Update dan/07/06.md

amo/01/01.md

@@ -1,16 +1,20 @@
 # General Information:
 
-God speaks through Amos using poetic language. 
+God speaks through Amos using poetic language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-parallelism]])
 
 # the shepherds from Tekoa, ... concerning Israel
 
-Tekoa is the name of a town or village in Judah, but this message is primarily to the northern kingdom of Israel. 
+Tekoa is the name of a town or village in Judah, but this message is primarily to the northern kingdom of Israel. It seems that Amos was one of a group of shepherds who had left Tekoa to work in Israel, and while he was there at work, God gave him these words (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]])
 
 # saw
 
-If your language has a word for "see" that it uses only in poetry or mostly to indicate seeing in a vision or dream, you might want to use it here.
+If your language uses a word for "see" only in poetry or mostly to indicate seeing in a vision or dream, you might want to use it here.
 
 # in the days of Uzziah king of Judah, and also in the days of Jeroboam son of Joash king of Israel
 
-"when Uzziah was king of Judah, and also when Jeroboam son of Joash was king of Israel" 
+The words "in the days of" is an idiom and refers to the time when each king reigned. Alternate translation: "when Uzziah was king of Judah, and also when Jeroboam son of Joash was king of Israel" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom]])
+
+# two years before the earthquake
+
+The assumed knowledge is that the original hearers would be aware of when a large earthquake had affected the area. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]])
 

amo/01/02.md

@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 # Yahweh will roar from Zion; he will raise his voice from Jerusalem
 
-These two phrases share similar meanings. Together they emphasize that Yahweh shouts loudly as he prepares to judge the nation. 
+These two phrases share similar meanings. Together they emphasize that Yahweh shouts loudly as he prepares to judge the nation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-parallelism]])
 
 # Yahweh will roar
 
-The author speaks of the voice of Yahweh as if it sounded like the roar of a lion or the roar of thunder. 
+The author speaks of the voice of Yahweh as if it sounded like the roar of a lion or the roar of thunder. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
 
 # Yahweh
 
-This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. 
+This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this.
 

amo/01/03.md

@@ -1,16 +1,20 @@
 # For three sins of ... even for four
 
-This indicates that the people had sinned repeatedly.
+This is a poetic device. It does not mean that a specific number of sins had been committed, but it indicates that many sins had led to God's judgment.
 
 # Damascus
 
-"the people of Damascus" 
+Here "Damascus" represents the people of the city of Damascus. Alternate translation: "the people of Damascus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]])
 
 # I will not turn away punishment
 
-"I will certainly punish those people"
+Yahweh uses two negatives here to emphasize that he would punish them. Alternate translation: "I will certainly punish those people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-litotes]])
 
 # they threshed Gilead with sharp threshing sledges of iron
 
-"they treated the people of Gilead harshly, as if they were threshing grain with sharp iron tools"
+Yahweh speaks of how the people of Damascus treated the people of Gilead as if they had threshed grain with sharp iron tools or weapons. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
+
+# Gilead
+
+Here "Gilead" represents the people of the region of Gilead. Alternate translation: "the people of Gilead" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]])
 

amo/01/04.md

@@ -1,8 +1,16 @@
-# Hazael ... Ben-Hadad
+# I will send a fire into the house of Hazael
 
-These are the names of men.
+Here Yahweh speaks of his judgment against the house of Hazael as if it were a consuming fire. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
+
+# the house of Hazael
+
+The word "house" is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to Hazael's descendants, who were rulers of the country where Damascus was located. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]])
 
 # it will devour the fortresses of Ben-Hadad
 
-it will burn down the fortresses of Ben-Hadad
+Here Yahweh's judgment is spoken of as if it were a fire that was consuming the fortresses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
- 
+
+# Hazael ... Ben-Hadad
+
+These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]])
+

amo/01/05.md

@@ -1,16 +1,24 @@
+# Connecting Statement:
+
+Yahweh continues his message of judgment on Damascus.
+
 # cut off the man
 
-"destroy the man" or "drive away the man" 
+Here to "cut off" means either to destroy or to drive away, as one would cut a piece of cloth or cut a branch from a tree. Alternate translation: "destroy the man" or "drive away the man" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
 
-# the man who holds the scepter 
+# Valley of Aven
 
-"the man who rules"
+This is the name of a place that means "valley of wickedness." Possible meanings are 1) this is the name of an actual place in that region or 2) this is a metonym for Damascus or the surrounding region. Alternate translation: "the valley of wickedness" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]])
+
+# the man who holds the scepter in
+
+This is a metonym for the ruler of that city or region. Alternate translation: "the ruler of" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]])
 
 # Beth Eden
 
-This is a place.
+This is the name of a place that means "house of pleasure." Possible meanings are 1) this is the name of an actual place in that region or 2) this is another metonym for Damascus or the surrounding region. Alternate translation: "the house of pleasure" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]])
 
 # Kir
 
-This is the name of a region from which the people of Aram originally came. 
+This is the name of a region from which the people of Aram originally came. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]])
 

amo/01/06.md

@@ -1,10 +1,14 @@
-# For three sins of Gaza, even for four, I will not turn away punishment
+# For three sins of ... even for four
 
-See how you translated similar phrases in verse 3.
+This is a poetic device. It does not mean that a specific number of sins had been committed, but it indicates that many sins had led to God's judgment. See how you translated these words in [Amos 1:3](../01/03.md).
 
 # Gaza
 
-"the people of Gaza"
+Here "Gaza" represents the people of the region of Gaza. Alternate translation: "the people of Gaza" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]])
+
+# I will not turn away punishment
+
+Yahweh uses two negatives here to emphasize that he would punish them. See how you translated these words in [Amos 1:3](../01/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-litotes]])
 
 # hand them over to
 
@@ -12,5 +16,5 @@ See how you translated similar phrases in verse 3.
 
 # Edom
 
-"the people of Edom" 
+Here "Edom" represents the people of the country of Edom. Alternate translation: "the people of Edom" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]])
 

amo/01/07.md

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 # it will devour her fortresses
 
-"it will burn down Gaza's fortresses"
+Here Yahweh's judgment is spoken of as if it were a fire that was consuming the fortresses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
 

amo/01/08.md

@@ -1,12 +1,20 @@
-# cut off the man ... who holds the scepter
+# Connecting Statement:
 
-See how you translated these phrases in verse 5.
+Yahweh continues his message of judgment on Gaza.
+
+# cut off the man
+
+Here to "cut off" means either to destroy or to drive away, as one would cut a piece of cloth or cut a branch from a tree. Alternate translation: "destroy the man" or "drive away the man" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
+
+# the man who holds the scepter
+
+This is a metonym for the ruler of that city or region. Alternate translation: "the ruler" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]])
 
 # I will turn my hand against Ekron
 
-"I will strike Ekron" or "I will destroy Ekron"
+Here "hand" represents Yahweh's power that he would use against Ekron. Alternate translation: "I will strike Ekron" or "I will destroy Ekron" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]])
 
 # Ekron
 
-Edron was a city.
+Here "Ekron" represents the people of the city of Ekron. Alternate translation: "the people of Ekron" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]])
 

amo/01/09.md

@@ -1,6 +1,14 @@
+# For three sins of ... even for four
+
+This is a poetic device. It does not mean that a specific number of sins had been committed, but indicates that many sins had led to God's judgment. See how you translated these words in [Amos 1:3](../01/03.md).
+
 # Tyre
 
-"the people of Tyre"
+Here "Tyre" represents the people of the city of Tyre. Alternate translation: "the people of Tyre" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]])
+
+# I will not turn away punishment
+
+Yahweh uses two negatives here to emphasize that he would punish them. See how you translated these words in [Amos 1:3](../01/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-litotes]])
 
 # their covenant of brotherhood
 

amo/01/10.md

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+# it will devour her fortresses
+
+Here Yahweh's judgment is spoken of as if it were a fire that was consuming the fortresses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
+

amo/01/11.md

@@ -1,10 +1,18 @@
+# For three sins of ... even for four
+
+This is a poetic device. It does not mean that a specific number of sins had been committed, but indicates that many sins had led to God's judgment. See how you translated these words in [Amos 1:3](../01/03.md).
+
 # Edom
 
-"the people of Edom"
+Here "Edom" represents the people of the country of Edom. Alternate translation: "the people of Edom" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]])
+
+# I will not turn away punishment
+
+Yahweh uses two negatives here to emphasize that he would punish them. See how you translated these words in [Amos 1:3](../01/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-litotes]])
 
 # he pursued his brother
 
-"they pursued their brothers, the people of Israel." The people of Edom and the people of Israel were the descendants of Esau and Jacob, who were brothers. 
+The assumed knowledge is that Esau, from whom the people of Edom were descended, was the brother of Jacob, from whom the people of Israel were descended. Here "his brother" represents the people of Israel. Alternate translation: "he pursued the people of Israel" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]])
 
 # cast off all pity
 
@@ -12,9 +20,9 @@
 
 # His anger tore them apart continually
 
-"He was angry and continued to do great harm to them." If your language has a word for "tear apart" that implies that the subject is an animal, you might want to use it here. 
+The abstract noun "anger" can be translated using the adjective "angry." Here it is a metonym for a person who is angry and who tears his victims apart. If your language has a word for "tear apart" that implies that the subject is an animal, you might want to use it here. Alternate translation: "He was angry and did great harm to his victims" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-abstractnouns]])
 
 # his wrath lasted forever
 
-"he stayed angry forever" 
+The abstract noun "wrath" can be translated using the adjective "furious." This is an exaggeration that is meant to express the ongoing nature of his wrath. Alternate translation: "he was always furious" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-abstractnouns]])
 

amo/01/12.md

@@ -1,4 +1,8 @@
 # Teman ... Bozrah
 
-These are names of places. 
+These are names of places. See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]]
+
+# it will devour the palaces of Bozrah
+
+Here Yahweh's judgment is spoken of as if it were a fire that was consuming the palaces. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
 

amo/01/13.md

@@ -1,3 +1,11 @@
+# For three sins of ... even for four
+
+This is a poetic device. It does not mean that a specific number of sins had been committed, but indicates that many sins had led to God's judgment. See how you translated these words in [Amos 1:3](../01/03.md).
+
+# I will not turn away punishment
+
+Yahweh uses two negatives here to emphasize that he would punish them. See how you translated these words in [Amos 1:3](../01/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-litotes]])
+
 # enlarge their borders
 
 "extend their boundaries" or "expand their territory"

amo/01/14.md

@@ -1,8 +1,20 @@
+# Connecting Statement:
+
+Yahweh continues his message of judgment on the people of Ammon.
+
+# it will devour the palaces
+
+Here Yahweh's judgment is spoken of as if it were a fire that was consuming the palaces. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
+
 # with a tempest in the day of the whirlwind
 
-"and the fighting will be like a great storm" 
+The fighting against the people of Ammon is spoken of as if it were a violent storm. Alternate translation: "and the fighting will be like a great storm" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
 
 # tempest ... whirlwind
 
-These are two kinds of violent storms. A whirlwind is a strong wind that spins very quickly.
+These are two kinds of violent storms.
+
+# whirlwind
+
+a strong wind that spins very quickly as it moves and can cause damage
 

amo/01/15.md

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 # Their king will go into captivity
 
-"Their enemies will capture their king and take him away as a prisoner"
+The abstract noun "captivity" can be translated as the verb "capture." This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: "Their enemies will capture their king and take him away as a prisoner" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]])
 

amo/01/intro.md

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+# Amos 1 General Notes
+
+### Structure and formatting
+
+This book is written in a poetic form. Because it was written by a farmer, it includes many references to agricultural concepts. 
+
+#### "For three sins of Judah, even for four"
+The phrase "For three sins of Judah, even for four," is used to begin each oracle. This is not intended to be a literal count but is an idiom indicating a large number of sins. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) 
+
+## Links:
+
+* __[Amos 1:1 Notes](./01.md)__
+* __[Amos intro](../front/intro.md)__
+
+__| [>>](../02/intro.md)__
+

amo/02/01.md

@@ -1,16 +1,20 @@
 # For three sins of ... even for four
 
-This means that the people sinned repeatedly. See how you translated these words in Amos 1:3.
+This is a poetic device. It does not mean that a specific number of sins had been committed, but indicates that many sins had led to God's judgment. See how you translated these words in [Amos 1:3](../01/03.md).
 
 # Moab
 
-"the people of Moab" 
+This represents the Moabite people. Alternate translation: "the people of Moab" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]])
 
 # I will not turn away punishment
 
-"I will certainly punish them." See how you translated this in Amos 1:4
+Yahweh uses two negatives here to emphasize that he would punish them. See how you translated these words in [Amos 1:3](../01/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-litotes]])
 
-# he burned the bones ... to lime
+# he burned the bones
 
-"the people of Moab burned the bones ... to ashes"
+The word "he" refers to Moab. Alternate translation: "the people of Moab burned the bones"
+
+# to lime
+
+"to ashes"
 

amo/02/02.md

@@ -1,6 +1,14 @@
+# Connecting Statement:
+
+Yahweh continues his message of judgment on the people of Moab.
+
 # Kerioth
 
-This is the name of a city or town. 
+This is the name of a city or town. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]])
+
+# Moab will die
+
+Here "Moab" represents the people of Moab. Alternate translation: "The people of Moab will die" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]])
 
 # in an uproar
 

amo/02/04.md

@@ -1,12 +1,20 @@
-# For three sins of ... even for four ... I will not turn away punishment
+# For three sins of ... even for four
 
-See how you translated these words in Amos 1:3 and 2:1.
+This is a poetic device. It does not mean that a specific number of sins had been committed, but indicates that many sins had led to God's judgment. See how you translated these words in [Amos 1:3](../01/03.md).
 
 # Judah
 
-"the people of Judah" 
+This represents the people of Judah. Alternate translation: "the people of Judah" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]])
 
-# after which their fathers had also walked
+# I will not turn away punishment
 
-"which their ancestors also followed" or "the same lies that their ancestors followed"
+Yahweh uses two negatives here to emphasize that he will punish them. See how you translated these words in [Amos 1:3](../01/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-litotes]])
+
+# Their lies
+
+This expression here probably refers to worshiping false gods or idols. Alternate translation: "Their worship of idols" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
+
+# go astray ... walked
+
+Worshiping false gods is spoken of as if people were walking behind them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
 

amo/02/05.md

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 # it will devour the fortresses of Jerusalem
 
-"it will burn down the fortresses of Jerusalem." See how you translated a similar phrase in Amos 1:4. 
+Here Yahweh's judgment is spoken of as if it were a fire that was consuming the fortresses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
 

amo/02/06.md

@@ -1,8 +1,20 @@
+# For three sins of ... even for four
+
+This is a poetic device. It does not meaan that a specific number of sins had been committed, but indicates that many of sins had led to God's judgment. See how you translated these words in [Amos 1:3](../01/03.md).
+
 # Israel
 
-"the people of Israel" 
+This represents the Israelite people. Alternate translation: "the people of Israel" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]])
 
-# the innocent ... the needy
+# I will not turn away punishment
 
-"innocent people ... needy people"
+Yahweh uses two negatives here to emphasize that he would punish them. See how you translated these words in [Amos 1:3](../01/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-litotes]])
+
+# the innocent
+
+This refers to innocent people in general. Alternate translation: "innocent people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-nominaladj]])
+
+# the needy
+
+This refers to needy people in general. Alternate translation: "needy people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-nominaladj]])
 

amo/02/07.md

@@ -1,12 +1,32 @@
+# General Information:
+
+The word "they" in these verses refers to the people of Israel.
+
+# Connecting Statement:
+
+Yahweh continues his message of judgment on the people of Israel.
+
+# They trample on the heads of the poor as people trample on dust on the ground
+
+How the people of Israel treated the poor is compared to how people step heavily on the ground (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-simile]])
+
 # trample
 
 repeatedly step heavily or roughly
 
-# the poor ... the oppressed
+# the poor
 
-"poor people ... oppressed people"
+This refers to poor people in general. Alternate translation: "poor people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-nominaladj]])
+
+# they push the oppressed away
+
+This idiom means they refused to listen when the oppressed people said they were being treated unfairly (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom]])
+
+# the oppressed
+
+This refers to oppressed people in general. Alternate translation: "oppressed people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-nominaladj]])
 
 # go to the same girl
 
-"have sexual relations with the same girl" or "lie down with the same girl" 
+This is a polite way of talking about having sexual relations. Alternate translation: "have sexual relations with the same girl" or "lie with the same girl" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-euphemism]])
 

amo/02/08.md

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 # those who have been forced to pay a fine
 
-"those whom they forced to pay a penalty"
+This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "those whom they forced to pay a penalty" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]])
 

amo/02/09.md

@@ -1,12 +1,24 @@
-# the Amorite
+# General Information:
 
-"the Amorites" or "the Amorite people"
+The words "them" and "you" in these verses both refer to the people of Israel.
+
+# Connecting Statement:
+
+Yahweh continues his message of judgment on the people of Israel.
 
 # whose height was like the height of cedars; he was strong as the oaks
 
- "who were tall like cedar trees and strong like oak trees"
+This is an exaggeration. It describes how tall and strong the Amorite people were and compares them to the tallest and strongest trees in that region. Alternate translation: "who were tall and strong like great trees" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-simile]])
+
+# cedars
+
+cedar trees
+
+# oaks
+
+oak trees
 
 # Yet I destroyed his fruit above and his roots below
 
-"Yet I destroyed them completely"
+How Yahweh completely destroyed the Amorites is pictured as a tree being destroyed from top to bottom. Alternate translation: "Yet I destroyed them completely" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-merism]])
 

amo/02/10.md

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 # General Information:
 
-The words "you" refers to the people of Israel.
+This page has intentionally been left blank.
 

amo/02/11.md

@@ -1,12 +1,20 @@
+# General Information:
+
+The words "your" and "you" in these verses refer to the people of Israel.
+
+# Connecting Statement:
+
+Yahweh continues his message of judgment on the people of Israel.
+
 # raised up
 
-"appointed" or "sent"
+"appointed"
 
 # Is it not so, people of Israel?
 
-"You people of Israel certainly know that this is true!" 
+Yahweh asks this question to emphasize what he has said. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "You people of Israel certainly know that what I have said is true!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]])
 
 # this is Yahweh's declaration
 
-"this is what Yahweh has declared" or "this is what I, Yahweh, have declared"
+Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Alternate translation: "this is what Yahweh has declared" or "this is what I, Yahweh, have declared" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-123person]])
 

amo/02/12.md

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+# General Information:
+
+This page has intentionally been left blank.
+

amo/02/14.md

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 # Escape will perish from the swift
 
-"Even people who can run fast will not be able to escape"
+Possible meanings are 1) even people who usually can run fast will be unable to escape, or 2) there will be no safe place to which even fast runners can escape.
 
 # the swift ... the strong ... the mighty
 
-"Swift people ... strong people ... mighty people" or "The swift person ... the strong person ... the mighty person" 
+These adjectives refer to people in general. Alternate translation: "Swift people ... strong people ... mighty people" or "The strong person ... the strong person ... the mighty person" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-nominaladj]])
 

amo/02/15.md

@@ -1,4 +1,12 @@
+# Connecting Statement:
+
+Yahweh continues his message of judgment on the people of Israel.
+
 # The archer will not stand
 
 Here "stand" means to keep one's place in battle.
 
+# the fast runner will not escape
+
+The implied information is that the fast runner will not escape from his enemies. Alternate translation: "the fast runner will be captured" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]])
+

amo/02/16.md

@@ -1,8 +1,12 @@
 # flee naked
 
-Possible meanings are "run away without his weapons" or "run away wearing no clothes." 
+Possible meanings are 1) this is a metonym for "run away without his weapons" or 2) this is meant literally as "run away wearing no clothes" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]])
 
 # in that day
 
 "at that time"
 
+# this is Yahweh's declaration
+
+Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Amos 2:11](../02/11.md). Alternate translation: "this is what Yahweh has declared" or "this is what I, Yahweh, have declared" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-123person]])
+

amo/02/intro.md

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+# Amos 2 General Notes
+
+### Structure and formatting
+
+This chapter consists of oracles against Moab and Judah by using poetic language and imagery. But the UDB translates it using prose. If possible, translate this chapter as poetry, but you may translate as narrative. 
+
+### Important figures of speech in this chapter
+
+#### Idiom
+You will notice that the phrase "For three sins of Judah, even for four," is used to begin each of these oracles. This is not intended to be a literal count but is an idiom indicating a large number of sins. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) 
+
+## Links:
+
+* __[Amos 2:1 Notes](./01.md)__
+
+__[<<](../01/intro.md) | [>>](../03/intro.md)__
+

amo/03/01.md

@@ -4,12 +4,13 @@
 
 # that Yahweh has spoken against you ... against the whole family
 
-"that Yahweh has spoken about you ... about the whole family"
+"this word that Yahweh has spoken about you ... about the whole family" or "Yahweh's message about you ... about the whole family"
 
 # you, people of Israel ... the whole family that I brought up out of the land of Egypt
 
-These two phrases refer to the same group of people. God is speaking to the descendants of those he had taken out of Egypt.
+These two phrases refer to the same group of people. The people God is speaking to are the descendants of those he had taken out of Egypt.
 
 # the whole family
 
-"the whole nation" or "the whole clan"
+Here "the whole family" represents to the whole nation. The people of Israel were all descendants of Jacob. Alternate translation: "the whole nation" or "the whole clan" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]])
+

amo/03/02.md

@@ -1,4 +1,12 @@
+# I have chosen only you from all the families of the earth
+
+This implies that they should have obeyed him. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "I have chosen only you from all the families of the earth, so you should have obeyed me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]])
+
 # all the families of the earth
 
-"all the nations of the earth" or "all the clans on the earth"
+Here "families" represents nations or people groups. Alternate translation: "all the nations of the earth" or "all the clans on the earth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]])
+
+# Therefore I will punish you for all your iniquities
+
+It can be stated clearly that they did not obey God. Alternate translation: "But you did not obey me. Therefore I will punish you for all your iniquities" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]])
 

amo/03/03.md

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 # General Information:
 
-Amos uses the questions in verses 3-6 to present examples of things that people already know concerning what causes things to happen.
+Amos uses the questions in verses 3-6 to present examples of things that people already know about what causes things to happen and what are the results of things that happen. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]])
 
 # Will two walk together unless they have made an appointment?
 
-"Two people will walk together only if they have first agreed to walk together." or "You know that two people will walk together only if they have made an appointment to do that."
+Amos uses this question to remind people of what they already know about what must happen in order for two people to walk together. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "Two people will walk together only if they have first agreed to walk together." or "You know that two people will walk together only if they have made an appointment to do that." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]])
 

amo/03/04.md

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 # Will a lion roar in the forest when he has no prey?
 
-"A lion roars in the forest only when it has a prey." 
+Amos uses this question to remind people of what they already know about what causes a lion to roar. The question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "A lion will roar in the forest only when he has a prey." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]])
 
 # Will a young lion growl from his den if he has caught nothing?
 
-"A young lion growls from his den only if he has caught something."
+Amos uses this question to remind people of what they already know about what causes a lion to growl. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "A young lion will growl from his den only if he has caught something." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]])
 

amo/03/05.md

@@ -1,8 +1,16 @@
+# General Information:
+
+Amos uses the questions in verses 3-6 to present examples of things that people already know about what causes things to happen and what are the results of things that happen. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]])
+
 # Can a bird fall in a trap on the ground when no bait is set for him?
 
- "A bird can fall into a trap on the ground only when someone has set bait for it."
+Amos uses this question to remind people of what they already know about what causes a bird to fall into a trap. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "A bird can fall into a trap on the ground only when bait has been set for him." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]])
 
 # Will a trap spring up from the ground when it has not caught anything?
 
-"A trap springs up from the ground only when it has caught something." or "A trap closes only when it has caught something."
+Amos uses this question to remind people of what they already know about what causes a trap to spring up. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "A trap will spring up from the ground only when it has caught something." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]])
+
+# Will a trap spring up from the ground
+
+This refers to a trap closing. When an animal steps on a trap, the trap closes and the animal cannot get out of it. Alternate translation: "Will a trap close"
 

amo/03/06.md

@@ -1,8 +1,20 @@
 # If a ram's horn sounds in a city, will the people not tremble?
 
-"When the ram's horn sounds in the city, surely the people will tremble." or "When someone blows  the ram's horn in the city, people will certainly be afraid." Blowing the ram's horn was a warning that enemies were about to attack.
+Amos uses this question to remind people of what they already know about what happens when a ram's horn sounds. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "When the ram's horn sounds in the city, the people will tremble." or "When the ram's horn sounds in the city, we expect that people will tremble." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]])
+
+# If a ram's horn sounds in a city
+
+The purpose of sounding the ram's horn is to warn people that enemies are about to attack the city. Alternate translation: "If someone blows the ram's horn in the city to warn the people about an enemy attack" or "If the warning ram's horn is blown in the city" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]])
+
+# tremble
+
+The reason for trembling can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "tremble because they are afraid" or "be afraid of the enemy and tremble" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]])
 
 # If disaster overtakes a city, has Yahweh not sent it?
 
- "If disaster overtakes a city, surely Yahweh has sent it." or "If something terrible happens to city, we know that Yahweh has caused it." 
+Amos uses this question to remind the people of what they should already know about what causes a disaster. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "If disaster overtakes a city, Yahweh has sent it." or "If disaster overtakes a city, we know that Yahweh has sent it." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]])
+
+# If disaster overtakes a city,
+
+Something terrible happening to a city is spoken of as if disaster overtakes it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
 

amo/03/07.md

@@ -1,4 +1,12 @@
-# Surely the Lord Yahweh will do nothing unless he reveals his plans to his servants the prophets
+# Surely the Lord Yahweh will do nothing unless ... the prophets
 
-"So also, the Lord Yahweh will not do anything unless he reveals his plans to his servants the prophets" or "Surely the Lord Yahweh will reveal his plans to his servants the prophets before he does anything"
+The relationship between this sentence and the rhetorical questions in [Amos 3:3](../03/03.md) to [Amos 3:6](./06.md) can be shown with the words "So also." Alternate translation: "So also, the Lord Yahweh will do nothing unless ... the prophets" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]])
+
+# Surely the Lord Yahweh will do nothing unless he reveals ... prophets
+
+This can be stated positively. Alternate translation: "Surely the Lord Yahweh will reveal ... prophets before he does anything" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-doublenegatives]])
+
+# his plan
+
+"his secret plan"
 

amo/03/08.md

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 # The lion has roared; who will not fear?
 
-"The lion has roared; so of course people are afraid." 
+Amos uses this question to remind people of what people do when a lion roars. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "The lion has roared; so we know that everyone will be afraid." or "The lion has roared; so of course everyone will be afraid." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]])
 
 # The Lord Yahweh has spoken; who will not prophesy?
 
-"The Lord Yahweh has spoken; so of course the prophets prophesy."
+Amos uses this question to emphasize what people should already know about what prophets do when God speaks. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "The Lord Yahweh has spoken; so we know that the prophets will prophesy." or "The Lord Yahweh has spoken; so of course the prophets will prophesy." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]])
 

amo/03/09.md

@@ -2,11 +2,15 @@
 
 This command is to Israel's enemies in Ashdod and Egypt.
 
+# see what great tumults are in her
+
+The word "her" refers to the city of Samaria. Cities were often spoken of as if they were women. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-personification]])
+
 # what great tumults are in her
 
-"how the people in Samaria riot" or "how the people in Samaria fight against one another"
+Here "great tumults is in her" refers to people's fear because of the fighting and rioting there. The word "tumults" can be translated with a verbal phrase to make this meaning explicit. Alternate translation: "how the people in Samaria riot" or "how the people in Samaria fight against one another" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-abstractnouns]])
 
 # what oppression is in her
 
-"how the leaders in Samaria oppress people" or "and how they cause people to suffer"
+Here "oppression is in her" refers to leaders in Samaria oppressing the people. The abstract noun "oppress" can be stated as "oppress" or "cause to suffer." Alternate translation: "how the leaders oppress people" or "and how they cause people to suffer" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-abstractnouns]])
 

amo/03/10.md

@@ -1,4 +1,12 @@
+# For they do not know how to do right
+
+The word "they" refers to the people of Samaria.
+
+# do right
+
+"do what is right"
+
 # They store up violence and devastation
 
-"They store up things that they have violently stolen" 
+Here "violence" and "devastation" represent things they have taken by being violent and destructive. Alternate translation: "They store up things that they have violently stolen from others" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]])
 

amo/03/11.md

@@ -1,8 +1,12 @@
+# Therefore, this is what the Lord Yahweh says
+
+It can be stated clearly who God was saying this to. Alternate translation: "Therefore, this is what the Lord Yahweh says to the people of Israel living in Samaria" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]])
+
 # An enemy will surround the land
 
 "An enemy army will surround the land"
 
 # plunder your fortresses
 
-"steal everything in your fortresses"
+"steal all the things in your fortresses"
 

amo/03/12.md

@@ -1,8 +1,20 @@
 # As the shepherd rescues ... so will the people of Israel ... be rescued
 
-The Lord compares the people of Israel being rescued with an unsuccessful attempt to rescue an animal from a lion. They will not be completely rescued. 
+The Lord compares the people of Israel being rescued with an unsuccessful attempt to rescue an animal from a lion. They will not be completely rescued. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-simile]])
 
 # As the shepherd rescues out of the mouth of the lion two legs only, or a piece of an ear
 
-"As a shepherd tries to rescue an animal from the lion's mouth but is able to save only two legs or a piece of an ear" 
+It can be stated clearly that the shepherd tries to rescue the whole animal. Alternate translation: "As the shepherd tries to rescue an animal from the lion's mouth, but is able to save only two legs or a piece of an ear" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]])
+
+# As the shepherd ... the lion
+
+Here the phrases "the shepherd" and "the lion" refer to any shepherd or lion. Alternate translation: "As a shepherd ... a lion" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-genericnoun]])
+
+# they will be left with only the corner of a couch or a piece of a bed
+
+This phrase shows that they will not be completely rescued. Almost all of their possessions will be stolen. This passage in Hebrew is difficult to understand, and some modern versions interpret it differently.
+
+# couch
+
+This is a soft chair big enough to lie down on.
 

amo/03/13.md

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 # the house of Jacob
 
-"the descendants of Jacob"
+The word "house" is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to Jacob's descendants. They were the people of Israel. Alternate translation: "the descendants of Jacob" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]])
 
 # this is the declaration of the Lord Yahweh, the God of hosts
 
- "this is what the Lord Yahweh, the God of hosts, has declared"
+Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated the similar phrase "this is Yahweh's declaration" in [Amos 2:11](../02/11.md). Alternate translation: "this is what the Lord Yahweh, the God of hosts, has declared" or "this is what I, the Lord Yahweh, the God of hosts, have declared" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-123person]])
 

amo/03/14.md

@@ -4,7 +4,11 @@
 
 # I will also punish the altars of Bethel
 
-"I will also destroy the altars at Bethel" 
+People sinned against God by worshiping false gods at their altars. Here "punish the altars" represents punishing the people by destroying their altars. Alternate translation: "I will also destroy the altars at Bethel" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]])
+
+# The horns of the altar will be cut off and fall to the ground
+
+This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Your enemies will cut off the horns of the altars, and the horns will fall to the ground" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]])
 
 # horns of the altar
 

amo/03/15.md

@@ -1,12 +1,24 @@
 # the winter house with the summer house
 
- "the houses they live in during the winter and the houses they live in during the summer." Some of the wealthy people had two houses.
+Some of the wealthy people had two houses: one that they lived in during the winter and one that they lived in during the summer. This refers to any winter and summer houses. Alternate translation: "the houses they live in during the winter and the houses they live in during the summer" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-genericnoun]])
 
 # The houses of ivory will perish
 
-"The houses of ivory will be destroyed" or "The houses that are decorated with ivory will collapse." Ivory comes from the teeth and tusks of large animals. It was very expensive, so only the wealthy people had it.
+God speaks of the houses being destroyed as if they were alive and would die. Alternate translation: "The houses of ivory will be destroyed" or "The houses of ivory will collapse" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-personification]])
+
+# The houses of ivory
+
+"the houses that are decorated with ivory." This refers to houses that had decorations made of ivory on the walls and furniture. Ivory was very expensive, so only the wealthy people had things decorated with ivory.
+
+# ivory
+
+the teeth and horns of large animals
 
 # the large houses will vanish
 
-"the large houses will exist no more" or "the large houses will be destroyed"
+"the large houses will exist no more." Here "vanish" represents being destroyed. Alternate translation: "the large houses will be destroyed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
+
+# this is Yahweh's declaration
+
+Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Amos 2:11](../02/11.md). Alternate translation: "this is what Yahweh has declared" or "this is what I, Yahweh, have declared" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-123person]])
 

amo/03/intro.md

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+# Amos 3 General Notes
+
+### Structure and formatting
+
+Amos continues to use poetic form in this chapter to prophesy the disaster coming to the kingdoms of Israel and Judah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])
+
+### Important figures of speech in this chapter
+
+#### Rhetorical Questions
+This chapter begins with a number of rhetorical questions. The last question provides the reader with some answers: "Yahweh has certainly spoken through his prophets. So listen to them."  The answer to these rhetorical questions have the expected response of "no" because they are things that are not expected to happen. The writer is helping the reader to conclude that God uses the prophets to speak his message. 
+
+## Links:
+
+* __[Amos 3:1 Notes](./01.md)__
+
+__[<<](../02/intro.md) | [>>](../04/intro.md)__
+

amo/04/01.md

@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 # you cows of Bashan, you who are in the mountain of Samaria
 
-"you wealthy women who live in the mountains of Samaria, you who are like the well-fed cows of Bashan"
+Amos speaks to the women of Israel who live in Samaria as if they were well-fed cows. Alternate translation: "you wealthy women who live in the mountains of Samaria, you who are like the well-fed cows of Bashan" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
 
 # you who oppress the poor
 
-"you who oppress poor people" 
+The phrase "the poor" refers to poor people. Alternate translation: "you who oppress poor people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-nominaladj]])
 
 # you who crush the needy
 
-"you who hurt needy people" or "you who harm people who need help"
+Hear "crush" is a metaphor that represents treating people badly. The phrase "the needy" refers to people who need help. Alternate translation: "you who treat needy people badly" or "you who hurt needy people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-nominaladj]])
 

amo/04/02.md

@@ -1,11 +1,16 @@
 # The Lord Yahweh has sworn by his holiness
 
-"The Lord Yahweh has promised, and his holiness confirms it" or "The Lord is holy and he has sworn"
+This means that Yahweh promised that he would do something, and he assured people that he would do what he promised because he is holy.
+
+# the days will come on you
+
+The word "you" refers to the wealthy women of Israel who lived in Samaria, but also includes men.
 
 # the days will come on you when they will take you away with hooks
 
-"There will be a time when your enemies will take you away with hooks"
+A time in the future when bad things will happen to the people is spoken of as if those days will attack the people. The word "they" refers to their enemies. Alternate translation: "There will be a time when your enemies will take you away with hooks" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
 
 # they will take you away with hooks, the last of you with fishhooks
 
-"they will capture you as people capture animals and take you all away"
+These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize that the enemy will capture the people like people catch fish. Alternate translation: "they will capture you as people capture animals, and they take you away" or "they will defeat you and cruelly force you to go away with them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
+

amo/04/03.md

@@ -1,12 +1,20 @@
+# Connecting Statement:
+
+God continues to speak to the people of Israel.
+
 # breaks in the city wall
 
 places where the enemy had broken down the city wall to enter
 
 # you will be thrown out toward Harmon
 
-"they will throw you out toward Harmon" or "your enemies will force you to leave the city and go toward Harmon." Harmon is either the name of a place that we do not know, or it refers to Mount Hermon. 
+This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "they will throw you out toward Harmon" or "your enemies will force you to leave the city and go toward Harmon" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]])
+
+# Harmon
+
+This is either the name of a place that we do not know, or it refers to Mount Hermon. Some modern versions interpret it in that way. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]])
 
 # this is Yahweh's declaration
 
-"this is what Yahweh has declared" or "this is what I, Yahweh, have declared"
+Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated these words in [Amos 2:11](../02/11.md). Alternate translation: "this is what Yahweh has declared" or "this is what I, Yahweh, have declared" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-123person]])
 

amo/04/04.md

@@ -1,12 +1,20 @@
 # General Information:
 
-The people of Israel only pretended to obey God's commands. So in verses 4 and 5, God gives several commands to show them that he is angry with them for not obeying him fully.
+God gives several commands in verse 4, but he does so to show that he is angry
+
+# Connecting Statement:
+
+God continues to speak to the people of Israel.
 
