diff --git a/lam/01/02.md b/lam/01/02.md index 844c9d88e0..936410f01d 100644 --- a/lam/01/02.md +++ b/lam/01/02.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ # She weeps bitterly ... and her tears cover her cheeks -The author describes Jerusalem as having emotions like a human being. The city also stands for her inhabitants. Alternate translation: "Those who live in her weep and wail ... and their tears cover their cheeks" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]]) +The city also stands for her inhabitants. Alternate translation: "Those who live in her weep and wail ... and their tears cover their cheeks" # None of her lovers comfort her. All her friends have betrayed her -This speaks of the people groups that had been faithful to Jerusalem betraying Jerusalem, as if the people groups were Jerusalem's lovers and friends. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) +The words "lovers" and "friends" represent other nations that had been allies of Jerusalem. diff --git a/lam/01/03.md b/lam/01/03.md index 9b16cc9b94..2ce502a130 100644 --- a/lam/01/03.md +++ b/lam/01/03.md @@ -1,32 +1,20 @@ # General Information: -In this verse, the people of Judah are spoken of as if they were a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-personification]]) +In this verse, the kingdom of Judah is spoken of as if it were a woman. # Judah has gone into exile -Here Judah refers to its inhabitants. Alternate translation: "the people of Judah have gone into exile" or "the people of Judah have been taken into a foreign land" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]]) - -# after affliction and great labor - -Possible meanings are 1) "after suffering affliction and having done great labor" or 2) "because of the affliction she suffered and the great labor was forced to do" or 3) "through while she is being afflicted and having to do great labor." - -# She lives ... finds - -Here the kingdom of Judah is described as a woman. "She" also stands for the citizens of Judah. Alternate translation: "Her people live ... they find" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]]) +"Judah has been taken to a foreign land" # finds no rest -"does not find rest" or "is always afraid" - -# All her pursuers overtook her in her desperation - -This speaks of the people of Judah being captured by their enemies as if they were a woman who was captured by those pursuing her. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-personification]]) +"does not find a place to rest" or "is always afraid" # All her pursuers overtook her -"Everyone who was chasing her managed to capture her" or "Everyone who was hunting for her found her" +"Everyone who was chasing her captured her" # in her desperation -The word "desperation" can be expressed as an adjective. Alternate translation: "when she was desperate" or "when she was distressed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-abstractnouns]]) + "when she was desperate" or "when she was distressed" diff --git a/lam/01/04.md b/lam/01/04.md index 377ea6e6c3..fa4a6c3efa 100644 --- a/lam/01/04.md +++ b/lam/01/04.md @@ -1,10 +1,6 @@ -# General Information: - -The city of Zion is spoken of as if it were a woman. In Lamentations, Zion and Jerusalem are names used to refer to the same city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-personification]]) - # The roads of Zion mourn -The author speaks of the roads that lead to Zion mourning as if they were human beings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-personification]]) +Zion is another name for Jerusalem. # the appointed feasts @@ -12,9 +8,9 @@ The author speaks of the roads that lead to Zion mourning as if they were human # All her gates are desolate -The word "her" refers to Zion. Alternate translation: "All of Zion's gates are empty" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-personification]]) +"All of Zion's gates are empty" # Her virgins are afflicted, and as for her, it is bitter for her -Here the people of Zion being distressed are spoken of as if they were a woman in distress. Alternate translation: "Zion's virgins are sorrowful, and life is bitter for her" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-personification]]) +"Zion's virgins are sorrowful, and life is bitter for her" diff --git a/lam/01/05.md b/lam/01/05.md index 42cfdf141c..8deaa0813d 100644 --- a/lam/01/05.md +++ b/lam/01/05.md @@ -1,12 +1,8 @@ -# Her adversaries have become her master; her enemies prosper +# Her adversaries have become her master -"Zion's adversaries rule over it; its enemies prosper" - -# Yahweh has afflicted her for her many sins - -This speaks of Yahweh punishing the people of Zion for their sins as if they were a woman that Yahweh was punishing. Alternate translation: "Yahweh has afflicted her people because of the sins they have committed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-personification]]) +"Zion's adversaries rule over her # Her little children go into captivity to her adversary -The word "captivity" can be expressed as a verb. Alternate translation: "Her enemy captures her little children" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-abstractnouns]]) +"Her enemy captures her little children" diff --git a/lam/01/06.md b/lam/01/06.md index b17cc1e06c..c387fe1fb8 100644 --- a/lam/01/06.md +++ b/lam/01/06.md @@ -1,28 +1,20 @@ -# General Information: - -The city of Zion is spoken of as if it were a woman. In Lamentations, Zion and Jerusalem are names used to refer to the same city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-personification]]) - # Splendor has left the daughter of Zion -This speaks of everything beautiful in Zion being destroyed as if "splendor" were a person that left Zion. Alternate translation: "Everything that was beautiful about the daughter of Zion is destroyed" +"Everything that was beautiful about the daughter of Zion is destroyed" # daughter of Zion -This is a poetic name for Jerusalem, which is spoken of here as if it were a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-personification]]) +This is a poetic name for Jerusalem. # Her princes have become like deer that cannot find pasture -This speaks of Zion's princes having nothing to eat like deer that cannot find grass to eat. Alternate translation: "Her princes are starving, they are like deer that cannot find grass to eat" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-simile]]) +"Her princes are starving, like deer that cannot find grass to eat" # deer -A deer is a medium-sized, grass-eating animal that is often hunted by humans for food. It is also a beautiful animal to look at. +A deer is a medium-sized, grass-eating animal that people hunt for food. It is also a beautiful animal to look at. -# they go without strength before +# they go without strength before their pursuer -"they are not strong enough to run away from" or "they are very weak before" - -# their pursuer - -"the person that is pursuing them" +"they are not strong enough to run away from the one who chases them" diff --git a/lam/01/07.md b/lam/01/07.md index b46c0f45b5..366d8570b5 100644 --- a/lam/01/07.md +++ b/lam/01/07.md @@ -1,28 +1,20 @@ # In the days of her affliction and her homelessness -"During the time of her affliction and her homelessness" +When she is afflicted and homeless # Jerusalem will call to mind -Here "Jerusalem" refers to the people who live there. The phrase "call to mind" is an idiom. Alternate translation: "the people of Jerusalem will remember" or "Jerusalem will remember" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom]]) - -# precious treasures - -This refers to their valuable possessions. +"Jerusalem will remember" # in former days -"in the past." This refers to the time before the people of Jerusalem were captured. Alternate translation: "before this disaster happened" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) +"in the past" # When her people fell into the hand of the adversary -Here the word "hand" refers the control of the enemy army. Alternate translation: "When the adversary conquered and captured her people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]]) +"When the enemy conquered and captured her people" -# saw her and mocked at her destruction +# mocked at her destruction -This means that they were glad and mocked the people of Jerusalem when the city was destroyed. - -# at her destruction - -This word "destruction" can be expressed as a verb. Alternate translation: "because she was destroyed" or "while they destroyed her" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-abstractnouns]]) +"laughed at her because she was destroyed" diff --git a/lam/01/08.md b/lam/01/08.md index 3b3d39933b..01ff755004 100644 --- a/lam/01/08.md +++ b/lam/01/08.md @@ -1,20 +1,4 @@ -# General Information: - -The city of Jerusalem is spoken of as if it were a woman. In Lamentations, Zion and Jerusalem are names used to refer to the same city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-personification]]) - -# Jerusalem sinned greatly, therefore, she has become scorned as something that is filthy - -This speaks of Jerusalem being scorned in the same way that a woman is scorned when she is unclean. According to the law of Moses, a woman was considered unclean during her monthly bleeding. Alternate translation: "Jerusalem's sins have made her filthy and unclean, and therefore she was unacceptable before God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-simile]]) - # Jerusalem sinned greatly -This describes Jerusalem as a woman who sinned, while it also stands for the inhabitants of Jerusalem. Alternate translation: "The people of Jerusalem sinned greatly" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]]) - -# has become scorned - -This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "has become an object of scorn" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]]) - -# her nakedness - -"her naked." Jerusalem is described as a woman whose private parts have been exposed to everyone to shame her. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-personification]]) +"Jerusalem has sinned terribly" diff --git a/lam/01/09.md b/lam/01/09.md index e839bee575..f473754ed9 100644 --- a/lam/01/09.md +++ b/lam/01/09.md @@ -1,28 +1,12 @@ # She has become unclean beneath her skirts -According to the law of Moses, a woman was considered unclean during her monthly bleeding. This speaks of Jerusalem being unclean, as if it were a menstruating woman. Alternate translation: "Jerusalem has become unclean, as when a woman is unclean beneath her skirts" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) - -# unclean - -A person who God considers to be spiritually unacceptable or defiled is spoken of as if the person were physically unclean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) +"Jerusalem has become unclean, as when a woman is unclean beneath her skirts" # Her fall was astonishing -The phrase "her fall" is an metaphor for the city being destroyed. Alternate translation: "Those who saw how she was destroyed were astonished" or "Those who saw how the city was destroyed were astonished" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom]]) - -# astonishing - -Usually this word refers to a miracle that helps people, but here it refers to an event that no one thought could happen, but that has been so harmful that people have a hard time believing what they see. +"Those who saw how she was destroyed were astonished" or "Those who saw her fall were shocked" # Look at my affliction, Yahweh -Possible meanings are that 1) the author of Lamentations now talks directly to Yahweh or 2) Jerusalem is described as talking to Yahweh like a person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-personification]]) - -# Look at - -"Pay attention to" - -# the enemy has become too great - -This means that they enemy army has become too large and powerful and has defeated Jerusalem. Alternate translation: "the enemy army has defeated me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) +"Yahweh, see how I suffer" diff --git a/lam/01/10.md b/lam/01/10.md index 2b2ae50e44..3ba8cf7c2c 100644 --- a/lam/01/10.md +++ b/lam/01/10.md @@ -1,18 +1,11 @@ -# has put his hand on +# has put his hand on all our precious treasures -This is an idiom. Alternate translation: "has taken possession of" or "has stolen" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom]]) +"has taken all our precious treasures" -# precious treasures -This refers to their valuable possessions. +# She has seen the nations -# She has seen - -The word "She" refers to Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-personification]]) - -# the nations - -This refers to people from various nations, not the entire population of those nations. Alternate translation: "people from the nations" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-synecdoche]]) +Jersalem has seen people from the nations # you had commanded diff --git a/lam/01/11.md b/lam/01/11.md index 40c7eae077..c98779a06a 100644 --- a/lam/01/11.md +++ b/lam/01/11.md @@ -1,24 +1,12 @@ -# her people +# All her people -The word "her" refers to Jerusalem which is described as if it were a woman. Alternate translation: "her inhabitants" or "the people of the city" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-personification]]) +"All Jerusalem's people" # bread -This refers to food in general. Alternate translation: "food" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-synecdoche]]) - -# They have given their precious treasures for food - -This means they traded their wealth and their valuables in exchange for food. Alternate translation: "They have traded their precious treasures in exchange for food" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) - -# precious treasures - -This refers to their valuable possessions. +This refers to food in general. # to restore their lives "to save their lives" or "to restore their strength" -# Look, Yahweh, and consider me - -Here Jerusalem speaks directly to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-personification]]) - diff --git a/lam/01/12.md b/lam/01/12.md index bfe1ba8e25..026854921c 100644 --- a/lam/01/12.md +++ b/lam/01/12.md @@ -1,20 +1,12 @@ # Is it nothing to you, all you who pass by? -This rhetorical question is an accusation aganist the people who walk past Jerusalem and do not care about its well-being. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: "All you who pass by should care more for my affliction!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) - -# Is it nothing to you - -Here Jerusalem continues to speak, but now to people who pass by instead of to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-personification]]) - -# Look and see - -These words share similar meanings. Together they invite the reader to understand by seeing that no one has suffered so much. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-doublet]]) +"All you who pass by should care that I am being afflicted!" # the sorrow that is being inflicted on me -This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the sorrow that Yahweh is inflicting upon me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]]) +"the sorrow that Yahweh is inflicting upon me" # on the day of his fierce anger -Here the word "day" is used as an idiom. Alternate translation: "when he was fiercely angry" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom]]) +"when he is fiercely angry" diff --git a/lam/01/13.md b/lam/01/13.md index 76192241d4..e3fa9a2297 100644 --- a/lam/01/13.md +++ b/lam/01/13.md @@ -1,24 +1,12 @@ -# General Information: +# It is from on hight that he has sent fire into my bones, -In this section Jerusalem is portrayed as a woman speaking about herself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-personification]]) - -# on high - -This is an idiom. Alternate translation: "heaven" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom]]) - -# he has sent fire into my bones, and it has conquered them - -This speaks of Yahweh punishing Jerusalem as if Jerusalem were a person that Yahweh were punishing with fire. Alternate translation: "he has sent a painful punishment into my inner being, and it has destroyed me" or "he has sent a destructive punishment into the middle of Jerusalem, and it has destroyed the city" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) - -# has sent fire into my bones - -Here "fire" represents pain and "bones" represents one's inner being. Alternate translation: "has sent pain into my bones" or "has sent pain into my inner being" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]]) +From heaven Yahweh has sent fire into my bones # He has spread a net for my feet -This speaks of Yahweh punishing Jerusalem as if Jerusalem were a person that Yahweh had set a trap for. This refers to a type of trap usually used to catch an animal. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) +"He has made a trap for me" -# turned me back +# and turned me back -This is an idiom. Alternate translation: "prevented my from walking any further" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom]]) +"and made me go back diff --git a/lam/01/14.md b/lam/01/14.md index d7dc948d09..0244134a19 100644 --- a/lam/01/14.md +++ b/lam/01/14.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # The yoke of my transgressions ... They are knit together and placed upon my neck -This speaks of the people of Jerusalem's sins as if they were a yoke bearing a heavy burden that Yahweh had placed on their necks. Also, this can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "My transgressions are like a yoke that he has bound together with his hands and placed upon my neck" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]]) +"My transgressions are heavy like a yoke that he has bound together with his hands and placed on my neck" -# given me over into their hands +# has given me over into their hands -"given me over into the hands of my enemies." Here their enemies' control is represented by their "hands." Alternate translation: "given my over to the control of my enemies" or "let my enemies defeat me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]]) +"has given me over to the control of my enemies" or "has let my enemies defeat me" # I am not able to stand -This is an idiom. Alternate translation: "I cannot resist them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom]]) +"I cannot resist them" diff --git a/lam/01/15.md b/lam/01/15.md index 2d62b5f9df..1dd78ed58f 100644 --- a/lam/01/15.md +++ b/lam/01/15.md @@ -1,28 +1,20 @@ -# General Information: +# all my mighty men -In this section Jerusalem is portrayed as a woman speaking about herself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-personification]]) - -# mighty men - -"strongest soldiers" +"all my strong soldiers" # an assembly -Here the enemy army attacking Jerusalem is spoken of as if it were a meeting of people who have come together in order to accuse and condemn someone. Alternate translation: "a great army" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) +"an army" # to crush my vigorous men -This speaks of the enemy army defeating the soldiers of Jerusalem as if they crushed them. Alternate translation: "to defeat my vigorous men" - -# vigorous men - -This refers to men at the strongest time of their lives. +"to defeat my strong youg men" # The Lord has trampled ... in the winepress -Here the judgment of God is described as if Jerusalem were grapes on which he had trampled in order to squeeze out the juice. Alternate translation: "It is as though the Lord has trampled upon the virgin daughter of Judah in a winepress" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) +"It is as though the Lord has trampled upon the virgin daughter of Judah in a winepress" or "The Lord has punished the virgin daughter of Judah has harshly as a winemaker stomps on grapes to squeeze out the juice" # the virgin daughter of Judah -This is a poetic name for Jerusalem, which is spoken of here as if it were a woman. The word "virgin" suggests that this woman is pure. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) +This is a poetic name for Jerusalem. diff --git a/lam/01/16.md b/lam/01/16.md index b80a12c633..5a3fb1ca73 100644 --- a/lam/01/16.md +++ b/lam/01/16.md @@ -1,12 +1,8 @@ -# General Information: - -In this section Jerusalem is portrayed as a woman speaking about herself. In Lamentations, Zion and Jerusalem are names used to refer to the same city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-personification]]) - # for a comforter is far from me, one who restores my life -This speaks of Jerusalem having no one to comfort her as if she did have a comforter, but that he was far away. The word "comforter" can be expressed as a verb. Alternate translation: "for there is no one to comfort me and restore my life" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) +"for there is no one to comfort me and restore my life" -# restores my life +# one who restores my life -"revives me" +"one who revives me" diff --git a/lam/01/17.md b/lam/01/17.md index ff999e771a..9e0bb5363e 100644 --- a/lam/01/17.md +++ b/lam/01/17.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ # Zion has spread her hands wide -Here Jerusalem no longer speaks about herself; instead the author describes Jerusalem. He speaks of Zion as if it were a woman that lifts up her hands to ask for help. Alternate translation: "Zion has reached out for help" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-symaction]]) +"Zion has spread out her hands to ask for help" or "Zion has reached out for help" # those around Jacob "the people around Jacob" or "the nations surrounding Jacob" -# around Jacob should be his adversaries +# that those around Jacob should be his adversaries -Here "Jacob" refers to his descendants, that is Israel. Alternate translation: "around Jacob's descendants should be their adversaries" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]]) +Here "Jacob" refers to Jacob's descendants, that is Israel. # unclean -A person who God considers spiritually unacceptable or defiled is spoken of as if the person were physically unclean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) +A person who God considers spiritually unacceptable or defiled is spoken of as if the person were physically unclean. diff --git a/lam/01/18.md b/lam/01/18.md index 090d77c7fc..e1859c1ac1 100644 --- a/lam/01/18.md +++ b/lam/01/18.md @@ -1,24 +1,16 @@ # General Information: -In this section Jerusalem is portrayed as a woman speaking about herself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-personification]]) +In this section Jerusalem is portrayed as a woman speaking about herself. # Yahweh is righteous -This implies that what Yahweh has done, he has done because he is righteous. Alternate translation: "Yahweh has acted out of his righteousness" or "What Yahweh has done is right" - -# Hear ... see - -These imperatives are spoken as polite requests, not commands. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-imperative]]) +"Yahweh has acted out of his righteousness" or "What Yahweh has done is right" # see my sorrow -The word "sorrow" can be expressed as a "sad." Alternate translation: "see how extremely sad I am" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-abstractnouns]]) +"see how extremely sad I am" # My virgins and my vigorous men have gone into captivity -Here all of the people of Jerusalem who were taken into captivity are represented by the "virgins" and the "vigorous men" who were taken. Alternate translation: "Many of my people, including my virgins and vigorous men, have gone into captivity" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-synecdoche]]) - -# vigorous men - -This refers to men at the strongest time of their lives. See how you translated this in [Lamentations 1:15](../01/15.md). +"Many of my people, including my virgins and strong young men, have gone into captivity" diff --git a/lam/01/19.md b/lam/01/19.md index 95be240745..e6826daac4 100644 --- a/lam/01/19.md +++ b/lam/01/19.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # I called for my lovers -The word "lovers" is a metaphor for the other nations that the people of Judah hoped would help them fight their enemy. Alternate translation: "I called for my allies to help me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) +The phrase "my lovers" refers to nations that the people of Judah hoped would help them fight their enemy. -# they were treacherous toward me +# but they were treacherous toward me -This means that they betrayed him. Alternate translation: "they betrayed me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) +"but they betrayed me" # to restore their lives diff --git a/lam/01/20.md b/lam/01/20.md index 4c6e4c0046..e0093ae618 100644 --- a/lam/01/20.md +++ b/lam/01/20.md @@ -1,24 +1,12 @@ -# General Information: - -In this section Jerusalem is portrayed as a woman speaking about herself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-personification]]) - # Look, Yahweh, for I am in distress -Jerusalem continues to talk about herself as if she were a woman, but now talks directly to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-personification]]) +Jerusalem continues to talk about herself as if she were a woman, but now talks directly to Yahweh. -# my stomach churns +# Outside, the sword bereaves -The word "churn" means to move around violently, normally in a circular rotation. This does not mean the stomach is literally churning, but describes how the woman, representing Jerusalem, feels. Alternate translation: "my insides ache" or "my stomach hurts" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) - -# my heart is disturbed within me - -Here the woman, representing Jerusalem, refers to her "heart" to emphasize her feelings. Alternate translation: "my heart is broken" or "I am extremely sad" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-synecdoche]]) - -# the sword bereaves - -The "sword" represents the enemy. The word "bereaves" speaks of what is done to the parent, probably the mother, of the person whom the enemy kills. Alternate translation: "the enemy kills a mother's children" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]]) +"Outside of the house the enemy kills my family" # inside the house there is only death -Possible meanings are 1) "inside the house, everyone is dying" or 2) "and inside the house the dead people are kept" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) +"inside the house everyone is dying" diff --git a/lam/01/21.md b/lam/01/21.md index e252b87433..415a7bc0bf 100644 --- a/lam/01/21.md +++ b/lam/01/21.md @@ -1,24 +1,16 @@ # General Information: -In this section Jerusalem is portrayed as a woman speaking about herself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-personification]]) +Jerusalem continues to speak to the Lord. # They have heard my groaning -"People have heard my groaning." Jerusalem continues to speak as if she were a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-personification]]) - -# you have done it - -Here the word "you" refers to Yahweh. +"People have heard my groaning" # You have brought the day you proclaimed -The phrase "the day" is an idiom that refers to a specific event happening. Alternate translation: "You have done what you have proclaimed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom]]) - -# you proclaimed - -You may need to make explicit that the proclamation was a promise. Alternate translation: "you promised" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) +"You have done what you have said you would do" # now let them become like me -This is a request for Jerusalem's enemies to suffer as the people of Jerusalem have. Alternate translation: "now let them suffer like me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) +"now let my enemies suffer as I am suffering" diff --git a/lam/01/22.md b/lam/01/22.md index c2ee49c865..f82e759111 100644 --- a/lam/01/22.md +++ b/lam/01/22.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # Let all their wickedness come before you -This is a request for Yahweh to judge Jerusalem's enemies for their wickedness. The phrase "come before you" is an idiom. Alternate translation: "Pay attention to all of the wickedness they have committed" or "Judge them for all of their wickedness" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom]]) +"Pay attention to all of the wickedness they have committed" # deal with them as you have dealt with me -This is a request for Yahweh to punish Jerusalem's enemies as he punished the people of Jerusalem. Alternate translation: "punish them as you have punished me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) +"punish them as you have punished me" # my heart is faint -Here the "heart" represents the whole person. Alternate translation: "I am faint" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-synecdoche]]) +"I am faint" diff --git a/lam/01/intro.md b/lam/01/intro.md deleted file mode 100644 index f2b15e8548..0000000000 --- a/lam/01/intro.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,15 +0,0 @@ -# Lamentations 1 General Notes - -### Structure and formatting - -#### Judah destroyed for her sin - -Judah used to be great, but is now a slave. The temple is stripped of all its valuables. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) - -## Links: - -* __[Lamentations 1:1 Notes](./01.md)__ -* __[Lamentations intro](../front/intro.md)__ - -__| [>>](../02/intro.md)__ - diff --git a/lam/02/01.md b/lam/02/01.md index d63e5278c6..21e66fc9f0 100644 --- a/lam/02/01.md +++ b/lam/02/01.md @@ -1,28 +1,20 @@ -# General Information: - -A new poem begins. The writer of Lamentations uses many different ways to express that the people of Israel have lost God's favor. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) - # The Lord has covered the daughter of Zion under the cloud of his anger -This speaks of the Lord's anger against Jerusalem (Zion) as if it were a dark cloud. Possible meanings are 1) God is threatening to harm the people of Jerusalem or 2) God has already harmed the people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) +This speaks of the Lord's anger as if it were a dark cloud. # the daughter of Zion -This is a poetic name for Jerusalem, which is spoken of here as if it were a woman. Translate as you did in [Lamentations 1:6](../01/06.md).(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-personification]]) +This is a poetic name for the city of Jerusalem. Translate it as you did in Lamentations 1:6. # He has thrown the splendor of Israel down from heaven to earth -The phrase "the splendor of Israel" refers to Jerusalem. This passage speaks of the people of Jerusalem losing favor with the Lord as if he threw them out of his presence. The phrase "from heaven to earth" is a great distance used to represent how much they lost favor with the Lord. Alternate translation: "Jerusalem, the splendor of Israel, has lost all favor with the Lord" or "Jerusalem has lost all favor with the Lord" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) +"Jerusalem, the splendor of Israel, has lost all favor with the Lord" # He has not remembered his footstool -This is a reference to the Lord having considered Jerusalem his "footstool" in the past, which symbolized that he had authority over them and that they were submissive to him. This speaks of the Lord disregarding Jerusalem as his footstool as if he did not remember them. Alternate translation: "He disregarded Jerusalem as his footstool" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) - -# not remembered - -This speaks of the Lord not paying attention to Jerusalem as if he did not remember them. Alternate translation: "disregarded" or "paid no attention to" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) +"He disregarded Jerusalem as his footstool" # on the day of his anger -Here "day" is used as an idiom that refers to a general period of time. Alternate translation: "at the time when he displays his anger" or "at the time he acts in his anger" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom]]) +"at the time when he displayed his anger" diff --git a/lam/02/02.md b/lam/02/02.md index 5274a73351..c6218a2854 100644 --- a/lam/02/02.md +++ b/lam/02/02.md @@ -1,20 +1,11 @@ -# the daughter of Judah - -This is a poetic name for Jerusalem, which is spoken of here as if it were a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-personification]]) - -# the days of his anger - -Here "day" is used as an idiom that refers to a general period of time. Alternate translation: "the time of his anger" or "the time of his anger" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom]]) - # swallowed up -This speaks of the Lord completely destroying the towns as if he were an animal who ate them. Alternate translation: "completely destroyed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) +"completely destroyed" # all the towns of Jacob -Here "the towns of Jacob" refers to the towns where his descendants lived. Alternate translation: "all the towns of Israel" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]]) +"all the towns of Israel" # the fortified cities of the daughter of Judah Possible meanings are 1) the fortified cities throughout Judah or 2) the fortified walls of Jerusalem. - diff --git a/lam/02/03.md b/lam/02/03.md index db3bea3738..ad9c83882a 100644 --- a/lam/02/03.md +++ b/lam/02/03.md @@ -1,20 +1,12 @@ -# General Information: - -The author continues the use of metaphors to express how the Lord opposed Judah. - # he has cut off every horn of Israel -This speaks of the Lord taking away Israel's strength as if he were cutting off its horns. The word "horn" refers to an animal horn, not a musical instrument. Alternate translation: "he has taken away all of Israel's strength" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) +This speaks of the Lord taking away Israel's strength as if he were cutting off the horns of a strong animal. Alternate translation: "he has taken away all of Israel's strength" -# withdrawn his right hand from before the enemy +# He has withdrawn his right hand from before the enemy -Here the Lord's protection is represented by his "right hand." Alternate translation: "stopped protecting us from our enemies" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]]) +"He has stopped protecting us from our enemies" # He has burned up Jacob like a blazing fire that devours everything around it -This speaks of how the Lord has destroyed Jacob as if a fire has completely burned it. Alternate translation: "He has destroyed Jacob like a blazing fire destroys everything" - -# Jacob - -Here "Jacob" refers to the places where his descendants lived. Alternate translation: "Israel" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]]) +"He has destroyed Israel like a blazing fire that destroys everything around it" diff --git a/lam/02/04.md b/lam/02/04.md index fe1fe930d9..2bab70acfe 100644 --- a/lam/02/04.md +++ b/lam/02/04.md @@ -1,14 +1,6 @@ # He has bent his bow toward us like an enemy, he has set his right hand like an adversary -A soldier has to bend his bow in order to shoot an arrow from it. This speaks of the Lord preparing to attack Israel as if he were an enemy about to shoot them with a bow and arrow. Alternate translation: "He has prepared to kill us, like an enemy who has made his bow ready to shoot us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-simile]]) - -# like an enemy ... like an adversary - -"As if he were our enemy ... as if he were our adversary" - -# he has set his right hand like an adversary. He has slaughtered all - -Some modern translations read, "he has set his right hand. Like an adversary, he has slaughtered all" +A soldier has to bend his bow in order to shoot an arrow from it. Alternate translation: "He has prepared to kill us, like an enemy who has made his bow ready to shoot us" # he has set his right hand @@ -16,9 +8,9 @@ He has pulled back the bowstring and is ready to shoot an arrow. Most bowmen pul # in the tent of the daughter of Zion -The "daughter of Zion" is a poetic name for Jerusalem, which is spoken of here as if it were a woman. The phrase "tent of the daughter of Zion" speaks of Jerusalem as a "tent" emphasizing that it is the home of those who live there. Alternate translation: "who live in Jerusalem" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) +Calling Jerusalem a "tent" emphasizes that it is the home of those who live there. Alternate translation: "who live in Jerusalem" # he has poured out his wrath like fire -This speaks of the Lord's wrath as if it were a liquid that he were pouring out on the people. His wrath is also compared to a "fire" to emphasize how destructive it is. Alternate translation: "in his anger he has destroyed everything like a blazing fire" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) +"in his anger he has destroyed everything like a blazing fire" diff --git a/lam/02/05.md b/lam/02/05.md index bef85ddcf2..869a03db37 100644 --- a/lam/02/05.md +++ b/lam/02/05.md @@ -1,16 +1,8 @@ -# swallowed up - -This speaks of the Lord completely destroying Israel as if he were animal who ate them. See how you translated this in [Lamentations 2:2](../02/02.md). Alternate translation: "completely destroyed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) - # her palaces ... her strongholds -Israel is spoken of as if it were female. +The word "her" refers to the nation of Israel. # He has increased mourning and lamentation within the daughter of Judah -The words "mourning" and "lamentation" can be expressed as verbs. Alternate translation: "He has caused more and more people within the daughter of Judah to