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@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ Stephen called these members of the council his “brothers” because they were
Scholars think the words “God of glory” referred to God’s glory. Though Stephen did not write how God showed himself to Abraham, scholars think it was in a way that Abraham knew that it was God.
See: Glory (Glorify)
See: [Glory (Glorify)](../articles/glory.md)
### Where were Mesopotamia and Haran?
@ -20,13 +20,13 @@ See Map: Mesopotamia; Haran
Stepehen said that God did not give any of the land as an inheritance to Abraham. Abraham did not possess the land that was promised to him. Instead, his descendants inherited the land promised to Abraham.
See: Canaan (Promised Land); Covenant with Abraham; Inherit (Inheritance, Heir); Ancestor and Descendant (Fathers, Forefathers, Patriarchs)
See: [Canaan (Promised Land)](../articles/canaan.md); [Covenant with Abraham](../articles/covenantabraham.md); [Inherit (Inheritance, Heir)](../articles/inherit.md); [Ancestor and Descendant (Fathers, Forefathers, Patriarchs)](../articles/ancestor.md); Patriarchs)
### Where was the land where the descendants of Abraham went and became slaves?
The descendants of Abraham first went to the land of Egypt when Abraham’s great-grandson, Joseph, was sold into slavery there (see: Genesis 39:1-4; 46:3-4). They were slaves in Egypt for 400 years.
See: Ancestor and Descendant (Fathers, Forefathers, Patriarchs); Serve (Servant, Slave)
See:[Ancestor and Descendant (Fathers, Forefathers, Patriarchs)](../articles/ancestor.md); [Serve (Servant, Slave)](../articles/serve.md)
See Map: Egypt
@ -34,19 +34,19 @@ See Map: Egypt
God said that Abraham’s descendants will worship him in Canaan.
See: Ancestor and Descendant (Fathers, Forefathers, Patriarchs); Worship
See:[Ancestor and Descendant (Fathers, Forefathers, Patriarchs)](../articles/ancestor.md); [Worship](../articles/worship.md)
See Map: Canaan
### What was the covenant of circumcision that God made with Abraham?
See: Circumcise (Circumcision); Covenant with Abraham
See: [Circumcise (Circumcision)](../articles/circumcise.md); [Covenant with Abraham](../articles/covenantabraham.md)
### What was a Patriarch?
The Patriarchs are the 12 sons of Jacob. The twelve tribes of Israel are named for each of the sons of Jacob.
See: Tribes of Israel; Ancestor and Descendant (Fathers, Forefathers, Patriarchs)
See: [Tribes of Israel](../articles/tribesisrael.md);[Ancestor and Descendant (Fathers, Forefathers, Patriarchs)](../articles/ancestor.md)
## 7:9-19
@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ See Map: Egypt
When Stephen spoke the words, “our fathers” he was referring to the twelve sons of Jacob.
See: Ancestor and Descendant (Fathers, Forefathers, Patriarchs)
See: [Ancestor and Descendant (Fathers, Forefathers, Patriarchs)](../articles/ancestor.md)
### Where was Shechem?
@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ Scholars think that Stephen was speaking about the twelve sons of Jacob when he
Stephen spoke about the time of promise. Some scholars think Stephen was speaking about two different parts of the same promise. That is, God promised Abraham that he would give the land of Canaan to his descendants. The second part of the promise was that Abraham’s descendants would first be enslaved in Egypt for 400 years (see: Genesis 15:13).
See: Covenant with Abraham; Ancestor and Descendant (Fathers, Forefathers, Patriarchs); Serve (Servant, Slave)
See: [Covenant with Abraham](../articles/covenantabraham.md);[Ancestor and Descendant (Fathers, Forefathers, Patriarchs)](../articles/ancestor.md); [Serve (Servant, Slave)](../articles/serve.md)
See Map: Canaan
@ -106,13 +106,13 @@ Pharaoh was the king of Egypt. Pharaoh’s daughter adopted Moses. Stephen meant
When Stephen said that Moses avenged an Israelite by “striking the Egyptian,” he wanted people to know that Moses killed the Egyptian. The Old Testament does not say how Moses killed the Egyptian (see: Exodus 2:12).
See: Old Testament (Law and Prophets)
See: [Old Testament (Law and Prophets)](../articles/oldtestament.md)
### Why did the people ask, “Who made you a ruler and a judge over us”?
The people asked Moses, “who made you a ruler and a judge over us.” These people wanted to say that Moses was not a ruler over them and could not judge them.
