# he reasoned

"he debated" or "he discussed." This means that there is interaction from the listeners rather than only his preaching. They are talking with him as well.

# others who worshiped God

This refers to Gentiles (non-Jews) who give praise to God and follow him but do not obey all of the Jewish laws.

# in the marketplace

"in the public square." This is a public place of business, where buying and selling of goods, cattle, or services take place.