mourn and lament" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-abstractnouns]]) - -# daughter of Judah - -This is a poetic name for Jerusalem, which is spoken of here as if it were a woman. Alternate translation: "Judah" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-personification]]) +"He has caused more and more people within the daughter of Judah to mourn and lament" diff --git a/lam/02/06.md b/lam/02/06.md index 1c6a2e6e8b..20a684d1f5 100644 --- a/lam/02/06.md +++ b/lam/02/06.md @@ -1,18 +1,14 @@ # He has done violence to his tabernacle like a garden -The words "He has done violence to" are a metonym for the Lord enabling Israel's enemies to attack the "tabernacle." He did not do it himself. The word "tabernacle," usually a temporary shelter made of sticks and branches, is an ironic metaphor for the temple, which the people expected to be a permanent building. The enemies destroyed the temple easily, as if they were destroying a garden. Alternate translation: "He has caused their enemies to destroy his tabernacle as easily as if they were destroying a garden" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]]) - -# a garden - -Some modern translations read "a garden hut," referring to a very small building for holding farming tools or for sheltering someone who is guarding a garden. +"He has caused their enemies to destroy his tabernacle as easily as if they were destroying a garden" # He has destroyed the place of the solemn assembly -The Lord caused Israel's enemies to destroy it. He did not destroy it himself. Alternate translation: "He has caused the place of the solemn assembly to be destroyed" or "He has caused their enemies to destroy the place of the solemn assembly" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]]) +"He has caused the place of the solemn assembly to be destroyed" or "He has caused their enemies to destroy the place of the solemn assembly" -# caused both solemn assembly and Sabbath to be forgotten in Zion +# has caused both solemn assembly and Sabbath to be forgotten in Zion -This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "caused the people in Zion to forget both solemn assembly and Sabbath" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]]) +"has caused the people in Zion to forget both solemn assembly and Sabbath" # in the indignation of his anger diff --git a/lam/02/07.md b/lam/02/07.md index 414cd18433..bef4f37cc7 100644 --- a/lam/02/07.md +++ b/lam/02/07.md @@ -1,16 +1,8 @@ # He has given over the walls of her palaces into the hand of the enemy -Here the enemy's "hand" refers to the enemy's control. Alternate translation: "He has allowed the enemy to capture the walls of her palaces" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]]) - -# the walls of her palaces - -Here the word "her" may refer either to the temple or to Jersualem. Possible translations are 1) "the walls of the temple" or 2) "the walls of Jerusalem's palaces." The word "walls" is a synecdoche for the whole building, and the building is a synecdoche for all of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-synecdoche]]) +"He has given her palaces to the enemy" or "He has allowed the enemy to capture her palaces" # They have raised a shout in the house of Yahweh, as on the day of an appointed feast -This is an ironic comparison between the happy, noisy festivals of Israel and the loud shouts of victory of the Babylonians. Alternate translation: "They have raised a shout in the house of Yahweh, as the Israelites would during an appointed feast" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-irony]]) - -# have raised a shout - -This is an idiom. Alternate translation: "have shouted victoriously" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom]]) +"They have shouted victoriously in the house of Yahweh, as the Israelites would during an appointed feast" diff --git a/lam/02/08.md b/lam/02/08.md index d0592b3a65..3149f7f1ab 100644 --- a/lam/02/08.md +++ b/lam/02/08.md @@ -1,24 +1,16 @@ -# Yahweh decided to destroy the city wall - -Yahweh chose to have the wall destroyed and caused Jerusalem's enemy to destroy it. He did not destroy it himself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]]) - -# daughter of Zion - -This is a poetic name for Jerusalem, which is spoken of here as if it were a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-personification]]) - # He has stretched out the measuring line -This speaks of preparing to destroy the wall as if he measured it before he destroyed it, so that he knew how much to destroy. Alternate translation: "It is as though he has measured the wall" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) +"It is as though he has measured the wall" -# has not withheld his hand from destroying +# has not withheld his hand from destroying the wall -The double negative here emphasizes the positive. Also, the word "hand" is a synecdoche for Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: "has used his hand to completely destroy" or "has himself completely destroyed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-doublenegatives]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-synecdoche]]) +"has used his hand to completely destroy the wall" or "has completely destroyed the wall" # He has made the ramparts and wall to lament; together they wasted away -The walls and ramparts are spoken of as if they were people who lamented and died. Alternate translation: "Because he has destroyed the ramparts and walls, they are like people who lament and have lost their strength" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-personification]]) +"Because he has destroyed the ramparts and walls, they are like people who lament and have lost their strength" # ramparts -Ancient cities had a main "wall" to keep attackers out, and an outer line of "ramparts" to keep attackers from the wall. +These were outer protective walls to keep attackers from breaking into the city. diff --git a/lam/02/09.md b/lam/02/09.md deleted file mode 100644 index d778b3d918..0000000000 --- a/lam/02/09.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,4 +0,0 @@ -# General Information: - -This page has intentionally been left blank. - diff --git a/lam/02/10.md b/lam/02/10.md index b4eb73976f..51687ed6d7 100644 --- a/lam/02/10.md +++ b/lam/02/10.md @@ -1,16 +1,8 @@ -# daughter of Zion - -This is a poetic name for Jerusalem, which is spoken of here as if it were a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-personification]]) - # sit on the ground in silence -Often people would sit on the ground to show they were mourning. Alternate translation: "sit on the ground, mourning in silence" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-symaction]]) +"sit on the ground, mourning in silence" # They have thrown dust on their heads and girded themselves with sackcloth -These are actions of mourning. Alternate translation: "To show their mourning, they have thrown dust on their heads and put on sackcloth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-symaction]]) - -# have bowed their heads to the ground - -This is an action of mourning. Alternate translation: "have sorrowfully bowed their heads to the ground" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-symaction]]) +"they have thrown dust on their heads and worn burlap." Burlap cloth was coarse and could irritate the skin. They did these things to show that they were mourning. diff --git a/lam/02/11.md b/lam/02/11.md index 7d64837efe..b2cbd0b3e7 100644 --- a/lam/02/11.md +++ b/lam/02/11.md @@ -1,20 +1,16 @@ -# General Information: - -The author shifts from describing Jerusalem to describing his own experience. - # My eyes have failed from their tears -This is an idiom. Alternate translation: "I have cried until I cannot cry anymore" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom]]) +"I have cried until I cannot cry anymore" # my stomach churns -The word "churn" means to move around violently, normally in a circular rotation. This does not mean the stomach is literally churning, but describes how the author feels. Alternate translation: "my insides ache" or "my stomach hurts" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) +"my insides ache" or "my stomach hurts" # my inner parts are poured out to the ground -The author speaks of feeling grief in his inner being as if his inner body parts had fallen out of his body onto the ground. Alternate translation: "my entire inner being is in grief" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) +"my entire inner being is in grief" # the daughter of my people -This is a poetic name of Jerusalem, which is spoken of here as if it were a woman. Alternate translation: "my people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-personification]]) +"my people" diff --git a/lam/02/12.md b/lam/02/12.md index 9ce24e4ab5..d08209636e 100644 --- a/lam/02/12.md +++ b/lam/02/12.md @@ -1,14 +1,10 @@ # Where is grain and wine? -This rhetorical question is used as a request for something to eat. The children are telling their mother that they are hungry. The phrase "grain and wine" represents food and drink. This question may be written as a statement. Alternate translation: "Give us something to eat and drink." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) - -# as they faint like a wounded man - -This speaks of the children fainting from hunger and thirst in the same way that a wounded man faints. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-simile]]) +"We need something to eat and drink." # their lives are poured out on the bosom of their mothers -This speaks of the children dying as if their lives were a liquid that was being poured out. Alternate translation: "they slowly die in the arms of their mothers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) +"the children slowly die in the arms of their mothers" # bosom diff --git a/lam/02/13.md b/lam/02/13.md index b0a0dfe68d..e1e7bab13e 100644 --- a/lam/02/13.md +++ b/lam/02/13.md @@ -1,28 +1,20 @@ -# General Information: - -The author begins to address Jerusalem. - # What will I testify for you? -The author uses this rhetorical question to express that he does not know what to say to help Jerusalem. This question can be written as a statement. Some modern translations read, "To what can I compare you?" Alternate translation: "There is nothing that I can say to testify for you." or "There is nothing to which I can compare you." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) +"There is nothing that I can say to testify for you." # To what can I compare you, ... Jerusalem? -The author uses this rhetorical question to express that he does not know what to say to help Jerusalem. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: "There is nothing to which I can compare you, ... Jerusalem." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) - -# daughter of Jerusalem ... virgin daughter of Zion - -These are poetic names for Jerusalem, which is spoken of here as if it were a woman. "Zion" is another name for Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-personification]]) +"There is nothing to which I can compare you, ... Jerusalem." # To what can I liken you ... Zion? -The author uses this rhetorical question to express that he does not know how to give comfort to Jerusalem. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: "There is nothing to which I can liken you ... Zion." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) +"There is nothing to which I can liken you ... Zion" or "I cannot say that you are like anything ... Zion." # Your wound is as great as the sea -This speaks of Jerusalem's great suffering as if it were as terrible as the sea is great. Alternate translation: "Your suffering is as terrible as the sea is large" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-simile]]) +"Your suffering is as terrible as the sea is large" # Who can heal you? -"Who can restore you?" The author uses this rhetorical question to express that there is no one who can restore Jerusalem to the way it was before. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: "No one can heal you." or "No one can restore you." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) +"No one can heal you." or "No one can restore you." diff --git a/lam/02/14.md b/lam/02/14.md index a77ca58915..eb60dfb2c6 100644 --- a/lam/02/14.md +++ b/lam/02/14.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ # They have not exposed your iniquity to reverse your captivity -Possible meanings are that the prophets have not rebuked the people for their sins, and so 1) Yahweh has not brought them back from captivity or 2) Yahweh did not prevent them from going into captivity. The abstract noun "captivity" here can be translated as a verbal clause and may be a metaphor for Yahweh's punishment. Alternate translation: "They have not rebuked you for your sins so that Yahweh could free you from those who had captured you" or "They have not rebuked you for your sins so that Yahweh would not have to punish you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) +"They have not rebuked you for your sins to keep you from becoming captives" or "They have not rebuked you for your sins so that Yahweh could free you from those who captured you" -# for you they gave utterances +# for you they gave utterances that are false and misleading -The word "utterances" can be expressed with the verb "spoke." Alternate translation: "they spoke things to you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-abstractnouns]]) +"for they told you things that are false and misleading" diff --git a/lam/02/15.md b/lam/02/15.md index 1b23177ab0..e72a2a2ab2 100644 --- a/lam/02/15.md +++ b/lam/02/15.md @@ -1,14 +1,10 @@ -# clap their hands ... hiss and shake their heads +# clap their hands at you. They hiss and shake their heads -These actions are used to mock and insult others. Alternate translation: "mock you by clapping their hands ... hiss and shake their heads" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-symaction]]) - -# the daughter of Jerusalem - -This is a poetic name for Jerusalem, which is spoken of here as if it were a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-personification]]) +These actions are used to mock and insult others. Alternate translation: "mock you by clapping their hands at you. They hiss and shake their heads" # Is this the city that they called 'The Perfection of Beauty,' 'The Joy for All of Earth'? -This rhetorical question is used to express sarcasm. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: "This city that they called 'The Perfection of Beauty,' 'The Joy for All of Earth,' is not so beautiful or joyful anymore!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) +"This city that they called 'The Perfection of Beauty,' 'The Joy for All of Earth,' is not beautiful or joyful anymore!" # The Perfection of Beauty diff --git a/lam/02/16.md b/lam/02/16.md index 8ab97c98c6..9098dfe74f 100644 --- a/lam/02/16.md +++ b/lam/02/16.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # grind their teeth -This action shows a person's anger and that they are mocking others. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-symaction]]) +This action shows a person's anger. # We have swallowed her up -Here the people speak of destroying Jerusalem as if they were an animal swallowing its food. Alternate translation: "We have completely destroyed Jerusalem" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) +"We have completely destroyed Jerusalem" # We have lived to see it -This is an idiom. Alternate translation: "We have greatly desired to see it happen" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom]]) +"We have greatly desired to see it happen" diff --git a/lam/02/17.md b/lam/02/17.md index 763bff58d7..203e3d7864 100644 --- a/lam/02/17.md +++ b/lam/02/17.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -# He has overthrown +# He has overthrown you -"He has destroyed" +"He has destroyed you" # to rejoice over you -This means that the enemy rejoiced because they defeated them. Alternate translation: "to rejoice over defeating you" +"to rejoice over defeating you" # he has lifted up the horn of your enemies -Here "horn" (that is, an animal horn) represents strength. Alternate translation: "he has increased the power of your enemies" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]]) +An animal's "horn" represents its strength. Alternate translation: "he has increased the power of your enemies" diff --git a/lam/02/18.md b/lam/02/18.md index d6b64e4397..7dd2757d07 100644 --- a/lam/02/18.md +++ b/lam/02/18.md @@ -1,22 +1,6 @@ -# Their heart cried out to the Lord - -Here the word "heart" represents the whole person emphasizing one's innermost being. Possible meanings of who cried out are 1) the people of Jerusalem. Alternate translation: "The people of Jerusalem shouted to the Lord from their innermost being" or 2) the walls are being personified. Alternate translation: "You walls, cry out to the Lord from your innermost being" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-personification]]) - -# walls of the daughter of Zion! Make your tears flow ... no relief - -The writer speaks to the walls of Jerusalem. He wants the people of Jerusalem to do what he is telling the walls to do. Some translations take this whole section to be spoken to the "walls," though this can be written with the first phrase "walls of the daughter of Zion!" spoken to the "walls," and the rest of the section spoken directly to the people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-apostrophe]]) - -# the daughter of Zion - -This is a poetic name for Jerusalem, which is spoken of here as if it were a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-personification]]) - # Make your tears flow down like a river -This speaks of the people crying so much that their tears would flow like a river. Alternate translation: "Cry many, many tears" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) - -# day and night - -These two opposite times of day refer to all the time. Alternate translation: "all of the time" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-merism]]) +"Cry many, many tears" # Give yourself no relief, your eyes no relief diff --git a/lam/02/19.md b/lam/02/19.md index 0a200d775b..3703060e45 100644 --- a/lam/02/19.md +++ b/lam/02/19.md @@ -1,24 +1,12 @@ -# Arise, cry out ... of every street - -The writer continues speaking to the walls of Jerusalem. He wants the people of Jerusalem to do what he is telling the walls to do. Some translations take this whole section to be spoken to the "walls," though this can be written with the first phrase "walls of the daughter of Zion!" spoken to the "walls," and the rest of the section spoken directly to the people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-apostrophe]]) - # at the beginning of the night watches -"many times during the night." This refers to every time a watchman came on duty. +"many times during the night." This refers to every time a nightwatchman came on duty. # Pour out your heart like water before the face of the Lord -The phrase "pour out your heart like water" is an idiom. Here the Lord is represented by his "face" to emphasize his presence. Alternate translation: "Tell the Lord how you feel in your inner being" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom]]) +"Tell the Lord how you feel in your inner being" -# Lift up your hands to him +# Lift up your hands to him for the lives of your children -This was an action often performed while praying. Alternate translation: "Lift up your hands to him in prayer" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-symaction]]) - -# for the lives of your children - -This means for them to request that the Lord save their children. Alternate translation: "to save the lives of your children" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) - -# at the corner of every street - -The word "every" here is an exaggeration for "many." Alternate translation: "where the streets come together" or "by the roads" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-hyperbole]]) +"Lift up your hands to him in prayer and ask him to save the lives for your children" diff --git a/lam/02/20.md b/lam/02/20.md index 3921dcf04d..4380e1e70c 100644 --- a/lam/02/20.md +++ b/lam/02/20.md @@ -1,16 +1,12 @@ # Should women eat the fruit of their wombs ... for? -This rhetorical question is asked to emphasize that it is not right for women to eat their children. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: "Woman should not eat their own children ... for!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) + "Woman should not eat their own children ... for!" or "Do not make women eat the fruit of their wombs ... for!" Some of the women did this when there was no food and they were starving. # the fruit of their wombs -This speaks of children having come from their mother as if they were fruit that came from her womb. Alternate translation: "their children that they have given birth to" or "their own children" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) +"their children that they have given birth to" or "their own children" # Should priest and prophet be slaughtered in the sanctuary of the Lord? -This rhetorical question is used to emphasize that the prophets and priests should not be killed. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: "The prophets and priests should not be slaughtered in the sanctuary of the Lord!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) - -# Should priest and prophet be slaughtered - -This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Should our enemies slaughter priests and prophets" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]]) +"The prophets and priests should not be slaughtered in the sanctuary of the Lord!" or "Do not let your enemies slaughter your priests and prophets in your sanctuary!" diff --git a/lam/02/21.md b/lam/02/21.md index e98d0b787d..32a3fffe85 100644 --- a/lam/02/21.md +++ b/lam/02/21.md @@ -1,20 +1,16 @@ # Both the young and the old lie on the dust -It is implied here that this refers to dead people. Alternate translation: "The corpses of both the young and the old lie on the dust" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) - -# Both the young and the old - -These phrases refer to people. These two opposites are used to refer to all ages of people. Alternate translation: "Both young people and old people" or "People of all ages" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-nominaladj]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-merism]]) +"The corpses of young people and old people lie on the dust" # My virgins and my young men have fallen by the sword -Here the "sword" refers to their enemies. This is a euphemism that means that they were murdered by their enemies. Alternate translation: "My virgins and my young men have been murdered by their enemies" or "My enemies have murdered my virgins and my young men" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-euphemism]]) +"My virgins and my young men have been murdered by their enemies" or "My enemies have murdered my virgins and young men" # virgins -Here this is probably a synecdoche for young women in general, the most valuable of whom would be virgins. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-synecdoche]]) +This probably refers to young women in general. # you have slaughtered them -This speaks of Yahweh allowing the poeple to be slaughtered as if he killed them himself. Alternate translation: "you allowed them to be slaughtered" or "you allowed this to happen" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]]) +"you have let your enemies slaughter them" diff --git a/lam/02/22.md b/lam/02/22.md index 24cdd2c471..5a34c66bee 100644 --- a/lam/02/22.md +++ b/lam/02/22.md @@ -1,16 +1,8 @@ -# as you would call the people to a feast day +# You have summoned, as you would call the people to a feast day, my terrors on every side -"as if they were coming to a feast." This speaks of how Yahweh summoned his enemies as if he were inviting them to a feast. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-simile]]) +"In the same way that you would invite many people to a feast, you have called terrors to come and surround me" # my terrors -Here the people the author fears are referred to as his "terrors." Alternate translation: "the attackers I was afraid of" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]]) - -# on every side - -This is an idiom. Alternate translation: "to attack from every direction" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom]]) - -# on the day of the anger of Yahweh - -Here "day" is used as an idiom that refers to a general period of time. Alternate translation: "at the time when Yahweh acted in his anger" or "during the time that Yahweh displayed his anger" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom]]) +Possible meanings are "the people who terrify me" or "the terrible events that frighten me." diff --git a/lam/02/intro.md b/lam/02/intro.md deleted file mode 100644 index 2d99dda70d..0000000000 --- a/lam/02/intro.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,12 +0,0 @@ -# Lamentations 2 General Notes - -### Structure and formatting - -God has become Judah's enemy. He is determined to destroy them. - -## Links: - -* __[Lamentations 2:1 Notes](./01.md)__ - -__[<<](../01/intro.md) | [>>](../03/intro.md)__ - diff --git a/lam/03/01.md b/lam/03/01.md index de51eae532..db5d4c08f0 100644 --- a/lam/03/01.md +++ b/lam/03/01.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # Connecting Statement: -A new poem begins. Here the author speaks of the sufferings that his people experienced. He speaks about them as if God had personally attacked only him. However, the writer intends to speak for everyone in the city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-parallelism]]) +The author speaks about how his people have suffered as if God had attacked him. # who has seen affliction -Here the phrase "has seen" is a metaphor for experiencing something. Alternate translation: "who has experienced affliction" or "who has suffered" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) +"who has experienced affliction" or "who has suffered" # under the rod of Yahweh's fury -Being "under the rod" represents being beaten with a rod. The author speaks of God's punishment as if God had beaten him with a rod. Alternate translation: "because Yahweh was very angry and has beaten me with a rod" or "because Yahweh was very angry and has punished me severely" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) +"because Yahweh was very angry and has beaten me with a rod" diff --git a/lam/03/02.md b/lam/03/02.md index a4013079b1..d55e129fe6 100644 --- a/lam/03/02.md +++ b/lam/03/02.md @@ -2,7 +2,3 @@ "He forced me to go away" -# caused me to walk in darkness rather than light - -Here "darkness" represents suffering. Alternate translation: "caused me to suffer terribly with no hope, like a person walking in darkness rather than light" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) - diff --git a/lam/03/03.md b/lam/03/03.md index 977e1a613c..7c2d513da8 100644 --- a/lam/03/03.md +++ b/lam/03/03.md @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ # he turned his hand against me -Here "turned his hand against me" represents attacking him. The author speaks of God causing bad things to happen to him as if God had attacked him. Alternate translation: "he has attacked me" or "he has caused many bad things to happen to me, like someone who attacks a person" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) +"he beat me" or "he hit me" diff --git a/lam/03/04.md b/lam/03/04.md deleted file mode 100644 index 64320c7847..0000000000 --- a/lam/03/04.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,4 +0,0 @@ -# He made my flesh and my skin waste away; he broke my bones - -Possible meanings are 1) these things are a result of being beaten or 2) these are more ways that God punished the man. - diff --git a/lam/03/05.md b/lam/03/05.md index 4e676b4f21..0a0a5da788 100644 --- a/lam/03/05.md +++ b/lam/03/05.md @@ -2,15 +2,7 @@ Siege works are ramps that an army builds around a city to enable them to climb over the city walls and invade the city. -# He built up siege works against me - -Possible meanings are 1) the author speaks of God causing bad things to happen to him as if he were a city and God was an enemy that built up siege works against him. Alternate translation: "God attacked me like an enemy army that sets up siege works around a city" or 2) the author speaks of God causing the enemy army to attack Jerusalem as if God were the enemy. Alternate translation: "God caused the enemy army to build up siege works against me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) - # surrounded me with bitterness and hardship -This represents God causing him to experience much bitterness and hardship. Alternate translation: "caused me to experience much bitterness and hardship" or "caused me to suffer and have many problems" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) - -# bitterness - -Here "bitterness" represents suffering. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) +"caused me to experience much bitterness and hardship" or "caused me to suffer and have many problems" diff --git a/lam/03/06.md b/lam/03/06.md deleted file mode 100644 index 37186648a6..0000000000 --- a/lam/03/06.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,4 +0,0 @@ -# He made me live in dark places, like those who died long ago - -Here "dark places" is a metaphor for suffering. The author compares the intensity of his suffering to the intensity of the darkness that those who died long ago experience. Alternate translation: "The suffering that he causes me is intense like the darkness of the grave" or "He makes me suffer terribly, as if I were in the darkness of those who died long ago" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-simile]]) - diff --git a/lam/03/07.md b/lam/03/07.md deleted file mode 100644 index 88c266a6c1..0000000000 --- a/lam/03/07.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,4 +0,0 @@ -# He built a wall around me and I cannot escape. He made my chains heavy - -This represents the continuing suffering. Like a person who cannot escape from prison, the author cannot make his suffering stop. Alternate translation: "My suffering continues. It is as though he has built a wall around me and put heavy chains on me, and I cannot escape" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) - diff --git a/lam/03/08.md b/lam/03/08.md index 4fb9affe2a..8daaf630cf 100644 --- a/lam/03/08.md +++ b/lam/03/08.md @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ # he shut out my prayer -The author speaks about God refusing to listen to his prayers as though God was shutting his ears so that the author's prayers could not go into them. Alternate translation: "he refuses to hear my prayer" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom]]) +"he prevented my prayer from going to him" or "he refuses to hear my prayer" diff --git a/lam/03/09.md b/lam/03/09.md index d2b25f9e4e..203f5faa65 100644 --- a/lam/03/09.md +++ b/lam/03/09.md @@ -1,12 +1,4 @@ -# He blocked my path - -The author speaks of God causing him to continue to suffer as if God was preventing him from escaping the suffering by blocking his path. Alternate translation: "It is as though he blocked my path" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) - # a wall of hewn stone "a wall of cut stones." People would cut stones into regular shapes that could fit together well in order to build a strong wall. -# he made my paths crooked - -Crooked paths do not lead people to where they want to go. Here they represent unsuccessful ways of escaping suffering. Alternate translation: "it is as though he has made my paths crooked" or "I have tried to make the suffering stop, but God has prevented me, like one who prevents another from escaping by making his paths crooked" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) - diff --git a/lam/03/10.md b/lam/03/10.md index 70a790b3bb..177c9868b1 100644 --- a/lam/03/10.md +++ b/lam/03/10.md @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ # He is like a bear waiting to ambush me, a lion in hiding -The author speaks of God being ready to cause him to suffer more, as if God were a wild animal waiting to attack him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-simile]]) +"He is like a bear waiting to attack me, like a lion hiding so it can attack me" diff --git a/lam/03/12.md b/lam/03/12.md index edae734200..89e225b432 100644 --- a/lam/03/12.md +++ b/lam/03/12.md @@ -1,8 +1,4 @@ -# General Information: - -God is often spoken of as if he were a warrior. - # He bent his bow -A soldier has to bend his bow in order to shoot an arrow from it. The author speaks of God deciding to cause him trouble as if God were a warrior ready to shoot him with an arrow. See how you translated this in [Lamentations 2:4](../02/04.md). Alternate translation: "It was as if God made his bow ready to shoot" +A soldier has to bend his bow in order to shoot an arrow from it. See how you translated this in Lamentations 2:4. diff --git a/lam/03/13.md b/lam/03/13.md index e6cedda353..c42ac6930f 100644 --- a/lam/03/13.md +++ b/lam/03/13.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # He pierced my kidneys with the arrows of his quiver -The author speaks of the deep grief he feels as if God had shot his kidneys with an arrow. Alternate translation: "My grief is great. It is as if he pierced my kidneys with the arrows of his quiver" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) +"He pierced my kidneys by shooting me with the arrows of his quiver" # my kidneys -The kidneys are abdominal organs that move urine into the bladder. They are a metaphor for a person's emotions. Alternate translation: "deep into my body" or 2) "my heart" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) +The kidneys are organs in the body that move urine into the bladder. # quiver -a bag worn on the back in which to store arrows +a bag for holding arrows diff --git a/lam/03/14.md b/lam/03/14.md index 49401bdd0c..529b8b43bc 100644 --- a/lam/03/14.md +++ b/lam/03/14.md @@ -1,12 +1,8 @@ # a laughingstock to all my people -The word "all" is a generalization, meaning "most." Alternate translation: "a laughingstock to most of my people" or "someone whom all my people mock" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-hyperbole]]) - -# laughingstock - -someone whom many people mock +"someone whom all my people mock" # their taunting song -Jeremiah speaks of being the person about whom they sing their taunt song as if he were the song itself. Alternate translation: "and I am the one about whom they sing taunting songs" or "and they sing taunting songs about me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]]) +"and I am the one about whom they sing mocking songs" or "and they sing songs to make fun of me" diff --git a/lam/03/15.md b/lam/03/15.md index d619fedc88..adfa8ea1aa 100644 --- a/lam/03/15.md +++ b/lam/03/15.md @@ -1,16 +1,8 @@ -# General Information: - -The writer gives two metaphors to describe how Yahweh has made him suffer. The first metaphor speaks of Yahweh as if he were forcing Jeremiah to eat bitter herbs, and the second as if he were forcing him to drink a bitter liquid. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) - # He filled me with bitter herbs -Here the phrase "bitter herbs" is a metaphor for suffering. Alternate translation: "I suffer as if he caused me eat a great amount of bitter herbs" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) +"He made me I eat a great amount of bitter herbs" -# forced me to drink wormwood +# and forced me to drink wormwood -Wormwood is the bitter juice from the leaves and flowers of a certain plant. Drinking that bitter juice represents suffering. Alternate translation: "I suffer as if he forced me to drink fill my stomach with wormwood" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) - -# forced me to drink wormwood - -The word "drink" here speaks of drinking a large amount of something. Some modern translations read, "forced me to drink so much wormwood that I became drunk." +"and made me drink a large amount of bitter liquid" diff --git a/lam/03/16.md b/lam/03/16.md index 349a06ebad..cc367e8955 100644 --- a/lam/03/16.md +++ b/lam/03/16.md @@ -1,12 +1,8 @@ # He has made my teeth grind with gravel -Possible meanings are 1) the author speaks of God humiliating him as if God had forced him to chew gravel. Alternate translation: "He has humiliated me, like someone who forces another to chew gravel" or 2) the author speaks of God humiliating him as if God had pushed his face down into the gravel on the ground. Alternate translation: "He has humiliated me, like someone who pushes another man's face down into the gravel" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) +"He has made me chew on gravel stones" # he made me cower in the ashes -The author speaks of God humiliating him as if God had pushed him down into the ashes of a fire on the ground. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) - -# cower - -make oneself as small as possible because of fear of something one cannot fight against +"he has made me crouch down in ashes" diff --git a/lam/03/17.md b/lam/03/17.md index 4234c97729..47eb0745d0 100644 --- a/lam/03/17.md +++ b/lam/03/17.md @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ # My soul is deprived of peace -Possible meanings are 1) the author's experiences are not peaceful. Alternate translation: "I have no peace in my life" or 2) the author does not feel peace. Alternate translation: "I feel no peace in my soul" +"I have no peace in my life" or "I feel no peace in my soul" diff --git a/lam/03/18.md b/lam/03/18.md index 0f88f9f30e..4c9f397896 100644 --- a/lam/03/18.md +++ b/lam/03/18.md @@ -1,8 +1,4 @@ # My endurance has perished and so has my hope in Yahweh -The author speaks as if his ability to endure more suffering and his hope that Yahweh will help him were living beings that have died. Alternate translation: "I cannot endure anymore suffering and I can no longer hope that Yahweh will help me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-personification]]) - -# endurance - -Some versions translate this as "glory" or "splendor." +"I have no more endurance and I have no hope in Yahweh" or "I cannot endure anymore suffering and I can no longer hope that Yahweh will help me" diff --git a/lam/03/19.md b/lam/03/19.md index 1c60b6766c..a4423fd4da 100644 --- a/lam/03/19.md +++ b/lam/03/19.md @@ -1,8 +1,4 @@ -# General Information: - -In verses 19 to 42, the writer thinks about the lessons that he and his fellow citizens should learn about God and his anger and mercy. - # wormwood and bitterness -Wormwood is a plant that gives a liquid which is very bitter to drink. Together "wormwood" and "bitterness" represent severe suffering. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) +Wormwood is a plant that gives a liquid which is very bitter to drink. Together "wormwood" and "bitterness" represent severe suffering. diff --git a/lam/03/21.md b/lam/03/21.md index 8a5a680646..3b448a6d03 100644 --- a/lam/03/21.md +++ b/lam/03/21.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # But I call this to mind -This means to intentionally think about something. The word "this" refers to something that the author will start to speak about in the next verse. Alternate translation: "But I choose to think about this" or "But I remember this" +"But I choose to think about this" or "But I remember this." The word "this" refers to what he says in the next verses. # I have hope diff --git a/lam/03/22.md b/lam/03/22.md index 994be10ec7..b1ce1e16d5 100644 --- a/lam/03/22.md +++ b/lam/03/22.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ # The steadfast love of Yahweh never ceases -The abstract noun "steadfast love" can be expressed with the phrase "love faithfully." Alternate translation: "Yahweh never stops loving his people faithfully" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-abstractnouns]]) +"Yahweh never stops loving his people faithfully" # his compassions never end -The abstract noun "compassions" can be translated with the verb "care." Alternate translation: "he never stops caring for those who suffer" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-abstractnouns]]) +"he never stops caring for those who suffer" diff --git a/lam/03/23.md b/lam/03/23.md index 8db29d5e90..3837b8fc24 100644 --- a/lam/03/23.md +++ b/lam/03/23.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ # they are new every morning -The word "they" refers to God's steadfast love and compassions. Their being new represents God continuing to act according to them. Alternate translation: "every morning he treats us again with steadfast love and compassion" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) +his steadfast love and compassion are new every morning" or "every morning he treats us again with steadfast love and compassion" -# your faithfulness +# your faithfulness is great The word "your" refers to Yahweh. diff --git a/lam/03/24.md b/lam/03/24.md index a2cfa0b98e..a84e752d31 100644 --- a/lam/03/24.md +++ b/lam/03/24.md @@ -1,12 +1,8 @@ # Yahweh is my inheritance -When God gave each tribe of Israel their land, he called it an inheritance. The author speaks of Yahweh being all he needs as if Yahweh were the inheritance that he had received. Alternate translation: "Because Yahweh is with me, I have everything I need" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) +"Yahweh is my portion" or "Yahweh is what I have received" # says my soul -The phrase "my soul" is a synecdoche for Jeremiah himself. Alternate translation: "I say" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]]) - -# therefore I will hope in him - -Many versions treat these words as the end of the quotation that begins the verse. +"I say" diff --git a/lam/03/25.md b/lam/03/25.md index 28d2f402b8..60e1aaad06 100644 --- a/lam/03/25.md +++ b/lam/03/25.md @@ -1,16 +1,8 @@ # Yahweh is good to those who wait for him -Here "good" refers to kindness. Alternate translation: "Yahweh is kind to those who wait for him" or "Yahweh does good things for those who wait for him" - -# those who wait for him - -Possible meanings are 1) "all those who depend on him" or 2) "the one who waits patiently for him to act." +"Yahweh is kind to those who wait for him" or "Yahweh does good things for those who depend on him" # the soul who seeks him -Possible meanings for "seeks him" are 1) asking God for help or 2) wanting to know God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) - -# the soul - -This phrase is a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: "the person" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-synecdoche]]) +Possible meanings are "the one who asks Yahweh for help" or "the person who wants to know him." diff --git a/lam/03/26.md b/lam/03/26.md deleted file mode 100644 index d778b3d918..0000000000 --- a/lam/03/26.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,4 +0,0 @@ -# General Information: - -This page has intentionally been left blank. - diff --git a/lam/03/27.md b/lam/03/27.md index fe6dd648fc..70e624c5c6 100644 --- a/lam/03/27.md +++ b/lam/03/27.md @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ # that he bear the yoke in his youth -Here "bear the yoke" represents suffering. The abstract noun "his youth" can be expressed with the word "young." Alternate translation: "that he suffer while he is young" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-abstractnouns]]) +"that he carry the heavy load while he is young" or "that he suffer while he is young" diff --git a/lam/03/28.md b/lam/03/28.md index 80fcf45dce..1b2219b2d7 100644 --- a/lam/03/28.md +++ b/lam/03/28.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ # Let him sit alone in silence -The phrase "in silence" refers to not speaking. Here it may refer specifically to not complaining. Alternate translation: "Let him sit alone without speaking" or "Let him sit alone and not complain" +"Let him sit alone without speaking" or "Let him sit alone and not complain" # when it is laid upon him -"when the yoke is laid upon him." Here the yoke represents suffering. Alternate translation: "when he suffers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) +"when the yoke is laid upon him" or "when the burden is laid on him" diff --git a/lam/03/29.md b/lam/03/29.md deleted file mode 100644 index d778b3d918..0000000000 --- a/lam/03/29.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,4 +0,0 @@ -# General Information: - -This page has intentionally been left blank. - diff --git a/lam/03/30.md b/lam/03/30.md index 6c7ea53544..3df39705a4 100644 --- a/lam/03/30.md +++ b/lam/03/30.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # General Information: -The writer speaks of the one who waits for Yahweh ([Lamentations 3:25](../03/25.md)). +The writer speaks of anyone who waits for Yahweh. See Lamentations 3:25. # Let him offer his cheek to the one who strikes him -The word "him" refers to anyone who is suffering and who waits for Yahweh. Here "offer his cheek" represents allowing someone to strike his cheek. Alternate translation: "Let him allow people to hit him on the face" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) +"Let him allow people to hit him on the face" # let him be filled to the full with insults -The author speaks of a person as if he were a container and reproach were a liquid. Being filled with insults represents being insulted again and again. The implication is that he should be patient when this happens. Alternate translation: "let him be insulted much" or "let him be patient when people insult him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) +"let him be insulted much" or "let him be patient when people insult him" diff --git a/lam/03/31.md b/lam/03/31.md deleted file mode 100644 index d778b3d918..0000000000 --- a/lam/03/31.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,4 +0,0 @@ -# General Information: - -This page has intentionally been left blank. - diff --git a/lam/03/33.md b/lam/03/33.md index 3361684177..85059ef0ac 100644 --- a/lam/03/33.md +++ b/lam/03/33.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ # For he does not afflict from his heart -Here the heart represents desire or pleasure, and afflicting from the heart represents afflicting with pleasure. Alternate translation: "For it does not make him happy to afflict people" or "He does not take pleasure in afflicting people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]]) +"For it does not make him happy to afflict people" or "For he does not take pleasure in hurting people" # the children of mankind -This refers to people in general. Alternate translation: "human beings" or "people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom]]) +"human beings" or "people" diff --git a/lam/03/34.md b/lam/03/34.md index a2f200e955..ee9f74c550 100644 --- a/lam/03/34.md +++ b/lam/03/34.md @@ -1,12 +1,4 @@ -# General Information: +# To crush underfoot all the prisoners -The author wrote in general terms about what is true for all people, but it shows God's concern for his people, the people of Israel, who were being mistreated by their enemies. - -# To crush underfoot - -Here "crush underfoot" represents abusing and mistreating people. Alternate translation: "To abuse" or "To mistreat" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])- - -# To crush - -"If people crush" +"To abuse all the prisoners" or "If people mistreat all the prisoners" diff --git a/lam/03/35.md b/lam/03/35.md index 7fbd6e2245..d077db48c8 100644 --- a/lam/03/35.md +++ b/lam/03/35.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ # to deny a man justice -"if they deny a man justice." This refers to not allowing a person to have what he deserves. Alternate translation: "to deny a person his rights" or "to keep a person from having what he deserves" +"to deny a person his rights" or "if they keep a person from having what he deserves" # in the presence of the Most High -Doing something "in the presence of the Most High" represents doing it while knowing that God sees it. Alternate translation: "knowing that the Most High sees it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]]) +"and the Most High God sees it" diff --git a/lam/03/36.md b/lam/03/36.md index 185cfad762..4d4dba4cf5 100644 --- a/lam/03/36.md +++ b/lam/03/36.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ # to deprive a person of justice -Here "deprive a person of justice" refers to not making a just decision for a person in a legal concern. Alternate translation: "to judge a person wrongly in court" or "to keep a person who goes to a judge from getting what is right" +"to judge a person wrongly in court" or "if they keep a person who goes to a judge from getting what is right" -# to deprive a person of justice +# the Lord would not approve such things! -"if they deny justice to a person" or "if they do not treat a person justly" +The phrase "such things" refers to the three wicked actions listed in verses 34-36. diff --git a/lam/03/37.md b/lam/03/37.md index 7c5d737b4c..94fdb9572f 100644 --- a/lam/03/37.md +++ b/lam/03/37.md @@ -1,12 +1,4 @@ # Who has spoken and it came to pass, unless the Lord decreed it? -The author uses this rhetorical question to teach that when someone commands something to happen, it will happen only if God has already decreed that it should happen. Alternate translation: "No one has spoken and it came to pass, unless the Lord decreed it." or "What someone has commanded to happen has never happened unless the Lord decreed it." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) - -# has spoken - -It can be expressed clearly that this refers to commanding something to happen. Alternate translation: "has commanded that something should happen" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) - -# it came to pass - -"what he said happened" +"No one has spoken and it came to pass, unless the Lord decreed it." or "What someone has commanded to happen has never happened unless the Lord commanded it." diff --git a/lam/03/38.md b/lam/03/38.md index 5bef12d98e..6764621a5e 100644 --- a/lam/03/38.md +++ b/lam/03/38.md @@ -1,12 +1,4 @@ # Is it not from the mouth of the Most High that both calamities and the good come? -The author uses this rhetorical question to teach that both calamities and good things happen only because God has commanded them to happen. Alternate translation: "It is only from the mouth of the Most High that both calamities and the good come." or "It is only because the Most High has commanded it that both calamities and good things happen." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) - -# from the mouth of the Most High - -Here "mouth" represents what God says or commands. Alternate translation: "from the command of the Most High" or "because the Most High has commanded it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]]) - -# both calamities and the good come - -Here "come" represents happening. Also, the nominal adjective "the good" can be stated as "good things." Alternate translation: "both calamities and good things happen" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-nominaladj]]) +"It is only from the command of the Most High that both bad things and good things happen." or "It is only because the Most High has commanded them that both difficulties and pleasant things happen." diff --git a/lam/03/39.md b/lam/03/39.md index 5a0310a8c2..29fc2f5c4f 100644 --- a/lam/03/39.md +++ b/lam/03/39.md @@ -1,8 +1,4 @@ # How can any person alive complain? How can a person complain about the punishment for his sins? -The author uses these rhetorical questions to teach that people should not complain when God punishes them. Alternate translation: "A person should not complain when God punishes him for his sins." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) - -# How can any person alive complain - -Possible meanings are 1) it is implied that mere people cannot fully understand God's actions. Alternate translation: "How can a mere person complain" or 2) it is implied that being alive is a gift from God. Alternate translation: "How can a person who is blessed to be alive complain" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) +"A living person should not complain when God punishes him for his sins." or "A mere person should not complain when he is punished for his sins." diff --git a/lam/03/40.md b/lam/03/40.md index d09b911b07..a8d4b2b360 100644 --- a/lam/03/40.md +++ b/lam/03/40.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ -# General Information: +# Let us examine our ways and test them -The writer speaks again about the suffering that God has caused to Jerusalem, but here he speaks of "we" and "us," not "I" and "me." In verse 42 the author starts a prayer that he and the people of Israel should pray. +Let us look carefully at how we have been behaving and test it # let us return to Yahweh -Here "return to Yahweh" represents submitting to him again. Alternate translation: "let us submit to Yahweh again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) +"let us submit to Yahweh again" diff --git a/lam/03/41.md b/lam/03/41.md index d25d01d661..366ac33c14 100644 --- a/lam/03/41.md +++ b/lam/03/41.md @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ # Let us lift up our hearts and our hands -Here "lift up our hearts" represents praying sincerely. It was customary for the Israelites to raise their hands when praying to God. Alternate translation: "Let us pray sincerely with lifted hands" or "Let us lift up our hands and pray sincerely" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]]) +"Let us pray sincerely with lifted hands" or "Let us lift up our hands and pray sincerely" diff --git a/lam/03/42.md b/lam/03/42.md index b2143e472e..ea7cd2a619 100644 --- a/lam/03/42.md +++ b/lam/03/42.md @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ # We have transgressed and rebelled -The words "transgressed" and "rebelled" share similar meanings. Together they indicate that transgression is the same as rebelling against Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-doublet]]) +"We have sinned and rebelled" diff --git a/lam/03/43.md b/lam/03/43.md index d42037a56f..f3785a9732 100644 --- a/lam/03/43.md +++ b/lam/03/43.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # You have covered yourself with anger -Here anger is spoken of as if it were a garment that God has put on. Hebrew often spoke of emotions as if they were clothing. Alternate translation: "You have been angry" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) +"You have wrapped yourself in anger" or "You have been very angry" # you have killed @@ -8,5 +8,5 @@ Here anger is spoken of as if it were a garment that God has put on. Hebrew ofte # you have not spared -Here "spared" represents having pity. Alternate translation: "you have not had pity on us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) +"you have not had pity on us" diff --git a/lam/03/44.md b/lam/03/44.md index b9a6af8984..b4b9d51055 100644 --- a/lam/03/44.md +++ b/lam/03/44.md @@ -1,8 +1,4 @@ -# Connecting Statement: - -The prayer that began in [Lamentations 3:42](../03/42.md) continues. - # You have covered yourself with a cloud so that no prayer can pass through -This represents God refusing to listen to the people's prayer. Alternate translation: "You refuse to listen to our prayers. It is as though you put a cloud between us and you so that our prayers cannot get to you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) +"You have put a cloud between us and you so that our prayers cannot get to you." This represents God refusing to listen to the people's prayer. diff --git a/lam/03/45.md b/lam/03/45.md index 3637972ae5..e32cb7723b 100644 --- a/lam/03/45.md +++ b/lam/03/45.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # You have made us like filthy scum and refuse among the peoples -The people of Israel are compared to filthy scum and refuse. Possible meanings are 1) God has caused the peoples to think of his people as worthless. Alternate translation: "You have made the peoples think of us as scum and garbage" or 2) God's forcing his people to live among the peoples is like throwing them away as garbage. Alternate translation: "You have thrown us away like filthy garbage among the peoples" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-simile]]) +Possible meanings are "You have made the peoples think of us as scum and garbage" or "You have thrown us away like filthy scum and garbage among the peoples" # peoples diff --git a/lam/03/46.md b/lam/03/46.md deleted file mode 100644 index d778b3d918..0000000000 --- a/lam/03/46.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,4 +0,0 @@ -# General Information: - -This page has intentionally been left blank. - diff --git a/lam/03/47.md b/lam/03/47.md index c399b624dc..7e50261e6f 100644 --- a/lam/03/47.md +++ b/lam/03/47.md @@ -1,16 +1,8 @@ # panic and pitfall have come upon us, ruin and destruction -The abstract nouns "panic," "pitfall," "ruin" and "destruction" can be expressed with verbs. Alternate translation: "we are panicking. We are trapped, and we are being ruined and destroyed" or "we are terrified and trapped. We are being completely destroyed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-abstractnouns]]) +"panic and pitfall, ruin and destruction have happened to us" or "we are terrified and trapped. We are being completely destroyed" # pitfall This refers to falling into a pit. Here it represents being trapped in any way. -# have come upon us - -"have happened to us" - -# ruin and destruction - -These two words share similar meanings and refer to the destruction of Jerusalem. Alternate translation: "total destruction" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-doublet]]) - diff --git a/lam/03/48.md b/lam/03/48.md index e359281a86..686d52ce37 100644 --- a/lam/03/48.md +++ b/lam/03/48.md @@ -1,12 +1,8 @@ -# General Information: - -The author speaks about himself again. - # My eyes flow with streams of tears -Here the author speaks of the great amount of his tears as if they were streams. He uses exaggeration to show that he is very sad and has cried much. Alternate translation: "Tears flow from my eyes like water flowing in a river" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-hyperbole]]) +"Tears flow from my eyes like water flowing in a river" # because of the destruction my people -The abstract noun "destruction" can be translated using the verb "destroy." Alternate translation: "because enemies have destroyed my people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-abstractnouns]]) +"because my people are destroyed" or "because enemies have destroyed my people" diff --git a/lam/03/49.md b/lam/03/49.md index d56c10ddde..ade890d5f2 100644 --- a/lam/03/49.md +++ b/lam/03/49.md @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ # without ceasing, without relief -Both of these phrases means the same thing. The author speaks of his continuing to cry as if his eyes were a person and had no rest from crying. Alternate translation: "without stopping" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-personification]]) +"without stopping" or "and they will not stop" diff --git a/lam/03/50.md b/lam/03/50.md index 9bfe88549d..49829ba7a4 100644 --- a/lam/03/50.md +++ b/lam/03/50.md @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ # until Yahweh from heaven looks down and sees -What the author hopes Yahweh will see can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "until Yahweh looks down from heaven and sees what has happened to my people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) +"until Yahweh looks down from heaven and sees what has happened to my people" diff --git a/lam/03/51.md b/lam/03/51.md index 51f58d440f..df426bf920 100644 --- a/lam/03/51.md +++ b/lam/03/51.md @@ -1,12 +1,8 @@ # My eyes cause grief to my soul -The phrase "My eyes" represents what he sees, and the word "soul" is a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: "What I see causes me to grieve" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-synecdoche]]) +"What I see causes me to grieve" # because of all the daughters of my city -It can be stated clearly that the "daughters of my city" are suffering. Alternate translation: "because the daughters of my city are suffering" or "because I see the daughters of my city suffering" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) - -# all the daughters of my city - -Possible meanings are 1) the women of Jerusalem or 2) all the inhabitants of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom]]) +"because of what is happening to the women of my city" or "because I see the daughters of my city suffering" diff --git a/lam/03/52.md b/lam/03/52.md index 7e625ca0d9..6e917ddf44 100644 --- a/lam/03/52.md +++ b/lam/03/52.md @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ # I have been hunted like a bird by those who were my enemies -The author speaks of people looking for him in order to kill him as if he were an animal that they were hunting. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "My enemies have looked for me in order to kill me like people who hunt for a bird" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) +"My enemies have hunted melike a bird"or "My enemies have looked for me in order to kill me like people who hunt for a bird" diff --git a/lam/03/54.md b/lam/03/54.md index 902226e5d4..b22f8f798c 100644 --- a/lam/03/54.md +++ b/lam/03/54.md @@ -4,5 +4,5 @@ # I have been cut off -Being "cut off" often represents being killed. Here it represents dying very soon. Alternate translation: "I am about to die" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) +"I am about to die" diff --git a/lam/03/55.md b/lam/03/55.md index cfe025ee9c..f33047ed6b 100644 --- a/lam/03/55.md +++ b/lam/03/55.md @@ -1,8 +1,4 @@ -# I called ... from the depths of the pit - -These words could mean either 1) the author was calling from the bottom of a literal pit into which he had been thrown. Alternate translation: "I called ... from the bottom of the pit" Or 2) the author was afraid he was about to die and he spoke of death as a pit out of which he could not climb. Alternate translation: "from the pit of the dead" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) - # I called on your name -God's name represents his character, and here, "called on your name" represents trusting God's character and calling on him for help. Alternate translation: "I called to you for help" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]]) +"I called to you for help" or "I prayed to you" diff --git a/lam/03/56.md b/lam/03/56.md index 88b61c64f8..ddb06216ef 100644 --- a/lam/03/56.md +++ b/lam/03/56.md @@ -1,8 +1,4 @@ -# You heard my voice - -Here "voice" represents what he said. Alternate translation: "You heard my words" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]]) - # Do not close your ear -Here "close your ear" represents refusing to listen. Alternate translation: "Do not refuse to listen" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]]) +"Do not refuse to listen" diff --git a/lam/03/57.md b/lam/03/57.md deleted file mode 100644 index fcd340a511..0000000000 --- a/lam/03/57.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,4 +0,0 @@ -# You came near - -People often come near to a person they help. Here "came near" represents helping the man. Alternate translation: "you helped me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]]) - diff --git a/lam/03/58.md b/lam/03/58.md index e0b375c270..5272dfcce2 100644 --- a/lam/03/58.md +++ b/lam/03/58.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ # you defended my soul's case -The author speaks of God keeping him from being killed by his enemies as if God had defended him in court as a lawyer defends someone and kept him from being killed. The word "soul" is a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: "you saved my life from my enemies. It is as though you defended me in court" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-synecdoche]]) +"you defended me in court" or "you spoke in my defense" # you redeemed my life -Jeremiah speaks of Yahweh saving him from death as if Yahweh had paid Jeremiah's captor so Jeremiah could go free. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) +"you bought back my life" or "you saved my life" diff --git a/lam/03/59.md b/lam/03/59.md index fe9b7d5c2b..8fa9cf63a0 100644 --- a/lam/03/59.md +++ b/lam/03/59.md @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ # judge my case -Here God is no longer pictured as a lawyer, but as the judge. It can be stated clearly that he wanted God to judge in his favor. Alternate translation: "make a decision about me, and show my enemies that I am right" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) +"judge me and show that I am right" diff --git a/lam/03/60.md b/lam/03/60.md index 3f8f971d03..de22d9bbca 100644 --- a/lam/03/60.md +++ b/lam/03/60.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ # You have seen all their vengeance -Jeremiah is referring to people insulting him. Alternate translation: "You have seen how they have taken revenge against me" +"You have seen how they have taken revenge against me" # all their plots against me -This is another thing that God has seen. Plots against someone are plans to harm him. Alternate translation: "and how they have made many plans to harm me" +"and how they have made many plans to harm me" diff --git a/lam/03/61.md b/lam/03/61.md index 602c80655f..36321b5e24 100644 --- a/lam/03/61.md +++ b/lam/03/61.md @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ # You have heard their insults ... all their plots against me -The plural abstract noun "insults" can be expressed with the verbs "taunt," or "mock." It can be stated clearly that the plans were to harm him. Alternate translation: "You heard how they have taunted me ... and all they plan to do to me" or "You have heard them mock me ... and plan ways to harm me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-abstractnouns]]) +"You heard how they have taunted me ... all they plan to do to me" or "You have heard them mock me ... and plan ways to harm me" diff --git a/lam/03/62.md b/lam/03/62.md index c48883e5b2..8f8604f1ce 100644 --- a/lam/03/62.md +++ b/lam/03/62.md @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ # The lips and the meditations of my enemies come against me all the day -Here the phrase "The lips" refers to what his enemies say, and "the meditations" refers to what his enemies are planning to do to harm him. The author speaks as if their words and thoughts were soldiers that come to attack him all day. Alternate translation: "My enemies speak against me and think about how to harm me the whole day" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) +"My enemies speak against me and think about how to harm me the whole day" diff --git a/lam/03/63.md b/lam/03/63.md index 4939447dd2..6c5ba73aa0 100644 --- a/lam/03/63.md +++ b/lam/03/63.md @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -# how they sit and then rise up +# Look at how they sit and then rise up; -These two actions together represent everything the people do. Alternate translation: "everything they do" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-merism]]) +"Look at what they do while they sit and stand;" or "Look at them. Both when they sit and when they stand," diff --git a/lam/03/64.md b/lam/03/64.md index a1a5b0d8c3..6c154f8019 100644 --- a/lam/03/64.md +++ b/lam/03/64.md @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ # Pay back to them what they deserve, Yahweh, according to the deeds of their hands -Here "Pay back to them" represents punishing them. What they have done can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "Punish them as they deserve, Yahweh, according to what they have done" or "Yahweh, they have made me suffer, so please make them suffer just as much" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) +"Punish them as they deserve, Yahweh, according to what they have done" diff --git a/lam/03/65.md b/lam/03/65.md index 54a29b3c3e..8d9a582c0e 100644 --- a/lam/03/65.md +++ b/lam/03/65.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ # You will let their hearts be shameless -Here the "heart" is a metonym that represents their attitudes and emotions, and being "shameless" means not feeling ashamed of their sins even though they should. Their not being ashamed would give even more reason for God to punish them. Alternate translation: "You will let them feel no shame for their sins" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]]) +"You will let them feel no shame for their sins" or "You will make their hearts hard" # May your condemnation be upon them -The abstract noun "condemnation" can be expressed with the verbs "condemn" or "curse." Alternate translation: "Condemn them" or "Curse them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-abstractnouns]]) +"Condemn them" or "Curse them" diff --git a/lam/03/66.md b/lam/03/66.md deleted file mode 100644 index 87b9711aae..0000000000 --- a/lam/03/66.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,4 +0,0 @@ -# from under the heavens - -Here "from under the heavens" represents everywhere on earth. Alternate translation: "wherever they are on earth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]]) - diff --git a/lam/03/intro.md b/lam/03/intro.md deleted file mode 100644 index 8113fab65b..0000000000 --- a/lam/03/intro.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,20 +0,0 @@ -# Lamentations 3 General Notes - -### Special concepts in this chapter - -#### Troubles - -Here the author speaks of the suffering experienced by the people of Jerusalem during the Babylonian siege and after the city's fall. He speaks of these sufferings as if they had been directed against him personally, as if God had personally attacked him. However, we should understand the writer's feelings as having been shared by everyone in the city. - -In verse 19, the writer begins to think about the lessons that he and his fellow citizens should learn about God and his anger and his mercy. He also thinks about what it means to repent and to trust in God. - -In verse 43, the writer speaks again about the suffering that God has caused to Jerusalem, but here the writer speaks of "we" and "us," not "I" and "me." But in verse 48, he begins to speak about how he himself will continually mourn over what has happened. - -In verse 52, the writer begins to think about his personal enemies in Jerusalem, those who persecuted him for bringing Yahweh's messages to the city. He asks for God to show his enemies that he was doing right, and to take revenge on them for their crimes against him. - -## Links: - -* __[Lamentations 3:1 Notes](./01.md)__ - -__[<<](../02/intro.md) | [>>](../04/intro.md)__ - diff --git a/lam/04/01.md b/lam/04/01.md index b0eaac437b..026d1d0d83 100644 --- a/lam/04/01.md +++ b/lam/04/01.md @@ -1,20 +1,12 @@ -# General Information: - -A new poem begins. See [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]. - # The gold has become tarnished; how the purest gold has changed -The people of Jerusalem are spoken of as if they were gold that is no longer shiny, and therefore no longer valuable. Alternate translation: "The people of Jerusalem are like gold that is no longer shiny. They are like pure gold that is no longer beautiful" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) +"The gold is no longer shiny" or "The gold has become dark" -# how the purest gold has changed +# how the purest gold has changed! -This is an exclamation that shows the author's sadness that this has happened. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-exclamations]]) +This exclamation shows the author's sadness that this has happened. -# The holy stones are scattered at the corner of every street +# The holy stones -This may refer to the temple being destroyed and its stones scattered throughout the city. It may also be a metaphor for the people being scattered. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) - -# at the corner of every street - -"wherever the streets come together" or "by all the roads" +Possible meanings are "the building blocks of the sanctuary" or "the gemstones of the sanctuary" diff --git a/lam/04/02.md b/lam/04/02.md index cda4da1760..ffa4244adc 100644 --- a/lam/04/02.md +++ b/lam/04/02.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ -# sons of Zion +# The precious sons of Zion -Here people of a city are spoken of as if they were the sons of the city. These words could refer to 1) only the young men of Jerusalem or 2) all the people of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) +Possible meanings are "The precious young men of Jerusalem" or "The precious people of Jerusalem" # they are considered like clay jars, the work of the potter's hands -The author speaks of the precious sons of Zion as if they were considered to be inexpensive clay jars. Alternate translation: "people think of them as worthless, like the clay jars that potters make" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) +"people think of them as worthless, like clay jars that potters make" diff --git a/lam/04/03.md b/lam/04/03.md index 70bc486f02..3269c6c115 100644 --- a/lam/04/03.md +++ b/lam/04/03.md @@ -2,21 +2,13 @@ Because of the lack of food in the city, the people of Jerusalem do not give their children all they need. -# the jackals offer the breast to nurse their cubs +# Even the jackals offer the breast to nurse their cubs -This means that mother jackals feed their baby jackals. +"Even the fierce, wild dogs feed their babies at the breast" -# jackals +# the daughter of my people has become cruel -fierce wild dogs - -# the daughter of my people ... like the ostriches in the desert - -The people in Jerusalem are compared to ostriches because they are cruel to their children. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-simile]]) - -# the daughter of my people has - -This is a poetic name for Jerusalem, which is spoken of here as if it were a woman. See how you translated this in [Lamentations 2:11](../02/11.md). Alternate translation: "my people have" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-personification]]) +"the women of my people have become cruel" or "my people have become cruel" # ostriches diff --git a/lam/04/05.md b/lam/04/05.md index 32cc05efee..047f559d03 100644 --- a/lam/04/05.md +++ b/lam/04/05.md @@ -4,13 +4,5 @@ These people no longer have homes, so they live outside along the streets and do # Those who were brought up wearing scarlet clothing -This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "those who grew up wearing scarlet clothing" or "those who wore scarlet clothing when they were growing up" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]]) - -# scarlet clothing - -Here this phrase is a metonym for luxurious, expensive, and comfortable clothing, at least some of which was probably scarlet. Alternate translation: "luxurious clothing" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]]) - -# now lie on piles of ashes - -This is because they no longer have homes and soft beds. +"those who grew up wearing scarlet clothing" or "those who wore expensive clothing when they were growing up" diff --git a/lam/04/06.md b/lam/04/06.md index c9dad59afa..3d87e334f5 100644 --- a/lam/04/06.md +++ b/lam/04/06.md @@ -1,20 +1,12 @@ # The iniquity of the daughter of my people is greater than the sin of Sodom -Possible meanings are 1) "the daughter of my people has sinned worse than the people of Sodom sinned" or 2) the words "iniquity" and "sin" are metonyms for the punishment for iniquity and sin: "Yahweh has punished the daughter of my people worse than he punished the people of Sodom." (See [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]]) - -# the daughter of my people - -This is a poetic name for Jerusalem, which is spoken of here as if it were a woman. See how you translated this in [Lamentations 2:11](../02/11.md). Alternate translation: "my people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-personification]]) + "the daughter of my people has sinned worse than the people of Sodom sinned" # which was overthrown in a moment -The word "which" refers to Sodom. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "which God destroyed in a moment" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]]) +"which God destroyed in a moment." The word "which" refers to Sodom. # no hands were wrung for her -Possible meanings are 1) people wringing their hands is a metaphor for people who are worried or sad because of what has happened, so no one was sad about what happened to her, or 2) the phrase "wrung for" should be translated "turned against," meaning that only Yahweh, and no people, harmed her, or 3) the phrase "wrung for" should be translated "turned toward," meaning that no people helped her. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) - -# her - -Possible meanings are that this is a metaphor for 1) Sodom or 2) Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) +Possible meanings are "no one was sad because of what has happened to Sodom" or "no one helped Sodom." diff --git a/lam/04/07.md b/lam/04/07.md index 20c7269da8..54aba36fea 100644 --- a/lam/04/07.md +++ b/lam/04/07.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Her princes were purer than snow, whiter than milk -Possible meanings are 1) Jerusalem's leaders were beautiful to look at because they were physically healthy or 2) the leaders were morally pure as new snow and milk are pure white. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) +Possible meanings are 1) Jerusalem's leaders were beautiful to look at because they were physically healthy or 2) the leaders were morally pure as new snow and milk are pure white. # Her princes @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ Possible meanings are 1) Jerusalem's leaders were beautiful to look at because t # their bodies were more ruddy than coral -"their bodies were redder than coral." This implies that they were healthy. Alternate translation: "their bodies were healthy and red" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) +"their bodies were redder than coral." This implies that they were healthy. Alternate translation: "their bodies were healthy and red" # coral diff --git a/lam/04/08.md b/lam/04/08.md index 07b9d3aa50..099da0ea38 100644 --- a/lam/04/08.md +++ b/lam/04/08.md @@ -4,13 +4,9 @@ This may be because 1) the sun has darkened the leaders' skin or 2) the soot fro # they are not recognized -This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "no one can recognize them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]]) +"no one can recognize them" # Their skin has shriveled on their bones -This implies that there was not much muscle or fat under the skin. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) - -# it has become as dry as wood - -Their dry skin is compared to dry wood. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-simile]]) +This implies that there was not much muscle or fat under the skin. diff --git a/lam/04/09.md b/lam/04/09.md index b2b8d4ba82..af13a45cf3 100644 --- a/lam/04/09.md +++ b/lam/04/09.md @@ -1,14 +1,10 @@ -# Those killed by the sword +# Those killed by the sword ... those killed by hunger -Here the "sword" represents an enemy's attack. It can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Those whom enemy soldiers have killed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]]) +"Those whom enemy soldiers have killed ... those who starve to death" # are better than -"are happier than" or "do not suffer as much as" - -# those killed by hunger - -Here "hunger" represents starvation. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "those who starved to death" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]]and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]]) +"are better off than" or "are happier than" or "suffer less than" # who wasted away @@ -16,5 +12,5 @@ Here "hunger" represents starvation. This can be stated in active form. Alternat # pierced by the lack of any harvest from the field -Here "harvest from the field" is a metonym that represents food to eat. Lack of food is spoken of here as if it were a sword that pierces people. Alternate translation: "who died because there was not enough food to eat" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]]) + "suffering because there was not enough food from the field" diff --git a/lam/04/10.md b/lam/04/10.md index 75137edbf2..d76025e897 100644 --- a/lam/04/10.md +++ b/lam/04/10.md @@ -1,12 +1,8 @@ # The hands of compassionate women -Here the women are represented by their "hands." Because they were so hungry, women who had been compassionate in the past were no longer compassionate toward their children; instead they boiled them for food. Alternate translation: "Compassionate women" or "Women who had been compassionate in the past" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-synecdoche]]) +"Compassionate women" or "Women who had been compassionate in the past" # they became their food -"their children became the women's food." If your language has a word for food that a person eats when he is ill or very sad, consider using it here. - -# the daughter of my people was - -This is a poetic name for Jerusalem, which is spoken of here as if it were a woman. See how you translated this in [Lamentations 2:11](../02/11.md). Alternate translation: "my people were" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-personification]]) +"their children became the women's food" diff --git a/lam/04/11.md b/lam/04/11.md index 9a6d5d2235..d0e38240b9 100644 --- a/lam/04/11.md +++ b/lam/04/11.md @@ -1,16 +1,12 @@ -# Yahweh showed all his wrath; he poured out his fierce anger - -Yahweh was very angry, and he did everything he wanted to do to show that he was angry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-parallelism]]) - # he poured out his fierce anger -God's punishing his people is spoken of as if his anger were a burning hot liquid that he poured out on them. Alternate translation: "because of his fierce anger, he punished his people" or "in fierce anger he responded to his people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) + "because of his fierce anger, he punished his people" or "in fierce anger he responded to his people" # He kindled a fire in Zion -This represents God causing Israel's enemies to start a fire in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: "He caused a fire to start in Zion" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]]) +"He started a fire in Zion" # that consumed her foundations -Here "her foundations" represents the whole city, even the part of the city that would be ruined last. Alternate translation: "that burned down the city, even its foundations" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-synecdoche]]) +"that burned down the city, even its foundations" diff --git a/lam/04/12.md b/lam/04/12.md index 3f999c0290..38fe85d00d 100644 --- a/lam/04/12.md +++ b/lam/04/12.md @@ -4,5 +4,5 @@ # adversary or enemy -These two words mean basically the same thing and emphasize that these are people who desired to harm Jerusalem. These may be translated as plurals. Alternate translation: "adversaries or enemies" or "any kind of enemy" or "any of Jerusalem's enemies" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-doublet]]) +"adversaries or enemies" or "any kind of enemy" or "any of Jerusalem's enemies" diff --git a/lam/04/13.md b/lam/04/13.md index 01571c30a2..5753c34c03 100644 --- a/lam/04/13.md +++ b/lam/04/13.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ # the sins of her prophets and the iniquities of her priests -These two lines share similar meanings and emphasize that these spiritual leaders were largely responsible for the fall of Jerusalem. Alternate translation: "the terrible sins of her prophets and priests" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-parallelism]]) +"the sins of her prophets and priests" # who have shed the blood of the righteous -Both the priests and the prophets were guilty of murder. Here "shed the blood" represents murder. Alternate translation: "who have murdered the righteous" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]]) +"who have murdered righteous people" diff --git a/lam/04/14.md b/lam/04/14.md index f583405c66..3e846af00a 100644 --- a/lam/04/14.md +++ b/lam/04/14.md @@ -1,16 +1,12 @@ # They wandered, blind, through the streets -The priests and prophets are spoken of as if they were blind because they wandered through the streets, not knowing where to go. Alternate translation: "They wandered through the streets like blind men" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) +"The priests and prophets wandered through the streets like blind men" # They were so defiled by that blood -Here "defiled" represents being unacceptable to God. Because the priests and prophets murdered people, they were ritually unclean, unable to worship God or be with ordinary people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) - -# defiled by that blood - -"defiled by the blood that they shed." Possible meanings are 1) the blood was on their clothes or 2) "blood" is a metonym for murder. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]]) +"They were so defiled by the blood that they shed" or "They were so defiled from murdering people" # no one could touch their clothes -No one wanted to become unclean by touching the clothes of the priests and prophets [v. 13](./13.md). +"no one dared to touch the priests' and prophets' clothes" diff --git a/lam/04/16.md b/lam/04/16.md index 3f5910ea92..38c9514a04 100644 --- a/lam/04/16.md +++ b/lam/04/16.md @@ -4,9 +4,9 @@ # he does not watch over them anymore -Here "watch over them" represents being concerned about them and helping them. Alternate translation: "he does not care about them anymore" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]]) +"he does not care about them anymore" # They did not honor the priests -The word "they" refers to the people. Alternate translation: "The people did not honor the priests" or "The priests are not honored" +"The people did not honor the priests" or "The priests are not honored" diff --git a/lam/04/17.md b/lam/04/17.md index 05600fc272..51963e3a5a 100644 --- a/lam/04/17.md +++ b/lam/04/17.md @@ -1,10 +1,6 @@ # Our eyes failed, looking in vain for help -Their eyes failing represents their seeking and not being able to find what they were looking for. These two phrases together emphasize that they were trying hard to find help. Alternate translation: "We continued looking, but we could not find anyone to help us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]]) - -# for help - -The abstract noun "help" can be expressed as a verb. Alternate translation: "for people to help us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-abstractnouns]]) +"We continued looking, but we could not find anyone to help us" # in vain @@ -12,5 +8,5 @@ without succeeding # we watched for a nation that could not rescue us -Here "watched" represents hoping. It can be stated clearly that they were hoping that a nation would come and rescue them. Alternate translation: "we hoped for a nation to come and rescue us, but it could not rescue us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) +"we hoped for a nation to come and rescue us, but it could not rescue us" diff --git a/lam/04/18.md b/lam/04/18.md index a83a1c28dc..5d21929105 100644 --- a/lam/04/18.md +++ b/lam/04/18.md @@ -1,20 +1,16 @@ # They followed our steps -Here "our steps" represents where they went. Alternate translation: "Our enemies followed us everywhere we went" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]]) +"Our enemies followed us everywhere we went" # Our end was near -Here "near" is a metaphor for "soon." Alternate translation: "Our end would be soon" or "Our enemies would soon destroy us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) - -# Our end - -Possible meanings are 1) "Our end" refers to the end of living in their own city because their enemies would destroy the city and capture them. Alternate translation: "Our destruction" or "Our capture" or 2) "Our end" refers to the end of their lives. Alternate translation: "Our death" or "The time for us to die" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) +"Our end would be soon" or "Our enemies would soon destroy us" # our days were numbered -Being numbered represents being so few that they could be easily counted. Alternate translation: "we had very little time" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) +"we had very little time" # our end had come -The phrase "had come" means that what they had expected was now happening. Alternate translation: "it was now the end for us" or "our enemies were attacking us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) +"it was now the end for us" or "our enemies were attacking us" diff --git a/lam/04/19.md b/lam/04/19.md index 776cfc5ec3..b9f388358f 100644 --- a/lam/04/19.md +++ b/lam/04/19.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Our pursuers were swifter than the eagles in the sky -The author compares the speed of their pursuers to the speed of eagles flying. Eagles fly very quickly to catch other animals. Alternate translation: "Those who were chasing us were faster than eagles" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-simile]]) +"Those who were chasing us were faster than eagles" # lay in wait for us diff --git a/lam/04/20.md b/lam/04/20.md index 03921df1e2..4c4d7f52ef 100644 --- a/lam/04/20.md +++ b/lam/04/20.md @@ -1,12 +1,16 @@ +# The breath in our nostrils—Yahweh's anointed one— + +The one who gave us life, the one Yahweh anointed as our king + # he was the one who was captured in their pits -Here "pits" refers to the enemies' plans to capture him. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "he was the one whom our enemies captured by their plans" or "our enemies made plans to capture our king, and they did capture him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]]) + "he was the one who was captured in their traps" # of whom it was said -This phrase with the quote following it gives us more information about the king. The quote shows what the people had hoped the king would do for them before he was trapped. It can be expressed in active form. Alternate translation: "even though we had said about him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-distinguish]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]]) +"even though we had said about him" # Under his shadow we will live among the nations -Here "his shadow" represents him protecting them. Alternate translation: "Under his protection we will live among the nations" or "Though we may have to live in other nations, he will protect us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) +"Under his protection we will live among the nations" or "Though we may have to live in other nations, he will protect us" diff --git a/lam/04/21.md b/lam/04/21.md index afd1ffce61..ef0c95955a 100644 --- a/lam/04/21.md +++ b/lam/04/21.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # Rejoice and be glad -"Rejoice" and "be glad" mean basically the same thing and emphasize the intensity of gladness. The writer uses these words to mock the people. He knew that the people of Edom would be glad that Jerusalem is being destroyed. Alternate translation: "Be very glad" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-irony]]) +"Be very glad." The writer uses these words to mock the people. He knew that the people of Edom would be glad that Jerusalem was being destroyed. # daughter of Edom -The people of the land of Edom are spoken of as if they were a woman. They were Israel's enemy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-personification]]) +"you people of Edom" # But to you also the cup will be passed -The cup is a metonym for the wine in it. The wine is a metaphor for punishment. Alternate translation: "But Yahweh will also punish you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]]) +"But you also will have to drink from the bitter cup" or "But Yahweh will also punish you" diff --git a/lam/04/22.md b/lam/04/22.md index f920549ec6..fc2342fedb 100644 --- a/lam/04/22.md +++ b/lam/04/22.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Daughter of Zion -The people of Jerusalem are spoken of as if they were a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-personification]])\ +"People of Jerusalem" # your punishment will come to an end -"your punishment will end." The abstract noun punishment can be expressed with the verb "punish." Alternate translation: "Yahweh will stop punishing you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-abstractnouns]]) +"your punishment will end" or "Yahweh will stop punishing you" # he will not extend your exile @@ -12,5 +12,5 @@ The people of Jerusalem are spoken of as if they were a woman. (See: [[rc://en/t # he will uncover your sins -Here the sins not being known by others are spoken of as if they are under a cover. Removing the cover represents letting other people know about them. Alternate translation: "he will expose your sins" or "he will cause other people to know how you have sinned" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) +"he will expose your sins" or "he will let other people know how you have sinned" diff --git a/lam/04/intro.md b/lam/04/intro.md deleted file mode 100644 index 9d99866328..0000000000 --- a/lam/04/intro.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,12 +0,0 @@ -# Lamentations 4 General Notes - -### Structure and formatting - -The story of Judah being destroyed continues in this chapter. Famine destroyed the rulers and the priests. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]]) - -## Links: - -* __[Lamentations 4:1 Notes](./01.md)__ - -__[<<](../03/intro.md) | [>>](../05/intro.md)__ - diff --git a/lam/05/01.md b/lam/05/01.md index d3ed384056..09d121a342 100644 --- a/lam/05/01.md +++ b/lam/05/01.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # General Information: -A new poem begins. See [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]. +A new poem begins. # Remember, Yahweh, what has happened to us diff --git a/lam/05/02.md b/lam/05/02.md index 82e584088e..67d2a6d5c5 100644 --- a/lam/05/02.md +++ b/lam/05/02.md @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ # Our inheritance has been turned over to strangers; our houses to foreigners -The idea of things being turned over to others can be expressed with an active form. Since it is also understood in the second part of the sentence, those words can be repeated there. Alternate translation: "You have turned our inheritance over to strangers; you have turned our houses over to strangers" or "You have allowed strangers to take possession of our inheritance; you have allowed foreigners to take possession of our houses" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-ellipsis]]) +"You have turned our inheritance over to strangers; you have turned our houses over to strangers" or "You have allowed strangers to take possession of the land you gave us; you have allowed foreigners to take possession of our houses" diff --git a/lam/05/03.md b/lam/05/03.md index 786dec933b..bfa29f0fa7 100644 --- a/lam/05/03.md +++ b/lam/05/03.md @@ -1,8 +1,4 @@ -# We have become orphans ... our mothers are like widows - -The people of Jerusalem have no one to protect them because the men have either died in battle or have gone into exile. This speaks of the people not having their fathers and husbands present as if they had actually become orphans and widows. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-simile]]) - # orphans, without a father -These two phrases have the same meaning and emphasize that the people no longer have their fathers. Alternate translation: "orphans who have no fathers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-parallelism]]) +"orphans who have no fathers" diff --git a/lam/05/04.md b/lam/05/04.md index 106807d662..de501b2e8d 100644 --- a/lam/05/04.md +++ b/lam/05/04.md @@ -1,8 +1,4 @@ # We must pay silver for the water we drink ... our own wood -This means that their enemies are making them pay money to have the water and wood that they once used for free. Alternate translation: "We have to pay silver to our enemies in order to drink our own water ... our own wood" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) - -# we must pay silver to get our own wood - -This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "our enemies sell us our own wood" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]]) +"We have to pay silver to our enemies in order to drink water ... our own wood" diff --git a/lam/05/05.md b/lam/05/05.md index 9692f72fd1..3c941f0017 100644 --- a/lam/05/05.md +++ b/lam/05/05.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ # Those who are coming after us -"Our enemies who are chasing after us." This refers to the Babylonian army. +"Our enemies who are chasing after us" This refers to the Babylonian army. # we can find no rest -This speaks of being able to rest as if "rest" were an object that could be found. Alternate translation: "we are unable to rest" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) +"we cannot rest" diff --git a/lam/05/06.md b/lam/05/06.md index e0ae0e8897..eb090e9206 100644 --- a/lam/05/06.md +++ b/lam/05/06.md @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ # We have given ourselves to Egypt and to Assyria to get enough food -This phrase "given ourselves" is an idiom. Alternate translation: "We have made a treaty with Egypt and with Assyria so that we would have food to eat" or "We have surrendered to Egypt and to Assyria to have enough food to remain alive" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom]]) +"We have made a treaty with Egypt and with Assyria so that we would have food to eat" or "We have surrendered to Egypt and Assyria to have enough food to remain alive" diff --git a/lam/05/07.md b/lam/05/07.md index 65fe1255bc..48dfdd4f9a 100644 --- a/lam/05/07.md +++ b/lam/05/07.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ # they are no more -This refers to them being dead. Alternate translation: "they have died" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-euphemism]]) +"they have died" # we bear their iniquities -Here "iniquities" represents the punishment received because of their ancestors' sins. Alternate translation: "we bear the punishment for their sins" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]]) +"we carry their sins" or "we take the punishment for their sins" diff --git a/lam/05/08.md b/lam/05/08.md index 0999132501..f3354f3254 100644 --- a/lam/05/08.md +++ b/lam/05/08.md @@ -1,8 +1,4 @@ -# Slaves rule over us - -Possible meanings are 1) "Now the people who rule over us are themselves slaves to their own masters in Babylon" or 2) "People who used to be slaves in Babylon now rule over us." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) - # to deliver us from their hand -Here the word "hand" refers to control. Alternate translation: "to rescue us from their control" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]]) +"to rescue us from their control" diff --git a/lam/05/09.md b/lam/05/09.md index 09b514906d..ab2491a0fa 100644 --- a/lam/05/09.md +++ b/lam/05/09.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ # bread -Here "bread" refers to food in general. Alternate translation: "food" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]]) +"food" # because of the sword in the wilderness -Here robbers with swords are represented by their "swords." Alternate translation: "because there are robbers in the wilderness who kill others with swords" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]]) +"because there are robbers in the wilderness who kill people with swords" diff --git a/lam/05/10.md b/lam/05/10.md index 18583bbfca..4814c573f6 100644 --- a/lam/05/10.md +++ b/lam/05/10.md @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ # Our skin has grown as hot as an oven because of the burning heat of hunger -This speaks of the peoples' bodies being hot and feverish as if their skin was as hot as an oven. The people have fever because of their hunger. Alternate translation: "Our skin has become hot like an oven, and we have a very high fever because we are extremely hungry" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-simile]]) +"Our skin has become hot like an oven; we have a high fever because we are extremely hungry" or "Our skin is as hot as an oven because we have a fever from the famine" diff --git a/lam/05/11.md b/lam/05/11.md index 8aac843598..bdf884f8ea 100644 --- a/lam/05/11.md +++ b/lam/05/11.md @@ -1,8 +1,4 @@ # Women are raped in Zion, and virgins in the cities of Judah -These two phrases have similar meaning and emphasize that the women are being violated. The words "are raped" are understood in the second part of this sentence and can be repeated. Alternate translation: "Women are raped in Zion, and virgins are raped in the cities of Judah" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-ellipsis]]) - -# Women are raped ... and virgins - -This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Our enemies have raped the women ... and the virgins" or "Our enemies have violated the women ... and the virgins" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]]) +"Women are raped in Zion, and virgins are raped in the cities of Judah" or "Our enemies have raped the women in Zion and the virgins of Judah" diff --git a/lam/05/12.md b/lam/05/12.md index 278fe01ac5..e8938f6054 100644 --- a/lam/05/12.md +++ b/lam/05/12.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ # Princes are hung up by their own hands -Possible meanings are 1) the word "their" refers to their enemies. Alternate translation: "With their own hands, they hung princes" or 2) they tied each prince's hands together with one end of a rope and tied the other end so the prince's feet could not touch the ground. +"The enemy has hung up our princes by their hands" # no honor is shown to the elders -This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "they have shown no honor to the elders" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]]) +"they have not shown honor to the elders" diff --git a/lam/05/13.md b/lam/05/13.md index abdc3b6c00..9b8fa12941 100644 --- a/lam/05/13.md +++ b/lam/05/13.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ # Young men are forced -This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "They force young men" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]]) +"They force young men" # boys stagger under heavy loads of wood -The boys are forced to carry the loads of wood. Alternate translation: "boys stagger because they are forced to carry heavy loads of wood" or "they force the boys to carry heavy loads of wood which make them stagger" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) +"boys walk unsteadily as they carry heavy loads of wood" or "they force boys to carry heavy loads of wood that make them stagger" diff --git a/lam/05/14.md b/lam/05/14.md index 7cc90f7aed..0b175ea712 100644 --- a/lam/05/14.md +++ b/lam/05/14.md @@ -1,8 +1,7 @@ # the city gate -This is where the elders would give legal advice, but also where people would meet socially. +This is where the elders would give legal advice. # the young men have left their music -Playing music was part of the social life at the city gate. This speaks of the men no longer playing their music as if the act of playing music were a place that they left. Alternate translation: "the young men have stopped playing their music" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) - +"the young men have stopped playing music" diff --git a/lam/05/15.md b/lam/05/15.md index 4fd0479ece..a3a82dd630 100644 --- a/lam/05/15.md +++ b/lam/05/15.md @@ -1,4 +1,7 @@ -# The joy of our heart +# The joy of our heart has ceased -Here the word "heart" refers to the whole person and emphasizes their emotions. Alternate translation: "Our joy" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-synecdoche]]) +We no longer have joy in our heart +# our dancing has turned into mourning + +we have stopped dancing, and now we mourn \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/lam/05/16.md b/lam/05/16.md index 8905d4a870..afc5c2574f 100644 --- a/lam/05/16.md +++ b/lam/05/16.md @@ -1,4 +1,7 @@ # The crown has fallen from our head -Possible meanings are 1) "We no longer wear flowers on our heads for celebrations" or 2) The "crown" represents their king and their "head" represents a place of authority over the people. Alternate translation: "We no longer have a king" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]]) +This probably mean, "Our glory has fallen" or "We no longer have what gave us honor." +# woe to us + +"we are doomed" or "destruction comes to us" \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/lam/05/17.md b/lam/05/17.md index 24517cf86b..9183d51175 100644 --- a/lam/05/17.md +++ b/lam/05/17.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ # For this our heart has become sick -The "heart" represents a person's emotions. This speaks of a person being discouraged as if their emotions were sick. Alternate translation: "Because of this we are discouraged" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) +"Because of this we are discouraged" # for these things our eyes grow dim -This means that they have a hard time seeing because they are crying. Alternate translation: "and we can hardly see because our eyes are full of tears" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) +"and we can hardly see because of our tears" diff --git a/lam/05/18.md b/lam/05/18.md index d64140607a..f41856fb06 100644 --- a/lam/05/18.md +++ b/lam/05/18.md @@ -4,5 +4,5 @@ Here "Mount Zion" refers to Jerusalem. The phrase "lies desolate" means that no # jackals -These are fierce wild dogs. See how you translated this in [Lamentations 4:3](../04/03.md). +These are fierce wild dogs. See how you translated this in Lamentations 4:3. diff --git a/lam/05/19.md b/lam/05/19.md index 31ca9e5163..e6064c59de 100644 --- a/lam/05/19.md +++ b/lam/05/19.md @@ -1,8 +1,4 @@ -# sit upon your throne +# you will sit upon your throne from generation to generation -Here sitting on the throne represents ruling as king. Alternate translation: "rule as king" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]]) - -# from generation to generation - -This is an idiom. Alternate translation: "always" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom]]) +"you will rule as king forever" diff --git a/lam/05/20.md b/lam/05/20.md index 94e462f4c9..d02fada9a1 100644 --- a/lam/05/20.md +++ b/lam/05/20.md @@ -1,8 +1,4 @@ # Why do you forget us forever? Why do you abandon us for the length of your days? -The author uses these rhetorical questions to express his feelings that Yahweh has forgotten them. These questions can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: "It is as though you will forget us forever or not come back to us for a very long time!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) - -# for the length of your days - -Here this idiom refers to the duration of God's life. Since God lives forever, it can also be translated as "forever." Perhaps the writer was uing hyperbole and exaggerating the length of time he believed that God was forsaking them. Alternate translation: "for as long as you live" or "forever" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-hyperbole]]) +"Why do you ignore us forever? Why do you neglect us for such a long time?" diff --git a/lam/05/22.md b/lam/05/22.md index 1f6a3777c4..59cec70cd5 100644 --- a/lam/05/22.md +++ b/lam/05/22.md @@ -1,8 +1,4 @@ -# unless you have utterly rejected us and you are angry with us beyond measure +# unless you have utterly rejected us and you are angry with us beyond measure. -Possible meanings are that 1) the writer is afraid that Yahweh is too angry to restore them or 2) the writer hopes that Yahweh is not too angry to restore them. - -# are angry with us beyond measure - -This speaks of Yahweh being very angry as if his anger cannot be measured. Alternate translation: "are extremely angry with us" + "if you have not completely rejected us and you are not so angry with us that your anger cannot even be measured." or "Are you so extremely angry with us that you have completely rejected us?" The writer probably hopes that Yahweh is not too angry to restore them. diff --git a/lam/05/intro.md b/lam/05/intro.md deleted file mode 100644 index 9818e430e5..0000000000 --- a/lam/05/intro.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,12 +0,0 @@ -# Lamentations 5 General Notes - -### Structure and formatting - -Judah was destroyed for her sin. As slaves, life was very hard. The author wondered if God would be angry forever. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]]) - -## Links: - -* __[Lamentations 5:1 Notes](./01.md)__ - -__[<<](../04/intro.md) | __ - diff --git a/lam/front/intro.md b/lam/front/intro.md index 9eca085fb1..19f9c1d982 100644 --- a/lam/front/intro.md +++ b/lam/front/intro.md @@ -1,7 +1,5 @@ # Introduction to Lamentations -## Part 1: General Introduction - ### Outline of the Book of Lamentations 1. First lament: Yahweh and his people have abandoned Jerusalem (1:1–22) @@ -19,38 +17,8 @@ ### What is the Book of Lamentations about? -The Babylonians captured the city of Jerusalem in 586 B.C. In the Book of Lamentations, the writer grieves over Jerusalem being destroyed. - -The Book of Lamentations is organized into five poems. The writer describes how God allowed Jerusalem to be destroyed because the people sinned against him. However, the writer also states that God is always loving and faithful to his people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) +The Babylonians captured the city of Jerusalem in 586 B.C. In the Book of Lamentations, the writer describes how God allowed Jerusalem to be destroyed because the people sinned against him. However, the writer also states that God is always loving and faithful to his people. ### Who wrote the Book of Lamentations? The text of Lamentations does not give the name of the author. The traditional view is that Jeremiah wrote it. The writer seems to have personally seen Jerusalem destroyed. The serious and grieving words in the Book of Jeremiah are similar to those in the Book of Lamentations. - -### How should the title of this book be translated? - -Translators may use the traditional title of "Lamentations." Or they may call the book "Poems of Sadness." If translators want to take the view that the prophet Jeremiah wrote this book, they might decide on a title such as "The Sad Sayings of Jeremiah." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]]) - -## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts - -### Did God abandon Israel? - -The author of Lamentations often speaks of God abandoning Israel. But this did not mean that God had completely given up on Israel. -He rejected Israel for a period of time as the special place where he would be present. However, God remained faithful to what he promised Israel in his covenant. - -While it was common in the ancient Near East to think that a god might leave its city, it usually did so because it was too weak to defend the city. In Lamentations, Yahweh abandons Jerusalem because the people sinned against him, not because he was too weak to defend the city. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) - -### What is a funeral song? - -People groups commonly sing songs after someone dies or during a funeral. Depending on the culture, these songs can sound either happy or sad. The Book of Lamentations is like a sad song, called a "lament," sung at a funeral. Some scholars think the rhythm of the laments in Hebrew makes them sound slow like a funeral procession. - -## Part 3: Important Translation Issues - -### What style of writing is Lamentations? - -Lamentations is a collection of five poems. The Jewish exiles living in captivity in Babylon may have sung or chanted these laments. The Jews who remained in Jerusalem after the Babylonians conquered it may also have sung them. In Chapters 1, 2, and 4, each line of the poem begins with a different Hebrew letter, in the order of the Hebrew alphabet. The third chapter repeats three lines starting with the same letter of the Hebrew alphabet. The next three lines begin with next letter in the Hebrew alphabet. - -### Who are the woman and the man in Lamentations? - -The author uses the image of an abandoned woman and a persecuted man to represent Judah and Jerusalem. He uses this type of personification to help readers understand the pain and sorrow. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-personification]]) -