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Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNote ACT front intro mw28 0 # Introduction to Acts<br>## Part 1: General Introduction<br><br>### Outline of the Book of Acts<br><br>1. The beginning of the church and its mission (1:1–2:41)<br>1. The early church in Jerusalem (2:42–6:7)<br>1. Increasing opposition and the martyrdom of Steven (6:8–7:60)<br>1. The persecution of the church and Philip’s ministry (8:1–40)<br>1. Paul becomes an apostle (9:1–31)<br>1. The ministry of Peter and the first Gentile converts (9:32–12:24)<br>1. Paul, the apostle to Gentiles, the Jewish law, and council of church leaders at Jerusalem (12:25–16:5)<br>1. The expansion of the church into the middle Mediterranean area and Asia Minor (16:6–19:20)<br>1. Paul travels to Jerusalem and becomes a prisoner in Rome (19:21–28:31)<br><br>### What is the Book of Acts about?<br><br>The Book of Acts tells the story of the early church as more and more people became believers. It shows the power of the Holy Spirit helping the early Christians. The events in this book began when Jesus went back to heaven and ended about thirty years later.<br><br>### How should the title of this book be translated?<br><br>Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, “The Acts of the Apostles.” Or translators may choose a title that may be clearer, for example, “The Acts of the Holy Spirit through the Apostles.”<br><br>### Who wrote the Book of Acts?<br><br>This book does not give the name of the author. However, it is addressed to Theophilus, the same person to whom the Gospel of Luke is addressed. Also, in parts of the book, the author uses the word “we.” This indicates that the author traveled with Paul. Most scholars think that Luke was this person traveling with Paul. Therefore, since early Christian times, most Christians have thought Luke is the author of the Book of Acts as well as the Gospel of Luke.<br><br>Luke was a medical doctor. His way of writing shows that he was an educated man. He was probably a Gentile. He saw many of the events described in the Book of Acts.<br><br>## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts<br><br>### What is the Church?<br><br>The Church is the group of people who believe in Christ. The Church includes both Jew and Gentile believers. The events in this book show God helping the Church. He empowered believers to live righteous lives through his Holy Spirit.<br><br>## Part 3: Important Translation Issues<br><br>### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of Acts?<br><br>These are the most significant textual issues in Acts:<br><br>The following verses are found in older versions of the Bible, but they are not in the best ancient copies of the Bible. Some modern versions put the verses in square brackets ([]). The ULT and UST put them in a footnote.<br><br>* “Philip said, ‘If you believe with all your heart, you may be baptized.’ The Ethiopian answered, ‘I believe that Jesus Christ is the Son of God’” (Acts 8:37).<br>* “But it seemed good to Silas to remain there.” (Acts 15:34)<br>* “And we wanted to judge him according to our law. But Lysias, the officer, came and forcibly took him out of our hands, sending him to you.” (Acts 24:6b-8a)<br>* “When he had said these things, the Jews departed, having a great dispute among themselves.” (Acts 28:29)<br><br>In the following verses, it is uncertain what the original text said. Translators will need to choose which reading to translate. The ULT has the first readings but include the second readings in footnotes.<br>* “They returned from Jerusalem” (Acts 12:25). Some versions read, “They returned to Jerusalem (or to there).”<br>* “he put up with them” (Acts 13:18). Some versions read, “he cared for them.”<br>* “This is what the Lord says, who has done these things that have been known from ancient times.” (Acts 15:17-18). Some older versions read, “This is what the Lord says, to whom are known all his deeds from ancient times.”<br><br>(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]])<br> ACT 1 intro vyg9 0 # Acts 01 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter records an event, commonly known as the “Ascension,” when Jesus returned to heaven after he became alive again. He will not come back until he returns at his “second coming.” (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/resurrection]])<br><br>The UST has set the words “Dear Theophilus” apart from the other words. This is because English speakers often start letters this way. You might want to start this book the way people start letters in your culture.<br><br>Some translations set quotations from the Old Testament farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. The ULT does this with the two quotes from Psalms in 1:20.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Baptize<br><br>The word “baptize” has two meanings in this chapter. It refers to the water baptism of John and to the baptism of the Holy Spirit ([Acts 1:5](../../act/01/05.md)). (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/baptize]])<br><br>### “He spoke about the kingdom of God”<br><br>Some scholars believe that when Jesus “spoke about the kingdom of God,” he explained to the disciples why the kingdom of God did not come before he died. Others believe that the kingdom of God did begin while Jesus was alive and that here Jesus was explaining that it was beginning in a new form.<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### The twelve disciples<br><br>The following are the lists of the twelve disciples:<br><br>In Matthew:<br><br>Simon (Peter), Andrew, James son of Zebedee, John son of Zebedee, Philip, Bartholomew, Thomas, Matthew, James son of Alphaeus, Thaddaeus, Simon the Zealot and Judas Iscariot.<br><br>In Mark:<br><br>Simon (Peter), Andrew, James the son of Zebedee and John the son of Zebedee (to whom he gave the name Boanerges, that is, sons of thunder), Philip, Bartholomew, Matthew, Thomas, James the son of Alphaeus, Thaddaeus, Simon the Zealot, and Judas Iscariot.<br><br>In Luke:<br><br>Simon (Peter), Andrew, James, John, Philip, Bartholomew, Matthew, Thomas, James the son of Alphaeus, Simon (who was called the Zealot), Judas the son of James, and Judas Iscariot.<br><br>Thaddaeus is probably the same person as Jude, the son of James.<br><br>### Akeldama<br><br>This is a phrase in Hebrew or Aramaic. Luke used Greek letters so his readers would know how it sounded, and then he told what it means. You should probably spell it the way it sounds in your language and then explain the meaning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]])<br> ACT 1 1 q9ep τὸν μὲν πρῶτον λόγον ἐποιησάμην 1 The former book I wrote The former book is the Gospel of Luke. ACT 1 1 ryj5 translate-names ὦ Θεόφιλε 1 Theophilus Luke wrote this book to a man named Theophilus. Some translations follow their own culture’s way of addressing a letter and write “Dear Theophilus” at the beginning of the sentence. Theophilus means “friend of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 1 2 n435 figs-activepassive ἄχρι ἧς ἡμέρας ... ἀνελήμφθη 1 until the day that he was taken up This refers to Jesus’ ascension into heaven. Alternate translation: “until the day on which God took him up to heaven” or “until the day that he ascended into heaven” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 1 2 a394 ἐντειλάμενος ... διὰ Πνεύματος Ἁγίου 1 commands through the Holy Spirit The Holy Spirit led Jesus to instruct his apostles on certain things. ACT 1 3 dup3 μετὰ τὸ παθεῖν αὐτὸν 1 After his suffering This refers to Jesus’ suffering and death on the cross. ACT 1 3 yc16 οἷς ... παρέστησεν ἑαυτὸν ζῶντα 1 he presented himself alive to them Jesus appeared to his apostles and to many other disciples. ACT 1 4 d3kr figs-you 0 General Information: Here the word “he” refers to Jesus. Except where otherwise noted, the word “you” in the book of Acts is plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) ACT 1 4 lw3e 0 Connecting Statement: This event happened during the 40 days that Jesus appeared to his followers after he had risen from the dead. ACT 1 4 vb7g καὶ συναλιζόμενος 1 When he was meeting together with them “When Jesus was meeting together with his apostles” ACT 1 4 sg4h figs-metonymy τὴν ἐπαγγελίαν τοῦ Πατρὸς 1 the promise of the Father This is a reference to the Holy Spirit. Alternate translation: “the Holy Spirit, whom the Father promised to send” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 1 4 tj6r ἣν 1 about which, he said If you translated the previous phrase to include the words “Holy Spirit,” you can change the word “which” to “whom.” Alternate translation: “about whom Jesus said” ACT 1 5 uu4k Ἰωάννης μὲν ἐβάπτισεν ὕδατι; ... ἐν Πνεύματι βαπτισθήσεσθε Ἁγίῳ 1 John indeed baptized with water ... baptized in the Holy Spirit Jesus contrasts how John baptized people in water with how God would baptize believers in the Holy Spirit. ACT 1 5 fnq5 Ἰωάννης μὲν ἐβάπτισεν ὕδατι 1 John indeed baptized with water “John indeed baptized people with water” ACT 1 5 dzj1 figs-activepassive ὑμεῖς ... βαπτισθήσεσθε 1 you shall be baptized This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God will baptize you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 1 6 n9wt 0 General Information: Here the word “they” refers to the apostles. ACT 1 6 f7uj εἰ ἐν τῷ χρόνῳ τούτῳ, ἀποκαθιστάνεις τὴν βασιλείαν τῷ Ἰσραήλ 1 is this the time you will restore the kingdom to Israel “will you now make Israel a great kingdom again” ACT 1 7 y1fu figs-doublet χρόνους ἢ καιροὺς 1 the times or the seasons Possible meanings are 1) the words “times” and “seasons” refer to different kinds of time. Alternate translation: “the general period of time or the specific date” or 2) the two words are basically synonymous. Alternate translation: “the exact time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ACT 1 8 ld4k λήμψεσθε δύναμιν, ... καὶ ἔσεσθέ μου μάρτυρες, 1 you will receive power ... and you will be my witnesses The apostles will receive power that will enable them to be witnesses for Jesus. Alternate translation: “God will empower you ... to be my witnesses” ACT 1 8 vb4m figs-idiom ἕως ἐσχάτου τῆς γῆς 1 to the ends of the earth Possible meanings are 1) “all over the world” or 2) “to the places on earth that are farthest away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ACT 1 9 e1q1 figs-explicit βλεπόντων αὐτῶν 1 as they were looking up “as they watched.” The apostles “were looking up” at Jesus because Jesus rose into the sky. Alternate translation: “as they were looking up at the sky” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 1 9 l1cq figs-activepassive ἐπήρθη 1 he was raised up This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “he rose up into the sky” or “God took him up into the sky” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 1 9 ug58 νεφέλη ὑπέλαβεν αὐτὸν ἀπὸ τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν αὐτῶν 1 a cloud hid him from their eyes “a cloud blocked their view so that they could no longer see him” ACT 1 10 enu1 ἀτενίζοντες ... εἰς τὸν οὐρανὸν 1 looking intensely to heaven “staring at the sky” or “gazing at the sky” ACT 1 11 gpg3 ἄνδρες, Γαλιλαῖοι 1 You men of Galilee The angels address the apostles as men who are from Galilee. ACT 1 11 cue7 ἐλεύσεται ὃν τρόπον 1 will return in the same manner Jesus will return in the sky, just as clouds covered him when he arose into heaven. ACT 1 12 x2nk τότε ὑπέστρεψαν 1 Then they returned “The apostles returned” ACT 1 12 p19g figs-explicit Σαββάτου ἔχον ὁδόν 1 a Sabbath day’s journey This refers to the distance which, according to Rabbinical tradition, a person was allowed to walk on a Sabbath day. Alternate translation: “about one kilometer away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 1 13 vis2 καὶ ὅτε εἰσῆλθον 1 When they arrived “When they reached their destination.” Verse 12 says they were returning to Jerusalem. ACT 1 13 zt12 τὸ ὑπερῷον 1 the upper chamber “the room on the upper level of the house” ACT 1 14 z6cf οὗτοι πάντες ἦσαν ... ὁμοθυμαδὸ 1 They were all united as one This means that the apostles and believers there all shared a common commitment and purpose, and there was no strife among them. ACT 1 14 u4pr προσκαρτεροῦντες ... τῇ προσευχῇ 1 as they diligently continued in prayer This means that the disciples prayed together regularly and frequently. ACT 1 15 cup2 0 Connecting Statement: This event happened during the time that Peter and the other believers were staying together in the upper room. ACT 1 15 il8w writing-newevent ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις 1 In those days These words mark the beginning of a new part of the story. They refer to the period of time after Jesus ascended while the disciples were meeting in the upper chamber. Alternate translation: “During that time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) ACT 1 15 tl5m translate-numbers ἑκατὸν εἴκοσι 1 120 people “one hundred and twenty people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) ACT 1 15 liz1 ἐν μέσῳ τῶν ἀδελφῶν 1 in the midst of the brothers Here the word “brothers” refers to fellow believers and includes both men and women. ACT 1 16 i8tl figs-activepassive ἔδει πληρωθῆναι τὴν Γραφὴν 1 it was necessary that the scripture should be fulfilled This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the things that we read about in scripture had to take place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 1 16 f3um figs-metonymy διὰ στόματος Δαυεὶδ 1 by the mouth of David The word “mouth” refers to the words that David wrote. Alternate translation: “through the words of David” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 1 17 tmv1 writing-background 0 General Information: In verses 18-19 the author tells the reader background information about how Judas died and what people called the field where he died. This is not part of Peter’s speech. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) ACT 1 17 tmv1 figs-exclusive 0 General Information: Although Peter is addressing the entire group of people, here the word “us” refers only to the apostles. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) ACT 1 17 q73y 0 Connecting Statement: In verse 17 Peter continues his speech to the believers that he began in [Acts 1:16](../01/16.md). ACT 1 18 dd58 οὗτος ... οὖν 1 Now this man The words “this man” refers to Judas Iscariot. ACT 1 18 w83j figs-explicit μισθοῦ τῆς ἀδικίας 1 the earnings he received for his wickedness “the money that he earned from the evil thing that he did.” The words “his wickedness” refer to Judas Iscariot’s betraying Jesus to the people who killed him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 1 18 kg3q figs-explicit πρηνὴς γενόμενος, ἐλάκησεν μέσος, καὶ ἐξεχύθη πάντα τὰ σπλάγχνα αὐτοῦ 1 there he fell headfirst, and his body burst open, and all his intestines poured out This suggests that Judas fell from a high place, rather than just falling down. The fall was severe enough to cause his body to burst open. Other passages of scripture mention that he hanged himself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 1 19 mxf3 Χωρίον Αἵματος 1 Field of Blood When the people living in Jerusalem heard of the way in which Judas died, they renamed the field. ACT 1 20 d7pk 0 General Information: Based on the situation with Judas that Peter just recounted, he recalls two Psalms of David that relate to the incident. The quote ends at the end of this verse. ACT 1 20 mz13 0 Connecting Statement: Peter continues his speech to the believers that he began in [Acts 1:16](../01/16.md). ACT 1 20 ip5w figs-activepassive γέγραπται γὰρ ἐν βίβλῳ Ψαλμῶν 1 For it is written in the Book of Psalms This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “For David wrote in the Book of Psalms” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 1 20 mc45 figs-parallelism γενηθήτω ἡ ἔπαυλις αὐτοῦ ἔρημος, καὶ μὴ ἔστω ὁ κατοικῶν ἐν αὐτῇ 1 Let his field be made desolate, and do not let even one person live there These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ACT 1 20 chq4 figs-metaphor γενηθήτω ἡ ἔπαυλις αὐτοῦ ἔρημος 1 Let his field be made desolate Possible meanings are 1) that the word “field” refers to the field where Judas died or 2) that the word “field” refers to Judas’s dwelling place and is a metaphor for his family line. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 1 20 lsm2 γενηθήτω ... ἔρημος 1 be made desolate “become empty” ACT 1 21 xz69 figs-exclusive 0 General Information: Here the word “us” refers to the apostles and does not include the audience to whom Peter is speaking. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) ACT 1 21 t916 0 Connecting Statement: Peter finishes his speech to the believers that he began in [Acts 1:16](../01/16.md). ACT 1 21 c5k2 δεῖ οὖν 1 It is necessary, therefore Based on the scriptures that he quoted and on what Judas had done, Peter tells the group what they must do. ACT 1 21 zuf7 figs-idiom εἰσῆλθεν καὶ ἐξῆλθεν ἐφ’ ἡμᾶς ὁ Κύριος Ἰησοῦς 1 the Lord Jesus went in and out among us Going in and out among a group of people is a metaphor for openly being part of that group. Alternate translation: “the Lord Jesus lived among us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ACT 1 22 mrx7 ἀρξάμενος ἀπὸ τοῦ βαπτίσματος Ἰωάννου ἕως τῆς ἡμέρας ἧς ἀνελήμφθη ἀφ’ ἡμῶν, μάρτυρα τῆς ἀναστάσεως αὐτοῦ σὺν ἡμῖν, γενέσθαι ἕνα τούτων 1 beginning from the baptism of John ... become a witness with us of his resurrection The qualification for the new apostle that began with the words “It is necessary ... that one of the men who accompanied us” in verse 21 ends here. The subject of the verb “must be” is thus “one of the men.” Here is a reduced form of the sentence: “It is necessary ... that one of the men who accompanied us ... beginning from the baptism of John ... must be a witness with us.” ACT 1 22 qb8j figs-abstractnouns ἀρξάμενος ἀπὸ τοῦ βαπτίσματος Ἰωάννου 1 beginning from the baptism of John The noun “baptism” can be translated as a verb. Possible meanings: 1) “beginning from when John baptized Jesus” or 2) “beginning from when John baptized people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ACT 1 22 yi3a figs-activepassive ἕως τῆς ἡμέρας ἧς ἀνελήμφθη ἀφ’ ἡμῶν 1 to the day that he was taken up from us This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “until the day when Jesus left us and rose up to heaven” or “until the day that God took him up from us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 1 22 g3n9 μάρτυρα τῆς ἀναστάσεως αὐτοῦ σὺν ἡμῖν, γενέσθαι 1 become a witness with us of his resurrection “must begin to testify with us about his resurrection” ACT 1 23 lz7y figs-explicit ἔστησαν δύο 1 They put forward two men Here the word “They” refers to all of the believers who were present. Alternate translation: “They proposed two men who fulfilled the requirements that Peter listed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 1 23 s1ff figs-activepassive Ἰωσὴφ τὸν καλούμενον Βαρσαββᾶν, ὃς ἐπεκλήθη Ἰοῦστος 1 Joseph called Barsabbas, who was also named Justus This can be translated with an active form. Alternate translation: “Joseph, whom people also called Barsabbas and Justus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 1 24 zd1f figs-explicit προσευξάμενοι, εἶπαν 1 They prayed and said Here the word “They” refers to all of the believers, but it was probably one of the apostles who spoke these words. Alternate translation: “The believers prayed together and one of the apostles said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 1 24 se6m figs-metonymy σὺ Κύριε, καρδιογνῶστα πάντων 1 You, Lord, know the hearts of all people Here the word “hearts” refers to the thoughts and motives. Alternate translation: “You, Lord, know the thoughts and motives of everyone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 1 25 mg47 figs-doublet λαβεῖν τὸν τόπον τῆς διακονίας ταύτης καὶ ἀποστολῆς 1 to take the place in this ministry and apostleship Here the word “apostleship” defines what kind of “ministry” this is. Alternate translation: “to take Judas’ place in this apostolic ministry” or “to take Judas’ place in serving as an apostle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ACT 1 25 ryv6 ἀφ’ ἧς παρέβη Ἰούδας 1 from which Judas turned away Here the expression “turned away” means that Judas stopped performing this ministry. Alternate translation: “which Judas stopped fulfilling” ACT 1 25 tx6n figs-euphemism πορευθῆναι εἰς τὸν τόπον τὸν ἴδιον 1 to go to his own place This phrase refers to Judas’ death and likely to his judgment after death. Alternate translation: “to go where he belongs” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) ACT 1 26 r84c ἔδωκαν κλήρους αὐτοῖς 1 They cast lots for them The apostles cast lots to decide between Joseph and Matthias. ACT 1 26 w4ph ἔπεσεν ὁ κλῆρος ἐπὶ Μαθθίαν 1 the lot fell to Matthias The lot indicated that Matthias was the one to replace Judas. ACT 1 26 fk4x figs-activepassive συνκατεψηφίσθη μετὰ τῶν ἕνδεκα ἀποστόλων 1 he was numbered with the eleven apostles This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the believers considered him to be an apostle with the other eleven” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 2 intro x8fr 1 # Acts 02 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry that is quoted from the Old Testament in 2:17-21, 25-28, and 34-35.<br><br>Some translations set quotations from the Old Testament farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. The ULT does this with the quoted material in 2:31.<br><br>The events described in this chapter are commonly called “Pentecost.” Many people believe that the church began to exist when the Holy Spirit came to live inside believers in this chapter.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Tongues<br><br>The word “tongues” has two meanings in this chapter. Luke describes what came down from heaven ([Acts 2:3](../../act/02/03.md)) as tongues that looked like fire. This is different from “a tongue of flame,” which is a fire that looks like a tongue. Luke also uses the word “tongues” to describe the languages that the people spoke after the Holy Spirit filled them ([Acts 2:4](../02/04.md)).<br><br>### Last days<br><br>No one knows for sure when the “last days” ([Acts 2:17](../../act/02/17.md)) began. Your translation should not say more than the ULT does about this. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lastday]])<br><br>### Baptize<br><br>The word “baptize” in this chapter refers to Christian baptism ([Acts 2:38-41](../02/38.md)). Though the event described in [Acts 2:1-11](./01.md) is the baptism of the Holy Spirit that Jesus promised in [Acts 1:5](../../act/01/05.md), the word “baptize” here does not refer to that event. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/baptize]])<br><br>### The prophecy of Joel<br><br>Many of the things that Joel said would happen did happen on the day of Pentecost ([Acts 2:17-18](../02/17.md)), but some things Joel spoke of did not happen ([Acts 2:19-20](../02/19.md)). (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])<br><br>### Wonders and signs<br><br>These words refer to things that only God could do that showed that Jesus is who the disciples said he is.<br> ACT 2 1 i4sa 0 General Information: This is a new event; it is now the Day of Pentecost, 50 days after Passover. ACT 2 1 i4sa 0 General Information: Here the word “they” refers to the apostles and the other 120 believers that Luke mentions in [Acts 1:15](../01/15.md). ACT 2 2 jc1w ἄφνω 1 Suddenly This word refers to an event that happens unexpectedly. ACT 2 2 qjc3 ἐγένετο ... ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ ἦχος 1 there came from heaven a sound Possible meanings are 1) “heaven” refers to the place where God lives. Alternate translation: “a sound came from heaven” or 2) “heaven” refers to the sky. Alternate translation: “a sound came from the sky” ACT 2 2 jec5 ἦχος, ὥσπερ φερομένης πνοῆς βιαίας 1 a sound like the rush of a violent wind “a noise that sounded like a very strong wind blowing” ACT 2 2 t4y4 ὅλον τὸν οἶκον 1 the whole house This may have been a house or a larger building. ACT 2 3 re3t figs-simile ὤφθησαν αὐτοῖς ... γλῶσσαι ὡσεὶ πυρός 1 There appeared to them tongues like fire These might not be actual tongues or fire, but something that looked like them. Possible meanings are 1) tongues that looked like they were made of fire or 2) small flames of fire that looked like tongues. When fire burns in a small space, such as on a lamp, the flame can be shaped like a tongue. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ACT 2 3 xtk4 διαμεριζόμεναι ... καὶ ἐκάθισεν ἐφ’ ἕνα ἕκαστον αὐτῶν 1 that were distributed, and they sat upon each one of them This means that the “tongues like fire” spread out so that there was one on each person. ACT 2 4 v7hi figs-activepassive ἐπλήσθησαν πάντες Πνεύματος Ἁγίου, καὶ 1 They were all filled with the Holy Spirit and This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The Holy Spirit filled all of those who were there and they” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 2 4 nr9f λαλεῖν ἑτέραις γλώσσαις 1 speak in other tongues They were speaking in languages that they did not already know. ACT 2 5 dz1l writing-background 0 General Information: Here the word “them” refers to the believers; the word “his” refers to each person in the multitude. Verse 5 gives background information about the large number of Jews who were living in Jerusalem, many of whom were present during this event. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) ACT 2 5 yft2 ἄνδρες εὐλαβεῖς 1 godly men Here “godly men” refers to people who were devout in their worship of God and tried to obey all of the Jewish laws. ACT 2 5 stq9 figs-hyperbole παντὸς ἔθνους τῶν ὑπὸ τὸν οὐρανόν 1 every nation under heaven “every nation in the world.” The word “every” is an exaggeration that emphasizes that the people came from many different nations. Alternate translation: “many different nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) ACT 2 6 bpj7 figs-activepassive γενομένης δὲ τῆς φωνῆς ταύτης 1 When this sound was heard This refers to the sound that was similar to a strong wind. Alternate translation: “When they heard this sound” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 2 6 u9hc τὸ πλῆθος 1 the multitude “the large crowd of people” ACT 2 7 m8kd figs-doublet ἐξίσταντο δὲ πάντες καὶ ἐθαύμαζον 1 They were amazed and marveled These two words share similar meanings. Together they emphasize the intensity of amazement. Alternate translation: “They were greatly amazed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ACT 2 7 wnk2 figs-rquestion οὐχ ἰδοὺ, ἅπαντες οὗτοί εἰσιν οἱ λαλοῦντες Γαλιλαῖοι 1 Really, are not all these who are speaking Galileans? The people ask this question to express their amazement. The question could be changed to an exclamation. Alternate translation: “All of these Galileans could not possibly know our languages!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) ACT 2 8 hzm8 figs-rquestion καὶ πῶς ἡμεῖς ἀκούομεν ἕκαστος τῇ ἰδίᾳ διαλέκτῳ ἡμῶν, ἐν ᾗ ἐγεννήθημεν 1 Why is it that we are hearing them, each in our own language in which we were born? Possible meanings are 1) this is a rhetorical question that expresses how amazed they were or 2) this is a real question for which the people wanted an answer. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ACT 2 8 wb5t τῇ ἰδίᾳ διαλέκτῳ ἡμῶν, ἐν ᾗ ἐγεννήθημεν 1 in our own language in which we were born “in our own languages that we have learned from birth” ACT 2 9 f1ve translate-names Πάρθοι, ... Μῆδοι, ... Ἐλαμεῖται 1 Parthians ... Medes ... Elamites These are names of people groups. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 2 9 dm23 translate-names τὴν Μεσοποταμίαν, Ἰουδαίαν; ... Καππαδοκίαν, Πόντον, ... Ἀσίαν; 1 Mesopotamia ... Judea ... Cappadocia ... Pontus ... Asia These are names of large areas of land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 2 10 tmb4 translate-names Φρυγίαν, ... Παμφυλίαν, Αἴγυπτον, ... Λιβύης ... Κυρήνην 1 Phrygia ... Pamphylia ... Egypt ... Libya ... Cyrene These are names of large areas of land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 2 11 jnp7 translate-names Κρῆτες ... Ἄραβες 1 Cretans ... Arabians These are names of people groups. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 2 11 w8jy προσήλυτοι 1 proselytes converts to the Jewish religion ACT 2 12 el2f figs-doublet ἐξίσταντο ... καὶ διηποροῦντο 1 amazed and perplexed These two words share similar meanings. Together they emphasize that the people could not understand what was happening. Alternate translation: “surprised and confused” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ACT 2 13 fg59 figs-idiom γλεύκους μεμεστωμένοι εἰσίν 1 They are full of new wine Some people accuse the believers of having drunk too much wine. Alternate translation: “They are drunk” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ACT 2 13 jj1n γλεύκους 1 new wine This refers to wine that is in the process of fermentation. ACT 2 14 k5hr 0 Connecting Statement: Peter begins his speech to the Jews who were there on the Day of Pentecost. ACT 2 14 c919 σταθεὶς ... σὺν τοῖς ἕνδεκα 1 stood with the eleven All the apostles stood up in support of Peter’s statement. ACT 2 14 d9tb ἐπῆρεν τὴν φωνὴν αὐτοῦ 1 raised his voice This is an idiom for “spoke loudly.” (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom) ACT 2 14 ei5j figs-activepassive τοῦτο ὑμῖν γνωστὸν ἔστω 1 let this be known to you This means that Peter is about to explain the meaning of what the people had witnessed. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “know this” or “let me explain this to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 2 14 qp16 figs-metonymy ἐνωτίσασθε τὰ ῥήματά μου 1 pay attention to my words Peter was referring to what he was saying. Alternate translation: “listen carefully to what I am saying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 2 15 h28q figs-explicit γὰρ ... ὥρα τρίτη τῆς ἡμέρας 1 it is only the third hour of the day “It is only nine o’clock in the morning.” Peter expected his audience to know that people do not get drunk that early in the day. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 2 16 ktw9 0 General Information: Here Peter tells them a passage about which the prophet Joel wrote in the Old Testament that relates to what is happening with the languages in which the believers spoke. This is written in the form of poetry as well as being a quotation. ACT 2 16 f9hz figs-activepassive τοῦτό ἐστιν τὸ εἰρημένον διὰ τοῦ προφήτου Ἰωήλ 1 this is what was spoken through the prophet Joel This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “this is what God told the prophet Joel to write” or “this is that which the prophet Joel spoke” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 2 17 ijl8 ἔσται 1 It will be “This is what will happen” or “This is what I will do” ACT 2 17 u2d1 figs-idiom ἐκχεῶ ἀπὸ τοῦ Πνεύματός μου ἐπὶ πᾶσαν σάρκα 1 I will pour out my Spirit on all people Here the words “pour out” mean to give generously and abundantly. Alternate translation: “I will give my Spirit abundantly to all people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ACT 2 18 uwd7 0 Connecting Statement: Peter continues to quote the prophet Joel. ACT 2 18 nd34 τοὺς δούλους μου, καὶ ἐπὶ τὰς δούλας 1 my servants and my female servants “both my male and my female servants.” These words emphasize that God will pour out his Spirit on all of his servants, both men and women. ACT 2 18 wz2i figs-idiom ἐκχεῶ ἀπὸ τοῦ Πνεύματός μου 1 I will pour out my Spirit Here the words “pour out” mean to give generously and abundantly. See how you translated this in [Acts 2:17](../02/17.md). Alternate translation: “I will give my Spirit abundantly to all people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ACT 2 19 p5zi ἀτμίδα καπνοῦ 1 vapor of smoke “thick smoke” or “clouds of smoke” ACT 2 20 ylv7 0 Connecting Statement: Peter finishes quoting the prophet Joel. ACT 2 20 a6yh figs-activepassive ὁ ἥλιος μεταστραφήσεται εἰς σκότος 1 The sun will be turned to darkness This means that the sun will appear to be dark instead of light. Alternate translation: “The sun will become dark” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 2 20 f34k figs-metaphor ἡ σελήνη εἰς αἷμα 1 the moon to blood This means that the moon will appear to be red like blood. Alternate translation: “the moon will appear to be red” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) ACT 2 20 swb2 figs-doublet ἡμέραν ... τὴν μεγάλην καὶ ἐπιφανῆ 1 the great and remarkable day The words “great” and “remarkable” share similar meanings and emphasize the intensity of greatness. Alternate translation: “the very great day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ACT 2 20 lc4g ἐπιφανῆ 1 remarkable great and beautiful ACT 2 21 vql5 figs-activepassive πᾶς ὃς ἂν ἐπικαλέσηται τὸ ὄνομα Κυρίου σωθήσεται 1 everyone who calls on the name of the Lord will be saved This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the Lord will save everyone who calls on him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 2 22 sa78 0 Connecting Statement: Peter continues his speech to the Jews that he began in [Acts 1:16](../01/16.md). ACT 2 22 g6vj ἀκούσατε τοὺς λόγους τούτους 1 hear these words “listen to what I am about to say” ACT 2 22 f2t1 ἀποδεδειγμένον ἀπὸ τοῦ Θεοῦ εἰς ὑμᾶς δυνάμεσι, καὶ τέρασι, καὶ σημείοις 1 accredited to you by God with the mighty deeds, and wonders, and signs This means that God proved that he had appointed Jesus for his mission, and proved who he was by his many miracles. ACT 2 23 s38b figs-abstractnouns τῇ, ὡρισμένῃ βουλῇ καὶ προγνώσει τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 by God’s predetermined plan and foreknowledge The nouns “plan” and “foreknowledge” can be translated as verbs. This means that God planned out and knew beforehand what would happen to Jesus. Alternate translation: “because God planned out and knew beforehand everything that would happen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ACT 2 23 i6un figs-activepassive τοῦτον ... ἔκδοτον 1 This man was handed over Possible meanings: 1) “you handed Jesus over into the hands of his enemies” or 2) “Judas betrayed Jesus to you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 2 23 f5kn διὰ χειρὸς ἀνόμων, προσπήξαντες ἀνείλατε 1 you, by the hand of lawless men, put him to death by nailing him to a cross Although “lawless men” actually crucified Jesus, Peter accuses the crowd of having killed him because they demanded his death. ACT 2 23 e38a figs-metonymy διὰ χειρὸς ἀνόμων 1 by the hand of lawless men Here “hand” refers to the actions of the lawless men. Alternate translation: “through the actions of lawless men” or “by what lawless men did” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 2 23 f6kd ἀνόμων 1 lawless men Possible meanings are 1) the unbelieving Jews who accused Jesus of crimes or 2) the Roman soldiers who performed the execution of Jesus. ACT 2 24 ei37 figs-idiom ὃν ὁ Θεὸς ἀνέστησεν 1 But God raised him up Here to raise up is an idiom for causing someone who has died to become alive again. Alternate translation: “But God caused him to live again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ACT 2 24 s8j3 figs-metaphor λύσας τὰς ὠδῖνας τοῦ θανάτου 1 freeing him from the pains of death Peter speaks of dying as if death were a person who ties people up with painful ropes and holds them captive. He speaks of God ending Christ’s death as if God broke the ropes that held Chist and set Christ free. Alternate translation: “ending the pains of death” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ACT 2 24 ykq4 figs-activepassive κρατεῖσθαι αὐτὸν ὑπ’ αὐτοῦ 1 for him to be held by it This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “for death to hold him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 2 24 vuf4 figs-personification κρατεῖσθαι αὐτὸν ὑπ’ αὐτοῦ 1 for him to be held by it Peter speaks of Christ remaining dead as if death were a person who held him captive. Alternate translation: “for him to remain dead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ACT 2 25 dd5a 0 General Information: Here Peter quotes a passage that David wrote in a Psalm which relates to Jesus’ crucifixion and resurrection. Since Peter says that David said these words about Jesus, the words “I” and “my” refer to Jesus and the words “Lord” and “he” refer to God. ACT 2 25 n2ls figs-synecdoche ἐνώπιόν μου 1 before my face “in front of me.” Alternate translation: “in my presence” or “with me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ACT 2 25 l6xp figs-synecdoche ἐκ δεξιῶν μού 1 beside my right hand To be at someone’s “right hand” often means to be in a position to help and sustain. Alternate translation: “right beside me” or “with me to help me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ACT 2 25 s4yp figs-activepassive μὴ σαλευθῶ 1 I should not be moved Here the word “moved” means to be troubled. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “people will not be able to cause me trouble” or “nothing will trouble me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 2 26 z8vw figs-synecdoche ηὐφράνθη ἡ καρδία μου, καὶ ἠγαλλιάσατο ἡ γλῶσσά μου 1 my heart was glad and my tongue rejoiced People consider the “heart” the center of emotions and the “tongue” voices those emotions. Alternate translation: “I was glad and rejoiced” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ACT 2 26 zz6k figs-synecdoche ἡ σάρξ μου κατασκηνώσει ἐπ’ ἐλπίδι 1 my flesh will live in certain hope Possible meanings of the word “flesh” are 1) he is a mortal who will die. Alternate translation: “Even though I am only mortal, I will have confidence in God” or 2) it is synecdoche for his entire person. Alternate translation: “I will live with confidence in God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ACT 2 27 whi3 0 General Information: Since Peter says that David said these words about Jesus, the words “my,” “Holy One,” and “me” refer to Jesus and the words “you” and “your” refer to God. ACT 2 27 m3ij 0 Connecting Statement: Peter finishes quoting David. ACT 2 27 rld3 figs-123person οὐδὲ δώσεις τὸν Ὅσιόν σου ἰδεῖν διαφθοράν 1 neither will you allow your Holy One to see decay The Messiah, Jesus, refers to himself with the words “your Holy One.” Alternate translation: “neither will you allow me, your Holy One, to see decay” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) ACT 2 27 l5cd figs-explicit ἰδεῖν διαφθοράν 1 to see decay Here the word “see” means to experience something. The word “decay” refers to the decomposition of his body after death. Alternate translation: “to decay” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 2 28 gsk6 ὁδοὺς ζωῆς 1 the ways of life “the ways that lead to life” ACT 2 28 y7gf figs-metonymy πληρώσεις με εὐφροσύνης μετὰ τοῦ προσώπου σου 1 you will fill me with gladness in your presence Here the word “face” refers to the presence of God. Alternate translation: “very glad when I see you” or “very glad when I am in your presence” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 2 28 ej5m εὐφροσύνης 1 gladness joy, happiness ACT 2 29 wh97 0 General Information: In verses 29 & 30, the words he,” “his,” and “him” refer to David. In verse 31, the first “He” refers to David and the words within the quote “He” and “his” refer to Christ. ACT 2 29 pv1x 0 Connecting Statement: Peter continues his speech that he began in [Acts 1:16](../01/16.md) to the Jews that surround him and the other believers in Jerusalem. ACT 2 29 ps7c ἀδελφοί, ἐξὸν 1 Brothers, I am permitted “My fellow Jews, I” ACT 2 29 vtc6 figs-activepassive καὶ ἐτελεύτησεν καὶ ἐτάφη 1 he both died and was buried This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “he died and people buried him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 2 30 hq71 figs-metonymy ἐκ καρποῦ τῆς ὀσφύος αὐτοῦ, καθίσαι ἐπὶ τὸν θρόνον αὐτοῦ 1 he would set one of the fruit of his body upon his throne “God would set one of David’s descendants upon David’s throne.” Alternate translation: “God would appoint one of David’s descendants to be king in David’s place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 2 30 x11q figs-idiom ἐκ καρποῦ τῆς ὀσφύος αὐτοῦ 1 one of the fruit of his body Here the word “fruit” refers to what “his body” produces. Alternate translation: “one of his descendants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ACT 2 31 tn4b figs-activepassive οὔτε ἐνκατελείφθη εἰς ᾍδην 1 He was neither abandoned to Hades This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God did not abandon him to Hades” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 2 31 up5x figs-explicit οὔτε ἡ σὰρξ αὐτοῦ εἶδεν διαφθοράν 1 nor did his flesh see decay Here the word “see” means to experience something. The word “decay” refers to the decomposition of his body after death. See how you translated this in [Acts 2:27](../02/27.md). Alternate translation: “nor did his flesh decay” or “nor did he remain dead long enough for his flesh to decay” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 2 32 kw6a figs-exclusive 0 General Information: Here, the second word “this” refers to the disciples’ speaking in other languages when they received the Holy Spirit. The word “we” refers to the disciples and those that witnessed the risen Jesus after his death. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) ACT 2 32 udn1 figs-idiom ἀνέστησεν ὁ Θεός 1 God raised him up This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “God caused him to live again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ACT 2 33 kij2 figs-activepassive τῇ δεξιᾷ ... τοῦ Θεοῦ ὑψωθεὶς 1 having been exalted to the right hand of God This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “because God has exalted Jesus up to his right hand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 2 33 c9mr figs-idiom τῇ δεξιᾷ ... τοῦ Θεοῦ ὑψωθεὶς 1 having been exalted to the right hand of God “Right hand of God” here is an idiom that means that Christ will rule as God, with God’s authority. Alternate translation: “Christ is in the position of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ACT 2 33 c1dr figs-idiom ἐξέχεεν ... ὃ 1 he has poured out what Here the words “poured out” mean that Jesus, who is God, made these events to happen. It is implicit that he does this by giving the Holy Spirit to the believers. Alternate translation: “he has caused to happen these things that” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 2 33 wsg9 figs-idiom ἐξέχεεν 1 poured out Here the words “pour out” mean to give generously and abundantly. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Acts 2:17](../02/17.md). Alternate translation: “given abundantly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ACT 2 34 i8wu 0 General Information: Peter again quotes one of David’s Psalms. David is not speaking of himself in this Psalm. “The Lord” and “my” refer to God; “my Lord” and “your” refer to Jesus the Messiah. ACT 2 34 m7fy 0 Connecting Statement: Peter finishes his speech to the Jews that he began in [Acts 1:16](../01/16.md). ACT 2 34 kvn8 translate-symaction κάθου ἐκ δεξιῶν μου 1 Sit at my right hand To sit at the “right hand of God” is a symbolic action of receiving great honor and authority from God. Alternate translation: “Sit in the place of honor beside me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) ACT 2 35 nf1x figs-metaphor ἕως ἂν θῶ τοὺς ἐχθρούς σου ὑποπόδιον τῶν ποδῶν σου 1 until I make your enemies the stool for your feet This means that God will completely defeat the Messiah’s enemies and make them subject to him. Alternate translation: “until I make you victorious over all of your enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 2 36 pnp5 figs-idiom πᾶς οἶκος Ἰσραὴλ 1 all the house of Israel This refers to the entire nation of Israel. Alternate translation: “every Israelite” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ACT 2 37 xan1 0 General Information: Here the word “they” refers to the people in the crowd to whom Peter spoke. ACT 2 37 w1ma 0 Connecting Statement: The Jews respond to Peter’s speech and Peter answers them. ACT 2 37 zls6 ἀκούσαντες 1 when they heard this “when the people heard what Peter had said” ACT 2 37 s85q figs-activepassive κατενύγησαν τὴν καρδίαν 1 they were pierced in their hearts This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Peter’s words pierced their hearts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 2 37 l15x figs-idiom κατενύγησαν τὴν καρδίαν 1 pierced in their hearts This means that the people felt guilty and became very sad. Alternate translation: “deeply troubled” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ACT 2 38 cmb7 figs-activepassive βαπτισθήτω 1 be baptized This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “allow us to baptize you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 2 38 geb2 figs-metonymy ἐπὶ τῷ ὀνόματι Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 in the name of Jesus Christ “In the name of” here is a metonym for “by the authority of” Alternate translation: “by the authority of Jesus Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 2 39 v8vi πᾶσι τοῖς εἰς μακρὰν 1 all who are far off This means either 1) “all people who live far away” or 2) “all people who are far from God.” ACT 2 40 k1kj writing-endofstory 0 This is the end of the part of the story that happened on the Day of Pentecost. Verse 42 begins a section that explains how the believers continued to live after the Day of Pentecost. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-endofstory]]) ACT 2 40 v6ip figs-doublet διεμαρτύρατο, καὶ παρεκάλει αὐτοὺς 1 he testified and urged them “he seriously told them and begged them.” Here the words “testified” and “urged” share similar meanings and emphasize that Peter urged them strongly to respond to what he was saying. Alternate translation: “he strongly urged them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ACT 2 40 wtd5 figs-explicit σώθητε ἀπὸ τῆς γενεᾶς τῆς σκολιᾶς ταύτης 1 Save yourselves from this wicked generation The implication is that God will punish “this wicked generation.” Alternate translation: “Save yourselves from the punishment that these wicked people will suffer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 2 41 r9qz figs-idiom οἱ ... ν ἀποδεξάμενοι τὸν λόγον αὐτοῦ 1 they received his word Here the word “received” means that they accepted what Peter said to be true. Alternate translation: “they believed what Peter said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ACT 2 41 kz64 figs-activepassive ἐβαπτίσθησαν 1 were baptized This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “people baptized them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 2 41 a47f figs-activepassive προσετέθησαν ἐν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ἐκείνῃ, ψυχαὶ ὡσεὶ τρισχίλιαι 1 there were added in that day about three thousand souls This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “about three thousand souls joined the believers on that day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 2 41 sv5j figs-synecdoche ψυχαὶ ὡσεὶ τρισχίλιαι 1 about three thousand souls Here the word “souls” refers to people. Alternate translation: “about 3,000 people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) ACT 2 42 gc59 figs-synecdoche κλάσει τοῦ ἄρτου 1 the breaking of bread Bread was part of their meals. Possible meanings are 1) this refers to any meals they might eat together. Alternate translation: “eating meals together” or 2) this refers to the meals they would eat together in order to remember Christ’s death and resurrection. Alternate translation: “eating the Lord’s Supper together” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ACT 2 43 gi9v figs-synecdoche ἐγίνετο δὲ πάσῃ ψυχῇ φόβος 1 Fear came upon every soul Here the word “Fear” refers to deep respect and awe for God. The word “soul” refers to the entire person. Alternate translation: “Each person felt a deep respect and awe for God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ACT 2 43 ys3y figs-activepassive πολλά τε τέρατα καὶ σημεῖα διὰ τῶν ἀποστόλων ἐγίνετο 1 many wonders and signs were done through the apostles Possible meanings are 1) “the apostles performed many wonders and signs” or 2) “God performed many wonders and signs through the apostles” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 2 43 q6dm τέρατα καὶ σημεῖα 1 wonders and signs “miraculous deeds and supernatural events.” See how you translated this in [Acts 2:22](../02/22.md). ACT 2 44 u8qk πάντες δὲ οἱ πιστεύοντες ἦσαν ἐπὶ τὸ αὐτὸ 1 All who believed were together Possible meanings are 1) “All of them believed the same thing” or 2) “All who believed were together in the same place.” ACT 2 44 jy2w εἶχον ἅπαντα κοινά 1 had all things in common “shared their belongings with one another” ACT 2 45 h8tn κτήματα καὶ τὰς ὑπάρξεις 1 property and possessions “land and things they owned” ACT 2 45 f74s figs-metonymy διεμέριζον αὐτὰ πᾶσιν 1 distributed them to all Here the word “them” refers to the profit that they made from selling their property and possessions. Alternate translation: “distributed the proceeds to all” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 2 45 n9hi καθότι ἄν τις χρείαν εἶχεν 1 according to the needs anyone had They distributed the proceeds that they earned from selling their property and possessions to any believer who had a need. ACT 2 46 in43 προσκαρτεροῦντες ὁμοθυμαδὸν 1 they continued with one purpose Possible meanings are 1) “they continued meeting together” or 2) “they all continued to have the same attitude.” ACT 2 46 q1ge figs-synecdoche κλῶντές ... κατ’ οἶκον ἄρτον 1 they broke bread in homes Bread was part of their meals. Alternate translation: “they eat meals together in their homes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ACT 2 46 i2yk figs-metonymy ἐν ἀγαλλιάσει καὶ ἀφελότητι καρδίας 1 with glad and humble hearts Here “heart” is a metonym for a person’s emotions. Alternate translation: “joyfully and humbly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 2 47 z6ig αἰνοῦντες τὸν Θεὸν καὶ ἔχοντες χάριν πρὸς ὅλον τὸν λαόν 1 praising God and having favor with all the people “praising God. All the people approved of them” ACT 2 47 kc42 figs-activepassive τοὺς σῳζομένους 1 those who were being saved This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “those whom the Lord saved” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 3 intro hpd9 0 # Acts 03 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### The covenant God made with Abraham<br><br>This chapter explains that Jesus came to the Jews because God was fulfilling part of the covenant he had made with Abraham. Peter thought that the Jews were the ones who were truly guilty of killing Jesus, but he<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### “You delivered up”<br><br>The Romans were the ones who killed Jesus, but they killed him because the Jews captured him, brought him to the Romans, and told the Romans to kill him. For this reason Peter thought that they were the ones who were truly guilty of killing Jesus. But he tells them that they are also the first ones to whom God has sent Jesus’ followers to invite them to repent ([Luke 3:26](../../luk/03/26.md)). (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]])<br> ACT 3 1 u6nu writing-background 0 General Information: Verse 2 gives background information about the lame man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) ACT 3 1 b5rm 0 Connecting Statement: One day Peter and John go to the temple. ACT 3 1 br7i εἰς τὸ ἱερὸν 1 into the temple They did not go into the temple building where only the priests were allowed. Alternate translation: “to the temple courtyard” or “into the temple area” ACT 3 2 f227 figs-activepassive τις ἀνὴρ, χωλὸς ἐκ κοιλίας μητρὸς αὐτοῦ ὑπάρχων, ἐβαστάζετο, ὃν ἐτίθουν καθ’ ἡμέραν πρὸς τὴν θύραν τοῦ ἱεροῦ, τὴν λεγομένην Ὡραίαν 1 a man lame from birth was being carried every day to the Beautiful Gate of the temple This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Every day, people carried a certain man, lame from birth, and laid him near the Beautiful gate” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 3 2 j68t χωλὸς 1 lame unable to walk ACT 3 4 xq4u ἀτενίσας ... Πέτρος εἰς αὐτὸν σὺν τῷ Ἰωάννῃ εἶπεν 1 Peter, fastening his eyes upon him, with John, said Both Peter and John looked at the man, but only Peter spoke. ACT 3 4 t1q9 figs-idiom ἀτενίσας ... εἰς αὐτὸν 1 fastening his eyes upon him Possible meanings are 1) “looking directly at him” or 2) “looking intently at him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ACT 3 5 e3c6 ὁ ... ἐπεῖχεν αὐτοῖς 1 The lame man looked at them Here the word “looked” means to pay attention to something. Alternate translation: “The lame man paid close attention to them” ACT 3 6 x6bm figs-metonymy ἀργύριον καὶ χρυσίον 1 Silver and gold These words refer to money. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 3 6 zi9t figs-explicit ὃ ... ἔχω 1 what I do have It is understood that Peter has the ability to heal the man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 3 6 t2vf figs-metonymy ἐν τῷ ὀνόματι Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 In the name of Jesus Christ Here the word “name” refers to power and authority. Alternate translation: “With the authority of Jesus Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 3 7 ec6j ἤγειρεν αὐτόν 1 Peter raised him up “Peter caused him to stand” ACT 3 8 zp7x εἰσῆλθεν ... εἰς τὸ ἱερὸν 1 he entered ... into the temple He did not go inside the temple building where only the priests were allowed. Alternate translation: “he entered ... the temple area” or “he entered ... into the temple courtyard” ACT 3 10 zy7h ἐπεγίνωσκον ... ὅτι αὐτὸς ἦν ὁ 1 noticed that it was the man “realized that it was the man” or “recognized him as the man” ACT 3 10 p2zh τῇ Ὡραίᾳ Πύλῃ 1 the Beautiful Gate This was the name of one of the entrances to the temple area. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Acts 3:2](../03/02.md). ACT 3 10 j6zf figs-doublet ἐπλήσθησαν θάμβους καὶ ἐκστάσεως 1 they were filled with wonder and amazement Here the words “wonder” and “amazement” share similar meanings and emphasize the intensity of the people’s amazement. Alternate translation: “they were extremely amazed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ACT 3 11 g4y1 figs-exclusive 0 General Information: The phrase “in the porch that is called Solomon’s” makes it clear that they were not inside the temple where only the priests were allowed to enter. Here the words “us” and “we” refer to Peter and John but not to the crowd to whom Peter is talking. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) ACT 3 11 eu1l 0 Connecting Statement: After healing the man who could not walk, Peter talks to the people. ACT 3 11 rj43 τῇ στοᾷ τῇ καλουμένῃ Σολομῶντος 1 the porch that is called Solomon’s “Solomon’s Porch.” This was a covered walkway that consisted of rows of pillars that supported a roof, and which people named after king Solomon. ACT 3 11 rk1m ἔκθαμβοι 1 greatly marveling “extremely surprised” ACT 3 12 x9m9 ἰδὼν δὲ, ὁ Πέτρος 1 When Peter saw this Here the word “this” refers to the amazement of the people. ACT 3 12 ndi3 ἄνδρες, Ἰσραηλεῖται 1 You men of Israel “Fellow Israelites.” Peter was addressing the crowd. ACT 3 12 uyg1 figs-rquestion τί θαυμάζετε 1 why do you marvel? Peter asks this question to emphasize that they should not be surprised by what had happened. Alternate translation: “you should not be surprised” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ACT 3 12 j6ld figs-rquestion ἡμῖν τί ἀτενίζετε, ὡς ἰδίᾳ δυνάμει ἢ εὐσεβείᾳ πεποιηκόσιν τοῦ περιπατεῖν αὐτόν 1 Why do you fix your eyes on us, as if we had made him to walk by our own power or godliness? Peter asks this question to emphasize that the people should not think that he and John had healed the man by their own abilities. This could be written as two statements. Alternate translation: “Do not fix your eyes on us. We did not make him walk by our own power or godliness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ACT 3 12 mwd9 figs-idiom ἡμῖν ... ἀτενίζετε 1 fix your eyes on us This means that they looked intently at them without stopping. Alternate translation: “stare at us” or “look at us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ACT 3 13 q8q2 0 Connecting Statement: Peter continues his speech to the Jews that he began in [Acts 3:12](../03/12.md). ACT 3 13 cp1j figs-idiom ἠρνήσασθε κατὰ πρόσωπον Πειλάτου 1 rejected before the face of Pilate Here the phrase “before the face of” means “in the presence of.” Alternate translation: “rejected in Pilate’s presence” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ACT 3 13 yy96 κρίναντος ἐκείνου ἀπολύειν 1 when he had decided to release him “when Pilate had decided to release Jesus” ACT 3 14 s6qj figs-activepassive ᾐτήσασθε ἄνδρα, φονέα χαρισθῆναι ὑμῖν 1 asked for a man who was a murderer to be released to you This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “for Pilate to release a murderer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 3 15 jwb1 figs-exclusive 0 General Information: Here the word “we” includes just Peter and John. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) ACT 3 15 ljn8 figs-metaphor Ἀρχηγὸν τῆς ζωῆς 1 Founder of life This refers to Jesus. Possible meanings are 1) “the one who gives people eternal life” or 2) “the ruler of life” or 3) “the founder of life” or 4) “the one who leads people to life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 3 16 xu92 καὶ 1 Now This word, “Now,” shifts the audiences’ attention to the lame man. ACT 3 16 qt8w ἐστερέωσεν 1 made him strong “made him well” ACT 3 17 v45t καὶ νῦν 1 Now Here Peter shifts the audience’s attention from the lame man and continues to talk to them directly. ACT 3 17 x62k κατὰ ἄγνοιαν ἐπράξατε 1 you acted in ignorance Possible meanings are 1) that the people did not know that Jesus was the Messiah or 2) that the people did not understand the significance of what they were doing. ACT 3 18 gcc1 ὁ ... Θεὸς ... προκατήγγειλεν διὰ στόματος πάντων τῶν προφητῶν 1 God foretold by the mouth of all the prophets When the prophets spoke, it was as though God himself was speaking because he told them what to say. Alternate translation: “God foretold by telling all of the prophets what to speak” ACT 3 18 ms6d ὁ ... Θεὸς ... προκατήγγειλεν 1 God foretold “God spoke about ahead of time” or “God told about before they happened” ACT 3 18 z3l7 figs-metonymy στόματος πάντων τῶν προφητῶν 1 the mouth of all the prophets Here the word “mouth” refers to the words that the prophets spoke and wrote down. Alternate translation: “the words of all the prophets” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 3 19 cw18 figs-metaphor καὶ ἐπιστρέψατε 1 and turn “and turn to the Lord.” Here “turn” is a metaphor for starting to obey the Lord. Alternate translation: “and start obeying the Lord” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 3 19 zm6y figs-activepassive πρὸς τὸ ἐξαλειφθῆναι ὑμῶν τὰς ἁμαρτίας 1 so that your sins may be blotted out Here “blotted out” is a metaphor for forgiving. Sins are spoken of as if they are written in a book and God erases them from the book when he forgives them. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “so that God will forgive you for sinning against him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 3 20 f2wm figs-metonymy ἀπὸ προσώπου τοῦ Κυρίου 1 from the presence of the Lord Here the words “presence of the Lord” is a metonym for the Lord himself. Alternate translation: “from the Lord” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 3 20 x3ca καιροὶ ἀναψύξεως ἀπὸ προσώπου τοῦ Κυρίου 1 periods of refreshing from the presence of the Lord “times of relief from the presence of the Lord.” Possible meanings are 1) “times when God will strengthen your spirits” or 2) “times when God will revive you” ACT 3 20 h3nk ἀποστείλῃ τὸν προκεχειρισμένον ὑμῖν Χριστὸν 1 that he may send the Christ “that he may again send the Christ.” This refers to Christ’s coming again. ACT 3 20 yzr6 figs-activepassive τὸν προκεχειρισμένον ὑμῖν 1 who has been appointed for you This may be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “whom he has appointed for you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 3 21 sj21 0 General Information: In verses 22-23 Peter quotes something Moses told before the Messiah came. ACT 3 21 u33e 0 Connecting Statement: Peter continues his speech that he began in [Acts 3:12](../03/12.md) to the Jews who stood in the temple area. ACT 3 21 vgn8 figs-personification ὃν δεῖ οὐρανὸν μὲν δέξασθαι 1 He is the One heaven must receive “He is the One heaven must welcome.” Peter speaks of heaven as if it were a person who welcomes Jesus into his home. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ACT 3 21 y1ps δεῖ οὐρανὸν μὲν δέξασθαι, ἄχρι 1 heaven must receive until This means that it is necessary for Jesus to remain in heaven because that is what God has planned. ACT 3 21 x2f3 ἄχρι χρόνων ἀποκαταστάσεως πάντων 1 until the time of the restoration of all things Possible meanings are 1) “until the time when God will restore all things” or 2) “until the time when God will fulfill everything that he foretold.” ACT 3 21 a2m8 ὧν ἐλάλησεν ὁ Θεὸς διὰ στόματος τῶν ἁγίων ἀπ’ αἰῶνος αὐτοῦ προφητῶν 1 about which God spoke long ago by the mouth of his holy prophets When the prophets spoke long ago, it was as if God himself was speaking because he told them what to say. Alternate translation: “about which things God spoke long ago by telling his holy prophets to speak about them” ACT 3 21 a12i figs-metonymy στόματος τῶν ἁγίων ... αὐτοῦ προφητῶν 1 the mouth of his holy prophets Here the word “mouth” refers to the words that the prophets spoke and wrote down. Alternate translation: “the words of his holy prophets” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 3 22 v5nf προφήτην ... ἀναστήσει ... ἐκ τῶν ἀδελφῶν ὑμῶν, ὡς ἐμέ 1 will raise up a prophet like me from among your brothers “will cause a one of your brothers to become a true prophet, and everyone will know about him” ACT 3 22 t8di τῶν ἀδελφῶν ὑμῶν 1 your brothers “your nation” ACT 3 23 t8a5 figs-activepassive 1 that prophet will be completely destroyed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that prophet, God will completely destroy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 3 24 y1z7 0 Connecting Statement: Peter finishes his speech to the Jews that he began in [Acts 3:12](../03/12.md). ACT 3 24 u6x3 καὶ πάντες δὲ οἱ προφῆται 1 Yes, and all the prophets “In fact, all the prophets.” Here the word “Yes” adds emphasis to what follows. ACT 3 24 xp9h ἀπὸ Σαμουὴλ καὶ τῶν καθεξῆς 1 from Samuel and those who came after him “beginning with Samuel and continuing with the prophets who lived after he did” ACT 3 24 m9pr τὰς ἡμέρας ταύτας 1 these days “these times” or “the things that are happening now” ACT 3 25 rh2n figs-idiom ὑμεῖς ἐστε οἱ υἱοὶ τῶν προφητῶν, καὶ τῆς διαθήκης 1 You are the sons of the prophets and of the covenant Here the word “sons” refers to heirs who will receive what the prophets and the covenant promised. Alternate translation: “You are the heirs of the prophets and heirs of the covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) ACT 3 25 mad5 ἐν τῷ σπέρματί σου 1 In your seed “Because of your offspring” ACT 3 25 g31m figs-activepassive ἐνευλογηθήσονται πᾶσαι αἱ πατριαὶ τῆς γῆς 1 shall all the families of the earth be blessed Here the word “families” refers to people groups or nations. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will bless all the people groups in the world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 3 26 b7tz ἀναστήσας ὁ Θεὸς τὸν παῖδα αὐτοῦ 1 After God raised up his servant “After God caused Jesus to become his servant and made him famous” ACT 3 26 z5q6 τὸν παῖδα αὐτοῦ 1 his servant This refers to the Messiah, Jesus. ACT 3 26 x8ss figs-metaphor τῷ ἀποστρέφειν ἕκαστον ἀπὸ τῶν πονηριῶν ὑμῶν 1 turning every one of you from your wickedness Here “turning ... from” is a metaphor for causing someone stop doing something. Alternate translation: “causing every one of you to stop doing wicked things” or “causing every one of you to repent from your wickedness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 4 intro pv3a 0 # Acts 04 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry that is quoted from the Old Testament in 4:25-26.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Unity<br><br>The first Christians wanted very much to be united. They wanted to believe the same things and share everything they owned and help those who needed help.<br><br>### “Signs and wonders”<br><br>This phrase refers to things that only God can do. The Christians wanted God to do what only he can do so that people would believe that what they said about Jesus was true.<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Cornerstone<br><br>The cornerstone was the first piece of stone that people put down when they were building a building. This is a metaphor for the most important part of something, the part on which everything depends. To say that Jesus is the cornerstone of the church is to say that nothing in the church is more important than Jesus and that everything about the church depends on Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Name<br><br>“There is no other name under heaven given among men by which we must be saved” ([Acts 4:12](../../act/04/12.md)). With these words Peter was saying that no other person who has ever been on the earth or will ever be on earth can save people.<br> ACT 4 1 ew3l 0 Connecting Statement: The religious leaders arrest Peter and John after Peter’s having healed the man who was born lame. ACT 4 1 d3tv ἐπέστησαν αὐτοῖς 1 came upon them “approached them” or “came to them” ACT 4 2 m74s figs-explicit διαπονούμενοι 1 They were deeply troubled “They were very angry.” The Sadducees, in particular, would have been angry about what Peter and John were saying because they did not believe in resurrection. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 4 2 mg5l καταγγέλλειν ἐν τῷ Ἰησοῦ τὴν ἀνάστασιν, τὴν ἐκ νεκρῶν 1 proclaiming in Jesus the resurrection from the dead Peter and John were saying that God would raise people from the dead in the same way as he had raised Jesus from among the dead. Translate this in a way that allows “the resurrection” to refer to both Jesus’ resurrection and the general resurrection of other people. ACT 4 2 np5g τὴν ἐκ νεκρῶν 1 from the dead From among all those who have died. This expression describes all dead people together in the underworld. To come back from among them speaks of becoming alive again. ACT 4 3 zla7 ἐπέβαλον αὐτοῖς 1 They arrested them “The priests, the captain of the temple, and the Sadducees arrested Peter and John” ACT 4 3 h5f9 ἦν γὰρ ἑσπέρα 1 since it was now evening It was common practice not to question people at night. ACT 4 4 bm1f ἀριθμὸς τῶν ἀνδρῶν 1 the number of the men who believed This refers only to men and does not include how many women or children believed. ACT 4 4 qd8g ἐγενήθη ... ὡς χιλιάδες πέντε 1 was about five thousand “grew to about five thousand” ACT 4 5 j6p8 0 General Information: Here the word “their” refers to the Jewish people as a whole. ACT 4 5 i9tj 0 Connecting Statement: The rulers question Peter and John who answer without fear. ACT 4 5 lw2d ἐγένετο 1 It came about This phrase is used here to mark where the action starts. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. ACT 4 5 cdj1 figs-synecdoche τοὺς ἄρχοντας, καὶ τοὺς πρεσβυτέρους, καὶ τοὺς γραμματεῖς 1 their rulers, elders and scribes This is a reference to the Sanhedrin, the Jewish ruling court, which consisted of these three groups of people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ACT 4 6 l44n Ἰωάννης, καὶ Ἀλέξανδρος 1 John, and Alexander These two men were members of the high priest’s family. This is not the same John as the apostle. ACT 4 7 t1eq ἐν ποίᾳ δυνάμει 1 By what power “Who gave you power” ACT 4 7 jc21 figs-metonymy ἐν ποίῳ ὀνόματι 1 in what name Here the word “name” refers to authority. Alternate translation: “by whose authority” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 4 8 su5x figs-activepassive τότε Πέτρος πλησθεὶς Πνεύματος Ἁγίου 1 Then Peter, filled with the Holy Spirit This can be stated in active form. See how you translated this in [Acts 2:4](../02/04.md). Alternate translation: “The Holy Spirit filled Peter and he” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 4 9 pq85 figs-rquestion εἰ ἡμεῖς σήμερον ἀνακρινόμεθα ... ἐν τίνι οὗτος σέσωσται 1 if we this day are being questioned ... by what means was this man made well? Peter asks this question to clarify that this was the real reason that they were on trial. Alternate translation: “You are asking us this day ... by what means we made this man well” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ACT 4 9 je6d figs-activepassive ἡμεῖς σήμερον ἀνακρινόμεθα 1 we this day are being questioned This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you are questioning us this day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 4 9 b92n figs-activepassive ἐν τίνι οὗτος σέσωσται 1 by what means was this man made well This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “by what means we have made this man well” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 4 10 snd5 figs-activepassive γνωστὸν ἔστω πᾶσιν ὑμῖν καὶ παντὶ τῷ λαῷ Ἰσραὴλ 1 May this be known to you all and to all the people of Israel This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “May all of you and all of the people of Israel know this” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 4 10 j3px πᾶσιν ὑμῖν καὶ παντὶ τῷ λαῷ Ἰσραὴλ 1 to you all and to all the people of Israel “to you who are questioning us and to all the other people of Israel” ACT 4 10 khn7 figs-metonymy ἐν τῷ ὀνόματι Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ τοῦ Ναζωραίου 1 in the name of Jesus Christ of Nazareth Here the word “name” refers to power and authority. Alternate translation: “by the power of Jesus Christ of Nazareth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 4 10 jyj6 figs-idiom ὃν ὁ Θεὸς ἤγειρεν ἐκ νεκρῶν 1 whom God raised from the dead, Here to raise up is an idiom for causing someone who has died to become alive again. Alternate translation: “whom God caused to live again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ACT 4 11 tdw8 figs-inclusive 0 General Information: Here the word “we” refers to Peter as well as those to whom he is speaking. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) ACT 4 11 nwg6 0 Connecting Statement: Peter completes his speech to the Jewish religious rulers that he began in [Acts 4:8](../04/08.md). ACT 4 11 w195 figs-metaphor οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ λίθος ... ὁ γενόμενος εἰς κεφαλὴν γωνίας 1 Jesus Christ is the stone ... which has been made the head cornerstone Peter is quoting from the Psalms. This is a metaphor that means the religious leaders, like builders, rejected Jesus, but God will made him the most important in his kingdom, as a cornerstone in a building is important. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 4 11 f1nx κεφαλὴν 1 head Here the word “head” means “most important” or “vital.” ACT 4 11 c1bh ὑμῶν, τῶν οἰκοδόμων 1 you as builders despised “you as builders rejected” or “you as builders rejected as worth nothing” ACT 4 12 tq3z figs-abstractnouns καὶ οὐκ ἔστιν ἐν ἄλλῳ οὐδενὶ 1 There is no salvation in any other person The noun “salvation” can be translated as a verb. This can be stated positively. Alternate translation: “He is the only person who is able to save” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ACT 4 12 l66w figs-activepassive οὐδὲ γὰρ ὄνομά ἐστιν ἕτερον ὑπὸ τὸν οὐρανὸν τὸ δεδομένον ἐν ἀνθρώποις 1 no other name under heaven given among men This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “no other name under heaven that God has given among men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 4 12 iz7k figs-metonymy οὐδὲ ... ὄνομά ... ἕτερον ... δεδομένον ἐν ἀνθρώποις 1 no other name ... given among men The phrase “name ... given among men” refers to the person of Jesus. Alternate translation: “no other person under heaven, who is given among men, by whom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 4 12 jm25 figs-idiom ὑπὸ τὸν οὐρανὸν 1 under heaven This is a way of referring to everywhere in the world. Alternate translation: “in the world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ACT 4 12 gg8h figs-activepassive ἐν ᾧ δεῖ σωθῆναι ἡμᾶς 1 by which we must be saved This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “which can save us” or “who can save us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 4 13 xn39 0 General Information: Here the second instance of “they” refers to Peter and John. All other occurrences of the word “they” in this section refer to the Jewish leaders. ACT 4 13 t6kc figs-explicit τὴν τοῦ Πέτρου παρρησίαν καὶ Ἰωάννου 1 the boldness of Peter and John Here the abstract noun “boldness” refers to the way in which Peter and John responded to the Jewish leaders, and can be translated with an adverb or an adjective. Alternate translation: “how boldly Peter and John had spoken” or “how bold Peter and John were” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ACT 4 13 p9pq παρρησίαν 1 boldness having no fear ACT 4 13 qaa5 figs-explicit καταλαβόμενοι ὅτι ἄνθρωποι ἀγράμματοί εἰσιν καὶ ἰδιῶται 1 realized that they were ordinary, uneducated men The Jewish leaders “realized” this because of the way Peter and John spoke. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 4 13 r6d6 καὶ καταλαβόμενοι 1 and realized “and understood” ACT 4 13 erv7 figs-doublet ἄνθρωποι ἀγράμματοί ... ἰδιῶτα 1 ordinary, uneducated men The words “ordinary” and “uneducated” share similar meanings. They emphasize that Peter and John had received no formal training in Jewish law. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ACT 4 14 h3cy figs-activepassive τόν ... ἄνθρωπον ... τὸν τεθεραπευμένον 1 the man who was healed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the man whom Peter and John had healed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 4 14 fq4w οὐδὲν εἶχον ἀντειπεῖν 1 nothing to say against this “nothing to say against Peter and John’s healing of the man.” Here the word “this” refers to what Peter and John had done. ACT 4 15 ql31 αὐτοὺς 1 the apostles This refers to Peter and John. ACT 4 16 p4g6 figs-rquestion τί ποιήσωμεν τοῖς ἀνθρώποις τούτοις 1 What shall we do to these men? The Jewish leaders ask this question out of frustration because they could not think of what to do with Peter and John. Alternate translation: “There is nothing that we can do with these men!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ACT 4 16 nh5s figs-activepassive γὰρ γνωστὸν σημεῖον γέγονεν δι’ αὐτῶν, πᾶσιν τοῖς κατοικοῦσιν Ἰερουσαλὴμ φανερόν 1 For the fact that a remarkable miracle has been done through them is known to everyone who lives in Jerusalem This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “For everyone who lives in Jerusalem knows that they have done a remarkable miracle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 4 16 jn12 figs-hyperbole πᾶσιν τοῖς κατοικοῦσιν Ἰερουσαλὴμ 1 everyone who lives in Jerusalem This is a generalization. It may also be an exaggeration to show that the leaders think that this is a very big problem. Alternate translation: “many of the people who live in Jerusalem” or “people who live throughout Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) ACT 4 17 f71l figs-explicit ἵνα μὴ ἐπὶ πλεῖον διανεμηθῇ 1 in order that it spreads no further Here the word “it” refers to any miracles or teaching Peter and John might continue to do. Alternate translation: “in order that news of this miracle spreads no further” or “in order that no more people hear about this miracle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 4 17 w52j figs-metonymy μηκέτι λαλεῖν ἐπὶ τῷ ὀνόματι τούτῳ μηδενὶ ἀνθρώπων 1 not to speak anymore to anyone in this name Here the word “name” refers to the person of Jesus. Alternate translation: “not to speak anymore to anyone about this person, Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 4 19 hf3u figs-exclusive 0 General Information: Here the word “we” refers to Peter and John but not to those whom they are addressing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) ACT 4 19 jf1d figs-metonymy εἰ δίκαιόν ἐστιν ἐνώπιον τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Whether it is right in the sight of God Here the phrase “in the sight of God” refers to God’s opinion. Alternate translation: “Whether God thinks it is right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 4 21 gy8d writing-background 0 General Information: Verse 22 gives background information about the age of the lame man who was healed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) ACT 4 21 y5y1 οἱ δὲ προσαπειλησάμενοι 1 After further warning The Jewish leaders again threatened to punish Peter and John. ACT 4 21 z2bx μηδὲν εὑρίσκοντες τὸ πῶς κολάσωνται αὐτούς 1 They were unable to find any excuse to punish them Although the Jewish leaders threatened Peter and John, they could not find a reason to punish them without causing the people to riot. ACT 4 21 jbl6 figs-activepassive ἐπὶ τῷ γεγονότι 1 for what had been done This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “for what Peter and John had done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 4 22 ju4w ὁ ἄνθρωπος, ἐφ’ ὃν γεγόνει τὸ σημεῖον τοῦτο τῆς ἰάσεως 1 The man who had experienced this miracle of healing “The man whom Peter and John had miraculously healed” ACT 4 23 j3ap 0 General Information: Speaking together, the people quote a Psalm of David from the Old Testament. Here the word “they” refers to the rest of the believers, but not to Peter and John. ACT 4 23 j2cx figs-explicit ἦλθον πρὸς τοὺς ἰδίους 1 came to their own people The phrase “their own people” refers to the rest of the believers. Alternate translation: “went to the other believers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 4 24 zu28 ὁμοθυμαδὸν ἦραν φωνὴν πρὸς τὸν Θεὸν 1 they raised their voices together to God To raise the voice is an idiom for speaking. “they began speaking together to God” (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom) ACT 4 25 vc5z ὁ τοῦ πατρὸς ἡμῶν, διὰ Πνεύματος Ἁγίου στόματος Δαυεὶδ παιδός σου εἰπών 1 You spoke by the Holy Spirit through the mouth of your servant, our father David This means that the Holy Spirit caused David to speak or write down what God said. ACT 4 25 ka83 figs-metonymy τοῦ πατρὸς ἡμῶν ... στόματος Δαυεὶδ παιδός σου 1 through the mouth of your servant, our father David Here the word “mouth” refers to the words that David spoke or wrote down. Alternate translation: “by the words of your servant, our father David” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 4 25 kat6 τοῦ πατρὸς ἡμῶν ... Δαυεὶδ 1 our father David Here “father” refers to “ancestor/” ACT 4 25 f1x6 figs-rquestion ἵνα τί ἐφρύαξαν ἔθνη, καὶ λαοὶ ἐμελέτησαν κενά 1 Why did the Gentile nations rage, and the peoples imagine useless things? This is a rhetorical question that emphasizes the futility of opposing God. Alternate translation: “The Gentile nations should not have raged, and the peoples should not have imagined useless things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ACT 4 25 w622 figs-explicit λαοὶ ἐμελέτησαν κενά 1 the peoples imagine useless things These “useless things” consist of plans to oppose God. Alternate translation: “the peoples imagine useless things against God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 4 25 h6rc λαοὶ 1 peoples people groups ACT 4 26 fb5a 0 Connecting Statement: The believers complete their quotation from King David in the Psalms that they began in [Acts 4:25](../04/25.md). ACT 4 26 w2by figs-parallelism παρέστησαν οἱ βασιλεῖς τῆς γῆς καὶ οἱ ἄρχοντες συνήχθησαν ἐπὶ τὸ αὐτὸ κατὰ τοῦ Κυρίου 1 The kings of the earth set themselves together, and the rulers gathered together against the Lord These two lines mean basically the same thing. The two lines emphasize the combined effort of the earth’s rulers to oppose God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ACT 4 26 w64b figs-metonymy παρέστησαν ... συνήχθησαν 1 set themselves together ... gathered together These two phrases mean that they joined their armies together to fight a battle. Alternate translation: “set their armies together ... gathered their troops together” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 4 26 yv19 κατὰ τοῦ Κυρίου, καὶ κατὰ τοῦ Χριστοῦ αὐτοῦ 1 against the Lord, and against his Christ Here the word “Lord” refers to God. In the Psalms, the word “Christ” refers to the Messiah or God’s anointed one. ACT 4 27 b1g9 0 Connecting Statement: The believers continue praying. ACT 4 27 nuc1 ἐν τῇ πόλει ταύτῃ 1 in this city “this city” refers to Jerusalem. ACT 4 27 ca33 τὸν ἅγιον παῖδά σου Ἰησοῦν 1 your holy servant Jesus “Jesus who serves you faithfully” ACT 4 28 yz7m figs-metonymy ποιῆσαι ὅσα ἡ χείρ σου, καὶ ἡ βουλὴ σου προώρισεν 1 to do all that your hand and your plan had decided Here the word “hand” is used to mean God’s power. Additionally, the phrase “your hand and your desire decided” shows God’s power and plan. Alternate translation: “to do all that you had decided because you are powerful and did all that you planned” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ACT 4 29 b38z 0 Connecting Statement: The believers complete their prayer that they began in [Acts 4:24](../04/24.md). ACT 4 29 t5qm figs-idiom ἔπιδε ἐπὶ τὰς ἀπειλὰς αὐτῶν 1 look upon their warnings Here the words “look upon” are a request for God to take notice of the way in which the Jewish leaders threatened the believers. Alternate translation: “notice how they threaten to punish us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ACT 4 29 zh7j figs-metonymy μετὰ παρρησίας πάσης λαλεῖν τὸν λόγον σου 1 speak your word with all boldness The word “word” here is a metonym for God’s message. The abstract noun “boldness” can be translated as an adverb. Alternate translation: “speak your message boldly” or “be bold when we speak your message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 4 30 x9r1 figs-metonymy τὴν χεῖρά σου, ἐκτείνειν σε εἰς ἴασιν 1 Stretch out your hand to heal Here the word “hand” refers to God’s power. This is a request for God to show how powerful he is. Alternate translation: “while you show your power by healing people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 4 30 t5uw figs-metonymy διὰ τοῦ ὀνόματος τοῦ ἁγίου παιδός σου, Ἰησοῦ 1 through the name of your holy servant Jesus Here the word “name” refers to power and authority. Alternate translation: “through the power of your holy servant Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 4 30 txb5 τοῦ ἁγίου παιδός σου, Ἰησοῦ 1 your holy servant Jesus “Jesus who serves you faithfully.” See how you translated this in [Acts 4:27](../04/27.md). ACT 4 31 x9b3 figs-activepassive ἐσαλεύθη ὁ τόπος 1 the place ... was shaken This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the place ... shook” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 4 31 ps3m figs-activepassive ἐπλήσθησαν ἅπαντες τοῦ Ἁγίου Πνεύματος 1 they were all filled with the Holy Spirit This can be stated in active form. See how you translated this in [Acts 2:4](../02/04.md). Alternate translation: “The Holy Spirit filled them all” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 4 32 xu3j figs-metonymy ἦν καρδία καὶ ψυχὴ μία 1 were of one heart and soul Here the word “heart” refers to the thoughts and the word “soul” refers to the emotions. Together they refer to the total person. Alternate translation: “thought the same way and wanted the same things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 4 32 zyp5 ἦν αὐτοῖς πάντα κοινά 1 they had everything in common “shared their belongings with one another.” See how you translated this in [Acts 2:44](../02/44.md). ACT 4 33 d8dr χάρις τε μεγάλη ἦν ἐπὶ πάντας αὐτούς 1 great grace was upon them all Possible meanings are: 1) that God was greatly blessing the believers or 2) that the people in Jerusalem held the believers in very high esteem. ACT 4 34 gw3v figs-hyperbole ὅσοι ... κτήτορες χωρίων ἢ οἰκιῶν ὑπῆρχον 1 all who owned title to lands or houses The word “all” here is a generalization. Alternate translation: “Many people who owned title to lands or houses” or “People who owned title to lands or houses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) ACT 4 34 ti1h κτήτορες χωρίων ἢ οἰκιῶν ὑπῆρχον 1 owned title to lands or houses “owned land or houses” ACT 4 34 l938 figs-activepassive τὰς τιμὰς τῶν πιπρασκομένων 1 the money of the things that were sold This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the money that they received from the things that they sold” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 4 35 vv4z figs-idiom ἐτίθουν παρὰ τοὺς πόδας τῶν ἀποστόλων 1 laid it at the apostles’ feet This means that they presented the money to the apostles. Alternate translation: “presented it to the apostles” or “gave it to the apostles” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ACT 4 35 ps4s figs-activepassive διεδίδετο ... ἑκάστῳ, καθότι ἄν τις χρείαν εἶχεν 1 it was distributed to each one according to their need The noun “need” can be translated with a verb. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they distributed the money to each believer who needed it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ACT 4 36 uc2a writing-participants 0 General Information: Luke introduces Barnabas into the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) ACT 4 36 nr4v figs-idiom υἱὸς παρακλήσεως 1 Son of Encouragement The apostles used this name to show that Joseph was a person who encouraged others. “Son of” is an idiom used to describe a person’s behavior or character. Alternate translation: “Encourager” or “one who encourages” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ACT 4 37 gtv5 figs-idiom ἔθηκεν παρὰ τοὺς πόδας τῶν ἀποστόλων 1 laid it at the apostles’ feet This means that they presented to money to the apostles. See how you translated this in [Acts 4:35](../04/35.md). Alternate translation: “presented it to the apostles” or “gave it to the apostles” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ACT 5 intro k2uh 0 # Acts 05 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### “Satan filled your heart to lie to the Holy Spirit”<br><br>No one knows for sure if Ananias and Sapphira were truly Christians when they decided to lie about the land that they sold ([Acts 5:1-10](../05/01.md)), because Luke does not say. However, Peter knew that they lied to the believers, and he knew that they had listened to and obeyed Satan.<br><br>When they lied to the believers, they also lied to the Holy Spirit. This is because the Holy Spirit lives inside believers.<br><br> ACT 5 1 v27a writing-background 0 Continuing the story of how the new Christians shared their belongings with other believers, Luke tells about two believers, Ananias and Sapphria. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) ACT 5 1 ysl9 δέ 1 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line to tell a new part of the story. ACT 5 2 xm1t συνειδυίης καὶ τῆς γυναικός 1 his wife also knew it “his wife also knew that he kept back part of the sale money” ACT 5 2 dy8b figs-idiom παρὰ τοὺς πόδας τῶν ἀποστόλων ἔθηκεν 1 laid it at the apostles’ feet This means that they presented to money to the apostles. See how you translated this in [Acts 4:35](../04/35.md). Alternate translation: “presented it to the apostles” or “gave it to the apostles” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ACT 5 3 y7j6 0 General Information: If your language does not use rhetorical questions, you may reword these as statements. ACT 5 3 grr9 figs-rquestion διὰ τί ἐπλήρωσεν ὁ Σατανᾶς τὴν καρδίαν σου, ψεύσασθαί σε τὸ Πνεῦμα τὸ Ἅγιον, καὶ νοσφίσασθαι ἀπὸ τῆς τιμῆς τοῦ χωρίου 1 why has Satan filled your heart to lie ... land? Peter uses this question to rebuke Ananias. Alternate translation: “you should not have let Satan fill your heart to lie ... land.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ACT 5 3 pqd4 figs-metonymy ἐπλήρωσεν ὁ Σατανᾶς τὴν καρδίαν σου 1 Satan filled your heart Here the word “heart” is a metonym for the will and emotions. The phrase “Satan filled your heart” is a metaphor. Possible meanings of the metaphor are 1) “Satan completely controlled you” or 2) “Satan convinced you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 5 3 zz5u figs-explicit ψεύσασθαί σε τὸ Πνεῦμα τὸ Ἅγιον, καὶ νοσφίσασθαι ἀπὸ τῆς τιμῆς 1 to lie to the Holy Spirit and to keep back part of the price This implies that Ananias had told the apostles that he was giving the entire amount that he had received from selling his land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 5 4 vu7g figs-rquestion οὐχὶ μένον σοὶ ἔμενεν, καὶ πραθὲν ἐν τῇ σῇ ἐξουσίᾳ ὑπῆρχεν 1 While it remained unsold, did it not remain your own ... control? Peter uses this question to rebuke Ananias. Alternate translation: “While it remained unsold, it was your own ... control.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ACT 5 4 vi8w ἔμενεν 1 While it remained unsold “While you had not sold it” ACT 5 4 wm2r figs-rquestion πραθὲν ἐν τῇ σῇ ἐξουσίᾳ ὑπῆρχεν 1 after it was sold, was it not in your control? Peter uses this question to rebuke Ananias. Alternate translation: “after it was sold, you had control over the money that you received.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ACT 5 4 k7nc figs-activepassive πραθὲν 1 after it was sold This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “after you sold it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 5 4 i5dw figs-rquestion τί ὅτι ἔθου ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ σου τὸ πρᾶγμα τοῦτο 1 How is it that you thought of this thing in your heart? Peter used this question to rebuke Ananias. Here the word “heart” refers to the will and emotions. Alternate translation: “You should not have thought of doing this thing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 5 5 cc5y figs-euphemism πεσὼν ἐξέψυξεν 1 fell down and breathed his last Here “breathed his last” means “breathed his final breath” and is a polite way of saying that he died. Ananias fell down because he died; he did not die because he fell down. Alternate translation: “died and fell to the ground” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) ACT 5 7 ry54 ἡ γυνὴ αὐτοῦ ... εἰσῆλθεν 1 his wife came in “Ananias’ wife came in” or “Sapphira came in” ACT 5 7 k3c9 τὸ γεγονὸς 1 what had happened “that her husband had died” ACT 5 8 bcf6 τοσούτου 1 for so much “for this much money.” This refers to the amount of money that Ananias had given to the apostles. ACT 5 9 w1lb figs-you 0 General Information: Here the word “you” is plural and refers to both Ananias and Sapphira. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) ACT 5 9 vym8 0 Connecting Statement: This is the end of the part of the story about Ananias and Sapphira. ACT 5 9 v7sw figs-rquestion τί ὅτι συνεφωνήθη ὑμῖν πειράσαι τὸ Πνεῦμα Κυρίου 1 How is it that you have agreed together to test the Spirit of the Lord? Peter asks this question to rebuke Sapphira. Alternate translation: “You should not have agreed together to test the Spirit of the Lord!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ACT 5 9 hc22 συνεφωνήθη ὑμῖν 1 you have agreed together “the two of you have agreed together” ACT 5 9 pg1e πειράσαι τὸ Πνεῦμα Κυρίου 1 to test the Spirit of the Lord Here the word “test” means to challenge or to prove. They were trying to see if they could get away with lying to God without receiving punishment. ACT 5 9 xj1l figs-synecdoche οἱ πόδες τῶν θαψάντων τὸν ἄνδρα σου 1 the feet of the men who buried your husband Here the phrase “the feet” refers to the men. Alternate translation: “the men who have buried your husband” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ACT 5 10 nwb9 ἔπεσεν ... πρὸς τοὺς πόδας αὐτοῦ 1 fell down at his feet This means that when she died, she fell on the floor in front of Peter. This expression should not be confused with falling down at a person’s feet as a sign of humility. ACT 5 10 s7en figs-euphemism ἐξέψυξεν 1 breathed her last Here “breathed his last” means “breathed her final breath” and is a polite way of saying “she died.” See how you translated a similar phrase in [Acts 5:5](../05/05.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) ACT 5 12 aud2 0 General Information: Here the words “They” and “they” refer to the believers. ACT 5 12 c2e7 0 Connecting Statement: Luke continues to tell what happens in the early days of the church. ACT 5 12 lde1 figs-activepassive διὰ δὲ τῶν χειρῶν τῶν ἀποστόλων, ἐγίνετο σημεῖα καὶ τέρατα πολλὰ 1 Many signs and wonders were taking place among the people through the hands of the apostles or “Many signs and wonders took place among the people through the hands of the apostles.” This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The apostles performed many signs and wonders among the people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 5 12 ux3n σημεῖα καὶ τέρατα 1 signs and wonders “supernatural events and miraculous deeds.” See how you translated these terms in [Acts 2:22](../02/22.md) ACT 5 12 sri8 figs-synecdoche διὰ ... τῶν χειρῶν τῶν ἀποστόλων 1 through the hands of the apostles Here the word “hands” refers to the apostles. Alternate translation: “through the apostles” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ACT 5 12 k99k Στοᾷ Σολομῶντος 1 Solomon’s Porch This was a covered walkway that consisted of rows of pillars that supported a roof, and which people named after king Solomon. See how you translated “the porch that is called Solomon’s” in [Acts 3:11](../03/11.md). ACT 5 13 qd8r figs-activepassive ἐμεγάλυνεν αὐτοὺς ὁ λαός 1 they were held in high esteem by the people This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the people held the believers in high esteem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 5 14 l9bs 0 General Information: Here the word “they” refers to the people who lived in Jerusalem. ACT 5 14 m9wx figs-activepassive μᾶλλον ... προσετίθεντο πιστεύοντες τῷ Κυρίῳ 1 more believers were being added to the Lord This could be stated in active form. See how you translated “were added” in [Acts 2:41](../02/41.md). Alternate translation: “more people were believing in the Lord” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 5 15 y2ev figs-explicit ἡ σκιὰ ἐπισκιάσῃ τινὶ αὐτῶν 1 his shadow might fall on some of them It is implied that God would heal them if Peter’s shadow touched them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 5 16 fu1a ὀχλουμένους ὑπὸ πνευμάτων ἀκαθάρτων 1 those afflicted with unclean spirits “those whom unclean spirits had afflicted” ACT 5 16 lyc7 figs-activepassive ἐθεραπεύοντο ἅπαντες 1 they were all healed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God healed them all” or “the apostles healed them all” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 5 17 p4ta 0 Connecting Statement: The religious leaders began to persecute the believers. ACT 5 17 x2ed δὲ 1 But This begins a contrasting story. You may translate this in the way that your language introduces a contrasting narrative. ACT 5 17 f9ye figs-idiom ἀναστὰς ... ὁ ἀρχιερεὺς 1 the high priest rose up Here the phrase “rose up” means that the high priest decided to take action, not that he stood up from a seated position. Alternate translation: “the high priest took action” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ACT 5 17 pc45 figs-activepassive ἐπλήσθησαν ζήλου 1 they were filled with jealousy The abstract noun “jealousy” can be translated as an adjective. This could be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they became very jealous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ACT 5 18 j58p figs-idiom ἐπέβαλον τὰς χεῖρας ἐπὶ τοὺς ἀποστόλους 1 laid hands on the apostles This means that they seized the apostles by force. They would have ordered guards to do this. Alternate translation: “had the guards arrest the apostles” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 5 19 wd37 0 General Information: Here the words “them” and “they” refer to the apostles. ACT 5 20 qm16 figs-explicit ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ 1 in the temple This phrase here refers to the temple courtyard, not to the temple building where only the priests were allowed. Alternate translation: “in the temple courtyard” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 5 20 z1x3 figs-metonymy πάντα τὰ ῥήματα τῆς ζωῆς ταύτης 1 all the words of this life The word “words” here is a metonym for the message that the apostles had already proclaimed. Possible meanings are 1) “all this message of eternal life” or 2) “the whole message of this new way of living” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 5 21 df1u figs-explicit εἰς τὸ ἱερὸν 1 into the temple They went into the temple courtyard, not into the temple building where only the priests were allowed. Alternate translation: “into the temple courtyard” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 5 21 l7uf ὑπὸ τὸν ὄρθρον 1 about daybreak “as it began to be light.” Although the angel led them out of the jail during the night, the sun was rising by the time the apostles reached the temple courtyard. ACT 5 21 li6a figs-ellipsis ἀπέστειλαν εἰς τὸ δεσμωτήριον ἀχθῆναι αὐτούς 1 sent to the jail to have the apostles brought This implies someone went to the jail. Alternate translation: “sent someone to the jail to bring the apostles” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) ACT 5 23 ld7d figs-explicit ἔσω οὐδένα εὕρομεν 1 we found no one inside The words “no one” refer to the apostles. This implies that there was no one else in the jail cell besides the apostles. Alternate translation: “we did not find them inside” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 5 24 a8dz figs-you 0 General Information: Here the word “you” is plural and refers to the captain of the temple and the chief priests. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) ACT 5 24 k5g6 διηπόρουν 1 they were much perplexed “they were very puzzled” or “they were very confused” ACT 5 24 baw2 περὶ αὐτῶν 1 concerning them “concerning the words they had just heard” or “concerning these things” ACT 5 24 p78m τί ἂν γένοιτο τοῦτο 1 what would come of it “and what would happen as a result” ACT 5 25 c1am figs-explicit ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ, ἑστῶτες 1 standing in the temple They did not go into the part of the temple building where only the priests were allowed. Alternate translation: “standing in the temple courtyard” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 5 26 f7pz figs-you 0 General Information: The word “they” in this section refers to the captain and the officers. In the phrase “feared that the people might stone them” the word “them” refers to the captain and the officers. All other occurrences of “them” in this chunk refer to the apostles. Here the word “you” is plural and refers to the apostles. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) ACT 5 26 e24h 0 Connecting Statement: The captain and the officers bring the apostles before the Jewish religious council. ACT 5 26 i2v5 ἐφοβοῦντο 1 they feared “they were afraid” ACT 5 27 iq7w ἐπηρώτησεν αὐτοὺς ὁ ἀρχιερεὺς 1 The high priest interrogated them “The high priest questioned them.” The word “interrogate” means to question someone to find out what is true. ACT 5 28 g2hi figs-metonymy ἐπὶ τῷ ὀνόματι τούτῳ 1 in this name Here the word “name” refers to the person of Jesus. See how you translated this in [Acts 4:17](../04/17.md). Alternate translation: “not to speak anymore about this person, Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 5 28 j4kr figs-metaphor πεπληρώκατε τὴν Ἰερουσαλὴμ τῆς διδαχῆς ὑμῶν 1 you have filled Jerusalem with your teaching Teaching many people in a city is spoken of as if they were filling the city with a teaching. Alternate translation: “you have taught many people in Jerusalem about him” or “you have taught about him throughout the Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 5 28 ym1k figs-metonymy βούλεσθε ἐπαγαγεῖν ἐφ’ ἡμᾶς τὸ αἷμα τοῦ ἀνθρώπου τούτου 1 desire to bring this man’s blood upon us Here the word “blood” is a metonym for death, and to bring someone’s blood on people is a metaphor for saying that they are guilty of that person’s death. Alternate translation: “desire to make us responsible for this man’s death” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 5 29 y211 figs-exclusive 0 General Information: Here the word “We” refers to the apostles, and not to the audience. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) ACT 5 29 di9u ἀποκριθεὶς ... Πέτρος καὶ οἱ ἀπόστολοι 1 Peter and the apostles answered Peter spoke on behalf of all of the apostles when he said the following words. ACT 5 30 r7av figs-idiom ὁ Θεὸς τῶν πατέρων ἡμῶν ἤγειρεν Ἰησοῦν 1 The God of our fathers raised up Jesus Here “raised up” is an idiom. Alternate translation: “The God of our fathers caused Jesus to live again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ACT 5 30 pu5j figs-metonymy κρεμάσαντες ἐπὶ ξύλου 1 by hanging him on a tree Here Peter uses the word “tree” to refer to the cross which was made out of wood. Alternate translation: “by hanging him on a cross” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 5 31 uh2d translate-symaction τοῦτον ὁ Θεὸς ... ὕψωσεν, τῇ δεξιᾷ αὐτοῦ 1 God exalted him to his right hand To be at the “right hand of God” is a symbolic action of receiving great honor and authority from God. Alternate translation: “God exalted him to the place of honor beside him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) ACT 5 31 mr1d figs-abstractnouns τοῦ δοῦναι μετάνοιαν τῷ Ἰσραὴλ καὶ ἄφεσιν ἁμαρτιῶν 1 give repentance to Israel, and forgiveness of sins The words “repentance” and “forgiveness” can be translated as verbs. Alternate translation: “give the people of Israel an opportunity to repent and have God forgive their sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ACT 5 31 q1il figs-metonymy τῷ Ἰσραὴλ 1 Israel The word “Israel” refers to the Jewish people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 5 32 yml6 τοῖς πειθαρχοῦσιν αὐτῷ 1 those who obey him “those who submit to God’s authority” ACT 5 33 ekh2 0 Connecting Statement: Gamaliel addresses the council members. ACT 5 34 i2rr writing-participants Γαμαλιήλ, νομοδιδάσκαλος τίμιος παντὶ τῷ λαῷ 1 Gamaliel, a teacher of the law, who was honored by all the people Luke introduces Gamaliel and provides background information about him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) ACT 5 34 fpr4 figs-activepassive τίμιος παντὶ τῷ λαῷ 1 who was honored by all the people This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “whom all the people honored” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 5 34 xk6g figs-activepassive ἐκέλευσεν ἔξω ... τοὺς ἀνθρώπους ποιῆσαι 1 commanded the apostles to be taken outside This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “commanded the guards to take the apostles outside” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 5 35 ae1u προσέχετε 1 pay close attention to “think carefully about” or “be cautious about.” Gamaliel was warning them not to do something that they would later regret. ACT 5 36 uaj6 ἀνέστη Θευδᾶς 1 Theudas rose up Possible meanings are 1) “Theudas rebelled” or 2) “Theudas appeared.” ACT 5 36 b3nl λέγων εἶναί τινα 1 claiming to be somebody “claiming to be somebody important” ACT 5 36 ie3x figs-activepassive ὃς ἀνῃρέθη 1 He was killed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People killed him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 5 36 juz1 figs-activepassive πάντες ὅσοι ἐπείθοντο αὐτῷ διελύθησαν 1 all who had been obeying him were scattered This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “all the people scattered who had been obeying him” or “all who had been obeying him went in different directions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 5 36 rzg5 ἐγένοντο εἰς οὐδέν 1 came to nothing This means that they did not do what they had planned to do. ACT 5 37 f33y μετὰ τοῦτον 1 After this man “After Theudas” ACT 5 37 p56f ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις τῆς ἀπογραφῆς 1 in the days of the census “during the time of the census” ACT 5 37 kz4s figs-idiom ἀπέστησε λαὸν ὀπίσω αὐτοῦ 1 drew away some people after him This means that he persuaded some people to rebel with him against the Roman government. Alternate translation: “caused many people to follow him” or “caused many people to join him in rebellion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ACT 5 38 i4bw 0 Connecting Statement: Gamaliel finishes addressing the council members. Though they beat the apostles, command them not to teach about Jesus, and let them go, the disciples continue to teach and preach. ACT 5 38 wz89 figs-explicit ἀπόστητε ἀπὸ τῶν ἀνθρώπων τούτων καὶ ἄφετε αὐτούς 1 keep away from these men and let them alone Gamaliel is telling the Jewish leaders no to punish the apostles any more or to put them back in jail. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 5 38 zh1d ἐὰν ᾖ ἐξ ἀνθρώπων, ἡ βουλὴ αὕτη ἢ τὸ ἔργον τοῦτο 1 if this plan or work is of men “if men have devised this plan or are doing this work” ACT 5 38 uql8 figs-activepassive καταλυθήσεται 1 it will be overthrown This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “someone will overthrow it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 5 39 j819 figs-ellipsis εἰ ... ἐκ Θεοῦ ἐστιν 1 if it is of God Here the word “it” refers to “this plan or work.” Alternate translation: “if God has devised this plan or commanded these men to do this work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) ACT 5 39 cyp1 figs-activepassive ἐπείσθησαν δὲ 1 So they were persuaded This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “So Gamaliel persuaded them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 5 40 z31c 0 General Information: Here first word “they” refers to the council members. The rest of the words “them,” “They,” and “they” refer to the apostles. ACT 5 40 p6lz figs-metonymy προσκαλεσάμενοι τοὺς ἀποστόλους, δείραντες 1 they called the apostles in and beat them The council members would have ordered the temple guards to do these things. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 5 40 fca9 figs-metonymy λαλεῖν ἐπὶ τῷ ὀνόματι τοῦ Ἰησοῦ 1 to speak in the name of Jesus Here “name” refers to the authority of Jesus. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Acts 4:18](../04/18.md). Alternate translation: “to speak anymore in the authority of Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 5 41 cv8y figs-activepassive κατηξιώθησαν ὑπὲρ τοῦ ὀνόματος ἀτιμασθῆναι 1 they were counted worthy to suffer dishonor for the Name The apostles rejoiced because God had honored them by letting the Jewish leaders dishonor them. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God had counted them worthy to suffer dishonor for the Name” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 5 41 lk82 figs-metonymy ὑπὲρ τοῦ ὀνόματος 1 for the Name Here “the Name” refers to Jesus. Alternate translation: “for Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 5 42 jj94 πᾶσάν τε ἡμέραν 1 Thereafter every day “After that day, every day.” This phrase marks what the apostles did every day through the following days. ACT 5 42 kyp6 figs-explicit ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ καὶ κατ’ οἶκον 1 in the temple and from house to house They did not go into the temple building where only the priests went. Alternate translation: “in the temple courtyard and in different people’s houses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 6 intro z5r5 0 # Acts 06 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### The distribution to the widows<br><br>The believers in Jerusalem gave food every day to women whose husbands had died. All of them had been raised as Jews, but some of them had lived in Judea and spoke Hebrew, and others had lived in Gentile areas and spoke Greek. Those who gave out the food gave it to the Hebrew-speaking widows but not to the Greek-speaking widows. To please God, the church leaders appointed Greek-speaking men to make sure the Greek-speaking widows received their share of the food. One of these Greek-speaking men was Stephen.<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### “His face was like the face of an angel”<br><br>No one knows for sure what it was about Stephen’s face that was like the face of an angel, because Luke does not tell us. It is best for the translation to say only what the ULT says about this.<br> ACT 6 1 ky47 writing-background 0 General Information: This is the beginning of a new part of the story. Luke gives important background information to understand the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) ACT 6 1 f8br writing-newevent ἐν δὲ ταῖς ἡμέραις ταύταις 1 Now in these days Consider how new parts of a story are introduced in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) ACT 6 1 t94s πληθυνόντων 1 was multiplying “was greatly increasing” ACT 6 1 e7vb Ἑλληνιστῶν 1 Grecian Jews These were Jews who had lived most of their lives somewhere in the Roman Empire outside of Israel, and had grown up speaking Greek. Their language and culture were somewhat different from those who had grown up in Israel. ACT 6 1 ftz8 τοὺς Ἑβραίους 1 the Hebrews These were Jews who had grown up in Israel speaking Hebrew or Aramaic. The church consisted of only Jews and converts to Judaism so far. ACT 6 1 e1z9 αἱ χῆραι 1 widows women whose husband has died ACT 6 1 s4qy figs-activepassive παρεθεωροῦντο ... αἱ χῆραι αὐτῶν 1 their widows were being overlooked This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the Hebrew believers were overlooking the Grecian widows” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 6 1 k4jg παρεθεωροῦντο 1 being overlooked “being ignored” or “being forgotten.” There were so many who needed help that some were missed. ACT 6 1 rde8 διακονίᾳ τῇ καθημερινῇ 1 daily distribution of food The money that was being given to the apostles was used in part to buy food for the early church widows. ACT 6 2 jr1y figs-you 0 General Information: Here the word “you” refers to the believers. The words “us” and “we” here refer to the 12 apostles. Where applicable, use the exclusive form in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) ACT 6 2 n5r4 οἱ δώδεκα 1 The twelve This refers to the eleven apostles plus Matthias, who was selected in [Acts 1:26](../01/26.md). ACT 6 2 g56w τὸ πλῆθος τῶν μαθητῶν 1 the multitude of the disciples “all of the disciples” or “all the believers” ACT 6 2 jm17 figs-hyperbole καταλείψαντας τὸν λόγον τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 give up the word of God This is an exaggeration in order to emphasize the importance of their task of teaching the word of God. Alternate translation: “stop preaching and teaching the word of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) ACT 6 2 fwk6 figs-metonymy διακονεῖν τραπέζαις 1 serve tables This is a phrase meaning to serve food to the people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 6 3 y3bm ἄνδρας ... πλήρεις Πνεύματος καὶ σοφίας 1 men of good reputation, full of the Spirit and of wisdom Possible meanings are 1) the men have three qualities—a good reputation, being full of the Spirit, and being full of wisdom or 2) the men have a reputation for two qualities—being full of the Spirit, and being full of wisdom . ACT 6 3 p1yz ἄνδρας ... μαρτυρουμένους 1 men of good reputation “men that people know are good” or “men whom people trust” ACT 6 3 i27a ἐπὶ τῆς χρείας ταύτης 1 over this business “to be responsible to do this task” ACT 6 4 b3bj figs-ellipsis τῇ διακονίᾳ τοῦ λόγου 1 the ministry of the word It may be helpful to add more information. Alternate translation: “the ministry of teaching and preaching the message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) ACT 6 5 wh9t ἤρεσεν ὁ λόγος ἐνώπιον παντὸς τοῦ πλήθους 1 Their speech pleased the whole multitude “All the disciples liked their suggestion” ACT 6 5 ajq1 figs-explicit Στέφανον, ... καὶ Πνεύματος Ἁγίου, καὶ Φίλιππον, καὶ Πρόχορον, καὶ Νικάνορα 1 Stephen ... and Nicolaus These are Greek names, and suggest that all of the men elected were from the Grecian Jewish group of believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 6 5 qas9 προσήλυτον 1 proselyte a Gentile who converted to the Jewish religion ACT 6 6 wu1y translate-symaction ἐπέθηκαν αὐτοῖς τὰς χεῖρας 1 placed their hands upon them This represented giving a blessing and imparting responsibility and authority for the work to the seven. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) ACT 6 7 x48w 0 General Information: This verse gives an update on the church’s growth. ACT 6 7 wu4l figs-metaphor λόγος τοῦ Θεοῦ ηὔξανεν 1 word of God continued to spread The writer speaks of the growing number of people who believed the word as if the word of God itself were covering a larger area. Alternate translation: “the number of people who believed the word of God increased” or “the number of people who believed the message from God increased” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 6 7 jg8y ὑπήκουον τῇ πίστει 1 became obedient to the faith “followed the teaching of the new belief” ACT 6 7 qq3l τῇ πίστει 1 the faith Possible meanings are 1) the gospel message of trust in Jesus or 2) the teaching of the church or 3) the Christian teaching. ACT 6 8 wn1t writing-background 0 General Information: These verses give background information about Stephen and other people that is important to understanding the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) ACT 6 8 n3re 0 Connecting Statement: This is the beginning of a new part of the story. ACT 6 8 et2j writing-participants Στέφανος δὲ 1 Now Stephen This introduces Stephen as the main character in this part of the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) ACT 6 8 h8sg figs-explicit Στέφανος ... πλήρης χάριτος καὶ δυνάμεως, ἐποίει 1 Stephen, full of grace and power, was doing The words “grace” and “power” here refer to power from God. This could be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “God was giving Stephen power to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 6 9 k88n συναγωγῆς, τῆς λεγομένης Λιβερτίνων 1 synagogue of the Freedmen “Freedmen” were probably ex-slaves from these different locations. It is unclear if the other people listed were part of the synagogue or just participated in the debate with Stephen. ACT 6 9 j8pq συνζητοῦντες τῷ Στεφάνῳ 1 debating with Stephen “arguing with Stephen” ACT 6 10 s2cl figs-exclusive 0 General Information: Here the word “We” refers only to the men they persuaded to lie. The word “they” refers back to the people from the synagogue of the freemen in [Acts 6:9](../06/09.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) ACT 6 10 fp41 0 Connecting Statement: The background information that began in [Acts 6:8](../06/08.md) continues through verse 10. ACT 6 10 v5ia figs-idiom οὐκ ἴσχυον ἀντιστῆναι 1 not able to stand against This phrase means they could not prove false what he said. Alternate translation: “could not argue against” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ACT 6 10 fnb2 Πνεύματι 1 Spirit this refers to the Holy Spirit ACT 6 11 ren5 figs-explicit ἄνδρας λέγοντας 1 some men to say They were given money to give false testimony. Alternate translation: “some men to lie and say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 6 11 x747 ῥήματα βλάσφημα εἰς 1 blasphemous words against “bad things about” ACT 6 12 tqk9 figs-exclusive 0 General Information: Each use of word “they” most likely refers back to the people from the synagogue of the Freedmen in [Acts 6:9](../06/09.md). They were responsible for the false witnesses and for inciting the council, the elders, the scribes, and the other people. Here the word “we” refers only to the false witness that they brought to testify. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) ACT 6 12 l251 συνεκίνησάν ... τὸν λαὸν, καὶ τοὺς πρεσβυτέρους, καὶ τοὺς γραμματεῖς 1 stirred up the people, the elders, and the scribes “caused the people, the elders, and the scribes to be very angry at Stephen” ACT 6 12 j3wd συνήρπασαν αὐτὸν 1 seized him “grabbed him and held him so he could not get away” ACT 6 13 zv6s οὐ παύεται λαλῶν 1 does not stop speaking “continually speaks” ACT 6 14 vak4 figs-idiom παρέδωκεν ἡμῖν 1 handed down to us The phrase “handed down” means “passed on.” Alternate translation: “taught our ancestors” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 6 15 gf7e figs-idiom ἀτενίσαντες εἰς αὐτὸν 1 fixed their eyes on him This is an idiom that means they looked intently at him. Here “eyes” is a metonym for sight. Alternate translation: “looked intently at him” or “stared at him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ACT 6 15 k8rw figs-simile ὡσεὶ πρόσωπον ἀγγέλου 1 was like the face of an angel This phrase compares his face to that of an angel but does not say specifically what they have in common. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) ACT 7 intro p9h4 0 # Acts 07 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry that is quoted from the Old Testament in 7:42-43 and 49-50.<br><br>It appears that 8:1 is part of the narrative of this chapter.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### “Stephen said”<br><br>Stephen told the history of Israel very briefly. He paid special attention to the times that the Israelites had rejected the people God had chosen to lead them. At the end of the story, he said that the Jewish leaders he was talking to had rejected Jesus just as the evil Israelites had always rejected the leaders God had appointed for them.<br><br>### “Full of the Holy Spirit”<br><br>The Holy Spirit completely controlled Stephen so that he said only and all of what God wanted him to say.<br><br>### Foreshadowing<br><br>When an author speaks of something that is not important at that time but will be important later in the story, this is called foreshadowing. Luke mentions Saul, also known as Paul, here, even though he is not an important person in this part of the story. This is because Paul is an important person in the rest of the Book of Acts.<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Implied information<br><br>Stephen was talking to Jews who knew the law of Moses well, so he did not explain things that his hearers already knew. But you may need to explain some of these things so that your readers will be able to understand what Stephen was saying. For example, you may need to make explicit that when Joseph’s brothers “sold him into Egypt” ([Acts 7:9](../../act/07/09.md)), Joseph was going to be a slave in Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])<br><br>### Metonymy<br><br>Stephen spoke of Joseph ruling “over Egypt” and over all of Pharaoh’s household. By this he meant that Joseph ruled over the people of Egypt and of the people and possessions in Pharaoh’s household. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Background knowledge<br><br>The Jewish leaders to whom Stephen spoke already knew much about the events he was telling them about. They knew what Moses had written in the Book of Genesis. If the Book of Genesis has not been translated into your language, it may be difficult for your readers to understand what Stephen said.<br> ACT 7 1 pt4h figs-you 0 General Information: The word “our” includes both Steven, the Jewish council to whom he spoke, and the entire audience. The word “your” is singular refers to Abraham. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) ACT 7 1 hy9r 0 Connecting Statement: The part of the story about Stephen, which began in [Acts 6:8](../06/08.md), continues. Stephen begins his response to the high priest and the council by talking about things that happened in Israel’s history. Most of this history comes from Moses’ writings. ACT 7 2 v5si ἀδελφοὶ καὶ πατέρες, ἀκούσατε 1 Brothers and fathers, listen to me Stephen was being very respectful to the council in greeting them as extended family. ACT 7 4 pfg3 0 General Information: In verse 4 the words “he,” “his,” and “him” refer to Abraham. In verse 5 the words “He” and “he” refer to God, but the word “him” refers to Abraham. ACT 7 4 pfg3 figs-you 0 General Information: Here the word “you” refers to the Jewish council and audience. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) ACT 7 5 ax1j οὐκ ἔδωκεν ... ἐν αὐτῇ 1 He gave none of it “He did not give any of it” ACT 7 5 qff6 figs-idiom οὐδὲ βῆμα ποδός 1 enough to set a foot on Possible meanings for this phrase are 1) enough ground to stand on or 2) enough ground to take a step. Alternate translation: “a very tiny piece of ground” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ACT 7 5 u6iw εἰς κατάσχεσιν αὐτὴν, καὶ τῷ σπέρματι αὐτοῦ μετ’ αὐτόν 1 as a possession to him and to his descendants after him “for Abraham to own and to give to his descendants” ACT 7 6 tn6b ἐλάλησεν ... οὕτως ὁ Θεὸς 1 God was speaking to him like this It may be helpful to state that this occurred later than the statement in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “Later God told Abraham” ACT 7 6 t1h9 translate-numbers ἔτη τετρακόσια 1 four hundred years “400 years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) ACT 7 7 f7fw figs-metonymy τὸ ἔθνος ... κρινῶ ἐγώ 1 I will judge the nation “nation” refers to the people in it. Alternate translation: “I will judge the people of the nation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 7 7 q7y6 τὸ ἔθνος ᾧ ἐὰν δουλεύσωσιν 1 the nation that they serve “the nation that they will serve” ACT 7 8 mwc9 figs-explicit ἔδωκεν αὐτῷ διαθήκην περιτομῆς 1 gave Abraham the covenant of circumcision The Jews would have understood that this covenant required Abraham to circumcise the males of his family. Alternate translation: “made a covenant with Abraham to circumcise the males of his family” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 7 8 g4bb οὕτως ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ἰσαὰκ 1 so Abraham became the father of Isaac The story transitions to Abraham’s descendants. ACT 7 8 ams1 figs-ellipsis Ἰακὼβ τοὺς 1 Jacob the father “Jacob became the father.” Stephen shortened this. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) ACT 7 9 n981 οἱ πατριάρχαι 1 the patriarchs “Jacob’s older sons” or “Joseph’s older brothers” ACT 7 9 tik7 figs-explicit ἀπέδοντο εἰς Αἴγυπτον 1 sold him into Egypt The Jews knew their ancestors sold Joseph to be a slave in Egypt. Alternate translation: “sold him as a slave in Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 7 9 w1is figs-idiom ἦν ... μετ’ αὐτοῦ 1 was with him This is an idiom for helping someone. Alternate translation: “helped him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ACT 7 10 yr7m figs-metonymy ἐπ’ Αἴγυπτον 1 over Egypt This refers to the people of Egypt. Alternate translation: “over all the people of Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 7 10 pb4p figs-metonymy ὅλον τὸν οἶκον αὐτοῦ 1 all his household This refers to all his possessions. Alternate translation: “everything he owned” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 7 11 p42j ἦλθεν ... λιμὸς 1 there came a famine “a famine came.” The ground stopped producing food. ACT 7 11 p37v figs-explicit οἱ πατέρες ἡμῶν 1 our fathers This refers Jacob and his sons, who were the ancestors of the Jewish people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 7 12 pia8 σιτία 1 grain Grain was the most common food at that time. ACT 7 12 mbg8 τοὺς πατέρας ἡμῶν 1 our fathers Here this phrase refers to Jabob’s sons, Joseph’s older brothers. ACT 7 13 ce2b translate-ordinal ἐν τῷ δευτέρῳ 1 On their second trip “On their next trip” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) ACT 7 13 m37e ἀνεγνωρίσθη 1 made himself known Joseph revealed to his brothers his identity as their brother. ACT 7 13 jxk8 figs-activepassive φανερὸν ἐγένετο τῷ Φαραὼ τὸ γένος Ἰωσήφ 1 Joseph’s family became known to Pharaoh This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Pharaoh learned that they were Joseph’s family” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 7 14 aam5 ἀποστείλας 1 sent his brothers back “sent his brothers back to Canaan” or “sent his brothers back home” ACT 7 15 w2sm ἐτελεύτησεν 1 he died Make sure it does not sound as though he died as soon as he arrived in Egypt. Alternate translation: “eventually Jacob died” ACT 7 15 fe56 αὐτὸς καὶ οἱ πατέρες ἡμῶν 1 he and our fathers “Jacob and his sons who became our ancestors” ACT 7 16 slg3 figs-activepassive καὶ μετετέθησαν ... καὶ ἐτέθησαν 1 They were carried over ... and laid This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Jacob’s descendants carried Jacob’s body and his son’s bodies over ... and buried them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 7 16 la8a τιμῆς ἀργυρίου 1 for a price in silver “with money” ACT 7 17 np3u figs-inclusive 0 General Information: The word “our” includes Stephen and his audience. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) ACT 7 17 tuq2 1 As the time of the promise ... the people grew and multiplied In some languages it may be helpful to say that the people increased in number before saying that the time of the promise arrived. ACT 7 17 tlh9 ἤγγιζεν ὁ χρόνος τῆς ἐπαγγελίας 1 time of the promise approached It was close to the time that God would fulfill his promise to Abraham. ACT 7 18 whe7 ἀνέστη βασιλεὺς ἕτερος 1 there arose another king “another king began to rule” ACT 7 18 g2wq figs-metonymy ἐπ’ Αἴγυπτον 1 over Egypt “Egypt” refers to the people of Egypt. Alternate translation: “the people of Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 7 18 e2y6 figs-metonymy ὃς οὐκ ᾔδει τὸν Ἰωσήφ 1 who did not know about Joseph “Joseph” refers to the reputation of Joseph. Alternate translation: “who did not know that Joseph had helped Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 7 20 q66s writing-participants ἐν ᾧ καιρῷ ἐγεννήθη Μωϋσῆς 1 At that time Moses was born This introduces Moses into the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) ACT 7 20 cd5z figs-idiom ἦν ἀστεῖος τῷ Θεῷ 1 very beautiful before God This phrase is an idiom that means Moses was very beautiful. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ACT 7 20 pnb1 figs-activepassive ἀνετράφη 1 was nourished This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “his parents nourished him” or “his parents cared for him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 7 21 w3iu figs-activepassive ἐκτεθέντος δὲ αὐτοῦ 1 When he was placed outside Moses was “placed outside” because of Pharaoh’s command. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “When his parents placed him outside” or “When they abandoned him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 7 21 url3 ἡ θυγάτηρ Φαραὼ, καὶ ἀνεθρέψατο αὐτὸν ἑαυτῇ εἰς υἱόν 1 Pharaoh’s daughter ... raised him as her own son She did for him every good thing a mother would do for her own son. Use your language’s normal word for what a mother does to make sure her son becomes a healthy adult. ACT 7 21 mbp7 εἰς υἱόν 1 as her own son “as if he were her own son” ACT 7 22 c9nw figs-activepassive ἐπαιδεύθη Μωϋσῆς 1 Moses was educated This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The Egyptians educated Moses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 7 22 att9 figs-hyperbole πάσῃ σοφίᾳ Αἰγυπτίων 1 all the wisdom of the Egyptians This is an exaggeration to emphasize that he was trained in the best schools in Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) ACT 7 22 m3dm δυνατὸς ἐν λόγοις καὶ ἔργοις αὐτοῦ 1 mighty in his words and works “effective in his speech and actions” or “influential in what he said and did” ACT 7 23 fj9s figs-metonymy ἀνέβη ἐπὶ τὴν καρδίαν αὐτοῦ 1 it came into his heart Here “heart” is a metonym for “mind.” The phrase “it came into his heart” is an idiom that means to decide something. Alternate translation: “it came into his mind” or “he decided” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ACT 7 23 x493 figs-explicit ἐπισκέψασθαι τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς αὐτοῦ, τοὺς υἱοὺς Ἰσραήλ 1 visit his brothers, the children of Israel This refers to his people, and not just to his family. Alternate translation: “see how his own people, the children of Israel, were doing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 7 24 l4zv figs-activepassive καὶ ἰδών τινα ἀδικούμενον, ἠμύνατο καὶ ἐποίησεν ἐκδίκησιν τῷ καταπονουμένῳ, πατάξας τὸν Αἰγύπτιον 1 Seeing an Israelite being mistreated ... the Egyptian This can be stated in active form by rearranging the order. Alternate translation: “Seeing an Egyptian mistreating an Israelite, Moses defended and avenged the Israelite by striking the Egyptian who was oppressing him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 7 24 r2e8 πατάξας τὸν Αἰγύπτιον 1 striking the Egyptian Moses hit the Egyptian so hard that he died. ACT 7 25 wm3j ἐνόμιζεν 1 he thought “he imagined” ACT 7 25 nhb9 figs-metonymy διὰ χειρὸς αὐτοῦ δίδωσιν σωτηρίαν αὐτοῖς 1 by his hand was rescuing them Here “hand” refers to the actions of Moses. Alternate translation: “was rescuing them through what Moses was doing” or “was using the actions of Moses to rescue them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 7 26 t1hw figs-exclusive 0 General Information: Here the word “us” refers to the Israelites but does not include Moses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) ACT 7 26 t2vc figs-explicit αὐτοῖς 1 some Israelites The audience would have known from the account in Exodus that these were two men, but Stephen does not specify that. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 7 26 mpc7 συνήλλασσεν αὐτοὺς εἰς εἰρήνην 1 put them at peace with each other “make them stop fighting” ACT 7 26 zzt4 ἄνδρες, ἀδελφοί ἐστε 1 Men, you are brothers Moses was addressing the Israelites who were fighting. ACT 7 26 k1ku figs-rquestion ἱνα τί ἀδικεῖτε ἀλλήλου 1 why are you hurting one another? Moses asked this question to encourage them to stop fighting. Alternate translation: “you should not hurt each other!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ACT 7 27 q2r4 figs-rquestion τίς σε κατέστησεν ἄρχοντα καὶ δικαστὴν ἐφ’ ἡμῶν? 1 Who made you a ruler and a judge over us? The man used this question to rebuke Moses. Alternate translation: “You have no authority over us!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ACT 7 28 hk1g μὴ ἀνελεῖν με σὺ θέλεις, ὃν τρόπον ἀνεῖλες ἐχθὲς τὸν Αἰγύπτιον 1 Would you like to kill me, as you killed the Egyptian yesterday? The man used this question to warn Moses that he and probably others knew Moses had killed the Egyptian. ACT 7 29 l149 figs-explicit 0 General Information: Stephen’s audience already knew that Moses had married a Midianite woman when he fled Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 7 29 q8qv figs-explicit ἐν τῷ λόγῳ τούτῳ 1 after hearing this The implied information is that Moses understood that the Israelites knew that he had killed an Egyptian the day before ([Acts 7:28](../07/28.md)). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 7 30 zx1c figs-explicit καὶ πληρωθέντων ἐτῶν τεσσεράκοντα 1 When forty years were past “After 40 years passed.” This was the amount of time Moses had been in Midian. Alternate translation: “Forty years after Moses fled from Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 7 30 f7yu figs-explicit ὤφθη ... ἄγγελος 1 an angel appeared Stephen’s audience knew that God spoke through the angel. The UST makes this explicit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 7 31 q6w6 figs-explicit ἐθαύμασεν τὸ ὅραμα 1 he marveled at the sight Moses was surprised that the bush was not burning up in the fire. This was previously known by Stephen’s audience. Alternate translation: “because the bush was not burning up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 7 31 uk7u προσερχομένου δὲ αὐτοῦ κατανοῆσαι 1 as he approached to look at it This may mean Moses initially drew close to the bush to investigate. ACT 7 32 b4q6 ἐγὼ ὁ Θεὸς τῶν πατέρων σου 1 I am the God of your fathers “I am the God whom your ancestors worshiped” ACT 7 32 tdr7 ἔντρομος δὲ γενόμενος, Μωϋσῆς οὐκ ἐτόλμα κατανοῆσαι 1 Moses trembled and did not dare to look This may mean Moses drew back in fear when he heard the voice. ACT 7 32 e19k figs-explicit ἔντρομος ... γενόμενος, Μωϋσῆς 1 Moses trembled Moses shook from fear. This can be made clear. Alternate translation: “Moses trembled with fear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 7 33 x7cd translate-symaction λῦσον τὸ ὑπόδημα 1 Take off the sandals God told Moses this so he would honor God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) ACT 7 33 clk4 figs-explicit ὁ γὰρ τόπος ἐφ’ ᾧ ἕστηκας γῆ ἁγία ἐστίν 1 for the place where you are standing is holy ground The implied information is that where God is present, the immediate area around God is considered or made holy by God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 7 34 yz7b ἰδὼν, εἶδον 1 certainly seen “seen for sure.” The word certainly adds emphasis to seen. ACT 7 34 x5bg τοῦ λαοῦ μου 1 my people The word “my” emphasizes that these people belonged to God. Alternate translation: “the descendants of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob” ACT 7 34 j32c κατέβην ἐξελέσθαι αὐτούς 1 I have come down to rescue them “will personally cause their release” ACT 7 34 sq8y νῦν δεῦρο 1 now come “get ready.” God uses an order here. ACT 7 35 x4p2 0 General Information: Verses 35-38 contains a series of connected phrases referring to Moses. Each phrase begins with statements such as “This Moses” or “This same Moses” or “This is the man” or “It is the same Moses.” If possible, use similar statements to emphasize Moses. After the Israelites left Egypt, they spent 40 years wandering around the wilderness before God led them into the land he had promised them. ACT 7 35 gn6e τοῦτον τὸν Μωϋσῆν, ὃν ἠρνήσαντο 1 This Moses whom they rejected This refers back to the events recorded in [Acts 7:27-28](../07/27.md). ACT 7 35 vp7e λυτρωτὴν 1 deliverer “rescuer” ACT 7 35 yjz9 figs-metonymy σὺν χειρὶ ἀγγέλου τοῦ ὀφθέντος αὐτῷ ἐν τῇ βάτῳ 1 by the hand of the angel ... bush The hand is a metonym for the action performed by the person. In this case, the angel had commanded Moses to return to Egypt. Stephen speaks as if the angel had a physical hand. You may need to make explicit what action the angel did. Alternate translation: “by the action of the angel” or “by having the angel ... bush command him to return to Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 7 36 gz9r figs-explicit ἔτη τεσσεράκοντα 1 during forty years Stephen’s audience knew about the forty years the Israelites spent in the wilderness. Alternate translation: “during the 40 years that the Israelite people lived in the wilderness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 7 37 b4sg προφήτην ... ἀναστήσει 1 raise up a prophet “cause a man to be a prophet” ACT 7 37 j2rx ἐκ τῶν ἀδελφῶν ὑμῶν 1 from among your brothers “from among your own people” ACT 7 38 l8u7 0 General Information: The quotation in verse 40 is from the writings of Moses. ACT 7 38 e8qu οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ γενόμενος ἐν τῇ ἐκκλησίᾳ 1 This is the man who was in the assembly “This is the man Moses who was among the Israelites” ACT 7 38 fd25 οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ γενόμενος 1 This is the man The phrase “This is the man” throughout this passage refers to Moses. ACT 7 38 y2zu ὃς ἐδέξατο λόγια ζῶντα δοῦναι ὑμῖν 1 this is the man who received living words to give to us God was the one who gave those words. Alternate translation: “this is the man to whom God spoke living words to give to us” ACT 7 38 p3xk figs-metonymy λόγια ζῶντα 1 living words Possible meanings are 1) “a message that endures” or 2) “words that give life.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 7 39 mvz8 figs-metaphor ἀπώσαντο 1 pushed him away from themselves This metaphor emphasizes their rejection of Moses. Alternate translation: “they rejected him as their leader” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 7 39 z3ze figs-metonymy ἐστράφησαν ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις αὐτῶν 1 in their hearts they turned back Here “hearts” is a metonym for people’s thoughts. To do something in the heart means to desire do to something. Alternate translation: “they desired to turn back” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 7 41 w38i 0 General Information: Stephen’s quotation here is from the prophet Amos. ACT 7 41 ux1j figs-explicit ἐμοσχοποίησαν 1 they made a calf Stephen’s audience knew the calf they made was a statue. Alternate translation: “they made a statue that looked like a calf” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 7 41 hh77 ἐμοσχοποίησαν ... εἰδώλῳ ... τοῖς ἔργοις τῶν χειρῶν αὐτῶν 1 a calf ... the idol ... the work of their hands These phrases all refer to the same statue of the calf. ACT 7 42 d3dd translate-symaction ἔστρεψεν ... ὁ Θεὸς 1 God turned “God turned away.” This action expresses that God was not pleased with the people and no longer helped them. Alternate translation: “God stopped correcting them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) ACT 7 42 rag5 παρέδωκεν αὐτοὺς 1 gave them up “abandoned them” ACT 7 42 u7lx τῇ στρατιᾷ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ 1 the stars in the sky Possible meanings for the original phrase are 1) the stars only or 2) the sun, moon, and stars. ACT 7 42 f314 βίβλῳ τῶν προφητῶν 1 the book of the prophets This was apparently a collection of the writings of several of the Old Testament prophets into one scroll. It would also have included the writings of Amo. ACT 7 42 gd1b figs-rquestion σφάγια καὶ θυσίας προσηνέγκατέ μοι, ἔτη τεσσεράκοντα ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ, οἶκος Ἰσραήλ 1 Did you offer to me slain beasts and sacrifices ... Israel? God asked this question to show Israel they did not worship Him with their sacrifices. Alternate translation: “You did not honor me when you offered slain beasts and sacrifices ... Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ACT 7 42 j4q8 figs-metonymy οἶκος Ἰσραήλ 1 house of Israel This refers to the whole nation of Israel. Alternate translation: “all you Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 7 43 zek5 0 General Information: The quotation from the prophet Amos continues here. ACT 7 43 fs4q 0 Connecting Statement: Stephen continues his response to the high priest and the council which he began in [Acts 7:2](../07/02.md). ACT 7 43 rk4z figs-explicit ἀνελάβετε 1 You accepted It is implied that they took these idols with them as they traveled in the wilderness. Alternate translation: “you carried with you from place to place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 7 43 im7e σκηνὴν τοῦ Μολὸχ 1 tabernacle of Molech the tent that housed the false god Molech ACT 7 43 cq47 ὸ ἄστρον τοῦ θεοῦ ... Ῥαιφάν 1 the star of the god Rephan the star that is identified with the false god Rephan ACT 7 43 gm4g τοὺς τύπους οὓς ἐποιήσατε 1 the images that you made They made statues or images of the gods Molech and Rephan in order to worship them. ACT 7 43 zgq6 μετοικιῶ ὑμᾶς ἐπέκεινα Βαβυλῶνος 1 I will carry you away beyond Babylon “I will remove you to places even farther than Babylon.” This would be God’s act of judgment. ACT 7 44 m9gw ἡ σκηνὴ τοῦ μαρτυρίου 1 the tabernacle of the testimony The tent that housed the ark (a box) with the 10 commandments carved in stone inside it ACT 7 45 n2sc ἣν ... εἰσήγαγον, διαδεξάμενοι οἱ πατέρες ἡμῶν μετὰ Ἰησοῦ 1 our fathers, under Joshua, received the tabernacle and brought it with them The phrase “under Joshua” means that their ancestors did these things in obedience to Joshua’s direction. Alternate translation: “our fathers, in accordance with Joshua’s instructions, received the tabernacle and brought it with them” ACT 7 45 n1pp τῇ κατασχέσει τῶν ἐθνῶν, ὧν ἐξῶσεν ὁ Θεὸς ἀπὸ προσώπου τῶν πατέρων ἡμῶν 1 God took the land from the nations and drove them out before the face of our fathers This sentence tells why the ancestors were able to take possession of the land. Alternate translation: “God forced the nations to leave the land before the face of our fathers” ACT 7 45 spm5 figs-metonymy τῇ κατασχέσει τῶν ἐθνῶν ... ὁ Θεὸς ἀπὸ προσώπου τῶν πατέρων ἡμῶν 1 God took the land ... before the face of our fathers Here “the face of our fathers” refers to the presence of their ancestors. Possible meanings are 1) “As our ancestors watched, God took the land from the nations and drove them out” or 2) “When our ancestors came, God took the land from the nations and drove them out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 7 45 c2fb figs-metonymy τῶν ἐθνῶν 1 the nations This refers to the people who lived in the land before Israel. Alternate translation: “the people who previously lived here” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 7 45 m9ib ὧν ἐξῶσεν 1 drove them out “forced them to leave the land” ACT 7 46 w3cu σκήνωμα τῷ οἴκῳ Ἰακώβ 1 a dwelling place for the God of Jacob “a house for the ark where the God of Jacob could stay.” David wanted a permanent place for the ark to reside in Jerusalem, not in a tent. ACT 7 47 a7bx 0 General Information: In verses 49 and 50, Stephen quotes from the prophet Isaiah. In the quotation, God is speaking about himself. ACT 7 48 c822 figs-synecdoche χειροποιήτοις 1 made with hands The hand is a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: “made by people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ACT 7 49 k2vn ὁ οὐρανός μοι θρόνος, ἡ δὲ γῆ ὑποπόδιον τῶν ποδῶν μου 1 Heaven is my throne ... the earth is the footstool for my feet The prophet is comparing the greatness of God’s presence to how impossible it is for man to build a place for God to rest on earth since the whole earth is nothing but a place for God to rest his feet. ACT 7 49 wc9m figs-rquestion ποῖον οἶκον οἰκοδομήσετέ μοι 1 What kind of house can you build for me? God asks this question to show how useless man’s efforts are to take care of God. Alternate translation: “You can not build a house adequate enough for me!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ACT 7 49 u1ft figs-rquestion τίς τόπος τῆς καταπαύσεώς μου 1 what is the place for my rest? God asks this question to show man that he cannot provide God any rest. Alternate translation: “There is no place of rest good enough for me!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ACT 7 50 rfk1 figs-rquestion οὐχὶ ἡ χείρ μου ἐποίησεν ταῦτα πάντα 1 Did my hand not make all these things? God asks this question to show that man did not create anything. Alternate translation: “My hand made all these things!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ACT 7 51 zei2 0 Connecting Statement: With a sharp rebuke, Stephen finishes his response to the high priest and the council which he began in [Acts 7:2](../07/02.md). ACT 7 51 umq6 σκληροτράχηλοι 1 You people who are stiff-necked Stephen shifted from identifying with the Jewish leaders to rebuking them. ACT 7 51 vn7h figs-idiom σκληροτράχηλοι 1 stiff-necked This does not mean their necks were stiff but rather that they were “stubborn.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ACT 7 51 zp55 figs-metonymy ἀπερίτμητοι καρδίαις καὶ τοῖς ὠσίν 1 uncircumcised in heart and ears The Jews regarded uncircumcised people as disobedient to God. Stephen uses “hearts and ears” to represent to the Jewish leaders who acted the way Gentiles act when they do not obey or listen to God. Alternate translation: “you refuse to obey and hear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 7 52 x7kf figs-rquestion τίνα τῶν προφητῶν οὐκ ἐδίωξαν οἱ πατέρες ὑμῶν 1 Which of the prophets did your fathers not persecute? Stephen asked this question to show them that they learned nothing from the errors of their forefathers. Alternate translation: “Your forefathers persecuted every prophet!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ACT 7 52 q8wb Δικαίου 1 Righteous One This refers to the Christ, the Messiah. ACT 7 52 agd9 ὑμεῖς προδόται καὶ φονεῖς ἐγένεσθε 1 you have now become the betrayers and murderers of him also “you have also betrayed and murdered him” ACT 7 52 fcc6 φονεῖς 1 murderers of him “murderers of the Righteous One” or “murderers of the Christ” ACT 7 53 euw5 τὸν νόμον εἰς διαταγὰς ἀγγέλων 1 the law that angels had established “the laws that God caused angels to give to our ancestors” ACT 7 54 t4u2 0 Connecting Statement: The council reacts to Stephen’s words. ACT 7 54 ef2g ἀκούοντες δὲ ταῦτα 1 Now when the council members heard these things This is the turning point; the sermon ends and the council members react. ACT 7 54 u4l7 figs-idiom διεπρίοντο 1 were cut to the heart To “cut to the heart” is an idiom for making a person extremely angry. Alternate translation: “were extremely angry” or “became very angry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ACT 7 54 ae9s translate-symaction ἔβρυχον τοὺς ὀδόντας ἐπ’ αὐτόν 1 ground their teeth at Stephen This action expressed their strong anger at Stephen or hatred of Stephen. Alternate translation: “they became so angry that they ground their teeth together” or “moved their teeth back and forth as they looked at Stephen”(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) ACT 7 55 ntp4 ἀτενίσας εἰς τὸν οὐρανὸν 1 looked up intently into heaven “Stared up into heaven.” It appears that only Stephen saw this vision and not anyone else in the crowd. ACT 7 55 bl2j figs-explicit εἶδεν δόξαν Θεοῦ 1 saw the glory of God People normally experienced the glory of God as a bright light. Alternate translation: “saw a bright light from God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 7 55 vyz3 translate-symaction καὶ Ἰησοῦν ἑστῶτα ἐκ δεξιῶν τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 and he saw Jesus standing at the right hand of God To stand at the “right hand of God” is a symbolic action of receiving great honor and authority from God. Alternate translation: “and he saw Jesus standing in the place of honor and authority beside God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) ACT 7 56 aqp8 Υἱὸν τοῦ Ἀνθρώπου 1 Son of Man Stephen refers to Jesus by the title “Son of Man.” ACT 7 57 p4cg translate-symaction συνέσχον τὰ ὦτα αὐτῶν 1 covered their ears “put their hands on their ears.” They did this to show that they did not want to hear any more of what Stephen said. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) ACT 7 58 ks1u ἐκβαλόντες ἔξω τῆς πόλεως 1 They dragged him out of the city “They seized Stephen and forcefully took him out of the city” ACT 7 58 wy7n τὰ ἱμάτια 1 outer clothing These are cloaks or robes they would wear outside to stay warm, similar in function to a jacket or coat. ACT 7 58 sx2p παρὰ τοὺς πόδας 1 at the feet “in front of.” They were placed there so Saul could watch them. ACT 7 58 e2vl νεανίου 1 a young man Saul was probably around 30 years old at the time. ACT 7 59 le7k 0 Connecting Statement: This ends the story of Stephen. ACT 7 59 k2el δέξαι τὸ πνεῦμά μου 1 receive my spirit “take my spirit.” It may be helpful to add “please” to show that this was a request. Alternate translation: “please receive my spirit” ACT 7 60 u86q translate-symaction θεὶς δὲ τὰ γόνατα 1 He knelt down This is an act of submission to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) ACT 7 60 tvf8 figs-litotes μὴ στήσῃς αὐτοῖς ταύτην τὴν ἁμαρτίαν 1 do not hold this sin against them This can be stated in a positive way. Alternate translation: “forgive them for this sin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) ACT 7 60 r9vi figs-euphemism ἐκοιμήθη 1 fell asleep Here to fall asleep is a euphemism for dying. Alternate translation: “died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) ACT 8 intro q9d9 0 # Acts 08 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry that is quoted from the Old Testament in 8:32-33.<br><br>The first sentence of verse 1 ends the description of the events in chapter 7. Luke begins a new part of his history with the words “So there began.”<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Receiving the Holy Spirit<br><br>In this chapter for the first time Luke speaks of people receiving the Holy Spirit ([Acts 8:15-19](../08/15.md)). The Holy Spirit had already enabled the believers to speak in tongues, to heal the sick, and to live as a community, and he had filled Stephen. But when the Jews started putting believers in prison, those believers who could leave Jerusalem did leave, and as they went, they told people about Jesus. When the people who heard about Jesus received the Holy Spirit, the church leaders knew that those people had truly become believers.<br><br>### Proclaimed<br><br>This chapter more than any other in the Book of Acts speaks of the believers proclaiming the word, proclaiming the good news, and proclaiming that Jesus is the Christ. The word “proclaim” translates a Greek word that means to tell good news about something.<br> ACT 8 1 tp9e translate-versebridge 0 General Information: It may be helpful to your audience to move these parts of the story about Stephen together by using a verse bridge as the UST does. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-versebridge]]) ACT 8 1 a7uc 0 Connecting Statement: The story shifts from Stephen to Saul in these verses. ACT 8 1 ez88 writing-background ἐγένετο ... ἐν ἐκείνῃ τῇ ἡμέρᾳ, διωγμὸς μέγας ἐπὶ τὴν ἐκκλησίαν, τὴν ἐν Ἱεροσολύμοις. πάντες δὲ διεσπάρησαν κατὰ τὰς χώρας τῆς Ἰουδαίας καὶ Σαμαρείας, πλὴν τῶν ἀποστόλων 1 So there began ... except the apostles This part of verse 1 is background information about the persecution that began after Stephen’s death. This explains why Saul was persecuting the believers in verse 3. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) ACT 8 1 vc8x ἐκείνῃ τῇ ἡμέρᾳ 1 that day This refers to the day that Stephen died ([Acts 7:59-60](../07/59.md)). ACT 8 1 u5pi figs-hyperbole πάντες ... διεσπάρησαν 1 the believers were all scattered The word “all” is a generalization to express that a large number of the believers left Jerusalem because of the persecution. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) ACT 8 1 k5a2 figs-explicit πλὴν τῶν ἀποστόλων 1 except the apostles This statement implies that the apostles remained in Jerusalem even though they also experienced this great persecution. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 8 2 sjc8 ἄνδρες εὐλαβεῖς 1 Devout men “God-fearing men” or “Men who feared God” ACT 8 2 a38x ἐποίησαν κοπετὸν μέγαν ἐπ’ αὐτῷ 1 made great lamentation over him “greatly mourned his death” ACT 8 3 nz28 σύρων τε ἄνδρας καὶ γυναῖκας 1 dragged out men and women Saul forcefully took Jewish believers out of their home and put them into prison. ACT 8 3 yd2i κατὰ τοὺς οἴκους 1 house after house “houses one by one” ACT 8 3 ylr6 σύρων τε ἄνδρας καὶ γυναῖκας 1 dragged out men and women “took away men and women by force” ACT 8 3 w6vk figs-explicit ἄνδρας καὶ γυναῖκας 1 men and women This refers to men and women who believed in Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 8 4 dh3x 0 Connecting Statement: This begins the story of Philip, whom the people had chosen as a deacon ([Acts 6:5](../06/05.md)). ACT 8 4 ymy5 figs-activepassive διασπαρέντες 1 who had been scattered The cause for the scattering, the persecution, was stated previously. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “who had fled the great persecution and had gone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 8 4 su6i figs-metonymy τὸν λόγον 1 the word This is a metonym for “the message.” You may need to make explicit that the message was about Jesus. Alternate translation: “the message about Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 8 5 gz5m κατελθὼν εἰς τὴν πόλιν τῆς Σαμαρείας 1 went down to the city of Samaria The phrase “went down” is used here because Samaria is lower in elevation than Jerusalem. ACT 8 5 f45b τὴν πόλιν τῆς Σαμαρείας 1 the city of Samaria Possible meanings are 1) Luke expected the readers to know which city he was writing about. Alternate translation: “the main city in Samaria” or 2) Luke did not expect his readers to know which city he was writing about. Alternate translation: “a city in Samaria” ACT 8 5 pk1l figs-metonymy ἐκήρυσσεν αὐτοῖς τὸν Χριστόν 1 proclaimed to them the Christ The title “Christ” refers to Jesus, the Messiah. Alternate translation: “told them that Jesus is the Messiah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 8 6 cnt9 δὲ οἱ ὄχλοι 1 When multitudes of people “When many people in the city of Samaria.” The location was specified in [Acts 8:5](../08/05.md). ACT 8 6 wm83 προσεῖχον 1 they paid attention The reason people paid attention was because of all the healing Philip did. ACT 8 7 xb2n ἐχόντων πνεύματα ἀκάθαρτα 1 who were possessed “who had them” or “who were controlled by unclean spirits” ACT 8 8 z5z3 figs-metonymy ἐγένετο δὲ πολλὴ χαρὰ ἐν τῇ πόλει ἐκείνῃ 1 So there was much joy in that city The phrase “that city” refers to the people who were rejoicing. Alternate translation: “So the people of the city were rejoicing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 8 9 jm7n writing-background 0 General Information: Simon is introduced to the story of Philip. This verse gives the beginning of the background information about Simon and who he was among the Samaritans. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) ACT 8 9 bed1 writing-participants ἀνὴρ δέ τις ὀνόματι Σίμων 1 But there was a certain man ... named Simon This is a way of introducing a new person into the story. Your language may use different wording to introduce a new person into the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) ACT 8 9 cx7a τῇ πόλει 1 the city “the city in Samaria” ([Acts 8:5](../08/05.md)) ACT 8 10 kb9b writing-background 0 General Information: Simon is introduced to the story of Philip. This verse continues to give the beginning of the background information about Simon and who he was among the Samaritans. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) ACT 8 10 evt7 figs-hyperbole πάντες 1 All the Samaritans The word “all” is a generalization. Alternate translation: “Many of the Samaritans” or “The Samaritans in the city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) ACT 8 10 ibl1 figs-merism ἀπὸ μικροῦ ἕως μεγάλου 1 from the least to the greatest These two phrases refer to everyone from one extreme to the other. Alternate translation: “no matter how important they were” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) ACT 8 10 j3d8 οὗτός ἐστιν ἡ Δύναμις τοῦ Θεοῦ, ἡ καλουμένη Μεγάλη 1 This man is that power of God which is called Great People were saying that Simon was the divine power known as “The Great Power.” ACT 8 10 yw5v ἡ Δύναμις τοῦ Θεοῦ, ἡ καλουμένη Μεγάλη 1 that power of God which is called Great Possible meanings are 1) the powerful representative of God or 2) God or 3) the most powerful man or 4) and angel. Since the term is unclear, it may be best to simply translate it as “the Great power of God” . ACT 8 11 pxj8 writing-background 0 General Information: Simon is introduced to the story of Philip. This verse ends the background information about Simon and who he was among the Samaritans. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) ACT 8 12 yiw3 0 Connecting Statement: These verses give more information about Simon and some of the Samaritans coming to believe in Jesus. ACT 8 12 vsy8 figs-activepassive ἐβαπτίζοντο 1 they were baptized This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Philip baptized them” or “Philip baptized the new believers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 8 13 k2th figs-rpronouns ὁ ... Σίμων ... αὐτὸς ἐπίστευσεν 1 Simon himself believed The word “himself” is here used to emphasize that Simon believed. Alternate translation: “Simon was also one of those who believed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) ACT 8 13 v91t figs-activepassive βαπτισθεὶς 1 he was baptized This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Philip baptized Simon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 8 13 aj93 θεωρῶν τε σημεῖα 1 When he saw signs This could begin a new sentence. Alternate translation: “When he saw” ACT 8 14 q8wx 0 Connecting Statement: Luke continues the news of what was happening in Samaria. ACT 8 14 s7lr writing-newevent ἀκούσαντες δὲ οἱ ἐν Ἱεροσολύμοις ἀπόστολοι 1 Now when the apostles in Jerusalem heard This marks the beginning of a new part of the story of the Samaritan’s becoming believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) ACT 8 14 ju21 figs-synecdoche ἡ Σαμάρεια 1 Samaria This refers to the many people, who had become believers, throughout the district of Samaria. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ACT 8 14 e682 δέδεκται 1 had received “had believed” or “had accepted” ACT 8 15 af1n οἵτινες καταβάντες 1 When they had come down “when Peter and John had come down” ACT 8 15 hk1m καταβάντες 1 come down This phrase is used here because Samaria is lower in elevation than Jerusalem. ACT 8 15 bun9 προσηύξαντο περὶ αὐτῶν 1 they prayed for them “Peter and John prayed for the Samaritan believers” ACT 8 15 n7vc ὅπως λάβωσιν Πνεῦμα Ἅγιον 1 that they might receive the Holy Spirit “that the Samaritan believers might receive the Holy Spirit” ACT 8 16 m1nw figs-activepassive μόνον ... βεβαπτισμένοι ὑπῆρχον 1 they had only been baptized This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Philip had only baptized the Samaritan believers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 8 16 rn3c figs-metonymy μόνον ... βεβαπτισμένοι ὑπῆρχον εἰς τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ Κυρίου Ἰησοῦ 1 they had only been baptized into the name of the Lord Jesus Here “name” represents authority, and being baptized into his name represents being baptized in order to be under his authority. Alternate translation: “they had only been baptized to become disciples of the Lord Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 8 17 fwh8 ἐπετίθεσαν τὰς χεῖρας ἐπ’ αὐτούς 1 Peter and John placed their hands on them The word “them” refers to the Samaritan people who believed Stephen’s message of the gospel. ACT 8 17 q7gd translate-symaction ἐπετίθεσαν τὰς χεῖρας ἐπ’ αὐτούς 1 placed their hands on them This symbolic action shows that Peter and John wanted God to give the Holy Spirit to the believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) ACT 8 18 rh79 figs-activepassive διὰ τῆς ἐπιθέσεως τῶν χειρῶν τῶν ἀποστόλων δίδοται τὸ Πνεῦμα 1 the Holy Spirit was given through the laying on of the apostles’ hands This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the apostles gave the Holy Spirit by laying their hands on people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 8 19 fbw9 ἵνα ᾧ ἐὰν ἐπιθῶ τὰς χεῖρας, λαμβάνῃ Πνεῦμα Ἅγιον 1 that whoever I place my hands on might receive the Holy Spirit “that I can give the Holy Spirit to anyone on whom I place my hands” ACT 8 20 df1j 0 General Information: Here the words him, your, you, and yours all refer to Simon. ACT 8 20 jju3 τὸ ἀργύριόν σου, σὺν σοὶ εἴη εἰς ἀπώλειαν 1 May your silver perish along with you “May you and your money be destroyed” ACT 8 20 gh12 τὴν δωρεὰν τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 the gift of God Here this refers to the ability to give the Holy Spirit by laying his hands on someone. ACT 8 21 p2ev figs-doublet οὐκ ἔστιν σοι μερὶς οὐδὲ κλῆρος ἐν τῷ λόγῳ τούτῳ 1 You have no part or share in this matter The words “part” and “share” mean the same thing and are used for emphasis. Alternate translation: “You may not participate in this work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ACT 8 21 xbh2 figs-metonymy ἡ γὰρ καρδία σου οὐκ ἔστιν εὐθεῖα 1 your heart is not right Here “heart” is a metonym for a person’s thoughts or motives. Alternate translation: “you are not right in your heart” or “the motives of your mind are not right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 8 22 ppk5 figs-metonymy ἡ ἐπίνοια τῆς καρδίας σου 1 for the intention of your heart Here “heart” is a metonym for a person’s thoughts. Alternate translation: “for what you intended to do” or “for what you were thinking of doing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 8 22 sa6s τῆς κακίας ... ταύτης 1 this wickedness “these evil thoughts” ACT 8 22 pe2u εἰ ἄρα ἀφεθήσεταί 1 he might perhaps forgive “he may be willing to forgive” ACT 8 23 d3v7 figs-metaphor εἰς ... χολὴν πικρίας 1 in the poison of bitterness Here “in the poison of bitterness” is a metaphor for being very envious. It speaks of envy as if it tastes bitter and poisons the person who is envious. Alternate translation: “very envious” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 8 23 j696 figs-metaphor σύνδεσμον ἀδικίας 1 in the bonds of sin The phrase “bonds of sin” is spoken of as if sin can restrain Simon and keep him a prisoner. It is metaphor that means Simon is not able to stop himself from sinning. Alternate translation: “because you continue sinning you are like a prisoner” or “you are like a prisoner to sin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 8 24 n5cw 0 General Information: Here the word “you” refers to Peter and John. ACT 8 24 u1a4 ὅπως μηδὲν ἐπέλθῃ ἐπ’ ἐμὲ 1 so that nothing you have said may happen to me This can be stated another way. Alternate translation: “the things you have said ... may not happen to me” ACT 8 24 sk5w ὅπως μηδὲν ἐπέλθῃ ἐπ’ ἐμὲ 1 so that nothing you have said may happen to me This refers to Peter’s rebuke about Simon’s silver perishing along with him. ACT 8 25 dl9f 0 Connecting Statement: This is concludes the part of the story about Simon and the Samaritans. ACT 8 25 uz15 διαμαρτυράμενοι 1 testified Peter and John told what they personally knew about Jesus to the Samaritans. ACT 8 25 ww9k figs-metonymy λαλήσαντες τὸν λόγον τοῦ Κυρίου 1 spoken the word of the Lord “Word” here is a metonym for “message.” Peter and John explained the message about Jesus to the Samaritans. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 8 25 eu66 figs-synecdoche πολλάς ... κώμας τῶν Σαμαρειτῶν 1 to many villages of the Samaritans Here “villages” refers to the people in them. Alternate translation: “to the people in many Samaritan villages” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ACT 8 26 zkc5 writing-background 0 General Information: Verse 27 gives background information about the man from Ethiopia. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) ACT 8 26 rnh4 0 Connecting Statement: This begins the part of the story about Philip and the man from Ethiopia. ACT 8 26 mbj9 writing-newevent δὲ 1 Now This marks a transition in the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) ACT 8 26 w1nk ἀνάστηθι καὶ πορεύου 1 Arise and go These verbs work together to emphasize that he should get ready to start a long journey that will take some time. Alternate translation: “Get ready to travel” ACT 8 26 le2c τὴν καταβαίνουσαν ἀπὸ Ἰερουσαλὴμ εἰς Γάζαν 1 goes down from Jerusalem to Gaza The phrase “goes down” is used here because Jerusalem is higher in elevation than Gaza. ACT 8 26 a18y writing-background αὕτη ἐστὶν ἔρημος 1 This road is in a desert Most scholars believe Luke added this comment to describe the area through which Philip would travel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) ACT 8 27 xy7x writing-participants ἰδοὺ 1 Behold The word “behold” alerts us to a new person in the story. Your language may have a way of doing this. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) ACT 8 27 s1uf εὐνοῦχος 1 eunuch The emphasis of “eunuch” here is about the Ethiopian’s being a high government official, not so much his physical state of being castrated. ACT 8 27 t5t1 translate-names Κανδάκης 1 Candace This was a title for the queens of Ethiopia. It is similar to the way the word Pharaoh was used for the kings of Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 8 27 v8q7 figs-explicit ὃς ἐληλύθει προσκυνήσων εἰς Ἰερουσαλήμ 1 He had come to Jerusalem to worship This implies that he was a Gentile who believed in God and had come to worship at the Jewish temple. Alternate translation: “He had come to worship God at the temple in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 8 28 d3kv τοῦ ἅρματος 1 chariot Possibly “wagon” or “carriage” is more fitting in this context. Chariots are normally mentioned as a vehicle for war, not as a vehicle for long-distance travel. Also, people stood to ride in chariots. ACT 8 28 bx2j figs-metonymy ἀνεγίνωσκεν τὸν προφήτην Ἠσαΐαν 1 reading the prophet Isaiah This is the Old Testament book Isaiah. Alternate translation: “reading from the book of the prophet Isaiah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 8 29 llh1 figs-metonymy κολλήθητι τῷ ἅρματι τούτῳ 1 stay close to this chariot Philip understood that this meant he was to stay close to the person riding in the chariot. Alternate translation: “accompany the man in this chariot” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 8 30 ffh7 figs-metonymy ἀναγινώσκοντος Ἠσαΐαν τὸν προφήτην 1 reading Isaiah the prophet This is the Old Testament book Isaiah. Alternate translation: “reading from the book of the prophet Isaiah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 8 30 x98i ἆρά ... γινώσκεις ἃ ἀναγινώσκεις 1 Do you understand what you are reading? The Ethiopian was intelligent and could read, but he lacked spiritual discernment. Alternate translation: “Do you understand the meaning of what you are reading?” ACT 8 31 r5g2 figs-rquestion πῶς ... δυναίμην ἐὰν μή τις ὁδηγήσει με 1 How can I, unless someone guides me? This question was asked to state emphatically that he could not understand without help. Alternate translation: “I cannot understand unless someone guides me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ACT 8 31 zx9h figs-explicit παρεκάλεσέν ... τὸν Φίλιππον, ἀναβάντα καθίσαι σὺν αὐτῷ 1 He begged Philip to ... sit with him It is implied here that Philip agreed to travel down the road with him to explain the scriptures. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 8 32 nd93 0 General Information: This a passage from the book of Isaiah. Here the words “he” and “his” refer to the Messiah. ACT 8 32 lu3j ὡς ἀμνὸς ἐναντίον τοῦ κείραντος αὐτὸν ἄφωνος 1 like a lamb before his shearer is silent A shearer is a person who cuts the wool off the sheep so that it may be used. ACT 8 33 y2a1 figs-activepassive ἐν τῇ ταπεινώσει, ἡ κρίσις αὐτοῦ ἤρθη 1 In his humiliation justice was taken away from him This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “He was humiliated and they did not judge him fairly” or “he allowed himself to be humbled before his accusers and he suffered injustice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 8 33 k3uz figs-rquestion τὴν γενεὰν αὐτοῦ τίς διηγήσεται 1 Who can fully describe his descendants? This question was used to emphasize the he will not have descendants. Alternate translation: “No one will be able to speak about his descendant, for there will not be any” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ACT 8 33 idk8 figs-activepassive αἴρεται ἀπὸ τῆς γῆς ἡ ζωὴ αὐτοῦ 1 his life was taken from the earth This referred to his death. It can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “men killed him” or “men took his life from the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 8 34 htb2 δέομαί σου 1 I beg you “Please tell me” ACT 8 35 uw21 figs-metonymy τῆς Γραφῆς ταύτης 1 this scripture This refers to Isaiah’s writings in the Old Testament. Alternate translation: “in the writings of Isaiah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 8 36 ip13 ἐπορεύοντο κατὰ τὴν ὁδόν 1 they went on the road “they continued to travel along the road” ACT 8 36 muz2 figs-rquestion τί κωλύει με βαπτισθῆναι 1 What prevents me from being baptized? The eunuch uses this question as a way of asking Philip for permission to be baptized. Alternate translation: “Please allow me to be baptized” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ACT 8 38 l8wl ἐκέλευσεν στῆναι τὸ ἅρμα 1 commanded the chariot to stop “told the driver of the chariot to stop” ACT 8 39 tz5u 0 Connecting Statement: This is the end of the part of the story about Philip and the man from Ethiopia. The story of Philip ends at Caesarea. ACT 8 39 xp52 οὐκ εἶδεν αὐτὸν οὐκέτι ὁ εὐνοῦχος 1 the eunuch saw him no more “the eunuch did not see Philip again” ACT 8 40 r1x7 Φίλιππος ... εὑρέθη εἰς Ἄζωτον 1 Philip appeared at Azotus There was no indication of Philip’s traveling between where he baptized the Ethiopian and Azotus. He just suddenly disappeared along the road to Gaza and reappeared at the town of Azotus. ACT 8 40 arh5 διερχόμενος 1 that region This refers to the area around the town of Azotus. ACT 8 40 zfn6 τὰς πόλεις πάσας 1 to all the cities “to all the cities in that region” ACT 9 intro jm6x 0 # Acts 09 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### “The Way”<br><br>No one knows for sure who first started calling believers “followers of the Way.” This is probably what the believers called themselves, because the Bible often speaks of a person living his life as if that person were walking on a path or “way.” If this is true, the believers were “following the way of the Lord” by living in a way that pleased God.<br><br>### “Letters for the synagogues in Damascus”<br><br>The “letters” Paul asked for were probably legal papers that permitted him to put Christians in prison. The synagogue leaders in Damascus would have obeyed the letter because it was written by the high priest. If the Romans had seen the letter, they also would have allowed Saul to persecute the Christians, because they permitted the Jews to do as they desired to people who broke their religious laws.<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### What Saul saw when he met Jesus<br><br>It is clear that Saul saw a light and that it was because of this light that he “fell upon the ground.” Some people think that Saul knew that it was the Lord speaking to him without seeing a human form, because the Bible often speaks of God as being light and living in light. Other people think that later in his life he was able to say, “I have seen the Lord Jesus” because it was a human form that he saw here.<br> ACT 9 1 r4n5 writing-background 0 General Information: These verses give background information telling us what Saul has been doing since the stoning of Stephen. Here the word “him” refers to the high priest and “he” refers to Saul. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) ACT 9 1 yt9e 0 Connecting Statement: The story shifts back to Saul and his salvation. ACT 9 1 anb6 figs-abstractnouns ἔτι ἐμπνέων ἀπειλῆς καὶ φόνου εἰς τοὺς μαθητὰς 1 still speaking threats even of murder against the disciples The noun “murder” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “still speaking threats, even to murder the disciples” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ACT 9 2 v9lw figs-metonymy πρὸς τὰς συναγωγάς 1 for the synagogues This refers to the people in the synagogues. Alternate translation: “for the people in the synagogues” or “for the leaders in the synagogues” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 9 2 y8f6 ἐάν τινας εὕρῃ 1 if he found any “when he found anyone” or “if he found anyone” ACT 9 2 pk19 τῆς ὁδοῦ, ὄντας 1 who belonged to the Way “who followed the teachings of Jesus Christ” ACT 9 2 n94s τῆς ὁδοῦ 1 the Way This term appears to have been a title for Christianity at that time. ACT 9 2 a6z4 figs-explicit δεδεμένους ἀγάγῃ εἰς Ἰερουσαλήμ 1 he might bring them bound to Jerusalem “he might take them as prisoners to Jerusalem.” Paul’s purpose can be made clear by adding “so that the Jewish leaders could judge and punish them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 9 3 lv9q 0 Connecting Statement: After the high priest gave Saul the letters, Saul left for Damascus. ACT 9 3 jf4g ἐν ... τῷ πορεύεσθαι 1 As he was traveling Saul left Jerusalem and now travels to Damascus. ACT 9 3 by55 writing-newevent ἐγένετο 1 it happened that This is an expression that marks a change in the story to show something different is about to happen. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) ACT 9 3 dm6c τε αὐτὸν περιήστραψεν φῶς ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ 1 there shone all around him a light out of heaven “a light from heaven shone all around him” ACT 9 3 gua8 ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ 1 out of heaven Possible meanings are 1) heaven, where God lives or 2) the sky. The first meaning is preferable. Use that meaning if your language has a separate word for it. ACT 9 4 y4u4 πεσὼν ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν 1 he fell upon the ground Possible meanings are that 1) “Saul threw himself to the ground” or 2) “The light caused him to fall to the ground” or 3) “Saul fell to the ground the way one who fainted fell.” Saul did not fall accidentally. ACT 9 4 c9l4 figs-rquestion τί με διώκεις 1 why are you persecuting me? This rhetorical question communicates a rebuke to Saul. In some languages a statement would be more natural (AT): “You are persecuting me!” or a command (AT): “Stop persecuting me!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ACT 9 5 q8ge 0 General Information: Every occurrence of the word “you” here is singular. ACT 9 5 jaq2 τίς εἶ, κύριε 1 Who are you, Lord? Saul was not acknowledging that Jesus is the Lord. He uses that title because he understood that he spoke to someone of supernatural power. ACT 9 6 i1kj ἀλλὰ ἀνάστηθι καὶ εἴσελθε εἰς τὴν πόλιν 1 but rise, enter into the city “get up and go into the city Damascus” ACT 9 6 fbi6 figs-activepassive λαληθήσεταί σοι 1 it will be told you This can be stated in the active form. Alternate translation: “someone will tell you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 9 7 xu7c ἀκούοντες μὲν τῆς φωνῆς, μηδένα δὲ θεωροῦντες 1 hearing the voice, but seeing no one “they heard the voice, but they did not see anyone” ACT 9 7 f9fe μηδένα δὲ θεωροῦντες 1 but seeing no one “but saw no one.” Apparently only Saul experienced the light. ACT 9 8 puw3 figs-explicit ἀνεῳγμένων ... τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν αὐτοῦ 1 when he opened his eyes This implies that he had closed his eyes because the light was too bright. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 9 8 dgg8 οὐδὲν ἔβλεπεν 1 he could see nothing “he could not see anything.” Saul was blind. ACT 9 9 fhn6 ἦν ... μὴ βλέπων 1 was without sight “was blind” or “could not see anything” ACT 9 9 t8uc οὐκ ἔφαγεν οὐδὲ ἔπιεν 1 he neither ate nor drank It is not stated whether he chose not to eat or drink as a form of worship, or if he had no appetite because he was too distressed from his situation. It is preferable not to specify the reason. ACT 9 10 kgn9 translate-names 0 General Information: The story of Saul continues but Luke introduces another man named Ananias. This is not the same Ananias who died earlier in Acts [Acts 5:3](../05/03.md). You may translate this name the same way though as you did in [Acts 5:1](../05/01.md). Though there is more than one Judas mentioned in the New Testament, it is likely this is the only appearance of this Judas. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 9 10 j847 writing-participants ἦν δέ 1 Now there was This introduces Ananias as a new character. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) ACT 9 10 vl8k ὁ ... εἶπεν 1 He said “Ananias said” ACT 9 11 mn24 πορεύθητι ἐπὶ τὴν ῥύμην τὴν καλουμένην Εὐθεῖαν 1 go to the street which is called Straight “go to Straight Street” ACT 9 11 ie1l οἰκίᾳ Ἰούδα 1 house of Judas This Judas is not the disciple who betrayed Jesus. This Judas was owner of a house in Damascus where Saul was staying. ACT 9 11 u5j8 Σαῦλον ὀνόματι Ταρσέα 1 a man from Tarsus named Saul “a man from the city of Tarsus named Saul” or “Saul of Tarsus” ACT 9 12 jk46 translate-symaction ἐπιθέντα αὐτῷ χεῖρας 1 laying his hands on him This was a symbol of giving a spiritual blessing to Saul. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) ACT 9 12 nx5q ἀναβλέψῃ 1 he might see again “he might regain his ability to see” ACT 9 13 la9t ἁγίοις σου 1 your holy people Here “holy people” refers to Christians. Alternate translation: “the people in Jerusalem who believe in you” ACT 9 14 ptd6 figs-explicit ὧδε ... ἐξουσίαν ... δῆσαι πάντας 1 authority ... to arrest everyone here It is implied that the extent of the power and authority granted Saul was limited to the Jewish people at this point in time. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 9 14 t3fl figs-metonymy τοὺς ἐπικαλουμένους τὸ ὄνομά σου 1 calls upon your name Here “your name” refers to Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 9 15 jmt7 figs-metonymy σκεῦος ἐκλογῆς ἐστίν μοι οὗτος 1 he is a chosen instrument of mine “chosen instrument” refers to something that is set apart for service. Alternate translation: “I have chosen him to serve me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 9 15 z5fj figs-metonymy τοῦ βαστάσαι τὸ ὄνομά μου 1 to carry my name This is an expression for identifying or speaking out for Jesus. Alternate translation: “in order that he might speak about me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 9 16 kty3 figs-metonymy ὑπὲρ τοῦ ὀνόματός μου 1 for the cause of my name This is an expression meaning “for telling people about me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 9 17 q61x figs-you 0 General Information: The word “you” here is singular and refers to Saul. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) ACT 9 17 j2pf 0 Connecting Statement: Ananias goes to the house where Saul is staying. After Saul is healed, the story shifts from Ananias back to Saul. ACT 9 17 s8ms ἀπῆλθεν δὲ Ἁνανίας καὶ εἰσῆλθεν εἰς τὴν οἰκίαν 1 So Ananias departed, and entered into the house It may be helpful to state that Ananias went to the house before he entered into it. Alternate translation: “So Ananias went, and after he found the house where Saul was, he entered it” ACT 9 17 my6m translate-symaction ἐπιθεὶς ἐπ’ αὐτὸν τὰς χεῖρας 1 Laying his hands on him Ananias put his hands on Saul. This was a symbol of giving a blessing to Saul. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) ACT 9 17 a89q figs-activepassive ὅπως ἀναβλέψῃς καὶ πλησθῇς Πνεύματος Ἁγίου 1 so that you might receive your sight and be filled with the Holy Spirit This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “has sent me so that you might see again and that the Holy Spirit might fill you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 9 18 m1hx ἀπέπεσαν ... ὡς λεπίδες 1 something like scales fell “something that appeared like fish scales fell” ACT 9 18 g2ea ἀνέβλεψέν 1 he received his sight “he was able to see again” ACT 9 18 efs9 figs-activepassive ἀναστὰς ἐβαπτίσθη 1 he arose and was baptized This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “he got up and Ananias baptized him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 9 20 rc49 0 General Information: Here only the second “he” refers to Jesus, the Son of God. The first “he” and the other ones refer to Saul. ACT 9 20 w65r guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Υἱὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Son of God This is an important title for Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) ACT 9 21 xid8 figs-hyperbole πάντες οἱ ἀκούοντες 1 All who heard him The word “All” is a generalization. Alternate translation: “Those who heard him” or “Many who heard him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) ACT 9 21 f4fd figs-rquestion οὐχ οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ πορθήσας ἐν Ἰερουσαλὴμ τοὺς ἐπικαλουμένους τὸ ὄνομα τοῦτο 1 Is not this the man who destroyed those in Jerusalem who called on this name? This is a rhetorical and negative question that emphasizes that Saul was indeed the man who had persecuted the believers. Alternate translation: “This is the man who destroyed those in Jerusalem who called on this name Jesus!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ACT 9 21 ctg3 figs-metonymy τὸ ὄνομα τοῦτο 1 this name Here “name” refers to Jesus. Alternate translation: “the name of Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 9 22 r1np συνέχυννεν τοὺς Ἰουδαίους 1 causing distress among the Jews They were distressed in the sense that they could not find a way to refute Saul’s arguments that Jesus was the Christ. ACT 9 23 g6gw 0 General Information: The word “him” in this section refers to Saul. ACT 9 23 g74c figs-synecdoche οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι 1 the Jews This refers to the leaders of the Jews. Alternate translation: “the Jewish leaders” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ACT 9 24 lv62 figs-activepassive ἐγνώσθη δὲ τῷ Σαύλῳ ἡ ἐπιβουλὴ αὐτῶν 1 But their plan became known to Saul This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “But someone told their plan to Saul” or “But Saul learned about their plan” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 9 24 cy9n παρετηροῦντο ... καὶ τὰς πύλας 1 They watched the gates This city had a wall surrounding it. People could normally only enter and exit the city through the gates. ACT 9 25 lc8m οἱ μαθηταὶ αὐτοῦ 1 his disciples people who believed Saul’s message about Jesus and were following his teaching ACT 9 25 u8g8 διὰ τοῦ τείχους, καθῆκαν αὐτὸν, χαλάσαντες ἐν σπυρίδι 1 let him down through the wall, lowering him in a basket “used ropes to lower him in a large basket through an opening in the wall” ACT 9 26 j1el 0 General Information: Here the words “he” and “him” refer to Saul all but one time. “And ‘he’ told them how” in verse 27 refers to Barnabas. ACT 9 26 e38m figs-hyperbole καὶ πάντες ἐφοβοῦντο αὐτόν 1 but they were all afraid of him Here “they were all” is a generalization, but it is possible that it refers to every person. Alternate translation: “but they were afraid of him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) ACT 9 27 n9f1 figs-metonymy ἐπαρρησιάσατο ἐν τῷ ὀνόματι τοῦ Ἰησοῦ 1 had spoken boldly in the name of Jesus This is a way of saying he preached or taught the gospel message of Jesus Christ without fear. Alternate translation: “had openly preached the message about Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 9 28 m5rs ἦν μετ’ αὐτῶν 1 He met with them Here the word “He” refers to Paul. The word “them” probably refers to the apostles and other disciples in Jerusalem. ACT 9 28 fbb7 figs-metonymy ἐν τῷ ὀνόματι τοῦ Κυρίου 1 in the name of the Lord Jesus Possible meanings are 1) this simply refers to the Lord Jesus and tells who Paul spoke about. Alternate translation: “about the Lord Jesus” or 2) “name” is a metonym for authority. Alternate translation: “under the authority of the Lord Jesus” or “with the authority that the Lord Jesus gave him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 9 29 d7lm συνεζήτει πρὸς τοὺς Ἑλληνιστάς 1 debated with the Grecian Jews Saul tried to reason with the Jews who spoke Greek. ACT 9 30 uz9a οἱ ἀδελφοὶ 1 the brothers The words “the brothers” refers to the believers in Jerusalem. ACT 9 30 j4mt κατήγαγον αὐτὸν εἰς Καισάρειαν 1 brought him down to Caesarea The phrase “brought him down” is used here because Caesarea is lower in elevation than Jerusalem. ACT 9 30 aqn6 figs-explicit ἐξαπέστειλαν αὐτὸν εἰς Ταρσόν 1 sent him away to Tarsus Caesarea was a seaport. They brothers probably sent Saul to Tarsus by ship. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 9 31 vk8y 0 General Information: Verse 31 is a statement that gives an update on the church’s growth. ACT 9 31 n7c5 0 Connecting Statement: In verse 32, the story shifts from Saul to a new part of the story about Peter. ACT 9 31 s4bn ἡ ... ἐκκλησία καθ’ ὅλης τῆς Ἰουδαίας, καὶ Γαλιλαίας, καὶ Σαμαρείας 1 the church throughout all Judea, Galilee, and Samaria This is the first use of the singular “church” to refer to more than one local congregation. Here it refers to all the believers in all the groups throughout Israel. ACT 9 31 fh2g εἶχεν εἰρήνην 1 had peace “lived peacefully.” This means the persecution that started with the murder of Stephen was finished. ACT 9 31 elq7 figs-activepassive οἰκοδομουμένη 1 was built up The agent was either God or the Holy Spirit. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God helped them grow” or “the Holy Spirit built them up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 9 31 j8c9 figs-metaphor πορευομένη τῷ φόβῳ τοῦ Κυρίου 1 walking in the fear of the Lord “Walking” here is a metaphor for “living.” Alternate translation: “living in obedience to the Lord” or “continuing to honor the Lord” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 9 31 hl24 τῇ παρακλήσει τοῦ Ἁγίου Πνεύματος 1 in the comfort of the Holy Spirit “with the Holy Spirit strengthening and encouraging them” ACT 9 32 w68g writing-newevent ἐγένετο δὲ 1 Now it came about This phrase is used to mark a new part of the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) ACT 9 32 m9sg figs-hyperbole διὰ πάντων 1 throughout the whole region This is an generalization for Peter’s visiting the believers in many places in the region of Judea, Galilee, and Samaria. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) ACT 9 32 ad7g κατελθεῖν 1 he came down The phrase “came down” is used here because Lydda is lower in elevation than the other places where he was traveling. ACT 9 32 g5c4 Λύδδα 1 Lydda Lydda is a city located about 18 kilometers southeast of Joppa. This city was called Lod in the Old Testament and in modern Israel. ACT 9 33 hzd7 εὗρεν ... ἐκεῖ ἄνθρωπόν τινα 1 There he found a certain man Peter was not intentionally searching for a paralyzed person, but happened upon him. Alternate translation: “There Peter met a man” ACT 9 33 jnc4 writing-participants ἄνθρωπόν τινα ὀνόματι Αἰνέαν 1 a certain man named Aeneas This introduces Aeneas as a new character in the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) ACT 9 33 uj5f writing-background κατακείμενον ἐπὶ κραβάττου, ὃς ἦν παραλελυμένος 1 who had been in his bed ... was paralyzed This is background information about Aeneas. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) ACT 9 33 k7hw παραλελυμένος 1 paralyzed unable to walk, probably unable to move below the waist ACT 9 34 ff2a στρῶσον σεαυτῷ 1 make your bed “roll up your mat” ACT 9 35 z3fp figs-hyperbole πάντες οἱ κατοικοῦντες Λύδδα καὶ τὸν Σαρῶνα 1 everyone who lived in Lydda and in Sharon This is a generalization referring to many of the people there. Alternate translation: “those who lived in Lydda and in Sharon” or “many people who lived in Lydda and Sharon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) ACT 9 35 qkv4 Λύδδα καὶ τὸν Σαρῶνα 1 in Lydda and in Sharon The city of Lydda was located in the Plain of Sharon. ACT 9 35 pf23 εἶδαν αὐτὸν 1 saw the man It may be helpful to state that they saw that he was healed. Alternate translation: “saw the man whom Peter had healed” ACT 9 35 x9yw figs-metaphor οἵτινες ἐπέστρεψαν ἐπὶ τὸν Κύριον 1 and they turned to the Lord Here “turned to the Lord” is a metaphor for starting to obey the Lord. Alternate translation: “and they repented of their sins and started obeying the Lord” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 9 36 gy8u writing-background 0 General Information: These verses give background information about the woman named Tabitha. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) ACT 9 36 du3s 0 Connecting Statement: Luke continues the story with a new event about Peter. ACT 9 36 zgq5 writing-newevent δέ ... ἦν 1 Now there was This introduces a new part in the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) ACT 9 36 gwr4 translate-names Ταβειθά, ἣ διερμηνευομένη λέγεται, Δορκάς 1 Tabitha, which is translated as “Dorcas.” Tabitha is her name in the Aramaic language, and Dorcas is her name in the Greek language. Both names mean “gazelle.” Alternate translation: “Her name in the Greek language was Dorcas” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 9 36 q2rn πλήρης ἔργων ἀγαθῶν 1 full of good works “doing many good things” ACT 9 37 mg72 figs-explicit ἐγένετο δὲ ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις ἐκείναις 1 It came about in those days This refers to the time when Peter was in Joppa. This can be stated. Alternate translation: “It came about while Peter was nearby” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 9 37 y8sx λούσαντες ... αὐτὴν 1 washed her This was washing to prepare for her burial. ACT 9 37 znj4 ἔθηκαν ἐν ὑπερῴῳ 1 they laid her in an upper room This was a temporary display of the body during the funeral process. ACT 9 38 uhz5 ἀπέστειλαν δύο ἄνδρας πρὸς αὐτὸν 1 they sent two men to him “the disciples sent two men to Peter” ACT 9 39 k1se εἰς τὸ ὑπερῷον 1 to the upper room “to the upstairs room where Dorcas’ body was lying” ACT 9 39 me79 πᾶσαι αἱ χῆραι 1 all the widows It is possible that all the widows of the town were there since it was not a large town. ACT 9 39 piu7 χῆραι 1 widows women whose husbands had died and therefore needed help ACT 9 39 y6q5 μετ’ αὐτῶν οὖσα 1 while she had been with them “while she was still alive with the disciples” ACT 9 40 ek9c writing-endofstory 0 The story of Tabitha ends in verse 42. Verse 43 tells us what happens to Peter after the story ends. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-endofstory]]) ACT 9 40 yp2u ἐκβαλὼν ... ἔξω πάντας 1 put them all out of the room “told them all to leave the room.” Peter had everyone leave so he could be alone to pray for Tabitha. ACT 9 41 r7n6 δοὺς ... αὐτῇ χεῖρα, ἀνέστησεν αὐτήν 1 gave her his hand and lifted her up Peter took hold of her hand and helped her stand up. ACT 9 41 b73s τοὺς ἁγίους καὶ τὰς χήρα 1 the believers and the widows The widows were possibly also believers but are mentioned specifically because Tabitha was so important to them. ACT 9 42 nda9 figs-activepassive γνωστὸν δὲ ἐγένετο καθ’ ὅλης τῆς Ἰόππη 1 This matter became known throughout all Joppa This refers to the miracle of Peter’s raising Tabitha from the dead. It can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People throughout all Joppa heard about this matter” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 9 42 fyz4 ἐπίστευσαν ... ἐπὶ τὸν Κύριον 1 believed on the Lord “believed in the gospel of the Lord Jesus” ACT 9 43 k9ik writing-newevent ἐγένετο 1 It happened that “It came about that.” This introduces the beginning of the next event in the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) ACT 9 43 qar2 Σίμωνι, βυρσεῖ 1 Simon, a tanner “a man named Simon who made leather from animal skins” ACT 10 intro ym7z 0 # Acts 10 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Unclean<br><br>The Jews believed that they could become unclean in God’s sight if they visited or ate food with a Gentile. This was because the Pharisees had made a law against it because they wanted to keep people from eating foods that the law of Moses said were unclean. The law of Moses did say that some foods were unclean, but it did not say that God’s people could not visit or eat with Gentiles. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])<br><br>### Baptism and the Holy Spirit<br><br>The Holy Spirit “fell on” those who were listening to Peter. This showed the Jewish believers that Gentiles could receive the word of God and receive the Holy Spirit just as the Jewish believers had. After that, the Gentiles were baptized.<br> ACT 10 1 m1vx writing-background 0 General Information: These verses give background information about Cornelius. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) ACT 10 1 nfy5 0 Connecting Statement: This is the beginning of the part of the story about Cornelius. ACT 10 1 wtb9 writing-participants ἀνὴρ δέ τις 1 Now there was a certain man This was a way of introducing a new person to this part of the historical account. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) ACT 10 1 x476 ὀνόματι Κορνήλιος, ἑκατοντάρχης ἐκ Σπείρης τῆς καλουμένης Ἰταλικῆς 1 Cornelius by name, a centurion of what was called the Italian Regiment “his name was Cornelius. He was an officer in charge of 100 soldiers from the Italian section of the Roman army. ACT 10 2 s6rh εὐσεβὴς καὶ φοβούμενος τὸν Θεὸν 1 He was a devout man, one who worshiped God “He believed in God and sought to honor and worship God in his life” ACT 10 2 n8i3 φοβούμενος τὸν Θεὸν 1 worshiped God The word for “worshiped” here has the sense of deep respect and awe. ACT 10 2 w2kx figs-hyperbole δεόμενος τοῦ Θεοῦ διὰ παντός 1 he constantly prayed to God The word “constantly” is a generalization. Alternate translation: “he prayed to God a lot” or “he prayed to God regularly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) ACT 10 3 up3j ὥραν ἐνάτην 1 the ninth hour “three o’clock in the afternoon.” This is the normal afternoon prayer time for Jews. ACT 10 3 g3lv εἶδεν ... φανερῶς 1 he clearly saw “Cornelius clearly saw” ACT 10 4 p5ml figs-explicit αἱ προσευχαί σου, καὶ αἱ ἐλεημοσύναι σου, ἀνέβησαν εἰς μνημόσυνον ἔμπροσθεν τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Your prayers and your gifts ... a memorial offering into God’s presence It is implied that his gifts and prayers had been accepted by God. Alternate translation: “God is pleased by your prayers and your gifts ... a memorial offering to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 10 6 lt9n βυρσεῖ 1 a tanner a person who makes leather from animal skins ACT 10 7 g6lq ὡς δὲ ἀπῆλθεν ὁ ἄγγελος ὁ λαλῶν αὐτῷ 1 When the angel who spoke to him had left “When Cornelius’ vision of the angel had ended.” ACT 10 7 i3x7 στρατιώτην εὐσεβῆ τῶν προσκαρτερούντων αὐτῷ 1 a devout soldier from among those who served him “one of the soldiers who served him, who also worshiped God.” This soldier worshiped God. That was rare in the Roman army, so Cornelius’ other soldiers probably did not worship God. ACT 10 7 yg7g εὐσεβῆ 1 devout An adjective to describe a person who worshiped God and served him. ACT 10 8 pcg2 ἐξηγησάμενος ἅπαντα αὐτοῖς 1 told them all that had happened Cornelius explained his vision to his two servants and to one of his soldiers. ACT 10 8 d2p3 ἀπέστειλεν αὐτοὺς εἰς τὴν Ἰόππην 1 sent them to Joppa “sent two of his two servants and the one soldier to Joppa.” ACT 10 9 ey9n 0 General Information: Here the word “they” refers to Cornelius’ two servants and the soldier under Cornelius’ command ([Acts 10:7](../10/07.md)). ACT 10 9 w3g4 0 Connecting Statement: The story shifts away from Cornelius to tell us what God is doing with to Peter. ACT 10 9 tu7n περὶ ὥραν ἕκτην 1 about the sixth hour “around noon” ACT 10 9 r6l8 ἀνέβη ... ἐπὶ τὸ δῶμα 1 up upon the housetop The roofs of the houses were flat, and people often did many different activities on them. ACT 10 10 slq7 παρασκευαζόντων ... αὐτῶν 1 while the people were cooking some food “before the people finished cooking the food” ACT 10 10 im7x figs-activepassive ἐγένετο ἐπ’ αὐτὸν ἔκστασις 1 he was given a vision “God gave him a vision” or “he saw a vision” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 10 11 n4hi θεωρεῖ τὸν οὐρανὸν ἀνεῳγμένον 1 he saw the sky open This was the beginning of Peter’s vision. It can be a new sentence. ACT 10 11 u9u4 ὡς ὀθόνην μεγάλην, τέσσαρσιν ἀρχαῖς 1 something like a large sheet ... four corners The container holding the animals had the appearance of a large square piece of cloth. ACT 10 11 jh1m τέσσαρσιν ἀρχαῖς καθιέμενον 1 let down by its four corners “with its four corners suspended” or “with its four corners higher than the rest of it” ACT 10 12 ua3j figs-explicit πάντα τὰ τετράποδα, καὶ ἑρπετὰ τῆς γῆς, καὶ πετεινὰ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ 1 all kinds of four-footed animals ... birds of the sky From Peter’s response in the next verse, it can be implied that the law of Moses commanded the Jews not to eat some of them. Alternate translation: “animals and birds that the Mosaic laws forbade Jews to eat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 10 13 a2z4 figs-synecdoche ἐγένετο φωνὴ πρὸς αὐτόν 1 a voice spoke to him The person speaking is not specified. The “voice” was probably God, although it could possibly have been an angel from God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ACT 10 14 z7r5 μηδαμῶς 1 Not so “I will not do that” ACT 10 14 a2jj figs-explicit οὐδέποτε ἔφαγον πᾶν κοινὸν καὶ ἀκάθαρτον 1 I have never eaten anything that was defiled and unclean It is implied that some the animals in the container were unclean as defined by the law of Moses and were not to be eaten by believers who lived before Christ died. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 10 15 xs5s figs-123person ἃ ὁ Θεὸς ἐκαθάρισεν 1 What God has cleansed If God is the speaker, he is referring to himself in the third person. Alternate translation: “What I, God, have cleansed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) ACT 10 16 rlr9 τοῦτο ... ἐγένετο ἐπὶ τρίς 1 This happened three times It is not likely that everything Peter saw happened three times. This probably means that the phrase, “What God has cleansed, do not call it defiled,” was repeated three times. However, it may be best to simply say “This happened three times” instead of trying to explain in detail. ACT 10 17 d4zi διηπόρει ὁ Πέτρος 1 Peter was very confused This means that Peter was having difficulty understanding what the vision meant. ACT 10 17 n6da ἰδοὺ 1 behold The word “behold” here alerts us to pay attention to the surprising information that follows, in this case, the two men standing at the gate. ACT 10 17 e62m figs-explicit ἐπέστησαν ἐπὶ τὸν πυλῶνα 1 stood before the gate “stood before the gate to the house.” It is implied that this house had a wall with a gate in it to enter the property. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 10 17 h72m διερωτήσαντες τὴν οἰκίαν 1 after they had asked their way to the house This happened before they arrived at the house. This could be stated earlier in the verse, as the UST does. ACT 10 18 qe9d φωνήσαντες 1 They called out Cornelius’ men remained outside the gate while asking about Peter. ACT 10 19 e8ai διενθυμουμένου περὶ τοῦ ὁράματος 1 thinking about the vision “wondering about the meaning of the vision” ACT 10 19 d9q8 τὸ Πνεῦμα 1 the Spirit “the Holy Spirit” ACT 10 19 iqx5 ἰδοὺ 1 behold “Pay attention, because what I am about to say is both true and important: three” ACT 10 19 va39 translate-textvariants ἄνδρες τρεῖς ζητοῦσιν σε 1 three men are looking for you Some ancient texts have a different number of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]]) ACT 10 20 ym1x κατάβηθι 1 go down “go down from the roof of the house” ACT 10 20 wx4n πορεύου σὺν αὐτοῖς, μηδὲν διακρινόμενος 1 Do not hesitate to go with them It would be natural for Peter not to want to go with them, because they were strangers and they were Gentiles. ACT 10 21 lj1f ἐγώ εἰμι ὃν ζητεῖτε 1 I am he whom you are seeking “I am the man you are looking for” ACT 10 22 i4zh 0 General Information: The words “They” and “them” here refer to the two servants and the soldier from Cornelius ([Acts 10:7](../10/07.md)). ACT 10 22 baa3 figs-activepassive Κορνήλιος, ἑκατοντάρχης ἀνὴρ δίκαιος, καὶ φοβούμενος τὸν Θεὸν, μαρτυρούμενός τε ὑπὸ ὅλου τοῦ ἔθνους τῶν Ἰουδαίων, ἐχρηματίσθη ὑπὸ ἀγγέλου ἁγίου, μεταπέμψασθαί σε εἰς τὸν οἶκον αὐτοῦ, καὶ ἀκοῦσαι ῥήματα παρὰ σοῦ 1 A centurion named Cornelius ... listen to a message from you This can be divided into several sentences and stated in active form as the UST does. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 10 22 wvl1 φοβούμενος τὸν Θεὸν 1 worships God The word for “worship” here has the sense of deep respect and awe. ACT 10 22 gv91 figs-hyperbole ὅλου τοῦ ἔθνους τῶν Ἰουδαίων 1 all the nation of the Jews This number of people is exaggerated with the word “all” to emphasize how widely this was known among the Jews. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) ACT 10 23 jlc7 εἰσκαλεσάμενος οὖν αὐτοὺς ἐξένισεν 1 So Peter invited them to come in and stay with him The journey to Caesarea was too long for them to begin that afternoon. ACT 10 23 shs5 ἐξένισεν 1 stay with him “be his guests” ACT 10 23 t7cz τινες τῶν ἀδελφῶν τῶν ἀπὸ Ἰόππης 1 some of the brothers from Joppa This refers to believers who lived in Joppa. ACT 10 24 c3s6 τῇ ... ἐπαύριον 1 On the following day This was the next day after they left Joppa. The journey to Caesarea took longer than one day. ACT 10 24 g2up ὁ δὲ Κορνήλιος ἦν προσδοκῶν αὐτοὺς 1 Cornelius was waiting for them “Cornelius expected them” ACT 10 25 wxt8 ὡς ... τοῦ εἰσελθεῖν τὸν Πέτρον 1 when Peter entered “when Peter entered the house” ACT 10 25 b4pn translate-symaction πεσὼν ἐπὶ τοὺς πόδας, προσεκύνησεν 1 fell down at his feet to worship him “he knelt down and put his face close to Peter’s feet.” He did this to honor Peter. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) ACT 10 25 u2x5 πεσὼν 1 fell down He purposely lies down facing the ground to show that he is worshiping. ACT 10 26 s7n5 ἀνάστηθι, καὶ ἐγὼ ... ἄνθρωπός εἰμι 1 Stand up! I too am a man This was a mild rebuke or correction to Cornelius not to worship Peter. Alternate translation: “Stop doing that! I am only a man, as you are” ACT 10 27 f9x6 figs-you 0 General Information: The word “him” here refers to Cornelius. Here the words “You” and “you” are plural and include Cornelius as well as the Gentiles who were present. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) ACT 10 27 bg7b 0 Connecting Statement: Peter addresses the people who are gathered in Cornelius’ house. ACT 10 27 twp9 figs-explicit συνεληλυθότας πολλούς 1 many people gathered together “many Gentile people gathered together.” It is implied that these people Cornelius had invited were Gentiles. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 10 28 g7j7 ὑμεῖς ἐπίστασθε 1 You yourselves know Peter is addressing Cornelius and his invited guests. ACT 10 28 iyx6 ἀθέμιτόν ἐστιν ἀνδρὶ Ἰουδαίῳ 1 it is not lawful for a Jewish man “it is forbidden for a Jewish man.” This refers to the Jewish religious law. ACT 10 28 k3we ἀλλοφύλῳ 1 someone from another nation This refers to people who were not Jews and not specifically to where they lived. ACT 10 30 krz8 figs-you 0 General Information: In verses 31 and 32 Cornelius quotes what the angel had said to him when he appeared to him at the ninth hour. The words “you” and “your” are all singular. The word “we” here does not include Peter. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) ACT 10 30 n5fs 0 Connecting Statement: Cornelius responds to Peter’s question. ACT 10 30 na4u ἀπὸ τετάρτης ἡμέρας 1 Four days ago Cornelius is referring to the day before the third night before he is speaking to Peter. Biblical culture counts the current day, so the day before three nights ago is “four days ago.” Current Western culture does not count the current day, so many Western translations read, “three days ago.” ACT 10 30 mqv8 translate-textvariants προσευχόμενος 1 praying Some ancient authorities say “fasting and praying” instead of simply “praying.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]]) ACT 10 30 yy6e τὴν ἐνάτην 1 at the ninth hour The normal afternoon time that the Jews pray to God. ACT 10 31 heh3 figs-activepassive εἰσηκούσθη σου ἡ προσευχὴ 1 your prayer has been heard by God This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God has heard your prayer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 10 31 s6nz ἐμνήσθησαν ἐνώπιον τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 reminded God about you “brought you to God’s attention.” This does not imply that God had forgotten. ACT 10 32 ci31 μετακάλεσαι Σίμωνα, ὃς ἐπικαλεῖται Πέτρος 1 call to you a man named Simon who is called Peter “tell Simon who is also called Peter to come to you” ACT 10 33 p5ee ἐξαυτῆς 1 at once “right away” ACT 10 33 ruf3 σύ τε καλῶς ἐποίησας παραγενόμενος 1 You are kind to have come This expression is a polite way of thanking Peter for coming. Alternate translation: “I certainly thank you for coming” ACT 10 33 ry21 ἐνώπιον τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 in the sight of God This refers to the presence of God. ACT 10 33 xt4x figs-activepassive τὰ προστεταγμένα σοι ὑπὸ τοῦ Κυρίου 1 that you have been instructed by the Lord to say This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that the Lord has told you to say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 10 34 ku8u 0 Connecting Statement: Peter begins speaking to everyone in the house of Cornelius. ACT 10 34 cyn8 ἀνοίξας δὲ Πέτρος τὸ στόμα εἶπεν 1 Then Peter opened his mouth and said “Peter began to speak to them” ACT 10 34 ha31 ἐπ’ ἀληθείας 1 Truly This means that what he is about to say is especially important to know. ACT 10 34 iii7 οὐκ ἔστιν προσωπολήμπτης ὁ Θεός 1 God does not take anyone’s side “God does not favor certain people” ACT 10 35 j78e ὁ φοβούμενος αὐτὸν καὶ ἐργαζόμενος δικαιοσύνην, δεκτὸς αὐτῷ ἐστιν 1 anyone who worships and does righteous deeds is acceptable to him “he accepts anyone who worships him and does righteous deeds” ACT 10 35 b5cr φοβούμενος 1 worships The word “worships” here has the sense of deep respect and awe. ACT 10 36 bjk7 0 General Information: The word “him” here refers to Jesus. ACT 10 36 sv4s 0 Connecting Statement: Peter continues to talk to Cornelius and his guests. ACT 10 36 md1l οὗτός ἐστιν πάντων Κύριος 1 who is Lord of all Here “all” means “all people.” ACT 10 37 ch65 figs-hyperbole καθ’ ὅλης τῆς Ἰουδαίας 1 throughout all Judea The word “all” is a generalization. Alternate translation: “throughout Judea” or “in many places in Judea” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) ACT 10 37 sq2i μετὰ τὸ βάπτισμα ὃ ἐκήρυξεν Ἰωάννης 1 after the baptism that John announced “after John preached to the people to repent and then baptized them” ACT 10 38 jtr3 Ἰησοῦν τὸν ἀπὸ Ναζαρέθ, ὡς ἔχρισεν αὐτὸν ὁ Θεὸς Πνεύματι Ἁγίῳ καὶ δυνάμει 1 the events ... and with power This long sentence, which begins in verse 36, can be shortened into several sentences as in the UST. “You know ... of all. You yourselves know ... announced. You know the events ... with power” ACT 10 38 ku82 figs-metaphor ἔχρισεν αὐτὸν ὁ Θεὸς Πνεύματι Ἁγίῳ καὶ δυνάμει 1 God anointed him with the Holy Spirit and with power The Holy Spirit and God’s power are spoken of as if they are something that can be poured out onto a person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 10 38 y5ya figs-hyperbole πάντας τοὺς καταδυναστευομένους ὑπὸ τοῦ διαβόλου 1 all who were oppressed by the devil The word “all” is a generalization. Alternate translation: “those who were oppressed by the devil” or “many people who were oppressed by the devil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) ACT 10 38 tj3u figs-idiom ὁ Θεὸς ἦν μετ’ αὐτοῦ 1 God was with him The idiom “was with him” means “was helping him.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ACT 10 39 kal7 figs-exclusive 0 General Information: The words “We” and “we” here refer to Peter and the apostles and believers who were with Jesus when he was on earth. The words “he” and “him” here refer to Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) ACT 10 39 sx3a ἔν ... τῇ χώρᾳ τῶν Ἰουδαίων 1 in the country of the Jews This refers mainly to Judea at that time. ACT 10 39 z4dt κρεμάσαντες ἐπὶ ξύλου 1 hanging him on a tree This is another expression that refers to crucifixion. Alternate translation: “nailing him to a wooden cross” ACT 10 40 cxj5 figs-idiom τοῦτον ὁ Θεὸς ἤγειρεν 1 God raised him up Here to raise up is an idiom for causing someone who has died to become alive again. Alternate translation: “God caused him to live again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ACT 10 40 w8kv τῇ τρίτῃ ἡμέρᾳ 1 the third day “the third day after he died” ACT 10 40 iz8l ἔδωκεν αὐτὸν ἐμφανῆ γενέσθαι 1 caused him to be seen “permitted many people to see him after he was raised from the dead” ACT 10 41 q7d1 ἐκ νεκρῶν 1 from the dead From among all those who have died. This expression describes all dead people together in the underworld. ACT 10 42 ik96 figs-exclusive 0 General Information: Here the word “us” includes Peter and believers. It excludes his audience. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) ACT 10 42 zne5 0 Connecting Statement: Peter finishes his speech to everyone in the house of Cornelius, which he began in [Acts 10:34](../10/34.md). ACT 10 42 c1ak figs-activepassive ὅτι οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ ὡρισμένος ὑπὸ τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 that this is the one who has been chosen by God This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that God chose this Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 10 42 ws4t figs-nominaladj ζώντων καὶ νεκρῶν 1 the living and the dead This refers to people who are still living and people who have died. Alternate translation: “the people who are alive and the people who are dead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) ACT 10 43 ub5d τούτῳ πάντες οἱ προφῆται μαρτυροῦσιν 1 It is to him that all the prophets bear witness “All the prophets bear witness to Jesus” ACT 10 43 vq6l figs-activepassive ἄφεσιν ἁμαρτιῶν λαβεῖν ... πάντα τὸν πιστεύοντα εἰς αὐτὸν 1 everyone who believes in him shall receive forgiveness of sins This could be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God will forgive the sins of everyone who believes in Jesus because of what Jesus has done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 10 43 y6d1 figs-metonymy διὰ τοῦ ὀνόματος αὐτοῦ 1 through his name Here “his name” refers to the actions of Jesus. His name means God who saves. Alternate translation: “through what Jesus has done for them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 10 44 cz7x ἐπέπεσε τὸ Πνεῦμα τὸ Ἅγιον 1 the Holy Spirit fell Here the word “fell” means “happened suddenly.” Alternate translation: “the Holy Spirit suddenly came” ACT 10 44 wf7u πάντας τοὺς ἀκούοντας 1 all of those who were listening Here “all” refers to all the Gentiles at the house who were listening to Peter. ACT 10 45 j6wt ἡ δωρεὰ τοῦ Ἁγίου Πνεύματος 1 the gift of the Holy Spirit This refers to the Holy Spirit himself who was given to them. ACT 10 45 g161 figs-activepassive τοῦ Ἁγίου Πνεύματος ἐκκέχυται 1 the Holy Spirit was poured out This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God poured out the Holy Spirit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 10 45 mqs8 figs-metaphor ἐκκέχυται 1 poured out The Holy Spirit is spoken of as if he were something that could be poured out upon people. It implies a generous amount. Alternate translation: “generously given” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 10 45 je22 ἡ δωρεὰ 1 the gift “the free gift” ACT 10 45 f33n καὶ ἐπὶ τὰ ἔθνη 1 also on the Gentiles Here “also” refers to the fact that the Holy Spirit had already been given to the Jewish believers. ACT 10 46 w58d 0 General Information: The words “he” and “him” refer to Peter. ACT 10 46 mpg5 0 Connecting Statement: This is the end of the part of the story about Cornelius. ACT 10 46 p6pa αὐτῶν λαλούντων γλώσσαις, καὶ μεγαλυνόντων τὸν Θεόν 1 Gentiles speak in other languages and praising God These were known spoken languages that caused the Jews to acknowledge that the Gentiles were indeed praising God. ACT 10 47 u5d5 figs-rquestion μήτι τὸ ὕδωρ δύναται κωλῦσαί τις τοῦ μὴ βαπτισθῆναι τούτους, οἵτινες τὸ Πνεῦμα τὸ Ἅγιον ἔλαβον, ὡς καὶ ἡμεῖς 1 Can anyone keep water from these people so they should not be baptized, these people who have received ... we? Peter uses this question to convince the Jewish Christians that the Gentile believers should be baptized. Alternate translation: “No one should keep water from these people! We should baptize them because they have received ... we!