PDF Isaiah 1-15

isa/02/09.md

@@ -2,15 +2,15 @@
 
 In 2:9 Isaiah finishes speaking to Yahweh. In 2:10-11 Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah. Both times he speaks in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-parallelism]])
 
-# People bow low, and men abase themselves
+# People bow down, and men abase themselves
 
-Possible meanings are 1) this continues the thought of [Isaiah 9:8](../09/08.md) and describes how the people worship their idols or 2) this is the beginning of Isaiah's description of how Yahweh will punish the idolators. Alternate translation: "The people will be brought low, and the men will be abased" or "God will make the people ashamed, and they will realize that all they trusted in is worthless" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]])
+Possible meanings are 1) this continues the thought of [Isaiah 9:8](../09/08.md) and describes how the people worship their idols or 2) this is the beginning of Isaiah's description of how Yahweh will punish the idolators. Alternate translation: "People will be brought down, and the men will be abased" or "God will make people ashamed, and they will realize that all they trusted in is worthless" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]])
 
-# The people
+# People
 
 human beings, as opposed to animals
 
-# individuals
+# men
 
 "each person"
 

isa/02/11.md

@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
-# The lofty gaze of man will be brought low
+# The lofty gaze of man will be abased
 
-"Yahweh will bring down the lofty gaze of man." A man with a "lofty gaze" is looking above everyone to show them that he is better than they are. Here all people are guilty of thinking they are better than Yahweh, and the way they look at those who worship Yahweh, is a metonym for their pride. Alternate translation: "Yahweh will make ashamed all people because they think they are better than he is" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]])
+"Yahweh will abase the lofty gaze of man." A man with a "lofty gaze" is looking above everyone to show them that he is better than they are. Here all people are guilty of thinking they are better than Yahweh, and the way they look at those who worship Yahweh, is a metonym for their pride. Alternate translation: "Yahweh will make ashamed all people because they think they are better than he is" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]])
 
 # abased
 
 See how you translated this in [Isaiah 2:9](../02/09.md).
 
-# the haughtiness of men will be abased
+# the haughtiness of men will be brought down
 
-"The haughtiness of men" here is a metonym for haughty people. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Yahweh will abase haughty men" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]])
+The phrase "the haughtiness of men" here is a metonym for haughty people. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Yahweh will abase haughty men" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]])
 
 # Yahweh alone will be exalted
 

isa/02/17.md

@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@
 
 Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. He continues to describe what will happen on the day of Yahweh of Hosts ([Isaiah 2:12](../02/12.md)). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-parallelism]])
 
-# The pride of man will be brought low
+# The pride of man will be brought down
 
-This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "He will bring low every proud man" or "He will humiliate every proud man" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]])
+This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "He will bring down every proud man" or "He will humiliate every proud man" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]])
 
 # brought down ... abased
 

isa/11/08.md

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Isaiah continues to describe the complete peace in the world when the king rules
 
 It can be stated clearly that the baby will be safe because the snake will not bite it. Alternate translation: "Babies will play safely over the hole of the snake" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]])
 
-# the snake ... the serpent's den
+# the snake ... the den of the adder
 
 These phrases refer to poisonous snakes in general. Alternate translation: "snakes ... serpents' dens" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-genericnoun]])
 

isa/13/03.md

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# my chosen ones
+# my consecrated ones
 
 "the ones I have set apart for myself" or "the army that I have set apart for myself"
 

isa/13/05.md

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 "from places far beyond the horizon" or "from very distant places"
 
-# his instruments of judgment
+# his instruments of indignation
 
-The soldiers that God is sending to attack Babylon are spoken of as if they were weapons. "Judgment" represents punishment because God has judged Babylon. Alternate translation: "the army that he will use to punish Babylon" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]])
+The soldiers that God is sending to attack Babylon are spoken of as if they were weapons in God's hands. "Indignation" is a metonym for the punishment that God will inflict on Babylon because he is indignant. Alternate translation: "the army that he will use to punish Babylon" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]])
 

isa/13/06.md

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# Howl
+# Wail
 
 cry out loud. The word is usually used of an animal making a sound because it is in pain.
 

isa/13/11.md

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ These phrases refer to people who have these qualities. Alternate translation: "
 
 "cruel people"
 