 # Go to Bethel and sin, to Gilgal and multiply transgression
 
- "You go to Bethel to worship, but you sin. You go to Gilgal to worship, and you sin even more"
+People would go to Bethel and Gilgal to make sacrifices to God, but they kept sinning anyway. God makes these commands to show that he is angry with them for doing these things. These commands can be expressed as statements. Alternate translation: "You go to Bethel to worship, but you sin. You go to Gilgal to worship, but you sin even more" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-irony]])
 
 # bring your sacrifices ... every three days
 
-"You bring your sacrifices ... every three days, but it does no good"
+God makes these commands in order to show the people that he is angry that even though they do these things, they continue to sin against him in other ways. These commands can be expressed as statements. Alternate translation: "You bring your sacrifices ... every three days, but it does you no good." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-irony]])
+
+# every three days
+
+Possible meanings are 1) on the third day or 3) every third day. Some versions have "every three years," because the Israelites were supposed to bring their tithes to God once every three years.
 

amo/04/05.md

@@ -1,4 +1,16 @@
+# Offer a thanksgiving sacrifice ... proclaim freewill offerings; announce them, for this is what you love to do
+
+God makes these commands in order to show the people that even though they do these things, he is angry because they continue to sin against him in other ways. Use the form in your language that shows that they will do these things no matter what Yahweh says, but these things will do them no good. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-irony]])
+
 # announce them
 
 "boast about them"
 
+# for this is what you love to do, you people of Israel
+
+Yahweh rebukes them for being proud about their offerings and sacrifices. They think that God should be pleased with them, but he is not. Alternate translation: "for this is what you love to do, you people of Israel. But it does not please me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]])
+
+# this is the declaration of the Lord Yahweh
+
+Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated the similar phrase "this is Yahweh's declaration" in [Amos 2:11](../02/11.md). Alternate translation: "this is what the Lord Yahweh declares" or "this is what I, the Lord Yahweh, have declared" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-123person]])
+

amo/04/06.md

@@ -1,12 +1,20 @@
+# Connecting Statement:
+
+God continues to speak to the people of Israel.
+
 # I gave you cleanness of teeth
 
-Having clean teeth represents having no food in the mouth to make the teeth dirty. Alternate translation: "I kept food away from your teeth" or "I caused you to starve" 
+Here having clean teeth represents having no food in the mouth to make the teeth dirty. Alternate translation: "I caused you to starve" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]])
 
-# and lack of bread
+# lack of bread
 
-"and I caused you not to have enough food" 
+Giving them "lack of bread" represents causing them to lack bread, and "bread" represents food in general. Alternate translation: "I caused you not to have enough food" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]])
 
 # you have not returned to me
 
-"you have not submitted to me" 
+Returning to God represents submitting again to him. Alternate translation: "you have not submitted again to me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
+
+# this is Yahweh's declaration
+
+Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated these words in [Amos 2:11](../02/11.md). Alternate translation: "this is what Yahweh has declared" or "this is what I, Yahweh, have declared" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-123person]])
 

amo/04/07.md

@@ -2,7 +2,15 @@
 
 "I prevented the rain from falling on your crops"
 
+# when there were still three months to the harvest
+
+It can be stated clearly that the people needed the rain. Alternate translation: "when there were still three months to the harvest and your crops needed the rain" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]])
+
 # One piece of land was rained on
 
-"It rained on one piece of land" or "Some pieces of land got rain"
+This can be stated in active form. The phrase "One piece of land" represents any piece of land." Alternate translation: "It rained on one piece of land" or "It rained on some pieces of land" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]])
+
+# the piece of land where it did not rain
+
+This refers to any piece of land where it did not rain. Alternate translation: "the pieces of land where it did not rain" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-genericnoun]])
 

amo/04/08.md

@@ -1,4 +1,12 @@
 # Two or three cities staggered
 
-"The people of two or three cities staggered" 
+Here "cities" represents the people of those cities. Alternate translation: "The people of two or three cities staggered" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]])
+
+# you have not returned to me
+
+Returning to God represents submitting again to him. See how you translated this in [Amos 4:6](../04/06.md). Alternate translation: "you have not submitted again to me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
+
+# this is Yahweh's declaration
+
+Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated these words in [Amos 2:11](../02/11.md). Alternate translation: "this is what Yahweh has declared" or "this is what I, Yahweh, have declared" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-123person]])
 

amo/04/09.md

@@ -1,4 +1,12 @@
 # I afflicted you with blight and mildew
 
-"I afflicted your crops with blight and mildew" or "I destroyed your crops with blight and mildew." Blight and mildew are diseases that kill plants.
+Here "afflicted you" represents afflicting their crops. Alternate translation: "I afflicted your crops with blight and mildew" or "I destroyed your crops with blight and mildew" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]])
+
+# blight
+
+This is a disease that dries and kills plants. It is caused by the hot wind from the desert.
+
+# mildew
+
+This is another disease that kills plants.
 

amo/04/10.md

@@ -1,16 +1,28 @@
 # I sent a plague on you as on Egypt
 
-"I caused terrible things to happen to you as I did to Egypt"
+"I sent a plague on you as I did on Egypt" or "I sent a plague on you as I sent plagues on Egypt"
+
+# I sent a plague on you
+
+"I caused terrible things to happen to you"
 
 # I killed your young men with the sword
 
-"I made your enemies kill your men in battle"
+Here "the sword" represents battle. God killed them by sending enemies to fight against them. Alternate translation: "I made your enemies kill your men in battle" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]])
 
 # along with the captivity of your horses
 
-"and I caused your horses to be taken captive or "and I made your enemies take your horses captive and kill them"
+Possible meanings are 1) God also killed the horses that the Israelites had captured from other people, or 2) God also captured the Israelites' horses. (See [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-abstractnouns]])
 
 # made the stench of your camp come up to your nostrils
 
-"I made you smell the terrible odor of the dead bodies in your camp"
+A stench is a bad smell. The stench coming up to their nostrils represents them smelling something terrible. It can be stated clearly that the smell was from the dead bodies of those who were killed. Alternate translation: "I made you smell the terrible odor of the dead bodies in your camp" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]])
+
+# you have not returned to me
+
+Returning to God represents submitting again to him. See how you translated this in [Amos 4:6](../04/06.md). Alternate translation: "you have not submitted again to me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
+
+# this is Yahweh's declaration
+
+Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated these words in [Amos 2:11](../02/11.md). Alternate translation: "this is what Yahweh has declared" or "this is what I, Yahweh, have declared" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-123person]])
 

amo/04/11.md

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 # You were like a burning stick snatched out of the fire
 
-"Some of you survived, like a burning stick that someone pulls out of a fire"
+God speaks of those who survived the plague and war as if they were a burning stick that someone pulled out of a fire. Alternate translation: "Some of you survived, like a burning stick that someone pulls out of a fire" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]])
 

amo/04/12.md

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+# Connecting Statement:
+
+God continues to speak to the people of Israel.
+
+# prepare to meet your God
+
+God says this to warn the people of Israel that he will judge them. Alternate translation: "prepare to meet me, your God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-123person]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]])
+

amo/04/13.md

@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
 # he who forms the mountains ... reveals his thoughts ... is his name
 
-It is not clear whether Amos is speaking about God, or God is speaking about himself.
+It is not clear whether Amos is speaking about God, or God is speaking about himself. If God is speaking about himself, it can be translated with the words "I" and "me." Alternate translation: "I who form the mountains ... reveal my thoughts ... is my name" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-123person]])
 
 # makes the dawn become darkness
 
-"makes the morning dark"
+Possible meanings are 1) God causes the day to be very dark with thick clouds. Alternate translation: "makes the morning dark" or 2) God causes time to pass, so every day becomes night. Alternate translation: "makes morning and evening"
 
 # treads on the high places of the earth
 
-"walks on the high places of the earth" or "and marches on the high places of the earth"
+God ruling over all the earth is spoken of as if he walks on the highest places of the earth. Alternate translation: "rules over all the earth" or "rules over even the highest places of the earth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
 
 # Yahweh, God of hosts, is his name
 
-By declaring his full name, Yahweh is declaring his power and authority to do these things. 
+By declaring his full name, Yahweh is declaring his power and authority to do these things. Your language may have a way for people to do this.
 