See: Judge (Judgment)
See: [Judge (Judgment)](../articles/judge.md)
### Where was the land of Midian?
@ -122,36 +122,36 @@ See Map: Midian
See Map: Mt. Sinai
See: Sinai
See: [Sinai](../articles/sinai.md)
### Who was the “angel” who appeared to Moses?
The “angel” who appeared in a flame of fire to Moses was the angel of God. That is, God showed himself to Moses in the form of a flame (see: Exodus 3:2).
See: Angel
See: [Angel](../articles/angel.md)
### Why did God say that he was the God of Moses’ fathers--Abraham, Isaac and Jacob?
God revealed himself to Moses as the God of his fathers, Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. Scholars think God wanted Moses to know that God kept his promises. That is, Moses experienced part of the covenant promise God made with Abraham.
See: Covenant; Covenant with Abraham; Reveal (Revelation)
See: [Covenant](../articles/covenant.md); [Covenant with Abraham](../articles/covenantabraham.md); [Reveal (Revelation)](../articles/reveal.md)
### Why did God command Moses to remove his sandals?
God commanded Moses to remove his sandals because God declared the place where he was standing was holy. When he did this, it was a sign of great respect and honor for God.
See: Holy (Holiness, Set Apart); Sign
See: [Holy (Holiness, Set Apart)](../articles/holy.md)); [Sign](../articles/sign.md)
### How did God “come down” to rescue His people from their sufferings in Egypt?
God came down in the form of an angel to speak to Moses and to send Moses to rescue the Israelites. God was going with Moses to be with him to tell him what to say and do.
See: Angel
See:[Angel](../articles/angel.md)
### Where did God send Moses to deliver God’s people?
God sent Moses back to Egypt to deliver his people from the suffering and slavery.
See: Serve (Servant, Slave); People of God
See: [Serve (Servant, Slave)](../articles/serve.md)); [People of God](../articles/peopleofgod.md )
See Map: Egypt
@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ See Map: Egypt
Stephen spoke about the people of Israel rejecting Moses. Scholars think Stephen spoke about Israel rejecting Moses to show that Israel rejected many of the prophets God sent to them. Ultimately, the people of Israel rejected Jesus, the one Moses declared would come after him (see: 1 Corinthians 7:37, 51-52).
See: Prophet
See: [Prophet](../articles/prophet.md)
### How did Moses lead Israel out of Egypt?
@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ Moses did many miracles so the king of Egypt would let the Israelites leave Egyp
See: Exodus 7-14
See: Miracle; Exodus
See: [Miracle](../articles/miracle.md); Exodus
### Where was the Red Sea and the wilderness of Mt. Sinai?
@ -179,13 +179,13 @@ What did Stephen mean by saying, “God will raise up a prophet”?
The words, “God will raise up a prophet” meant that God was going to appoint and send a prophet to the people of Israel. Scholars think Moses was speaking about the Messiah. Just as Moses was the mediator between the people of Israel and God, so the Messiah is the greatest mediator who mediates between all the peoples of the world and God.
See: Prophet; Appoint; Messiah (Christ); Mediator
See: [Prophet](../articles/prophet.md); [Appoint](../articles/appoint.md); [Messiah (Christ)](../articles/messiahchrist.md); [Mediator](../articles/mediator.md)
### What were the “living words” Moses received to give to the Israelites?
Scholars think the “living words” about which Stephen spoke were the messages from God that told people how to live in a way that honored God. They think these “living words” were also seen in the laws given to Moses (see: Deuteronomy 30:15-20).
See: Law of Moses
See: [Law of Moses](../articles/lawofmoses.md)
### What did Stephen mean when he said, “in their hearts they turned back to Egypt?”
@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ Some scholars think that when Stephen spoke about the fathers who “in their he
See: Exodus 16:3; Numbers 11:4-6
See: Heart (metaphor); Idolatry (Idol)
See: [Heart (Metaphor)](../articles/heart.md); [Idolatry (Idol)](../articles/idolatryidol.md)
### Where was Moses when the Israelites asked Aaron to make other gods to lead them?
@ -201,15 +201,15 @@ Moses was on Mount Sinai receiving the laws from God when the Israelites asked A
See: Exodus 32:1-6
See: Law of Moses; False gods; Idolatry (Idol)
See: [Law of Moses](../articles/lawofmoses.md); [False gods](../articles/falsegods.md); [Idolatry (Idol)](../articles/idolatryidol.md)
See Map: Mount Sinai
### Why did Aaron and the people make a calf as their idol?
### Scholars think Aaron and the people made a calf as an idol because it was like the bull worship of the Egyptians.
Scholars think Aaron and the people made a calf as an idol because it was like the bull worship of the Egyptians.
