro.md b/mat/24/intro.md index 3bf89d115c..03fee79bac 100644 --- a/mat/24/intro.md +++ b/mat/24/intro.md @@ -6,17 +6,17 @@ In this chapter, Jesus begins to prophesy about the future from that time until ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "The end of the age" +####"The end of the age" In this chapter, Jesus gives an answer to his disciples when they ask how they will know when he will come again. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/writing-apocalypticwriting]]) -##### The example of Noah +####The example of Noah In the time of Noah, God sent a great flood to punish people for their sins. He warned them many times about this coming flood, but it actually began suddenly. In this chapter, Jesus draws a comparison between that flood and the last days. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "Let" +####"Let" The ULB uses this word to begin several commands of Jesus, such as "let those who are in Judea flee to the mountains" (24:16), "let him who is on the housetop not go down to take anything out of his house" (24:17), and "let him who is in the field not return to take his cloak" (24:18). There are many different ways to form a command. Translators must select the most natural ways in their own languages. Note that this word does not mean "permit." diff --git a/mat/25/intro.md b/mat/25/intro.md index a49a46407b..e06627cdec 100644 --- a/mat/25/intro.md +++ b/mat/25/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ This chapter continues the teaching of the previous chapter. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The parable of the ten virgins +####The parable of the ten virgins Jesus told the parable of the ten virgins ([Matthew 25:1-13](./01.md)) to tell his followers to be ready for him to return. His hearers could understand the parable because they knew Jewish wedding customs. diff --git a/mat/26/intro.md b/mat/26/intro.md index 4a45b5fbaf..f1f6030e2b 100644 --- a/mat/26/intro.md +++ b/mat/26/intro.md @@ -6,21 +6,21 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Sheep +####Sheep Sheep are a common image used in Scripture to refer to the people of Israel. In [Matthew 26:31](../../mat/26/31.md), however, Jesus used the words "the sheep" to refer to his disciples and to say that they would run away when he was arrested. -##### Passover +####Passover The Passover festival was when the Jews would celebrate the day God killed the firstborn sons of the Egyptians but "passed over" the Israelites and let them live. -##### The eating of the body and blood +####The eating of the body and blood [Matthew 26:26-28](./26.md) describes Jesus's last meal with his followers. At this time, Jesus told them that what they were eating and drinking were his body and his blood. Nearly all Christian churches celebrate "the Lord's Supper," the "Eucharist", or "Holy Communion" to remember this meal. ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Judas's kiss for Jesus +####Judas's kiss for Jesus [Matthew 26:49](../../mat/26/49.md) describes how Judas kissed Jesus so the soldiers would know whom to arrest. The Jews would kiss each other when they greeted each other. -##### "I am able to destroy the temple of God" +####"I am able to destroy the temple of God" Two men accused Jesus of saying that he could destroy the temple in Jerusalem and then rebuild it "in three days" ([Matthew 26:61](../../mat/26/61.md)). They were accusing him of insulting God by claiming that God had given him the authority to destroy the temple and the power to rebuild it. What Jesus actually said was that if the Jewish authorities were to destroy this temple, he would certainly raise it up in three days ([John 2:19](../../jhn/02/19.md)). ## Links: diff --git a/mat/27/intro.md b/mat/27/intro.md index 97e2820eae..c06a78bb4e 100644 --- a/mat/27/intro.md +++ b/mat/27/intro.md @@ -2,17 +2,17 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "Delivered him to Pilate the governor" +####"Delivered him to Pilate the governor" The Jewish leaders needed to get permission from Pontius Pilate, the Roman governor, before they could kill Jesus. This was because Roman law did not allow them to kill Jesus themselves. Pilate was going to set one prisoner free, and he wanted to set Jesus free, but they wanted him to free a very bad prisoner named Barabbas instead. -##### The tomb +####The tomb The tomb in which Jesus was buried ([Matthew 27:60](../../mat/27/60.md)) was the kind of tomb in which wealthy Jewish families buried their dead. It was an actual room cut into a rock. It had a flat place on one side where they could place the body after they had put oil and spices on it and wrapped it in cloth. Then they would roll a large rock in front of the tomb so no one could see inside or enter. ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Sarcasm +####Sarcasm The soldiers said, "Hail, King of the Jews!" ([Matthew 27:29](../../mat/27/29.md)) to mock Jesus. They did not think that he was the king of the Jews. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-irony]]) diff --git a/mat/28/intro.md b/mat/28/intro.md index 596a1b113c..4d976b8d3d 100644 --- a/mat/28/intro.md +++ b/mat/28/intro.md @@ -2,17 +2,17 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The tomb +####The tomb The tomb in which Jesus was buried ([Matthew 28:1](../../mat/28/01.md)) was the kind of tomb in which wealthy Jewish families buried their dead. It was an actual room cut into a rock. It had a flat place on one side where they could place the body after they had put oil and spices on it and wrapped it in cloth. Then they would roll a large rock in front of the tomb so no one could see inside or enter. -##### "Make disciples" +####"Make disciples" The last two verses ([Matthew 28:19-20](./19.md)) are commonly known as "The Great Commission" because they contain a very important command given to all Christians. Christians are to "make disciples" by going to people, sharing the gospel with them and training them to live as Christians. ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### An angel of the Lord +####An angel of the Lord Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John all wrote about angels in white clothing with the women at Jesus's tomb. Two of the authors called them men, but that is only because the angels looked human. Two of the authors wrote about two angels, but the other two authors wrote about only one of them. It is best to translate each of these passages as it appears in the ULB without trying to make the passages all say exactly the same thing. (See: [Matthew 28:1-2](../../mat/28/01.md) and [Mark 16:5](../../mrk/16/05.md) and [Luke 24:4](../../luk/24/04.md) and [John 20:12](../../jhn/20/12.md)) diff --git a/mic/01/intro.md b/mic/01/intro.md index 32251a8567..757ec8dfc9 100644 --- a/mic/01/intro.md +++ b/mic/01/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Micah is written mainly in a poetic form. Most of the prophets wrote to either t ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### City Names +####City Names This passage sounds unusual in English because of its construction in Hebrew. It contains several "puns" or "plays on words." The names of the cities are used to describe their destruction. "Lachish will be lashed" is an example of this type of construction. This poetic element might metaphors describing the actual way they will be punished. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) diff --git a/mic/02/intro.md b/mic/02/intro.md index 5dd3b2b086..624e0a1916 100644 --- a/mic/02/intro.md +++ b/mic/02/intro.md @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ This chapter continues using poetic forms in communicating that people who take ### Special concepts in this chapter ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Context +####Context Micah does not frequently explain the historical context of his prophecies. This may result in the translator failing to understand implicit information. Additional research may be needed regarding the time period of Micah's ministry. Therefore, translators have a good understanding of the history of the kingdoms of Israel and Judah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) ## Links: diff --git a/mic/03/intro.md b/mic/03/intro.md index a2067f4890..53ecfcac53 100644 --- a/mic/03/intro.md +++ b/mic/03/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # Micah 03 General Notes ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Justice +####Justice An unjust society was considered sinful. It was considered to be against the law of Moses. If these kingdoms did not have justice, they were not obedient to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphors +####Metaphors There are vivid pictures used in this chapter which show how the leaders of the people were treating the Israelites. These situations are absurd unless taken as a metaphor. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) ## Links: diff --git a/mic/04/intro.md b/mic/04/intro.md index 51e30e1b1e..f52921d588 100644 --- a/mic/04/intro.md +++ b/mic/04/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ This chapter continues the poetic form to communicate that God will one day rest ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Remanant +####Remanant Micah speaks about a future hope and a remnant who will return to their homeland. Verses 1-8 are a vision of the future when God will restore Israel to its former glory. These verses will give hope to those about to be removed from their homeland. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/remnant]]) ## Links: diff --git a/mic/05/intro.md b/mic/05/intro.md index 1315cd5e93..5ecafec39b 100644 --- a/mic/05/intro.md +++ b/mic/05/intro.md @@ -2,12 +2,12 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Messiah +####Messiah This chapter contains a prophecy explaining that the Messiah was to be born in Bethlehem. This meaning is made clear in the New Testament. (See: [Micah 5:2](../../mic/05/02.md), [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Change in Personal Pronouns +####Change in Personal Pronouns Extra care must be taken in translating pronouns in this chapter. Sometimes "I" is a reference to the author and other times it is a reference to Yahweh. There is also a noticable shift where the author stops speaking about the people as "you" and begins speaking about them as "we" or "us." ## Links: diff --git a/mic/06/intro.md b/mic/06/intro.md index c1d297c8ac..ac2c2cb3d7 100644 --- a/mic/06/intro.md +++ b/mic/06/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ This chapter is written as a court case or lawsuit by Yahweh against his people. ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Names in Lawsuit +####Names in Lawsuit Moses, Aaron and Miriam are mentioned as witnesses for Yahweh and against Israel. Ahab and Omri are mentioned as kings who were evil and did not follow Yahweh. Obedience to the law of Moses is contrasted with disobedience to the law. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/testimony]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]]) diff --git a/mic/07/intro.md b/mic/07/intro.md index 6324e89f9f..44092179d5 100644 --- a/mic/07/intro.md +++ b/mic/07/intro.md @@ -2,10 +2,10 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Last days +####Last days This chapter looks forward to the hope of the coming savior for the faithful remnant. This is the future restoration of Israel when true peace will come. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/savior]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/remnant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]]) -##### Prophet +####Prophet The prophet was able to speak to God on behalf of the people. Often in this chapter, the prophet speaks in Israel's place and offers repentance to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]]) ## Links: diff --git a/mrk/01/intro.md b/mrk/01/intro.md index ebe1d35593..9bf75041f3 100644 --- a/mrk/01/intro.md +++ b/mrk/01/intro.md @@ -6,16 +6,16 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "You can make me clean" +####"You can make me clean" Leprosy was a disease of the skin that made a person unclean and unable to properly worship God. Jesus is capable of making people physically "clean" or healthy as well as spiritually "clean" or right with God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]]) -##### Prophecy +####Prophecy Mark begins this book about Jesus Christ with the words that the prophet Isaiah wrote long before that time. Then he tells how John the Baptist and Jesus Christ fulfilled that prophecy. -##### Repentance +####Repentance Repent means stop sinning. John the Baptist taught people to repent so that God would forgive their sins. Jesus taught people to repent and to believe the good news about the kingdom of God. -##### The work of Jesus +####The work of Jesus Jesus went around preaching the good news of God, casting demons out of people, and healing people who were sick. ## Links: diff --git a/mrk/02/intro.md b/mrk/02/intro.md index 149c1d7129..8c656ec35e 100644 --- a/mrk/02/intro.md +++ b/mrk/02/intro.md @@ -2,17 +2,17 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "Sinners" +####"Sinners" When the people of Jesus's time spoke of "sinners," they were talking about people who did not obey the law of Moses and instead committed sins like stealing or sexual sins. When Jesus said that he came to call "sinners," he meant that only people who believe that they are sinners can be his followers. This is true even if they are not what most people think of as "sinners." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -##### Fasting and Feasting +####Fasting and Feasting People would fast, or not eat food for a long time, when they were sad or were showing God that they were sorry for their sins. When they were happy, like during weddings, they would have feasts, or meals where they would eat much food. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/fast]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical Questions +####Rhetorical Questions The Jewish leaders used rhetorical questions to show that they were angry because of what Jesus said and did and that they did not believe that he was God's Son ([Mark 2:7](../../mrk/02/07.md)). Jesus used them to show the Jewish leaders that they were arrogant ([Mark 2:25-26](./25.md)). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) diff --git a/mrk/03/intro.md b/mrk/03/intro.md index e6f45657c8..3c90498cec 100644 --- a/mrk/03/intro.md +++ b/mrk/03/intro.md @@ -2,16 +2,16 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Sabbath +####Sabbath It was against the law of Moses to do work on the Sabbath. The Pharisees believed healing a sick person on the Sabbath was "work," so they said that Jesus did wrong when he healed a person on the Sabbath. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]]) -##### "Blasphemy against the Spirit" +####"Blasphemy against the Spirit" No one knows for sure what actions people perform or what words they say when they commit this sin. However, they probably insult the Holy Spirit and his work. Part of the Holy Spirit's work is to make people understand that they are sinners and that they need to have God forgive them. Therefore, anyone who does not try to stop sinning is probably committing blasphemy against the Spirit. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/blasphemy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holyspirit]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### The twelve disciples +####The twelve disciples The following are the lists of the twelve disciples: diff --git a/mrk/04/intro.md b/mrk/04/intro.md index 72e1c0aa98..4423e30dbc 100644 --- a/mrk/04/intro.md +++ b/mrk/04/intro.md @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Parables +####Parables The parables were short stories that Jesus told so that people would easily understand the lesson he was trying to teach them. He also told the stories so that those who did not want to believe in him would not understand the truth. diff --git a/mrk/05/intro.md b/mrk/05/intro.md index 4ca8eb9df7..05ee789fd9 100644 --- a/mrk/05/intro.md +++ b/mrk/05/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "Talitha, koum" +####"Talitha, koum" The words "Talitha, koum" ([Mark 5:41](../../mrk/05/41.md)) are from the Aramaic language. Mark writes them the way they sound and then translates them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-transliterate]]) diff --git a/mrk/06/intro.md b/mrk/06/intro.md index 17cb2d510f..2ec44ffa09 100644 --- a/mrk/06/intro.md +++ b/mrk/06/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "Anointed with oil" +####"Anointed with oil" In the ancient Near East, people would try to heal sick people by putting olive oil on them. diff --git a/mrk/07/intro.md b/mrk/07/intro.md index 53078f2a4d..22a0f14668 100644 --- a/mrk/07/intro.md +++ b/mrk/07/intro.md @@ -6,13 +6,13 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Hand washing +####Hand washing The Pharisees washed many things that were not dirty because they were trying to make God think that they were good. They washed their hands before they ate, even when their hands were not dirty, though the law of Moses did not say that they had to do it. Jesus told them that they were wrong and that people make God happy by thinking and doing the right things. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "Ephphatha" +####"Ephphatha" This is an Aramaic word. Mark wrote it the way it sounds using Greek letters and then explained what it means. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-transliterate]]) diff --git a/mrk/08/intro.md b/mrk/08/intro.md index a140933a1e..125a1a783a 100644 --- a/mrk/08/intro.md +++ b/mrk/08/intro.md @@ -2,24 +2,24 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Bread +####Bread When Jesus worked a miracle and provided bread for a large crowd of people, they probably thought about when God miraculously provided food for the people of Israel when they were in the wilderness. Yeast is the ingredient that causes bread to become larger before it is baked. In this chapter, Jesus uses yeast as a metaphor for things that change the way people think, speak, and act. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) -##### "Adulterous generation" +####"Adulterous generation" When Jesus called the people an "adulterous generation," he was telling them that they were not faithful to God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical Questions +####Rhetorical Questions Jesus used many rhetorical questions as a way of both teaching the disciples ([Mark 8:17-21](./17.md)) and scolding the people ([Mark 8:12](../../mrk/08/12.md)). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Paradox +####Paradox A paradox is a true statement that appears to describe something impossible. Jesus uses a paradox when he says, "Whoever wants to save his life will lose it, and whoever loses his life for my sake will find it" ([Mark 8:35-37](./35.md)). diff --git a/mrk/09/intro.md b/mrk/09/intro.md index e8e8bc5112..24fc101983 100644 --- a/mrk/09/intro.md +++ b/mrk/09/intro.md @@ -2,27 +2,27 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "transfigured" +####"transfigured" Scripture often speaks of God's glory as a great, brilliant light. When people see this light, they are afraid. Mark says in this chapter that Jesus's clothing shone with this glorious light so that his followers could see that Jesus truly was God's Son. At the same time, God told them that Jesus was his Son. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/glory]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fear]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Hyperbole +####Hyperbole Jesus said things that he did not expect his followers to understand literally. When he said, "If your hand causes you to stumble, cut it off" ([Mark 9:43](../../mrk/09/43.md)), he was exaggerating so they would know that they should stay away from anything that caused them to sin, even if it was something they loved or thought they needed. ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Elijah and Moses +####Elijah and Moses Elijah and Moses suddenly appeared to Jesus, James, John, and Peter, and then they disappeared. All four of them saw Elijah and Moses, and because Elijah and Moses spoke with Jesus, the reader should understand that Elijah and Moses appeared physically. -##### "Son of Man" +####"Son of Man" Jesus referred to himself as the "Son of Man" in this chapter ([Mark 9:31](../../mrk/09/31.md)). Your language may not allow people to speak of themselves as if they were speaking about someone else. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sonofman]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-123person]]) -##### Paradox +####Paradox A paradox is a true statement that appears to describe something impossible. Jesus used a paradox when he said, "If anyone wants to be first, he must be last of all and servant of all" ([Mark 9:35](../../mrk/09/35.md)). diff --git a/mrk/10/intro.md b/mrk/10/intro.md index c1ad58674e..7faf89beda 100644 --- a/mrk/10/intro.md +++ b/mrk/10/intro.md @@ -6,19 +6,19 @@ Some translations set quotations from the Old Testament farther to the right on ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Jesus's teaching about divorce +####Jesus's teaching about divorce The Pharisees wanted to find a way to make Jesus say that it is good to break the law of Moses, so they asked him about divorce. Jesus tells how God originally designed marriage to show that the Pharisees taught wrongly about divorce. ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphor +####Metaphor Metaphors are pictures of visible objects that speakers use to explain invisible truths. When Jesus spoke of "the cup which I will drink," he was speaking of the pain he would suffer on the cross as if it were a bitter, poisonous liquid in a cup. ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Paradox +####Paradox A paradox is a true statement that appears to describe something impossible. Jesus used a paradox when he said, "Whoever wishes to become great among you must be your servant" ([Mark 10:43](../../mrk/10/43.md)). diff --git a/mrk/11/intro.md b/mrk/11/intro.md index 57f1c128b2..a37d6a4dcb 100644 --- a/mrk/11/intro.md +++ b/mrk/11/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The donkey and the colt +####The donkey and the colt Jesus rode into Jerusalem on an animal. In this way he was like a king who came into a city after he had won an important battle. Also, the kings of Israel in the Old Testament rode on a donkeys. Other kings rode on horses. So Jesus was showing that he was the king of Israel and that he was not like other kings. diff --git a/mrk/13/intro.md b/mrk/13/intro.md index e7690a8c17..4d15fc56f6 100644 --- a/mrk/13/intro.md +++ b/mrk/13/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The return of Christ +####The return of Christ Jesus said much about what would happen before he returned ([Mark 13:6-37](./06.md)). He told his followers that bad things would happen to the world and bad things would happen to them before he returned, but they needed to be ready for him to return at any time. diff --git a/mrk/14/intro.md b/mrk/14/intro.md index d3c1fb62a8..30729dcb8e 100644 --- a/mrk/14/intro.md +++ b/mrk/14/intro.md @@ -6,17 +6,17 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The eating of the body and blood +####The eating of the body and blood [Mark 14:22-25](./22.md) describes Jesus's last meal with his followers. At this time, Jesus told them that what they were eating and drinking were his body and his blood. Nearly all Christian churches celebrate "the Lord's Supper," the "Eucharist," or "Holy Communion" to remember this meal. ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Abba, Father +####Abba, Father "Abba" is an Aramaic word that the Jews used to speak to their fathers. Mark writes it as it sounds and then translates it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-transliterate]]) -##### "Son of Man" +####"Son of Man" Jesus refers to himself as the "Son of Man" in this chapter ([Mark 14:20](../../mrk/14/20.md)). Your language may not allow people to speak of themselves as if they were speaking about someone else. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sonofman]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-123person]]) diff --git a/mrk/15/intro.md b/mrk/15/intro.md index cf761675ba..aebe0b3b17 100644 --- a/mrk/15/intro.md +++ b/mrk/15/intro.md @@ -2,23 +2,23 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "The curtain of the temple was split in two" +####"The curtain of the temple was split in two" The curtain in the temple was an important symbol that showed that people needed to have someone speak to God for them. They could not speak to God directly because all people are sinful and God hates sin. God split the curtain to show that Jesus's people can now speak to God directly because Jesus has paid for their sins. -##### The tomb +####The tomb The tomb in which Jesus was buried ([Mark 15:46](../../mrk/15/46.md)) was the kind of tomb in which wealthy Jewish families buried their dead. It was an actual room cut into a rock. It had a flat place on one side where they could place the body after they had put oil and spices on it and wrapped it in cloth. Then they would roll a large rock in front of the tomb so no one could see inside or enter. ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Sarcasm +####Sarcasm Both by pretending to worship Jesus ([Mark 15:19](../../mrk/15/19.md)) and by pretending to speak to a king ([Mark 15:18](../../mrk/15/18.md)), the soldiers and the Jews showed that they hated Jesus and did not believe that he was the Son of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-irony]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/mock]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Eloi, Eloi, lama sabachthani? +####Eloi, Eloi, lama sabachthani? This is a phrase in Aramaic. Mark transliterates its sounds by writing them using Greek letters. He then explains its meaning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-transliterate]]) ## Links: diff --git a/mrk/16/intro.md b/mrk/16/intro.md index 3deeda0fac..7bffe57b2d 100644 --- a/mrk/16/intro.md +++ b/mrk/16/intro.md @@ -2,13 +2,13 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The tomb +####The tomb The tomb in which Jesus was buried ([Mark 15:46](../../mrk/15/46.md)) was the kind of tomb in which wealthy Jewish families buried their dead. It was an actual room cut into a rock. It had a flat place on one side where they could place the body after they had put oil and spices on it and wrapped it in cloth. Then they would roll a large rock in front of the tomb so no one could see inside or enter. ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### A young man dressed in a white robe +####A young man dressed in a white robe Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John all wrote about angels in white clothing with the women at Jesus's tomb. Two of the authors called them men, but that is only because the angels were in human form. Two of the authors wrote about two angels, but the other two authors wrote about only one of them. It is best to translate each of these passages as it appears in the ULB without trying to make the passages all say exactly the same thing. (See: [Matthew 28:1-2](../../mat/28/01.md) and [Mark 16:5](../../mrk/16/05.md) and [Luke 24:4](../../luk/24/04.md) and [John 20:12](../../jhn/20/12.md)) diff --git a/nam/01/intro.md b/nam/01/intro.md index 94b6445d2e..8e64305c64 100644 --- a/nam/01/intro.md +++ b/nam/01/intro.md @@ -8,10 +8,10 @@ Despite being divided into three chapters, this book consists of one long prophe ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's anger against Nineveh +####Yahweh's anger against Nineveh This prophecy should be read in reference to the book of Jonah. That book described how the people of Niniveh, Assyria's capital city, repented when Jonah warned them that Yahweh was angry at them. The book of Nahum, written a little over one hundred years later than when Jonah was set, indicates that the Ninevites would be punished by God, but only after he had used them for his own purposes. These actions of Yahweh, although described as vengeance or anger, do not have the same sinful quality as they usually do with humans. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/avenge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -##### Complete destruction +####Complete destruction At that time, Assyria controlled almost the entire Near East. Nahum prophesied that the Assyrians would be so completely destroyed as a nation that they would no longer even be a people group. This prophecy came true very suddenly. ## Links: diff --git a/nam/02/intro.md b/nam/02/intro.md index e3efd29934..d629a8302b 100644 --- a/nam/02/intro.md +++ b/nam/02/intro.md @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ Despite being divided into three chapters, this book contains one long prophecy. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Complete destruction +####Complete destruction At that time, Assyria controlled almost the entire Near East. Nahum prophesied that the Assyrians would be so completely destroyed as a nation that they would no longer even be a people group. This prophecy came true and did so very suddenly. At times, this chapter is very violent in describing the destruction of Assyria, and this violence should not be toned down through the use of euphemism. ## Links: diff --git a/nam/03/intro.md b/nam/03/intro.md index eef1425d45..761fb954b7 100644 --- a/nam/03/intro.md +++ b/nam/03/intro.md @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ Despite being divided into three chapters, the book contains one long prophecy. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Euphemism +####Euphemism This chapter speaks about the evils of the Assyrians in violent ways. It is important to avoiding toning down this language through the use of euphemism, if at all possible. Although there is some hyperbole, the reader should not assume that the author intends this writing to be taken as completely hyperbolic. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) ## Links: diff --git a/neh/01/intro.md b/neh/01/intro.md index c109c71c38..c13d25b803 100644 --- a/neh/01/intro.md +++ b/neh/01/intro.md @@ -2,20 +2,20 @@ ### Structure and formatting -##### "The words of Nehemiah son of Hacaliah:" +####"The words of Nehemiah son of Hacaliah:" This phrase serves as an introduction to this entire book. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Repentance +####Repentance This chapter is a single long record of Nehemiah's repentance on behalf of the people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### I +####I While the author of this book is probably Ezra, the word "I" always refers to Nehemiah. -##### Israel +####Israel It is uncertain to whom "Israel" refers. It probably does not refer to the northern kingdom of Israel. Neither does it likely refer to the twelve tribes of Israel. Instead, it is probably a reference to Israel in the sense of the surviving people group. At Nehemiah's time, this people group exclusively comprised the tribe of Judah because the other tribes had already been scattered throughout the entire Near East, where they lost their identity, for the most part. ## Links: diff --git a/neh/02/intro.md b/neh/02/intro.md index 4db428da93..0361c517d8 100644 --- a/neh/02/intro.md +++ b/neh/02/intro.md @@ -4,15 +4,15 @@ This chapter begins the account of the construction of the wall. Many scholars believe these chapters teach valuable lessons on leadership ([Nehemiah 2-6](./01.md)). -##### Special concepts in this chapter +####Special concepts in this chapter -##### Nehemiah's character +####Nehemiah's character Apparently, Nehemiah's character made an impression on the king. It was very unusual for a king to be so concerned with one of his servants. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) -##### Cultural Customs +####Cultural Customs In ancient Persia, they thought it was important for their conquered peoples to practice their own cultural customs. It was thought that this independence promoted peace in their vast kingdom. The rebuilding of Jerusalem may have been seen as a way to allow for the Jewish cultural practices. -##### Yahweh's control +####Yahweh's control Yahweh is seen as very powerful. He is able to provide for his people, even through a foreign king. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]]) ## Links: diff --git a/neh/03/intro.md b/neh/03/intro.md index aab8c012d7..ff1d1b62f5 100644 --- a/neh/03/intro.md +++ b/neh/03/intro.md @@ -2,10 +2,10 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Priests +####Priests The priests worked on rebuilding the city. Normally, the priests were exempt from this type of work. Because they helped, it emphasizes that this is a holy work and something done for Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) -##### Cooperation +####Cooperation Everyone worked on this project. Many names are mentioned to emphasize the cooperation between the different families. Each was given a section of the wall to rebuild. ## Links: diff --git a/neh/04/intro.md b/neh/04/intro.md index a7427f6e53..3daeb55a7c 100644 --- a/neh/04/intro.md +++ b/neh/04/intro.md @@ -2,12 +2,12 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Dedication +####Dedication The people were so dedicated to rebuilding the walls that they worked with their weapons ready for battle right next to them. Even when they were threatened with an attack, they continued to trust in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical Questions +####Rhetorical Questions Sanballat uses a series of rhetorical questions. These are intended to show his intense anger against the Israelites. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) diff --git a/neh/05/intro.md b/neh/05/intro.md index 320d7d8520..60926ba8e8 100644 --- a/neh/05/intro.md +++ b/neh/05/intro.md @@ -2,11 +2,11 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Equality +####Equality The rich made money from the poor. The rich oppressed the poor by charging interest on loans. Because Nehemiah wanted to treat everyone fairly, he did not collect any taxes from them. This chapter also emphasizes that it was wrong to enslave a fellow Jew. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/oppress]]) -##### Governor +####Governor Nehemiah was a governmental leader in Jerusalem, but he was not a king. Jerusalem had a great deal of independence, but it was under the authority of the Persian king. The term "governor" reflects this idea, but a different term may be used in translation. ## Links: diff --git a/neh/06/intro.md b/neh/06/intro.md index f538a3ad63..a9d0d023e1 100644 --- a/neh/06/intro.md +++ b/neh/06/intro.md @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ The ULB sets the lines in 6:6-7 farther to the right on the page than the rest o ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Miracle +####Miracle Completing this city wall in only fifty-two days was considered proof that God had helped the Jews, especially given the opposition that they had experienced from the people in surrounding areas. diff --git a/neh/07/intro.md b/neh/07/intro.md index 876f5e18bb..5442799605 100644 --- a/neh/07/intro.md +++ b/neh/07/intro.md @@ -2,11 +2,11 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Genealogy +####Genealogy The people who returned from Persia were counted according to their families. Nehemiah ensured that those who lived in Jerusalem had a completely Jewish ancestry. -##### Different lists +####Different lists This list is paralleled in [Ezra 2](../../ezr/02/01.md). The lists do contain some differences in numbers. This is probably due to the timing of their counting. They were likely counted at different times. ## Links: diff --git a/neh/08/intro.md b/neh/08/intro.md index bd00c04e5c..792f855cc3 100644 --- a/neh/08/intro.md +++ b/neh/08/intro.md @@ -2,11 +2,11 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Reading of the law +####Reading of the law During the exile, the Hebrew language was no longer spoken. Only the priests and Levites still understood it. Ezra read the book of the law to the people in Hebrew and the Levites walked among the crowd translating it into Aramaic for the people to understand. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]]) -##### Festival of Shelters +####Festival of Shelters After they heard Ezra read the law of Moses, the people obeyed it by making temporary shelters for themselves with tree branches. They did this to remember that their ancestors slept in shelters when they came out of slavery in Egypt. diff --git a/neh/09/intro.md b/neh/09/intro.md index 516e86320d..baafc86707 100644 --- a/neh/09/intro.md +++ b/neh/09/intro.md @@ -6,14 +6,14 @@ This chapter and the next one form a single section. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Prayer to God +####Prayer to God The people prayed and thanked God for his care for them and the blessings he gave to them. They also confessed their sin of disobeying him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/confess]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -##### Learning from their ancestor's mistakes +####Learning from their ancestor's mistakes This chapter teaches that the Jews learned from the mistakes of their ancestors. They became determined to worship Yahweh alone, to not intermarry with other peoples, and to worship Yahweh as the law of Moses instructed them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]]) -##### Recalling the great power of God +####Recalling the great power of God It was common to recall the great things God did for Israel. This is a reminder to Israel of God's power. It is intended to bring the people to repentance and proper worship of Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]]) ## Links: diff --git a/neh/10/intro.md b/neh/10/intro.md index 9435a34d7b..fa67d519f9 100644 --- a/neh/10/intro.md +++ b/neh/10/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ This chapter concludes the passage beginning in chapter 9. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The vow +####The vow By signing this document, the people vowed or agreed to obey God, not to buy things on the Sabbath and to pay their temple tax. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/vow]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sabbath]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) diff --git a/neh/11/intro.md b/neh/11/intro.md index 0fe6dd7c4b..b609b072ee 100644 --- a/neh/11/intro.md +++ b/neh/11/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The places where the Jews lived +####The places where the Jews lived Some people lived in Jerusalem, but most people lived in villages and towns away from Jerusalem. They lived there in order to farm the land raise their animals. The city with its walls was there to provide all of the people with protection if enemies attacked them. diff --git a/neh/12/intro.md b/neh/12/intro.md index a8cafd687a..ab4efd5ae0 100644 --- a/neh/12/intro.md +++ b/neh/12/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Dedication of the wall +####Dedication of the wall In the ancient Near East, it was common to dedicate an important structure to a god. When it was completed, the wall was dedicated to Yahweh. Long lists of people are present, indicating that "everyone" was present for this and praised Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) diff --git a/neh/13/intro.md b/neh/13/intro.md index 3820a60cae..ed3592bb80 100644 --- a/neh/13/intro.md +++ b/neh/13/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Nehemiah returns to Jerusalem +####Nehemiah returns to Jerusalem Nehemiah was eager to make sure that the Jews kept their promise to obey the law. When he returned from Persia, he found many things wrong: one of the store rooms in the temple had been converted into a guest room for Tobiah, the Levites had not received their portions for working in the temple, people were working on the Sabbath, and many had married heathen wives. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sabbath]]) diff --git a/num/01/intro.md b/num/01/intro.md index a0620fc002..70431eaec0 100644 --- a/num/01/intro.md +++ b/num/01/intro.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ The ULB sets the lines in 1:5-15 farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because they are long lists. -##### Census +####Census They counted how many men of military age were in each tribe of Israel. These men would also become the heads of families. It is possible the numbers in this chapter are rounded to the nearest 100. diff --git a/num/02/intro.md b/num/02/intro.md index 63835d2e89..1edfd53cea 100644 --- a/num/02/intro.md +++ b/num/02/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Structure and formatting -##### Camping +####Camping Moses told each tribe where to camp. They were each given a specific area in which to stay. diff --git a/num/03/intro.md b/num/03/intro.md index 818c8a5180..df2bbe5f45 100644 --- a/num/03/intro.md +++ b/num/03/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Structure and formatting -##### The tribe of Levi +####The tribe of Levi The Levites were given a special function in Israel. They belonged to or were specially dedicated to serve Yahweh. They were to be priests, and because of this they were held to a higher standard than the rest of Israel. Only two of Aaron's sons survived because his other two sons offered improper sacrifices. This tribe had a lot of responsibility during this time. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]]) diff --git a/num/04/intro.md b/num/04/intro.md index fcd395c195..aafd91673b 100644 --- a/num/04/intro.md +++ b/num/04/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Counting the Levites by clans +####Counting the Levites by clans Moses gave special instructions for each of the families of the tribes of Levi. Each family was given a special role in the ministry of the tabernacle. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/tabernacle]]) diff --git a/num/05/intro.md b/num/05/intro.md index fe43b70f2c..0ff1368b75 100644 --- a/num/05/intro.md +++ b/num/05/intro.md @@ -2,11 +2,11 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Israel's camp +####Israel's camp Israel's entire camp was to be a "clean" place. This meant that people who could not be made acceptable to God were not allowed inside the camp. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]]) -##### Vengeance +####Vengeance There are several laws in this chapter regarding restitution. These laws were meant to limit the ways in which people who had been wronged could seek to be compensated. These laws were intended to make it difficult for such people to avenge a wrong when they were angry. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/avenge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/jealous]]) ## Links: diff --git a/num/06/intro.md b/num/06/intro.md index 9273e0d9a9..716e46141b 100644 --- a/num/06/intro.md +++ b/num/06/intro.md @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ # Numbers 06 General Notes ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Nazirite vow +####Nazirite vow The Nazirite vow was a special type of vow between a person and Yahweh. This chapter gives the rules for people to be consecrated to God as Nazirites. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/vow]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/consecrate]]) ## Links: diff --git a/num/07/intro.md b/num/07/intro.md index 65e7894def..70e1dcc628 100644 --- a/num/07/intro.md +++ b/num/07/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Structure and formatting -##### Consecrating the altar +####Consecrating the altar When the tabernacle was completed, they consecrated the altar. Each tribe brought an offering to consecrate the altar. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/tabernacle]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/consecrate]]) diff --git a/num/10/intro.md b/num/10/intro.md index b90e337e9c..67abfc4285 100644 --- a/num/10/intro.md +++ b/num/10/intro.md @@ -2,10 +2,10 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Trumpets +####Trumpets In the ancient Near East, trumpets were used for many purposes. They were used to call people together. They were also used to lead people into battle. -##### Israel starts to move +####Israel starts to move Each tribe had its place in line as did the tabernacle. Their movements through the desert were very deliberate and ordered. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/tabernacle]]) diff --git a/num/11/intro.md b/num/11/intro.md index 2e24ad38f3..218e2d1ed8 100644 --- a/num/11/intro.md +++ b/num/11/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Complaining +####Complaining Moses complained about having too much responsibility. Therefore, God gave seventy men the spirit of prophecy to help Moses. The people complained about food, even though Yahweh was miraculously providing them with their food. The people complained because they did not have meat or fish to eat. God sent them quail. He punished some of the people, but it does not say why God did this. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) ## Links: diff --git a/num/12/intro.md b/num/12/intro.md index d79e6a43a8..5979fa5f0a 100644 --- a/num/12/intro.md +++ b/num/12/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Idiom +####Idiom God used the idiom "mouth to mouth" meaning "speaking directly with both people present." This indicated that Moses was more than just a prophet and greater than other prophets. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) diff --git a/num/13/intro.md b/num/13/intro.md index 8ad09fe623..e1b17268bf 100644 --- a/num/13/intro.md +++ b/num/13/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Spies +####Spies Leaders from each of the tribes went to spy on the Promised Land in Canaan. Yahweh was not concerned with how many people were there, because he could defeat them. It appears that he is testing the faith of the people. The people were supposed to be excited to enter this wonderful land, instead they were afraid. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/test]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) diff --git a/num/14/intro.md b/num/14/intro.md index 7fea3e47a9..9c5f8b4d27 100644 --- a/num/14/intro.md +++ b/num/14/intro.md @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ # Numbers 14 General Notes ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical Questions +####Rhetorical Questions The author uses several rhetorical questions in this chapter. These questions indicate that people did not have faith in Yahweh. Yahweh also uses rhetorical questions to show the people's lack of faith. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) ## Links: diff --git a/num/15/intro.md b/num/15/intro.md index 2e6dda10b1..9e7586e009 100644 --- a/num/15/intro.md +++ b/num/15/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # Numbers 15 General Notes ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Purifying the people +####Purifying the people As the people travel through the wilderness, Yahweh is purifying them. He is doing this so that they are able to enter into the Promised Land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/purify]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Prostitution +####Prostitution The imagery of prostitution is commonly used in Scripture to indicate that Yahweh alone is to be worshiped. The people are compared to the prostitute because a husband is to only have a sexual relationship with his wife. Both the prostitute and the worship of other gods are violations of this exclusive relationship. Many cultures will struggle with this imagery because of a desire to use euphemisms. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-euphemism]]) diff --git a/num/16/intro.md b/num/16/intro.md index 24f0eb5a65..c874fa7e08 100644 --- a/num/16/intro.md +++ b/num/16/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Rebellion and punishment +####Rebellion and punishment A certain Levite and a few men from the tribe of Reuben claimed that they were just as good as Moses and Aaron, and they also could do the work of sacrificing animals at the sacred tent. So Moses told them to come to the sacred tent and burn incense to Yahweh. God then made the earth open and swallow up these leaders and their families. He also sent fire to destroy 250 other men who had joined with those leaders. These actions showed that only the Levites, those whom Yahweh appointed, could be priests. Also, it taught the people that to rebel against Yahweh's anointed was to rebel against Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/appoint]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/anoint]]) diff --git a/num/17/intro.md b/num/17/intro.md index 259b92ecc5..00895276c1 100644 --- a/num/17/intro.md +++ b/num/17/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Which tribe should be special workers for God? +####Which tribe should be special workers for God? God told Moses that each tribe should bring one wooden staff and leave it overnight at the temple. The next day Aaron's staff representing the tribe of Levi bloomed and produced ripe almond nuts. This showed that the tribe of Levi was still the tribe chosen to be Yahweh's priests. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/elect]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]]) diff --git a/num/18/intro.md b/num/18/intro.md index 81daf0df0d..797bc84000 100644 --- a/num/18/intro.md +++ b/num/18/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Tithes and offerings +####Tithes and offerings The tribes of Israel were required to bring a tithe to the Levites in order to free them to serve Yahweh as priests. There is a detailed description of what belonged to Yahweh in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]]) diff --git a/num/19/intro.md b/num/19/intro.md index f7dd6648f7..e1c3ef3cc6 100644 --- a/num/19/intro.md +++ b/num/19/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Ritually clean +####Ritually clean This chapter talks about being clean. Some of these rituals were required to make a priest clean in order to set them apart to serve Yahweh. Other rituals were required because they prevented people from getting sick. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]]) diff --git a/num/20/intro.md b/num/20/intro.md index 84edcb40b1..f599093295 100644 --- a/num/20/intro.md +++ b/num/20/intro.md @@ -2,16 +2,16 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Moses's sin +####Moses's sin God told Moses to command water to come out of a rock for the people who were complaining that they had no water. Moses became angry with the people and hit the rock twice. God told him that he and Aaron would not be allowed to go into Canaan because he disobeyed by hitting the rock instead of just speaking to it. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### "It would have been better if we had died when our fellow Israelites died in front of Yahweh" +####"It would have been better if we had died when our fellow Israelites died in front of Yahweh" It is possible that this statement should be taken as hyperbole, but it does not have to be taken this way. The translator should probably avoid treating this as hyperbole. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-hyperbole]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Wilderness of Sin +####Wilderness of Sin Sin is the name of a place in this chapter. It is not a place that is known for its sin. The name is not related to the meaning of the word "sin." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) ## Links: diff --git a/num/21/intro.md b/num/21/intro.md index e8b18ebf34..dabe7d1f08 100644 --- a/num/21/intro.md +++ b/num/21/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Ungrateful +####Ungrateful The Israelites said, "Why have you brought us up out of Egypt to die in the wilderness? There is no bread, no water, and we hate this miserable food." After all Yahweh had done, they were very ungrateful. This showed their lack of faith and trust in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) diff --git a/num/23/intro.md b/num/23/intro.md index f80d08944e..3a028f6ab8 100644 --- a/num/23/intro.md +++ b/num/23/intro.md @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Cursing God's people +####Cursing God's people God does not allow others to curse his people. Balaam blessed Israel twice when he was supposed to curse them. This may be taken as humor or an ironic situation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]]) diff --git a/num/24/intro.md b/num/24/intro.md index 192de766b0..5e24d420d9 100644 --- a/num/24/intro.md +++ b/num/24/intro.md @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Cursing God's people +####Cursing God's people God does not allow others to curse his people. Balaam blesses Israel again and the king is angry and sends him home. This may be taken as humor or an ironic situation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]]) diff --git a/num/25/intro.md b/num/25/intro.md index 7a2e8f9f0c..0005724b65 100644 --- a/num/25/intro.md +++ b/num/25/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ The story of Balaam concludes in this chapter. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Foreign women +####Foreign women Balaam told the young women from Moab to act friendly to the Israelite men and invite them to feasts in honor of their god Baal. The men went to the feasts and worshiped Baal. God was angry and killed 24,000 Israelite men. Foreign women are often the source of problems in Israel. They caused the men to worship their false gods. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) diff --git a/num/26/intro.md b/num/26/intro.md index 80e136c6dc..25559c1eb4 100644 --- a/num/26/intro.md +++ b/num/26/intro.md @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ The people are counted in preparation for entering into the Promised Land. (See: ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### A new generation +####A new generation None of the adults who came out of Egypt with Moses were still alive except the two faithful spies, Joshua and Caleb. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]]) diff --git a/num/27/intro.md b/num/27/intro.md index 17091318f2..81522f8496 100644 --- a/num/27/intro.md +++ b/num/27/intro.md @@ -2,10 +2,10 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Daughters +####Daughters A man named Zelophehad died without any sons. The five daughters of Zelophehad went to Moses and requested to receive the land that Zelophehad's sons would have received. Yahweh told Moses that it is right to give a man's inheritance to his daughter if he has no son. -##### The new leader is Joshua +####The new leader is Joshua God told Moses to appoint Joshua as the new leader. Joshua became Yahweh's anointed leader. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/appoint]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/anoint]]) diff --git a/num/28/intro.md b/num/28/intro.md index 62eecbbc67..05bc5bcd6e 100644 --- a/num/28/intro.md +++ b/num/28/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Offerings for special days +####Offerings for special days God commanded the Israelites to make special offerings for Sabbaths, new months, Passover and firstfruits. On each of these occasions, specific sacrifices were required. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sabbath]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/passover]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/firstfruit]]) diff --git a/num/30/intro.md b/num/30/intro.md index 4de24b60e8..9d78789418 100644 --- a/num/30/intro.md +++ b/num/30/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Vows +####Vows Because a vow is a type of promise, men must do what they have vowed to do. A father or a husband has one day in which to cancel a woman's vow. Otherwise, she must do what she vowed she would do. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/vow]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]]) diff --git a/num/31/intro.md b/num/31/intro.md index 548c4f6185..37b8933c6d 100644 --- a/num/31/intro.md +++ b/num/31/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Midianites +####Midianites Israel killed the Midianites, including Balaam, for tempting them to worship Baal. This battle was at Yahweh's command. Yahweh would bring justice. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]]) diff --git a/num/32/intro.md b/num/32/intro.md index a959d741b2..aaf1fd05fe 100644 --- a/num/32/intro.md +++ b/num/32/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Structure and formatting -##### Reuben and Gad's inheritance +####Reuben and Gad's inheritance Reuben and Gad were given the land conquered east of the Jordan River. This land had good pastures, and suited these tribes because they had many sheep, goats and cattle. They had not yet entered into the Promised Land, and it would have been sinful to not fight with the rest of Israel. So they promised to enter the land to fight with the other tribes, and then return to their own land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]]) diff --git a/num/34/intro.md b/num/34/intro.md index 06b5d741c8..077cebb501 100644 --- a/num/34/intro.md +++ b/num/34/intro.md @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ The ULB sets the lines in 34:19-28 farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because they are long lists. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The boundaries +####The boundaries Moses told them all of the land they would inherit and live in and said that they should divide it up by casting lots. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]]) ## Links: diff --git a/num/35/intro.md b/num/35/intro.md index 7ca0fe5ac0..7a8eb2e289 100644 --- a/num/35/intro.md +++ b/num/35/intro.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ This chapter continues the material from the previous chapter. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Revenge +####Revenge Yahweh told Moses to establish safe places for people who accidentally killed other people. This prevented revenge killings. Justice is an important concept in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/avenge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]]) ## Links: diff --git a/num/36/intro.md b/num/36/intro.md index 0a875ab264..0ec88673d5 100644 --- a/num/36/intro.md +++ b/num/36/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Structure and formatting -##### Female heirs +####Female heirs Women who inherited land from their father must marry men from their tribe so the inheritance does not leave the tribe. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]]) diff --git a/php/01/intro.md b/php/01/intro.md index 4f8041202d..b6f2cdec22 100644 --- a/php/01/intro.md +++ b/php/01/intro.md @@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ Paul includes a prayer in the beginning of this letter. At that time, religious ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The day of Christ +####The day of Christ This probably refers to the day when Christ returns. Paul often connected the return of Christ with motivating godly living. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Paradox +####Paradox A paradox is a true statement that appears to describe something impossible. This statement in verse 21 is a paradox: "to die is gain." In verse 23 Paul explains why this is true. ([Philippians 1:21](../../php/01/21.md)) diff --git a/php/02/intro.md b/php/02/intro.md index 192c2122c7..f61a690249 100644 --- a/php/02/intro.md +++ b/php/02/intro.md @@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ Some translations, like the ULB, set apart the lines of verses 6-11. These verse ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Practical instructions +####Practical instructions In this chapter Paul gives many practical instructions to the church in Philippi. ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "If there is any" +####"If there is any" This appears to be a type of statement that expresses something that may or may not be true. However, in this chapter it expresses something that is true. The translator may also translate this phrase as "Since there is." ## Links: diff --git a/php/03/intro.md b/php/03/intro.md index 9a8747808b..89eacf084f 100644 --- a/php/03/intro.md +++ b/php/03/intro.md @@ -6,15 +6,15 @@ In verses 4-8, Paul lists how he qualifies for being considered a righteous Jew. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Dogs +####Dogs The people of the ancient Near East used dogs as an image to refer to people in a negative way. Not all cultures use the term "dogs" in this way. -##### Resurrected Bodies +####Resurrected Bodies We know very little about what people will be like in heaven. Paul teaches here that Christians will have some kind of glorious body and will be free from sin. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Prize +####Prize Paul uses an extended illustration to describe the Christian life. The goal of the Christian life is attempting to grow to be like Christ until a person dies. We can never achieve this goal perfectly, but we must strive for it. ## Links: diff --git a/php/04/intro.md b/php/04/intro.md index 0f61a31697..c32050c653 100644 --- a/php/04/intro.md +++ b/php/04/intro.md @@ -2,12 +2,12 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "My joy and my crown" +####"My joy and my crown" Paul had helped the Philippians become spiritually mature. As a result, Paul rejoiced and God honored him and his work. He considered discipling other Christians and encouraging them to grow spiritually as important to Christian living. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/disciple]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Euodia and Syntyche +####Euodia and Syntyche Apparently these two women disagreed with each other. Paul was encouraging them to agree. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) ## Links: diff --git a/pro/01/intro.md b/pro/01/intro.md index 77e84c33fa..64458237b6 100644 --- a/pro/01/intro.md +++ b/pro/01/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ The first chapter of proverbs begins with a type of introduction in verses 1-7. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Parallelism +####Parallelism Proverbs are often written without any surrounding context and in two lines of text. Each line will have a certain relationship to the other line. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-parallelism]]) diff --git a/pro/02/intro.md b/pro/02/intro.md index 87f045f368..31fec43844 100644 --- a/pro/02/intro.md +++ b/pro/02/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Chapter 2 continues a collection of proverbs that ends in chapter nine. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### My Son +####My Son Occasionally, the author addresses a proverb to "my son." This is not intended to restrict the words of that proverb to only males. Instead, it is simply a form used to pass on advice as a father does to his son. ## Links: diff --git a/pro/03/intro.md b/pro/03/intro.md index 715a0b020c..e2285980f5 100644 --- a/pro/03/intro.md +++ b/pro/03/intro.md @@ -6,10 +6,10 @@ Chapter 3 continues a collection of proverbs that ends in chapter nine. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### My Son +####My Son Occasionally, the author addresses a proverb to "my son." This is not intended to restrict the words of that proverb to only males. Instead, it is simply a form used to pass on advice as a father does to his son. -##### Wisdom is feminine +####Wisdom is feminine You may notice that wisdom is referenced using a feminine pronoun. This is a feature that is carried in from the Hebrew language. This may apply well in your language but if it does not, follow the conventions of your language. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]]) diff --git a/pro/04/intro.md b/pro/04/intro.md index aaf9bb0200..3b75311528 100644 --- a/pro/04/intro.md +++ b/pro/04/intro.md @@ -6,10 +6,10 @@ Chapter 4 continues a collection of proverbs that ends in chapter nine. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### My Son +####My Son Occasionally, the author addresses a proverb to "my son." This is not intended to restrict the words of that proverb to only males. Instead, it is simply a form used to pass on advice as a father does to his son. -##### Wisdom is feminine +####Wisdom is feminine You may notice that wisdom is referenced using a feminine pronoun. This is a feature that is carried in from the Hebrew language. This may apply well in your language but if it does not, follow the conventions of your language. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]]) ## Links: diff --git a/pro/05/intro.md b/pro/05/intro.md index 2d82b35d39..5e47b39556 100644 --- a/pro/05/intro.md +++ b/pro/05/intro.md @@ -6,10 +6,10 @@ Chapter 5 continues a collection of proverbs that ends in chapter nine. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### My Son +####My Son Occasionally, the author addresses a proverb to "my son." This is not intended to restrict the words of that proverb to only males. Instead, it is simply a form used to pass on advice as a father does to his son. -##### Adulteress +####Adulteress This chapter is unusual because it holds a theme about the adulteress and warns the young man to avoid her. An adulteress is a woman who commits adultery. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/adultery]]) diff --git a/pro/06/intro.md b/pro/06/intro.md index e9b7ddfc39..09a66121e3 100644 --- a/pro/06/intro.md +++ b/pro/06/intro.md @@ -6,27 +6,27 @@ Chapter 6 continues a collection of proverbs that ends in chapter nine. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### My Son +####My Son Occasionally, the author addresses a proverb to "my son." This is not intended to restrict the words of that proverb to only males. Instead, it is simply a form used to pass on advice as a father does to his son. -##### Adulteress +####Adulteress The latter part of this chapter comes back to the theme about the adulteress and warns the young man to avoid her. An adulteress is a woman who commits adultery. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/adultery]]) -##### Numbers +####Numbers Occasionally, the author will mention a list of six things, or seven things, that Yahweh hates. These numbers are used to draw attention to the list of things. It is not important whether there are six or seven things in the list. ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical questions +####Rhetorical questions The author will use rhetorical questions to draw the reader's attention to important points. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Animals used as types +####Animals used as types The gazelle and the ant have certain characteristics which the author uses to give wisdom. If your language does not recognize these characteristics in those animals, you could add a footnote to explain or possibly substitute another animal from your culture that would help explain the same concept. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]]) diff --git a/pro/07/intro.md b/pro/07/intro.md index 5cc0f9a07c..69a8c7cee8 100644 --- a/pro/07/intro.md +++ b/pro/07/intro.md @@ -6,17 +6,17 @@ Chapter 7 continues a collection of proverbs that ends in chapter nine. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Parallelism +####Parallelism Proverbs are often written without any surrounding context and in two lines of text. Each line will have a certain relationship to the other line. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-parallelism]]) Many of the proverbs are stated as promises or commands, but they are intended to be advice. -##### My Son +####My Son Occasionally the author addresses a proverb to "my son." This is not intended to restrict the words of that proverb to only males, but is still given in the context of a father warning his son. -##### Adulteress +####Adulteress This chapter continues the theme about the adulteress and warns the young man to avoid her. ## Links: diff --git a/pro/08/intro.md b/pro/08/intro.md index ed6400006a..e8f519ab23 100644 --- a/pro/08/intro.md +++ b/pro/08/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Chapter 8 continues a collection of proverbs that ends in chapter nine. These ch ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Wisdom calls out +####Wisdom calls out The addressee of this chapter is broader than "my son," but is personal like the previous chapters' use of "my son." In this case, Wisdom is calling out for all to come and learn of her, in contrast to the adulteress mentioned in chapters 5-7. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]]) diff --git a/pro/09/intro.md b/pro/09/intro.md index 0154c2d102..978305c895 100644 --- a/pro/09/intro.md +++ b/pro/09/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Chapter 9 concludes a collection of proverbs that operate as a unit about wisdom ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Wisdom calls out +####Wisdom calls out The addressee of chapters 8 and 9 is broader than "my son," but is personal like the previous chapters' use of "my son." In this case, Wisdom is calling out for all to come and learn of her. diff --git a/pro/10/intro.md b/pro/10/intro.md index 10ce5bf323..bb3280c253 100644 --- a/pro/10/intro.md +++ b/pro/10/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Chapter 10 starts a new section of the book, which is attributed to Solomon and ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Themes +####Themes There are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often using contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, and wicked/righteous. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) diff --git a/pro/11/intro.md b/pro/11/intro.md index cd417404ac..f53e92749b 100644 --- a/pro/11/intro.md +++ b/pro/11/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Chapter 11 continues the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Themes +####Themes There are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often using contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) diff --git a/pro/12/intro.md b/pro/12/intro.md index 3fd53defd0..4215032206 100644 --- a/pro/12/intro.md +++ b/pro/12/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Chapter 12 continues the section of the book (Chapter 10-22) which is attributed ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Themes +####Themes There are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often using contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility and integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) diff --git a/pro/13/intro.md b/pro/13/intro.md index 3f564f4843..d30cef8693 100644 --- a/pro/13/intro.md +++ b/pro/13/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Chapter 13 continues the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Themes +####Themes There are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) diff --git a/pro/14/intro.md b/pro/14/intro.md index 7ecf3d9304..fb7e8fd4ea 100644 --- a/pro/14/intro.md +++ b/pro/14/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Chapter 14 continues the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Themes +####Themes There are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) diff --git a/pro/15/intro.md b/pro/15/intro.md index d136a043e8..14c2d9bad6 100644 --- a/pro/15/intro.md +++ b/pro/15/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Chapter 15 continues the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Themes +####Themes There are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) diff --git a/pro/16/intro.md b/pro/16/intro.md index 7e89952716..b4d1b268f5 100644 --- a/pro/16/intro.md +++ b/pro/16/intro.md @@ -6,11 +6,11 @@ Chapter 16 continues the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### King and royalty +####King and royalty Some of these proverbs mention a king. As in other cases, this is intended to apply to all rulers. -##### Themes +####Themes There are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) diff --git a/pro/17/intro.md b/pro/17/intro.md index 0980a6d543..4d2ec2b30e 100644 --- a/pro/17/intro.md +++ b/pro/17/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Chapter 17 continues the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Themes +####Themes There are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) ## Links: diff --git a/pro/18/intro.md b/pro/18/intro.md index e7f7e75405..04db69a607 100644 --- a/pro/18/intro.md +++ b/pro/18/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Chapter 18 continues the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Themes +####Themes There are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) diff --git a/pro/19/intro.md b/pro/19/intro.md index 87b1eea3b6..0eee08646e 100644 --- a/pro/19/intro.md +++ b/pro/19/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Chapter 19 continues the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Themes +####Themes There are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) diff --git a/pro/20/intro.md b/pro/20/intro.md index 121b0d4e66..82ec926906 100644 --- a/pro/20/intro.md +++ b/pro/20/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Chapter 20 continues the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Themes +####Themes There are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) diff --git a/pro/21/intro.md b/pro/21/intro.md index 19150629cb..6c6f53d58a 100644 --- a/pro/21/intro.md +++ b/pro/21/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Chapter 21 continues the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Themes +####Themes There are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) diff --git a/pro/22/intro.md b/pro/22/intro.md index acb0877326..beb6d93cad 100644 --- a/pro/22/intro.md +++ b/pro/22/intro.md @@ -8,12 +8,12 @@ The second half of this chapter and the first half of the next chapter are attri ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Themes +####Themes There are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical questions +####Rhetorical questions With this new section of proverbs, the author begins to use many rhetorical questions. The obvious answers should convince the reader. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) ## Links: diff --git a/pro/23/intro.md b/pro/23/intro.md index ffaf753e3e..22a9da98e0 100644 --- a/pro/23/intro.md +++ b/pro/23/intro.md @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ The second half of this chapter and the first half of the next chapter are attri ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Themes +####Themes There are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) diff --git a/pro/24/intro.md b/pro/24/intro.md index 56f4e54f21..f5365484d9 100644 --- a/pro/24/intro.md +++ b/pro/24/intro.md @@ -8,11 +8,11 @@ The second half of this chapter finishes the section. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Lazy man story +####Lazy man story Unlike much of Proverbs, verses 30-34 tell a short story about a lazy man, which ends in a very memorable proverb. -##### Themes +####Themes There are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) ## Links: diff --git a/pro/25/intro.md b/pro/25/intro.md index a61d050539..21ae31519e 100644 --- a/pro/25/intro.md +++ b/pro/25/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Chapter 25 begins the second section of the book (Chapter 25-29) which is attrib ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Themes +####Themes There are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) diff --git a/pro/26/intro.md b/pro/26/intro.md index c72cf84e3a..a1057b388d 100644 --- a/pro/26/intro.md +++ b/pro/26/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Chapter 26 continues the second section of the book (Chapter 25-29) which is att ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Themes +####Themes There are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. Wisdom and folly are particularly prominent in this chapter.(See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) diff --git a/pro/27/intro.md b/pro/27/intro.md index 2b71e17bcd..c80468fbc5 100644 --- a/pro/27/intro.md +++ b/pro/27/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Chapter 27 continues the second section of the book (Chapter 25-29) which is att ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Themes +####Themes There are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) diff --git a/pro/28/intro.md b/pro/28/intro.md index eee8265467..62451fd65e 100644 --- a/pro/28/intro.md +++ b/pro/28/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Chapter 28 continues the second section of the book (Chapter 25-29) which is att ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Themes +####Themes There are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) diff --git a/pro/29/intro.md b/pro/29/intro.md index c9bd537cf9..926d9ed87b 100644 --- a/pro/29/intro.md +++ b/pro/29/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Chapter 29 concludes the second section of the book (Chapter 25-29) which is att ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Themes +####Themes There are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) diff --git a/pro/30/intro.md b/pro/30/intro.md index ea19aa6423..3816651fb6 100644 --- a/pro/30/intro.md +++ b/pro/30/intro.md @@ -5,15 +5,15 @@ Chapter 30 is a chapter in Proverbs attributed to Agur, who is a person otherwise unknown. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Agur +####Agur His full title is Agur, Son of Jakeh. Agur comes from a Hebrew word that means "gatherer" and so some scholars believe this is not a real name, but possibly a way of referring to Solomon as a gatherer of proverbs. However, it is still prudent to simply use this as a name. -##### Three things and four +####Three things and four From verses 15 through 32, the author uses a specific technique to explain some things. He says there are three things and even four and lists items that exemplify a feature like "small and yet wise." The numbering is not meant to be so literal, but as a memory device that introduces the items. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]]) -##### Themes +####Themes The sayings of Agur address several themes including the wisdom of God compared to human wisdom (30:1-6), wicked people (30:11-14), things that are never satisfied (30:15-16), things too amazing for Agur to understand (30:18-19), things that are small but wise (30:24-28), and things that walk in a strong and proud way (30:29-31). ## Links: diff --git a/pro/31/intro.md b/pro/31/intro.md index 3d85b62dca..1923a0f9ca 100644 --- a/pro/31/intro.md +++ b/pro/31/intro.md @@ -4,17 +4,17 @@ Chapter 31 begins with 9 verses from King Lemuel. The last portion of this chapter is a poem about a godly wife. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]]) -##### King Lemuel +####King Lemuel This person is unknown in Scripture, other than here. It is important to recognize that the words in this chapter are words of his mother addressed to him. They are formed like advice of a mother to her son. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### An acrostic poem +####An acrostic poem Verse 10 through 31 is tightly formed as a poem in the original language. There are 22 lines in the Hebrew language that each begin with a successive letter of the alphabet. However, each language will have a different set of letters. Therefore, it is important to realize this was a single composition with a single theme of a noble or godly wife. -##### Themes +####Themes King Lemuel advice to his son addresses themes of avoiding drinks with alcohol and of being fair and righteous (31:1-9). The final section about the godly wife addresses several themes, including the great value of a godly wife (30:10-12), her hard work (31:13-19), her generosity (31:20), her care for her family (31:21-23), and her dignity, wisdom, and fear of the Lord (31:25-31). ## Links: diff --git a/psa/001/intro.md b/psa/001/intro.md index a8d1c7787a..560a4a6a24 100644 --- a/psa/001/intro.md +++ b/psa/001/intro.md @@ -6,10 +6,10 @@ Psalm 1 is usually considered to be a "wisdom psalm," which gives advice to thos ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Blessed +####Blessed A main theme in this psalm is what it means to be blessed. Here "blessed" refers to anyone who is well off because of a good relationship to God. The contrasting theme is that there are ungodly people, those who refuse to honor God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]]) -##### People who opposed Yahweh +####People who opposed Yahweh There are several words in this psalm for those who oppose God: "the wicked" (those who do evil), "sinners" (those who ignore God's law), and "mockers" (those who mock God and the righteous people). (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) diff --git a/psa/002/intro.md b/psa/002/intro.md index 171824b97c..f1df7f4fb3 100644 --- a/psa/002/intro.md +++ b/psa/002/intro.md @@ -6,13 +6,13 @@ Psalm 2 is usually considered a royal psalm because it is about the king. It was ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's protection +####Yahweh's protection The main theme of this psalm is that God is protecting and empowering the king he has appointed and that it is useless for the foreign nations to oppose God and his king. ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphor +####Metaphor "Today I have begotten you" here is a metaphor meaning that God acknowledges the king as his special person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) ## Links: diff --git a/psa/003/intro.md b/psa/003/intro.md index 3eb2f7e65f..73aa624ec0 100644 --- a/psa/003/intro.md +++ b/psa/003/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Psalm 3 is a psalm of deliverance. It is a morning song intended to be sung in t ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's protection +####Yahweh's protection Although the psalmist has many enemies and is saying he is without help, God is protecting him and delivering him from danger. ## Links: diff --git a/psa/004/intro.md b/psa/004/intro.md index c08fd31ea0..1f0f57f888 100644 --- a/psa/004/intro.md +++ b/psa/004/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Psalm 4 is a psalm of deliverance. It is an evening song, intended to be sung in ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Trust +####Trust God protects all those who truly trust in him for protection. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) ## Links: diff --git a/psa/005/intro.md b/psa/005/intro.md index acf26fb2e5..fadacc95a4 100644 --- a/psa/005/intro.md +++ b/psa/005/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Psalm 5 is a psalm of deliverance. Notice how the psalmist both praises God and ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's help +####Yahweh's help God does not help people who do evil but he blesses those who are good and trust in him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) ## Links: diff --git a/psa/006/intro.md b/psa/006/intro.md index 03a9ba61b4..b74e9d25a6 100644 --- a/psa/006/intro.md +++ b/psa/006/intro.md @@ -6,10 +6,10 @@ Psalm 6 is a deliverance psalm: a call to God for help. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Trouble +####Trouble He is in deep trouble and needs God to help him in his difficult situation. But then God hears his prayer and scatters his enemies. -##### First Person +####First Person This psalm is written using first person making its perspective very personal. There are many uses of the first person in this Psalm. diff --git a/psa/007/intro.md b/psa/007/intro.md index efcaff4f5f..8f7ce700da 100644 --- a/psa/007/intro.md +++ b/psa/007/intro.md @@ -6,10 +6,10 @@ Psalm 7 is a deliverance psalm. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]]) ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's protection +####Yahweh's protection The author had not wronged anyone, yet his enemy was trying to attack him. But he knew that God would protect him. -##### Cush the Benjamite +####Cush the Benjamite Note the superscription and the specific circumstances. There is no other reference to this incident in the Scriptures. But there are references to David being opposed by those of the tribe of Benjamin during the time he was serving King Saul. ## Links: diff --git a/psa/008/intro.md b/psa/008/intro.md index fa56360d3b..ae693fc746 100644 --- a/psa/008/intro.md +++ b/psa/008/intro.md @@ -6,10 +6,10 @@ Psalm 8 is a psalm of worship and praise to God. This was to be sung by a choir. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's creation +####Yahweh's creation God has made awesome things in the universe and has exalted humans to be rulers over this creation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/exalt]]) -##### A Little Lower than the Heavenly Beings +####A Little Lower than the Heavenly Beings [Psalms Psalm 8:4-6](./003.md) is quoted in [Hebrews 2:6-8](../../heb/02/06.md), where it is applied to Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/glory]]) diff --git a/psa/009/intro.md b/psa/009/intro.md index 99dd4abde4..d4e67cacec 100644 --- a/psa/009/intro.md +++ b/psa/009/intro.md @@ -6,14 +6,14 @@ Psalm 9 is a psalm of praise. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's protection +####Yahweh's protection God is a protector. He is all-powerful and his enemies cannot withstand him. -##### Acrostic Psalm +####Acrostic Psalm This psalm along with Psalm 10 form an acrostic. Which means that each unit begins with a successive letter of the Hebrew alphabet. -##### One Psalm or two +####One Psalm or two This psalm has a superscription but Psalm 10 doesn't. This fact and the acrostic nature of the two psalms has lead some scholars to believe these two psalms may have originally been written as one psalm. diff --git a/psa/010/intro.md b/psa/010/intro.md index 489fb917a4..9d8dc01dfd 100644 --- a/psa/010/intro.md +++ b/psa/010/intro.md @@ -6,10 +6,10 @@ Psalm 10 is a psalm of deliverance. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/delivere ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Evil people +####Evil people The wicked people are prospering and think that God does not care. They think that he is not involved in these affairs. They destroy the innocent. The godly need God to come to their rescue and to punish the wicked people for the evil that they are doing to the good people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/innocent]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]]) -##### Second half of Psalm 9 +####Second half of Psalm 9 As noted in the intro to the last psalm, this one is part of an acrostic poem. This psalm covers the last half on the Hebrew alphabet. It also does not have a superscription to introduce it. However, the psalms do separate well on the subjects they address. One addresses thanksgiving and praise whereas Psalm 10 is a lament. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lament]]) diff --git a/psa/011/intro.md b/psa/011/intro.md index bf32eb5fb0..ae1e0648c9 100644 --- a/psa/011/intro.md +++ b/psa/011/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Psalm 11 is a worship psalm. It tells how great God is and that God delivers the ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Justice +####Justice The wicked people try to destroy the good people but God knows everything that is being done and he saves the good people and destroys the evil people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) ## Links: diff --git a/psa/012/intro.md b/psa/012/intro.md index 3b56112f04..a04b096237 100644 --- a/psa/012/intro.md +++ b/psa/012/intro.md @@ -6,10 +6,10 @@ Psalm 12 is a judgment psalm, where the author asks God to judge and punish the ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh saves +####Yahweh saves There are so many wicked people now and they are proud of their evil. But God will save the poor who call out to him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/call]]) -##### Words +####Words This relatively short psalm focuses on the words people use. ## Links: diff --git a/psa/013/intro.md b/psa/013/intro.md index 12b8190c6d..39b185d4d0 100644 --- a/psa/013/intro.md +++ b/psa/013/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Psalm 13 is a psalm of deliverance because the psalmist is calling on God to del ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's help +####Yahweh's help The author needs God to help him because his enemies will rejoice if they are able to defeat him. The string of rhetorical questions is very effective at heightening the fear David is feeling. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fear]]) ## Links: diff --git a/psa/014/intro.md b/psa/014/intro.md index 3e846568d7..30adcfc97f 100644 --- a/psa/014/intro.md +++ b/psa/014/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Psalm 14 is a deliverance psalm because he is trusting God to deliver the poor. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Evil people +####Evil people Wicked people do not even consider God when they make their plans. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) ## Links: diff --git a/psa/015/intro.md b/psa/015/intro.md index 5df7d83595..74b6855e0f 100644 --- a/psa/015/intro.md +++ b/psa/015/intro.md @@ -6,10 +6,10 @@ Psalm 15 is a wisdom psalm telling how people who honor God should live. (See: [ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Godliness +####Godliness This psalm outlines a person who is godly and sees others from a godly perspective. There are several good actions mentioned. Such a person treats his neighbor right, does not slander him, does not take a bribe or interest from him, and keeps his promises even when it is difficult to do so. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]]) -##### Moral Conditions for Worship +####Moral Conditions for Worship Scholars have noted that this psalm contains a list of ten different conditions for those who want to participate in worship at the temple. The list consists of three positives in verse 2, 3 negatives in verse 3, two positives in verse 4, followed by two negatives in verse 5. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) diff --git a/psa/016/intro.md b/psa/016/intro.md index 61f2dcc6cd..2d3204be46 100644 --- a/psa/016/intro.md +++ b/psa/016/intro.md @@ -6,10 +6,10 @@ Psalm 16 is a psalm of praise, thanking God for all his mercies. The New Testame ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Messiah +####Messiah God has been so good to the psalmist, who will worship no other god. The New Testament considers the tenth verse to be about Christ's resurrection when it says that he is God's anointed one, and that God will not leave his body in the grave to decay. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/resurrection]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/anoint]]) -##### Superscription +####Superscription The term "Michtam" is used in the superscription for this psalm. There is much discussion about this term, but in the end no one is certain what it means. So it is easiest to transliterate this word into your language, or you are welcome to translate it as "psalm." ## Links: diff --git a/psa/017/intro.md b/psa/017/intro.md index ebed9ceee3..dc18abee3b 100644 --- a/psa/017/intro.md +++ b/psa/017/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Psalm 17 is a prayer for deliverance from all his enemies. (See: [[rc://en/tw/di ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Innocence +####Innocence The psalmist is innocent and needs God to rescue him from these enemies. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/innocent]]) ## Links: diff --git a/psa/018/intro.md b/psa/018/intro.md index 1e521b28b6..c99a8218e1 100644 --- a/psa/018/intro.md +++ b/psa/018/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Psalm 18 is a psalm of praise to God for his strengthening David for war. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's power +####Yahweh's power God has tremendous power and he enabled David to prosper in war. This psalm, and its superscription, also appears in 1 Samuel 22 with some minor differences. ## Links: diff --git a/psa/019/intro.md b/psa/019/intro.md index cb23a9f062..08ad47e7e1 100644 --- a/psa/019/intro.md +++ b/psa/019/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Psalm 19 is a praise psalm, praising God for his creation and for his law. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### God's law +####God's law God's law keeps people from sinning. There are two distinct themes in this psalm. Verses 1-6 are God's glory in the heavens and the second is praising God for his law. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/glory]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]]) ## Links: diff --git a/psa/020/intro.md b/psa/020/intro.md index 72eb4b4281..3c302566d6 100644 --- a/psa/020/intro.md +++ b/psa/020/intro.md @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Psalm 20 is a royal psalm. It is probably a prayer for the king, perhaps when he first became king. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Trust +####Trust Trusting God is much better than trusting in military might. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) ## Links: diff --git a/psa/021/intro.md b/psa/021/intro.md index a3b779d945..19cee7ded1 100644 --- a/psa/021/intro.md +++ b/psa/021/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Psalm 21 is a royal psalm. The king is praying for victory. Victory in war comes ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Pronouns +####Pronouns There is a shift in pronouns in this psalm. In verses 1-6 the psalm addresses Yahweh in second person but in verse 7 the psalmist uses third person before moving back to second person in the latter part. ## Links: diff --git a/psa/022/intro.md b/psa/022/intro.md index 00af30dee2..33052d9cc5 100644 --- a/psa/022/intro.md +++ b/psa/022/intro.md @@ -6,10 +6,10 @@ Psalm 22 is a messianic psalm. It contains references to events during the cruci ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Messiah +####Messiah Christ was despised and taunted by his enemies; but finally people all over the earth will bow down to him. -##### New Testament usage +####New Testament usage This psalm is quoted in different places in the New Testament. Verse 1a is cited in Matthew 27:46 and Mark 15:34 as the words of Christ on the cross. Many of the events in the narratives of the crucifixion are mentioned in this psalm. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/cross]]) ## Links: diff --git a/psa/023/intro.md b/psa/023/intro.md index 705a7f2532..6ae997a115 100644 --- a/psa/023/intro.md +++ b/psa/023/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Psalm 23 is a psalm of praise to God for his continued care and protection. The ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphor +####Metaphor Psalm 23 is an extended metaphor speaking of God as if he were a shepherd, and of the psalmist as if he were a sheep. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) diff --git a/psa/024/intro.md b/psa/024/intro.md index 0d50e76bd1..06d7caa07f 100644 --- a/psa/024/intro.md +++ b/psa/024/intro.md @@ -6,11 +6,11 @@ Psalm 24 is a psalm of praise to God as the almighty God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dic ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Righteous people +####Righteous people Only the righteous come to worship God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical Questions +####Rhetorical Questions The psalmists uses several rhetorical questions. Each question forms a unit with a response. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) ## Links: diff --git a/psa/025/intro.md b/psa/025/intro.md index c21aea06a3..478839619f 100644 --- a/psa/025/intro.md +++ b/psa/025/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Psalm 25 is a prayer for God's help. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The humble +####The humble God is very good to humble people who seek to obey him. ## Links: diff --git a/psa/026/intro.md b/psa/026/intro.md index 52034f1d01..23e1cf6b16 100644 --- a/psa/026/intro.md +++ b/psa/026/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Psalm 26 is a teaching psalm; showing people how they should live by the example ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Praise +####Praise The psalmist delights in praising God and doing good deeds. It is striking how this psalm uses the first person pronoun. This is an individual psalm of petition. Each of the four petitions are accompanied with various claims. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/works]]) ## Links: diff --git a/psa/027/intro.md b/psa/027/intro.md index bba2c0a421..de22177f30 100644 --- a/psa/027/intro.md +++ b/psa/027/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Psalm 27 is a psalm of praise to God because God keeps the psalmist safe from al ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's help +####Yahweh's help Because of God's help, he has nothing to fear, no matter what happens. The psalmist shows his confidence in God; he also asks God for help. ## Links: diff --git a/psa/028/intro.md b/psa/028/intro.md index 905c9d7475..210f182136 100644 --- a/psa/028/intro.md +++ b/psa/028/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Psalm 28 is a psalm of prayer to God that he is not be punished along with the w ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Trust +####Trust The psalmist trusted God completely and God rescued him. This is similar to psalm 7 and 17 because it is an individual lament psalm. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lament]]) ## Links: diff --git a/psa/029/intro.md b/psa/029/intro.md index f24e54f054..a1bbc438a2 100644 --- a/psa/029/intro.md +++ b/psa/029/intro.md @@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ Psalm 29 is a worship psalm. It tells how Yahweh rules all nature. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's power +####Yahweh's power God is powerful. All he has to do is to speak in order to control nature. ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metonymy +####Metonymy The voice of the Yahweh stands for Yahweh himself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]]) diff --git a/psa/030/intro.md b/psa/030/intro.md index c86bd5ac10..cfbe7919ed 100644 --- a/psa/030/intro.md +++ b/psa/030/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Psalm 30 is a psalm of praise and thanksgiving to God. The psalmist was near dea ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The psalmist's death +####The psalmist's death If he had died, it would not have been a help to God. But since God rescued him he can praise God. ## Links: diff --git a/psa/031/intro.md b/psa/031/intro.md index 4d9a50a07c..a577b2c4d2 100644 --- a/psa/031/intro.md +++ b/psa/031/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Psalm 31 is a psalm of deliverance. The psalmist's enemies thought they had defe ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Abandonment +####Abandonment Even though everyone deserted and despised the psalmist, God did not abandon him. ## Links: diff --git a/psa/032/intro.md b/psa/032/intro.md index b68bfa77e4..c60f732d71 100644 --- a/psa/032/intro.md +++ b/psa/032/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Psalm 32 is a psalm of confession of sin. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/confe ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Confession of sin +####Confession of sin This psalm tells of the sorrow of unconfessed sin; it also tells of the blessing of confession and of receiving God's forgiveness. It is such a blessing when God forgives sin. Trouble comes when sin is hidden and not confessed. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/forgive]]) ## Links: diff --git a/psa/033/intro.md b/psa/033/intro.md index 66831a233b..69ea87a961 100644 --- a/psa/033/intro.md +++ b/psa/033/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Psalm 33 is a worship song. It tells how great God is. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### God's power +####God's power God is the creator and also the God of his people, Israel. Whatever he plans works out. He alone provides safety in battle. ## Links: diff --git a/psa/034/intro.md b/psa/034/intro.md index 65481a344a..dee9bcb948 100644 --- a/psa/034/intro.md +++ b/psa/034/intro.md @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ The psalm does not relate directly to the superscription given about Abimelech. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's help +####Yahweh's help Good people can have problems, but God brings them through these. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]]) ## Links: diff --git a/psa/035/intro.md b/psa/035/intro.md index 219ce472d6..79b7909a18 100644 --- a/psa/035/intro.md +++ b/psa/035/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Psalm 35 is a prayer for deliverance. His enemies are coming against him. (See: ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Enemies +####Enemies When his enemies were sick, he tried to comfort them, but when he was in trouble his enemies use this as a time to attack him. ## Links: diff --git a/psa/036/intro.md b/psa/036/intro.md index e0a0e28f5c..08f8846e25 100644 --- a/psa/036/intro.md +++ b/psa/036/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Psalm 36 is a psalm of praise. It speaks of how good God is to those who love hi ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### God and man +####God and man Evil people do not think about God; but he is such a pleasure to all who honor him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) ## Links: diff --git a/psa/037/intro.md b/psa/037/intro.md index f512186e26..88a06d00c8 100644 --- a/psa/037/intro.md +++ b/psa/037/intro.md @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Psalm 37 is a teaching psalm. It provides guidance about how to live a moral and God-fearing life. It teaches that evil people do not prosper in the future. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Envy +####Envy Do not envy evil people. Although it appears as though they prosper, soon they will be destroyed and the good people will continue on living. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/life]]) ## Links: diff --git a/psa/038/intro.md b/psa/038/intro.md index ade0667252..3225c692cf 100644 --- a/psa/038/intro.md +++ b/psa/038/intro.md @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Psalm 38 is a confession of sin and a prayer for deliverance. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/confess]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]]) ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Author's sickness +####Author's sickness The author was very sick and his enemies were seeking ways to destroy him. ## Links: diff --git a/psa/039/intro.md b/psa/039/intro.md index a847bf338b..f13ab33bd3 100644 --- a/psa/039/intro.md +++ b/psa/039/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Psalm 39 is a psalm of deliverance from sickness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Life +####Life Life on earth is short. The psalmist wanted God's healing so he can enjoy the rest of his life. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/life]]) This psalm shares some characteristics of another wisdom book called Ecclesiastes or Koheleth but is more positive. diff --git a/psa/040/intro.md b/psa/040/intro.md index 96edb45a98..d16cda2dc0 100644 --- a/psa/040/intro.md +++ b/psa/040/intro.md @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Psalm 40 is a psalm of praise. Many also see it as a messianic psalm, a psalm ab ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Sacrifices +####Sacrifices God is not interested in sacrifices but wants people to obey him and fulfill his plans for them. ## Links: diff --git a/psa/041/intro.md b/psa/041/intro.md index e83f3659c8..2248b18aaa 100644 --- a/psa/041/intro.md +++ b/psa/041/intro.md @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Psalm 41 is a psalm of deliverance. The author's friends had become his enemies who wanted to see him die but he trusted God to rescue him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Enemies +####Enemies The author's best friend had become an enemy. His enemies were happy because they were sure his sickness would result in death. ## Links: diff --git a/psa/042/intro.md b/psa/042/intro.md index 501c6676b8..d176702783 100644 --- a/psa/042/intro.md +++ b/psa/042/intro.md @@ -5,13 +5,13 @@ Psalm 42 is a psalm of praise for all that God has done and a prayer for deliverance from the psalmist's enemies. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]]) ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's deliverance +####Yahweh's deliverance The psalmist praises God as he remembers what God has done for him in the past, and he puts his trust in him. He needs rescuing from his enemies. Scholars believe that this psalm is about a man in exile longing for Jerusalem. -##### Psalm 42 and Psalm 43 +####Psalm 42 and Psalm 43 Some scholars believe that these two psalms were originally written together as one psalm. -##### Superscription +####Superscription This psalm is called "a Maschil of the sons of Korah." The word "Maschil" in the original language has caused scholars to have various opinions about its meaning. Some say it means to instruct, while others say that the word is referring to the skill used in creating the psalm. Still others think it means that meditation should be used in reading this psalm. ## Links: diff --git a/psa/043/intro.md b/psa/043/intro.md index 50d339d3b6..389b21b138 100644 --- a/psa/043/intro.md +++ b/psa/043/intro.md @@ -6,10 +6,10 @@ Psalm 43 is a psalm of deliverance. It is a plea for rescue from the psalmist's ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Encouragement +####Encouragement The author should not be discouraged because he trusts in God to deliver him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) -##### Psalm 42 and Psalm 43 +####Psalm 42 and Psalm 43 Some scholars believe that these two psalms were originally written together as one psalm. ## Links: diff --git a/psa/044/intro.md b/psa/044/intro.md index 85aa798f1c..139b41db04 100644 --- a/psa/044/intro.md +++ b/psa/044/intro.md @@ -6,10 +6,10 @@ Psalm 44 is a deliverance psalm. It is a prayer for God's help against enemies. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Enemies +####Enemies When Israel entered the Promised Land, God fought for them and drove out their enemies. Since their enemies have now defeated them, they are in need of God's help. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]]) -##### Superscription +####Superscription This psalm is called "a Maschil." The word "Maschil" in the original language has caused scholars to have various opinions about its meaning. Some say it means to instruct, while others say that the word is referring to the skill used in creating the psalm. Still others think it means that meditation should be used in reading this psalm. ## Links: diff --git a/psa/045/intro.md b/psa/045/intro.md index f1d567d119..fc31f6a1c5 100644 --- a/psa/045/intro.md +++ b/psa/045/intro.md @@ -6,10 +6,10 @@ Psalm 45 is a royal psalm written for the king's wedding day. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Beauty +####Beauty The king has a beautiful palace, and his bride is also beautiful. -##### Superscription +####Superscription This psalm is called "a Maschil." The word "Maschil" in the original language has caused scholars to have various opinions about its meaning. Some say it means to instruct, while others say that the word is referring to the skill used in creating the psalm. Still others think it means that meditation should be used in reading this psalm. ## Links: diff --git a/psa/047/intro.md b/psa/047/intro.md index fc5c625510..e9605c919f 100644 --- a/psa/047/intro.md +++ b/psa/047/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Psalm 47 is a psalm of praise to God. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's power +####Yahweh's power God is powerful over all the nations in the world. ## Links: diff --git a/psa/048/intro.md b/psa/048/intro.md index 3427d14ce4..9ade3803c9 100644 --- a/psa/048/intro.md +++ b/psa/048/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Psalm 48 is a psalm of praise for Jerusalem. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Jerusalem +####Jerusalem Jerusalem has mighty defenses. Foreign nations will be amazed. It is something to remember and testify about. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/testimony]]) It is helpful to know that "Mount Zion" is often used to refer to the city of Jerusalem. diff --git a/psa/049/intro.md b/psa/049/intro.md index f95aff4702..7c34ab2a5e 100644 --- a/psa/049/intro.md +++ b/psa/049/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Psalm 49 is a wisdom psalm. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]]) ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Riches +####Riches Riches do not last forever. They cannot save a person from death, and they cannot be taken from a person at death. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) ## Links: diff --git a/psa/050/intro.md b/psa/050/intro.md index 8cdba717f1..6b837f5be7 100644 --- a/psa/050/intro.md +++ b/psa/050/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Psalm 50 is a wisdom psalm. It tells what pleases God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Sacrifices +####Sacrifices God does not need animal sacrifices; he does not eat meat or drink blood. The world and everything in it belong to God. He wants people to be thankful and to depend on him. God rejects evil people who reject his covenant. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/blood]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) ## Links: diff --git a/psa/051/intro.md b/psa/051/intro.md index c880ffd4a2..6f666a9c4d 100644 --- a/psa/051/intro.md +++ b/psa/051/intro.md @@ -6,10 +6,10 @@ Psalm 51 is a psalm of repentance from sin. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/rep ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Repentance +####Repentance The psalmist is truly sorry for having sinned. He repented and God forgave his sins. God wants true sorrow for having sinned, not sacrifices. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/true]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/forgive]]) -##### Author of Psalm +####Author of Psalm Scholars are divided over whether this psalm was authored by King David as is mentioned by the superscription. If nothing else, we can assume the last two verses were added later since Jerusalem is intact with well-built walls during King David's reign. ## Links: diff --git a/psa/052/intro.md b/psa/052/intro.md index 8d17a2b8ca..e81ce5f3a2 100644 --- a/psa/052/intro.md +++ b/psa/052/intro.md @@ -6,10 +6,10 @@ Psalm 52 is a wisdom psalm. It teaches that God will destroy evil people. (See: ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Evil people +####Evil people Although the evil people feel secure with their wealth and evil deeds, God will destroy them. But people who do good are secure because God protects them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/works]]) -##### Superscription +####Superscription This psalm is called "a Maschil of David." The word "Maschil" in the original language has caused scholars to have various opinions about its meaning. Some say it means to instruct, while others say that the word is referring to the skill used in creating the psalm. Still others think it means that meditation should be used in reading this psalm. ## Links: diff --git a/psa/053/intro.md b/psa/053/intro.md index 475af06878..8c371dd682 100644 --- a/psa/053/intro.md +++ b/psa/053/intro.md @@ -5,10 +5,10 @@ Psalm 53 is a wisdom psalm. It warns people who do evil that God will judge them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]]) ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### God's watching mankind +####God's watching mankind God looks down from heaven and sees that all humans are evil and corrupt. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]]) -##### Superscription +####Superscription This psalm is called "a Maschil of David." The word "Maschil" in the original language has caused scholars to have various opinions about its meaning. Some say it means to instruct, while others say that the word is referring to the skill used in creating the psalm. Still others think it means that meditation should be used in reading this psalm. ## Links: diff --git a/psa/054/intro.md b/psa/054/intro.md index 1a876968a3..dcf245c4d3 100644 --- a/psa/054/intro.md +++ b/psa/054/intro.md @@ -6,10 +6,10 @@ Psalm 54 is a deliverance psalm. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]] ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Rescue +####Rescue Evil people want to kill David; but God has rescued him in the past and he trusts God to rescue him again. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) -##### Superscription +####Superscription This psalm is called "a Maschil of David." The word "Maschil" in the original language has caused scholars to have various opinions about its meaning. Some say it means to instruct, while others say that the word is referring to the skill used in creating the psalm. Still others think it means that meditation should be used in reading this psalm. ## Links: diff --git a/psa/055/intro.md b/psa/055/intro.md index 7210c49fa9..22b6cc7701 100644 --- a/psa/055/intro.md +++ b/psa/055/intro.md @@ -6,10 +6,10 @@ Psalm 55 is a deliverance psalm. The psalmist is praying that God will deliver h ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Betrayal +####Betrayal The author wishes he could get far away from his enemies after his best friend betrayed him. He asks God to completely destroy his enemies. He is trusting God to save him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) -##### Superscription +####Superscription This psalm is called "a Maschil of David." The word "Maschil" in the original language has caused scholars to have various opinions about its meaning. Some say it means to instruct, while others say that the word is referring to the skill used in creating the psalm. Still others think it means that meditation should be used in reading this psalm. ## Links: diff --git a/psa/056/intro.md b/psa/056/intro.md index e0496b3d4f..a7d7258d58 100644 --- a/psa/056/intro.md +++ b/psa/056/intro.md @@ -6,10 +6,10 @@ Psalm 56 is a psalm of deliverance. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/delivere ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Fear +####Fear Although the psalmist's enemies are trying to harm him, he is not afraid because God is protecting him. -##### Superscription +####Superscription The word "Michtam" is used in the superscription for this psalm. There is much discussion about this word but, in the end, no one is certain what it means. It is easiest to transliterate this word into your language, or you can simply translate it as "psalm." ## Links: diff --git a/psa/057/intro.md b/psa/057/intro.md index 4a92cc89ff..56547d8dcb 100644 --- a/psa/057/intro.md +++ b/psa/057/intro.md @@ -6,10 +6,10 @@ Psalm 57 is a psalm of deliverance. It praises God for the many times he has del ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Fear +####Fear Since God is protecting the psalmist, he has nothing to fear from his enemies. -##### Superscription +####Superscription The word "Michtam" is used in the superscription for this psalm. There is much discussion about this word but, in the end, no one is certain what it means. It is easiest to transliterate this word into your language, or you can simply translate it as "psalm." ## Links: diff --git a/psa/058/intro.md b/psa/058/intro.md index 551c57b766..491f33e883 100644 --- a/psa/058/intro.md +++ b/psa/058/intro.md @@ -6,10 +6,10 @@ Psalm 58 is a deliverance psalm. It asks God for deliverance from the unjust rul ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Deliverance +####Deliverance Although the leaders are very evil and unfair, God can deliver his people from their oppression. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/oppress]]) -##### Superscription +####Superscription The word "Michtam" is used in the superscription for this psalm. There is much discussion about this word but, in the end, no one is certain what it means. It is easiest to transliterate this word into your language, or you can simply translate it as "psalm." ## Links: diff --git a/psa/059/intro.md b/psa/059/intro.md index 04152d7ee2..10d3f966eb 100644 --- a/psa/059/intro.md +++ b/psa/059/intro.md @@ -6,10 +6,10 @@ Psalm 59 is a deliverance psalm. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]] ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Protection +####Protection The author prays for God to defeat his enemies. God is his protector. Therefore, he will praise God. -##### Superscription +####Superscription The word "Michtam" is used in the superscription for this psalm. There is much discussion about this word but, in the end, no one is certain what it means. It is easiest to transliterate this word into your language, or you can simply translate it as "psalm." ## Links: diff --git a/psa/060/intro.md b/psa/060/intro.md index 6bb41a565f..a7c1ce1aab 100644 --- a/psa/060/intro.md +++ b/psa/060/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Psalm 60 is a psalm of war. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Protection +####Protection God has preserved the land of Israel, and now he will give them victory over the countries of Moab and Edom. ## Links: diff --git a/psa/061/intro.md b/psa/061/intro.md index 7c50c76b9f..0c1d059dee 100644 --- a/psa/061/intro.md +++ b/psa/061/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Psalm 61 is a psalm of praise. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Vow +####Vow The author has vowed to praise God every day of his life because God has blessed him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/vow]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]]) ## Links: diff --git a/psa/062/intro.md b/psa/062/intro.md index f63ffae110..34417a7a36 100644 --- a/psa/062/intro.md +++ b/psa/062/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Psalm 62 is a psalm of deliverance. It expresses trust that God will save the ps ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Trust +####Trust Although the psalmist's enemies have attacked him when he was feeling weak, he trusts in God to deliver him. God is powerful and kind. ## Links: diff --git a/psa/063/intro.md b/psa/063/intro.md index 4cc579e2c1..e6b30d3485 100644 --- a/psa/063/intro.md +++ b/psa/063/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Psalm 63 is a psalm of praise. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Praise +####Praise The author praises God for who he is and for having protected him. ## Links: diff --git a/psa/064/intro.md b/psa/064/intro.md index 081f3fd7cf..67da6f5e3d 100644 --- a/psa/064/intro.md +++ b/psa/064/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Psalm 64 is a psalm of deliverance. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/delivere ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Plotting of enemies +####Plotting of enemies The author's enemies have plotted against him but God has saved him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) ## Links: diff --git a/psa/065/intro.md b/psa/065/intro.md index a3ed345c3a..51e264fd4a 100644 --- a/psa/065/intro.md +++ b/psa/065/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Psalm 65 is a psalm of praise to God. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### God's power +####God's power God answered prayers and gave the people justice and hope. God created nature and controls it, sending rain so the grain and pastures grow well. ## Links: diff --git a/psa/066/intro.md b/psa/066/intro.md index 529f5804ae..27e7c00e2c 100644 --- a/psa/066/intro.md +++ b/psa/066/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Psalm 66 is a psalm of praise. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh saves +####Yahweh saves Just as God brought Israel through the wilderness, he took the author through hard times but saved him. The author will worship God by sacrificing animals to him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) ## Links: diff --git a/psa/067/intro.md b/psa/067/intro.md index d0de3eb56f..08ef0959bc 100644 --- a/psa/067/intro.md +++ b/psa/067/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Psalm 67 is a worship psalm. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Praise +####Praise People all over the world should be praising God. ## Links: diff --git a/psa/068/intro.md b/psa/068/intro.md index 8a1a684f20..02ffd4e6b4 100644 --- a/psa/068/intro.md +++ b/psa/068/intro.md @@ -6,10 +6,10 @@ Psalm 68 is a worship psalm. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's greatness +####Yahweh's greatness God is exceedingly great. He takes care of the weak and helpless. He is glorious in his temple. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/glory]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) -##### No Common Theme +####No Common Theme Scholars have found this psalm the most difficult to interpret. There does not appear to be any unity to this psalm. ## Links: diff --git a/psa/069/intro.md b/psa/069/intro.md index c32cbc0c3c..29dc955749 100644 --- a/psa/069/intro.md +++ b/psa/069/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Psalm 69 is a psalm of deliverance. The author prays to be saved from his enemie ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Deliverance +####Deliverance The author prays for God to rescue him from his enemies. They show him no mercy, and he asks God to show them no mercy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]]) ## Links: diff --git a/psa/070/intro.md b/psa/070/intro.md index 827bf102a0..7dcd541be3 100644 --- a/psa/070/intro.md +++ b/psa/070/intro.md @@ -6,10 +6,10 @@ Psalm 70 is a psalm of deliverance. The psalmist asks God to deliver him from hi ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Help +####Help The author needs help and needs it immediately. -##### Psalm 40 +####Psalm 40 This psalm is an almost exact duplicate of Psalm 40:13-17. ## Links: diff --git a/psa/071/intro.md b/psa/071/intro.md index 7c7bc029ae..cc45643bc2 100644 --- a/psa/071/intro.md +++ b/psa/071/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Psalm 71 is a psalm of deliverance. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/delivere ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's help +####Yahweh's help God has helped the psalmist all his life. Now that he is old, his enemy thinks that God has abandoned him; but the psalmist trusts in God and will praise Yahweh with songs of praise. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) ## Links: diff --git a/psa/072/intro.md b/psa/072/intro.md index e7142cf13e..ca102b150b 100644 --- a/psa/072/intro.md +++ b/psa/072/intro.md @@ -6,10 +6,10 @@ Psalm 72 is a psalm for the king when he begins to be the king. David wrote it a ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Blessings for the king +####Blessings for the king May the king be honored throughout the world. May he help the poor. May there be prosperity while he is king. -##### Close of Book Two +####Close of Book Two The whole collection of Psalms has been divided into several "books." This is the last psalm of the second book. It is attributed to Solomon, the son of David. ## Links: diff --git a/psa/073/intro.md b/psa/073/intro.md index 96bf181825..ac989fdaad 100644 --- a/psa/073/intro.md +++ b/psa/073/intro.md @@ -5,10 +5,10 @@ Psalm 73 is a wisdom psalm. It explains the problem of wicked people who seem to prosper. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Evil people +####Evil people Sometimes it seems that wicked people have no problems and everything works for them. Despite this, they will be destroyed. In contrast, the righteous always have God to help them through problems. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -##### Psalms by Asaph +####Psalms by Asaph There are twelve psalms attributed to Asaph; the first one is Psalm 50, which is in Book Two, and the other eleven (Psalm 73–83) are at the beginning of Book Three. ## Links: diff --git a/psa/074/intro.md b/psa/074/intro.md index f711fa9307..1aa603f652 100644 --- a/psa/074/intro.md +++ b/psa/074/intro.md @@ -5,10 +5,10 @@ Psalm 74 is a psalm of deliverance. The people have been completely conquered and they pray for God to deliver them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]]) ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### God's power +####God's power The enemies have destroyed God's temple and are insulting the people. God is powerful. He made everything and he chose Israel for his people. He should avenge himself on these enemies that have burnt his temple. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/avenge]]) -##### Superscription +####Superscription This is called a "Maschil." The word in the original language has caused scholars to have various opinions about its meaning. Some say it means to instruct, while others say that the word is referring to the skill used in creating the psalm. Still others think it means that meditation should be used in reading this psalm. ## Links: diff --git a/psa/075/intro.md b/psa/075/intro.md index b930c3a71a..5380357fe8 100644 --- a/psa/075/intro.md +++ b/psa/075/intro.md @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Psalm 75 is a wisdom psalm; teaching what will happen to evil people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Punishment +####Punishment God has warned the evil people that they will be punished. He will strengthen the good people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]]) ## Links: diff --git a/psa/076/intro.md b/psa/076/intro.md index d1634092f7..893a9d5e4b 100644 --- a/psa/076/intro.md +++ b/psa/076/intro.md @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Psalm 76 is a worship psalm. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's greatness +####Yahweh's greatness God is great. He has conquered all the nations surrounding Israel. Everyone should bring him gifts. ## Links: diff --git a/psa/077/intro.md b/psa/077/intro.md index 412c9ec2e7..4ee9e0e42d 100644 --- a/psa/077/intro.md +++ b/psa/077/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ The author felt abandoned by God. This is a psalm of lament. (See: [[rc://en/tw/ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Lament +####Lament God used to be close to the psalmist, but now it seems that God has completely abandoned him. Long ago, God took care of Israel and brought the people safely through the sea. ## Links: diff --git a/psa/078/intro.md b/psa/078/intro.md index 0a4bc99650..6152d9a45e 100644 --- a/psa/078/intro.md +++ b/psa/078/intro.md @@ -6,10 +6,10 @@ Psalm 78 is a wisdom psalm using Israel's history. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Israel's complaining +####Israel's complaining Although God did one miracle after the other, the people of Israel still complained and failed to believe Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]]) -##### Superscription +####Superscription This is called a "Maschil." The word in the original language has caused scholars to have various opinions about its meaning. Some say it means to instruct, while others say that the word is referring to the skill used in creating the psalm. Still others think it means that meditation should be used in reading this psalm. ## Links: diff --git a/psa/079/intro.md b/psa/079/intro.md index 8b36337d08..96381b5500 100644 --- a/psa/079/intro.md +++ b/psa/079/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Psalm 79 is a deliverance psalm and a prayer for revenge against their enemies. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Destruction +####Destruction Jerusalem has been destroyed and its people killed. God should destroy these enemy nations who do not pray to him. ## Links: diff --git a/psa/080/intro.md b/psa/080/intro.md index 5c568aa5a9..6ebea93bef 100644 --- a/psa/080/intro.md +++ b/psa/080/intro.md @@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ Psalm 80 is a deliverance psalm. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]] ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's help +####Yahweh's help Israel's enemies threaten them. The psalmist asks Yahweh to look down with joy on them, then they will be saved. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphor +####Metaphor The author uses an extended metaphor of Israel as a vine planted by God which is being uprooted. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) diff --git a/psa/081/intro.md b/psa/081/intro.md index 63deaa1d49..147fb0a2e4 100644 --- a/psa/081/intro.md +++ b/psa/081/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Psalm 81 is a wisdom psalm. It is meant to be sung at "new moon" and "full moon" ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Obedience +####Obedience If Israel would obey and worship God, he would destroy their enemies. ## Links: diff --git a/psa/082/intro.md b/psa/082/intro.md index 647506be18..332ea6919f 100644 --- a/psa/082/intro.md +++ b/psa/082/intro.md @@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ Psalm 82 is a psalm of judgment against the leaders of the other nations. (See: ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Favoritism +####Favoritism The leaders of the nations need to protect the poor and needy and not to favor the evil rich people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/favor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metonymy +####Metonymy The leaders of the nations are represented by their gods. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) diff --git a/psa/083/intro.md b/psa/083/intro.md index 77905b174b..2344803f93 100644 --- a/psa/083/intro.md +++ b/psa/083/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Psalm 83 is a deliverance psalm. It is a prayer for deliverance from the many na ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Destruction +####Destruction God should destroy these enemy nations like he destroyed Israel's enemies during the time of the Judges. ## Links: diff --git a/psa/084/intro.md b/psa/084/intro.md index 33ece2b29e..ab0d28b2aa 100644 --- a/psa/084/intro.md +++ b/psa/084/intro.md @@ -6,10 +6,10 @@ Psalm 84 is a worship psalm. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Obedience +####Obedience God blesses all who want to obey him. Praising God in his temple is better than anything else. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) -##### Similarity to Psalm 42-43 +####Similarity to Psalm 42-43 There are many similarities between these psalms and some scholars suggest they were written by the same people. ## Links: diff --git a/psa/085/intro.md b/psa/085/intro.md index 7ee3c36351..e979b215fb 100644 --- a/psa/085/intro.md +++ b/psa/085/intro.md @@ -6,10 +6,10 @@ Psalm 85 is a worship psalm. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Blessings +####Blessings God has given so many blessings. If the people stop their sinning, then the land will be filled by the glory of God and his blessings. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/glory]]) -##### Group Prayer +####Group Prayer Note how this psalm uses the plural to show that it is a group praying. ## Links: diff --git a/psa/086/intro.md b/psa/086/intro.md index c85845f94e..82e3f31486 100644 --- a/psa/086/intro.md +++ b/psa/086/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Psalm 86 is a deliverance psalm. He is praying for deliverance from his many ene ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's help +####Yahweh's help God has blessed the psalmist and is so loving to him. He has been one of God's servants. Now he needs God to save him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/love]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) ## Links: diff --git a/psa/087/intro.md b/psa/087/intro.md index 2fe3106de4..87d30a9eb8 100644 --- a/psa/087/intro.md +++ b/psa/087/intro.md @@ -6,10 +6,10 @@ Psalm 87 is a psalm about Jerusalem. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Pride +####Pride People will be proud to have been born in Jerusalem. -##### Psalms about Jerusalem +####Psalms about Jerusalem Psalm 46, 48, and 76 are part of a group of psalms that celebrate Jerusalem. diff --git a/psa/088/intro.md b/psa/088/intro.md index 697585b8dc..83569baf35 100644 --- a/psa/088/intro.md +++ b/psa/088/intro.md @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Psalm 88 is a psalm of deliverance from sickness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]]) ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Abandon +####Abandon Ever since he was a child, the psalmist has been sick, and now all his friends have abandoned him. If he dies he cannot testify about God's healing. ## Links: diff --git a/psa/089/intro.md b/psa/089/intro.md index 623fdc43e2..92de838a9c 100644 --- a/psa/089/intro.md +++ b/psa/089/intro.md @@ -6,10 +6,10 @@ Psalm 89 is a worship and a deliverance psalm. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/oth ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's promises +####Yahweh's promises God is mighty and has promised David an eternal kingdom. But now that kingdom is being destroyed. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]]) -##### Parallelism +####Parallelism This psalm exhibits the kind of parallelism where the second line often emphasizes the first line. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-parallelism]]) ## Links: diff --git a/psa/090/intro.md b/psa/090/intro.md index 281dcbea96..ff699a09a3 100644 --- a/psa/090/intro.md +++ b/psa/090/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Psalm is a wisdom psalm. God is eternal but a human's life is short. (See: [[rc: ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Life's shortness +####Life's shortness Because life is so short, people need to spend it as God wants them to spend it. ## Links: diff --git a/psa/091/intro.md b/psa/091/intro.md index 7b6b06f129..40376aee7c 100644 --- a/psa/091/intro.md +++ b/psa/091/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Psalm 91 is a wisdom psalm. Those who depend on God are protected by him. (See: ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Fear +####Fear No matter what dangers befall a person, they do not need to fear. God is protecting them from all harm. ## Links: diff --git a/psa/092/intro.md b/psa/092/intro.md index 8841d73857..2e518e1d2a 100644 --- a/psa/092/intro.md +++ b/psa/092/intro.md @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Psalm 92 is a psalm of praise for God's kindness and faithfulness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]]) ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Justice +####Justice God causes evil people to be destroyed and good people to be happy and useful, even after they grow old. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) ## Links: diff --git a/psa/093/intro.md b/psa/093/intro.md index 58b58f8339..89860eef30 100644 --- a/psa/093/intro.md +++ b/psa/093/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Psalm 93 is a worship psalm about the power of Yahweh. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's power +####Yahweh's power Yahweh is all powerful; He even controls the ocean. ## Links: diff --git a/psa/094/intro.md b/psa/094/intro.md index 0994b34c67..1d62103872 100644 --- a/psa/094/intro.md +++ b/psa/094/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Psalm 94 is a prayer requesting that evil people be punished. (See: [[rc://en/tw ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Justice +####Justice Evil people expect God to ignore their injustices. But God knows what they are doing and will punish them for their evil deeds. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/works]]) ## Links: diff --git a/psa/095/intro.md b/psa/095/intro.md index 443ac1bcb3..51980f847b 100644 --- a/psa/095/intro.md +++ b/psa/095/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Psalm 95 is the first in a series of six worship psalms (Psalms 95-100). ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### God's care +####God's care God made everything and takes good care of people. People should not be stubborn like the Israelites were in the days of Moses. The Israelites with Moses wandered in the desert for forty years. ## Links: diff --git a/psa/096/intro.md b/psa/096/intro.md index 6e2cf37e9c..865de4bf75 100644 --- a/psa/096/intro.md +++ b/psa/096/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Psalm 96 is one of six worship psalms (Psalms 95-100). ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh, the king +####Yahweh, the king Yahweh is king over all the earth and is worthy of all praise. ## Links: diff --git a/psa/097/intro.md b/psa/097/intro.md index feb70ec8fd..3905b88823 100644 --- a/psa/097/intro.md +++ b/psa/097/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Psalm 97 is one of six worship psalms (Psalms 95-100) ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's authority +####Yahweh's authority All people who worship idols are disgraced because Yahweh rules over all the world. ## Links: diff --git a/psa/098/intro.md b/psa/098/intro.md index d6ebc3bc04..f3e93c7f4b 100644 --- a/psa/098/intro.md +++ b/psa/098/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Psalm 98 is one of six worship psalms (Psalms 95-100). ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Praise +####Praise Everyone and every thing should sing praises to Yahweh because he is worthy of all praise. ## Links: diff --git a/psa/099/intro.md b/psa/099/intro.md index d234ca94ec..e5ac84bbf4 100644 --- a/psa/099/intro.md +++ b/psa/099/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Psalm 99 is one of six worship psalms (Psalms 95-100). ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's justice +####Yahweh's justice God is just and fair. Moses, Aaron and Samuel each prayed to him and obeyed him and he answered their prayers. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]]) ## Links: diff --git a/psa/100/intro.md b/psa/100/intro.md index 4d8541d17c..ef7e5b90d1 100644 --- a/psa/100/intro.md +++ b/psa/100/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Psalm 100 is the last of six worship psalms (Psalms 95-100). ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's care for his creation +####Yahweh's care for his creation God made mankind and takes good care of people. ## Links: diff --git a/psa/101/intro.md b/psa/101/intro.md index caad1e997d..2445f4ca28 100644 --- a/psa/101/intro.md +++ b/psa/101/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Psalm 101 is a psalm asking God's help in living as a person should. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Encouragement +####Encouragement The psalmist wanted to encourage all the good people in the land restrain all the evil people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) ## Links: diff --git a/psa/102/intro.md b/psa/102/intro.md index ac0099b975..baaf0ca673 100644 --- a/psa/102/intro.md +++ b/psa/102/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Psalm 102 is a psalm of deliverance from sickness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Salvation +####Salvation The author does not want to die young. He also wants to see Jerusalem saved. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) ## Links: diff --git a/psa/103/intro.md b/psa/103/intro.md index 0b485f3b88..1bf3fe7d80 100644 --- a/psa/103/intro.md +++ b/psa/103/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Psalm 103 is the first in a series of five psalms of praise to God. (Psalm 103-1 ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's grace +####Yahweh's grace God is good to us by forgiving our sins and not punishing us as much as we deserve. His loving-kindness goes on from generation to generation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/forgive]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) ## Links: diff --git a/psa/104/intro.md b/psa/104/intro.md index 06047ad799..58a0cff136 100644 --- a/psa/104/intro.md +++ b/psa/104/intro.md @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Psalm 104 is the second in the series of five psalms of praise to God. (Psalm 103-107) ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's creation +####Yahweh's creation God has created everything good on earth, in the sky and in the sea. ## Links: diff --git a/psa/105/intro.md b/psa/105/intro.md index 8e5b176299..6fb0bd8a90 100644 --- a/psa/105/intro.md +++ b/psa/105/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Psalm 105 is the third in a series of five psalms of praise to God. (Psalm 103- ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's protection +####Yahweh's protection God protected Abraham and Jacob. He worked throughout Israel's history to bring Israel into the Promised Land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]]) ## Links: diff --git a/psa/106/intro.md b/psa/106/intro.md index 8dd8378b9d..eeaace9019 100644 --- a/psa/106/intro.md +++ b/psa/106/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Psalm 106 is the fourth in a series of five psalms of praise to God. (Psalm 103 ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Israel's sin +####Israel's sin Although Israel continually sinned in the desert, God still took them to the Promised Land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]]) ## Links: diff --git a/psa/107/intro.md b/psa/107/intro.md index 736a2ed26b..4402081bbf 100644 --- a/psa/107/intro.md +++ b/psa/107/intro.md @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Psalm 107 is the last in a series of five psalms of praise to God (Psalm 103-107). ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Praise +####Praise The psalmist praises Yahweh for saving people lost in the desert, in prison, sick, in a storm at sea, homeless and oppressed. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/oppress]]) ## Links: diff --git a/psa/108/intro.md b/psa/108/intro.md index be6e31f858..71e74243e1 100644 --- a/psa/108/intro.md +++ b/psa/108/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Psalm 108 is a psalm of war. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Victory +####Victory God promised success to the psalmist, but Yahweh failed to help him conquer the country of Edom. He needed God to give him victory over Edom. ## Links: diff --git a/psa/109/intro.md b/psa/109/intro.md index 7bff1f68bf..0d409630dd 100644 --- a/psa/109/intro.md +++ b/psa/109/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Psalm 109 is a psalm of vengeance against an enemy who has lied about him. (See: ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Enemies destroyed +####Enemies destroyed This enemy lied about the psalmist. So he asked God to completely destroy his enemy and his enemy's family. ## Links: diff --git a/psa/110/intro.md b/psa/110/intro.md index ddd99b5579..d247a421d8 100644 --- a/psa/110/intro.md +++ b/psa/110/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Psalm 110 is a psalm honoring the king as he becomes king and also a prophecy ab ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### King +####King The king will be able to conquer his enemies. Christ is seen as both high priest and king. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/highpriest]]) ## Links: diff --git a/psa/111/intro.md b/psa/111/intro.md index c3bf98333a..4c12bd6fcb 100644 --- a/psa/111/intro.md +++ b/psa/111/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Psalm 111 is a psalm of praise to God for his miracles and care. (See: [[rc://en ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's character +####Yahweh's character God is great. He has given his people food and a land always keeps his promises to his people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]]) ## Links: diff --git a/psa/112/intro.md b/psa/112/intro.md index f73b3c82d7..c85a28fb14 100644 --- a/psa/112/intro.md +++ b/psa/112/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Psalm 112 is a wisdom psalm teaching the value of a righteous life. (See: [[rc:/ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Righteous people +####Righteous people The righteous people will be well-known for their generosity and they will not have to worry about bad news because God is taking care of them. ## Links: diff --git a/psa/113/intro.md b/psa/113/intro.md index e5b1206aa2..63a3f00967 100644 --- a/psa/113/intro.md +++ b/psa/113/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Psalm 113 is a psalm of praise to God for his goodness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's help +####Yahweh's help God helps the poor and gives children to the wife who cannot conceive children. ## Links: diff --git a/psa/114/intro.md b/psa/114/intro.md index 5ff8ee0ab2..41012e2dc4 100644 --- a/psa/114/intro.md +++ b/psa/114/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Psalm 114 is a psalm of praise to God for his miracles in bringing the people of ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Praise +####Praise The psalmist praised God for opening up the Red Sea for the people to cross, for providing the earthquake that stopped the Jordan River so the people could cross and providing water from a rock for the people to drink. ## Links: diff --git a/psa/115/intro.md b/psa/115/intro.md index 19a6d342c4..af873400dc 100644 --- a/psa/115/intro.md +++ b/psa/115/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Psalm 115 is a psalm of praise. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's power +####Yahweh's power God is in heaven and is able to do whatever he wants. Idols can not do anything. Therefore, people and priests should trust God for their protection. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) ## Links: diff --git a/psa/116/intro.md b/psa/116/intro.md index 3c349982b9..268044dd2e 100644 --- a/psa/116/intro.md +++ b/psa/116/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Psalm 116 is a psalm of praise for saving the psalmist's life. (See: [[rc://en/t ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Healing +####Healing The author was very sick and expected to die but God healed him. So he will pay his vow and sacrifice an offering of thanks. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/vow]]) ## Links: diff --git a/psa/117/intro.md b/psa/117/intro.md index 644621a196..111c6c669a 100644 --- a/psa/117/intro.md +++ b/psa/117/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Psalm 117 is a psalm of praise. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Praise +####Praise Everyone should praise God for his love and unending faithfulness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/love]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]]) ## Links: diff --git a/psa/118/intro.md b/psa/118/intro.md index da8a4af3db..28cdc52464 100644 --- a/psa/118/intro.md +++ b/psa/118/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Psalm 118 is a psalm of war and is about Christ. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/k ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Rejected stone +####Rejected stone The author praised Yahweh for his rescuing him. God enabled him to overpower his enemies. The new Testament, and even Jesus himself, saw the rejected stone as a reference to the Messiah's rejection by the Jewish leaders. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]]) ## Links: diff --git a/psa/119/intro.md b/psa/119/intro.md index 3c0afb4ea7..a0206033b3 100644 --- a/psa/119/intro.md +++ b/psa/119/intro.md @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ Psalm 119 is a wisdom psalm about the Law of God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The Law +####The Law The author loved the law of God and was blessed by obeying it. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/love]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]]) ## Links: diff --git a/psa/120/intro.md b/psa/120/intro.md index f919c55745..7468b201a3 100644 --- a/psa/120/intro.md +++ b/psa/120/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Psalm 120 is a psalm of deliverance from liars. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/ot ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Fighting +####Fighting The author did not want to fight, but the people he lived with wanted to fight him. ## Links: diff --git a/psa/121/intro.md b/psa/121/intro.md index 13fc9b06e2..57f15aaae0 100644 --- a/psa/121/intro.md +++ b/psa/121/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Psalm 121 is a worship psalm. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's protection +####Yahweh's protection God always watches over those who believe in him and protects them from harm. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]]) ## Links: diff --git a/psa/122/intro.md b/psa/122/intro.md index 347959299a..4617358dc0 100644 --- a/psa/122/intro.md +++ b/psa/122/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Psalm 122 is a psalm about Jerusalem. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Jerusalem +####Jerusalem Jerusalem is an important city, the center of government and religious activities; so the author prays for peace for the city. ## Links: diff --git a/psa/123/intro.md b/psa/123/intro.md index 17bd33d57e..c275eff654 100644 --- a/psa/123/intro.md +++ b/psa/123/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Psalm 123 is a psalm asking for deliverance from the contempt of proud people. ( ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Trust +####Trust Just as a servant trusts his master to protect him, so the author is trusting God to stop proud people from insulting him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) ## Links: diff --git a/psa/124/intro.md b/psa/124/intro.md index 8dbb81f241..d6577b247c 100644 --- a/psa/124/intro.md +++ b/psa/124/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Psalm 124 is a psalm of praise for God's delivering the Israelites from their en ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh saves +####Yahweh saves God saved the Israelites from their enemy who wanted to completely destroy them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) ## Links: diff --git a/psa/125/intro.md b/psa/125/intro.md index aded97b951..941cdde09b 100644 --- a/psa/125/intro.md +++ b/psa/125/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Psalm 125 is a psalm of praise. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's protection +####Yahweh's protection God protects good people. He will not allow the evil people to rule over the good people because they might make them do evil. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) ## Links: diff --git a/psa/126/intro.md b/psa/126/intro.md index f62fc21c0b..e424047bfb 100644 --- a/psa/126/intro.md +++ b/psa/126/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Psalm 126 is a psalm of praise for Yahweh bringing captives home. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Sorrow and joy +####Sorrow and joy People may have sorrow now; but later it will turn into joy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/joy]]) ## Links: diff --git a/psa/127/intro.md b/psa/127/intro.md index 30dd999419..062beba24f 100644 --- a/psa/127/intro.md +++ b/psa/127/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Psalm 127 is a wisdom psalm. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]]) ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Blessings +####Blessings God wants his people to have rest. It is a blessing to have many children. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/rest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]]) ## Links: diff --git a/psa/128/intro.md b/psa/128/intro.md index 2e6ef3402a..d17b863588 100644 --- a/psa/128/intro.md +++ b/psa/128/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Psalm 128 is a wisdom psalm. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]]) ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Respect +####Respect Those people who respect God will live well and have many children. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/life]]) ## Links: diff --git a/psa/129/intro.md b/psa/129/intro.md index 2090c28f4b..92bd6e070e 100644 --- a/psa/129/intro.md +++ b/psa/129/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Psalm 129 is a psalm of deliverance from Israel's many enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh saves +####Yahweh saves Israel's enemies have always persecuted them but God has saved them from their enemies. He prays that this enemy will be destroyed with no one to wish them well. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) ## Links: diff --git a/psa/130/intro.md b/psa/130/intro.md index 559213a918..a022b6cdb6 100644 --- a/psa/130/intro.md +++ b/psa/130/intro.md @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Psalm 130 is a psalm of praise that God forgives sins. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/forgive]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Forgive +####Forgive God forgives sin and helps the sinner. So Israel should trust in God for his forgiveness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) ## Links: diff --git a/psa/131/intro.md b/psa/131/intro.md index 392a49f5e5..4c87cbd93b 100644 --- a/psa/131/intro.md +++ b/psa/131/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Psalm 131 is a wisdom psalm teaching trust in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bi ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Trust +####Trust This psalm focuses on the concept of trust. A quiet trust in Yahweh is best. ## Links: diff --git a/psa/132/intro.md b/psa/132/intro.md index 1980ce8b2f..24b7450a15 100644 --- a/psa/132/intro.md +++ b/psa/132/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Psalm 132 is a royal psalm praising David. It might have been sung when David br ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Ark +####Ark The Ark had been moved from one place to another several times. David wanted to make a permanent home for it. God had promised David that his son would be king after him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]]) diff --git a/psa/133/intro.md b/psa/133/intro.md index 53ed209832..c086918fb0 100644 --- a/psa/133/intro.md +++ b/psa/133/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Psalm 133 is a wisdom psalm about harmony. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Harmony +####Harmony Harmony between relatives is refreshing and brings a blessings from God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]]) ## Links: diff --git a/psa/134/intro.md b/psa/134/intro.md index e7b2809353..3ceb354aa3 100644 --- a/psa/134/intro.md +++ b/psa/134/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Psalm 134 is a temple psalm. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Watchmen +####Watchmen The watchmen who work at night should praise God. Then he will bless them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]]) ## Links: diff --git a/psa/135/intro.md b/psa/135/intro.md index 1580f1395b..5a0f9f9530 100644 --- a/psa/135/intro.md +++ b/psa/135/intro.md @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Psalm 135 is a worship psalm focusing on worshiping God because his greatness. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Praise +####Praise The people, priests and their helpers should praise God because he is so great. He defeated the Egyptians and led his people to the promise land. Idols have no power. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]]) ## Links: diff --git a/psa/136/intro.md b/psa/136/intro.md index d8b4581161..0ebd03a550 100644 --- a/psa/136/intro.md +++ b/psa/136/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Psalm 136 is a worship psalm. It was written to be sung by two parts of the choi ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Israel blessed +####Israel blessed God has blessed Israel throughout its history and taken care of the needy people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]]) ## Links: diff --git a/psa/137/intro.md b/psa/137/intro.md index 2a844a8e7f..7eb87a378e 100644 --- a/psa/137/intro.md +++ b/psa/137/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Psalm 137 is a psalm of mourning and vengeance. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/ot ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Songs of Zion +####Songs of Zion The captives are told to sing songs of Zion there in Babylon but they felt too unhappy to want to sing. The army from Babylon was cruel when it destroyed Jerusalem and the people of Edom encouraged them to destroy Jerusalem. They prayed that God will be cruel to the people of Edom and Babylon. ## Links: diff --git a/psa/138/intro.md b/psa/138/intro.md index 65b0fe693f..1b4ab9f1ca 100644 --- a/psa/138/intro.md +++ b/psa/138/intro.md @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Psalm is a psalm of praise. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Answered prayers +####Answered prayers God answers prayers and he protects the psalmist from his enemies. ## Links: diff --git a/psa/139/intro.md b/psa/139/intro.md index dcdbc3055a..f91e73802e 100644 --- a/psa/139/intro.md +++ b/psa/139/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Psalm 139 is a psalm of praise. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### God's care +####God's care God created the psalmist in his mother's womb and has taken care of him all of his life. No matter where he goes, God is always with him. ## Links: diff --git a/psa/140/intro.md b/psa/140/intro.md index c6ebf1c1bb..8a11937950 100644 --- a/psa/140/intro.md +++ b/psa/140/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Psalm 140 is a deliverance psalm. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer] ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's protection +####Yahweh's protection He prayed that God would save him from his enemies who are lying about him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) ## Links: diff --git a/psa/141/intro.md b/psa/141/intro.md index 94ff2ff41a..2b9e1d5bc5 100644 --- a/psa/141/intro.md +++ b/psa/141/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Psalm 141 is a psalm of deliverance from his enemies and from sin. (See: [[rc:// ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's correction +####Yahweh's correction The author prayed that God would keep him from sinning. He is glad to be corrected by good people. He asked God to show that he is right by destroying the evil leaders of the people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) ## Links: diff --git a/psa/142/intro.md b/psa/142/intro.md index 25ad4475b2..b687ba5b98 100644 --- a/psa/142/intro.md +++ b/psa/142/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Psalm 142 is a psalm of deliverance from his enemies. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bi ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's help +####Yahweh's help The psalmist is alone, and has many enemies surrounding him. Despite this, Yahweh will help him. Then, good people will join the author. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]]) ## Links: diff --git a/psa/143/intro.md b/psa/143/intro.md index 48c6bf0952..38f60c8c48 100644 --- a/psa/143/intro.md +++ b/psa/143/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Psalm 143 is a deliverance psalm. The author prays for deliverance from his enem ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's help +####Yahweh's help The author prayed for help from Yahweh against his enemies because he is God's servant. ## Links: diff --git a/psa/144/intro.md b/psa/144/intro.md index 0372baddb5..602963a768 100644 --- a/psa/144/intro.md +++ b/psa/144/intro.md @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Psalm 144 is a worship psalm. It is the first worship psalm in a series consisting of the final seven psalms (Psalms 144-150). ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Safety +####Safety Psalm 144 is a prayer for safety and prosperity for the nation of Israel. ## Links: diff --git a/psa/145/intro.md b/psa/145/intro.md index 618d57f818..c4ad220aaa 100644 --- a/psa/145/intro.md +++ b/psa/145/intro.md @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Psalm 145 is a worship psalm. This is the second in a series of worship psalms consisting of the final seven psalms (Psalms 144-150). ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Praise +####Praise God is worthy of all praise. This is in part because he does such wonderful things for all who worship him. ## Links: diff --git a/psa/146/intro.md b/psa/146/intro.md index 314b1baa00..a6539a175b 100644 --- a/psa/146/intro.md +++ b/psa/146/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Psalm 146 is a worship psalm. It is the third in series of seven worship psalms. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Trust +####Trust Trusting people for protection is useless because they die. But God blesses everyone who trusts in him. He provides everything people need. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]]) ## Links: diff --git a/psa/147/intro.md b/psa/147/intro.md index bb81aff319..56b074cd96 100644 --- a/psa/147/intro.md +++ b/psa/147/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Psalm 147 is a worship psalm. It is the fourth in a series of seven worship psal ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's control +####Yahweh's control Yahweh has created everything and controls all of nature. He provides for the animals and people. ## Links: diff --git a/psa/148/intro.md b/psa/148/intro.md index 272ac2e3c1..9c1a3eaff0 100644 --- a/psa/148/intro.md +++ b/psa/148/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Psalm 148 is a worship psalm. It is the fifth in a series of seven worship psalm ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Praise +####Praise All creation, including humans, should praise God for his greatness. ## Links: diff --git a/psa/149/intro.md b/psa/149/intro.md index 6cc9ed31fc..9920de4aca 100644 --- a/psa/149/intro.md +++ b/psa/149/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Psalm 149 is a worship psalm. It is the sixth in a series of seven worship psalm ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Praise +####Praise The people of Israel should praise God and conquer the other nations. ## Links: diff --git a/psa/150/intro.md b/psa/150/intro.md index 4a4a1a7ec5..745d9ed44e 100644 --- a/psa/150/intro.md +++ b/psa/150/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Psalm 150 is a worship psalm. It is last in a series of worship psalms. (Psalms ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Instruments +####Instruments People should praise Yahweh with every type of musical instrument. ## Links: diff --git a/rev/01/intro.md b/rev/01/intro.md index 171a9676f2..45d075a1f4 100644 --- a/rev/01/intro.md +++ b/rev/01/intro.md @@ -8,35 +8,35 @@ Some translations set quotations from the Old Testament farther to the right on ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Seven churches +####Seven churches John wrote this book to seven actual churches in Asia Minor, which is now the country of Turkey. -##### White +####White The Bible often speaks of something that belongs to a person as being "white." This is metaphor and metonym for that person living rightly and pleasing God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -##### "the one who is, and who was, and who is to come" +####"the one who is, and who was, and who is to come" God exists now. He has always existed. He will always exist. Your language may have a different way of saying this. ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Blood +####Blood Blood is a metonym for death. Jesus "has released us from our sins by his blood." John means that Jesus saved us from our sins by dying for us. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "He is coming with the clouds" +####"He is coming with the clouds" Jesus went into the clouds when he went up to heaven after God raised him from the dead. When Jesus returns, he will also be "with the clouds." It is not clear whether he will be sitting or riding on clouds or coming in the clouds or "with the clouds" in some other way. Your translation should express this in a way that is natural in your language. -##### "One like a son of man" +####"One like a son of man" This refers to Jesus. You should translate the words "son of man" using the same words as you did in the Gospels for when Jesus called himself the "Son of Man." -##### "The angels of the seven churches" +####"The angels of the seven churches" The word "angels" here can also mean "messengers." This might refer to heavenly beings, or to the messengers or leaders of these seven churches. John uses the same word "angel" (singular) in verse 1 and in many other places throughout the book. Your translation should also use the same word. diff --git a/rev/02/intro.md b/rev/02/intro.md index ea1b1ac452..e1c010494d 100644 --- a/rev/02/intro.md +++ b/rev/02/intro.md @@ -8,31 +8,31 @@ Some translations set quotations from the Old Testament farther to the right on ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Poverty and wealth +####Poverty and wealth The Christians in Smyrna were poor because they did not have much money. But they were rich spiritually because God would reward them for their suffering. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]]) -##### "The devil is about to" +####"The devil is about to" Some authorities were about to take some of the Christians in Smyrna and throw them into prison and even kill some of them ([Revelation 2:10](../../rev/02/10.md)). John does not say who these authorities were, but he does speak of them harming the Christians as if Satan himself were harming them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]]) -##### Balaam, Balak, and Jezebel +####Balaam, Balak, and Jezebel Balaam, Balak, and Jezebel were people who lived long before Jesus was born. They all tried to harm the Israelites either by cursing them or by making them want to stop obeying God. ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### "Let the one who has an ear, hear what the Spirit is saying to the churches" +####"Let the one who has an ear, hear what the Spirit is saying to the churches" The writer knew that almost all of his readers had physical ears. The ear here is a metonym for hearing what God says and desiring to obey him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "The angel of the church" +####"The angel of the church" The word "angel" here can also mean "messenger." This might refer to the messenger or leader of the church. See how you translated "angel" in [Revelation 1:20](../../rev/01/20.md). -##### "The words of the one who" +####"The words of the one who" The verses with these words can be difficult to translate. They do not make complete sentences. You may need to add "These are" to the beginning of these verses. Also, Jesus used these words to speak of himself as if he were speaking of another person. Your language may not allow people to speak of themselves as if they were speaking of other people. Jesus began speaking in [Revelation 1:17](../../rev/01/17.md). He continues to speak through the end of Chapter 3. diff --git a/rev/03/intro.md b/rev/03/intro.md index 919bd0bf56..70e453c682 100644 --- a/rev/03/intro.md +++ b/rev/03/intro.md @@ -8,31 +8,31 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Seven spirits of God +####Seven spirits of God These spirits are the seven spirits of [Revelation 1:4](../../rev/01/04.md). -##### Seven stars +####Seven stars These stars are the seven stars of [Revelation 1:20](../../rev/01/20.md). ### Important metaphors in this chapter -##### Look, I am standing at the door and am knocking +####Look, I am standing at the door and am knocking Jesus speaks of his desire to have the Christians in Laodicea obey him as if he were a man asking people in a house to allow him to enter and eat with them ([Revelation 3:20](../../rev/03/20.md)). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) -##### "Let the one who has an ear, hear what the Spirit is saying to the churches" +####"Let the one who has an ear, hear what the Spirit is saying to the churches" The speaker knew that almost all of his readers had physical ears. The ear here is a metonym for hearing what God says and desiring to obey him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "The angel of the church" +####"The angel of the church" The word "angel" here can also mean "messenger." This might refer to the messenger or leader of the church. See how you translated "angel" in [Revelation 1:20](../../rev/01/20.md). -##### "The words of the one who" +####"The words of the one who" The verses with these words can be difficult to translate. They do not make complete sentences. You may need to add "These are" to the beginning of these verses. Also, Jesus used these words to speak of himself as if he were speaking of another person. Your language may not allow people to speak of themselves as if they were speaking of other people. Jesus began speaking in [Revelation 1:17](../../rev/01/17.md). He continues to speak through the end of Chapter 3. diff --git a/rev/04/intro.md b/rev/04/intro.md index ab1da8df98..3b3007e4e3 100644 --- a/rev/04/intro.md +++ b/rev/04/intro.md @@ -8,25 +8,25 @@ John has finished describing the letters to the churches. He now begins to descr ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Jasper, carnelian, and emerald +####Jasper, carnelian, and emerald These words refer to kinds of special stones that the people in John's day considered valuable. It may be difficult for you to translate these words if people in your culture do not value special kinds of stones. -##### Twenty-four elders +####Twenty-four elders Elders are church leaders. Twenty-four elders may be symbolic of the whole church through the ages. There were twelve tribes in Old Testament Israel and twelve apostles in the New Testament church. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/writing-apocalypticwriting]]) -##### Seven spirits of God +####Seven spirits of God These spirits are the seven spirits of [Revelation 1:4](../../rev/01/04.md). -##### Giving glory to God +####Giving glory to God God's glory is the great beauty and radiant majesty that God has because he is God. Other Bible writers describe it as if it were a light so bright that no one can look at it. No one can give God this kind of glory, because it is already his. For people "to give glory" to God and for God "to receive glory" means that people are praising and worshiping God because of the glory he already has. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/glory]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/worthy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/worship]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Difficult images +####Difficult images Such things as bolts of lightning coming from the throne, lamps that are spirits, and a sea in front of the throne may be difficult to imagine, and so the words for them may be difficult to translate. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/writing-apocalypticwriting]]) diff --git a/rev/05/intro.md b/rev/05/intro.md index 8b90848360..6393c1bd87 100644 --- a/rev/05/intro.md +++ b/rev/05/intro.md @@ -6,25 +6,25 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Sealed scroll +####Sealed scroll Kings and important people in John's time wrote important documents on large pieces of paper or animal skin. They then rolled them up and sealed them with wax so they would stay closed. Only the person to whom the document was written had the authority to open it by breaking the seal. In this chapter, "the one who was seated on the throne" had written the scroll. Only the person called "the Lion of the tribe of Judah, the Root of David" and "the Lamb" had the authority to open it. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/scroll]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/authority]]) -##### Twenty-four elders +####Twenty-four elders Elders are church leaders. Twenty-four elders may be symbolic of the whole church through the ages. There were twelve tribes in Old Testament Israel and twelve apostles in the New Testament church. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/writing-apocalypticwriting]]) -##### Christian prayers +####Christian prayers The prayers of Christians are described as incense. Christian prayers have a good smell to God. He is pleased when Christians pray. -##### Seven spirits of God +####Seven spirits of God These spirits are the seven spirits of [Revelation 1:4](../../rev/01/04.md). ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphors +####Metaphors The "Lion of the tribe of Judah" and the "Root of David" are metaphors that refer to Jesus. Jesus descended from the tribe of Judah and the family of David. Lions are fierce, and all animals and people are afraid of them, so they are a metaphor for a king whom everyone obeys. The words "Root of David" speak of Israel's King David as if he were a seed that God had planted and of Jesus as if he were a root growing from that seed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) diff --git a/rev/06/intro.md b/rev/06/intro.md index a40a22bcaa..47fabfb169 100644 --- a/rev/06/intro.md +++ b/rev/06/intro.md @@ -6,18 +6,18 @@ The author describes what happened after the Lamb opens each of the first six se ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Seven Seals +####Seven Seals Kings and important people in John's time wrote important documents on large pieces of paper or animal skin. They then rolled them up and sealed them with wax so they would stay closed. Only the person to whom the document was written had the authority to open it by breaking the seal. In this chapter, the Lamb opens the seals. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/writing-apocalypticwriting]]) -##### The Four Horsemen +####The Four Horsemen As the Lamb opens each of the first four seals, the author describes horsemen riding different colored horses. The colors of the horses seem to symbolize how the rider will affect the earth. ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### The Lamb +####The Lamb This refers to Jesus. In this chapter, it is also a title for Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lamb]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) -##### Similes +####Similes In verses 12-14, the author uses several similes to try to describe the images he sees in the vision. He compares the images to everyday things. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-simile]]) ## Links: diff --git a/rev/07/intro.md b/rev/07/intro.md index b814326c50..68e4bbafae 100644 --- a/rev/07/intro.md +++ b/rev/07/intro.md @@ -12,12 +12,12 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Worship +####Worship God saves his people and keeps them through times of trouble. His people respond by worshipping him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/worship]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### The Lamb +####The Lamb This refers to Jesus. In this chapter, it is also a title for Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) ## Links: diff --git a/rev/08/intro.md b/rev/08/intro.md index 4ce35cd0a6..eb47665c5a 100644 --- a/rev/08/intro.md +++ b/rev/08/intro.md @@ -2,12 +2,12 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Seven seals and seven trumpets +####Seven seals and seven trumpets This chapter begins to show what happens when the Lamb opens the seventh seal. God uses the prayers of all believers to cause dramatic things to happen on earth. John then describes what happens when angels sound the first four of seven trumpets. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/writing-apocalypticwriting]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Similes +####Similes In verses 8 and 10, John uses similes to try to describe the images he sees in the vision. He compares the images to everyday things. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-simile]]) ## Links: diff --git a/rev/09/intro.md b/rev/09/intro.md index 9ca6c1cbd7..ce25ee7f58 100644 --- a/rev/09/intro.md +++ b/rev/09/intro.md @@ -4,27 +4,27 @@ In this chapter, John continues to describe what happens when angels sound seven trumpets. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/writing-apocalypticwriting]]) -##### Woe +####Woe John describes several "woes" in the Book of Revelation. This chapter begins to describe three "woes" announced at the end of Chapter 8. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Animal imagery +####Animal imagery This chapter includes several animals: locusts, scorpions, horses, lions, and snakes. These animals represent different qualities or traits. For example, a lion is powerful and dangerous. Translators should use the same animals in their translation if possible. If the animal is unknown, one with similar qualities or traits should be used. -##### Bottomless pit +####Bottomless pit This image is seen several times in the Book of Revelation. It is a picture of hell as being inescapable and the opposite direction as heaven. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/hell]]) -##### Abaddon and Apollyon +####Abaddon and Apollyon "Abaddon" is a Hebrew word. "Apollyon" is a Greek word. Both words mean "Destroyer." John used the sounds of the Hebrew word and wrote them with Greek letters. The ULB and UDB write the sounds of both words with English letters. Translators are encouraged to transliterate these words using the letters of the target language. The original Greek readers would have understood "Apollyon" to mean "Destroyer." So translators may also supply what it means in the text or in a footnote. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-transliterate]]) -##### Repentance +####Repentance Despite great signs, people are described as not repenting and so remain in their sin. People refusing to repent are also mentioned in Chapter 16. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Simile +####Simile John uses many similes in this chapter. They help to describe the images that he sees in his vision. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-simile]]) ## Links: diff --git a/rev/10/intro.md b/rev/10/intro.md index c0bea5f4c1..8b752809cb 100644 --- a/rev/10/intro.md +++ b/rev/10/intro.md @@ -2,15 +2,15 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Seven thunders +####Seven thunders John here describes the seven thunders as making sounds that he could understand as words. However, translators should use their normal word for "thunder" when translating these verses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/writing-apocalypticwriting]]) -##### "The mystery of God" +####"The mystery of God" This refers to some aspect of the hidden plan of God. It is not necessary to know what this mystery is to translate it. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reveal]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Simile +####Simile John uses similes to help him describe the face, legs, and voice of the mighty angel. Translators should understand other objects in this chapter, such as the rainbow and the cloud, with their normal meanings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-simile]]) ## Links: diff --git a/rev/11/intro.md b/rev/11/intro.md index f0afc0711c..22b16b4516 100644 --- a/rev/11/intro.md +++ b/rev/11/intro.md @@ -4,19 +4,19 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in verses 15 and 17-18. -##### Woe +####Woe John describes several "woes" in the book of Revelation. This chapter describes a second and third "woe" announced at the end of Chapter 8. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Gentiles +####Gentiles The word "Gentiles" here refers to ungodly people groups and not Gentile Christians. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]]) -##### Two witnesses +####Two witnesses Scholars have suggested many different ideas about these two witnesses. Translators do not need to understand this passage to accurately translate it. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -##### Bottomless pit +####Bottomless pit This image is seen several times in the Book of Revelation. It is a picture of hell as being inescapable and the opposite direction as heaven. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/hell]]) ## Links: diff --git a/rev/12/intro.md b/rev/12/intro.md index 9fe37a1e23..80fd1e9841 100644 --- a/rev/12/intro.md +++ b/rev/12/intro.md @@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Serpent +####Serpent The Book of Revelation uses imagery from the Old Testament. For example, John refers to Satan as the serpent. This image comes from the account of the Garden of Eden when Satan tempted Eve. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "A great sign was seen in heaven" +####"A great sign was seen in heaven" By using the passive voice here, John does not say who saw this great sign in heaven. The translation may be difficult when the subject is unclear, if your language does not have a passive voice. Many English translations use the past tense here and say "A great sign appeared in heaven." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/writing-apocalypticwriting]]) ## Links: diff --git a/rev/13/intro.md b/rev/13/intro.md index fdb6782be0..627e3a7454 100644 --- a/rev/13/intro.md +++ b/rev/13/intro.md @@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Similes +####Similes John uses many similes in this chapter. They help to describe the images that he sees in his vision. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-simile]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Unknown animals +####Unknown animals John uses different animals to try to describe what he saw. Some of these animals may not be known in the target language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-unknown]]) ## Links: diff --git a/rev/14/intro.md b/rev/14/intro.md index 004ecff699..b6dfc120ab 100644 --- a/rev/14/intro.md +++ b/rev/14/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Harvest +####Harvest Harvest is when people go out to gather ripe food from plants. Jesus used this as a metaphor to teach his followers that they need to go and tell other people about him so those people can be part of God's kingdom. This chapter uses the metaphor of two harvests. Jesus gathers in his people from the whole earth. Then an angel gathers in wicked people whom God will punish. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/harvest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) diff --git a/rev/15/intro.md b/rev/15/intro.md index 44ad2e5f35..b9aed36cc6 100644 --- a/rev/15/intro.md +++ b/rev/15/intro.md @@ -8,15 +8,15 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "Victorious over the beast" +####"Victorious over the beast" Those who are "victorious over the beast" are spiritually victorious. While most spiritual battles cannot be seen, the Book of Revelation pictures spiritual battles as openly occurring. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/writing-apocalypticwriting]]) -##### "The temple having the tent of witness was open in heaven" +####"The temple having the tent of witness was open in heaven" Scripture elsewhere indicates the earthly temple copied God's perfect dwelling place in heaven. Here John seems to refer to God's heavenly dwelling place or temple. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/writing-apocalypticwriting]]) -##### Songs +####Songs The Book of Revelation often describes heaven as a place where people sing. They worship God with songs. This illustrates that heaven is a place where God is always worshiped. diff --git a/rev/16/intro.md b/rev/16/intro.md index ffceea427b..573d2628ff 100644 --- a/rev/16/intro.md +++ b/rev/16/intro.md @@ -8,11 +8,11 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "I heard a loud voice call out of the temple" +####"I heard a loud voice call out of the temple" This is the same temple that was mentioned in chapter 15. -##### Seven bowls of God's wrath +####Seven bowls of God's wrath This chapter reveals severe judgments. They are pictured as angels pouring out seven bowls of God's wrath. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ This chapter reveals severe judgments. They are pictured as angels pouring out s The tone of this chapter is meant to astonish the reader. Translations should not minimize the vivid language expressed in this chapter. -##### Armageddon +####Armageddon This is a Hebrew word. It is the name of a place. John used the sounds of the Hebrew word and wrote them with Greek letters. Translators are encouraged to transliterate it using the letters of the target language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-transliterate]]) diff --git a/rev/17/intro.md b/rev/17/intro.md index f3d6a627a1..8f04d930f1 100644 --- a/rev/17/intro.md +++ b/rev/17/intro.md @@ -6,27 +6,27 @@ This chapter begins to describe how God will destroy Babylon. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Prostitute +####Prostitute Scripture often pictures idolatrous Jews as adulterous people and sometimes as prostitutes. This is not the reference here. The translator should allow this illustration to be vague. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/writing-apocalypticwriting]]) -##### Seven hills +####Seven hills This possibly refers to the city of Rome, which was known as the city on seven hills. However, the translator should not attempt to identify Rome in the translation. ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphors +####Metaphors John uses many different metaphors in this chapter. He explains some of their meanings, but allows them to remain relatively unclear. The translator should attempt to do the same. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "The beast you saw existed, does not exist now, but is about to come up " +####"The beast you saw existed, does not exist now, but is about to come up " This and similar phrases in this chapter contrast the beast with Jesus. Jesus is called "the one who is, and who was, and who is to come" elsewhere in the Book of Revelation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) -##### Paradox +####Paradox A paradox is a true statement that appears to describe something impossible. This sentence in 17:11 is a paradox: "the beast ... is itself also an eighth king; but it is one of those seven kings." The translator should not attempt to resolve this paradox. It should remain a mystery. ([Revelation 17:11](../../rev/17/11.md)) diff --git a/rev/18/intro.md b/rev/18/intro.md index 81c1d93b03..c4c20e2935 100644 --- a/rev/18/intro.md +++ b/rev/18/intro.md @@ -6,13 +6,13 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Prophecy +####Prophecy The angel prophesies about Babylon falling, which here means being destroyed. It is spoken of as having already happened. This is common in prophecy. It emphasizes that the coming judgment will certainly happen. The angel also prophesies that the people will lament over Babylon falling. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/writing-apocalypticwriting]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphors +####Metaphors Prophecy frequently uses metaphors. This chapter has an apocalyptic style that is slightly different from that of the rest of the Book of Revelation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) diff --git a/rev/19/intro.md b/rev/19/intro.md index c67241fcc4..f6566e6094 100644 --- a/rev/19/intro.md +++ b/rev/19/intro.md @@ -8,11 +8,11 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Songs +####Songs The Book of Revelation often describes heaven as a place where people sing. They worship God with songs. This illustrates that heaven is a place where God is always worshiped. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]]) -##### Wedding celebration +####Wedding celebration The wedding celebration or feast is an important image in Scripture. Jewish culture often pictured paradise, or life with God after death, as a feast. Here, the wedding feast is for the Lamb, who is Jesus, and his bride, who is all his people. diff --git a/rev/20/intro.md b/rev/20/intro.md index 2242c158eb..92bdb58ba6 100644 --- a/rev/20/intro.md +++ b/rev/20/intro.md @@ -2,27 +2,27 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The thousand-year reign of Christ +####The thousand-year reign of Christ In this chapter, Jesus is said to reign for a thousand years, at the same time that Satan is bound. Scholars are divided over whether this refers to a future period of time or to Jesus reigning now from heaven. It is not necessary to understand this passage in order to translate it accurately. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -##### Final rebellion +####Final rebellion This chapter also describes what happens after the thousand years are ended. During this time, Satan and many people will attempt to rebel against Jesus. This will result in God's ultimate and final victory over sin and evil. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]]) -##### Great white throne +####Great white throne This chapter ends with God judging all people who ever lived. God separates people who believe in Jesus from those who do not believe in him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Book of Life +####Book of Life This is a metaphor for eternal life. Those possessing eternal life are said to have their names written in this Book of Life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Hades and the lake of fire +####Hades and the lake of fire These appear to be two distinct places. The translator may wish to do further research to determine how to translate these two places differently. They should not be made the same as each other in translation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/hell]]) ## Links: diff --git a/rev/21/intro.md b/rev/21/intro.md index 102f3fc91c..56260e055f 100644 --- a/rev/21/intro.md +++ b/rev/21/intro.md @@ -6,19 +6,19 @@ This chapter gives a detailed picture of the new Jerusalem. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Second death +####Second death Death is a type of separation. The first death is physically dying, when the soul is separated from the body. The second death is being eternally separated from God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/death]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/soul]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Book of Life +####Book of Life This is a metaphor for eternal life. Those possessing eternal life are said to have their names written in this Book of Life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### New heaven and new earth +####New heaven and new earth It is unclear whether this is an entirely new heaven and earth or if it is remade out of the present heaven and earth. The same is also true of the new Jerusalem. It is possible this will affect translation in some languages. The word "new" in the original language means different and better than the old. It does not mean new in time. diff --git a/rev/22/intro.md b/rev/22/intro.md index 7f8e35ecca..0e445c4445 100644 --- a/rev/22/intro.md +++ b/rev/22/intro.md @@ -6,13 +6,13 @@ This chapter emphasizes that Jesus is coming soon. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Tree of life +####Tree of life There is probably an intended connection between the tree of life in the Garden of Eden and the tree of life mentioned in this chapter. The curse that began in Eden will end at this time. ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Alpha and omega +####Alpha and omega These are the names of the first and last letters in the Greek alphabet. The ULB spells out their names in English. This strategy can serve as a model for translators. Some translators, however, may decide to use the first and last letters in their own alphabet. This would be "A and Z" in English. ## Links: diff --git a/rom/01/intro.md b/rom/01/intro.md index 12215b66d8..d13e42e86f 100644 --- a/rom/01/intro.md +++ b/rom/01/intro.md @@ -6,24 +6,24 @@ The first verse is a type of introduction. People in the ancient Mediterranean r ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The gospel +####The gospel When Paul writes of "the gospel" in this chapter (verses 1, 2, 9, 15, 16, 17), he is referring to the message about God's salvation for people through Jesus's sacrifice on the cross. -##### Harvest +####Harvest This chapter uses the image of a harvest ([1:13](./13.md)) to speak of the Roman Christians doing good works because they believe what Paul has told them about Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/fruit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -##### Universal Condemnation and the Wrath of God +####Universal Condemnation and the Wrath of God This chapter explains that everyone is without excuse. We all know about the true God, Yahweh, from his creation all around us. Because of our sin and our sinful nature, every person justly deserves the wrath of God. This wrath was satisfied by Jesus dying on a cross for those who believe in him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### "God gave them over" +####"God gave them over" Many scholars view the phrases "God gave them over" and "God gave them up" as theologically significant. In both cases, it means that God had stopped trying to teach the people the right way and had allowed them to do whatever they want, even though everything they wanted to do was evil. ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Difficult phrases and concepts +####Difficult phrases and concepts This chapter has many difficult ideas in it. The way Paul writes makes many of the phrases in this chapter difficult to translate. The translator may need to use the UDB to understand the meaning of the phrases and then translate them in a way that is easy for people to understand. Some of the difficult phrases include: "obedience of faith," "whom I serve in my spirit," "from faith to faith" and "exchanged the glory of the imperishable God for the likenesses of an image of perishable man." diff --git a/rom/02/intro.md b/rom/02/intro.md index aa25fd46a3..728cba6cf9 100644 --- a/rom/02/intro.md +++ b/rom/02/intro.md @@ -4,22 +4,22 @@ This chapter shifts its audience from Roman Christians to those who "judge" other people and do not believe in Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]]) -##### "Therefore you are without excuse" +####"Therefore you are without excuse" This phrase looks back at Chapter 1. In some ways, it actually concludes what Chapter 1 teaches. This phrase explains why everyone in the world must worship the true God. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "Doers of the Law" +####"Doers of the Law" Those who try to obey the law will not be justified by trying to obey it. Those who are justified by believing in Jesus show that their faith is real by obeying God's commands. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical Questions +####Rhetorical Questions Paul uses several rhetorical questions in this chapter. It appears the intent of these rhetorical questions is to make the readers see their sin so they will trust in Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/guilt]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "You who judge" +####"You who judge" At times, this could be translated in a simpler way. But it is translated in this relatively awkward way because when Paul refers to "people who judge" he is also saying that everyone judges. It is possible to translate this as "those who judge (and everyone judges)." ## Links: diff --git a/rom/03/intro.md b/rom/03/intro.md index 1fb7e00d0d..303fc05cb6 100644 --- a/rom/03/intro.md +++ b/rom/03/intro.md @@ -8,15 +8,15 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s Chapter 3 answers the question, "What advantage does being a Jew have over being a Gentile?" (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) -##### "For all have sinned and come short of the glory of God" +####"For all have sinned and come short of the glory of God" Because God is holy, anyone with him in heaven must be perfect. Any sin at all will condemn a person. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/condemn]]) -##### The purpose of the law of Moses +####The purpose of the law of Moses Obeying the law cannot make a person right with God. Obeying God's law is a way a person shows they believe in God. People have always been justified only by faith. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical Questions +####Rhetorical Questions Paul frequently uses rhetorical questions in this chapter. It appears the intent of these rhetorical questions is to make the readers see their sin so they will trust in Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/guilt]]) ## Links: diff --git a/rom/04/intro.md b/rom/04/intro.md index 3d0c360b60..705fbe7aed 100644 --- a/rom/04/intro.md +++ b/rom/04/intro.md @@ -6,15 +6,15 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The purpose of the law of Moses +####The purpose of the law of Moses Paul builds upon material from chapter 3. He explains how Abraham, the father of Israel, was justified. Even Abraham could not be justified by what he did. Obeying the law of Moses does not make a person right with God. Obeying God's commands is a way a person shows they believe in God. People have always been justified only by faith. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) -##### Circumcision +####Circumcision Circumcision was important to the Israelites. It identified a male as a descendant of Abraham. It was also a sign of the covenant between Abraham and Yahweh. However, no person was justified only by being circumcised. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/circumcise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical Questions +####Rhetorical Questions Paul uses rhetorical questions in this chapter. It appears the intent of these rhetorical questions is to make the readers see their sin so they will trust in Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/guilt]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) ## Links: diff --git a/rom/05/intro.md b/rom/05/intro.md index 28a27abdfa..554c10d901 100644 --- a/rom/05/intro.md +++ b/rom/05/intro.md @@ -6,13 +6,13 @@ Many scholars view verses 12-17 as some of the most important, but difficult, ve ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Results of justification +####Results of justification How Paul explains the results of our being justified is an important part of this chapter. These results include having peace with God, having access to God, being confident about our future, being able to rejoice when suffering, being eternally saved, and being reconciled with God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]]) -##### "All sinned" +####"All sinned" Scholars are divided over what Paul meant in verse 12: "And death spread to all people, because all sinned." Some believe that all of mankind was present in the "seed of Adam." So, as Adam is the father of all mankind, all of mankind was present when Adam sinned. Others believe that Adam served as a representative head for mankind. So when he sinned, all of mankind "fell" as a result. Whether people today played an active or passive role in Adam's original sin is one way these views differ. Other passages will help one decide. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/seed]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]]) -##### The second Adam +####The second Adam Adam was the first man and the first "son" of God. He was created by God. He brought sin and death into the world by eating the forbidden fruit. Paul describes Jesus as the "second Adam" in this chapter and the true son of God. He brings life and overcame sin and death by dying on the cross. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sonofgod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/death]]) ## Links: diff --git a/rom/06/intro.md b/rom/06/intro.md index c9e9843b3b..93b73e1fde 100644 --- a/rom/06/intro.md +++ b/rom/06/intro.md @@ -6,23 +6,23 @@ Paul begins this chapter by answering how someone might object to what he taught ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Against the Law +####Against the Law In this chapter, Paul refutes the teaching that Christians can live however they want after they are saved. Scholars call this "antinomianism" or being "against the law." To motivate godly living, Paul recalls the great price Jesus paid for a Christian to be saved. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]]) -##### Servants of sin +####Servants of sin Before they believe in Jesus, people are servants of sin, that is, they are unable to resist their desire to sin. God frees Christians from serving sin. They are able to choose to serve Christ in their lives. Paul explains that when Christians choose to sin, they willingly choose to sin. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -##### Fruit +####Fruit This chapter uses the imagery of fruit. The image of fruit usually refers to a person's faith producing good works in their life. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/fruit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical Questions +####Rhetorical Questions Paul uses rhetorical questions in this chapter. It appears the intent of these rhetorical questions is to make the readers see their sin so they will trust in Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/guilt]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Death +####Death Paul uses "death" to refer to many different things in this chapter: physical death, spiritual death, sin reigning in the heart of man, and the end of something. He contrasts sin and death with the new life provided by Christ and the new way Christians are supposed to live after they are saved. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/death]]) ## Links: diff --git a/rom/07/intro.md b/rom/07/intro.md index 556f9539ca..8a99defc3c 100644 --- a/rom/07/intro.md +++ b/rom/07/intro.md @@ -2,22 +2,22 @@ ### Structure and formatting -##### "Or do you not know" +####"Or do you not know" Paul uses this phrase to discuss a new topic and connects what follows with the previous teaching. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "We have been released from the law" +####"We have been released from the law" Paul explains that the law of Moses is no longer in effect. While this is true, the timeless principles behind the law reflect the character of God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Marriage +####Marriage Scripture commonly uses marriage as a metaphor. Here Paul uses it to describe how the church relates to the law of Moses and now to Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Flesh +####Flesh This is a complex issue. "Flesh" is possibly a metaphor for our sinful nature. Paul is not teaching that our physical bodies are sinful. Paul appears to be teaching that as long as Christians are alive ("in the flesh"), we will continue to sin. But our new nature will be fighting against our old nature. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/flesh]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) ## Links: diff --git a/rom/08/intro.md b/rom/08/intro.md index 075380594c..feaf69d935 100644 --- a/rom/08/intro.md +++ b/rom/08/intro.md @@ -8,26 +8,26 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Indwelling of the Spirit +####Indwelling of the Spirit The Holy Spirit is said to live inside a person or inside their heart. If the Spirit is present, this signifies that a person is saved. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) -##### "These are sons of God" +####"These are sons of God" Jesus is the Son of God in a unique way. God also adopts Christians to be his children. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sonofgod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/adoption]]) -##### Predestination +####Predestination Twice in verses 29-30 Paul uses the word "predestined." Some take this to indicate that God has, from before the foundation of the world, chosen his own people to be eternally saved. Christians have different views on what the Bible teaches on this subject. So translators need to take extra care when translating this chapter, especially with regards to elements of causation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/predestine]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphor +####Metaphor Paul poetically presents his teaching in verses 38 and 39 in the form of an extended metaphor. He explains that nothing can separate a person from the love of God in Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### No condemnation +####No condemnation This phrase must be translated carefully to avoid doctrinal confusion. People are still guilty of their sin. God disapproves of sinful acts, even those that believers in Jesus commit. God still punishes the sins of believers, but Jesus has paid the punishment for their sin. This is what Paul expresses here. The word "condemn" has several possible meanings. Here Paul emphasizes that people who believe in Jesus are no longer punished eternally for their sin by being "condemned to hell." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/guilt]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/condemn]]) -##### Flesh +####Flesh This is a complex issue. "Flesh" is possibly a metaphor for our sinful nature. Paul is not teaching that our physical bodies are sinful. Paul appears to be teaching that as long as Christians are alive ("in the flesh"), we will continue to sin. But our new nature will be fighting against our old nature. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/flesh]]) diff --git a/rom/09/intro.md b/rom/09/intro.md index 642f5b68ee..e065389ff4 100644 --- a/rom/09/intro.md +++ b/rom/09/intro.md @@ -8,21 +8,21 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Flesh +####Flesh Paul uses the word "flesh" in this chapter only to refer to Israelites, people physically descending from Abraham through Jacob, whom God named Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/flesh]]) In other chapters, Paul uses the word "brother" to mean fellow Christians. However, in this chapter, he uses "my brothers" to mean his kinsmen the Israelites. Paul refers to those who believe in Jesus as "children of God" and "children of the promise." -##### Important figures of speech in this chapter +####Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Stone of stumbling +####Stone of stumbling Paul explains that while some Gentiles accepted Jesus as their savior by believing in him, most Jews were trying to earn their salvation and so rejected Jesus. Paul, quoting the Old Testament, describes Jesus as a stone that the Jews stumble over when walking. This "stone of stumbling" causes them to "fall." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "It is not everyone in Israel who truly belongs to Israel" +####"It is not everyone in Israel who truly belongs to Israel" Paul uses the word "Israel" in this verse with two different meanings. The first "Israel" means the physical descendants of Abraham through Jacob. The second "Israel" means those who are God's people through faith. The UDB reflects this. ## Links: diff --git a/rom/10/intro.md b/rom/10/intro.md index 100126962a..b00a0d33d9 100644 --- a/rom/10/intro.md +++ b/rom/10/intro.md @@ -9,18 +9,18 @@ Some translations also set prose quotations from the Old Testament farther to th ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### God's righteousness +####God's righteousness Paul teaches here that while many Jews earnestly tried to be righteous, they did not succeed. We cannot earn God's righteousness. God gives us Jesus's righteousness when we believe in him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical questions +####Rhetorical questions Paul uses many rhetorical questions in this chapter. He does this to convince his readers that God does not save only the Hebrew people, so Christians must be ready to go and share the gospel with the whole world. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "I will provoke you to jealousy by what is not a nation" +####"I will provoke you to jealousy by what is not a nation" Paul uses this prophecy to explain that God will use the church to make the Hebrew people jealous. This is so they will seek God and believe the gospel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/jealous]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) diff --git a/rom/11/intro.md b/rom/11/intro.md index 9f2b4d4198..c56878de42 100644 --- a/rom/11/intro.md +++ b/rom/11/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Grafting +####Grafting Paul uses the image of "grafting" to refer to the place of the Gentiles and Jews in the plans of God. Making one plant to be permanently part of another plant is called "grafting." Paul uses the picture of God grafting the Gentiles as a wild branch into his saving plans. But God has not forgotten about the Jews, who are spoken of as the natural plant. God will also save Jews who believe in Jesus. ## Links: diff --git a/rom/12/intro.md b/rom/12/intro.md index c1d2451934..7ca3c3fd03 100644 --- a/rom/12/intro.md +++ b/rom/12/intro.md @@ -8,12 +8,12 @@ Many scholars believe Paul uses the word "therefore" in [Romans 12:1](../../rom/ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Christian living +####Christian living Under the law of Moses, people were required to offer temple sacrifices of animals or grain. Now Christians are required to live their lives as a type of sacrifice to God. Physical sacrifices are no longer required. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Body of Christ +####Body of Christ The body of Christ is an important metaphor or image used in Scripture to refer to the church. Each church member has a unique and important function. Christians need each other. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/body]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) ## Links: diff --git a/rom/13/intro.md b/rom/13/intro.md index 35acaf86ad..fcd38ff49d 100644 --- a/rom/13/intro.md +++ b/rom/13/intro.md @@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ In the first part of this chapter, Paul teaches Christians to obey rulers who go ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Ungodly rulers +####Ungodly rulers Some readers will find it difficult to understand what Paul teaches about obeying rulers, especially if they are in places where rulers persecute the church. Christians must obey their rulers as well as obey God, unless the rulers do not allow Christians to do something God explicitly commands them to do. There are times when a believer must submit to these rulers and suffer at their hands. Christians understand that this world is temporary and they will ultimately be with God forever. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Flesh +####Flesh This is a complex issue. "Flesh" is possibly a metaphor for our sinful nature. Paul is not teaching that our physical bodies are sinful. Paul appears to be teaching that as long as Christians are alive ("in the flesh"), we will continue to sin. But our new nature will be fighting against our old nature. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/flesh]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) ## Links: diff --git a/rom/14/intro.md b/rom/14/intro.md index a6beb6e33b..5a9125027d 100644 --- a/rom/14/intro.md +++ b/rom/14/intro.md @@ -6,15 +6,15 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Weak in faith +####Weak in faith Paul teaches that Christians can have real faith and at the same time be "weak in faith" in a given situation. This describes Christians whose faith is immature, not strong, or misunderstood. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) -##### Dietary restrictions +####Dietary restrictions Many religions in the ancient Near East restricted what was eaten. Christians have freedom to eat what they want. But they need to use this freedom wisely, in a way that honors the Lord and does not cause others to sin. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -##### The judgment seat of God +####The judgment seat of God The judgment seat of God or Christ represents a time when all people, including Christians, will be held accountable for the way they lived their lives. diff --git a/rom/15/intro.md b/rom/15/intro.md index 0506e4bfb5..534a930253 100644 --- a/rom/15/intro.md +++ b/rom/15/intro.md @@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ In [Romans 15:14](../../rom/15/14.md), Paul begins to speak more personally. He ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Strong/Weak +####Strong/Weak These terms are used to refer to people who are mature and immature in their faith. Paul teaches that those who are strong in faith need to help those who are weak in faith. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) ## Links: diff --git a/rut/01/intro.md b/rut/01/intro.md index 9310393890..612153ed21 100644 --- a/rut/01/intro.md +++ b/rut/01/intro.md @@ -2,17 +2,17 @@ ### Structure and formatting -##### "It happened in the days when the judges ruled" +####"It happened in the days when the judges ruled" The events of this book occur during the period of Judges. The book is concurrent with the book of Judges. To understand the historical context of the book, the translator may wish to review the book of Judges. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Women without a husband or children +####Women without a husband or children In the ancient Near East, if a woman lacked a husband or sons, she was considered to be in a dire circumstance. She would not have been able to provide for herself. This is why Naomi told her daughters to remarry. ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Contrast +####Contrast The actions of Ruth the Moabite are intended to contrast with the actions of Naomi the Jew. Ruth shows great faith in Naomi's god, while Naomi does not trust in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) ## Links: diff --git a/rut/02/intro.md b/rut/02/intro.md index 70ae69ccf3..bb9804f6f1 100644 --- a/rut/02/intro.md +++ b/rut/02/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "Do not go and glean in another field" +####"Do not go and glean in another field" Boaz said this because he could not guarantee their safety in another person's field. It is assumed that not everyone was as gracious and obedient to the law of Moses as Boaz. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) ## Links: diff --git a/rut/03/intro.md b/rut/03/intro.md index c79e44b2fd..2e6a0fd6b0 100644 --- a/rut/03/intro.md +++ b/rut/03/intro.md @@ -2,12 +2,12 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Boaz's integrity +####Boaz's integrity Boaz showed great integrity in this chapter by not having sexual relations with Ruth. He was also concerned with how people would see Ruth if they caught her in this position. Boaz's character is important for this story. ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "So that things may go well for you" +####"So that things may go well for you" Naomi attempted to make Ruth desirable to Boaz so that he would want to marry her. Even though she was a Gentile by birth, Boaz could marry her because she was, by marriage, Naomi's daughter. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) ## Links: diff --git a/rut/04/intro.md b/rut/04/intro.md index de7735220d..63366d2bf9 100644 --- a/rut/04/intro.md +++ b/rut/04/intro.md @@ -2,15 +2,15 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### King David +####King David Despite being a Moabitess, Ruth became an ancestor of David. David was Israel's greatest king. It is shocking a Gentile would become a part of such an important lineage. She had great faith in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "You must also take Ruth the Moabitess" +####"You must also take Ruth the Moabitess" Because Naomi had no son, her daughter-in-law Ruth needed to be provided for. Therefore, the relative who wanted to use her land had to also help Ruth to have a son who would come to provide for her. -##### "This was the custom in former times" +####"This was the custom in former times" This is a comment made by the writer of the text. He functions as a narrator in this instance. It indicates that there was a considerable period of time between the events that occurred and the time they were written down. ## Links: diff --git a/sng/01/intro.md b/sng/01/intro.md index d21afaf98d..8ba117adc9 100644 --- a/sng/01/intro.md +++ b/sng/01/intro.md @@ -2,20 +2,20 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Kisses +####Kisses The kisses in this chapter are a type of kiss that was only done between a husband a wife. It is an intimate kiss. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) -##### Love and affection +####Love and affection This chapter is centered on the feelings of love, affection, and attraction. Different cultural standards may make translation difficult and the translator may use euphemisms to avoid offending people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-euphemism]]) ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphors +####Metaphors In the ancient Near East, it was common to describe a woman using metaphors involving animals. In many cultures today, this can be considered offensive. Different metaphors of beauty are used in different cultures. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "I am dark" +####"I am dark" In the ancient Near East, rich people usually had lighter skin because they did not need to work outside in the sun. This young woman had to work out in the sun, and her skin became darker than it was when she was younger. ## Links: diff --git a/sng/02/intro.md b/sng/02/intro.md index 8b18a5505e..d7a8a7eebb 100644 --- a/sng/02/intro.md +++ b/sng/02/intro.md @@ -2,10 +2,10 @@ ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphor +####Metaphor Women are compared to flowers in this chapter. This metaphor may describe a woman's beauty and delicacy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) -##### Euphemisms +####Euphemisms It is possible that some of the metaphors used in this chapter are actually euphemisms. These euphemisms would refer to sex or the physical love between a husband a wife. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-euphemism]]) ## Links: diff --git a/sng/03/intro.md b/sng/03/intro.md index 4c5a71c22c..ea6650e2b8 100644 --- a/sng/03/intro.md +++ b/sng/03/intro.md @@ -2,12 +2,12 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Longing +####Longing This chapter describes a feeling of longing, or the waiting in anticipation of the one you love. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Metaphors +####Metaphors In the ancient Near East, it was common to describe a woman using metaphors involving animals. In many cultures today, this can be considered offensive. Different metaphors of beauty are used in different cultures. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) ## Links: diff --git a/sng/04/intro.md b/sng/04/intro.md index 1f013dc71e..8be1aadc7c 100644 --- a/sng/04/intro.md +++ b/sng/04/intro.md @@ -2,15 +2,15 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Beauty +####Beauty The woman is described as the epitome of beauty in ancient Israel. Not all cultures share the same the same standards of beauty. ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Metaphors +####Metaphors In the ancient Near East, it was common to describe a woman using metaphors involving animals. In many cultures today, this can be considered offensive. Different metaphors of beauty are used in different cultures. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) -##### "My sister, my bride" +####"My sister, my bride" The woman described is not the sister of her husband. They are not related. Instead, this is a reference to a woman who is a fellow Israelite. ## Links: diff --git a/sng/05/intro.md b/sng/05/intro.md index d208d9a466..42fd0daaaa 100644 --- a/sng/05/intro.md +++ b/sng/05/intro.md @@ -6,17 +6,17 @@ Verses 2-7 describe a dream the woman had. ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Beauty +####Beauty The woman is described as the epitome of beauty in ancient Israel. Not all cultures share the same standards of beauty. ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphors +####Metaphors In the ancient Near East, it was common to describe a woman using metaphors involving animals. In many cultures today, this can be considered offensive. Different metaphors of beauty are used in different cultures. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "My sister, my bride" +####"My sister, my bride" The woman described is not the sister of her husband. They are not related. Instead, this is a reference to a woman who is a fellow Israelite. ## Links: diff --git a/sng/06/intro.md b/sng/06/intro.md index 5a6350c804..6b5b2f4fc2 100644 --- a/sng/06/intro.md +++ b/sng/06/intro.md @@ -2,12 +2,12 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Beauty +####Beauty The woman is described as the epitome of beauty in ancient Israel. Not all cultures share the same standards of beauty. ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Metaphors +####Metaphors In the ancient Near East, it was common to describe a woman using metaphors involving animals. In many cultures today, this can be considered offensive. Different metaphors of beauty are used in different cultures. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) ## Links: diff --git a/sng/07/intro.md b/sng/07/intro.md index 02a4665e39..281fb9a9c0 100644 --- a/sng/07/intro.md +++ b/sng/07/intro.md @@ -2,12 +2,12 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Beauty +####Beauty The woman is described as the epitome of beauty in ancient Israel. Not all cultures share the same the same standards of beauty. ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Similes +####Similes There are many similes in this chapter. Their purpose is to describe the beauty of the woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-simile]]) ## Links: diff --git a/sng/08/intro.md b/sng/08/intro.md index 02f61dfe06..30c68c2167 100644 --- a/sng/08/intro.md +++ b/sng/08/intro.md @@ -2,10 +2,10 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Kisses +####Kisses The kisses in this chapter are a type of kiss that was only done between a husband a wife. It is an intimate kiss. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) -##### Passion +####Passion The chapter describes the passion that can exist between a husband a wife. This is the feeling of strong or uncontrollable desire for another person. ## Links: diff --git a/tit/01/intro.md b/tit/01/intro.md index 28fed71456..824c072fc7 100644 --- a/tit/01/intro.md +++ b/tit/01/intro.md @@ -8,13 +8,13 @@ In verses 6-9, Paul lists several qualities that a man must have if he is to be ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Elders +####Elders The church has used different titles for church leaders. Some titles include overseer, elder, pastor, and bishop. ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Should, may, must +####Should, may, must The ULB uses different words that indicate requirements or obligations. These verbs have different levels of force associated with them. The subtle differences may be difficult to translate. The UDB translates these verbs in a more general way. ## Links: diff --git a/tit/02/intro.md b/tit/02/intro.md index 61fc5816bc..b07701b51a 100644 --- a/tit/02/intro.md +++ b/tit/02/intro.md @@ -2,11 +2,11 @@ ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Gender roles +####Gender roles Scholars are divided over how to understand this passage in its historical and cultural context. Some scholars believe men and women are perfectly equal in all things. Other scholars believe God created men and women to serve in distinctly different roles in marriage and the church. Translators should be careful not to let how they understand this issue affect how they translate this passage. -##### Slavery +####Slavery Paul does not write in this chapter about whether slavery is good or bad. Paul teaches slaves to faithfully serve their masters. He teaches all believers to be godly and live rightly in every situation. diff --git a/tit/03/intro.md b/tit/03/intro.md index ae5f650b44..a5ff9e9bc1 100644 --- a/tit/03/intro.md +++ b/tit/03/intro.md @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ Verse 15 formally concludes this letter. This is a common way of ending a letter ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Genealogies +####Genealogies Genealogies are lists that record a person's ancestors or descendants. Jews used genealogies to choose the right man to become king. They did this because only a son of a king could normally become king. They also showed from what tribe and family they came. For example, priests came from the tribe of Levi and the family of Aaron. diff --git a/tit/front/intro.md b/tit/front/intro.md index f2ba74fb59..661ed72011 100644 --- a/tit/front/intro.md +++ b/tit/front/intro.md @@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ There are some teachings in the Book of Titus about whether a woman or divorced ## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -##### Singular and plural "you" +####Singular and plural "you" In this book, the word "I" refers to Paul. Also, the word "you" is almost always singular and refers to Titus. The exception to this is 3:15. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-exclusive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-you]]) ### What is the meaning of "God our Savior?" diff --git a/zec/01/intro.md b/zec/01/intro.md index d773ae4b5c..df1a3efc18 100644 --- a/zec/01/intro.md +++ b/zec/01/intro.md @@ -8,12 +8,12 @@ Some translations prefer to set apart quotations. The ULB and many other English ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Visions +####Visions This book contains a number of visions given to Zechariah, so the images are not ones Zechariah actually saw but were given to him in a vision or dream. It is important for each of these visions to keep their meanings and not be interpreted to mean any specific thing. ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Date +####Date Zechariah uses two separate dates in this first chapter. When compared to the book of Haggai, Zechariah's prophecy was proclaimed just a few weeks after Haggai. However, they prophesied in two different places: Haggai was in Jerusalem and Zechariah was somewhere outside of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) ## Links: diff --git a/zec/02/intro.md b/zec/02/intro.md index 7e7091a513..5d21bcd9d2 100644 --- a/zec/02/intro.md +++ b/zec/02/intro.md @@ -8,13 +8,13 @@ Some translations prefer to set apart quotations. The ULB and many other English ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Visions +####Visions This book contains a number of visions given to Zechariah so the images are not ones Zechariah actually saw but were given to him in a vision or dream. It is important for each of these visions to keep their meanings and not be interpreted to mean any specific thing. Please be careful to translate each of the terms in your language. ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### "This is Yahweh's declaration" +####"This is Yahweh's declaration" This phrase is used several times in this chapter. The UDB often translates this as "Yahweh says." ## Links: diff --git a/zec/03/intro.md b/zec/03/intro.md index f985a1b544..d49c692ea7 100644 --- a/zec/03/intro.md +++ b/zec/03/intro.md @@ -8,12 +8,12 @@ Some translations prefer to set apart quotations. The ULB and many other English ### Difficult concepts in this chapter -##### Visions +####Visions It is important for each of these visions to keep their meanings and not be interpreted to mean any specific thing. ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### The high priest +####The high priest This chapter seems to refer to a particular person, Joshua the high priest. However, little is known about him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/highpriest]]) diff --git a/zec/04/intro.md b/zec/04/intro.md index ebf16ff62a..d19fc65d84 100644 --- a/zec/04/intro.md +++ b/zec/04/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ This chapter is written mainly in prose about the fifth vision, which is about t ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Visions +####Visions This chapter shows a conversation between Zechariah and the angel of Yahweh. It is important for each of these visions to keep their meanings and not be interpreted to mean any specific thing. ## Links: diff --git a/zec/06/intro.md b/zec/06/intro.md index b916e8f8fe..7202f54c90 100644 --- a/zec/06/intro.md +++ b/zec/06/intro.md @@ -8,12 +8,12 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Crown +####Crown The second part of the chapter is about a crown made for the high priest. This is an actual person, but the meaning of the word "branch" should be translated as his name. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/highpriest]]) ### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Meaning of the visions +####Meaning of the visions The visions are stated and even when the prophet asked for an explanation, their true meaning is often obscure. This uncertainty should remain in your translation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) ## Links: diff --git a/zec/07/intro.md b/zec/07/intro.md index 18a9a95216..27c9978ddd 100644 --- a/zec/07/intro.md +++ b/zec/07/intro.md @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ Some translations prefer to set apart quotations. The ULB and many other English ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Fasting +####Fasting This chapter discusses fasting. People were asking the same questions as those from previous generations. The Israelites were asking these same questions before they were exiled from their land. ## Links: diff --git a/zec/09/intro.md b/zec/09/intro.md index 143145cde7..feef4026a8 100644 --- a/zec/09/intro.md +++ b/zec/09/intro.md @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Prophecies against other nations +####Prophecies against other nations The first two verses show that the prophecy concerns neighboring countries. Hamath, Damscus, Tyre and Sidon are cities in areas that were near Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) ## Links: diff --git a/zec/10/intro.md b/zec/10/intro.md index 0880be39ae..0c1688d4bf 100644 --- a/zec/10/intro.md +++ b/zec/10/intro.md @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Redemption +####Redemption This book, and especially this chapter, uses the concepts of redemption and remnant to share the relationship that the people of Judah have with their God. So many of the people of Israel perished as their kingdom went into exile. Now they are returning to the land, but the land is no longer theirs. They are living under foreign rule. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/redeem]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/remnant]]) ## Links: diff --git a/zec/11/intro.md b/zec/11/intro.md index bf94958de9..ba12892d6d 100644 --- a/zec/11/intro.md +++ b/zec/11/intro.md @@ -8,10 +8,10 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphor +####Metaphor This chapter uses an extended metaphor of sheep and shepherds to represent Yahweh's dismay at the leaders during the exiles. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) -##### Symbolism +####Symbolism The writer uses symbolism. Zechariah is told to become a shepherd. He uses two staffs and names them "Unity" and "Favor." He does this very purposefully. In order to preserve this symbolism, it is important to pay attention to the specific words used. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/favor]]) ## Links: diff --git a/zec/12/intro.md b/zec/12/intro.md index 74d0eb4ee5..edc9cb12ee 100644 --- a/zec/12/intro.md +++ b/zec/12/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Similar to chapter 11, this chapter is written mainly in prose and is talking ab ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Prophecy +####Prophecy Verses 10-11 are quoted in the New Testament and apply to Jesus's death on the cross. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/cross]]) ## Links: diff --git a/zec/14/intro.md b/zec/14/intro.md index 93cbf0b185..c3acc56d46 100644 --- a/zec/14/intro.md +++ b/zec/14/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ This chapter is written in prose about Jerusalem during the last days. (See: [[r ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Last days +####Last days Zechariah often speaks of the last days by using the phrase "that day" or "in that day." When referencing a future "day," the translator should be aware that it is possible that the author is speaking about the last days. diff --git a/zep/01/intro.md b/zep/01/intro.md index 127128dabc..759c7f9c5f 100644 --- a/zep/01/intro.md +++ b/zep/01/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Prophecy +####Prophecy In this chapter, it is unclear whether these prophecies concern the fall of Jerusalem, the coming of the Messiah or the day of the Lord. It is possible that the prophecies reference more than one period of time. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/dayofthelord]]) ## Links: diff --git a/zep/02/intro.md b/zep/02/intro.md index 9b7d5fb9d9..71bc1ea163 100644 --- a/zep/02/intro.md +++ b/zep/02/intro.md @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Prophecy +####Prophecy In this chapter, because the prophesied destruction is so complete, it is unclear whether these prophecies concern the time near the fall of Jerusalem or the day of the Lord. It is possible that the prophecies reference more than one period of time. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/dayofthelord]]) ## Links: diff --git a/zep/03/intro.md b/zep/03/intro.md index 4add4f0d99..c361ef1b1c 100644 --- a/zep/03/intro.md +++ b/zep/03/intro.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s ### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Prophecy +####Prophecy In this chapter, because the prophesied destruction is so complete, it is unclear whether these prophecies concern the time near the fall of Jerusalem or the day of the Lord. It is possible that the prophecies reference more than one period of time. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/dayofthelord]]) ## Links: