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# Romans 16 # Romans 16
## 16:1-16 ## 16:1-16
### How did Paul commend Phoebe? ### How did Paul commend Phoebe?
[16:1]
Paul commended Phoebe. That is, he spoke kindly about Phoebe. In ancient times, an author often commended the person who carried a letter for him to the place it was supposed to go. Paul commended Phoebe. That is, he spoke kindly about Phoebe. In ancient times, an author often commended the person who carried a letter for him to the place it was supposed to go.
See: Acts 18:27; Philippians 2:19-30; 3 John 12 See: Acts 18:27; Philippians 2:19-30; 3 John 12
### How was Phoebe a servant of the church in Cenchrea? ### How was Phoebe a servant of the church in Cenchrea?
[16:1]
Phoebe was a woman from Cenchrea. She was a serve of the church in this city. Some scholars think Phoebe helped other Christians. Other scholars think the Christians gathered together to worship God in her house. Other scholars think Phoebe was a deacon (see: Philippians 1:1; 1 Timothy 3:8, 12; 4:6).. Phoebe was a woman from Cenchrea. She was a serve of the church in this city. Some scholars think Phoebe helped other Christians. Other scholars think the Christians gathered together to worship God in her house. Other scholars think Phoebe was a deacon (see: Philippians 1:1; 1 Timothy 3:8, 12; 4:6)..
See: Matthew 23:11-12; Romans 12:11; 2 Corinthians 4:5 See: Matthew 23:11-12; Romans 12:11; 2 Corinthians 4:5
@ -18,30 +26,42 @@ See: [Deacon](../articles/deacon.md); [Worship](../articles/worship.md); [Church
See Map: Cenchrea See Map: Cenchrea
### How were people to receive Phoebe in the lord? ### How were people to receive Phoebe in the lord?
[16:2]
Paul wanted the Roman Christians to receive Phoebe in the lord. Paul wanted these Christians to accept Phoebe as a Christian who represented Paul in some way. Paul wanted the Roman Christians to receive Phoebe in the lord. Paul wanted these Christians to accept Phoebe as a Christian who represented Paul in some way.
See: Philippians 2:29; Colossians 4:10; Philemon 17; 2 John 10; 3 John 5-10 See: Philippians 2:29; Colossians 4:10; Philemon 17; 2 John 10; 3 John 5-10
### Why did Paul greet many people? ### Why did Paul greet many people?
[16:3]
In ancient times, the person who wrote the letter would greet people at the end of the letter. Paul greeted people who were Jews and Gentiles. He greet men and he greeted women. In ancient times, the person who wrote the letter would greet people at the end of the letter. Paul greeted people who were Jews and Gentiles. He greet men and he greeted women.
See: Philippians 4:21; Colossians 4:15; 2 Timothy 4:19 See: Philippians 4:21; Colossians 4:15; 2 Timothy 4:19
See: [Gentile](../articles/gentile.md) See: [Gentile](../articles/gentile.md)
### How was a church in someone’s house? ### How was a church in someone’s house?
[16:5]
In ancient times, Christians often gathered together to worship God in a person’s house. In Rome, Christians gathered in the house of Aquila and Priscilla. In ancient times, Christians often gathered together to worship God in a person’s house. In Rome, Christians gathered in the house of Aquila and Priscilla.
See: Acts 18:7; 1 Corinthians 16:19; Colossians 4:15; Philemon 2 See: Acts 18:7; 1 Corinthians 16:19; Colossians 4:15; Philemon 2
See: [Church](../articles/church.md); [Worship](../articles/worship.md) See: [Church](../articles/church.md); [Worship](../articles/worship.md)
### How was Epaenetus the firstfruit of Asia to Christ? ### How was Epaenetus the firstfruit of Asia to Christ?
[16:5]
Epaenetus was the first person in Asia to believe in Jesus. After he believed in Jesus, many other people would also believe in Jesus. Epaenetus was the first person in Asia to believe in Jesus. After he believed in Jesus, many other people would also believe in Jesus.
See: 1 Corinthians 16:15; 2 Thessalonians 2:13; James 1:18; Revelation 14:4 See: 1 Corinthians 16:15; 2 Thessalonians 2:13; James 1:18; Revelation 14:4
@ -50,106 +70,161 @@ See: [Fruit (Metaphor)](../articles/fruitmetaphor.md); [Messiah (Christ)](../art
See Map: Asia See Map: Asia
### How were Andronicus and Junia Paul’s kinsmen and fellow prisoners? ### How were Andronicus and Junia Paul’s kinsmen and fellow prisoners?