-# will bring down the arrogance of the ruthless
+# will abase the arrogance of the ruthless
 
-Being low often represents being humble. Bringing down people's arrogance represents making them humble. Alternate translation: "will humble the ruthless" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
+Here the word "arrogance" is a metonym for the people who are arrogant. Alternate translation: "will abase the ruthless" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]])
 

isa/13/14.md

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# Like a hunted gazelle or like a sheep with no shepherd
+# Like a hunted gazelle or like a sheep with no one to gather them
 
 Yahweh speaks of the defenseless people of Israel as if they were a gazelle or a sheep that was being chased by hunters or wild animals. Alternate translation: "Like gazelles that run away swiftly when people hunt them, and like sheep that have no shepherd run away from wild animals" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-unknown]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-simile]])
 
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Yahweh speaks of the defenseless people of Israel as if they were a gazelle or a
 
 an animal that is similar to a deer. People hunt them, and wild animals sometimes attack and kill them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-unknown]])
 
-# like a sheep with no shepherd
+# like a sheep with no one to gather them
 
-Sheep that have no shepherd have no one to protect them from wild animals that attack and kill them.
+Sheep that have no shepherd have no one to keep them together and protect them from harm. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-simile]])
 

isa/13/15.md

@@ -1,4 +1,8 @@
-# Every one who is found will be killed ... every one who is captured will die by the sword
+# Every one who is found will be thrust through ... every one who is swept up will die by the sword
 
 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "The enemy will kill with the sword everyone they find" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]])
 
+# swept up
+
+captured
+

isa/13/19.md

@@ -6,11 +6,11 @@ Yahweh continues speaking.
 
 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the kingdom that people most admire" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]])
 
-# Then Babylon ... will be overthrown by God
+# Then Babylon, the most admired of kingdoms, the splendor of Chaldean arrogance, will be overthrown by God
 
-This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Then God will destroy Babylon, the most admired of kingdoms, the splendor of Chaldean pride, as he destroyed Sodom and Gomorrah" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]])
+This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Then God will destroy Babylon, the most admired of kingdoms, the splendor of Chaldean arrogance, as he destroyed Sodom and Gomorrah" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]])
 
-# the splendor of Chaldean pride
+# the splendor of Chaldean arrogance
 
-The abstract nouns "splendor" and "pride" can be translated with adjectives. The word "splendor" refers to the beautiful appearance of Babylon. Alternate translation: "the beautiful city that the Chaldeans are so proud of" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-abstractnouns]])
+The abstract nouns "splendor" and "arrogance" can be translated with adjectives. The word "splendor" refers to the beautiful appearance of Babylon. Alternate translation: "the beautiful city that the Chaldeans are so proud of" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-abstractnouns]])
 

isa/13/20.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-# It will not be inhabited or lived in
+# It will never be inhabited or lived in
 
-The two verbs mean basically the same thing. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "No one will live in it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]])
+The two verbs mean basically the same thing. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "No one will ever live in it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]])
 
 # from generation to generation
 

isa/14/09.md

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 Sheol is spoken of as if it were a person who is eager to meet his guests. This implies that the king dies. Alternate translation: "Sheol is like a host eager to meet you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-personification]])
 
-# It arouses the dead for you, all the kings of the earth
+# It arouses the dead for you, all the leaders of the earth
 
-"it wakes up the dead for you, all the kings of the earth." Sheol is spoken of as if it were a person that could wake up those who are in it. Alternate translation: "All the dead kings of the earth in Sheol wake up to greet you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-personification]])
+"it wakes up the dead for you, all the leaders of the earth." Sheol is spoken of as if it were a person that could wake up those who are in it. Alternate translation: "All the dead leaders of the earth in Sheol wake up to greet you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-personification]])
 

isa/14/12.md

@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@
 
 This is part of the taunt song that the Israelites will sing to the king of Babylon.
 