amo/04/intro.md

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+# Amos 4 General Notes
+
+### Structure and formatting
+
+This chapter is written in poetic form  and is about the people's refusal to listen to Yahweh even as he tries to point them back to himself. 
+
+### Special concepts in this chapter
+
+#### Repetition
+This chapter contains a repeated sentence: "Yet you have not returned to me—this is Yahweh's declaration." Please make sure this sentence is translated the same way each time to show the repetition. This repetition produces a list of sins Yahweh is mounting against his people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]])
+
+## Links:
+
+* __[Amos 4:1 Notes](./01.md)__
+
+__[<<](../03/intro.md) | [>>](../05/intro.md)__
+

amo/05/01.md

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 # house of Israel
 
-"people of Israel"
+The word "house" is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to Israel's descendants. Alternate translation: "you people of Israel" or "you Israelite people group" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]])
 

amo/05/02.md

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 # The virgin Israel has fallen ... no one to raise her up
 
-"The nation of Israel is like a woman who has fallen ... no one to help her get up"
+The phrase "The virgin Israel" represents the nation of Israel. The nation of Israel being destroyed and having no other nation to help them become strong again is spoken of as if it were a young woman who has fallen and has no one to raise her up. Alternate translation: "The nation of Israel is like a woman who has fallen ... no one to help her get up" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
 
 # she is abandoned on her land
 
-"People have abandoned her" or "they have left her"
+This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "People have abandoned her" or "they have left her" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]])
 

amo/05/03.md

@@ -1,8 +1,24 @@
+# The city that went out with a thousand ... the one that went out with a hundred
+
+These phrases refer to any cities that sent out large numbers of soldiers. Alternate translation: "Cities that went out with a thousand ... cities that went out with a hundred" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-genericnoun]])
+
+# The city that went out with a thousand will have a hundred remaining
+
+The phrases "a thousand" and "a hundred" refer to a thousand soldiers and a hundred soldiers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]])
+
 # The city that went out with a thousand
 
-"The city out of which a thousand soldiers went to fight" or "Cities that sent out a thousand soldiers to fight" 
+"The city that went out" represents the soldiers of that city going out. It can be stated clearly why they went out. Alternate translation: "The city out of which a thousand soldiers went to fight" or "The city that sent out a thousand soldiers to fight" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]])
 
 # will have a hundred remaining
 
-"will have only a hundred soldiers still alive" 
+"will have a hundred soldiers who have not been killed" or "will have only a hundred soldiers still alive." Here "remaining" refers to not being killed by the enemy.
+
+# for the house of Israel
+
+Possible meanings are 1) "to defend the house of Israel" or 2) "belonging to the house of Israel"
+
+# house of Israel
+
+The word "house" is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to Israel's descendants. See how you translated this in [Amos 5:1](./01.md). Alternate translation: "you people of Israel" or "you Israelite people group" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]])
 

amo/05/04.md

@@ -1,4 +1,8 @@
+# house of Israel
+
+The word "house" is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to Israel's descendants. See how you translated this in [Amos 5:1](./01.md). Alternate translation: "you people of Israel" or "you Israelite people group" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]])
+
 # Seek me
 
-"Come to me" or "Ask me for help" 
+Here "Seek me" represents asking God for help. Alternate translation: "Ask me for help" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
 

amo/05/05.md

@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
 # Do not seek Bethel
 
-"Do not go to Bethel to ask for help" 
+Here "seek Bethel" represents going to Bethel to ask for help. Alternate translation: "Do not go to Bethel to ask for help" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
 
 # nor enter Gilgal
 
 "and do not enter Gilgal"
 
-# Bethel ... Gilgal ... Beersheeba
-
-These were all cities.
-
 # For Gilgal will surely go into captivity
 
-"For the people of Gilgal will surely be captured and taken away" or "For your enemies will surely capture the people of Gilgal and take them away" 
+Here "Gilgal" represents the people of Gilgal, and going into captivity refers to being captured and taken away. Alternate translation: "For the people of Gilgal will surely be captured and taken away" or "For your enemies will surely capture the people of Gilgal and take them away" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]])
+
+# Bethel will become nothing
+
+Here "become nothing" represents being destroyed. Alternate translation: "Bethel will be completely destroyed" or "enemies will completely destroy Bethel" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
 

amo/05/06.md

@@ -1,16 +1,20 @@
+# Seek Yahweh
+
+Here "Seek Yahweh" represents asking him for help. Alternate translation: "Ask Yahweh for help" or "Ask me, Yahweh, for help" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
+
 # he will break out like fire
 
-"he will become like a fire that breaks out suddenly and destroys everything" or "he will destroy everything like a fire" 
+Here "break out like a fire" represents destroying things as fire destroys things. Alternate translation: "he will become like a fire that breaks out suddenly and destroys everything" or "he will destroy everything like a fire" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-simile]])
 
 # the house of Joseph
 
-"the descendants of Joseph" or "Israel"
+This phrase is a metonym for the descendants of Joseph. Here it represents the northern kingdom of Israel, whose two largest tribes were the descendants of Joseph. Alternate translation: "the descendants of Joseph" or "Israel" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-synecdoche]])
 
 # It will devour
 
-"The fire will destroy everything" 
+The word "it" refers to the fire, and "devour" represents destroying everything. God destroying everything is spoken of as if a fire were to destroy everything. Alternate translation: "It will destroy everything" or "He will destroy everything" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
 
 # there will be no one to quench it
 
-"there will no one to stop the fire"
+"there will no one to stop it" or "there will be no one to stop him from destroying everything"
 

amo/05/07.md

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 # turn justice into a bitter thing
 
-"say that they are doing what is just, but instead they harm people" or "refuse to do what is just and harm people instead" 
+Here "a bitter thing" represents actions that harm people, and "turn justice into a bitter thing" represents harming people rather than doing for them what is just. Alternate translation: "say that they are doing what is just, but instead they harm people" or "refuse to do what is just and harm people instead" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
 
 # throw righteousness down to the ground
 
-"treat righteousness as though it were as unimportant as dirt" or "you despise what is righteous" 
+This represents treating righteousness as if it were worthless. Alternate translation: "treat righteousness as though it were as unimportant as dirt" or "you despise what is righteous" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
 

amo/05/08.md

@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
 # the Pleiades and Orion
 
-"the groups of stars called Paeides and Orion" or "the stars"
+People saw patterns in the stars in the sky and gave names to them. These are two of those patterns. Alternate translation: "the stars" or "the groups of stars" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-unknown]])
 
 # he turns deep darkness into the morning ... day dark with night
 
-"he makes the night become morning, and he makes the day become night."
+"he makes the night become morning, and he makes the day become night." This refers to causing the times of the day.
 
 # calls for the waters ... on the surface of the earth
 
-"he takes the waters of the sea and makes them rain down on the surface of the earth" 
+This represents God causing the sea water to fall on the earth as rain. Alternate translation: "he takes the waters of the sea and makes them rain down on the surface of the earth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
 
 # Yahweh is his name!
 

amo/05/09.md

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 # He brings sudden destruction on the strong
 
-"He suddenly destroys the strong people" or "He suddenly destroys the soldiers" 
+The abstract noun "destruction" can be translated with the verb "destroy." The phrase "the strong" refers to strong people, specifically soldiers. Alternate translation: "He suddenly destroys the strong people" or "He suddenly destroys the soldiers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-nominaladj]])
 
 # so that destruction comes on the fortresses
 
-"so that the fortresses are destroyed" or "and he destroys the fortresses"
+The abstract noun "destruction" can be translated with the verb "destroy." Alternate translation: "so that the fortresses are destroyed" or "and he destroys the fortresses" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-abstractnouns]])
 

amo/05/11.md

@@ -1,10 +1,18 @@
+# Connecting Statement:
+
+Amos stops referring to the Israelites ("the house of Joseph," [Amos 5:6](./06.md)) in the third person and begins speaking to them directly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-123person]])
+
 # you trample down the poor
 
-"you oppress the poor person" or "you oppress poor people"
+This metaphor probably refers to forcing the poor to give money and receive nothing in return so that they cannot become wealthy. Alternate translation: "you keep the poor from becoming wealthy" or "you force the poor to pay high rent" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
 
-# seize a tribute of wheat from him
+# the poor
 
-"take some of their wheat as taxes" 
+"poor people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-nominaladj]])
+
+# seize a tribute of wheat
+
+Here Amos specifies that the Israelites ("the house of Joseph," [Amos 5:6](./06.md)) force the poor to give as taxes part of the crops the poor have harvested.
 