[16:7]
Andronicus and Junia were Paul’s kinsmen and fellow prisoners. They were Jews and were also put into prison with Paul for being Christians. Andronicus and Junia were Paul’s kinsmen and fellow prisoners. They were Jews and were also put into prison with Paul for being Christians.
See: Colossians 4:10; Philemon 23 See: Colossians 4:10; Philemon 23
### How were Andronicus and Junia well known to the apostles? ### How were Andronicus and Junia well known to the apostles?
[16:7]
Andronicus and Junia were well known to the apostles. Some scholars think that Andronicus and Junia had served God so well that even the apostles knew about and respected them. Other scholars think they both had the spiritual gift of apostle. Andronicus and Junia were well known to the apostles. Some scholars think that Andronicus and Junia had served God so well that even the apostles knew about and respected them. Other scholars think they both had the spiritual gift of apostle.
See: [Apostle](../articles/apostle.md); [Gifts of the Holy Spirit](../articles/giftsholyspirit.md) See: [Apostle](../articles/apostle.md); [Gifts of the Holy Spirit](../articles/giftsholyspirit.md)
### What was the household of Aristobulus and Nacissus? ### What was the household of Aristobulus and Nacissus?
[16:10, 16:11]
Paul wrote about people in the household of different families. Some scholars think he was greeting slaves who served these families. Other scholars think Paul greet Christians who met in the homes of these people. Paul wrote about people in the household of different families. Some scholars think he was greeting slaves who served these families. Other scholars think Paul greet Christians who met in the homes of these people.
See: Acts 16:31-34; 18:8; 1 Corinthians 1:16; 16:15; Philippians 4:22 See: Acts 16:31-34; 18:8; 1 Corinthians 1:16; 16:15; Philippians 4:22
## 16:16-20
### What was a holy kiss? ### What was a holy kiss?
[16:16]
In ancient times, people only kissed people in their family. They kissed each other on the cheek. When Chrsitians kissed one another, they did this because they are part of the family of God. In ancient times, people only kissed people in their family. They kissed each other on the cheek. When Chrsitians kissed one another, they did this because they are part of the family of God.
See: 1 Corinthians 16:20; 2 Corinthians 13:12; 1 Thessalonians 5:26; 1 Peter 5:14 See: 1 Corinthians 16:20; 2 Corinthians 13:12; 1 Thessalonians 5:26; 1 Peter 5:14
## 16:16-20
### How were false teachers going beyond the teaching that the Romans learned? ### How were false teachers going beyond the teaching that the Romans learned?
[16:17]
Paul wrote that the false teacher went beyond the things the Roman Christians were taught. That is, they taught things that the Roman Christians knew was not true. Paul wrote that the false teacher went beyond the things the Roman Christians were taught. That is, they taught things that the Roman Christians knew was not true.
See: 2 Thessalonians 3:6; 1 Timothy 6:3-5 See: 2 Thessalonians 3:6; 1 Timothy 6:3-5
See: [False Teacher](../articles/falseteacher.md) See: [False Teacher](../articles/falseteacher.md)
### How did someone stumble? ### How did someone stumble?
[16:17]
See: [Stumble (Stumbling Block)](../articles/stumble.md) See: [Stumble (Stumbling Block)](../articles/stumble.md)
### How did someone turn away from false teachers? ### How did someone turn away from false teachers?
[16:17]
When someone turned away from false teachers, they rejected the things the false teachers taught. When someone turned away from false teachers, they rejected the things the false teachers taught.
See: 2 Timothy 3:5; Titus 3:10; 2 John 7-11 See: 2 Timothy 3:5; Titus 3:10; 2 John 7-11
See: [False Teacher](../articles/falseteacher.md) See: [False Teacher](../articles/falseteacher.md)
### How did the false teachers serve their own stomachs? ### How did the false teachers serve their own stomachs?
[16:18]
Paul wrote that the false teachers served their own stomach. Some scholars think they ate too much food. Other scholars think they did the sinful things they wanted to do. Other scholars think they taught Chrsitians not to eat certain foods because of the Law of Moses. Paul wrote that the false teachers served their own stomach. Some scholars think they ate too much food. Other scholars think they did the sinful things they wanted to do. Other scholars think they taught Chrsitians not to eat certain foods because of the Law of Moses.
See: Philippians 3:19; Titus 1:10-12 See: Philippians 3:19; Titus 1:10-12
See: [False Teacher](../articles/falseteacher.md); [Sin](../articles/sin.md); [Law of Moses](../articles/lawofmoses.md) See: [False Teacher](../articles/falseteacher.md); [Sin](../articles/sin.md); [Law of Moses](../articles/lawofmoses.md)
### How was someone wise and innocent? ### How was someone wise and innocent?
[16:19]
Paul wanted Christians to be wise in a certain way. He wanted them to know the right thing to do. Paul also wanted Christians to be innocent in a certain way. He did not want them to know about evil things because they did evil things. Perhaps Paul was thinking about Adam and Eve. They were innocent but Satan tempted them to become wise. Paul wanted Christians to be wise in a certain way. He wanted them to know the right thing to do. Paul also wanted Christians to be innocent in a certain way. He did not want them to know about evil things because they did evil things. Perhaps Paul was thinking about Adam and Eve. They were innocent but Satan tempted them to become wise.