-# How you are fallen from heaven, daystar, son of the morning
+# How you are fallen from heaven, daystar, son of the dawn
 
-The daystar is a bright star that rises just before morning. The people of Israel will refer to the king of Babylon in terms of this star in order to imply that he once was great, but now he was not. Alternate translation: "You were like the bright morning star, but you have fallen from the sky" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
+The daystar is a bright star that rises just before dawn. The people of Israel will refer to the king of Babylon in terms of this star in order to imply that he once was great, but now he was not. Alternate translation: "You were like the bright morning star, but you have fallen from the sky" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
 
 # How you are cut down to the ground
 

isa/14/19.md

@@ -2,11 +2,11 @@
 
 Being thrown out of the grave represents not being buried. Alternate translation: "But you are not buried. Your body is left on the ground" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
 
-# like a branch thrown away
+# like an abhorrent branch
 
-A branch thrown away represents something worthless. Alternate translation: "like a worthless branch that is tossed aside" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-simile]])
+While this simile is unclear, an "abhorrent branch" clearly represents something disgusting. Alternate translation: "like something disgusting that is tossed aside" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-simile]])
 
-# The dead cover you like a garment
+# The slain cover you like a garment
 
 This represents many dead bodies being on top of his body. Alternate translation: "The bodies of dead people completely cover your body" or "The bodies of dead soldiers are piled on top of your body" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-simile]])
 

isa/14/26.md

@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@
 
 This may be Isaiah speaking or it may be Yahweh speaking.
 
-# This is the plan that is intended for the whole earth
+# This is the plan that has been devised for the whole earth
 
-The idea of "is intended" can be expressed with an active verb. Alternate translation: "This is the plan that God intends for the whole earth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]])
+The idea of "has been devised" can be expressed with an active verb. Alternate translation: "This is the plan that God intends for the whole earth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]])
 
 # this is the hand that is raised over all the nations
 

isa/14/29.md

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 The rod that struck Philistia represents a king who sent his army to attack them. Being broken represents either being dead or being defeated. Alternate translation: "the king that sent his army against you is dead" or "the army that attacked you is defeated" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
 
-# For out of the serpent's root will grow out an adder ... his offspring will be a fiery flying serpent
+# For out of the serpent's root will grow an adder ... his offspring will be a fiery flying serpent
 
 These two phrases are both the image of a serpent's offspring being even more harmful than the serpent. They represent a king's successor being more powerful and cruel than the first king. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
 

isa/14/31.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-# Howl, gate; cry, city
+# Wail, gate; cry, city
 
-Here "gate" and "city" represent the people at the city gates and in the cities. "Howl, you people at the city gates; cry, you people in the cities" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]])
+Here "gate" and "city" represent the people at the city gates and in the cities. "Wail, you people at the city gates; cry, you people in the cities" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]])
 
 # you will melt away
 

isa/15/02.md

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ These are names of cities and towns in Moab. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translat
 
 Here "up to the heights" refers to a temple or altar that was built on high ground like a hill or mountain side. Alternate translation: "went up to the temple on the hilltop to weep" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom]])
 
-# Moab laments over Nebo and over Medeba
+# Moab wails over Nebo and over Medeba
 
 These place names refer to the people who live there. Alternate translation: "the people of Moab will weep because of what happened to the cities of Nebo and Medeba" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]])
 

isa/23/01.md

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Isaiah continues to tell what God has judged against the nations in 13:1-23:18.
 
 "This is what Yahweh declares about Tyre"
 
-# Howl, you ships of Tarshish
+# Wail, you ships of Tarshish
 
 Here "ships" represents the men on the ships. Isaiah speaks to the men on the ships of Tarshish as if they could hear him. Alternate translation: "Cry out in despair you men on the ships of Tarshish" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-apostrophe]])
 

isa/23/14.md

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# Howl, you ships of Tarshish
+# Wail, you ships of Tarshish
 
 Here "ships" represents the men on the ships. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 23:1](../23/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]])
 

isa/26/05.md

@@ -1,12 +1,20 @@
-# he will bring down those who live proudly
+# he will bring down those who live in the high place
 
 Yahweh humiliating those who are proud is spoken of as if proud people were up high and he would cause them to come down low. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
 
-# the fortified city
+# in the high place, the lofty city. He will abase it.
+
+Another possible translation is, "in the high place. The lofty city he will abase."
+
+# the lofty city
 
 This means fortified cities in general not a specific city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-genericnoun]])
 
-# he will lay low ... he will level
+# He will abase ... he will cause it to fall
 
 Yahweh causing an army to destroy fortified cities is spoken of as if Yahweh would do it himself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]])
 
+# abase
+
+
+

isa/59/05.md

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 # General Information:
 
-Isaiah continues speaking to the people of Israel about the evil they do using the metaphors of poisonous snakes and spider's webs.
+Isaiah continues speaking to the people of Israel about the evil they do using the metaphors of poisonous snakes and spider's webs. The metaphor here is meant to be emotional, not real: snakes are born alive, not from eggs that are laid.
 