 # worked stone
 
@@ -12,5 +20,5 @@
 
 # you will not drink their wine
 
-"you will not drink the wine from the grapes in your vineyards" 
+The word "their" refers to the vineyards. This may imply that no one will make the wine, or even that there will not be enough good grapes to make wine. Alternate translation: "you will not drink the wine that is made from the grapes in your vineyards" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]])
 

amo/05/12.md

@@ -1,12 +1,20 @@
+# afflict the just, take bribes, and turn aside the needy in the city gate
+
+This is a list of some of their sins.
+
 # the just
 
-"just people" or "righteous people" 
+The word "just" is a nominal adjective that refers to just people. Alternate translation: "just people" or "righteous people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-nominaladj]])
 
 # take bribes
 
-"let people pay you to do bad things"
+"let people pay you to do bad things" or "let people pay you to lie about people"
 
-# and turn aside the needy in the city gate
+# turn aside the needy in the city gate
 
-"and tell needy people who come to the city gate to go away" or  "and do not allow needy people to bring their cases to the judges in the city gate"
+Here "turn aside the needy" represents telling the needy people to leave. It can be made clear why the needy were at the city gate. Alternate translation: "do not allow poor people to bring their cases to the judges in the city gate" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]])
+
+# the needy
+
+The word "needy" is a nominal adjective that refers to people who are in need. Alternate translation: "people in need" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-nominaladj]])
 

amo/05/13.md

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 # any prudent person is silent
 
-"wise people keep quiet."  They do not speak because they fear evil people might harm them.
+Those who do not want the evil people to harm them will not speak out against the evil deeds. Alternate translation: "wise people do not speak about the evil things people are doing"
 
 # for it is an evil time
 
- "for it is a time when people do evil things"
+Here "an evil time" represents a time when people are evil and do evil deeds. Alternate translation: "for it is a time when people are evil" or "for people do evil things" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]])
 

amo/05/14.md

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 # Seek good and not evil
 
-"Choose to do what is good and not what is evil" 
+Here "Seek good" represents choosing to do what good. "Good" and "evil" represent good actions and evil actions. Alternate translation: "Choose to do what is good and not what is evil" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
 

amo/05/15.md

@@ -1,12 +1,16 @@
 # Hate evil, love good
 
-"Hate evil actions, and love good actions"
+"Hate evil actions, and love good actions." Here "good" and "evil" represent good actions and evil actions.
 
 # establish justice in the city gate
 
-"make sure that justice is done at the city gates" or "make sure that the judges make just decisions in the city gates"
+Here "establish justice" represents making sure that justice is done. Alternate translation: "make sure that justice is done in the city gates" or "make sure that the judges make just decisions in the city gates" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom]])
+
+# in the city gate
+
+City gates were where business transactions occurred and judgments were made, because city walls were thick enough to have gateways that produced cool shade from the hot sun Alternate translation: "in your courts" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]])
 
 # the remnant of Joseph
 
-"the descendants of Joseph who are still alive" or "those of Israel who survive"
+Here "remnant" refers to people who are still living in Israel after the others are killed or taken away as captives. Here "Joseph" represents the northern kingdom of Israel, whose two largest tribes were the descendants of Joseph. See how you translated "house of Joseph" in [Amos 5:6](../05/06.md). Alternate translation: "the descendants of Joseph who are still alive" or "those of Israel who survive" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]])
 

amo/05/16.md

@@ -1,8 +1,28 @@
+# this is what Yahweh says, the God of hosts, the Lord
+
+"this is what Yahweh, the God of hosts, the Lord says"
+
 # Wailing will be in all the squares
 
-"People will wail in all the town squares" or "people will cry loudly in all the outdoor gathering places"
+"People will wail in all the town squares"
 
-# and those who know lamentation to wailing
+# Wailing
 
- "and they will call those who know lamentation to wailing" or "and they wil call professional mourners to wail"
+long, loud, sad cries
+
+# the squares
+
+broad open places in the town where people gather
+
+# those who know lamentation to wailing
+
+The phrase "they will call" is understood from the beginning of the sentence. Alternate translation: "they will call those who know lamentation to wailing" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-ellipsis]])
+
+# those who know lamentation
+
+"professional mourners" or "those whom people pay to mourn"
+
+# to wailing
+
+"to wail"
 

amo/05/17.md

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 # I will pass through your midst
 
-"I will come and punish you"
+God speaks of punishing the people as if he were to come and punish them while walking through the group of them. Alternate translation: "I will come and punish you" or "I will punish you"
 

amo/05/18.md

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 # Why do you long for the day of Yahweh?
 
-"Why do you want the day of Yahweh to come?" 
+God uses this question to rebuke the people for saying that they want the day of Yahweh to be soon. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "You long for the day of Yahweh." or "You should not long for the day of Yahweh!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]])
 
 # It will be darkness and not light
 
-"It will be a time of darkness and disaster, not of light and blessing"
+Here "darkness" represents a time when disasters happen, and "light" represents a time when good things happen. Alternate translation: "It will be a time of darkness and disaster, not of light and blessing" or "On that day there will be disasters, not blessings" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
 

amo/05/19.md

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+# General Information:
+
+This page has intentionally been left blank.
+

amo/05/20.md

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 # Will not the day of Yahweh be darkness and not light?
 
-"The day of Yahweh will certainly be darkness and not light!"
+This question emphasizes that bad things will happen then. It can be expressed as a statement. Alternate translation: "The day of Yahweh will certainly be darkness and not light!" or "Bad things, not good things, will certainly happen on the day of Yahweh!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]])
 
 # Gloom and no brightness?
 
- "Will it not be a time of gloom and no brightness?" or "It will be a time of gloom without any brightness."
+The words "Will not the day of Yahweh be" is understood from the previous sentence. Like the previous question, it emphasizes that terrible things, not good things, will happen on the day of Yahweh. It can be expressed as a statement. Alternate translation: "It will be a time when terrible things, not good things, happen. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-parallelism]])
 

amo/05/21.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # I hate, I despise your festivals
 
-"I hate your festivals very much" 
+The word "despise" is a strong word for "hate." Together the two words emphasize the intensity of Yahweh's hatred for their religious festivals. Alternate translation: "I hate your festivals very much" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-doublet]])
 
 # I take no delight in your solemn assemblies
 

amo/05/22.md

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+# General Information:
+
+This page has intentionally been left blank.
+

amo/05/23.md

@@ -1,4 +1,8 @@
 # Remove from me the noise of your songs
 
-"Stop singing your noisy songs"
+This speaks of the noise of songs as if it could be put somewhere else. It represents stopping singing. Alternate translation: "Stop singing your noisy songs" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
+
+# noise
+
+unpleasant sounds
 

amo/05/24.md

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 # let justice flow like water, and righteousness like a constantly flowing stream
 
- "let there be so much justice that it is like flowing water, and let there be so much righteousness that it is like a constantly flowing stream" or "let justice abound like a flood, and let righteousness abound like a stream that never stops"
+This represents causing there to be much justice and righteous. Alternate translation: "let there be so much justice that it is like flowing water, and let there be so much righteousness that it is like a constantly flowing stream" or "let justice abound like a flood, and let righteousness abound like a stream that never stops" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-simile]])
 

amo/05/25.md

@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 # Did you bring me sacrifices ... Israel?
 
-Possible meanings are "You did not bring me sacrifices ... Israel." or "It was not to me that your brought sacrifices ... Israel."
+Possible meanings are 1) God uses this question to rebuke them because they did not offer sacrifices. Alternate translation: "You did not bring me sacrifices ... Israel." or 2) God uses this question to remind them that the sacrifices were not the most important part about their relationship. Alternate translation: "You did not have to bring me sacrifices ... Israel." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]])
 
 # Did you bring
 
-God speaks as though the Israelites he is speaking to were part of the group that wandered in the wilderness. Alternate translation: "Did your ancestors bring"
+God speaks as though the Israelites he is speaking to were part of the group that wandered in the wilderness. Alternate translation: "Did your ancestors bring" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]])
 
 # house of Israel
 
-See how you translated this in Amos 5:1.
+The word "house" is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to Israel's descendants. See how you translated it in [Amos 5:1](../05/01.md). Alternate translation: "you people of Israel" or "you Israelite people group" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]])
 

amo/05/26.md

@@ -1,8 +1,12 @@
 # You have lifted up the images of Sikkuth ... and Kaiwan
 
-"You have worshiped the images of Sikkuth ... and Kaiwan"
+Here "lifted up the images" represents worshiping them. Alternate translation: "You have worshiped the images of Sikkuth ... and Kaiwan" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]])
 
 # Sikkuth ... Kaiwan
 
-These are the names of two false gods. The people had made images to represent them.
+These are the names of two false gods. The people had made images to represent them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]])
+
+# Kaiwan
+
+Some versions write this as "Kiyyun."
 

amo/05/27.md

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+# General Information:
+
+This page has intentionally been left blank.
+

amo/05/intro.md

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+# Amos 5 General Notes
+
+### Structure and formatting
+
+This chapter continues to be written in a poetic format and foretells the destruction of the kingdom of Israel.
+
+### Special concepts in this chapter
+
+#### Place Names
+This chapter refers to various places in land of Israel (i.e. Gilgal, Bethel, Beersheba). Normally these places have good connotations, but here they are referred to negatively. This is most likely because these cities became known for their idol worship. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]]) 
+
+#### City gate
+The "city gate" is mentioned several times. This was a place where people would go with legal and financial issues. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) 
+
+## Links:
+
+* __[Amos 5:1 Notes](./01.md)__
+
+__[<<](../04/intro.md) | [>>](../06/intro.md)__
+

amo/06/01.md

@@ -1,12 +1,16 @@
 # who are at ease
 
-"who feel safe." The people are not concerned that God will judge them.
+"who feel safe." The people are comfortable and not concerned that God will judge them.
 