See: Idolatry (Idol)
See: [Idolatry (Idol)](../articles/idolatryidol.md)
### How did God give them up?
@ -221,18 +221,18 @@ See: Sin
The “book of the prophets” referred to the last twelve books of the Old Testament. These books were also known as the books of the minor prophets. Stephen quoted from one of the minor prophets (see: Amos 5:25-27).
See: Prophet; Old Testament (Law and Prophets)
See: [Prophet](../articles/prophet.md); [Old Testament (Law and Prophets)](../articles/oldtestament.md)
### What was the “tabernacle of Molech” and the “star of the god Rephan?”
Scholars think the Israelites misused the tabernacle to worship false gods, Molech and the star of Rephan. Scholars think Molech represented the planet Venus, while the star of the god Rephan was the planet Saturn.
See: False gods; Tabernacle
See: [False gods](../articles/falsegods.md); [Tabernacle](../articles/tabernacle.md)
### What and where was Babylon?
Babylon was in modern day Iraq and it represented a far away place from home and captivity as slaves. Stephen quoted the passage from Amos where God threatened to send the Israelites there as slaves because they worshipped idols.
See: Babylon; Serve (Servant, Slave); Idolatry (Idol)
See: [Babylon](../articles/babylon.md); [Serve (Servant, Slave)](../articles/serve.md); [Idolatry (Idol)](../articles/idolatryidol.md)
See Map: Babylon
@ -240,7 +240,7 @@ See Map: Babylon
### What was the tabernacle of the testimony?
See: Tabernacle; Testify (Testimony)
See: [Tabernacle](../articles/tabernacle.md); [Testify (Testimony)](../articles/testify.md)
### How did Israel gain possession of the promised land?
@ -256,19 +256,18 @@ David “found favor in the sight of God.” That is he lived in a way that hono
David wanted to build a beautiful temple for God and for the Ark of the Covenant that represented God’s presence with the people. Jacob was the father of the 12 tribes of Israel.
See: Temple; Ark of the Covenant; Presence of God; Tribes of Israel
See: [Temple](../articles/temple.md); [Ark of the Covenant](../articles/arkcovenant.md); [Presence of God](../articles/presenceofgod.md); [Tribes of Israel](../articles/tribesisrael.md)
### Who was Solomon?
Solomon was David’s son from his wife Bathsheba. He ruled Israel.
See: 1 Kings 6
What was the house that Solomon built?
### What was the house that Solomon built?
Solomon built a house, which is the temple. This was a place where Israel could go to worship God. It was a house because it was where God’s presence was on the earth at that time.
See: Temple; Worship; Presence of God
See: [Temple](../articles/temple.md); [Tribes of Israel](../articles/tribesisrael.md); [Presence of God](../articles/presenceofgod.md)
### Did the Most High live in houses made with hands?
@ -284,8 +283,7 @@ Stephen spoke about four different ways in which the people of Israel acted:
See: 1 Kings 19:14; Nehemiah 9:26; Luke 6:22-23; 11:49; 13:34
See: Circumcise (Circumcision); Heart (metaphor); Ancestor and Descendant (Fathers, Forefathers, Patriarchs);
Prophet
See: [Circumcise (Circumcision)](../articles/circumcise.md); [Heart (Metaphor)](../articles/heart.md); [Ancestor and Descendant (Fathers, Forefathers, Patriarchs)](../articles/ancestor.md); [Prophet](../articles/prophet.md)
### Did the people of Israel persecute every prophet?
@ -293,7 +291,7 @@ Stephen asked a rhetorical question. That is, he did not expect any answer from
See: Matthew 23:29-36
See: Persecute (Persecution); Prophet
See: [Persecute (Persecution)](../articles/persecute.md); [Prophet](../articles/prophet.md)
### Who was the righteous one?
@ -301,7 +299,7 @@ The righteous one was the Messiah. People knew that Stephen was talking about Je
See: Isaiah 53:11; Jeremiah 23:5; 33:15
See: Messiah (Christ); Righteous (Righteousness)
See: [Messiah (Christ)](../articles/messiahchrist.md); [Righteous (Righteousness)](../articles/righteous.md)
### What was Stephen accusing these members of the Jewish council of doing?
@ -313,9 +311,9 @@ See: Jewish Council (Sanhedrin)
Scholars think that God used angels to give the Law of Moses to the Israelites. That is, God created the Law of Moses and then sent his angels to deliver the Law of Moses (see: Deuteronomy 33:2; Galatians 3:19; Hebrews 2:2).