-# They hatch eggs of a poisonous snake
+# They hatch eggs of an adder
 
 Eggs of a poisonous snake hatch into more dangerous snakes. "Poisonous snakes" represents evil the people do that harms more and more. Alternate translation: "They make evil that spreads out to make more evil" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
 
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ Eggs of a poisonous snake hatch into more dangerous snakes. "Poisonous snakes" r
 
 This represents the deeds of the people that are useless. Alternate translation: "produce things and activities that are useless" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
 
-# Whoever eats of their eggs dies, and if an egg is crushed, it hatches into a poisonous snake
+# Whoever eats of their eggs dies, and if an egg is crushed, it hatches into a viper
 
 Eating a poisonous egg will kill the one that eats it and represents self-destruction. Breaking the egg allows the young poisonous snake to hatch and represents spreading destruction. Alternate translation: "The activities they do will destroy them and will spread destruction to others" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
 

jer/08/17.md

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 "Now pay attention"
 
-# vipers that you cannot charm
+# adders that you cannot charm
 
 To charm means to sing or make music in order to control snakes.
 

pro/23/32.md

@@ -2,11 +2,11 @@
 
 "After you drink it"
 
-# it bites like a serpent ... it stings like an adder
+# it bites like a serpent ... it stings like an viper
 
-The word "it" refers to "the wine when it is red." "Bites" and "stings" are metaphors for the way too much wine makes people feel. Alternate translation: "it makes you feel as bad as if a serpent had bitten you or an adder had stung you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-simile]])
+The word "it" refers to "the wine when it is red." "Bites" and "stings" are metaphors for the way too much wine makes people feel. Alternate translation: "it makes you feel as bad as if a serpent had bitten you or an viper had stung you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-simile]])
 
-# adder
+# viper
 
 a type of poisonous snake
 

psa/058/004.md

@@ -2,15 +2,15 @@
 
 The wicked things people say are spoken of as if they were poison. Alternate translation: "Their wicked words cause trouble as a snake's poison harms people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-simile]])
 
-# they are like a deaf adder that stops up its ears
+# they are like a deaf viper that stops up its ears
 
-Wicked people who do not listen to advice or rebukes are spoken of as if they were snakes that do not respond to a charmer's music. Alternate translation: "they refuse to listen like a deaf adder that stops up its ears" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-simile]])
+Wicked people who do not listen to advice or rebukes are spoken of as if they were snakes that do not respond to a charmer's music. Alternate translation: "they refuse to listen like a deaf viper that stops up its ears" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-simile]])
 
-# a deaf adder that stops up its ears
+# a deaf viper that stops up its ears
 
-An adder that does not respond to a charmer's music is spoken of as as if it could put something in its ears so that it will not hear. Alternate translation: "an adder that does not listen" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-personification]])
+An viper that does not respond to a charmer's music is spoken of as as if it could put something in its ears so that it will not hear. Alternate translation: "an viper that does not listen" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-personification]])
 
-# adder
+# viper
 
 a kind of poisonous snake
 

psa/091/013.md

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-# You will crush lions and adders under your feet; you will trample on young lions and serpents
+# You will crush lions and vipers under your feet; you will trample on young lions and serpents
 
-Where "hit your foot on a stone" is a minor problem, lions and snake are examples of great dangers. The psalmist speaks of lions and snakes as if they were small enough to be crushed under a person's foot. Alternate translation: "You will be able kill lions and adders as if they were small animals you could crush under your feet" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
+Where "hit your foot on a stone" is a minor problem, lions and snake are examples of great dangers. The psalmist speaks of lions and snakes as if they were small enough to be crushed under a person's foot. Alternate translation: "You will be able kill lions and vipers as if they were small animals you could crush under your feet" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
 
-# adders
+# vipers
 
 types of poisonous snake.