 # the notable men of the most important of the nations
 
-"the respected men of the most important nation." or "you important people in the most important nation"
+"the most important men of this great nation." Yahweh may be using irony to describe how these men think of themselves. Alternate translation: "the men who think they are the most important people in the most important nation" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-irony]])
 
-# the house of Israel
+# the house of Israel comes
 
-"the people of Israel" or "the nation of Israel"
+The word "house" is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to Israel's descendants. Alternate translation: "the Israelites come" or "the Israelite people group comes" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]])
+
+# comes for help
+
+Here "comes" can be stated as "goes." Alternate translation: "goes for help" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-go]])
 

amo/06/02.md

@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 # Kalneh
 
-This was the name of a city. 
+This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]])
 
 # Are they better than your two kingdoms?
 
-"They are not better than your two kingdoms."
+The notable men use this question to emphasize that the kingdoms of Israel and Judah are better than those other kingdoms. Alternate translation: "Your two kingdoms are better than they are." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]])
 
 # Is their border larger than your border?
 
-"Their border is not bigger than your border." or "Their land is not bigger than yours."
+The notable men use this question to emphasize that their kingdoms are larger than those other kingdoms. Alternate translation: "Their border is smaller than yours." or "Those countries are smaller than Judah and Samaria." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]])
 

amo/06/03.md

@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 # to those who put off the day of disaster
 
- "to those who refuse to believe that disaster will soon come to them" 
+Refusing to believe that Yahweh will cause disaster is spoken of as if the "day of disaster" were an object the people could put far from themselves. Alternate translation: "to those who refuse to believe that I will cause them to experience disaster" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
 
 # and make the throne of violence come near
 
-"and cause a reign of violence to come to them"
+Here "throne" is a metonym that represents reign or rule. The people doing evil things, which causes Yahweh to bring disaster on them, is spoken of as if they were causing "violence" to rule them. Alternate translation: "but who are actually causing me to send violent people to destroy you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
+

amo/06/04.md

@@ -1,4 +1,20 @@
+# lie down ... lounge
+
+Israelites at that time usually ate while sitting on a floor cloth or a simple seat.
+
 # beds of ivory
 
-"beds decorated with ivory."  Ivory comes from the teeth and tusks of large animals. It was very expensive, so only the wealthy people had it.
+"beds decorated with ivory" or "costly beds"
+
+# ivory
+
+a white substance made from the teeth and horns of large animals (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-unknown]])
+
+# lounge
+
+lie around like lazy people
+
+# couches
+
+soft seats large enough to lie down on
 

amo/06/06.md

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 # drink wine from bowls
 
-This implies that they drink a lot of wine because they drink it from a large bowl rather than a regular wine cup. 
+This implies that they drink a lot of wine because they drink it from a large bowl rather than a regular wine cup. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]])
 
 # they do not grieve over the ruin of Joseph
 
-"they do not grieve about the descendants of Joseph being destroyed" or "they do not care that enemies attack Israel."  Here "Joseph" represents the people of Israel.
+Here "Joseph" represents his descendants. Alternate translation: "they do not grieve about the descendants of Joseph whom enemies will soon destroy" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]])
 

amo/06/08.md

@@ -1,8 +1,12 @@
 # this is the declaration of Yahweh, the God of hosts
 
-"this is what  Yahweh, the God of hosts, has declared" or "this is what I, Yahweh, the God of hosts, declare" 
+Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Amos 3:13](../03/13.md). Alternate translation: "this is what  Yahweh, the God of hosts, has declared" or "this is what I, Yahweh, the God of hosts, have declared" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-123person]])
 
 # I detest the pride of Jacob
 
-"I hate the descendants of Jacob because they have become arrogant" 
+Here "Jacob" represents his descendants. Alternate translation: "I hate the descendants of Jacob because they have become arrogant" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]])
+
+# I hate his fortresses
+
+It is implied that Yahweh hates the fortresses because the people believed the fortresses would keep them safe. Alternate translation: "I hate the people of Israel because they trust in their fortresses, not in me, to protect them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]])
 

amo/06/09.md

@@ -1,4 +1,8 @@
+# General Information:
+
+In 6:9-10 Amos gives an example of the kinds of things that will happen when Yahweh hands the people of Israel over to their enemies.
+
 # if ten men remain in one house, they will all die
 
-"if ten men stay in a house, even they will all die"
+This seems to imply that something terrible is happening, and these ten men go into the house to hide. Alternate translation: "if ten men are hiding inside of a house, they will all still die" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]])
 

amo/06/10.md

@@ -1,10 +1,26 @@
-# the one who burns him
+# General Information:
 
-This refers to a person whose duty was to burn the bodies of people who died and for some reason could not be buried.
+This verse is unclear in the Hebrew and is translated in many different ways.
+
+# his relative or the one who burns him
+
+Possible meanings of the "relative" and the "one who burns him" are 1) they are the same person or 2) they are different people.
+
+# his relative ... burns him
+
+Possible meanings are 1) "his" and "him" refer to the person who has died, or 2) only "burns him" refers to the person who has died, and "his relative" could be translated as "a relative."
+
+# the one who burns
+
+This phrase translates a word that refers to a person whose duty is to burn the bodies of family members who have died and for some reason cannot be buried.
 
 # in the inner room
 
-This was a room further inside the house.
+You may need to make specific that the house had one or more inner or back rooms in which people could hide from those in the outer or front room where the dead body was lying.
+
+# Then he will say, "Be quiet, for we must not mention Yahweh's name."
+
+Possible meanings are 1) the speaker is the one who asked the question, or 2) the speaker is the one hiding in the inner room.
 
 # we must not mention Yahweh's name
 

amo/06/11.md

@@ -4,5 +4,17 @@
 
 # the big house will be smashed to pieces, and the little house to bits
 
-"big houses and small housees will be smashed to pieces" or "the enemy will smash the big houses and the small house to pieces"
+These two phrases share similar meanings. The contrast between "the big house" and "the little house" means that this refers to all houses. Alternate translation: "all the houses will be smashed into small pieces" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-merism]])
+
+# the big house will be smashed to pieces
+
+This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the enemy will smash the big house to pieces" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]])
+
+# to pieces ... to bits
+
+You can use the same word for both of these phrases.
+
+# the little house to bits
+
+This can be stated with the understood information included and also in active form. Alternate translation: "the little house will be smashed to bits" and "enemies will smash the little house to bits" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]])
 

amo/06/12.md

@@ -1,11 +1,20 @@
-# Do horses run on the rocky cliffs? Does one plow there with oxen?
+# General Information:
 
-"You know that horses do not run on rocky cliffs. You know that people do not plow with oxen on rocky cliffs." 
+Amos uses two rhetorical questions to draw attention to the rebuke that follows.
+
+# Do horses run on the rocky cliffs?
+
+It is impossible for a horse to run on rocky cliffs without getting hurt. Amos uses this rhetorical question to rebuke them for their actions. Alternate translation: "Horses do not run on rocky cliffs." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]])
+
+# Does one plow there with oxen?
+
+One does not plow on rocky ground. Amos uses this rhetorical question to rebuke them for their actions. Alternate translation: "A person does not plow with oxen on rocky ground." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]])
 
 # Yet you have turned justice into poison
 
-"Yet you have distorted justice so that it is like poisong" or "Yet what you call justice is like poison" 
+Distorting what is just is spoken of as if the leaders "turned justice into poison." Alternate translation: "Yet you distort what is just" or "But you make laws that hurt innocent people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
 
-# and the fruit of righteousness into bitterness
+# the fruit of righteousness into bitterness
+
+This means basically the same thing as the first part of the sentence. Distorting what is right is spoken of as if righteousness were a sweet fruit that the people made bitter tasting. Alternate translation: "you distort what is right" or "you punish those who do what is right" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
 
-"and the fruit of rigteousness so it is like bitter plants" or "and what you call righteousness is like bitter plants" 

amo/06/13.md

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 # Lo Debar ... Karnaim
 
-These are names of towns.
+These are names of towns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]])
 
 # Have we not taken Karnaim by our own strength?
 
-"We captured Karnaim by our own power!"
+The people use a question to emphasize that they believe they captured a city because of their own power. Alternate translation: "We captured Karnaim by our own power!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]])
 

amo/06/14.md

@@ -4,5 +4,17 @@
 
 # house of Israel
 
-"people of Israel" or "you people of Israel" See how you translated this in Amos 5:1.
+The word "house" is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to Israel's descendants. See how you translated this in [Amos 5:1](../05/01.md). Alternate translation: "you people of Israel" or "you Israelite people group" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]])
+
+# this is the declaration of Yahweh, the God of hosts
+
+Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Amos 3:13](../03/13.md). Alternate translation: "this is what the Lord Yahweh, the God of hosts, has declared" or "this is what I, Yahweh, the God of hosts, have declared" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-123person]])
+
+# from Lebo Hamath to the brook of the Arabah
+
+Here "Lebo Hamath" represents the northern border of Israel, and "brook of the Arabah" represents the southern border. Alternate translation: "from the northern border of your nation to the southern border" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]])
+
+# brook
+
+a small river that flows only during the wet season