See: Angel; Law of Moses
See: [Angel](../articles/angel.md); [Law of Moses](../articles/lawofmoses.md)
7:54-60
## 7:54-60
### Who were the council members?
@ -327,7 +325,7 @@ See: Jewish Council (Sanhedrin)
When Luke wrote that the council members were “cut to the heart,” it was a metaphor. It meant that the council members were extremely angry.
See: Heart (metaphor); Metaphor; Jewish Council (Sanhedrin)
See: [Heart (Metaphor)](../articles/heart.md); [Metaphor](../articles/metaphor.md); Jewish Council (Sanhedrin)
### What did Luke mean when he said the council “ground their teeth at Stephen”?
@ -337,13 +335,13 @@ See: Jewish Council (Sanhedrin)
### How was Stephen “full of the Holy Spirit”?
See: Filling of the Holy Spirit
See: [Filling of the Holy Spirit](../articles/fillingholyspirit.md)
### Why was Jesus “standing at the right hand of God”?
Scholars think that Jesus being at the “right hand of God” was to show that Jesus had all the power of God and God gave him permission to rule everything. Some scholars think Jesus was “standing” to welcome Stephen into heaven. Stephen also called Jesus the “Son of Man.” Those who heard Stephen understood that Stephen was claiming that Jesus was God.
See: Heaven; Son of Man; Jesus is God
See: [Heaven](../articles/heaven.md); [Son of Man](../articles/sonofman.md); [Jesus is God)](../articles/jesusisgod.md)
See: Mark 14:62; Daniel 7:13-14
@ -353,35 +351,35 @@ The words that the heavens were opened was a way to say that God revealed things
See Matthew 3:16; Ezekiel 1:1
See: Heaven; Reveal (Revelation); Baptize (Baptism); Holy Spirit
See: [Heaven](../articles/heaven.md); [Reveal (Revelation)](../articles/reveal.md)); Baptize (Baptism); [Holy Spirit](../articles/holyspirit.md)
### Why did the council members stone stephen?
Scholars think the Jewish council stoned Stephen to death because they believed he blasphemed God. They think he did this when he said that Jesus is God. However, this is not blasphemy because Jesus is God.
See: Jewish Council (Sanhedrin); Blaspheme (Blasphemy); Jesus is God
See: Jewish Council (Sanhedrin); [Blaspheme (Blasphemy)](../articles/blaspheme.md); [Jesus is God)](../articles/jesusisgod.md)
### Why did the witnesses lay their clothing at Saul’s feet?
Scholars think the witnesses laid their clothing at Saul’s feet simply so that he would guard the clothes while they cast stones at Stephen. Some scholars do not know if Saul was leading this stoning. Other scholars think he was just watching Stephen being stoned.
Who was Saul?
#### Who was Saul?
Saul was the same one who had the name Paul (see: Acts 13:9) He became an apostle.
See: Apostle
See: [Apostle](../articles/apostle.md)
### What did Stephen mean when he cried out, “Lord Jesus, receive my spirit”?
Scholars think that when Stephen cried out, “Lord Jesus, receive my spirit” he was asking Jesus to welcome him into heaven, that he might be with Jesus. This prayer is very similar to that which Jesus himself prayed (see: Luke 23:6).
See: Spirit (Spiritual); Heaven
See: Spirit (Spiritual); [Heaven](../articles/heaven.md)
### What did Stephen mean when he asked God to “not hold this sin against them”?
Scholars think Stephen prayed that Jesus would forgive the people who were stoning him. This prayer is very similar to the prayer Jesus prayed (see: Luke 23:34).
See: Sin
See: [Sin](../articles/sin.md)
How did Stephen fall asleep?
### How did Stephen fall asleep?
When Luke wrote that Stephen “fell asleep, ” he wanted to write that Stephen died.