See: Genesis 3; Jeremiah 4:22; 1 Corinthians 14:20; Philippians 2:15 See: Genesis 3; Jeremiah 4:22; 1 Corinthians 14:20; Philippians 2:15
See: [Wise (Wisdom, Fool)](../articles/wise.md); [Satan (The Devil)](../articles/satan.md); [Tempt (Temptation)](../articles/tempt.md) See: [Wise (Wisdom, Fool)](../articles/wise.md); [Satan (The Devil)](../articles/satan.md); [Tempt (Temptation)](../articles/tempt.md)
### How would God soon crush Satan under their feet? ### How would God soon crush Satan under their feet?
[16:20]
Paul wrote about Satan being crushed. He was thinking about Genesis 3:15. Some scholars think Paul wanted them to know that God would help them to stop the false teachers very soon. Other scholars think Paul wanted them to know that Jesus would soon return to the earth (see: Revelation 20:7-10). Paul wrote about Satan being crushed. He was thinking about Genesis 3:15. Some scholars think Paul wanted them to know that God would help them to stop the false teachers very soon. Other scholars think Paul wanted them to know that Jesus would soon return to the earth (see: Revelation 20:7-10).
See: Luke 10:19; 1 Corinthians 15:24-27; Hebrews 2:8 See: Luke 10:19; 1 Corinthians 15:24-27; Hebrews 2:8
See: [Satan (The Devil)](../articles/satan.md); [False Teacher](../articles/falseteacher.md); [Jesus' Return to Earth](../articles/jesusreturn.md) See: [Satan (The Devil)](../articles/satan.md); [False Teacher](../articles/falseteacher.md); [Jesus' Return to Earth](../articles/jesusreturn.md)
## 16:21-24 ## 16:21-24
### Why did people greet the Roman Christians? ### Why did people greet the Roman Christians?
[16:21, 16:22]
In ancient times, it was common for other people to also send their greetings to the people of a letter. The people with Paul also sent greetings to the Roman Christians. In ancient times, it was common for other people to also send their greetings to the people of a letter. The people with Paul also sent greetings to the Roman Christians.
See: Romans 16:21-23; 1 Corinthians 16:19-20; Philippians 4:21-22; 2 Timothy 4:21 See: Romans 16:21-23; 1 Corinthians 16:19-20; Philippians 4:21-22; 2 Timothy 4:21
### Who was Tertius? ### Who was Tertius?
[16:22]
Paul spoke the words written in this letter. When he did this, Tertius wrote it down. Paul spoke the words written in this letter. When he did this, Tertius wrote it down.
See: [Ancient Letters](../articles/ancientletters.md) See: [Ancient Letters](../articles/ancientletters.md)
## 16:25-27 ## 16:25-27
### Paul wrote about a mystery. What was this? ### Paul wrote about a mystery. What was this?
[16:25]
See: [Reveal (Revelation)](../articles/reveal.md); [Mystery](../articles/mystery.md) See: [Reveal (Revelation)](../articles/reveal.md); [Mystery](../articles/mystery.md)
### What were the prophetic writings? ### What were the prophetic writings?
[16:26]
Paul wrote about the prophetic writings. He was writing about the prophecies about the Messiah in the Old Testament. Paul wrote about the prophetic writings. He was writing about the prophecies about the Messiah in the Old Testament.
See: Luke 24:25-27, 44-47 See: Luke 24:25-27, 44-47
See: [Prophecy (Prophesy)](../articles/prophecy.md) ; [Messiah (Christ)](../articles/messiahchrist.md); [Old Testament (Law and Prophets)](../articles/oldtestament.md) See: [Prophecy (Prophesy)](../articles/prophecy.md) ; [Messiah (Christ)](../articles/messiahchrist.md); [Old Testament (Law and Prophets)](../articles/oldtestament.md)
### What was the obedience of faith? ### What was the obedience of faith?
[16:26]
Paul wrote about the obedience of faith. Paul wanted to write that people who believe in Jesus try to obey God. Paul wrote about the obedience of faith. Paul wanted to write that people who believe in Jesus try to obey God.
See: [Faith (Believe in)](../articles/faith.md) See: [Faith (Believe in)](../articles/faith.md)