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 10 48 t2y9 figs-explicit προσέταξεν ... αὐτοὺς ... βαπτισθῆναι 1 he commanded them to be baptized It is implied that the Jewish Christians were the ones who would baptize them. Alternate translation: “Peter commanded the Gentile believers to allow the Jewish Christians to baptize them” or “Peter commanded the Jewish Christians to baptize them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 10 48 ax6x figs-metonymy ἐν τῷ ὀνόματι Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ βαπτισθῆναι 1 be baptized in the name of Jesus Christ Here “in the name of Jesus Christ” expresses that the reason for their baptism was that they believed in Jesus. Alternate translation: “be baptized as believers in Jesus Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 11 intro hva5 0 # Acts 11 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### “The Gentiles also had received the word of God”<br><br>Almost all of the first believers were Jewish. Luke writes in this chapter that many Gentiles started to believe in Jesus. They believed that the message about Jesus was true and so began to “receive the word of God.” Some of the believers in Jerusalem did not believe that Gentiles could truly follow Jesus, so Peter went to them and told them what had happened to him and how he had seen the Gentiles receive the Word of God and receive the Holy Spirit.<br> ACT 11 1 uw5m 0 General Information: This is the beginning of a new event in the story. ACT 11 1 j7f7 0 Connecting Statement: Peter arrives in Jerusalem and begins talking to the Jews there. ACT 11 1 ab75 writing-newevent δὲ 1 Now This marks a new part of the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) ACT 11 1 f1md οἱ ... ἀδελφοὶ 1 the brothers The phrase “brothers” here refers to the believers in Judea. ACT 11 1 q8wl οἱ ὄντες κατὰ τὴν Ἰουδαίαν 1 who were in Judea “who were in the province of Judea” ACT 11 1 w3rx figs-metonymy ἐδέξαντο τὸν λόγον τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 had received the word of God This expression refers to the fact that the Gentiles believed the gospel message about Jesus. Alternate translation: “believed the message of God about Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 11 2 kb4m ἀνέβη ... εἰς Ἰερουσαλήμ 1 had come up to Jerusalem Jerusalem was higher than almost any other place in Israel, so it was normal for Israelites to speak of coming up to Jerusalem and going down from it. ACT 11 2 yar6 figs-metonymy οἱ ἐκ περιτομῆς 1 they who belonged to the circumcision group This is a reference to some of the Jews who believed that every believer must be circumcised. Alternate translation: “some Jewish believers in Jerusalem who wanted all followers of Christ to be circumcized” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 11 3 ah7v figs-metonymy ἄνδρας, ἀκροβυστίαν ἔχοντας 1 uncircumcised men The phrase “uncircumcised men” refers to Gentiles. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 11 3 t9e1 συνέφαγεν αὐτοῖς 1 ate with them It was against Jewish tradition for Jews to eat with Gentiles. ACT 11 4 lrh6 0 Connecting Statement: Peter responds to the Jews by telling them about his vision and about what had happened at Cornelius’ house. ACT 11 4 bfp5 ἀρξάμενος ... Πέτρος ἐξετίθετο 1 Peter started to explain Peter did not criticize the Jewish believers but reacted in a friendly explanatory manner. ACT 11 4 nuy6 καθεξῆς 1 in detail “exactly what happened” ACT 11 5 j37p ὡς ὀθόνην μεγάλην 1 like a large sheet The container holding the animals had the appearance of a large square piece of cloth. See how you translated this in [Acts 10:11](../10/11.md). ACT 11 5 axu6 τέσσαρσιν ἀρχαῖς 1 by its four corners “with its four corners suspended” or “with its four corners higher than the rest of it.” See how you translated this in [Acts 10:11](../10/11.md). ACT 11 6 lbh4 figs-explicit τετράποδα τῆς γῆς 1 four-legged animals of earth From Peter’s response, it can be implied that the law of Moses commanded the Jews not to eat some of them. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Acts 10:12](../10/12.md). Alternate translation: “animals and birds that the Mosaic laws forbade Jews to eat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 11 6 ew64 θηρία 1 wild beasts This probably refer to the animals people do not or can not tame or control. ACT 11 6 t36i ἑρπετὰ 1 creeping animals These are reptiles. ACT 11 7 i5ic figs-synecdoche ἤκουσα ... φωνῆς 1 I heard a voice The person speaking is not specified. The “voice” was probably God, although it could possibly have been an angel from God. See how you translated “a voice” in [Acts 10:13](../10/13.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ACT 11 8 m4mu μηδαμῶς 1 Not so “I will not do that.” See how you translated this in [Acts 10:14](../10/14.md). ACT 11 8 m5p5 figs-metonymy κοινὸν ἢ ἀκάθαρτον οὐδέποτε εἰσῆλθεν εἰς τὸ στόμα μου 1 nothing unholy or unclean has ever entered into my mouth Apparently the animals in the sheet were animals which the Jewish law in the Old Testament forbade the Jews to eat. This can be said in a positive way. Alternate translation: “I have eaten only meat from holy and clean animals” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) ACT 11 8 kj91 ἀκάθαρτον 1 unclean In the Old Testament Jewish law, a person became ritually “unclean” in various ways, such as eating certain forbidden animals. ACT 11 9 n2gn figs-metonymy ἃ ὁ Θεὸς ἐκαθάρισεν, σὺ μὴ κοίνου 1 What God has declared clean, do not call unclean This refers to the animals in the sheet. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 11 10 xrq6 τοῦτο ... ἐγένετο ἐπὶ τρίς 1 This happened three times It is not likely that everything was repeated three times. This probably means that “What God has cleansed, do not call it defiled” was repeated three times. However, it may be best to simply say “This happened three times” instead of trying to explain in detail. See how you translated “This happened three times” in [Acts 10:16](../10/16.md). ACT 11 11 ias8 figs-exclusive 0 General Information: Here “we” refers to Peter and the believers in Joppa. It does not include his current audience in Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) ACT 11 11 b2qv ἰδοὺ 1 Behold This word alerts us to the new people in the story. Your language may have a way of doing this. ACT 11 11 k44j ἐξαυτῆς 1 right away “immediately” or “at that exact moment” ACT 11 11 qwn5 figs-activepassive ἀπεσταλμένοι 1 they had been sent This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “someone had sent them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 11 12 lf6m μηδὲν διακρίναντα 1 that I should make no distinction regarding them “that I should not be concerned that they were Gentiles” ACT 11 12 cf8x ἦλθον ... σὺν ἐμοὶ ... οἱ ἓξ ἀδελφοὶ οὗτοι 1 These six brothers went with me “These six brothers went with me to Caesarea” ACT 11 12 xrc6 οἱ ἓξ ἀδελφοὶ οὗτοι 1 These six brothers “These six Jewish believers” ACT 11 12 w6ia εἰς τὸν οἶκον τοῦ ἀνδρός 1 into the man’s house This refers to the house of Cornelius. ACT 11 13 few6 Σίμωνα, τὸν ἐπικαλούμενον Πέτρον 1 Simon who is called Peter “Simon who is also called Peter.” See how you translated the same phrase in [Acts 10:32](../10/32.md). ACT 11 14 hpr2 figs-metonymy πᾶς ὁ οἶκός σου 1 all your household This refers to all the people in the household. Alternate translation: “everyone who lives in your house” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 11 15 qy12 figs-inclusive 0 General Information: Here the word “us” refers to Peter, the apostles, and any of the Jewish believers who had received the Holy Spirit at Pentecost. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) ACT 11 15 a8jw ἐν ... τῷ ἄρξασθαί με λαλεῖν, ἐπέπεσεν τὸ Πνεῦμα τὸ Ἅγιον ἐπ’ αὐτοὺς 1 As I began to speak to them, the Holy Spirit came on them This implies that Peter had not finished speaking but had intended to say more. ACT 11 15 ak2p figs-ellipsis ἐπέπεσεν τὸ Πνεῦμα τὸ Ἅγιον ἐπ’ αὐτοὺς, ὥσπερ καὶ ἐφ’ ἡμᾶς ἐν ἀρχῇ 1 the Holy Spirit came on them, just as on us in the beginning Peter leaves out some things to keep the story short. Alternate translation: “the Holy Spirit came on the Gentile believers, just as he came on the Jewish believers at Pentecost” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) ACT 11 15 th4m ἐν ἀρχῇ 1 in the beginning Peter is referring to the day of Pentecost. ACT 11 16 v116 figs-activepassive ὑμεῖς ... βαπτισθήσεσθε ἐν Πνεύματι Ἁγίῳ 1 you shall be baptized in the Holy Spirit This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God will baptize you in the Holy Spirit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 11 17 pe42 figs-inclusive 0 General Information: The word “them” refers to Cornelius and his Gentile guests and household. Peter does not call them Gentiles in his account to the Jewish believers at Jerusalem. The word “they” refers to the Jewish believers to whom Peter spoke. The word “us” includes all of the Jewish believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) ACT 11 17 e576 0 Connecting Statement: Peter finishes his speech (which he began in [Acts 11:4](../11/04.md)) to the Jews about his vision and about what had happened at the house of Cornelius. ACT 11 17 u3nu figs-rquestion εἰ οὖν τὴν ἴσην δωρεὰν ἔδωκεν αὐτοῖς ὁ Θεὸς, ὡς καὶ ἡμῖν πιστεύσασιν ἐπὶ τὸν Κύριον Ἰησοῦν Χριστόν, ἐγὼ τίς ἤμην δυνατὸς κωλῦσαι τὸν Θεόν 1 Then if God gave to them ... who was I, that I could oppose God? Peter uses this question to emphasize that he was only obeying God. Alternate translation: “Since God gave to them ... I decided that I could not oppose God!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ACT 11 17 y7ag τὴν ἴσην δωρεὰν 1 the same gift Peter refers to the gift of the Holy Spirit. ACT 11 18 nr7g ἡσύχασαν 1 they said nothing in response “they did not argue with Peter” ACT 11 18 z3fy figs-abstractnouns καὶ τοῖς ἔθνεσιν ὁ Θεὸς τὴν μετάνοιαν εἰς ζωὴν ἔδωκεν 1 God has given repentance for life to the Gentiles also “God has given repentance that leads to life to the Gentiles also.” Here “life” refers to eternal life. The abstract nouns “repentance” and “life” can be translated as the verbs “repent” and “live.” Alternate translation: “God has allowed the Gentiles also to repent and live eternally” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ACT 11 19 zck4 0 Connecting Statement: Luke tells about what happened to the believers who fled after the stoning of Stephen. ACT 11 19 bwb8 writing-newevent οὖν 1 Now This introduces the new part of the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) ACT 11 19 m3i7 οἱ ... διασπαρέντες ἀπὸ τῆς θλίψεως τῆς γενομένης ἐπὶ Στεφάνῳ, διῆλθον 1 those who had been scattered by the persecution that arose over Stephen spread The Jews began persecuting Jesus’ followers because Stephen had said and done things that the Jews did not like. Because of this persecution, many of Jesus’ followers left Jerusalem and went to many different places. ACT 11 19 w5jn οἱ ... διῆλθον 1 those ... spread “those went in many different directions” ACT 11 19 whm6 figs-activepassive διασπαρέντες ἀπὸ τῆς θλίψεως 1 who had been scattered by the persecution This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “whom the Jews had been persecuting and so had left Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 11 19 vx4b τῆς θλίψεως τῆς γενομένης ἐπὶ Στεφάνῳ 1 the persecution that arose over Stephen the persecution that happened because of what Stephen had said and done ACT 11 19 c8ha εἰ μὴ μόνον Ἰουδαίοις 1 only to Jews The believers thought God’s message was for the Jewish people, and not for the Gentiles. ACT 11 20 mww9 figs-explicit ἐλάλουν καὶ πρὸς τοὺς Ἑλληνιστάς 1 spoke also to Greeks These Greek-speaking people were Gentiles, not Jews. Alternate translation: “also spoke to Gentiles who spoke Greek” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 11 21 aj5g figs-metonymy ἦν χεὶρ Κυρίου μετ’ αὐτῶν 1 The hand of the Lord was with them God’s hand signifies his powerful help. Alternate translation: “God was powerfully enabling those believers to preach effectively” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 11 21 n9pq figs-metaphor ἐπέστρεψεν ἐπὶ τὸν Κύριον 1 turned to the Lord Here “turned to the Lord” is a metaphor for starting to obey the Lord. Alternate translation: “and they repented of their sins and began to obey the Lord” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 11 22 mrg9 0 General Information: In these verses, the word “he” refers to Barnabas. The word “they” refers to the believers of the church at Jerusalem. The words “them” and “their” refer to the new believers ([Acts 11:20](../11/20.md)). ACT 11 22 i7vs figs-metonymy ὦτα τῆς ἐκκλησίας 1 ears of the church Here “ears” refers to the believers’ hearing about the event. Alternate translation: “the believers in the church” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 11 23 b7w7 ἰδὼν τὴν χάριν τὴν τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 saw the grace of God “saw how God acted kindly toward the believers” ACT 11 23 m1q9 παρεκάλει πάντας 1 he encouraged them “he kept on encouraging them” ACT 11 23 qlu4 προσμένειν τῷ Κυρίῳ 1 to remain with the Lord “to remain faithful to the Lord” or “to continue to trust in the Lord” ACT 11 23 bz6w figs-metonymy τῇ προθέσει τῆς καρδίας 1 with all their heart Here the “heart” refers to a person’s will and desire. Alternate translation: “with all their will” or “with complete commitment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 11 24 he5z πλήρης Πνεύματος Ἁγίου 1 full of the Holy Spirit The Holy Spirit controlled Barnabas as he obeyed the Holy Spirit. ACT 11 24 e57t figs-metonymy προσετέθη ὄχλος ἱκανὸς τῷ Κυρίῳ 1 many people were added to the Lord Here “added” means they came to believe the same thing as the others. Alternate translation: “many more people also believed in the Lord” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 11 25 yhl6 0 General Information: Here the word “he” refers to Barnabas and “him” refers to Saul. ACT 11 25 dm92 ἐξῆλθεν ... εἰς Ταρσὸν 1 out to Tarsus “out to the city of Tarsus” ACT 11 26 hu2g καὶ εὑρὼν 1 When he found him It progably took some time and effort for Barnabas to locate Saul. ACT 11 26 wf5l writing-newevent ἐγένετο 1 It came about This begins a new event in the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) ACT 11 26 w4dz αὐτοῖς ... συναχθῆναι ἐν τῇ ἐκκλησίᾳ 1 they gathered together with the church “Barnabas and Saul gathered together with the church” ACT 11 26 x8gx figs-activepassive χρηματίσαι ... ἐν Ἀντιοχείᾳ τοὺς μαθητὰς, Χριστιανούς 1 The disciples were called Christians This implies that other people called the believers by this name. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The people of Antioch called the disciples Christians” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 11 26 r6sl πρώτως ἐν Ἀντιοχείᾳ 1 first in Antioch “for the first time in Antioch” ACT 11 27 pz7y writing-background 0 General Information: Here Luke tells background information about a prophecy in Antioch. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) ACT 11 27 h6zw δὲ 1 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main story-line. ACT 11 27 d8bb κατῆλθον ἀπὸ Ἱεροσολύμων ... εἰς Ἀντιόχειαν 1 came down from Jerusalem to Antioch Jerusalem was higher in elevation than Antioch, so it was normal for Israelites to speak of going up to Jerusalem or going down from it. ACT 11 28 wyk8 ὀνόματι Ἅγαβος 1 Agabus by name “whose name was Agabus” ACT 11 28 q3tl ἐσήμανεν διὰ τοῦ Πνεύματος 1 indicated by the Spirit “the Holy Spirit enabled him to prophesy” ACT 11 28 l3iz λιμὸν μεγάλην μέλλειν ἔσεσθαι 1 a great famine would occur “a great shortage of food would happen” ACT 11 28 pd2t figs-hyperbole ἐφ’ ὅλην τὴν οἰκουμένην 1 over all the world This was a generalization referring to the part of the world that they were interested in. Alternate translation: “all over the inhabited world” or “throughout the Roman Empire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) ACT 11 28 jmc5 figs-explicit ἐπὶ Κλαυδίου 1 in the days of Claudius Luke’s audience would know that Claudius was the emperor of Rome at that time. Alternate translation: “when Claudius was the Roman emperor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 11 29 lhp8 0 General Information: The words “They” and “they” refer to the believers in the church in Antioch ([Acts 11:27](../11/27.md)). ACT 11 29 de92 δὲ 1 So This word means marks an event that happened because of something else that happened first. In this case, they sent money because of Agabus’ prophesy or the famine. ACT 11 29 rk9z καθὼς εὐπορεῖτό τις 1 as each one was able The richer people sent more; the poorer people sent less. ACT 11 29 up7a ἐν τῇ Ἰουδαίᾳ ἀδελφοῖς 1 the brothers in Judea “the believers in Judea” ACT 11 30 l8i8 figs-idiom διὰ χειρὸς Βαρναβᾶ καὶ Σαύλου 1 by the hand of Barnabas and Saul The hand is a synecdoche for the action of the whole person. Alternate translation: “by having Barnabas and Saul take to them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ACT 12 intro f66j 0 # Acts 12 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Chapter 12 tells what happened to King Herod while Barnabas was bringing Saul back from Tarsus and they were delivering money from Antioch Jerusalem (11:25-30). He killed many of the leaders of the church, and he put Peter in prison. After God helped Peter escape the prison, Herod killed the prison guards, and then God killed Herod. In the last verse of the chapter, Luke tells how Barnabas and Saul return to Antioch.<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Personification<br><br>The “word of God” is spoken of as if it were a living thing that could grow and become many. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wordofgod]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])<br> ACT 12 1 u4w7 writing-background 0 General Information: This is background information about Herod’s killing James. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) ACT 12 1 ua9p 0 Connecting Statement: This begins the new persecution, first of James’ death and then of Peter’s imprisonment and then release. ACT 12 1 ti1y writing-newevent δὲ 1 Now This begins a new part of the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) ACT 12 1 f2gr κατ’ ἐκεῖνον ... τὸν καιρὸν 1 about that time This refers to the time of the famine. ACT 12 1 zy6y figs-idiom ἐπέβαλεν ... τὰς χεῖρας ... τινας 1 laid hands on This means Herod had the believers arrested. See how you translated this in [Acts 5:18](../05/18.md). Alternate translation: “sent soldiers to arrest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ACT 12 1 u1gv figs-explicit τινας τῶν ἀπὸ τῆς ἐκκλησίας 1 some who belonged to the church Only James and Peter are specified, which implies that these were leaders of the church in Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 12 1 s7lc κακῶσαί 1 so that he might mistreat them “in order to cause the believers to suffer” ACT 12 2 aw4t ἀνεῖλεν δὲ Ἰάκωβον, τὸν ἀδελφὸν Ἰωάννου, μαχαίρῃ 1 He killed James ... with the sword This tells the manner in which James was killed. ACT 12 2 r1zv figs-metonymy ἀνεῖλεν ... Ἰάκωβον 1 He killed James Possible meanings are 1) Herod himself killed James or 2) Herod ordered someone to kill James. Alternate translation: “Herod gave the order and they killed James” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 12 3 pms7 0 General Information: Here the word “he” refers to Herod ([Acts 12:1](../12/01.md)). ACT 12 3 v4ag ἰδὼν δὲ ὅτι ἀρεστόν ἐστιν τοῖς Ἰουδαίοις 1 After he saw that this pleased the Jews “When Herod realized that putting James to death pleased the Jewish leaders” ACT 12 3 wpm1 ρεστόν ἐστιν τοῖς Ἰουδαίοις 1 pleased the Jews “made the Jewish leaders happy” ACT 12 3 cu7s ὅτι ... ἐστιν 1 That was “Herod did this” or “This happened” ACT 12 3 ly66 ἡμέραι τῶν Ἀζύμων 1 the days of unleavened bread This refers to a time of Jewish religious feast time during the Passover season. Alternate translation: “the festival when the Jewish people ate bread without yeast” ACT 12 4 pps1 τέσσαρσιν τετραδίοις στρατιωτῶν 1 four squads of soldiers “four groups of soldiers.” Each squad had four soldiers that guarded Peter, one group at a time. The groups divided the 24 hour day into four shifts. Each time two soldiers would have been at his side and the other two soldiers by the entrance. ACT 12 4 i23a βουλόμενος ... ἀναγαγεῖν αὐτὸν τῷ λαῷ 1 he was intending to bring him to the people “Herod planned to judge Peter in the presence of the people” or “Herod planned to judge Peter before the Jewish people” ACT 12 5 v2yz figs-activepassive ὁ μὲν οὖν Πέτρος ἐτηρεῖτο ἐν τῇ φυλακῇ 1 So Peter was kept in the prison This implies that the soldiers continually guarded Peter in prison. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “So the soldiers guarded Peter in the prison” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 12 5 f8qc figs-activepassive προσευχὴ ... ἦν ἐκτενῶς γινομένη ὑπὸ τῆς ἐκκλησίας πρὸς τὸν Θεὸν περὶ αὐτοῦ 1 prayer was made earnestly to God for him by those in the church This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the group of believers in Jerusalem earnestly prayed to God for him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 12 5 g189 ἐκτενῶς 1 earnestly continuously and with dedication ACT 12 6 km83 figs-explicit ἤμελλεν προαγαγεῖν αὐτὸν ὁ Ἡρῴδης τῇ νυκτὶ ἐκείνῃ 1 On the night before Herod was going to bring him out for trial That Herod planned to execute him can be clarified. Alternate translation: “The happened on the day before Herod was going to bring Peter out from prison to put him on trial and then to execute him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 12 6 g2bh δεδεμένος ἁλύσεσιν δυσίν 1 bound with two chains “tied with two chains” or “fastened with two chains.” Each chain would have been attached to one of the two guards who stayed beside Peter. ACT 12 6 aqv1 ἐτήρουν τὴν φυλακήν 1 were keeping watch over the prison “were guarding the prison doors” ACT 12 7 kk4i 0 General Information: The words “him” and “his” refer to Peter. ACT 12 7 i7g3 ἰδοὺ 1 Behold This word alerts us to pay attention to the surprising information that follows. ACT 12 7 lu25 ἐπέστη 1 stood by him “next to him” or “beside him” ACT 12 7 z2i1 ἐν τῷ οἰκήματι 1 in the prison cell “in the prison room” ACT 12 7 dc5b πατάξας ... τοῦ Πέτρου 1 He struck Peter “The angel tapped Peter” or “The angel poked Peter.” Peter was evidently sleeping deeply enough that this was required to wake him. ACT 12 7 dqn9 ἐξέπεσαν αὐτοῦ αἱ ἁλύσεις ἐκ τῶν χειρῶν 1 his chains fell off his hands The angel caused the chains to fall from Peter without touching them. ACT 12 8 hxt9 ἐποίησεν ... οὕτως 1 Peter did so “Peter did what the angel told him to do” or “Peter obeyed” ACT 12 9 gx77 0 General Information: Here the word “He” refers to Peter. The words “they” and “They” refer to Peter and the angel. ACT 12 9 sh8k οὐκ ᾔδει 1 He did not know “He did not understand” ACT 12 9 p9ty figs-activepassive ἀληθές ἐστιν τὸ γινόμενον διὰ τοῦ ἀγγέλου 1 what was done by the angel was real This could be changed to active form. Alternate translation: “the actions of the angel were real” or “what the angel did truly happened” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 12 10 r7gy figs-explicit διελθόντες δὲ πρώτην φυλακὴν καὶ δευτέραν 1 After they had passed by the first guard and the second It is implied that the soldiers were not able to see Peter and the angel as they walked by. Alternate translation: “The first and second guards did not see them as they passed by, and then” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 12 10 c18q διελθόντες 1 had passed by “had walked by” ACT 12 10 e36s figs-ellipsis καὶ δευτέραν 1 and the second The word “guard” is understood from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “and the second guard” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) ACT 12 10 y86k ἦλθαν ἐπὶ τὴν πύλην τὴν σιδηρᾶν 1 they came to the iron gate “Peter and the angel arrived at the iron gate” ACT 12 10 if3c τὴν φέρουσαν εἰς τὴν πόλιν 1 that led into the city “that opened to the city” or “that went from the prison to the city” ACT 12 10 i3st figs-rpronouns ἥτις αὐτομάτη ἠνοίγη αὐτοῖς 1 it opened for them by itself Here “by itself” means neither Peter nor the angel opened it. Alternate translation: “the gate swung open for them” or “the gate opened itself for them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) ACT 12 10 j268 προῆλθον ῥύμην μίαν 1 went down a street “walked along a street” ACT 12 10 fl89 εὐθέως ἀπέστη ... ἀπ’ αὐτοῦ 1 left him right away “left Peter suddenly” or “suddenly disappeared” ACT 12 11 wlb6 figs-idiom καὶ ὁ Πέτρος ἐν ἑαυτῷ γενόμενος 1 When Peter came to himself This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “When Peter became fully awake and alert” or “When Peter became aware that what had happened was real” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ACT 12 11 ue4k figs-metonymy ἐξείλατό με ἐκ χειρὸς Ἡρῴδου 1 delivered me out of the hand of Herod Here “the hand of Herod” refers to “Herod’s hold” or “Herod’s plans.” Alternate translation: “brought me from the harm Herod had planned for me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 12 11 hw63 ἐξείλατό με 1 delivered me “rescued me” ACT 12 11 p739 figs-synecdoche πάσης τῆς προσδοκίας τοῦ λαοῦ τῶν Ἰουδαίων 1 everything the Jewish people were expecting Here “the people of the Jews” probably referred mainly to the Jewish leaders. Alternate translation: “all that the Jewish leaders thought would happen to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ACT 12 12 tfh3 συνιδών 1 realized this He became aware that God had rescued him. ACT 12 12 ux4v figs-activepassive Ἰωάννου, τοῦ ἐπικαλουμένου Μάρκου 1 John, also called Mark John was also called Mark. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “John, whom people also called Mark” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 12 13 x5fg 0 General Information: Here the words “she” and “her” all refer to the servant girl Rhoda. Here the words they” and “They” refer to the people who were inside praying ([Acts 12:12](../12/12.md)). ACT 12 13 pfn7 κρούσαντος ... αὐτοῦ 1 he knocked “Peter knocked.” Tapping on the door was a normal Jewish custom to let others know you wish to visit them. You may need to change this to fit your culture. ACT 12 13 c634 τὴν θύραν τοῦ πυλῶνος 1 at the door of the gate “at the outer door” or “at the door of the entrance from the street to the courtyard” ACT 12 13 khq1 προσῆλθε ... ὑπακοῦσαι 1 came to answer “came to the gate to ask who was knocking” ACT 12 14 y2ff ἀπὸ τῆς χαρᾶς 1 out of joy “because she was so joyful” or “being overly excited” ACT 12 14 m3m7 οὐκ ἤνοιξεν τὸν πυλῶνα 1 failed to open the door “did not open the door” or “forgot to open the door” ACT 12 14 ky3p εἰσδραμοῦσα 1 came running into the room You may prefer to say “went running into the room in the house” ACT 12 14 yq3r ἀπήγγειλεν 1 she reported “she told them” or “she said” ACT 12 14 a19k ἑστάναι ... πρὸ τοῦ πυλῶνος 1 standing at the door “standing outside the door.” Peter was still standing outside. ACT 12 15 ybz7 μαίνῃ 1 You are insane The people not only did not believe her, but rebuked her by saying she was crazy. Alternate translation: “You are crazy” ACT 12 15 xnm2 ἡ ... διϊσχυρίζετο οὕτως ἔχειν 1 she insisted that it was so “she insisted that what she said was true” ACT 12 15 en8b οἱ ... ἔλεγον 1 They said “They answered” ACT 12 15 qa8m ὁ ἄγγελός ἐστιν αὐτοῦ 1 It is his angel “What you have seen is Peter’s angel.” Some Jews believed in guardian angels and may have thought that Peter’s angel had come to them. ACT 12 16 wwg1 0 General Information: Here the words “they” and “them” refer to the people in the house. The words “He” and “he” refer to Peter. ACT 12 16 bi6l ὁ δὲ Πέτρος ἐπέμενεν κρούων 1 But Peter continued knocking The word “continued” means that Peter kept knocking the entire time those inside were talking. ACT 12 17 jx1a ἀπαγγείλατε ... ταῦτα 1 Report these things “Tell these things” ACT 12 17 jf16 τοῖς ἀδελφοῖς 1 the brothers “the other believers” ACT 12 18 blx5 0 General Information: The word “him” here refers to Peter. The word “he” refers to Herod. ACT 12 18 ail9 δὲ 1 Now This word is used to mark a break in the story-line. Time has passed; it is now the next day. ACT 12 18 iqv4 γενομένης ... ἡμέρας 1 when it became day “in the morning” ACT 12 18 zl7i figs-litotes ἦν τάραχος οὐκ ὀλίγος ἐν τοῖς στρατιώταις, τί ἄρα ὁ Πέτρος ἐγένετο 1 there was no small disturbance among the soldiers over what had happened to Peter This phrase is used to emphasize what really happened. This could be said in a positive way. Alternate translation: “there was a great disturbance among the soldiers over what had happened to Peter” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) ACT 12 18 ilz4 figs-abstractnouns ἦν τάραχος οὐκ ὀλίγος ἐν τοῖς στρατιώταις, τί ἄρα ὁ Πέτρος ἐγένετο 1 there was no small disturbance among the soldiers over what had happened to Peter The abstract noun “disturbance” can be expressed with the words “disturbed” or “upset.” Alternate translation: “the soldiers were very disturbed about what had happened to Peter” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ACT 12 19 twr1 Ἡρῴδης δὲ ἐπιζητήσας αὐτὸν καὶ μὴ εὑρὼν 1 After Herod had searched for him and could not find him “After Herod searched for Peter and could not find him” ACT 12 19 pz6v Ἡρῴδης δὲ ἐπιζητήσας αὐτὸν 1 After Herod had searched for him Possible meanings are that 1) “when Herod heard Peter was missing, he went himself to search the prison” or 2) “when Herod heard Peter was missing, he sent other soldiers to search the prison.” ACT 12 19 c69i ἀνακρίνας τοὺς φύλακας, ἐκέλευσεν ἀπαχθῆναι 1 he questioned the guards and ordered them to be put to death It was the normal punishment for the Roman government to kill the guards if their prisoner escaped. ACT 12 19 br16 καὶ κατελθὼν 1 Then he went down The phrase “went down” is used here because Caesarea is lower in elevation than Judea. ACT 12 20 n2lw 0 Connecting Statement: Luke continues with another event in Herod’s life. ACT 12 20 aip7 writing-newevent δὲ 1 Now This word is used here to mark the next event in the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) ACT 12 20 gxs4 figs-hyperbole ὁμοθυμαδὸν ... παρῆσαν πρὸς αὐτόν 1 They went to him together Here the word “They” is a generalization. It is unlikely that all the people of Tyre and Sidon went to Herod. Alternate translation: “Men representing the people of Tyre and Sidon went together to talk with Herod” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) ACT 12 20 t6mi πείσαντες Βλάστον 1 They persuaded Blastus “These men persuaded Blastus” ACT 12 20 qsg4 translate-names Βλάστον 1 Blastus Blastus was an assistant to or an officer of King Herod. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 12 20 l5r1 ᾐτοῦντο εἰρήνην 1 they asked for peace “these men requested peace” ACT 12 20 j253 figs-explicit τὸ τρέφεσθαι αὐτῶν τὴν χώραν ἀπὸ τῆς βασιλικῆς 1 their country received its food from the king’s country They probably purchased this food. Alternate translation: “the people of Tyre and Sidon bought all their food from the people that Herod ruled” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 12 20 dy51 figs-explicit τὸ τρέφεσθαι αὐτῶν 1 received its food It is implied that Herod restricted this supply of food because he was angry with the people of Tyre and Sidon. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 12 21 e3w9 τακτῇ ... ἡμέρᾳ 1 On a set day This was probably the day on which Herod agreed to meet with the representatives. Alternate translation: “On the day when Herod agreed to meet them” ACT 12 21 kv7g ἐσθῆτα βασιλικὴν 1 royal clothing expensive clothing that would demonstrate he was the king ACT 12 21 g6ir καθίσας ἐπὶ τοῦ βήματο 1 sat on a throne This was where Herod formally addressed people who came to see him. ACT 12 22 ze1s 0 Connecting Statement: This is the end of the part of the story about Herod. ACT 12 23 b4bc παραχρῆμα ... ἄγγελος 1 Immediately an angel “Right away an angel” or “While the people were praising Herod, an angel” ACT 12 23 b5s9 ἐπάταξεν αὐτὸν 1 struck him “afflicted Herod” or “caused Herod to become very ill” ACT 12 23 iw57 οὐκ ἔδωκεν τὴν δόξαν τῷ Θεῷ 1 he did not give God the glory Herod let those people worship him instead of telling them to worship God. ACT 12 23 d419 figs-activepassive γενόμενος σκωληκόβρωτος, ἐξέψυξεν 1 he was eaten by worms and died Here “worms” refers to worms inside the body, probably intestinal worms. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “worms ate Herod’s insides and he died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 12 24 j2un writing-endofstory 0 Verse 24 continues the history from verse 23. Verse 25 continues the history from 11:30. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-endofstory]]) ACT 12 24 m1sw figs-metaphor ὁ ... λόγος τοῦ Θεοῦ ηὔξανεν καὶ ἐπληθύνετο 1 the word of God increased and multiplied The word of God is spoken of as if it was a living plant that was able to grow and reproduce. Alternate translation: “the message of God spread to more places and more people believed in him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 12 24 wn8m ὁ ... λόγος τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 the word of God “the message God sent about Jesus” ACT 12 25 pv6a figs-explicit πληρώσαντες τὴν διακονίαν 1 completed their mission This refers back to when they brought money from the believers at Antioch in [Acts 11:29-30](../11/29.md). Alternate translation: “delivered the money to the church leaders in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 12 25 t7d8 figs-explicit ὑπέστρεψαν εἰς Ἰερουσαλὴμ 1 they returned from Jerusalem They went back to Antioch from Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “Barnabas and Saul returned to Antioch” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 13 intro rlh6 0 # Acts 13 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set quotations from the Old Testament farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. The ULT does this with the three quotes from Psalms in 13:33-35.<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry that is quoted from the Old Testament in 13:41.<br><br>The chapter is where the second half of the Book of Acts begins. Luke writes more about Paul than about Peter, and it describes how it is the Gentiles and not the Jews to whom the believers tell the message about Jesus.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### A light for the Gentiles<br><br>The Bible often speaks of unrighteous people, people who do not do what pleases God, as if they were walking around in darkness. It speaks of light as if it were what enables those sinful people to become righteous, to understand what they are doing wrong and begin to obey God. The Jews considered all Gentiles as walking in darkness, but Paul and Barnabas spoke of telling the Gentiles about Jesus as if they were going to bring them physical light. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]])<br> ACT 13 1 ce7s writing-background 0 General Information: Verse 1 gives background information about the people in the church at Antioch. Here the first word “they” probably refers to these five leaders but may also include the other believers. The next words “they” and “their” probably refer to the other three leaders not including Barnabas and Saul but could include other believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) ACT 13 1 qa2i 0 Connecting Statement: Luke begins to tell about the mission trips on which the church at Antioch send Barnabas and Saul. ACT 13 1 rej8 δὲ ἐν Ἀντιοχείᾳ κατὰ τὴν οὖσαν ἐκκλησίαν 1 Now in the church in Antioch “At that time in the church at Antioch” ACT 13 1 srw6 translate-names Συμεὼν ... Νίγερ ... Λούκιος ... Μαναήν 1 Simeon ... Niger ... Lucius ... Manaen These are men’s names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 13 1 u48c Ἡρῴδου τοῦ τετράρχου σύντροφος 1 foster brother of Herod the tetrarch Manaen was probably Herod’s playmate or close friend growing up. ACT 13 2 ifb9 ἀφορίσατε ... μο 1 Set apart for me “Appoint to serve me” ACT 13 2 j6ym προσκέκλημαι αὐτούς 1 I have called them The verb here means that God chose them to do this work. ACT 13 3 ku45 translate-symaction ἐπιθέντες τὰς χεῖρας αὐτοῖς 1 laid their hands on these men “laid their hands on these men whom God had set apart for his service.” This act showed that the leaders agreed that the Holy Spirit had called Barnabas and Saul to do this work. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) ACT 13 3 p1us ἀπέλυσαν 1 sent them off “sent those men off” or “sent those men off to do the work the Holy Spirit told them to do” ACT 13 4 br2m 0 General Information: Here the words “they,” “They,” and “their” refer to Barnabas and Silas. ACT 13 4 mt3h οὖν 1 So This word marks an event that happened because of a previous event. In this case, the previous event is Barnabas and Saul being set apart by the Holy Spirit. ACT 13 4 iyh8 κατῆλθον 1 went down The phrase “went down” is used here because Seleucia is lower in elevation than Antioch. ACT 13 4 d1q5 Σελεύκιαν 1 Seleucia a city by the sea ACT 13 5 at85 Σαλαμῖνι 1 city of Salamis The city of Salamis was on Cyprus Island. ACT 13 5 ct8b figs-synecdoche κατήγγελλον τὸν λόγον τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 proclaimed the word of God “Word of God” here is a synecdoche for “message of God.” Alternate translation: “proclaimed the message of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ACT 13 5 p5t3 συναγωγαῖς τῶν Ἰουδαίων 1 synagogues of the Jews Possible meanings are that 1) “there were multiple Jewish synagogues in the city of Salamis where Barnabas and Saul preached” or 2) “Barnabas and Saul started at the synagogue at Salamis and continued to preach in all the synagogues they found while they traveled around the Island of Cyprus.” ACT 13 5 sxw6 εἶχον δὲ καὶ Ἰωάννην, ὑπηρέτην 1 They also had John Mark as their assistant “John Mark went with them and was helping them” ACT 13 5 ukx2 ὑπηρέτην 1 assistant “helper” ACT 13 6 h9he 0 General Information: Here the word “they” refers to Paul, Silas, and John Mark.The words “This man” refer to “Sergius Paulus.” The first word “he” refers to Sergius Paulus, the proconsul; the second word “he” refers to Elymas (also called Bar-Jesus), the magician. ACT 13 6 ja1i ὅλην τὴν νῆσον 1 the whole island They crossed from one side of the island to the other and shared the gospel message in each town they passed through. ACT 13 6 cl2z Πάφου 1 Paphos a major city on Cyprus island where the proconsul lived ACT 13 6 zf3b εὗρον 1 they found Here “found” means they came upon him without looking for him. Alternate translation: “they met” or “they came upon” ACT 13 6 xe7h ἄνδρα, τινὰ μάγον 1 a certain magician “a particular person who practices witchcraft” or “a person who practices supernatural magic arts” ACT 13 6 ak38 translate-names ᾧ ὄνομα Βαριησοῦς 1 whose name was Bar Jesus “Bar Jesus” means “Son of Jesus.” There is no relation between this man and Jesus Christ. Jesus was a common name at that time. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 13 7 bee2 σὺν 1 associated with “was often with” or “was often in the company of” ACT 13 7 s1su ἀνθυπάτῳ 1 proconsul This was a governor in charge of a Roman province. Alternate translation: “governor” ACT 13 7 h5xx writing-background ἀνδρὶ συνετῷ 1 who was an intelligent man This is background information about Sergius Paulus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) ACT 13 8 lp2u translate-names Ἐλύμας ὁ μάγος 1 Elymas “the magician” This was Bar-Jesus, who was also called “the magician.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 13 8 qw4j οὕτως ... μεθερμηνεύεται τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ 1 that is how his name is translated “that was what he was called in Greek” ACT 13 8 n23s ἀνθίστατο ... αὐτοῖς ... ζητῶν διαστρέψαι 1 opposed them; he tried to turn “resisted them by trying to turn” or “attempted to stop them by trying to turn” ACT 13 8 w2xt figs-metaphor ζητῶν διαστρέψαι τὸν ἀνθύπατον ἀπὸ τῆς πίστεως 1 tried to turn the proconsul away from the faith Here “to turn ... away from” is a metaphor for convincing someone to not do something. Alternate translation: “attempted to persuade the governor not to believe the gospel message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 13 9 gws2 0 General Information: The word “him” refers to the magician Elymas, who is also called Bar Jesus ([Acts 13:6-8](./06.md)). ACT 13 9 nau1 0 Connecting Statement: While on the island of Paphos, Paul begins to talk to Elymas. ACT 13 9 ey6d figs-activepassive Σαῦλος ... ὁ καὶ Παῦλος 1 Saul, who is also called Paul “Saul” as his Jewish name, and “Paul” was his Roman name. Since he was speaking to a Roman official, he used his Roman name. Alternate translation: “Saul, who now called himself Paul” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 13 9 xjy9 ἀτενίσας εἰς αὐτὸν 1 stared at him intensely “looked at him intensely” ACT 13 10 d2pk figs-metonymy υἱὲ διαβόλου 1 You son of the devil Paul is saying the man is acting like the devil. Alternate translation: “You are like the devil” or “You act like the devil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 13 10 r8x2 ὦ πλήρης παντὸς δόλου καὶ πάσης ῥᾳδιουργίας 1 you are full of all kinds of deceit and wickedness “you are always intent in causing others to believe what is not true using falsehood and always doing what is wrong” ACT 13 10 pyu7 ῥᾳδιουργίας 1 wickedness In this context it means to be lazy and not diligent in following God’s law. ACT 13 10 hlq9 ἐχθρὲ πάσης δικαιοσύνης 1 You are an enemy of every kind of righteousness Paul is grouping Elymas with the devil. Just as the devil is an enemy of God and is against righteousness, so also was Elymas. ACT 13 10 bc9p figs-rquestion οὐ παύσῃ διαστρέφων τὰς ὁδοὺς τοῦ Κυρίου τὰς εὐθείας 1 You will never stop twisting the straight paths of the Lord, will you? Paul uses this question to rebuke Elymas for opposing God. Alternate translation: “You are always saying that the truth about the Lord God is false!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ACT 13 10 p8sa figs-idiom τὰς ὁδοὺς τοῦ Κυρίου τὰς εὐθείας 1 the straight paths of the Lord Here “straight paths” refer to the ways that are true. Alternate translation: “the true ways of the Lord” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ACT 13 11 k51g 0 General Information: The words “you” and “him” refer to Elymas the magician. The word “he” refers to the Sergius Paulus, proconsul (governor of Paphos). ACT 13 11 pey7 0 Connecting Statement: Paul finishes speaking to Elymas. ACT 13 11 xul9 figs-metonymy χεὶρ Κυρίου ἐπὶ σέ 1 the hand of the Lord is upon you Here “hand’ represents the power of God and “upon you” implies punishment. Alternate translation: “The Lord will punish you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 13 11 rse8 figs-activepassive ἔσῃ τυφλὸς 1 you will become blind This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God will make you blind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 13 11 w3gh μὴ βλέπων τὸν ἥλιον 1 You will not see the sun Elymas will be so completely blind that he not even be able to see the sun. Alternate translation: “You will not even see the sun” ACT 13 11 b5b8 ἄχρι καιροῦ 1 for a while “for a period of time” or “until the time appointed by God” ACT 13 11 t7j1 ἔπεσεν ἐπ’ αὐτὸν ἀχλὺς καὶ σκότος 1 there fell on Elymas a mist and darkness “the eyes of Elymas became blurry and then dark” or “Elymas started seeing unclearly and then he could not see anything” ACT 13 11 a7es περιάγων 1 he started going around “Elymas wandered around” or “Elymas started feeling around and” ACT 13 12 x9fl ἀνθύπατος 1 proconsul This was a governor in charge of a Roman province. Alternate translation: “governor” ACT 13 12 pyh7 ἐπίστευσεν 1 he believed “he believed in Jesus” ACT 13 12 twa8 figs-activepassive ἐκπλησσόμενος ἐπὶ τῇ διδαχῇ τοῦ Κυρίου 1 he was astonished at the teaching about the Lord This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the teaching about the Lord amazed him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 13 13 i65t writing-background 0 General Information: Verses 13 and 14 give background information about this part of the story. “Paul and his friends” were Barnabas and John Mark (also called John). From this point on, Saul is called Paul in Acts. Paul’s name is listed first which indicates that he had become the leader of the group. It is important to keep this order in the translation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) ACT 13 13 rk3k 0 Connecting Statement: This is a new part of the story about Paul in Antioch in Pisidia. ACT 13 13 r9hi δὲ 1 Now This marks the beginning of a new part of the story. ACT 13 13 k4s9 ἀναχθέντες ... ἀπὸ τῆς Πάφου 1 set sail from Paphos “traveled by sailboat from Paphos” ACT 13 13 h1cb ἦλθον εἰς Πέργην τῆς Παμφυλίας 1 came to Perga in Pamphylia “arrived in Perga which is in Pamphylia” ACT 13 13 g6l5 Ἰωάννης δὲ ἀποχωρήσας ἀπ’ αὐτῶν 1 But John left them “But John Mark left Paul and Barnabas” ACT 13 14 vrp1 Ἀντιόχειαν τὴν Πισιδίαν 1 Antioch of Pisidia “the city of Antioch in the district of Pisidia” ACT 13 15 dnb4 figs-synecdoche μετὰ δὲ τὴν ἀνάγνωσιν τοῦ νόμου καὶ τῶν προφητῶν 1 After the reading of the law and the prophets The “law and the prophets” refer to parts of the Jewish scriptures which were read. Alternate translation: “After someone read from the books of the law and the writings of the prophets” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ACT 13 15 z7bh ἀπέστειλαν ... πρὸς αὐτοὺς λέγοντες 1 sent them a message, saying “told someone to say” or “asked someone to say” ACT 13 15 td4h ἀδελφοί 1 Brothers The term “brothers” is here used by the people in the synagogue to refer to Paul and Barnabas as fellow Jews. ACT 13 15 jru8 εἴ τίς ἐστιν ἐν ὑμῖν λόγος παρακλήσεως 1 if you have any message of encouragement “if you want to say anything to encourage us” ACT 13 15 kj1h λέγετε 1 say it “please speak it” or “please tell it to us” ACT 13 16 tbc4 figs-inclusive 0 General Information: The first word “he” refers to Paul. The second word “he” refers to God. Here the word “our” refers to Paul and his fellow Jews. The words “they” and “them” refer to the Israelites. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) ACT 13 16 p93q 0 Connecting Statement: Paul begins his speech to those in the synagogue in Pisidian Antioch. He begins by talking about things that happened in Israel’s history. ACT 13 16 i8pz translate-symaction κατασείσας τῇ χειρὶ 1 motioned with his hand This could refer to moving his hands as a signal that he was ready to speak. Alternate translation: “moved his hands to show that he was about to speak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) ACT 13 16 rh93 οἱ φοβούμενοι τὸν Θεόν 1 you who honor God This refers to Gentiles who had converted to Judaism. “you who are not Israelites but who worship God” ACT 13 16 ah55 τὸν Θεόν, ἀκούσατε 1 God, listen “God, listen to me” or “God, listen to what I am about to say” ACT 13 17 se2b ὁ Θεὸς τοῦ λαοῦ τούτου Ἰσραὴλ 1 The God of this people Israel “The God the people of Israel worship” ACT 13 17 l9cn τοὺς πατέρας ἡμῶν 1 our fathers “our ancestors” ACT 13 17 aaj5 τὸν λαὸν ὕψωσεν 1 made the people numerous “caused them to become very numerous” ACT 13 17 vw4z figs-metonymy μετὰ βραχίονος ὑψηλοῦ 1 with an uplifted arm This refers to God’s mighty power. Alternate translation: “with great power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 13 17 b74t ἐξ αὐτῆς 1 out of it “out from the land of Egypt” ACT 13 18 zv9e ἐτροποφόρησεν αὐτοὺς 1 he put up with them This means “he tolerated them.” Some versions have a different word that means “he took care of them.” Alternate translation: “God endured their disobedience” or “God took care of them” ACT 13 19 nvp7 figs-inclusive 0 General Information: Here the word “he” refers to God. The words “their land” refer to the land the seven nations had previously occupied. The word “them” refers to the people of Israel. The word “our” refers to Paul and his audience. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) ACT 13 19 h5qg ἔθνη 1 nations Here the word “nations” refers to different people groups and not to geographical boundaries. ACT 13 20 m4jd ὡς ἔτεσι τετρακοσίοις καὶ πεντήκοντα 1 took place over four hundred and fifty years “took more than 450 years to accomplish” ACT 13 20 qmc8 ἕως Σαμουὴλ προφήτου 1 until Samuel the prophet “until the time of the prophet Samuel” ACT 13 21 akg6 0 General Information: The quotation here is from the history of Samuel and from a Psalm of Ethan in the Old Testament. ACT 13 21 yxi8 ἔτη τεσσεράκοντα 1 for forty years “to be their king for forty years” ACT 13 22 z4x3 μεταστήσας αὐτὸν 1 removed him from the kingship This expression means God caused Saul to stop being king. Alternate translation: “rejected Saul from being king” ACT 13 22 bsp6 ἤγειρεν τὸν Δαυεὶδ αὐτοῖς εἰς βασιλέα 1 he raised up David to be their king “God chose David to be their king” ACT 13 22 iyd6 βασιλέα 1 their king “the king of Israel” or “the king over the Israelites” ACT 13 22 sw2r ᾧ ... εἶπεν 1 It was about David that God said “God said this about David” ACT 13 22 dbu5 εὗρον 1 I have found “I have observed that” ACT 13 22 mp53 figs-idiom ἄνδρα κατὰ τὴν καρδίαν μου 1 to be a man after my heart This expression means he “is a man who wants what I want.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ACT 13 23 lby6 0 General Information: The quotation here is from the Gospels. ACT 13 23 xj5a τούτου ... ἀπὸ τοῦ σπέρματος 1 From this man’s descendants “From David’s descendants.” This is placed at the beginning of the sentence to emphasize that the savior had to be one of David’s descendants ([Acts 13:22](../13/22.md)). ACT 13 23 kc76 figs-metonymy ἤγαγεν τῷ Ἰσραὴλ 1 brought to Israel This refers to the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “gave to the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 13 23 mk5g κατ’ ἐπαγγελίαν 1 as he promised to do “just as God promised he would do” ACT 13 24 x892 figs-abstractnouns βάπτισμα μετανοίας 1 the baptism of repentance You can translate the word “repentance” as the verb “repent.” Alternate translation: “the baptism to repent” or “the baptism that people requested when they wanted to repent for their sin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ACT 13 25 vww3 figs-rquestion τί ἐμὲ ὑπονοεῖτε εἶναι? 1 Who do you think I am? John asked this question to compel the people to think about who he was. Alternate translation: “Think about who I am” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ACT 13 25 rp32 figs-explicit οὐκ εἰμὶ ἐγώ 1 I am not the one John was referring to the Messiah, whom they were expecting to come. Alternate translation: “I am not the Messiah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 13 25 nnl5 ἀλλ’ ἰδοὺ 1 But listen This emphasizes the importance of what he will say next. ACT 13 25 r1pl figs-explicit ἔρχεται μετ’ ἐμὲ 1 one is coming after me This also refers to the Messiah. Alternate translation: “The Messiah will soon come” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 13 25 gys2 οὗ οὐκ εἰμὶ ἄξιος τὸ ὑπόδημα τῶν ποδῶν λῦσαι 1 the shoes of whose feet I am not worthy to untie “I am not worthy even to untie his shoes.” The Messiah is so much greater than John that he did not even feel worthy do the lowest job for him. ACT 13 26 jdp6 figs-inclusive 0 General Information: The word “they” and “their” refers to the Jews who lived in Jerusalem. Here the word “us” includes Paul and his entire audience in the synagogue. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) ACT 13 26 kci9 ἀδελφοί, υἱοὶ γένους Ἀβραὰμ, καὶ οἱ ἐν ὑμῖν φοβούμενοι τὸν Θεό 1 Brothers, children of the line of Abraham ... who worship God Paul addresses his audience of Jews and Gentile converts to Judaism to remind them of their special status as worshiping the true God. ACT 13 26 u6zn figs-activepassive ὁ λόγος τῆς σωτηρίας ταύτης ἐξαπεστάλη 1 the message about this salvation has been sent This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God has sent the message about this salvation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 13 26 v6r3 figs-abstractnouns τῆς σωτηρίας ταύτης 1 about this salvation The word “salvation” can be translated with the verb “save.” Alternate translation: “that God will save people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ACT 13 27 psk5 τοῦτον ἀγνοήσαντες 1 did not recognize him “did not realize that this man Jesus was the one whom God had sent to save them” ACT 13 27 ri1f figs-metonymy τὰς φωνὰς τῶν προφητῶν 1 sayings of the prophets Here the word “sayings” represents the message of the prophets. Alternate translation: “the writings of the prophets” or “the message of the prophets” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 13 27 m4tz figs-activepassive τὰς ... ἀναγινωσκομένας 1 that are read This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “which someone reads” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 13 27 rle6 τὰς φωνὰς τῶν προφητῶν ... ἐπλήρωσαν 1 they fulfilled sayings of the prophets “they actually did just what the prophets said they would do in the books of the prophets” ACT 13 28 v3hw 0 General Information: Here the word “they” refers to the Jewish people and their religious leaders in Jerusalem. The word him” here refers to Jesus. ACT 13 28 y9j6 μηδεμίαν αἰτίαν θανάτου εὑρόντες 1 they found no reason for death “they did not find any reason why anyone should kill Jesus” ACT 13 28 d4xm ᾐτήσαντο Πειλᾶτον 1 they asked Pilate The word “asked” here is a strong word meaning to demand, beg or plead for. ACT 13 29 sq1j ὡς δὲ ἐτέλεσαν πάντα τὰ περὶ αὐτοῦ γεγραμμένα 1 When they had completed all the things that were written about him “When thy did to Jesus all the things that the prophets said would happen to him” ACT 13 29 m5f1 figs-explicit καθελόντες ἀπὸ τοῦ ξύλου 1 they took him down from the tree It may be helpful to explicitly say Jesus died before this happened. Alternate translation: “they killed Jesus and then took him down from the cross after he died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 13 29 vwt4 figs-explicit ἀπὸ τοῦ ξύλου 1 from the tree “from the cross.” This was another way people at that time referred to the cross. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 13 30 h5jw ὁ δὲ Θεὸς ἤγειρεν αὐτὸν 1 But God raised him “But” indicates a strong contrast between what the people did and what God did. ACT 13 30 mqx8 ἤγειρεν αὐτὸν ἐκ νεκρῶν 1 raised him from the dead “raised him from among those who were dead.” To be with “the dead” means that Jesus was dead. ACT 13 30 zsx4 figs-idiom ἤγειρεν αὐτὸν 1 raised him Here, to raise up is an idiom for causing someone who has died to become alive again. Alternate translation: “caused him to live again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ACT 13 30 d14p ἐκ νεκρῶν 1 from the dead From among all those who have died. This expression describes all dead people together in the underworld. To raise someone from among them speaks of making that person alive again. ACT 13 31 ig7w figs-activepassive ὃς ὤφθη ἐπὶ ἡμέρας πλείους τοῖς συναναβᾶσιν αὐτῷ ἀπὸ τῆς Γαλιλαίας εἰς Ἰερουσαλήμ 1 He was seen ... Galilee to Jerusalem This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The disciples who traveled with Jesus from Galilee to Jerusalem saw him for many days” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 13 31 g4vl ἡμέρας πλείους 1 many days We know from other writings that this period was 40 days. Translate “many days” with a term that would be appropriate for that length of time. ACT 13 31 vqj4 νῦν εἰσιν μάρτυρες αὐτοῦ πρὸς τὸν λαόν 1 are now his witnesses to the people “are now testifying to the people about Jesus” or “are now telling the people about Jesus” ACT 13 32 ipb9 0 General Information: The second quotation here is from the prophet Isaiah. ACT 13 32 y273 καὶ 1 So This word marks an event that happened because of previous event. In this case, the previous event is God’s raising Jesus from the dead. ACT 13 32 hr2g τοὺς πατέρας 1 our fathers “our ancestors.” Paul is still speaking to the Jews and Gentile converts in the synagogue at Antioch of Pisidia. These were the physical ancestors of the Jews, and the spiritual ancestors of the converts. ACT 13 33 b1uh translate:translate_versebridge ἐκπεπλήρωκεν τοῖς τέκνοις ἡμῶν, ἀναστήσας 1 he has fulfilled for us, their children, by You may need to rearrange the parts of this sentence, which begins in verse 32. “God has fulfilled for us, their children, these promises that he made to our ancestors, by” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate:translate_versebridge]]) ACT 13 33 dy6w τοῖς τέκνοις ἡμῶν 1 for us, their children “for us, who are the children of our ancestors.” Paul is still speaking to the Jews and Gentile converts in the synagogue at Antioch of Pisidia. These were the physical ancestors of the Jews, and the spiritual ancestors of the converts. ACT 13 33 d95n figs-idiom ἀναστήσας Ἰησοῦν 1 by raising up Jesus Here to raise up is an idiom for causing someone who has died to become alive again. Alternate translation: “by making Jesus alive again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ACT 13 33 y3tz ὡς ... ἐν τῷ ψαλμῷ γέγραπται τῷ δευτέρῳ 1 As it is written in the second Psalm “This is what was written in the second Psalm” ACT 13 33 h9ir τῷ ψαλμῷ ... τῷ δευτέρῳ 1 the second Psalm “Psalm 2” ACT 13 33 tla1 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Υἱός ... γεγέννηκά σε 1 Son ... Father These are important titles that describe the relationship between Jesus and God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) ACT 13 34 iy5q ὅτι δὲ ἀνέστησεν αὐτὸν ἐκ νεκρῶν, μηκέτι μέλλοντα ὑποστρέφειν εἰς διαφθοράν, οὕτως εἴρηκεν 1 The fact that he raised him up from the dead so that his body would never decay, God has spoken in this way “God spoke these words about his making Jesus alive again so that he would never die again” ACT 13 34 h3nj ἐκ νεκρῶν 1 from the dead From among all those who have died. This expression describes all dead people together in the underworld. To come back from among them speaks of becoming alive again. ACT 13 34 q3kq τὰ ὅσια ... τὰ πιστά 1 sure blessings “certain blessings” ACT 13 35 r1ev figs-explicit διότι καὶ ἐν ἑτέρῳ λέγει 1 This is why he also says in another Psalm Paul’s audience would have understood that this Psalm refers to the Messiah. Alternate translation: “In another Psalm of David, he also says about the Messiah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 13 35 gl8s καὶ ... λέγει 1 he also says “David also says.” David is the author of Psalm 16 from which this quotation is taken. ACT 13 35 hvt8 figs-metonymy οὐ δώσεις τὸν Ὅσιόν σου ἰδεῖν διαφθοράν 1 You will not allow your Holy One to see decay The phrase “see decay” is a metonym for “decay.” Alternate translation: “You will not allow the body of your Holy One to rot” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 13 35 ry97 οὐ δώσεις 1 You will not allow David is speaking to God here. ACT 13 36 u8vh ἰδίᾳ γενεᾷ 1 in his own generation “during his lifetime” ACT 13 36 m5wx ὑπηρετήσας τῇ τοῦ Θεοῦ βουλῇ 1 served the desires of God “did what God wanted him to do” or “did what pleased God” ACT 13 36 rpb4 figs-euphemism ἐκοιμήθη 1 he fell asleep This was a polite way to refer to death. Alternate translation: “he died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) ACT 13 36 nwy9 προσετέθη πρὸς τοὺς πατέρας αὐτοῦ 1 was laid with his fathers “was buried with his ancestors who had died” ACT 13 36 la5s figs-metonymy εἶδεν διαφθοράν 1 experienced decay The phrase “experienced decay” is a metonym for “his body decayed.” Alternate translation: “his body rotted” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 13 37 bmw3 ὃν δὲ 1 But he whom “but Jesus whom” ACT 13 37 n9pl figs-idiom ὁ Θεὸς ἤγειρεν 1 God raised up Here to raise up is an idiom for causing someone who has died to become alive again. Alternate translation: “God caused to live again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ACT 13 37 j52x figs-metonymy οὐκ εἶδεν διαφθοράν 1 experienced no decay The phrase “experienced no decay” is a way to say “his body did not decay.” Alternate translation: “did not rot” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 13 38 ki8q 0 General Information: Here the word “him” refers to Jesus. ACT 13 38 yg35 γνωστὸν ... ἔστω ὑμῖν 1 let it be known to you “know this” or “this is important for you to know” ACT 13 38 qy18 ἀδελφοί 1 brothers Paul uses this term because they are his fellow-Jews and followers of Judaism. They are not Christian believers at this point. Alternate translation: “my fellow Israelites and other friends” ACT 13 38 t3i5 figs-activepassive ὅτι διὰ τούτου, ὑμῖν ἄφεσις ἁμαρτιῶν καταγγέλλεται 1 that through this man is proclaimed to you forgiveness of sins This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that we proclaim to you that your sins can be forgiven through Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 13 38 w7y1 figs-abstractnouns ἄφεσις ἁμαρτιῶν 1 forgiveness of sins The abstract noun “forgiveness” can be translated with the verb “to forgive.” Alternate translation: “that God can forgive your sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ACT 13 39 j6rr ἐν τούτῳ πᾶς ὁ πιστεύων 1 By him every one who believes “By him every person who believes” or “Every one who believes in him” ACT 13 39 g5h9 figs-activepassive ἐν τούτῳ πᾶς ὁ πιστεύων δικαιοῦται 1 By him every one who believes is justified This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Jesus justifies everyone who believes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 13 40 kk1j 0 General Information: In his message to the people in the synagogue, Paul quotes the prophet Habakkuk. Here the word “I” refers to God. ACT 13 40 zx6p 0 Connecting Statement: Paul finishes his speech in the synagogue in Pisidian Antioch, which he began in [Acts 13:16](../13/16.md). ACT 13 40 y2kg figs-explicit βλέπετε 1 be careful It is implied that the thing they should be careful about is Paul’s message. Alternate translation: “give close attention to the things I have said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 13 40 tt1x τὸ εἰρημένον ἐν τοῖς προφήταις 1 that the thing the prophets spoke about “so that what the prophets spoke about” ACT 13 41 tqk5 ἴδετε, οἱ καταφρονηταί 1 Look, you despisers “you who feel contempt” or “you who ridicule” ACT 13 41 ky3s θαυμάσατε 1 be astonished “be amazed” or “be shocked” ACT 13 41 ilh2 καὶ ἀφανίσθητε 1 then perish “then die” ACT 13 41 dvn1 ἔργον ἐργάζομαι 1 am doing a work “am doing something” or “am doing a deed” ACT 13 41 nm2q ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις ὑμῶν 1 in your days “during your lifetime” ACT 13 41 w6tq ἔργον ὃ 1 A work that “I am doing something which” ACT 13 41 p4c2 ἐάν τις ἐκδιηγῆται ὑμῖν 1 even if someone announces it to you “even if someone tells you about it” ACT 13 42 ax8v ἐξιόντων δὲ 1 As Paul and Barnabas left “When Paul and Barnabas were leaving” ACT 13 42 f3sw παρεκάλουν 1 begged “begged them to” ACT 13 42 y4p9 figs-metonymy τὰ ῥήματα ταῦτα 1 these same words Here “words” refers to the message that Paul had spoken. Alternate translation: “this same message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 13 43 a58z λυθείσης δὲ τῆς συναγωγῆς 1 When the synagogue meeting ended Possible meanings are 1) this restates “As Paul and Barnabas left” in verse 42 or 2) Paul and Barnabas left the meeting before it ended and this occurs later. ACT 13 43 sws7 προσηλύτων 1 proselytes These were non-Jewish people who converted to Judaism. ACT 13 43 q2aj οἵτινες προσλαλοῦντες αὐτοῖς, ἔπειθον αὐτοὺς 1 who spoke to them and urged them “and Paul and Barnabas spoke to those people and urged them” ACT 13 43 fv15 figs-explicit προσμένειν τῇ χάριτι τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 to continue in the grace of God It is implied that they believed Paul’s message that Jesus was the Messiah. Alternate translation: “to continue to trust that God kindly forgives people’s sins because of what Jesus did” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 13 44 m129 0 General Information: Here the word “him” refers to Paul. ACT 13 44 vq3y figs-metonymy σχεδὸν πᾶσα ἡ πόλις 1 almost the whole city The “city” represents the people in the city. This phrase is used to show the great response to the Lord’s word. Alternate translation: “almost all the people of the city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 13 44 yga7 figs-explicit ἀκοῦσαι τὸν λόγον τοῦ Κυρίου 1 to hear the word of the Lord It is implied that Paul and Barnabas were the ones who spoke the word of the Lord. Alternate translation: “to hear Paul and Barnabas speak about the Lord Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 13 45 j4zq figs-synecdoche οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι 1 the Jews Here “Jews” represents Jewish leaders. Alternate translation: “the Jewish leaders” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ACT 13 45 qrh2 figs-metaphor ἐπλήσθησαν ζήλου 1 filled with jealousy Here jealousy is spoken of as if it were something that could fill up a person. Alternate translation: “became very jealous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 13 45 nc5l ἀντέλεγον 1 spoke against “contradicted” or “opposed” ACT 13 45 m1an figs-activepassive τοῖς ὑπὸ Παύλου λαλουμένοις 1 the things that were said by Paul This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the things that Paul said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 13 46 zvt5 figs-exclusive 0 General Information: The first two instances of the word “you” are plural and refer to the Jews to whom Paul is speaking. Here the words “we” and “us” refers to Paul and Barnabas but not the crowd that was present. Paul’s quotation is from the prophet Isaiah in the Old Testament. In the original passage, the word “I” refers to God and the word “you” is singular and refers to the Messiah. Here, Paul and Barnabas seem to be saying that the quotation also refers to their ministry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) ACT 13 46 as6q figs-explicit ἦν ἀναγκαῖον 1 It was necessary This implies that God had commanded this be done. Alternate translation: “God commanded” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 13 46 jn55 figs-activepassive ὑμῖν ... ἀναγκαῖον πρῶτον λαληθῆναι τὸν λόγον τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 that the word of God should first be spoken to you This can be stated in active form. “Word of God” here is a synecdoche for “message from God.” Alternate translation: “that we speak the message from God to you first” or “that we speak the word of God to you first” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ACT 13 46 lly5 figs-metaphor ἐπειδὴ ἀπωθεῖσθε αὐτὸν 1 Seeing you push it away from yourselves Their rejection of the word of God is spoken of as if it were something they pushed away. Alternate translation: “Since you reject the word of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 13 46 ms36 οὐκ ἀξίους κρίνετε ἑαυτοὺς τῆς αἰωνίου ζωῆς 1 consider yourselves unworthy of eternal life “have shown that you are not worthy of eternal life” or “act as though you are not worthy of eternal life” ACT 13 46 rf9k figs-explicit στρεφόμεθα εἰς τὰ ἔθνη 1 we will turn to the Gentiles “we will go to the Gentiles.” Paul and Barnadas were implying that they would preach to the Gentiles. Alternate translation: “we will leave you and start preaching to the Gentiles” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 13 47 v8au figs-metaphor εἰς φῶς 1 as a light Here the truth about Jesus that Paul was preaching is spoken of as if it were a light that allowed people to see. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 13 47 t5sp figs-abstractnouns εἰς σωτηρίαν ἕως ἐσχάτου τῆς γῆς 1 bring salvation to the uttermost parts of the earth The abstract word “salvation” can be translated with the verb “to save.” The phrase “uttermost parts” refers to everywhere. Alternate translation: “tell people everywhere in the world that I want to save them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ACT 13 48 e9ag figs-metonymy ἐδόξαζον τὸν λόγον τοῦ Κυρίου 1 praised the word of the Lord Here “word” refers to the message about Jesus that they had believed. Alternate translation: “praised God for the message about the Lord Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 13 48 jct2 figs-activepassive ὅσοι ἦσαν τεταγμένοι εἰς ζωὴν αἰώνιον 1 As many as were appointed to eternal life This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “As many as God appointed to eternal life believed” or “All the people whom God had chosen to receive eternal life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 13 49 qh9z figs-metonymy διεφέρετο ... ὁ λόγος τοῦ Κυρίου δι’ ὅλης τῆς χώρας 1 The word of the Lord was spread out through the whole region Here “word” refers to the message about Jesus. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Those who believed spread the word of the Lord through the whole region” or “Those who believed went everywhere in the region and told others about the message of Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 13 50 eqi5 0 General Information: Here the word “they” refers to Paul and Barnabas. ACT 13 50 t4bv 0 Connecting Statement: This ends Paul and Barnabas’ time in Antioch of Pisidia and they go to Iconium. ACT 13 50 u8rm figs-synecdoche οἱ ... Ἰουδαῖοι 1 the Jews This probably refers to the leaders of the Jews. Alternate translation: “the Jewish leaders” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ACT 13 50 cf21 παρώτρυναν 1 urged on “convinced” or “stirred up” ACT 13 50 wmm5 τοὺς πρώτους 1 the leading men “the most important men” ACT 13 50 n7qe ἐπήγειραν διωγμὸν ἐπὶ τὸν Παῦλον καὶ Βαρναβᾶν 1 These stirred up a persecution against Paul and Barnabas “They convinced the important men and women to persecute Paul and Barnabas” ACT 13 50 cq9h ἐξέβαλον αὐτοὺς ἀπὸ τῶν ὁρίων αὐτῶν 1 threw them out beyond the border of their city “removed Paul and Barnabas from their city” ACT 13 51 xi1z writing-symlanguage ἐκτιναξάμενοι τὸν κονιορτὸν τῶν ποδῶν ἐπ’ αὐτοὺς 1 shook off the dust from their feet against them This was a symbolic act to indicate to the unbelieving people that God had rejected them and would punish them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) ACT 13 52 dp5k οἵ ... μαθηταὶ 1 the disciples This probably refers to the new believers in the Antioch of Pisidia that Paul and Silas just left. ACT 14 intro rsg2 0 # Acts 14 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### “The message of his grace”<br><br>The message of Jesus is the message that God will show grace to those who believe in Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]])<br><br>### Zeus and Hermes<br><br>The Gentiles in the Roman Empire worshiped many different false gods who do not really exist. Paul and Barnabas told them to believe in the “living God.” (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### “We must enter into the kingdom of God through many sufferings.”<br><br>Jesus told his followers before he died that everyone who followed him would suffer persecution. Paul is saying the same thing using different words.<br> ACT 14 1 vh8u 0 General Information: The story of Paul and Barnabas in Iconium continues. ACT 14 1 hk1z ἐγένετο δὲ, ἐν Ἰκονίῳ 1 It came about in Iconium that Possible meanings here are 1) “It happened in Iconium that” or 2) “In Iconium as usual” ACT 14 1 f4sq figs-explicit λαλῆσαι οὕτως 1 spoke in such a way “spoke so powerfully.” It may be helpful to state that they spoke the message about Jesus. Alternate translation: “spoke the message about Jesus so powerfully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 14 2 wc4x οἱ ... ἀπειθήσαντες Ἰουδαῖοι 1 the Jews who were disobedient This refers to a portion of the Jews who did not believe the message about Jesus. ACT 14 2 n2pp figs-metaphor ἐπήγειραν ... τὰς ψυχὰς τῶν ἐθνῶν 1 stirred up the minds of the Gentiles Causing the Gentiles to become angry is spoken of as if calm waters were disturbed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 14 2 k8mv figs-synecdoche τὰς ψυχὰς 1 the minds Here the word “minds” refers to the people. Alternate translation: “the Gentiles” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ACT 14 2 fu13 τῶν ἀδελφῶν 1 the brothers Here “brothers” refers to Paul and Barnabas and the new believers. ACT 14 3 lp4v 0 General Information: Here the word “He” refers to the Lord. ACT 14 3 a3gp μὲν οὖν ... διέτριψαν 1 So they stayed there “Nevertheless they stayed there.” Paul and Barnabas stayed in Iconium to help the many people who had believed in [Acts 14:1](../14/01.md). “So” could be omitted if it adds confusion to the text. ACT 14 3 f2xh τῷ μαρτυροῦντι τῷ λόγῳ τῆς χάριτος αὐτοῦ 1 gave evidence about the message of his grace “demonstrated that the message about his grace was true” ACT 14 3 wcn5 τῷ λόγῳ τῆς χάριτος αὐτοῦ 1 about the message of his grace “about the message of the Lord’s grace” ACT 14 3 c2cv figs-activepassive διδόντι σημεῖα καὶ τέρατα γίνεσθαι διὰ τῶν χειρῶν αὐτῶν 1 by granting signs and wonders to be done by the hands of Paul and Barnabas This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “by enabling Paul and Barnabas to perform signs and wonders” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 14 3 p9iq figs-synecdoche διὰ τῶν χειρῶν αὐτῶν 1 by the hands of Paul and Barnabas Here “hands” refers to the will and effort of these two men as guided by the Holy Spirit. Alternate translation: “by the ministry of Paul and Barnabas” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ACT 14 4 btu3 figs-metonymy ἐσχίσθη ... τὸ πλῆθος τῆς πόλεως 1 the majority of the city was divided Here “city”refers to the people in the city. Alternate translation: “most of the people of the city were divided” or “most of the people of the city did not agree with each other” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 14 4 smz5 ἦσαν σὺν τοῖς Ἰουδαίοις 1 sided with the Jews “supported the Jews” or “agreed with the Jews.” The first group mentioned did not agree with the message about grace. ACT 14 4 q1xc figs-ellipsis σὺν τοῖς ἀποστόλοις 1 with the apostles The second group mentioned agreed with the message about grace. It may be helpful to restate the verb. Alternate translation: “sided with the apostles” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) ACT 14 4 mw9h τοῖς ἀποστόλοις 1 the apostles Luke refers to Paul and Barnabas. Here “apostle” might be used in the general sense of “ones sent out.” ACT 14 5 s5h7 0 General Information: Here the word “they” refers to Paul and Barnabas. ACT 14 5 yiv9 ἐγένετο ὁρμὴ ... τοῖς ἄρχουσιν αὐτῶν 1 attempted to persuade their leaders “tried to convince the leaders of Iconium.” Here “attempted” implies they were not able to fully persuade them before the apostles left the city. ACT 14 5 q6g2 ὑβρίσαι καὶ λιθοβολῆσαι αὐτούς 1 to mistreat and stone Paul and Barnabas “to beat Paul and Barnabas and to kill them by throwing stones at them” ACT 14 6 tpl1 translate-names τῆς Λυκαονίας 1 Lycaonia A district in Asia Minor (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 14 6 m5gv translate-names Λύστραν 1 Lystra A city in Asia Minor south of Iconium and north of Derbe (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 14 6 tl4q translate-names Δέρβην 1 Derbe A city in Asia Minor south of Iconium and Lystra (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 14 7 z5nd κἀκεῖ εὐαγγελιζόμενοι ἦσαν 1 where they continued to proclaim the gospel “where Paul and Barnabas continued to proclaim the good news” ACT 14 8 ep46 0 General Information: The first word “he” refers to the crippled man; the second word “he” refers to Paul. The word “him” refers to the crippled man. ACT 14 8 l5pu 0 Connecting Statement: Paul and Barnabas are now in Lystra. ACT 14 8 wb5k writing-participants τις ἀνὴρ ... ἐκάθητο 1 a certain man sat This introduces a new person in the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) ACT 14 8 kz7d ἀδύνατος ... τοῖς ποσὶν 1 powerless in his feet “unable to move his legs” or “unable to walk on his feet” ACT 14 8 tca1 χωλὸς ἐκ κοιλίας μητρὸς αὐτοῦ 1 a cripple from his mother’s womb “having been born as a cripple” ACT 14 8 hw4l χωλὸς 1 cripple person who cannot walk ACT 14 9 di49 ὃς ἀτενίσας αὐτῷ 1 Paul fixed his eyes on him “Paul looked straight at him” ACT 14 9 xak4 figs-abstractnouns ἔχει πίστιν τοῦ σωθῆναι 1 had faith to be made well The abstract noun “faith” can be translated with the verb “believe.” Alternate translation: “believed that Jesus could heal him” or “believed that Jesus could make him well” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 14 10 v1kz ἥλατο 1 jumped up “leaped in the air.” This implies that his legs were completely healed. ACT 14 11 axe6 ὃ ἐποίησεν Παῦλος 1 what Paul had done This refers to Paul’s healing the crippled man. ACT 14 11 lvs9 ἐπῆραν τὴν φωνὴν αὐτῶν 1 they raised their voice To raise the voice is to speak loudly. Alternate translation: “they spoke loudly” (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom) ACT 14 11 d1gz figs-explicit οἱ θεοὶ ... κατέβησαν πρὸς ἡμᾶς 1 The gods have come down to us A large number of people believed Paul and Barnabas were their pagan gods who had come down from heaven. Alternate translation: “The gods have come down from heaven to us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 14 11 x3bi Λυκαονιστὶ 1 in the dialect of Lycaonia “in their own Lycaonian language.” The people of Lystra spoke Lycaonian and also Greek. ACT 14 11 rm85 ὁμοιωθέντες ἀνθρώποις 1 in the form of men These people believed that the gods needed to change their appearance in order to look like men. ACT 14 12 t7uu translate-names Δία 1 Zeus Zeus was the king over all the other pagan gods. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 14 12 hh25 translate-names Ἑρμῆν 1 Hermes Hermes was the pagan god who brought messages to people from Zeus and the other gods. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 14 13 iz6r figs-explicit ὅ τε ἱερεὺς τοῦ Διὸς, τοῦ ὄντος πρὸ τῆς πόλεως ... ἐνέγκας 1 The priest of Zeus, whose temple was just outside the city, brought It may be helpful to include additional information about the priest. Alternate translation: “There was a temple just outside the city where the people worshiped Zeus. When the priest who served in the temple heard what Paul and Barnabas had done, he brought” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 14 13 v2a9 ταύρους καὶ στέμματα 1 oxen and wreaths The oxen were to be sacrificed. The wreaths were either to crown Paul and Barnabas, or put on the oxen for sacrifice. ACT 14 13 iha1 ἐπὶ τοὺς πυλῶνας 1 to the gates The gates of the cities were often used as a meeting place for the people of the city. ACT 14 13 ud37 ἤθελεν θύειν 1 wanted to offer sacrifice “wanted to offer sacrifice to Paul and Barnabas as the gods Zeus and Hermes” ACT 14 14 kt1f οἱ ἀπόστολοι Βαρναβᾶς καὶ Παῦλος 1 the apostles, Barnabas and Paul Luke is here probably using “apostle” in the general sense of “one sent out.” ACT 14 14 kx43 διαρρήξαντες τὰ ἱμάτια ἑαυτῶν 1 they tore their clothing This was a symbolic action to show that they were deeply distressed and upset that the crowd wanted to sacrifice to them. ACT 14 15 w4fd figs-rquestion ἄνδρες, τί ταῦτα ποιεῖτε 1 Men, why are you doing these things? Barnabas and Paul are rebuking the people for trying to sacrifice to them. Alternate translation: “Men, you must not do these things!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ACT 14 15 f8vc ταῦτα ποιεῖτε 1 doing these things “worshiping us” ACT 14 15 u9pq καὶ ἡμεῖς ὁμοιοπαθεῖς ἐσμεν ὑμῖν ἄνθρωποι 1 We also are human beings with the same feelings as you By this statement, Barnabas and Paul are saying that they are not gods. Alternate translation: “We are just human beings like you. We are not gods!” ACT 14 15 n9e4 ὁμοιοπαθεῖς ... ὑμῖν 1 with the same feelings as you “like you in every way” ACT 14 15 n98g figs-metaphor ἀπὸ τούτων τῶν ματαίων ἐπιστρέφειν ἐπὶ Θεὸν ζῶντα 1 turn from these useless things to a living God Here “turn from ... to” is a metaphor meaning to stop doing one thing and start doing something else. Alternate translation: “stop worshiping these false gods that cannot help you, and instead begin to worship the living God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 14 15 qr5b Θεὸν ζῶντα 1 a living God “a God who truly exists” or “a God who lives” ACT 14 16 s2rn ἐν ταῖς παρῳχημέναις γενεαῖς 1 In the past ages “In previous times” or “Until now” ACT 14 16 vpt5 figs-metaphor πορεύεσθαι ταῖς ὁδοῖς αὐτῶν 1 to walk in their own ways Walking in a way, or walking on a path, is a metaphor for living one’s life. Alternate translation: “to live their lives the way they wanted to” or “to do whatever they wanted to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 14 17 fw2s 0 Connecting Statement: Paul and Barnabas continue speaking to the crowd outside the city of Lystra ([Acts 14:8](../14/08.md)). ACT 14 17 kig8 figs-litotes οὐκ ἀμάρτυρον αὑτὸν ἀφῆκεν 1 he did not leave himself without witness This could also be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “God has certainly left a witness” or “God has indeed testified” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) ACT 14 17 s3qn ἀγαθουργῶν 1 in that he did good “as shown by the fact that” ACT 14 17 ps9z figs-metonymy ἐμπιπλῶν τροφῆς καὶ εὐφροσύνης τὰς καρδίας ὑμῶν 1 filling your hearts with food and gladness Here “you hearts” refers to the people. Alternate translation: “giving you enough to eat and things about which to be happy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 14 18 ut73 μόλις κατέπαυσαν τοὺς ὄχλους τοῦ μὴ θύειν αὐτοῖς 1 Paul and Barnabas barely kept the multitudes from sacrificing to them Paul and Barnabas stopped the multitude from sacrificing to them, but it was difficult to do so. ACT 14 18 la43 μόλις κατέπαυσαν 1 barely kept “had difficulty preventing” ACT 14 19 bz7k 0 General Information: Here the words “he” and “him” refer to Paul. ACT 14 19 wmc2 figs-explicit πείσαντες τοὺς ὄχλους 1 persuaded the crowds It my be helpful to explicitly state what they persuaded the crowd to do. Alternate translation: “persuaded the people not to believe Paul and Barnabas, and to turn against them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 14 19 xbv3 τοὺς ὄχλους 1 the crowds This may not be the same group as the “multitude” in the previous verse. Some time had passed, and this might be a different group that gathered together. ACT 14 19 t8mg νομίζοντες αὐτὸν τεθνηκέναι 1 thinking that he was dead “because they thought that he was already dead” ACT 14 20 pan3 τῶν μαθητῶν 1 the disciples These were new believers in the city of Lystra. ACT 14 20 aqx3 εἰσῆλθεν εἰς τὴν πόλιν 1 entered the city “Paul re-entered Lystra with the believers” ACT 14 20 e2y9 ἐξῆλθεν σὺν τῷ Βαρναβᾷ εἰς Δέρβην 1 he went to Derbe with Barnabas “Paul and Barnabas went to the city of Derbe” ACT 14 21 wv7e figs-inclusive 0 General Information: Here the words “they” and “They” refer to Paul. Here the word “We” includes Paul, Barnabas, and the believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) ACT 14 21 ykt4 τὴν πόλιν ἐκείνην 1 that city “Derbe” ([Acts 14:20](../14/20.md)) ACT 14 22 ek9l figs-synecdoche ἐπιστηρίζοντες τὰς ψυχὰς τῶν μαθητῶν 1 They kept strengthening the souls of the disciples Here “souls” refers to the disciples. This emphasizes their inner thoughts and beliefs. Alternate translation: “Paul and Barnabas urged the believers to continue to believe the message about Jesus” or “Paul and Barnabas urged the believers to continue to grow strong in their relationship with Jesus (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ACT 14 22 zkd2 παρακαλοῦντες ἐμμένειν τῇ πίστει 1 encouraging them to continue in the faith “encouraging the believers to keep trusting in Jesus” ACT 14 22 d9ic writing-quotations καὶ ὅτι διὰ πολλῶν θλίψεων, δεῖ ἡμᾶς εἰσελθεῖν εἰς τὴν Βασιλείαν τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 saying, “We must enter into the kingdom of God through many sufferings.” Some version translate this as an indirect quote, “saying that we must enter into the kingdom of God through many sufferings.” The word “we” here includes Luke and the readers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) ACT 14 22 wu1c figs-inclusive δεῖ ἡμᾶς εἰσελθεῖν 1 We must enter Paul includes his hearers, so the word “we” is inclusive. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) ACT 14 23 pk5l 0 General Information: Except for the third use of the word “they” which refers to the people that Paul and Barnabas had led to the Lord, all the words “they” here refer to Paul and Barnabas. ACT 14 23 mqp9 χειροτονήσαντες δὲ αὐτοῖς κατ’ ἐκκλησίαν πρεσβυτέρους 1 When they had appointed for them elders in every church “When Paul and Barnabas had appointed leaders in each new group of believers” ACT 14 23 nd87 παρέθεντο αὐτοὺς 1 they entrusted them Possible meanings are 1) “Paul and Barnabas entrusted the elders they had appointed” or 2) “Paul and Barnabas entrusted the leaders and other believers” ACT 14 23 ls62 εἰς ὃν πεπιστεύκεισαν 1 in whom they had believed Who “they” refers to depends on your choice for the meaning of “them” in the previous note (either elders or leaders and other believers). ACT 14 25 t513 figs-metonymy καὶ λαλήσαντες ἐν Πέργῃ τὸν λόγον 1 When they had spoken the word in Perga “Word” here is a metonym for “message of God.” Alternate translation: “(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 14 25 h8sh κατέβησαν εἰς Ἀττάλιαν 1 went down to Attalia The phrase “went down” is used here because Attalia is lower in elevation than Perga. ACT 14 26 f2cg ὅθεν ἦσαν παραδεδομένοι τῇ χάριτι τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 where they had been committed to the grace of God This can be stated in the active form. Alternate translation: “where believers and leaders in Antioch had committed Paul and Barnabas to the grace of God” or “where the people of Antioch prayed that God would care for and protect Paul and Barnabas” ACT 14 27 vcd3 0 General Information: Here the words “they,” “them,” and “They” refer to Paul and Barnabas. The word “he” refers to God. ACT 14 27 i9dv συναγαγόντες τὴν ἐκκλησίαν 1 gathered the church together “called the local believers to meet together” ACT 14 27 b4id figs-metaphor ἤνοιξεν τοῖς ἔθνεσιν θύραν πίστεως 1 he had opened a door of faith for the Gentiles God’s enabling the Gentiles to believe is spoken of as if he had opened a door that had prevented them from entering into faith. Alternate translation: “God had made it possible for the Gentiles to believe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 15 intro h917 0 # Acts 15 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry that is quoted from the Old Testament in 15:16-17.<br><br>The meeting that Luke describes in this chapter is commonly called the “Jerusalem Council.” This was a time when many church leaders got together to decide if believers needed to obey the whole law of Moses.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Brothers<br><br>In this chapter Luke begins to use the word “brothers” to refer to fellow Christians instead of fellow Jews.<br><br>### Obeying the law of Moses<br><br>Some believers wanted the Gentiles to be circumcised because God had told Abraham and Moses that everyone who wanted to belong to him had to be circumcised and that this was a law that would always exist. But Paul and Barnabas had seen God give uncircumcised Gentiles the gift of the Holy Spirit, so they did not want the Gentiles to be circumcised. Both groups went to Jerusalem to have the church leaders decide what they should do.<br><br>### “Abstain from things sacrificed to idols, blood, things strangled, and from sexual immorality”<br><br>It is possible that the church leaders decided on these laws so that Jews and Gentiles could not only live together but eat the same foods together.<br> ACT 15 1 qck6 0 Connecting Statement: Paul and Barnabas are still in Antioch when there is a dispute about the Gentiles and circumcision. ACT 15 1 su66 figs-explicit τινες 1 Some men “Some men.” You can make explicit that these men were Jews who believed in Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 15 1 p3k9 κατελθόντες ἀπὸ τῆς Ἰουδαίας 1 came down from Judea The phrase “came down” is used here because Judea is higher in elevation than Antioch. ACT 15 1 zi1n figs-explicit ἐδίδασκον τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς 1 taught the brothers Here “brothers” stands for believers in Christ. It is implied that they were in Antioch. Alternate translation: “taught the believers at Antioch” or “were teaching the believers at Antioch” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 15 1 pm8h figs-activepassive ἐὰν μὴ περιτμηθῆτε τῷ ἔθει τῷ Μωϋσέως, οὐ δύνασθε σωθῆναι 1 Unless you are circumcised according to the custom of Moses, you cannot be saved This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Unless someone circumcises you according to the custom of Moses, God cannot save you” or “God will not save you from your sins unless you receive circumcision according to the law of Moses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 15 2 f9nd figs-abstractnouns στάσεως καὶ ζητήσεως οὐκ ὀλίγης ... πρὸς αὐτοὺς 1 a sharp dispute and debate with them The abstract nouns “sharp dispute” and “debate” can be stated as verbs and where the men came from can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “had confronted and debated with the men from Judea” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 15 2 ek6a ἀναβαίνειν ... εἰς Ἰερουσαλὴμ 1 go up to Jerusalem Jerusalem was higher than almost any other place in Israel, so it was normal for Israelites to speak of going up to Jerusalem. ACT 15 2 z983 τοῦ ζητήματος τούτου 1 this question “this issue” ACT 15 3 h2mw 0 General Information: Here the words “They,” “they,” and “them” refer to Paul, Barnabas, and certain others ([Acts 15:2](../15/02.md)). ACT 15 3 av5y figs-activepassive οἱ μὲν οὖν προπεμφθέντες ὑπὸ τῆς ἐκκλησίας 1 They therefore, being sent by the church This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Therefore the community of believers sent them from Antioch to Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 15 3 aia5 figs-metonymy προπεμφθέντες ὑπὸ τῆς ἐκκλησίας 1 being sent by the church Here “church” stands for the people that were a part of the church. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 15 3 i5kd διήρχοντο τήν τε Φοινίκην καὶ Σαμάρειαν, ἐκδιηγούμενο 1 passed through ... announced The words “passed through” and “announced” indicate they spent some time in different places sharing in detail what God was doing. ACT 15 3 rk37 figs-abstractnouns ἐκδιηγούμενοι τὴν ἐπιστροφὴν τῶν ἐθνῶν 1 announced the conversion of the Gentiles The abstract noun “conversion” means the Gentiles were rejecting their false gods and believing in God. Alternate translation: “announced to the community of believers in those places that Gentiles were believing in God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ACT 15 3 nje7 figs-metaphor ἐποίουν χαρὰν μεγάλην πᾶσι τοῖς ἀδελφοῖς 1 They brought great joy to all the brothers Their message causing the brothers to be joyful is spoken of as if “joy” were an object that they brought to the brothers. Alternate translation: “What they said caused their fellow believers to rejoice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 15 3 bbd4 τοῖς ἀδελφοῖς 1 the brothers Here “brothers” refers to fellow believers. ACT 15 4 ej1r figs-activepassive παρεδέχθησαν ὑπὸ τῆς ἐκκλησίας, καὶ τῶν ἀποστόλων, καὶ τῶν πρεσβυτέρων 1 they were welcomed by the church and the apostles and the elders This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the apostles, the elders, and the rest of the community of believers welcomed them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 15 4 a2x1 μετ’ αὐτῶν 1 with them “through them” ACT 15 5 efe5 0 General Information: Here the word “them” refers to non-Jewish believers who were not circumcised and did not keep the Old Testament laws of God. ACT 15 5 f2b5 0 Connecting Statement: Paul and Barnabas are now in Jerusalem to meet with the apostles and elders there. ACT 15 5 k6k7 δέ τινες 1 But certain men Here Luke contrasts those who believe that salvation is only in Jesus to others who believe salvation is by Jesus yet also believe that circumcision is required for salvation. ACT 15 5 b9nt τηρεῖν τὸν νόμον Μωϋσέως 1 to keep the law of Moses “to obey the law of Moses” ACT 15 6 ugu6 ἰδεῖν περὶ τοῦ λόγου τούτου 1 to consider this matter The church leaders decided to discuss whether or not Gentiles needed to be circumcised and obey the law of Moses in order for God to save them from their sins. ACT 15 7 wct8 figs-you 0 General Information: The first word “them” refers to apostles and elders ([Acts 15:6](../15/06.md)) and the other words “them” and “their” refer to the believing Gentiles. Here the word “you” is plural and refers to the apostles and elders present. The word “he” refers to God. Here “us” is plural and refers to Peter, the apostles and elders, and all Jewish believers in general. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) ACT 15 7 hxu9 0 Connecting Statement: Peter begins to speak to the apostles and elders who met to discuss whether Gentiles had to receive circumcision and keep the law ([Acts 15:5-6](./05.md)). ACT 15 7 a6q9 ἀδελφοί 1 Brothers Peter is addressing all of the believers who were present. ACT 15 7 s3wb figs-synecdoche διὰ τοῦ στόματός μου 1 by my mouth Here “mouth” refers to Peter. Alternate translation: “from me” or “by me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ACT 15 7 yer1 ἀκοῦσαι τὰ ἔθνη 1 the Gentiles should hear “the Gentiles would hear” ACT 15 7 b5s8 figs-metonymy τὸν λόγον τοῦ εὐαγγελίου 1 the word of the gospel Here “word” stands for a message. Alternate translation: “the message about Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 15 8 m1xc figs-metonymy ὁ καρδιογνώστης 1 who knows the heart Here “heart” refers to the “minds” or “inner beings.” Alternate translation: “who knows the people’s minds” or “who knows what people think” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 15 8 p6d2 ἐμαρτύρησεν αὐτοῖς 1 witnesses to them “witnesses to the Gentiles” ACT 15 8 i1gc δοὺς τὸ Πνεῦμα τὸ Ἅγιον 1 giving them the Holy Spirit “causing the Holy Spirit to come upon them” ACT 15 9 zs2g οὐδὲν διέκρινεν 1 made no distinction God did not treat Jewish believers different from Gentile believers. ACT 15 9 ase1 figs-metaphor τῇ πίστει καθαρίσας τὰς καρδίας αὐτῶν 1 making their hearts clean by faith God’s forgiving the Gentile believers’ sins is spoken as though he literally cleaned their hearts. Here “heart” stands for the person’s inner being. Alternate translation: “forgiving their sins because they believed in Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 15 10 ha45 figs-inclusive 0 General Information: Peter includes his audience by his use of “our” and “we.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) ACT 15 10 wjq7 0 Connecting Statement: Peter finishes speaking to the apostles and elders. ACT 15 10 rfr4 νῦν 1 Now This does not mean “at this moment,” but is used to draw attention to the important point that follows. ACT 15 10 zaz6 figs-rquestion τί πειράζετε τὸν Θεόν, ἐπιθεῖναι ζυγὸν ἐπὶ τὸν τράχηλον τῶν μαθητῶν, ὃν οὔτε οἱ πατέρες ἡμῶν οὔτε ἡμεῖς ἰσχύσαμεν βαστάσαι 1 why do you test God, that you should put a yoke upon the neck of the disciples which neither our fathers nor we were able to bear? Peter uses a question with a word picture to tell the Jewish believers they should not require the non-Jewish believers to perform circumcision to be saved. Alternate translation: “Do not test God by putting a burden on the non-Jewish believers which we Jews were not able to bear!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 15 10 bfd5 οἱ πατέρες ἡμῶν 1 our fathers This refers to their Jewish ancestors. ACT 15 11 q28c figs-activepassive ἀλλὰ διὰ τῆς χάριτος τοῦ Κυρίου Ἰησοῦ, πιστεύομεν σωθῆναι καθ’ ὃν τρόπον κἀκεῖνοι 1 But we believe that we shall be saved through the grace of the Lord Jesus, just as they were This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “But we believe the Lord Jesus shall save us by his grace, just as he saved the non-Jewish believers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 15 12 um1p 0 General Information: Here the word “them” refers to Paul and Barnabas. ACT 15 12 d1uc πᾶν τὸ πλῆθος 1 All the multitude “Everyone” or “The whole group” ([Acts 15:6](../15/06.md)) ACT 15 12 uks6 ἐποίησεν ὁ Θεὸς 1 God had worked “God had done” or “God had caused” ACT 15 13 vb25 0 General Information: Here the word “they” refers to Paul and Barnabas ([Acts 15:12](../15/12.md)). ACT 15 13 l7mp 0 Connecting Statement: James begins to speak to the apostles and elders ([Acts 15:6](../15/06.md)). ACT 15 13 pl6m ἀδελφοί, ἀκούσατέ 1 Brothers, listen “Fellow believers, listen.” James was probably speaking only to men. ACT 15 14 s9dn λαβεῖν ἐξ ἐθνῶν λαὸν 1 in order to take from them a people “so that he might choose from among them a people” ACT 15 14 pnr9 figs-metonymy τῷ ὀνόματι αὐτοῦ 1 for his name “for God’s name.” Here “name” refers to God. Alternate translation: “for himself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 15 15 h9um 0 General Information: Here “I” refers to God who spoke through the words of his prophet. ACT 15 15 ibb2 0 Connecting Statement: James quotes the prophet Amos from the Old Testament. ACT 15 15 am6y figs-metonymy συμφωνοῦσιν οἱ λόγοι τῶν προφητῶν 1 The words of the prophets agree Here “words” stands for a message. Alternate translation: “What the prophets said agrees” or “The prophets agree” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 15 15 nbi1 τούτῳ συμφωνοῦσιν 1 agree with this “confirm this truth” ACT 15 15 j4f5 figs-activepassive καθὼς γέγραπται 1 as it is written This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “as they wrote” or “as the prophet Amos wrote long ago” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 15 16 f5wf figs-metaphor ἀνοικοδομήσω τὴν σκηνὴν Δαυεὶδ τὴν πεπτωκυῖαν, καὶ τὰ κατεστραμμένα αὐτῆς, ἀνοικοδομήσω καὶ ἀνορθώσω αὐτήν 1 I will build again the tent of David, which has fallen down ... its ruins again This speaks of God’s again choosing one of David’s descendants to rule over his people as though he were setting up a tent again after it fell down. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 15 16 ist8 figs-metonymy σκηνὴν 1 tent Here “tent” stands for David’s family. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 15 17 sm79 figs-metaphor ἐκζητήσωσιν οἱ κατάλοιποι τῶν ἀνθρώπων τὸν Κύριον 1 the remnant of men may seek the Lord This speaks about people wanting to obey God and learn more about him as if they were literally looking for him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 15 17 hkw1 figs-gendernotations κατάλοιποι τῶν ἀνθρώπων 1 remnant of men Here “men” includes males and females. Alternate translation: “remnant of people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) ACT 15 17 pe4l figs-123person ἐκζητήσωσιν ... τὸν Κύριον 1 may seek the Lord God is speaking about himself in the third person. Alternate translation: “may seek me, the Lord” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) ACT 15 17 tu21 figs-activepassive καὶ πάντα τὰ ἔθνη, ἐφ’ οὓς ἐπικέκληται τὸ ὄνομά μου ἐπ’ αὐτούς 1 including all the Gentiles called by my name This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “including all the Gentiles who belong to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 15 17 c8gm figs-metonymy τὸ ὄνομά μου 1 my name Here “my name” stands for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 15 18 tr27 figs-activepassive γνωστὰ 1 that have been known This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that people have known” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 15 19 g3zx figs-inclusive 0 General Information: Here “we” includes James, the apostles, and the elders. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) ACT 15 19 f6za 0 Connecting Statement: James finishes speaking to the apostles and elders. (See: [Acts 15:2](../15/02.md) and [Acts 15:13](./13.md)) ACT 15 19 pyb9 figs-explicit μὴ παρενοχλεῖν τοῖς ἀπὸ τῶν ἐθνῶν 1 we should not trouble those of the Gentiles You can make explicit in what way James does not want to trouble the Gentiles. Alternate translation: “we should not require the Gentiles to become circumcised and obey the laws of Moses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 15 19 vr6u figs-metaphor ἐπιστρέφουσιν ἐπὶ τὸν Θεόν 1 who turn to God A person who starts obeying God is spoken of as if the person is physically turning towards God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 15 20 wx8f ἀπέχεσθαι τῶν ἀλισγημάτων τῶν εἰδώλων, καὶ τῆς πορνείας, καὶ τοῦ πνικτοῦ, καὶ τοῦ αἵματος 1 they must keep away from the pollution of idols ... sexual immorality ... strangled ... blood Sexual immorality, strangling animals, and consuming blood were often part of ceremonies to worship idols and false gods. ACT 15 20 n6f2 figs-explicit ἀλισγημάτων τῶν εἰδώλων 1 pollution of idols This possibly refers to eating the meat of an animal that someone has sacrificed to an idol or to anything to do with idol worship. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 15 20 j2rl figs-explicit τοῦ πνικτοῦ, καὶ τοῦ αἵματος 1 from the meat of strangled animals, and from blood God did not allow Jews to eat meat that still had the blood in it. Also, even earlier in Moses’ writings in Genesis, God had forbidden the drinking of blood. Therefore, they could not eat an animal that someone strangled because the blood was not properly drained from the body of the animal. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 15 21 si1h figs-explicit Μωϋσῆς γὰρ ἐκ γενεῶν ἀρχαίων κατὰ πόλιν τοὺς κηρύσσοντας αὐτὸν, ἔχει ἐν ταῖς συναγωγαῖς κατὰ πᾶν Σάββατον ἀναγινωσκόμενος. 1 Moses has been proclaimed in every city ... and he is read in the synagogues every Sabbath James is implying that Gentiles know how important these rules are because Jews preach them in every city where there is a synagogue. It also implies the Gentiles can go to the teachers from the synagogues to learn more about these rules. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 15 21 zd7t figs-metonymy Μωϋσῆς ... τοὺς κηρύσσοντας 1 Moses has been proclaimed Here “Moses” represents the law of Moses. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The law of Moses has been proclaimed” or “Jews have taught the law of Moses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 15 21 xg5n figs-hyperbole κατὰ πόλιν 1 in every city The word “every” here is a generalization. Alternate translation: “in many cities” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) ACT 15 21 pbm5 figs-metonymy ἀναγινωσκόμενος 1 and he is read Here “he” refers to Moses, whose name here represents his law. Alternate translation: “and the law is read” or “and they read the law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 15 22 rhn3 0 General Information: Here the word “them” refers to Judas and Silas. The word “They” refers to the apostles, elders, and other believers of the church in Jerusalem. ACT 15 22 hp6j figs-explicit ὅλῃ τῇ ἐκκλησίᾳ 1 the whole church Here “church” refers to the people who are a part of the church in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “the church in Jerusalem” or “the whole community of believers in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 15 22 c711 translate-names Ἰούδαν τὸν καλούμενον Βαρσαββᾶν 1 Judas called Barsabbas This is the name of a man. “Barsabbas” is a second name that people called him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 15 23 e4g2 οἱ ἀπόστολοι καὶ οἱ πρεσβύτεροι, ἀδελφοὶ, τοῖς κατὰ τὴν Ἀντιόχειαν, καὶ Συρίαν, καὶ Κιλικίαν, ἀδελφοῖς τοῖς ἐξ ἐθνῶν, χαίρειν 1 From the apostles and elders, your brothers, to the Gentile brothers in Antioch, Syria, and Cilicia: Greetings! This is the introduction of the letter. Your language may have a way of introducing the author of the letter and to whom it is written. Alternate translation: “This letter is from your brothers, the apostles and elders. We are writing to you Gentile believers in Antioch, Syria, and Cilicia. Greetings to you” or “To our Gentile brothers in Antioch, Syria, and Cilicia. Greetings from the apostles and elders, your brothers” ACT 15 23 kp51 ἀδελφοὶ, τοῖς κατὰ τὴν Ἀντιόχειαν 1 your brothers ... the Gentile brothers Here the word “brothers” refers to fellow believers. By using these words, the apostles and elders assure the Gentile believers that they accept them as fellow believers. ACT 15 23 php8 translate-names Κιλικίαν 1 Cilicia This is the name of a province on the coast in Asia Minor north of the Island of Cyprus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 15 24 g8m9 figs-exclusive 0 General Information: Here all instances of “we,” “our,” and “us” refer to the believers in the church in Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]] and [Acts 15:22](../15/22.md)) ACT 15 24 p1tl ὅτι τινὲς 1 that certain men “that some men” ACT 15 24 kh16 οἷς οὐ διεστειλάμεθα 1 with no orders from us “even though we gave no orders for them to go” ACT 15 24 bxq8 figs-synecdoche ἐτάραξαν ὑμᾶς λόγοις ἀνασκευάζοντες τὰς ψυχὰς ὑμῶν 1 disturbed you with teachings that upset your souls Here “souls” refers to the people. Alternate translation: “have taught things that have troubled you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ACT 15 25 c3dl ἐκλεξαμένοις ἄνδρας 1 to choose men The men they sent were Judas called Barsabbas and Silas ([Acts 15:22](../15/22.md)). ACT 15 26 t7vw figs-metonymy τοῦ ὀνόματος τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν, Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 for the name of our Lord Jesus Christ Here “name” refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “because they believe in our Lord Jesus Christ” or “because they serve our Lord Jesus Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 15 27 j1jb figs-exclusive 0 General Information: Here the words “We” and “us” refer to the leaders and believers in the church in Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]] and [Acts 15:22](../15/22.md)) ACT 15 27 v2ee 0 Connecting Statement: This concludes the letter from the Jerusalem church to the Gentile believers in Antioch. ACT 15 27 xw8l figs-explicit αὐτοὺς διὰ λόγου ἀπαγγέλλοντας τὰ αὐτά 1 who will tell you the same thing themselves in their own words This phrase emphasizes that Judas and Silas will say the same things that the apostles and elders had written. Alternate translation: “who themselves will tell you the same things about which we have written” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 15 28 l9z6 figs-metaphor μηδὲν πλέον ἐπιτίθεσθαι ὑμῖν βάρος, πλὴν τούτων τῶν ἐπάναγκες 1 to lay upon you no greater burden than these necessary things This speaks about laws that people need to obey as if they were objects that people carry on their shoulders. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 15 29 nt7s εἰδωλοθύτων 1 from things sacrificed to idols This means they are not allowed to eat the meat of an animal that someone sacrifices to an idol. ACT 15 29 vcc6 figs-explicit αἵματος 1 blood This refers to drinking blood or eating meat from which the blood has not been drained. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 15 29 rt55 πνικτῶν 1 things strangled A strangled animal was killed but its blood was not drained. ACT 15 29 buy9 ἔρρωσθε 1 Farewell This announces the end of the letter. Alternate translation: “Goodbye” ACT 15 30 khi8 0 Connecting Statement: Paul, Barnabas, Judas, and Silas leave for Antioch. ACT 15 30 c3uk οἱ μὲν οὖν ἀπολυθέντες, κατῆλθον εἰς Ἀντιόχειαν 1 So they, when they were dismissed, came down to Antioch The word “they” refers to Paul, Barnabas, Judas, and Silas. Alternate translation: “So when the four men were dismissed, they came down to Antioch” ACT 15 30 usz6 figs-activepassive ἀπολυθέντες 1 when they were dismissed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “when the apostles and elders dismissed the four men” or “when the believers in Jerusalem sent them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 15 30 t55a κατῆλθον εἰς Ἀντιόχειαν 1 came down to Antioch The phrase “came down” is used here because Antioch is lower in elevation than Jerusalem. ACT 15 31 k1mr ἀναγνόντες ... ἐχάρησαν 1 they rejoiced “the believers in Antioch rejoiced” ACT 15 31 e4gf figs-abstractnouns ἐπὶ τῇ παρακλήσει 1 because of the encouragement The abstract noun “encouragement” can be expressed with the verb “encourage.” Alternate translation: “because what the apostles and elders wrote encouraged them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ACT 15 32 r65l καὶ ... προφῆται 1 also prophets Prophets were teachers authorized by God to speak for him. Alternate translation: “because they were prophets” or “who were also prophets” ACT 15 32 e2en τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς 1 the brothers “the fellow believers” ACT 15 32 j99g figs-metaphor ἐπεστήριξαν 1 strengthened them Helping someone to depend even more on Jesus is spoken of as if they were making them physically stronger. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 15 33 y2ls 0 Connecting Statement: Judas and Silas return to Jerusalem while Paul and Barnabas remain in Antioch. ACT 15 33 v7pj figs-metaphor ποιήσαντες δὲ χρόνον 1 After they had spent some time there This speaks about time as if it were a commodity that a person could spend. The word “they” refers to Judas and Silas. Alternate translation: “After they stayed there for a while” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 15 33 v6im figs-activepassive ἀπελύθησαν μετ’ εἰρήνης ἀπὸ τῶν ἀδελφῶν 1 they were sent away in peace from the brothers This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the brothers sent Judas and Silas back in peace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 15 33 wzw4 τῶν ἀδελφῶν 1 the brothers This refers to the believers in Antioch. ACT 15 33 xv3h πρὸς τοὺς ἀποστείλαντας αὐτούς 1 to those who had sent them “to the believers in Jerusalem who sent Judas and Silas” ([Acts 15:22](../15/22.md)) ACT 15 35 e7s4 figs-metonymy τὸν λόγον τοῦ Κυρίου 1 the word of the Lord Here “word” stands for a message. Alternate translation: “the message about the Lord” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 15 36 k6c6 0 Connecting Statement: Paul and Barnabas go on separate journeys. ACT 15 36 i1n5 ἐπιστρέψαντες δὴ 1 Let us return now “I suggest we now return” ACT 15 36 ib2j ἐπισκεψώμεθα τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς 1 visit the brothers “care for the brothers” or “offer to help the believers” ACT 15 36 ua1f figs-metonymy τὸν λόγον τοῦ Κυρίου 1 the word of the Lord Here “word” stands for the message. Alternate translation: “the message about the Lord” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 15 36 y9i9 πῶς ἔχουσιν 1 see how they are “learn how they are doing.” They want to learn about the current condition of the brothers and how they are holding on to God’s truth. ACT 15 37 s635 συνπαραλαβεῖν καὶ τὸν Ἰωάννην, τὸν καλούμενον Μᾶρκον 1 to also take with them John who was called Mark “to take John, who was also called Mark” ACT 15 38 a5nn figs-litotes Παῦλος ... ἠξίου ... μὴ ... συνπαραλαμβάνειν τοῦτον 1 Paul thought it was not good to take Mark The words “not good” are used to say the opposite of good. Alternate translation: “Paul thought that taking Mark would be bad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) ACT 15 38 ht3k Παμφυλίας 1 Pamphylia This was a province in Asia Minor. See how you translated this in [Acts 2:10](../02/10.md). ACT 15 38 ln7w μὴ συνελθόντα αὐτοῖς εἰς τὸ ἔργον 1 did not go further with them in the work “did not continue to work with them then” or “did not continue to serve with them” ACT 15 39 bb8w 0 General Information: Here the word “they” refers to Barnabas and Paul. ACT 15 39 u97a figs-abstractnouns ἐγένετο δὲ παροξυσμὸς 1 Then there arose a sharp disagreement The abstract noun “disagreement” can be stated as the verb “disagree.” Alternate translation: “They strongly disagreed with each other” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ACT 15 40 l2uq figs-activepassive παραδοθεὶς τῇ χάριτι τοῦ Κυρίου ὑπὸ τῶν ἀδελφῶν 1 after he was entrusted by the brothers to the grace of the Lord To entrust to someone means to place the care and responsibility for someone or something to another person. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “after the believers in Antioch entrusted Paul to the grace of the Lord” or “after the believers in Antioch prayed for the Lord to take care of Paul and show kindness to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 15 41 e3ym figs-explicit διήρχετο 1 he went The previous sentence implies that Silas was with Paul. Alternate translation: “they went” or “Paul and Silas went” or “Paul took Silas and went” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 15 41 t81z διήρχετο ... τὴν Συρίαν καὶ τὴν Κιλικίαν 1 went through Syria and Cilicia These are provinces or areas in Asia Minor, near the island of Cyprus. ACT 15 41 tbv3 figs-metaphor ἐπιστηρίζων τὰς ἐκκλησίας 1 strengthening the churches Encouraging the believers in the churches is spoken of as though Paul and Silas were making the believers physically stronger. The word “churches” refers to the groups of believers in Syria and Cilicia. Alternate translation: “encouraging the believers in the churches” or “helping the community of believers to depend even more in Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 16 intro e7z2 0 # Acts 16 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Timothy’s circumcision<br><br>Paul circumcised Timothy because they were telling the message of Jesus to Jews and Gentiles. Paul wanted the Jews to know that he respected the law of Moses even though the church leaders in Jerusalem had decided that Christians did not need to be circumcised..<br><br>### The woman who had a spirit of divination<br><br>Most people want very much to know the future, but the law of Moses said that speaking with the spirits of dead people to learn about the future is a sin. This woman seems to have been able to tell the future very well. She was a slave, and her masters made much money from her work. Paul wanted her to stop sinning, so he told the spirit to leave her. Luke does not say that she began to follow Jesus or tell us anything more about her.<br> ACT 16 1 l2b1 0 General Information: The first, third, and fourth instances of the word “him” refer to Timothy. The second “him” refers to Paul. ACT 16 1 f49m writing-background 0 This continues the missionary journeys of Paul with Silas. Timothy is introduced into the story and joins Paul and Silas. Verses 1 and 2 give background information about Timothy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) ACT 16 1 km5q figs-go κατήντησεν ... καὶ 1 Paul also came Here “came” can be translated as “went.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) ACT 16 1 d4ka Δέρβην 1 Derbe This is the name of a city in Asia Minor. See how you translated it in [Acts 14:6](../14/06.md). ACT 16 1 u3vr ἰδοὺ 1 behold The word “behold” alerts us to a new person in the narrative. Your language may have a way of doing this. ACT 16 1 wxl8 figs-ellipsis πιστῆς 1 who believed The words “in Christ” are understood. Alternate translation: “who believed in Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) ACT 16 2 t1lu figs-activepassive ὃς ἐμαρτυρεῖτο ὑπὸ τῶν ... ἀδελφῶν 1 He was well spoken of by the brothers This can be stated in active from. Alternate translation: “The brothers spoke well of him” or “Timothy had a good reputation among the brothers” or “The brothers said good things about him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 16 2 rez2 ὑπὸ τῶν ... ἀδελφῶν 1 by the brothers Here “brothers” refers to believers. Alternate translation: “by the believers” ACT 16 3 p6z8 περιέτεμεν αὐτὸν 1 circumcised him It is possible that Paul himself circumcised Timothy, but it is more likely that he had someone else circumcise Timothy. ACT 16 3 za93 διὰ τοὺς Ἰουδαίους τοὺς ὄντας ἐν τοῖς τόποις ἐκείνοις 1 because of the Jews that were in those places “because of the Jews living in the areas where Paul and Timothy would be traveling” ACT 16 3 hk2l figs-explicit ᾔδεισαν γὰρ ἅπαντες, ὅτι Ἕλλην ὁ πατὴρ αὐτοῦ ὑπῆρχεν 1 for they all knew that his father was a Greek Since Greek men did not have their sons circumcised, the Jews would have known Timothy was not circumcised, and they would have rejected Paul and Timothy before hearing their message about Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 16 4 n46i 0 General Information: The word “they” here refers to Paul, Silas ([Acts 15:40](../15/40.md)), and Timothy ([Acts 16:3](./03.md)). ACT 16 4 bu6r αὐτοῖς φυλάσσειν 1 for them to obey “for the church members to obey” or “for the believers to obey” ACT 16 4 gpi3 figs-activepassive τὰ κεκριμένα ὑπὸ τῶν ἀποστόλων καὶ πρεσβυτέρων τῶν ἐν Ἱεροσολύμοις 1 that had been written by the apostles and elders in Jerusalem This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that the apostles and elders in Jerusalem had written” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 16 5 q8v9 figs-activepassive αἱ ... ἐκκλησίαι ἐστερεοῦντο τῇ πίστει, καὶ ἐπερίσσευον τῷ ἀριθμῷ καθ’ ἡμέραν 1 the churches were strengthened in the faith and increased in number daily This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The believers became stronger in their faith, and there were more and more people becoming believers every day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 16 5 lv4f figs-metaphor αἱ ... ἐκκλησίαι ἐστερεοῦντο τῇ πίστει 1 the churches were strengthened in the faith This speaks of helping someone to believe more confidently as if it were making them physically stronger. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 16 6 g97e τὴν Φρυγίαν 1 Phrygia This is a region in Asia. See how you translated this name in [Acts 2:10](../02/10.md). ACT 16 6 ue3k figs-activepassive κωλυθέντες ὑπὸ τοῦ Ἁγίου Πνεύματος 1 they had been forbidden by the Holy Spirit This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the Holy Spirit had forbidden them” or “the Holy Spirit did not permit them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 16 6 h4u4 figs-metonymy τὸν λόγον 1 the word Here “word” stands for “message.” Alternate translation: “the message about Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 16 7 x1b1 figs-go ἐλθόντες δὲ 1 When they came Here “came” can be translated as “went” or “arrived.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) ACT 16 7 b1xq translate-names Μυσίαν ... Βιθυνίαν 1 Mysia ... Bithynia These are two more regions in Asia. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 16 7 b539 τὸ Πνεῦμα Ἰησοῦ 1 the Spirit of Jesus “the Holy Spirit” ACT 16 8 s6l1 κατέβησαν εἰς Τρῳάδα 1 they came down to the city of Troas The phrase “came down” is used here because Troas is lower in elevation than Mysia. ACT 16 8 xq6n figs-go κατέβησαν 1 they came down Here “came” can be translated as “went.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) ACT 16 9 t6v2 ὅραμα ... τῷ Παύλῳ ὤφθη 1 A vision appeared to Paul “Paul saw a vision from God” or “Paul had a vision from God” ACT 16 9 hq8e παρακαλῶν αὐτὸν 1 calling him “begging him” or “inviting him” ACT 16 9 cm2u διαβὰς εἰς Μακεδονίαν 1 Come over into Macedonia The phrase “Come over” is used because Macedonia is across the sea from Troas. ACT 16 10 fg5h ἐζητήσαμεν ἐξελθεῖν εἰς Μακεδονίαν, συμβιβάζοντες ὅτι προσκέκληται ἡμᾶς ὁ Θεὸς εὐαγγελίσασθαι αὐτούς 1 we set out to go to Macedonia ... God had called us Here the words “we” and “us” refer to Paul and his companions including Luke, the author of Acts. ACT 16 11 m2p5 0 Connecting Statement: Paul and his companions are now in Philippi on their missionary trip. Verse 13 begins the story of Lydia. This short story happens during Paul’s travels. ACT 16 11 q2pr translate-names Σαμοθρᾴκην ... Νέαν Πόλιν 1 Samothrace ... Neapolis These are coastal cities near Phillipi in Macedonia. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 16 11 yy6z figs-go εἰς Νέαν Πόλιν 1 we came to Neapolis Here “came to” can be translated as “went to” or “arrived at.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) ACT 16 12 tl9f figs-explicit κολωνία 1 a Roman colony This is a city outside of Italy where many people who came from Rome lived. The people there had the same rights and freedoms as people who lived in cities in Italy. They could govern themselves and they did not have to pay taxes. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 16 14 x8bp 0 Connecting Statement: This ends the story of Lydia. ACT 16 14 n952 writing-participants τις γυνὴ ὀνόματι Λυδία 1 A certain woman named Lydia Here “A certain woman” introduces a new person in the story. Alternate translation: “There was a woman named Lydia” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) ACT 16 14 qj86 figs-ellipsis πορφυρόπωλις 1 a seller of purple Here “cloth” is understood. Alternate translation: “a merchant who sold purple cloth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) ACT 16 14 c6n8 translate-names Θυατείρων 1 Thyatira This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 16 14 cyk3 σεβομένη τὸν Θεόν 1 worshiped God A worshiper of God is a Gentile who gives praise to God and follows him, but does not obey all of the Jewish laws. ACT 16 14 rd4r figs-metaphor ἧς ὁ Κύριος διήνοιξεν τὴν καρδίαν, προσέχειν 1 The Lord opened her heart to pay attention For the Lord to cause someone to pay attention and believe a message is spoken of as if he were opening a person’s heart. Alternate translation: “The Lord caused her to listen well and to believe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 16 14 s9ju figs-metonymy ἧς ... διήνοιξεν τὴν καρδίαν 1 opened her heart Here “heart” stands for a person’s mind. Also, the author speaks about the “heart” or “mind” as if it were a box that a person could open so it is ready for someone to fill it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 16 14 a74y figs-activepassive τοῖς λαλουμένοις ὑπὸ τοῦ Παύλου 1 what was said by Paul This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “what Paul said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 16 15 g7e9 figs-activepassive ὡς δὲ ἐβαπτίσθη καὶ ὁ οἶκος αὐτῆς 1 When she and her house were baptized This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “When they baptized Lydia and members of her household” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 16 15 s799 figs-metonymy ὁ οἶκος αὐτῆς 1 her house Here “house” represents the people who live in her house. Alternate translation: “the members of her household” or “her family and household servants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 16 16 vyn4 writing-background 0 General Information: Background information is given here to explain that this young fortune teller brought much financial gain to her masters by guessing people’s futures. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) ACT 16 16 anc1 0 Connecting Statement: This begins the first event in another short story during Paul’s travels; it is about a young fortune teller. ACT 16 16 ufy4 ἐγένετο δὲ 1 It came about that This phrase marks the beginning of a new part of the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. ACT 16 16 y1gc writing-participants παιδίσκην τινὰ 1 a certain young woman The phrase “a certain” introduces a new person to the story. Alternate translation: “there was a young woman” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) ACT 16 16 ymt9 πνεῦμα Πύθωνα 1 a spirit of divination An evil spirit spoke to her often about the immediate future of people. ACT 16 17 tni9 figs-metaphor ὁδὸν σωτηρίας 1 the way of salvation How a person can be saved is spoken of here as if it were a way or path that a person walks on. Alternate translation: “how God can save you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 16 18 lj79 figs-activepassive διαπονηθεὶς δὲ Παῦλος, καὶ ἐπιστρέψας 1 But Paul, being greatly annoyed by her, turned This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “But she greatly annoyed Paul so he turned around” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 16 18 qi1k figs-metonymy ἐν ὀνόματι Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 in the name of Jesus Christ Here “name” stands for speaking with the authority or as the representative of Jesus Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 16 18 u4z8 ἐξῆλθεν αὐτῇ τῇ ὥρᾳ 1 it came out right away “the spirit came out immediately” ACT 16 19 m1y7 οἱ κύριοι αὐτῆς 1 her masters “the owners of the slave girl” ACT 16 19 r1a1 figs-explicit ἰδόντες ... οἱ κύριοι αὐτῆς, ὅτι ἐξῆλθεν ἡ ἐλπὶς τῆς ἐργασίας αὐτῶν 1 When her masters saw that their opportunity to make money was now gone It can be stated clearly why they no longer hoped to make money. Alternate translation: “When her masters saw that she could no longer earn money for them by telling fortunes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 16 19 bws7 εἰς τὴν ἀγορὰν 1 into the marketplace “into the public square.” This is a public place of business, where buying and selling of goods, cattle, or services takes place. ACT 16 19 hf82 ἐπὶ τοὺς ἄρχοντας 1 before the authorities “into the presence of the authorities” or “so that the authorities could judge them” ACT 16 20 d2rg καὶ προσαγαγόντες αὐτοὺς τοῖς στρατηγοῖς 1 When they had brought them to the magistrates “When they had brought them to the judges” ACT 16 20 wa94 στρατηγοῖς 1 magistrates rulers, judges ACT 16 20 dkz2 figs-inclusive οὗτοι οἱ ἄνθρωποι ἐκταράσσουσιν ἡμῶν τὴν πόλιν 1 These men are stirring up our city Here the word “our” refers to the people of the city and includes the magistrates who ruled it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) ACT 16 21 gna6 παραδέχεσθαι οὐδὲ ποιεῖν 1 to accept or practice “to believe or to obey” or “to accept or to do” ACT 16 22 r1gr 0 General Information: Here the words “their” and “them” refer to Paul and Silas. The word “they” here refers to soldiers. ACT 16 22 at6i figs-activepassive ἐκέλευον ῥαβδίζειν 1 commanded them to be beaten with rods This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “commanded the soldiers to beat them with rods” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 16 23 dsr3 πολλάς ... ἐπιθέντες αὐτοῖς πληγὰς 1 had laid many blows upon them “had hit them many times with rods” ACT 16 23 y4mc παραγγείλαντες τῷ δεσμοφύλακι ἀσφαλῶς τηρεῖν αὐτούς 1 commanded the jailer to keep them securely “told the jailer to make sure they did not get out” ACT 16 23 zkp7 δεσμοφύλακι 1 jailer a person responsible for all the people held in the jail or prison ACT 16 24 a79x ὃς παραγγελίαν τοιαύτην λαβὼν 1 he got this command “he heard this command” ACT 16 24 rl8c τοὺς πόδας ἠσφαλίσατο αὐτῶν εἰς τὸ ξύλον 1 fastened their feet in the stocks “securely locked their feet in the stocks” ACT 16 24 jug6 ξύλον 1 stocks a piece of wood with holes for preventing a person’s feet from moving ACT 16 25 rwu3 0 General Information: The word “them” refers to Paul and Silas. ACT 16 25 hme2 0 Connecting Statement: This continues Paul and Silas’ time in Philippi in prison and tells what happens to their jailer. ACT 16 26 q7z1 figs-activepassive σεισμὸς ... ὥστε σαλευθῆναι τὰ θεμέλια τοῦ δεσμωτηρίου 1 earthquake, so that the foundations of the prison were shaken This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “earthquake which shook the foundations of the prison” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 16 26 m4ye figs-synecdoche τὰ θεμέλια τοῦ δεσμωτηρίου 1 the foundations of the prison When the foundations shook, this caused the entire prison to shake. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ACT 16 26 s6mu figs-activepassive ἠνεῴχθησαν ... αἱ θύραι πᾶσαι 1 all the doors were opened This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “all the doors opened” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 16 26 p393 figs-activepassive πάντων τὰ δεσμὰ ἀνέθη 1 everyone’s chains were unfastened This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “everyone’s chains came loose” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 16 27 ljy6 figs-exclusive 0 General Information: Here the word “we” refers to Paul, Silas, and all of the other prisoners but excludes the jailer. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) ACT 16 27 hr9q figs-activepassive ἔξυπνος ... γενόμενος ὁ δεσμοφύλαξ 1 The jailer was awakened from sleep This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The jailer woke up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 16 27 cwt5 ἤμελλεν ἑαυτὸν ἀναιρεῖν 1 was about to kill himself “was ready to kill himself.” The jailer preferred to commit suicide rather than suffer the consequences of letting the prisoners escape. ACT 16 29 pe66 figs-explicit αἰτήσας ... φῶτα 1 called for lights The reason why the jailer needed light can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “called for someone to bring light so he could see who was still in the prison” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 16 29 h5ai figs-metonymy φῶτα 1 for lights The word “lights” stands for something that makes light. Alternate translation: “for torches” or “for lamps” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 16 29 r6is εἰσεπήδησεν 1 rushed in “quickly entered the jail” ACT 16 29 bb6t translate-symaction προσέπεσεν τῷ Παύλῳ καὶ Σιλᾷ 1 fell down before Paul and Silas The jailer humbled himself by bowing down at the feet of Paul and Silas. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) ACT 16 30 a3h6 προαγαγὼν αὐτοὺς ἔξω 1 brought them out “led them outside the jail” ACT 16 30 u132 figs-activepassive τί με δεῖ ποιεῖν, ἵνα σωθῶ 1 what must I do to be saved This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “what must I do for God to save me from my sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 16 31 br4k figs-activepassive σωθήσῃ 1 you will be saved This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God will save you” or “God will save you from your sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 16 31 w8ed figs-metonymy ὁ οἶκός σου 1 your house Here “house” stands for the people who live in the house. Alternate translation: “all the members of your household” or “your family” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 16 32 kb35 0 General Information: Here the first use of the word “they” as well as the words “their” and “them” refer to Paul and Silas. Compare [Acts 16:25](../16/25.md). The last use of the word “they” refers to the people in the jailers’ household. The words “him,” “his,” and “he” refer to the jailer. ACT 16 32 pq5w figs-metonymy ἐλάλησαν αὐτῷ τὸν λόγον τοῦ Κυρίου 1 They spoke the word of the Lord to him Here “word” stands for a message. Alternate translation: “They told him the message about the Lord Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 16 33 r3la figs-activepassive ἐβαπτίσθη, αὐτὸς καὶ οἱ αὐτοῦ πάντες παραχρῆμα 1 he and those in his entire house were baptized immediately This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Paul and Silas baptized the jailer and all the members of his household” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 16 35 x3x8 0 General Information: This is the last event in the story of Paul and Silas in Philippi ([Acts 16:12](../16/12.md)). ACT 16 35 lb4z δὲ 1 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here Luke tells the last event in the story that started in [Acts 16:16](../16/16.md). ACT 16 35 qum8 figs-metonymy ἀπέστειλαν ... τοὺς ῥαβδούχους 1 sent word to the guards Here “word” stands for “message” or “command.” Alternate translation: “sent a message to the guards” or “sent a command to the guards” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 16 35 j5m6 ἀπέστειλαν 1 sent word Here “sent” means the magistrates told someone to go tell the guards their message. ACT 16 35 vev9 ἀπόλυσον τοὺς ἀνθρώπους ἐκείνους 1 Let those men go “Release those men” or “Allow those men to leave” ACT 16 36 k3i6 ἐξελθόντες 1 come out “come outside of the jail” ACT 16 37 v4yk figs-exclusive 0 General Information: All of the times the word “they” is used and the first time “them” is used, the words refer to the magistrates. The word “themselves” refers to the magistrates. The second time the word “them” is used, it refers to Paul and Silas. The word “us” refers only to Paul and Silas. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) ACT 16 37 b4jm figs-explicit ἔφη πρὸς αὐτούς 1 said to them Probably Paul is speaking to the jailer, but he intends for the jailer to tell the magistrates what he says. Alternate translation: “said to the jailer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 16 37 b7cc figs-metonymy δείραντες ἡμᾶς δημοσίᾳ 1 They have publicly beaten us Here “They” refers to the magistrates who commanded their soldiers to beat them. Alternate translation: “The magistrates ordered their soldiers to beat us in public” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 16 37 wc37 ἀκατακρίτους ἀνθρώπους Ῥωμαίους ὑπάρχοντας, ἔβαλαν εἰς φυλακήν 1 without a trial, even though we are Romans citizens—and they threw us into prison “men who are Roman citizens, and they had their soldiers put us in jail though they had not proven in court that we were guilty” ACT 16 37 qq1u figs-rquestion λάθρᾳ ἡμᾶς ἐκβάλλουσιν? οὔ 1 Do they now want to send us away secretly? No! Paul uses a question to emphasize that he will not allow the magistrates to send them out the city in secret after they had mistreated Paul and Silas. Alternate translation: “I will certainly not let them send us out of the city in secret!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ACT 16 37 jr2j figs-rpronouns λάθρᾳ ἡμᾶς ἐκβάλλουσιν? οὔ 1 Let them come themselves Here “themselves” is used for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) ACT 16 38 ym2u figs-explicit ἐφοβήθησαν ... ἀκούσαντες ὅτι Ῥωμαῖοί εἰσιν 1 when they heard that Paul and Silas were Romans, they were afraid To be a Roman meant to be a legal citizens of the Empire. Citizenship provided freedom from torture and the right to a fair trial. The city leaders were afraid that more important Roman authorities might learn how the city leaders had mistreated Paul and Silas. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 16 40 q59h 0 General Information: Here the word “they” refers to Paul and Silas. The word “them” refers to the believers in Philippi. ACT 16 40 y14i writing-endofstory 0 This is the end of Paul and Silas’ time in Philippi. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-endofstory]]) ACT 16 40 t1pf figs-go εἰσῆλθον πρὸς τὴν Λυδίαν 1 came to the house Here “came” can be translated as “went.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) ACT 16 40 ylk9 τὴν Λυδίαν 1 the house of Lydia “the home of Lydia” ACT 16 40 ntc9 figs-gendernotations ἰδόντες 1 saw the brothers Here “brothers” refers to believers whether male or female. Alternate translation: “saw the believers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) ACT 17 intro gj4c 0 # Acts 17 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Misunderstandings about the Messiah<br><br>The Jews expected the Christ or Messiah to be a powerful king because the Old Testament says so many times. But it also says many times that the Messiah would suffer, and that was what Paul was telling the Jews. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]])<br><br>### The religion of Athens<br><br>Paul said that the Athenians were “religious,” but they did not worship the true God. They worshiped many different false gods. In the past they had conquered other peoples and begun to worship the gods of the people they had conquered. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]])<br><br>In this chapter Luke describes for the first time how Paul told the message of Christ to people who knew nothing of the Old Testament.<br> ACT 17 1 q9x4 0 General Information: Here the word “they” refers to Paul and Silas. Compare [Acts 16:40](../16/40.md). The word “them” refers to the Jews at the synagogue in Thessalonica. ACT 17 1 r3qb 0 Connecting Statement: This continues the story of Paul, Silas, and Timothy’s missionary trip. They arrive in Thessalonica, apparently without Luke, since he says “they” and not “we.” ACT 17 1 e4w5 δὲ 1 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here Luke, the author, starts to tell a new part of the story. ACT 17 1 b7np διοδεύσαντες 1 passed through “traveled through” ACT 17 1 kll1 translate-names τὴν Ἀμφίπολιν καὶ τὴν Ἀπολλωνίαν 1 cities of Amphipolis and Apollonia These are coastal cities in Macedonia. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 17 1 yj66 figs-go ἦλθον εἰς Θεσσαλονίκην 1 they came to the city Here “came” can be translated as “went” or “arrived.” Alternate translation: “they came to the city” or “they arrived at the city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) ACT 17 2 vbf2 κατὰ ... τὸ εἰωθὸς 1 as his custom was “as his habit was” or “as his common practice was.” Paul usually went to the synagogue on the Sabbath when Jews would be present. ACT 17 2 bt5e ἐπὶ Σάββατα τρία 1 for three Sabbath days “on each Sabbath day for three weeks” ACT 17 2 wp3k figs-explicit διελέξατο αὐτοῖς ἀπὸ τῶν Γραφῶν 1 reasoned with them from the scriptures Paul explained what the scriptures means in order to prove to the Jews that Jesus is the Messiah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 17 2 qf4t διελέξατο αὐτοῖς 1 reasoned with them “gave them reasons” or “debated with them” or “discussed with them” ACT 17 3 e85n 0 General Information: Here the word “He” refers to Paul ([Acts 17:2](../17/02.md)). ACT 17 3 ir9q figs-metaphor διανοίγων 1 He was opening the scriptures Possible meanings are 1) to explain the scriptures in a way that people can understand is spoken of as if Paul were opening something so people can see what is inside of it) or 2) Paul was literally opening a book or scroll and reading from it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 17 3 he78 ἔδει 1 it was necessary “it was part of God’s plan” ACT 17 3 ipb2 ἀναστῆναι 1 to rise again “to come back to life” ACT 17 3 b9qi ἐκ νεκρῶν 1 from the dead From among all those who have died. This expression describes all dead people together in the underworld. To come back from among them speaks of becoming alive again. ACT 17 4 es2u figs-activepassive αὐτῶν ἐπείσθησαν 1 the Jews were persuaded This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the Jews believed” or “the Jews understood” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 17 4 nyp2 προσεκληρώθησαν τῷ Παύλῳ 1 joined Paul “became associated with Paul” ACT 17 4 t21z σεβομένων Ἑλλήνων 1 devout Greeks This refers to Greeks who worship God but have not converted to Judaism through circumcision. ACT 17 4 ye8v figs-litotes γυναικῶν ... τῶν πρώτων οὐκ ὀλίγαι 1 not a few of the leading women This is an understatement to emphasize that many leading women joined them. Alternate translation: “many leading women” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) ACT 17 5 nuh6 0 General Information: Here the word “they” refers to the unbelieving Jews and wicked men from the marketplace. ACT 17 5 uj43 figs-metaphor ζηλώσαντες 1 being moved with jealousy The feeling of jealousy is spoken of as if jealousy were actually moving the person. Alternate translation: “feeling very jealous” or “feeling very angry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 17 5 vev6 figs-explicit ζηλώσαντες 1 with jealousy It can be stated explicitly that these Jews were jealous because some of the Jews and Greeks believed Paul’s message. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 17 5 btw6 προσλαβόμενοι ... ἄνδρας τινὰς πονηροὺς 1 took certain wicked men Here “took” does not mean the Jews took these people by force. It means the Jews persuaded these wicked men to help them. ACT 17 5 lc6g ἄνδρας τινὰς πονηροὺς 1 certain wicked men “some evil men.” The word “men” here refers specifically to males. ACT 17 5 ie1f τῶν ἀγοραίων 1 from the marketplace “from the public square.” This is a public place of business, where buying and selling of goods, cattle, or services take place. ACT 17 5 t3bc figs-metonymy ἐθορύβουν τὴν πόλιν 1 set the city in an uproar Here “the city” stands for the people in the city. Alternate translation: “caused the people of the city to be in an uproar” or “caused the people of the city to riot” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 17 5 s3uv ἐπιστάντες τῇ οἰκίᾳ 1 Assaulting the house “Violently attacking the house.” This probably means the people were throwing rocks at the house and trying to break down the door of the house. ACT 17 5 ks2l translate-names Ἰάσονος 1 Jason This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 17 5 pp7k προαγαγεῖν εἰς τὸν δῆμον 1 out to the people Possible meanings or “people” are 1) a governmental or legal group of citizens gathered to make a decision or 2) a mob. ACT 17 6 i79p τινας ἀδελφοὺς 1 certain other brothers Here “brothers” refers to believers. Alternate translation: “some other believers” ACT 17 6 e44z ἐπὶ τοὺς πολιτάρχας 1 before the officials “in the presence of the officials” ACT 17 6 g7xj οἱ ... ἀναστατώσαντες, οὗτοι 1 These men who have The Jewish leaders were speaking and the phrase, “These men,” refers to Paul and Silas. ACT 17 6 c2av figs-hyperbole τὴν οἰκουμένην ἀναστατώσαντες 1 turned the world upside down This phrase is another way of saying Paul and Silas where causing trouble everywhere they went. The Jewish leaders were exaggerating the influence Paul and Silas were having with their teaching. Alternate translation: “caused trouble everywhere in the world” or “caused trouble everywhere they have gone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ACT 17 7 hlc9 ὑποδέδεκται Ἰάσων 1 Jason has welcomed This phrase signals that Jason was in agreement with the apostles’ troubling message. ACT 17 8 th2f ἐτάραξαν 1 were disturbed “were worried” ACT 17 9 ya44 λαβόντες τὸ ἱκανὸν παρὰ τοῦ Ἰάσονος καὶ τῶν λοιπῶν 1 made Jason and the rest pay money as security Jason and the others had to pay the money to the city officials as a promise of good behavior; that money might be returned if all went well or it might be used to repair the damages brought on by bad behavior. ACT 17 9 bj48 τῶν λοιπῶν 1 the rest The words “the rest” refers to other believers that the Jews brought before the officials. ACT 17 9 aru6 ἀπέλυσαν αὐτούς 1 they let them go “the officials let Jason and the other believers go” ACT 17 10 na8h 0 General Information: Paul and Silas travel on to the town of Berea. ACT 17 10 qy5c figs-gendernotations οἱ ... ἀδελφοὶ 1 the brothers The word “brothers” here refers to men and women believers. Alternate translation: “the believers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) ACT 17 11 k2st writing-background δὲ 1 Now The word “now” is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here Luke tells background information about the people in Berea and how they were willing to listen to Paul and examine what he said. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) ACT 17 11 gu6s οὗτοι ... ἦσαν εὐγενέστεροι 1 these people were more noble These “well-born” people were willing to think more objectively about new ideas than other people. Alternate translation: “more open minded” or “more willing to listen” ACT 17 11 hle3 figs-metonymy ἐδέξαντο τὸν λόγον 1 received the word Here “word” refers to a teaching. Alternate translation: “listened to the teaching” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 17 11 uh8a μετὰ πάσης προθυμίας 1 with all readiness of mind These Bereans were prepared to examine earnestly Paul’s teachings about the scripture. ACT 17 11 lzm3 καθ’ ἡμέραν ἀνακρίνοντες τὰς Γραφὰς 1 examining the scriptures daily “carefully reading and evaluating the scriptures every day” ACT 17 11 g8an ἔχοι ταῦτα οὕτως 1 these things were so “the things Paul said were true” ACT 17 13 vn8h translate-names 0 General Information: Athens is down the coast from Barea which is in Macedonia. Athens was one of the most important cities in Greece. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 17 13 asb4 figs-metaphor ἦλθον κἀκεῖ, σαλεύοντες 1 went there and stirred up This speaks about their agitating people as though it were a person stirring a liquid and causing the things at the bottom of the liquid to rise to the surface. Alternate translation: “went there and agitated” or “went there and disturbed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 17 13 wjq3 ταράσσοντες τοὺς ὄχλους 1 troubled the crowds “and worried the crowds” or “caused dread and fear among the people” ACT 17 14 ael8 figs-gendernotations ἀδελφοὶ 1 brothers The word “brothers” here refers to men and women believers. Alternate translation: “believers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) ACT 17 14 zw1c πορεύεσθαι ἕως ἐπὶ τὴν θάλασσαν 1 to go to the sea “to go to the coast.” From here Paul would probably sail to another city. ACT 17 15 tjh5 καθιστάνοντες τὸν Παῦλον 1 who were leading Paul “who were accompanying Paul” or “who were going along with Paul” ACT 17 15 gs1p figs-quotations λαβόντες ἐντολὴν πρὸς τὸν Σιλᾶν καὶ τὸν Τιμόθεον 1 they received from him instructions for Silas and Timothy “he told them to instruct Silas and Timothy.” This can also be stated as a direct quotation as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) ACT 17 16 wk63 0 General Information: This is another part of the story of Paul and Silas’ travels. Paul is now in Athens where he is waiting for Silas and Timothy to join him. ACT 17 16 y9cr δὲ 1 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here Luke starts to tell a new part of the story. ACT 17 16 we78 figs-synecdoche παρωξύνετο τὸ πνεῦμα αὐτοῦ ἐν αὐτῷ, θεωροῦντος κατείδωλον οὖσαν τὴν πόλιν 1 his spirit was provoked within him as he saw the city full of idols Here “spirit” stands for Paul himself. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “he became upset because he saw that there were idols everywhere in the city” or “seeing the idols everywhere in the city upset him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 17 17 q8px διελέγετο 1 he reasoned “he debated” or “he discussed.” This means that there is interaction from the listeners rather than only his preaching. They are talking with him as well. ACT 17 17 jkj8 τοῖς σεβομένοις 1 others who worshiped God This refers to Gentiles (non-Jews) who give praise to God and follow him but do not obey all of the Jewish laws. ACT 17 17 ec14 ἐν τῇ ἀγορᾷ 1 in the marketplace “in the public square.” This is a public place of business, where buying and selling of goods, cattle, or services take place. ACT 17 18 ru6a 0 General Information: Here the words “him,” “He, “and “he” refer to Paul. ACT 17 18 l7le translate-names Ἐπικουρίων καὶ Στοϊκῶν φιλοσόφων 1 Epicurean and Stoic philosophers These people believed all things were formed by chance and that the gods were too busy being happy to be bothered with governing the universe. They rejected the resurrection and wanted only simple pleasures. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 17 18 f976 translate-names Στοϊκῶν φιλοσόφων 1 Stoic philosophers These people believed freedom comes from resigning oneself to fate. They rejected a personal loving God and the resurrection. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 17 18 tjk6 συνέβαλλον αὐτῷ 1 encountered him “happened upon him” ACT 17 18 dnj8 τινες ἔλεγον 1 Some said “Some of the philosophers said” ACT 17 18 g4bv figs-metaphor τί ἂν θέλοι ὁ σπερμολόγος οὗτος 1 What is this babbler The word “babbler” was used to refer to birds picking up seeds as food. It refers negatively to a person who only knows a little bit of information. The philosophers said Paul had bits of information which were not worth listening to. Alternate translation: “What is this uneducated person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 17 18 k2ps οἱ 1 Others said “Other philosophers said” ACT 17 18 l41t δοκεῖ καταγγελεὺς 1 He seems to be one who calls people to follow “He seems to be a proclaimer” or “He seems to be on a mission to add people to his philosophy” ACT 17 18 sx9t ξένων δαιμονίων 1 strange gods This is not in the sense of “odd,” but in the sense of “foreign,” that is, gods that Greeks and Romans do not worship or know about. ACT 17 19 fs5g figs-exclusive 0 General Information: The words “him,” “He” and “you” refer to Paul ([Acts 17:18](../17/18.md)). Here the words “They” and “we” refer to the Epicurean and Stoic philosophers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) ACT 17 19 mv8c ἐπιλαβόμενοί τε αὐτοῦ, ἐπὶ τὸν Ἄρειον Πάγον ἤγαγο 1 They took ... brought him This does not mean they arrested Paul. The philosophers invited Paul to speak formally to their leaders. ACT 17 19 b56g figs-metonymy ἐπὶ τὸν Ἄρειον Πάγον 1 to the Areopagus The “Areopagus” was the place where the leaders met. Alternate translation: “to the leaders that met on the Areopagus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 17 19 ze7e τὸν Ἄρειον Πάγον ... λέγοντες 1 the Areopagus, saying Here the leaders on the Areopagus are speaking. This can stated as a new sentence. Alternate translation: “the Areopagus. The leaders said to Paul” ACT 17 19 unc8 translate-names Ἄρειον Πάγον 1 Areopagus This is a prominent rock outcropping or hill in Athens upon which the supreme court of Athens may have met. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 17 20 lay8 figs-metaphor ξενίζοντα γάρ τινα εἰσφέρεις εἰς τὰς ἀκοὰς ἡμῶν 1 For you bring some strange things to our ears Paul’s teachings about Jesus and the resurrection are spoken of as an object that a person can bring to another person. Here “ears” refers to what they hear. Alternate translation: “For you teachings some things that we have never heard before” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 17 21 dn1t figs-hyperbole Ἀθηναῖοι δὲ πάντες καὶ οἱ ἐπιδημοῦντες ξένοι 1 Now all the Athenians and the strangers living there The word “all” is a generalization referring to many. Alternate translation: “Now many of the Athenians and the strangers living there” or “Now many of the Athenians and the strangers living there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) ACT 17 21 d8yb translate-names Ἀθηναῖοι ... πάντες 1 all the Athenians “Athenians” are people from Athens, a city near the coast below Macedonia (present day Greece). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 17 21 m8u1 οἱ ... ξένοι 1 the strangers “the foreigners” ACT 17 21 sk5b figs-metaphor εἰς οὐδὲν ἕτερον ηὐκαίρουν, ἢ λέγειν τι ἢ ἀκούειν 1 spent their time in nothing but either telling or listening Here “time” is spoken of as if it were an object that a person could spend. Alternate translation: “used their time doing nothing but either telling or listening” or “were always doing nothing but telling or listening” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 17 21 ij4e figs-hyperbole εἰς οὐδὲν ἕτερον ηὐκαίρουν, ἢ λέγειν τι ἢ ἀκούειν 1 spent their time in nothing but either telling or listening The phrase “spent their time in nothing” is an exaggeration. Alternate translation: “did not do much but tell or listen” or “spent much of their time telling or listening” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) ACT 17 21 wr1r λέγειν τι ἢ ἀκούειν τι καινότερον 1 telling or listening about something new “discussing new philosophical ideas” or “talking about what was new to them” ACT 17 22 zq3y 0 General Information: Paul begins his speech to the philosophers on the Areopagus. ACT 17 22 ja1k κατὰ πάντα ... δεισιδαιμονεστέρους 1 very religious in every way Paul is referring to the Athenians’ public display of honoring the gods through prayers, building altars, and offering sacrifices. ACT 17 23 gn1j διερχόμενος γὰρ 1 For as I passed along “Because as I walked past” or “I walked along” ACT 17 23 cem7 ἀγνώστῳ Θεῷ 1 To an Unknown God Possible meanings are 1) “to a certain unknown god” or 2) “to a god not known.” This was a specific writing or inscription on that altar. ACT 17 24 m1jm τὸν κόσμον 1 the world In the most general sense, the “world” refers to the heavens and the earth and everything in them. ACT 17 24 rqk9 οὗτος ... ὑπάρχων Κύριος 1 since he is Lord “because he is the Lord.” Here “he” is referring to the unknown god mentioned in [Acts 17:23](../17/23.md) that Paul is explaining is the Lord God. ACT 17 24 f2mz figs-merism οὐρανοῦ καὶ γῆς 1 of heaven and earth The words “heaven” and “earth” are used together to mean all beings and things in heaven and earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) ACT 17 24 ju4h figs-synecdoche χειροποιήτοις 1 built with hands Here “hands” stands for people. Alternate translation: “built by the hands of people” or “that people built” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ACT 17 25 e3dg figs-activepassive οὐδὲ ὑπὸ χειρῶν ἀνθρωπίνων θεραπεύεται 1 Neither is he served by men’s hands Here “served” has the sense of a doctor treating a patient to make the patient well again. Alternate translation: “Neither do men’s hands take care of him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 17 25 yq68 figs-synecdoche ὑπὸ χειρῶν ἀνθρωπίνων 1 by men’s hands Here “hands” stands for the whole person. Alternate translation: “by humans” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ACT 17 25 sj89 figs-rpronouns αὐτὸς διδοὺς 1 since he himself “because he himself.” The word “himself” is added for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) ACT 17 26 r3lt figs-inclusive 0 General Information: Here the words “he” and “him” refer to the one true God, the creator. The words “their” and “them” refer to every nation of people living on the surface of the earth. In using the word “us,” Paul includes himself, his audience, and every nation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) ACT 17 26 p1e4 ἑνὸς 1 one man This means Adam, the first person God created. This can be stated to include Eve. It was through Adam and Eve that God made all other people. Alternate translation: “one couple” ACT 17 26 js4p ὁρίσας προστεταγμένους καιροὺς καὶ τὰς ὁροθεσίας τῆς κατοικίας αὐτῶν 1 having determined their appointed seasons and the boundaries of their living areas This can be stated as a new sentence. Alternate translation: “And he determined when and where they would live” ACT 17 27 jae5 figs-metaphor ζητεῖν τὸν Θεὸν, εἰ ἄρα γε ψηλαφήσειαν αὐτὸν καὶ εὕροιεν 1 so that they should search for God and perhaps they may feel their way toward him and find him Here “search for God” represents desiring to know him, and “feel their way toward him and find him” represents praying and having a relationship with him. Alternate translation: “so that they should want to know God and perhaps pray to him and become one of his people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 17 27 p8hk figs-litotes καί γε οὐ μακρὰν ἀπὸ ἑνὸς ἑκάστου ἡμῶν ὑπάρχοντα 1 Yet he is not far from each one of us This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “Yet he is very near to everyone of us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) ACT 17 28 tkd3 figs-inclusive 0 General Information: Here the words “him” and “his” refer to God ([Acts 17:24](../17/24.md)). When Paul says “we” here, he includes himself as well as his hearers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) ACT 17 28 cbd9 ἐν αὐτῷ γὰρ 1 For in him “Because of him” ACT 17 29 k9ws figs-metaphor γένος ... ὑπάρχοντες τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 are God’s offspring Because God created everyone, all people are spoken of as if they were God’s literal children. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 17 29 czi9 figs-metonymy τὸ θεῖον 1 qualities of deity Here “deity” refers to God’s nature or attributes. Alternate translation: “that God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 17 29 q4q2 figs-activepassive χαράγματι τέχνης καὶ ἐνθυμήσεως ἀνθρώπου 1 images created by the art and imagination of man This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “which a man then uses his skill to make it into something that he has designed” or “images that people make by using their art and imagination” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 17 30 y2u8 0 General Information: Here the word “he” refers to God. ACT 17 30 zj28 0 Connecting Statement: Paul finishes his speech to the philosophers in the Areopagus, which he began in [Acts 17:22](../17/22.md). ACT 17 30 suh6 οὖν 1 Therefore “Because what I have just said is true” ACT 17 30 iva4 χρόνους τῆς ἀγνοίας ὑπεριδὼν ὁ Θεὸς 1 God overlooked the times of ignorance “God decided not to punish people during the time of ignorance” ACT 17 30 h8uy χρόνους τῆς ἀγνοίας 1 times of ignorance This refers to the time before God fully revealed himself through Jesus Christ and before people truly knew how to obey God. ACT 17 30 qim5 figs-gendernotations τοῖς ἀνθρώποις πάντας 1 all men This means all people whether male or female. Alternate translation: “all people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) ACT 17 31 htp7 ἐν ᾗ μέλλει κρίνειν τὴν οἰκουμένην ἐν δικαιοσύνῃ, ἐν ἀνδρὶ ᾧ ὥρισεν 1 when he will judge the world in righteousness by the man he has chosen “when the man he has chosen will judge the world in righteousness” ACT 17 31 jt3a figs-metonymy μέλλει κρίνειν τὴν οἰκουμένην 1 he will judge the world Here “world” refers to the people. Alternate translation: “he will judge all people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 17 31 i9aw ἐν δικαιοσύνῃ 1 in righteousness “justly” or “fairly” ACT 17 31 l61p πίστιν παρασχὼν 1 God has given proof of this man “God has demonstrated his choice of this man” ACT 17 31 ulr4 ἐκ νεκρῶν 1 from the dead From among all those who have died. This expression describes all dead people together in the underworld. To come back from among them speaks of becoming alive again. ACT 17 32 tc8t figs-exclusive 0 General Information: Here the word “We” refers to the men of Athens but not to Paul, so this is exclusive. Though some of them probably did want to hear Paul again, they may only have been being polite. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) ACT 17 32 c4sm writing-endofstory 0 This is the end of the part of the story about Paul in Athens. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-endofstory]]) ACT 17 32 nb26 δὲ 1 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here Luke shifts from Paul’s teachings to the reaction of the people of Athens. ACT 17 32 jlm5 ἀκούσαντες 1 when they heard of These are the people who were present at the Areopagus listening to Paul. ACT 17 32 sn6j οἱ μὲν ἐχλεύαζον 1 some mocked Paul “some ridiculed Paul” or “some laughed at Paul.” These did not believe it was possible for someone to die and then return to life. ACT 17 34 psh8 translate-names Διονύσιος ὁ Ἀρεοπαγίτης 1 Dionysius the Areopagite Dionysius is a man’s name. Areopagite implies that Dionysius was one of the judges at the council of Areopagus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 17 34 hsz3 translate-names Δάμαρις 1 Damaris This is the name of a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 18 intro rky6 0 # Acts 18 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### The baptism of John<br><br>Some Jews who lived far away from Jerusalem and Judea had heard of John the Baptist and followed his teachings. They had not yet heard about Jesus. One of these Jews was Apollos. He followed John the Baptist, but he did not know that the Messiah had come. John had baptized people to show that they were sorry for their sins, but this baptism was different from Christian baptism. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]])<br> ACT 18 1 jat1 writing-background 0 General Information: Aquila and Priscilla are introduced to the story and verses 2 and 3 give background information about them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) ACT 18 1 qa9b 0 Connecting Statement: This is another part of the story of Paul’s travels as he goes to Corinth. ACT 18 1 fky7 μετὰ ταῦτα 1 After these things “After these events took place in Athens” ACT 18 1 h2si ἐκ τῶν Ἀθηνῶν 1 Athens Athens was one of the most important cities in Greece. See how you translated this in [Acts 17:15](../17/15.md). ACT 18 2 d9zx καὶ εὑρών 1 There he met Possible meanings are that 1) Paul happened to find by chance or 2) Paul intentionally found. ACT 18 2 hm16 writing-participants τινα Ἰουδαῖον ὀνόματι Ἀκύλαν 1 a Jew named Aquila Here the phrase “a certain” indicates this is introducing new person in the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) ACT 18 2 y97p translate-names Ποντικὸν τῷ γένει 1 a native of Pontus Pontus was a province on the southern coast of the Black Sea. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 18 2 q4va προσφάτως ἐληλυθότα 1 had recently come This is probably sometime in the past year. ACT 18 2 n631 translate-names τῆς Ἰταλίας 1 Italy This is the name of land. Rome is the capital city of Italy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 18 2 n95f τὸ διατεταχέναι Κλαύδιον 1 Claudius had commanded Claudius was the current Roman emperor. See how you translated this in [Acts 11:28](../11/28.md). ACT 18 3 q259 τὸ ὁμότεχνον εἶναι 1 he worked at the same trade “he did the same kind of work that they did” ACT 18 4 r56h 0 General Information: Silas and Timothy rejoin Paul. ACT 18 4 h3az διελέγετο δὲ 1 So Paul reasoned “So Paul debated” or “So Paul discussed.” He gave reasons. This means that rather than just preaching, Paul talked and interacted with the people. ACT 18 4 r2gp ἔπειθέν τε Ἰουδαίους καὶ Ἕλληνας 1 He persuaded both Jews and Greeks Possible meanings are 1) “He caused both Jews and Greeks to believe” or 2) “He kept trying to persuade the Jews and the Greeks.” ACT 18 5 d191 figs-activepassive συνείχετο τῷ λόγῳ ὁ Παῦλος 1 Paul devoted himself to the word This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the Spirit compelled Paul” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 18 6 ncx8 translate-symaction ἐκτιναξάμενος τὰ ἱμάτια 1 shook out his garment This is a symbolic action to indicate that Paul will no longer try to teach the Jews there about Jesus. He is leaving them to God’s judgment. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) ACT 18 6 z12a figs-metonymy τὸ αἷμα ὑμῶν ἐπὶ τὴν κεφαλὴν ὑμῶν 1 May your blood be upon your own heads Here “blood” stands for the guilt of their actions. Here “heads” refers to the whole person. Paul tells the Jews they are solely responsible for the judgment they will face for their stubbornness if they refuse to repent. Alternate translation: “You alone bear the responsibility for your punishment for sin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ACT 18 7 cd3u 0 General Information: Here the word “he” refers to Paul. The first word “his” refers to Titius Justus. The second word “his” refers to Crispus. ACT 18 7 vs6y translate-names Τιτίου Ἰούστου 1 Titius Justus This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 18 7 v8xg σεβομένου τὸν Θεόν 1 worshiped God A worshiper of God is a Gentile who gives praise to God and follows him but does not necessarily obey all of the Jewish laws. ACT 18 8 lj2t translate-names Κρίσπος 1 Crispus This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 18 8 kkk9 ἀρχισυνάγωγος 1 leader of the synagogue a layperson who sponsored and administered the synagogue, not necessarily the teacher ACT 18 8 uaq5 figs-metonymy ὅλῳ τῷ οἴκῳ αὐτοῦ 1 all those who lived in his house Here “house” refers to the people who lived together. Alternate translation: “the people who lived with him in his house” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 18 8 t3np figs-activepassive ἐβαπτίζοντο 1 were baptized This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “received baptism” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 18 9 ws7p figs-parallelism μὴ φοβοῦ, ἀλλὰ λάλει καὶ μὴ σιωπήσῃς 1 Do not be afraid, but speak and do not be silent The Lord is giving one command in two different ways to emphasize that Paul should certainly continue preaching. Alternate translation: “You must not be afraid and, instead, continue to speak and not become silent” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ACT 18 9 zg8a figs-doublet λάλει καὶ μὴ σιωπήσῃς 1 speak and do not be silent The Lord gives the same command in two different ways to strongly command Paul to speak. Alternate translation: “you must certainly continue to speak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ACT 18 9 a529 figs-explicit μὴ σιωπήσῃς 1 do not be silent It can be stated explicitly what the Lord wants Paul to speak. Alternate translation: “do not stop speaking about the gospel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 18 10 a8lq λαός ἐστί μοι πολὺς ἐν τῇ πόλει ταύτῃ 1 I have many people in this city “there are many people in this city who have put their faith in me” or “many people in this city will put their faith in me” ACT 18 11 mqx2 writing-endofstory ἐκάθισεν δὲ ἐνιαυτὸν καὶ μῆνας ἓξ, διδάσκων ἐν αὐτοῖς τὸν λόγον τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Paul lived there ... teaching the word of God among them This is a concluding statement for this part of the story. “Word of God” here is a synecdoche for the entire scriptures. Alternate translation: “Paul lived there ... teaching the scriptures among them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-endofstory]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ACT 18 12 f41k translate-names 0 General Information: Achaia was the Roman province in which Corinth was located. Corinth was the largest city in southern Greece and the capital of the province. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 18 12 b5bf 0 Connecting Statement: The unbelieving Jews bring Paul to the judgment seat before Gallio. ACT 18 12 se8m translate-names Γαλλίωνος 1 Gallio This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 18 12 j762 figs-synecdoche οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι 1 the Jews This stands for the Jewish leaders that did not believe in Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ACT 18 12 lp79 κατεπέστησαν ὁμοθυμαδὸν 1 rose up together “came together” or “joined together” ACT 18 12 u36c figs-metonymy ἤγαγον αὐτὸν ἐπὶ τὸ βῆμα 1 brought him before the judgment seat The Jews took Paul by force to bring Paul before the court. Here “judgment seat” refers to the place where Gallio sat when he made legal decisions in court. Alternate translation: “took him so that the governor could judge him at the judgment seat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 18 14 d13b εἶπεν ὁ Γαλλίων 1 Gallio said Gallio was the Roman governor of the Province. ACT 18 15 y6mt νόμου τοῦ καθ’ ὑμᾶς 1 your own law Here “law” refers to the law of Moses and as well as the Jewish customs of Paul’s time. ACT 18 15 khr5 κριτὴς ἐγὼ τούτων οὐ βούλομαι εἶναι 1 I do not wish to be a judge of these matters “I refuse to make a judgment about these matters” ACT 18 16 yf81 0 General Information: Here the word “they” probably refers to the Gentiles at the court. They reacted against the Jews who had brought Paul before the judgment seat ([Acts 18:12](../18/12.md)). ACT 18 16 d6nh figs-metonymy ἀπήλασεν αὐτοὺς ἀπὸ τοῦ βήματος 1 Gallio made them leave the judgment seat “Gallio dismissed them from the judgment seat.” Here “judgment seat” refers to the place where Gallio sits to make legal decisions in court. Alternate translation: “Gallio made them leave his presence in the court” or “Gallio made them leave the court” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 18 17 cyk6 figs-hyperbole ἐπιλαβόμενοι ... πάντες 1 they all seized This may be an exaggeration to emphasize the strong feelings the people had. Alternate translation: “many people seized” or “many of them grabbed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) ACT 18 17 mj77 ἐπιλαβόμενοι δὲ πάντες Σωσθένην τὸν ἀρχισυνάγωγον, ἔτυπτον ἔμπροσθεν τοῦ βήματος 1 So they all seized Sosthenes, the ruler of the synagogue, and beat him in front of the judgment seat Possible meanings are 1) the Gentiles beat Sosthenes in the court in front of the judgment seat because he was the Jewish leader or 2) it is possible that Sosthenes was a believer in Christ, so the Jews beat him in front of the court. ACT 18 17 x9w5 translate-names Σωσθένην τὸν ἀρχισυνάγωγον 1 Sosthenes, the ruler of the synagogue “Sosthenes” was the Jewish ruler of the synagogue at Corinth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 18 17 z9fv ἔτυπτον 1 beat him “repeatedly hit him” or “repeatedly punched him.” ACT 18 18 x25w translate-names 0 General Information: Here the word “he” refers to Paul. Cenchreae was a seaport that was part of the greater Corinth city area. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 18 18 ura9 0 Connecting Statement: This continues Paul’s missionary journey as Paul, Priscilla, and Aquila leave Corinth. This seems to indicate that Silas and Timothy remain since it says “he” here and not “we.” The word “they” refers to Paul, Priscilla, and Aquila. ACT 18 18 et8c figs-gendernotations τοῖς ἀδελφοῖς ἀποταξάμενος 1 left the brothers The word “brothers” refers to men and women believers. Alternate translation: “left the fellow believers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) ACT 18 18 v5kl ἐξέπλει εἰς τὴν Συρίαν, καὶ σὺν αὐτῷ Πρίσκιλλα καὶ Ἀκύλας 1 sailed for Syria with Priscilla and Aquila Paul got on a ship that sailed for Syria. Priscilla and Aquila went with him. ACT 18 18 kq6f translate-symaction κειράμενος ... τὴν κεφαλήν, εἶχεν γὰρ εὐχήν 1 he shaved his head ... because he had madef a vow This is a symbolic action that indicates the completion of a vow. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “he had someone cut off the hair on his head” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 18 19 st93 διελέξατο τοῖς 1 reasoned with “discussed with” or “debated with” ACT 18 20 u44s 0 General Information: Here the words “they” and “them” refer to the Jews in Ephesus. ACT 18 21 iz1u ἀποταξάμενος 1 taking his leave of them “saying good-bye to them” ACT 18 22 pr6u 0 General Information: Phrygia is a province in Asia which is now modern day Turkey. See how you translated this in [Acts 2:10](../02/10.md). ACT 18 22 p364 0 Connecting Statement: Paul continues his missionary journey. ACT 18 22 gyy4 κατελθὼν εἰς Καισάρειαν 1 landed at Caesarea “arrived at Caesarea.” The word “landed” is used to show that he arrived by ship. ACT 18 22 r26z ἀναβὰς 1 he went up He traveled to the city of Jerusalem. The phrase “went up” is used here because Jerusalem is higher in elevation than Caesarea. ACT 18 22 q9j6 figs-metonymy ἀσπασάμενος τὴν ἐκκλησίαν 1 greeted the Jerusalem church Here “church” refers to the believers in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “greeted the members of the church of Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 18 22 n3rh κατέβη 1 then went down The phrase “went down” is used here because Antioch is lower in elevation than Jerusalem. ACT 18 23 pww5 ἐξῆλθεν 1 Paul departed “Paul went away” or “Paul left” ACT 18 23 h65j figs-metaphor καὶ ποιήσας χρόνον τινὰ 1 After having spent some time there This speaks about “time” as if it were a commodity that a person could spend. Alternate translation: After staying there for a while” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 18 24 a7p9 writing-background 0 General Information: Apollos is introduced to the story. Verses 24 and 25 give background information about him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) ACT 18 24 muc2 0 Connecting Statement: Luke tells what happens in Ephesus with Priscilla and Aquila. ACT 18 24 xqy7 δέ 1 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. ACT 18 24 n2b4 writing-participants Ἰουδαῖος ... τις Ἀπολλῶς ὀνόματι 1 a certain Jew named Apollos The phrase “a certain” indicates that Luke is introducing a new person in the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) ACT 18 24 di14 translate-names Ἀλεξανδρεὺς τῷ γένει 1 an Alexandrian by birth “a man who was born in the city of Alexandria.” This was a city in Egypt on the north coast of Africa. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 18 24 t4zi λόγιος 1 eloquent in speech “a good speaker” ACT 18 24 bh25 δυνατὸς ὢν ἐν ταῖς Γραφαῖς 1 mighty in the scriptures “he knew the scriptures thoroughly.” He understood the Old Testament writings well. ACT 18 25 z7a8 figs-activepassive οὗτος ἦν κατηχημένος τὴν ὁδὸν τοῦ Κυρίου 1 Apollos had been instructed in the teachings of the Lord This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Other believers had taught Apollos how the Lord Jesus wanted people to live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 18 25 ift8 figs-synecdoche καὶ ζέων τῷ πνεύματι 1 Being fervent in spirit Here “spirit” refers to the entire person of Apollos. Alternate translation: “Being very enthusiastic” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ACT 18 25 lr1h τὸ βάπτισμα Ἰωάννου 1 the baptism of John “The baptism that John performed.” This is comparing John’s baptism which was with water to Jesus’ baptism which is with the Holy Spirit. ACT 18 26 ga6v figs-metaphor τὴν ὁδὸν τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 the way of God How God wants people to live is spoken of as if it were a road that a person travels. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 18 26 k1lb ἀκριβέστερον 1 more accurately “correctly” or “more fully” ACT 18 27 c2sq 0 General Information: Here the he words “he” and “him” refer to Apollos ([Acts 18:24](./24.md)). ACT 18 27 ll36 διελθεῖν εἰς τὴν Ἀχαΐαν 1 to pass over into Achaia “to go to the region of Achaia.” The phrase “pass over” is used here because Apollos had to cross the Aegean Sea to get to Achaia from Ephesus. ACT 18 27 pql7 τὴν Ἀχαΐαν 1 Achaia Achaia was a Roman Province in the southern section of Greece. See how you translated this in [Acts 18:12](../18/12.md). ACT 18 27 v2i6 figs-gendernotations ἀδελφοὶ 1 brothers The word “brothers” here refers to men and women believers. You can make explicit that these are believers in Ephesus. Alternate translation: “fellow believers in Ephesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 18 27 q5f2 ἔγραψαν τοῖς μαθηταῖς 1 wrote to the disciples “wrote a letter to the Christians in Achaia” ACT 18 27 f99p τοῖς πεπιστευκόσιν διὰ τῆς χάριτος 1 those who believed by grace “those who had believed in salvation by grace” or “those who by God’s grace believed in Jesus” ACT 18 28 l2zt εὐτόνως ... τοῖς Ἰουδαίοις διακατηλέγχετο δημοσίᾳ 1 Apollos powerfully refuted the Jews in public debate “In public debate Apollos powerfully showed that the Jews were wrong” ACT 18 28 v4sx ἐπιδεικνὺς διὰ τῶν Γραφῶν εἶναι τὸν Χριστὸν, Ἰησοῦν 1 showing by the scriptures that Jesus is the Christ “as he showed them by the scriptures that Jesus is the Christ” ACT 19 intro g38y 0 # Acts 19 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Baptism<br><br>John baptized people to show that they were sorry for their sins. Jesus’ followers baptized people who wanted to follow Jesus.<br><br>### Temple of Diana<br><br>The temple of Diana was an important place in the city of Ephesus. Many people came to Ephesus to see this temple, and they bought statues of the goddess Diana while they were there. The people who sold statues of Diana were afraid that if people did not believe Diana was a real goddess, they would stop giving the sellers money for statues.<br> ACT 19 1 rhv1 0 General Information: The “upper country” was an area of Asia which today is part of modern-day Turkey to the north of Ephesus. Paul must have traveled by land around the top of the Aegean sea in order to come to Ephesus (also in Turkey today) which is directly east of Corinth by sea. ACT 19 1 wu6p 0 Connecting Statement: Paul travels to Ephesus. ACT 19 1 lp23 ἐγένετο δὲ 1 It came about that This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of a new part of the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. ACT 19 1 ati9 διελθόντα 1 passed through “traveled through” ACT 19 2 wqi4 Πνεῦμα Ἅγιον ἐλάβετε 1 receive the Holy Spirit This means to have the Holy Spirit come upon them. ACT 19 2 nvn4 οὐδ’ εἰ Πνεῦμα Ἅγιον ἔστιν ἠκούσαμεν 1 we did not even hear about the Holy Spirit “we have not even heard about the Holy Spirit” ACT 19 3 hml1 0 General Information: Here the words “They,” “you,” and “they” refer to certain disciples in the city of Ephesus ([Acts 19:1](../19/01.md)). The word “him” refers to John. ACT 19 3 mrm6 figs-activepassive εἰς τί οὖν ἐβαπτίσθητε 1 Into what then were you baptized? This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “What kind of baptism did you receive?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 19 3 jzp7 figs-ellipsis εἰς τὸ Ἰωάννου βάπτισμα 1 Into John’s baptism You can translate this as a complete sentence. Alternate translation: “We received the kind of baptism about which John taught” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) ACT 19 4 r46y figs-abstractnouns βάπτισμα μετανοίας 1 the baptism of repentance You can translate the abstract noun “repentance” as the verb “repent.” Alternate translation: “the baptism that people requested when they wanted to repent” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ACT 19 4 pv7t τὸν ἐρχόμενον 1 the one who would come Here “the one” refers to Jesus. ACT 19 4 q5fh τὸν ἐρχόμενον μετ’ αὐτὸν 1 come after him This means to come after John the Baptist in time and not following after him physically. ACT 19 5 zx2b 0 Connecting Statement: Paul continues staying in Ephesus. ACT 19 5 k9st ἀκούσαντες δὲ 1 When the people Here “people” refers to the disciples in Ephesus who were talking with Paul ([Acts 19:1](../19/01.md)), ACT 19 5 ueh1 figs-activepassive ἐβαπτίσθησαν 1 they were baptized This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they received baptism” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 19 5 g2dm figs-metonymy εἰς τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ Κυρίου Ἰησοῦ 1 in the name of the Lord Jesus Here “name” refers to Jesus’ power and authority. Alternate translation: “as believers in the Lord Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 19 6 gk8l ἐπιθέντος αὐτοῖς τοῦ Παύλου χεῖρας 1 laid his hands on them “placed his hands on them.” He probably placed his hands on their shoulders or heads. Alternate translation: “placed his hands on their heads as he prayed” ACT 19 6 j4n8 ἐλάλουν τε γλώσσαις καὶ ἐπροφήτευον 1 they spoke in other languages and prophesied Unlike in [Acts 2:3-4](../02/03.md), there are no details of who understood their messages. ACT 19 7 e7kj writing-background ἦσαν δὲ οἱ πάντες ἄνδρες ὡσεὶ δώδεκα 1 In all they were about twelve men This tells how many men were baptized. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) ACT 19 7 u71i translate-numbers ἄνδρες ... δώδεκα 1 twelve men “12 men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) ACT 19 8 qv8z εἰσελθὼν ... εἰς τὴν συναγωγὴν, ἐπαρρησιάζετο ἐπὶ μῆνας τρεῖς 1 Paul went into the synagogue and spoke boldly for three months “Paul regularly attended the synagogue meetings for three months and spoke there boldly” ACT 19 8 yky2 διαλεγόμενος καὶ πείθων 1 reasoning and persuading them “convincing people with convincing arguments and with clear teaching” ACT 19 8 v8et figs-metonymy περὶ τῆς Βασιλείας τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 about the kingdom of God Here “kingdom” stands for God’s rule as king. Alternate translation: “about God’s rule as king” or “about how God would show himself as king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 19 9 mq1g figs-metaphor τινες ἐσκληρύνοντο καὶ ἠπείθουν 1 some Jews were hardened and disobedient To stubbornly refuse to believe is spoken of as though the people were becoming hard and unable to move. Alternate translation: “some Jews were stubborn and did not believe” or “some Jews stubbornly refused to accept and obey the message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 19 9 n6ir figs-metaphor κακολογοῦντες τὴν ὁδὸν ἐνώπιον τοῦ πλήθους 1 to speak evil of the Way before the crowd What Christ wants people to believe is spoken of as though it were a road that a person travels. The phrase, “the Way,” seems to have been a title for Christianity at the time. Alternate translation: “to speak evil about Christianity to the crowd” or “to speak to the crowd evil things about those who follow Christ and who obey his teaching about God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [Acts 9:2](../09/02.md)) ACT 19 9 ts8d κακολογοῦντες 1 to speak evil of “to speak bad things about” ACT 19 9 xsm6 ἐν τῇ σχολῇ Τυράννου 1 in the lecture hall of Tyrannus “in the large room where Tyrannus had taught people” ACT 19 9 den4 translate-names Τυράννου 1 Tyrannus This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 19 10 cw5g figs-hyperbole πάντας τοὺς κατοικοῦντας τὴν Ἀσίαν ἀκοῦσαι τὸν λόγον τοῦ Κυρίου 1 all who lived in Asia heard the word of the Lord Here “all” is a generalization that means very many people throughout Asia heard the gospel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) ACT 19 10 kj12 figs-metonymy τὸν λόγον τοῦ Κυρίου 1 the word of the Lord Here “word” stands for a message. Alternate translation: “the message about the Lord” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 19 11 cb6w 0 General Information: Here the words “them” and “they” refer to those who were sick. ACT 19 11 fa6h figs-synecdoche δυνάμεις τε οὐ τὰς τυχούσας, ὁ Θεὸς ἐποίει διὰ τῶν χειρῶν Παύλου 1 God was doing mighty deeds by the hands of Paul Here “hands” stands for Paul’s whole person. Alternate translation: “God was causing Paul to do miracles” or “God was doing miracles through Paul” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ACT 19 12 m3kl καὶ ἐπὶ τοὺς ἀσθενοῦντας ἀποφέρεσθαι ἀπὸ τοῦ χρωτὸς αὐτοῦ σουδάρια ἢ σιμικίνθια, καὶ 1 even handkerchiefs and aprons that had touched him were taken to the sick and This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “when they took to sick people even handkerchiefs and aprons that had touched Paul” ACT 19 12 vc1v καὶ ... ἀπὸ τοῦ χρωτὸς αὐτοῦ σουδάρια ἢ σιμικίνθια 1 even handkerchiefs and aprons that had touched him Possible meanings are 1) these were cloth items that Paul had touched or 2) these were cloth items that Paul had worn or used. ACT 19 12 aks4 σουδάρια 1 handkerchiefs cloths worn around the head ACT 19 12 xs31 σιμικίνθια 1 aprons clothing worn on the front of the body to protect the clothes of people ACT 19 12 kw9z figs-nominaladj τοὺς ἀσθενοῦντας 1 the sick This refers to sick people. Alternate translation: “sick people” or “those who were sick” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) ACT 19 12 nl3a ἀπαλλάσσεσθαι ἀπ’ αὐτῶν τὰς νόσους 1 their illnesses left them “those who were sick became healthy” ACT 19 13 he2x 0 General Information: This is the beginning of another event that happened while Paul was in Ephesus. It is about Jewish exorcists. ACT 19 13 fgq4 ἐξορκιστῶν 1 exorcists people who send evil spirits away from people or places ACT 19 13 s12u figs-metonymy τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ Κυρίου Ἰησοῦ 1 the name of the Lord Jesus Here “name” refers to Jesus’ power and authority. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 19 13 d59p τὸν Ἰησοῦν, ὃν Παῦλος κηρύσσει 1 By the Jesus whom Paul proclaims “Jesus” was a common name at the time, so these exorcists wanted people to know of whom they spoke. ACT 19 13 vqt1 figs-metonymy τὸν Ἰησοῦν 1 By the Jesus This stands for the power and authority of Jesus. Alternate translation: “by the authority of Jesus” or “by the power of Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 19 14 cb8p translate-names Σκευᾶ 1 Sceva This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 19 15 i4a2 τὸν Ἰησοῦν γινώσκω, καὶ τὸν Παῦλον ἐπίσταμαι 1 Jesus I know, and Paul I know “I know Jesus and Paul” or “I know Jesus, and I know Paul” ACT 19 15 nsl1 figs-rquestion ὑμεῖς δὲ τίνες ἐστέ 1 but who are you? The spirit asked this question to emphasize that the exorcists had no authority over evil spirits. Alternate translation: “but I do not know you!” or “but you have no authority over me!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ACT 19 16 ty4x φαλόμενος ὁ ἄνθρωπος ... ἐν ᾧ ἦν τὸ πνεῦμα τὸ πονηρὸν 1 The evil spirit in the man leaped This means that the evil spirit caused the man whom it was controlling to leap on the exorcists. ACT 19 16 lu7u αὐτοὺς 1 exorcists This refers to people who send evil spirits from people or places. See how you translated this in [Acts 19:13](../19/13.md). ACT 19 16 b8cb γυμνοὺς ... ἐκφυγεῖν 1 they fled ... naked The exorcists fled with their clothes ripped off them. ACT 19 17 j85h figs-activepassive ἐμεγαλύνετο τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ Κυρίου Ἰησοῦ 1 the name of the Lord Jesus was honored This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they honored the name of the Lord Jesus” or “they considered the name of the Lord Jesus to be great” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 19 17 j2hh figs-metonymy τὸ ὄνομα 1 the name This stands for the power and authority of Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 19 18 tj8t writing-endofstory 0 This ends the story about the Jewish exorcists. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-endofstory]]) ACT 19 19 z9rj συνενέγκαντες τὰς βίβλους 1 brought their books “collected their books.” The word “books” refers to scrolls on which magical incantations and formulas were written. ACT 19 19 m6nf ἐνώπιον πάντων 1 in the sight of everyone “in front of everyone” ACT 19 19 upz3 τὰς τιμὰς αὐτῶν 1 the value of them “the value of the books” or “the value of the scrolls” ACT 19 19 u9pi translate-numbers μυριάδας πέντε 1 fifty thousand “50,000” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) ACT 19 19 bcv2 translate-bmoney ἀργυρίου 1 pieces of silver A “piece of silver” was the approximate daily wage for a common laborer. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]]) ACT 19 20 es71 figs-synecdoche οὕτως κατὰ κράτος τοῦ Κυρίου ὁ λόγος ηὔξανεν καὶ ἴσχυεν 1 So the word of the Lord spread very widely in powerful ways “So because of these powerful deeds, more and more people heard the message about the Lord Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ACT 19 21 k1j1 0 Connecting Statement: Paul talks about going Jerusalem but does not leave Ephesus yet. ACT 19 21 de4f δὲ 1 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here Luke starts to tell a new part of the story. ACT 19 21 q18b ἐπληρώθη ταῦτα ... ὁ Παῦλος 1 Paul completed his ministry in Ephesus “Paul completed the work that God had for him to do in Ephesus” ACT 19 21 fgq5 ἔθετο ... ἐν τῷ Πνεύματι 1 he decided in the Spirit Possible meanings are 1) Paul decided with the help of the Holy Spirit or 2) Paul decided within his own spirit, which means he made up his mind. ACT 19 21 brb7 Ἀχαΐαν 1 Achaia Achaia was the Roman province in which Corinth was located. It was the largest city in southern Greece and the capital of the province. See how you translated this in [Acts 18:12](../18/12.md). ACT 19 21 rdz4 δεῖ με καὶ Ῥώμην ἰδεῖν 1 I must also see Rome “I must also travel to Rome” ACT 19 22 cy6f translate-names Ἔραστον 1 Erastus This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 19 22 k35j figs-explicit αὐτὸς ἐπέσχεν χρόνον εἰς τὴν Ἀσίαν 1 But he himself stayed in Asia for a while It is made explicit in the next few verses that Paul remains in Ephesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 19 22 uy9x figs-rpronouns αὐτὸς 1 he himself This is repeated for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) ACT 19 23 y5ae writing-background 0 General Information: Demetrius is introduced to the story. Verse 24 introduces background information about Demetrius. Ephesus had a large temple dedicated to the goddess Artemis, sometimes translated as “Diana.” She was a false goddess of fertility. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 19 23 l7gz 0 Connecting Statement: Luke tells about a riot that broke out while Paul was in Ephesus. ACT 19 23 kn49 ἐγένετο ... τάραχος οὐκ ὀλίγος περὶ τῆς ὁδοῦ 1 there was no small disturbance in Ephesus concerning the Way This is a summary opening statement. ACT 19 23 nb3p ἐγένετο ... τάραχος οὐκ ὀλίγος 1 there was no small disturbance “the people became very upset” See how you translated this in [Acts 12:18](../12/18.md) ACT 19 23 rwf2 τῆς ὁδοῦ 1 the Way This was a term used to refer to Christianity. See how you translated this title in [Acts 9:1](../09/01.md). ACT 19 24 cg16 writing-participants Δημήτριος ... τις ὀνόματι ἀργυροκόπος 1 A certain silversmith named Demetrius The use of the words “a certain” introduces a new person in the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) ACT 19 24 nwt7 ἀργυροκόπος 1 silversmith a craftsman who works with silver metal to make statues and jewelry ACT 19 24 v8cb translate-names Δημήτριος ... ὀνόματι 1 named Demetrius This is the name of a man. Demetrius was a silversmith in Ephesus who was against Paul and the local church. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 19 24 p58m παρείχετο ... οὐκ ὀλίγην ἐργασίαν 1 brought in much business “made a lot of money for those who made the idols” ACT 19 25 kuz6 τοὺς περὶ τὰ τοιαῦτα ἐργάτας 1 the workmen of that occupation An occupation is a profession or job. Alternate translation: “others who did that kind of work” ACT 19 26 w5z6 0 Connecting Statement: Demetrius continues to speak to the craftsmen. ACT 19 26 rm6w θεωρεῖτε καὶ ἀκούετε ὅτι 1 You see and hear that “You have come to know and understand that” ACT 19 26 rx32 figs-metaphor μετέστησεν ἱκανὸν ὄχλον 1 turned away many people Paul’s stopping people from worshiping idols is spoken of as though Paul were literally turning the people in a different direction. Alternate translation: “caused many people to stop worshiping the local gods” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 19 26 z7e7 figs-ellipsis λέγων ὅτι οὐκ εἰσὶν θεοὶ, οἱ διὰ χειρῶν γινόμενοι 1 He is saying that there are no gods that are made with hands Here the word “hands” can refer to the whole person. Alternate translation: “He is saying that the idols that people make are not real gods” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ACT 19 27 r1w2 figs-activepassive τοῦτο κινδυνεύει ἡμῖν, τὸ μέρος εἰς ἀπελεγμὸν ἐλθεῖν 1 that our trade will no longer be needed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that the people will no longer want to buy idols from us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 19 27 j3bb figs-activepassive τὸ τῆς μεγάλης θεᾶς Ἀρτέμιδος ἱερὸν, εἰς οὐθὲν λογισθῆναι 1 the temple of the great goddess Artemis may be considered worthless This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the people will think there is no benefit in going to the temple to worship the great goddess Artemis” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 19 27 bqt4 μέλλειν τε καὶ καθαιρεῖσθαι τῆς μεγαλειότητος αὐτῆς 1 she would even lose her greatness Artemis’s greatness only comes from what people think of her. ACT 19 27 hz7l figs-hyperbole ἣν ὅλη ἡ Ἀσία καὶ ἡ οἰκουμένη σέβεται 1 whom all Asia and the world worships This was an exaggeration to show how popular the goddess Artemis was. Here the words “Asia” and “the world” refer to the people in Asia and the known world. Alternate translation: “whom many people in Asia and in other parts of the world worship” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 19 28 t4lm 0 General Information: Here “they” refers to the craftsmen who made the idols ([Acts 19:24-25](./24.md)). ACT 19 28 uc5c figs-metaphor γενόμενοι πλήρεις θυμοῦ 1 they were filled with anger This speaks of the craftsmen as though they were containers. Here “anger” is spoken of as if it were the contents that fill a container. Alternate translation: “they became very angry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 19 28 lcx8 ἔκραζον 1 cried out “shouted aloud” or “shouted loudly” ACT 19 29 t7xs figs-metonymy ἐπλήσθη ἡ πόλις τῆς συγχύσεως 1 The whole city was filled with confusion Here “city” refers to the people. The city is spoken of as if it were a container. And, “confusion” is spoken of as if it were the contents that filled the container. Alternate translation: “Then people all over the city became upset and started shouting” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 19 29 nt7y ὥρμησάν τε ὁμοθυμαδὸν 1 the people rushed together This was a mob or near riot situation. ACT 19 29 ej3q εἰς τὸ θέατρον 1 into the theater The Ephesus theater was used for public meetings and for entertainment such as plays and music. It was an outdoor semi-circular area with bench seats that could hold thousands of people. ACT 19 29 hjc8 συνεκδήμους Παύλου 1 Paul’s travel companions The men who had been with Paul. ACT 19 29 d6r9 translate-names Γάϊον καὶ Ἀρίσταρχον 1 Gaius and Aristarchus These are names of men. Gaius and Aristarchus came from Macedonia but were working with Paul in Ephesus at this time. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 19 30 ii1u 0 General Information: Ephesus was part of the Roman empire and in the province of Asia. ACT 19 31 z7ww δοῦναι ... εἰς τὸ θέατρον 1 enter the theater The Ephesus theater was used for public meetings and for entertainment such as plays and music. It was an outdoor semi-circular area with bench seats that could hold thousands of people. See how you translated “theater” in [Acts 19:29](../19/29.md). ACT 19 33 jr85 translate-names Ἀλέξανδρον 1 Alexander This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 19 33 j1mi figs-explicit κατασείσας τὴν χεῖρα 1 motioned with his hand You can make explicit that Alexander was showing the crowd that he wanted them to be quiet. Alternate translation: “gestured to the crowd to be quiet” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 19 33 tlq7 ἀπολογεῖσθαι 1 to give a defense It is not clear whom or what Alexander wanted to defend. If your language requires this information, it might be best to use a general phrase like “to explain what was going on.” ACT 19 34 u1hp figs-metaphor φωνὴ ... μία 1 with one voice The shouting together of the people at the same time is spoken of as though they were speaking with one voice. Alternate translation: “in unison” or “together” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 19 35 fm3m figs-you 0 General Information: The words “You” and “you” refer to all the men present who were from Ephesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) ACT 19 35 pu96 0 Connecting Statement: The clerk of Ephesus speaks to quiet the crowd. ACT 19 35 sy9m ὁ γραμματεὺς 1 the town clerk This refers to the town “writer” or “secretary.” ACT 19 35 sd3s figs-rquestion τίς ... ἐστιν ἀνθρώπων, ὃς οὐ γινώσκει τὴν Ἐφεσίων πόλιν νεωκόρον οὖσαν τῆς μεγάλης Ἀρτέμιδος καὶ τοῦ διοπετοῦ 1 what man is there who does not know that the city of the Ephesians is temple keeper ... heaven? The clerk asked this question to assure the crowd they were right and to comfort them. Alternate translation: “every man knows that the city of the Ephesians is temple keeper ... heaven.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ACT 19 35 k8dy figs-litotes ὃς οὐ γινώσκει 1 who does not know The town clerk uses “not” to emphasize that all of the people knew this. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) ACT 19 35 hiw3 νεωκόρον 1 temple keeper The Ephesian people maintained and guarded the temple of Artemis. ACT 19 35 afd1 τοῦ διοπετοῦς 1 the image which fell down from heaven Within the temple of Artemis was an image of the goddess. It had been fashioned from a meteorite which fell from the sky. People thought that his rock had come directly from Zeus, the ruler of the Greek gods (idols). ACT 19 36 r8cf ἀναντιρρήτων οὖν ὄντων τούτων 1 Seeing then that these things are undeniable “Since you know these things” ACT 19 36 xj2n μηδὲν προπετὲς πράσσειν 1 do nothing rash “do not do anything before you have had time to think about it” ACT 19 36 s67q προπετὲς 1 rash without careful thought ACT 19 37 s8a9 τοὺς ἄνδρας τούτους 1 these men The words “these men” refer to Gaius and Aristarchus, Paul’s traveling companions ([Acts 19:29](../19/29.md)). ACT 19 38 wgv5 0 Connecting Statement: The town clerk finishes speaking to the crowd. ACT 19 38 qd4s οὖν 1 Therefore “Because what I have just said is true.” The town clerk had said in [Acts 19:37](../19/37.md) that Gaius and Aristarchus were not robbers or blasphemers. ACT 19 38 zkx5 figs-abstractnouns ἔχουσιν πρός τινα λόγον 1 have an accusation against anyone The word “accusation” can be stated as the verb “accuse.” Alternate translation: “want to accuse someone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ACT 19 38 szf7 translate-unknown ἀνθύπατοί 1 proconsuls the Roman governor’s representatives who made legal decisions in court (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) ACT 19 38 g8tp ἐγκαλείτωσαν ἀλλήλοις 1 Let them accuse one another This does not mean Demetrius and those with him will accuse each other. It means this is a place where people in general can speak their accusation. Alternate translation: “There people can accuse one another” ACT 19 39 hxh3 εἰ δέ τι περὶ ἑτέρων ἐπιζητεῖτε 1 But if you seek anything about other matters “But if you have other matters to discuss” ACT 19 39 wga5 figs-activepassive ἐν τῇ ἐννόμῳ ἐκκλησίᾳ ἐπιλυθήσεται 1 it shall be settled in the regular assembly This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “let us settle it in the regular assembly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 19 39 et5j τῇ ἐννόμῳ ἐκκλησίᾳ 1 the regular assembly This refers to a public gathering of citizens over which the county clerk presided. ACT 19 40 sds7 figs-activepassive κινδυνεύομεν ἐνκαλεῖσθαι στάσεως περὶ τῆς σήμερον 1 in danger of being accused concerning this day’s riot This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “in danger of the Roman authorities accusing us of starting this riot today” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 20 intro u91c 0 # Acts 20 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>In this chapter Luke describes Paul’s last visits to believers in the provinces of Macedonia and Asia before he went to Jerusalem.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Race<br><br>Paul spoke of living for Jesus as if he were running in a race. By this he meant that he needed to keep working hard even when things were difficult and he wanted to quit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/discipline]])<br><br>### “Compelled by the Spirit”<br><br>Paul thought that the Holy Spirit wanted him to go to Jerusalem even if Paul did not want to go there. The same Holy Spirit told other people that when Paul arrived in Jerusalem, people would try to harm him.<br> ACT 20 1 cwq7 0 Connecting Statement: Paul leaves Ephesus and continues his travels. ACT 20 1 y5cq μετὰ δὲ τὸ παύσασθαι 1 After the uproar “After the riot” or “Following the riot” ACT 20 1 hr32 ἀσπασάμενος 1 he said farewell “he said goodbye” ACT 20 2 edb8 παρακαλέσας αὐτοὺς λόγῳ πολλῷ 1 spoken many words of encouragement to them “had greatly encouraged the believers” or “had said many things to encourage the believers” ACT 20 3 yxj3 figs-metaphor ποιήσας τε μῆνας τρεῖς 1 After he had spent three months there “After he had stayed there three months.” This speaks about time as if it were something a person could spend. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 20 3 cit9 figs-activepassive γενομένης ἐπιβουλῆς αὐτῷ ὑπὸ τῶν Ἰουδαίων 1 a plot was formed against him by the Jews This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the Jews formed a plot against him” or “the Jews formed a secret plan to harm him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 20 3 ah5w figs-synecdoche ὑπὸ τῶν Ἰουδαίων 1 by the Jews This means only some of the Jews. Alternate translation: “by some of the Jews” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ACT 20 3 m7na μέλλοντι ἀνάγεσθαι εἰς τὴν Συρίαν 1 as he was about to sail for Syria “as he was ready to sail for Syria” ACT 20 4 y35x figs-exclusive 0 General Information: Here the word “him” refers to Paul ([Acts 20:1](../20/01.md)). All instances of “us” and “we” in the verses that follow refer to the writer and Paul and those traveling with them, but not to the reader. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) ACT 20 4 c9et συνείπετο δὲ αὐτῷ 1 Accompanying him “Traveling with him” ACT 20 4 dw6j translate-names Σώπατρος ... Πύρρου ... Σεκοῦνδος, ... Τυχικὸς ... Τρόφιμος 1 Sopater ... Pyrrhus ... Secundus ... Tychicus ... Trophimus These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 20 4 w4n1 translate-names Βεροιαῖος ... Δερβαῖος 1 Berea ... Derbe These are names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 20 4 w8j6 Ἀρίσταρχος ... Γάϊος 1 Aristarchus ... Gaius These are names of men. See how you translated these names in [Acts 19:29](../19/29.md). ACT 20 5 itz1 translate-names Τρῳάδι 1 Troas This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 20 5 kv8t οὗτοι ... προσελθόντες 1 these men had gone before us “these men had traveled ahead of us” ACT 20 6 l5dr τὰς ἡμέρας τῶν Ἀζύμων 1 the days of unleavened bread This refers to a time of Jewish religious feast time during the Passover season. See how you translated this in [Acts 12:3](../12/03.md). ACT 20 7 dnt4 figs-exclusive 0 General Information: Here the word “we” refers to the writer, Paul, and those traveling with them, but not to the reader. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]] and [Acts 20:4-6](./04.md)) ACT 20 7 mbr8 0 Connecting Statement: Luke tells about Paul’s preaching in Troas and about what happened to Eutychus. ACT 20 7 zff8 figs-synecdoche κλάσαι ἄρτον 1 to break bread Bread was part of their meals. Possible meanings are 1) this refers simply to eating a meal together. Alternate translation: “eat a meal” or 2) this refers to the meal they would eat together in order to remember Christ’s death and resurrection. Alternate translation: “to eat the Lord’s Supper” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ACT 20 7 j888 παρέτεινέν τε τὸν λόγον 1 he kept speaking “he continued to speak” ACT 20 8 ak8z ὑπερῴῳ 1 upper room This may have been the third floor house. ACT 20 9 hw7b 0 General Information: Here the word “himself” refers to Paul. The first word “he” refers to Paul; the second word “he” refers to the young man, Eutychus. The word “him” refers to Eutychus. ACT 20 9 v5q7 ἐπὶ τῆς θυρίδος 1 In the window This was an opening in the wall with a ledge that was wide enough on which a person could sit. ACT 20 9 ju64 translate-names Εὔτυχος 1 Eutychus This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 20 9 tsp4 figs-metaphor καταφερόμενος ὕπνῳ βαθεῖ 1 who fell into a deep sleep This speaks about sleep as if it were a deep hole into which a person could fall. Alternate translation: “who slept soundly” or “who became more and more tired until finally he was sleeping soundly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 20 9 jp89 figs-activepassive τριστέγου ... καὶ ἤρθη νεκρός 1 third story and was picked up dead When they went down to check his condition, they saw he was dead. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “third story; and when they went to pick him up, they found that he was dead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 20 9 kh3h τριστέγου 1 third story This means two floors above the ground floor. If your culture does not count the ground floor, you may state this as the “second story.” ACT 20 11 av7m 0 General Information: Here the word “he” refers to Paul. ACT 20 11 lih8 0 Connecting Statement: This is the end of the part of the story about Paul’s preaching at Troas and about Eutychus. ACT 20 11 w5w8 figs-synecdoche κλάσας τὸν ἄρτον 1 broke bread Bread was a common food during meals. Here “break bread” probably means they shared a meal with more kinds of food than just bread. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ACT 20 11 t88c οὕτως ἐξῆλθεν 1 he left “he went away” ACT 20 12 jkj5 τὸν παῖδα 1 the boy This refers to Eutychus ([Acts 20:9](../20/09.md)). Possible meanings are 1) he was a young man over 14 years old or 2) he was a boy between 9 and 14 years old or 3) the word “boy” implies that he was a servant or a slave. ACT 20 13 dja7 figs-exclusive 0 General Information: The words “he,” “himself,” and “him” refer to Paul. Here the word “we” refers to the writer and those traveling with him, but not to the reader. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) ACT 20 13 awt9 0 Connecting Statement: The writer Luke, Paul, and his other companions continue their travels; however, Paul goes separately for part of the trip. ACT 20 13 w4ew figs-rpronouns ἡμεῖς ... προελθόντες 1 We ourselves went The word “ourselves” adds emphasis and separates Luke and his traveling companions from Paul, who did not travel by boat. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) ACT 20 13 q4yz translate-names ἀνήχθημεν ἐπὶ τὴν Ἆσσον 1 sailed away to Assos Assos is a town located directly below present day Behram in Turkey on the coast of the Aegean sea. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 20 13 nq2q figs-rpronouns διατεταγμένος 1 he himself desired Himself is used to emphasize that this is what Paul wanted. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) ACT 20 13 p8y7 πεζεύειν 1 to go by land “to travel on land” ACT 20 14 ju8f translate-names ἤλθομεν εἰς Μιτυλήνην 1 went to Mitylene Mitylene is a town located in present day Mitilini in Turkey on the coast of the Aegean sea. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 20 15 ll2h figs-exclusive 0 General Information: Here the word “we” refers to Paul, the writer, and those traveling with them, but not to the reader. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) ACT 20 15 e6va ἄντικρυς Χίου 1 opposite the island “near the island” or “across from the island” ACT 20 15 ulk6 translate-names Χίου 1 the island of Chios Chios is an island off the coast of modern day Turkey in the Aegean Sea. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 20 15 jyr7 παρεβάλομεν εἰς Σάμον 1 we touched at the island of Samos “we arrived at the island of Samos” ACT 20 15 b6c6 translate-names Σάμον 1 island of Samos Samos is an island south of Chios in the Aegean Sea off the coast of modern day Turkey. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 20 15 s7g2 translate-names Μίλητον 1 the city of Miletus Miletus was a port city in western Asia Minor near the mouth of the Meander River. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 20 16 p272 translate-names κεκρίκει γὰρ ὁ Παῦλος παραπλεῦσαι τὴν Ἔφεσον 1 For Paul had decided to sail past Ephesus Paul sailed south past the port city of Ephesus, further south in order to land at Miletus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 20 16 p61e figs-metaphor ὅπως μὴ γένηται αὐτῷ χρονοτριβῆσαι 1 so that he would not spend any time This speaks about “time” as if it were a commodity that a person could spend or use up. Alternate translation: “so that he would not have to remain for a time” or “so that he would not have a delay” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 20 17 nw52 figs-inclusive 0 General Information: Here the word “he” refers to Paul. The word “our” refers to Paul and the elders to whom he is speaking. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) ACT 20 17 v9al 0 Connecting Statement: Paul calls the elders of the church of Ephesus and begins to speak to them. ACT 20 17 l9aj translate-names τῆς Μιλήτου 1 Miletus Miletus was a port city in western Asia Minor near the mouth of the Meander River. See how you translated this in [Acts 20:15](../20/15.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 20 18 b6li figs-rpronouns ὑμεῖς 1 You yourselves Here “yourselves” is used for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) ACT 20 18 vw6n figs-synecdoche ἐπέβην εἰς τὴν Ἀσίαν 1 I set foot in Asia Here “foot” stands for the entire person. Alternate translation: “I entered Asia” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ACT 20 18 t7zs figs-metaphor πῶς μεθ’ ὑμῶν τὸν πάντα χρόνον ἐγενόμην 1 how I always spent my time with you This speaks about time as if it were something that a person could spend. Alternate translation: “how I always conducted myself when I was with you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 20 19 m8x9 figs-metaphor ταπεινοφροσύνης 1 lowliness of mind This speaks about something humble as if it were low to the ground. The word “mind” stands for a person’s inner attitude. Alternate translation: “humility” or “humbleness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 20 19 wh5m figs-metonymy δακρύων 1 with tears Here “tears” stands for feeling sad and crying. Alternate translation: “I crying as I served the Lord” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 20 19 e6k7 πειρασμῶν, τῶν συμβάντων μοι 1 in sufferings that happened to me “Sufferings” is an abstract noun. The meaning can be expressed as a verb. Alternate Translation: “while I suffered” (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns) ACT 20 19 y5iw figs-synecdoche τῶν Ἰουδαίων 1 of the Jews This does not mean every Jew. This lets us know who plotted. Alternate translation: “of some of the Jews” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ACT 20 20 nu7h ὡς οὐδὲν ὑπεστειλάμην ... τοῦ μὴ ἀναγγεῖλαι ὑμῖν 1 You know how I did not keep back from declaring to you “You know how I was never silent, but I always declared to you” ACT 20 20 kut9 figs-ellipsis κατ’ οἴκους 1 from house to house Paul taught people in various private homes. The words “I taught” are understood. Alternate translation: “I also taught when I was in your homes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) ACT 20 21 w7mv figs-abstractnouns τὴν εἰς Θεὸν μετάνοιαν καὶ πίστιν εἰς τὸν Κύριον ἡμῶν, Ἰησοῦν 1 about repentance toward God and of faith in our Lord Jesus The abstract nouns “repentance” and “faith” can be stated as verbs. Alternate translation: “that they need to repent before God and believe in our Lord Jesus Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ACT 20 22 ty3b 0 General Information: Here the word “I” refers to Paul. ACT 20 22 vam4 figs-activepassive δεδεμένος ... τῷ Πνεύματι 1 compelled by the Spirit They can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “because the Spirit compels me to go there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 20 22 a9j1 τὰ ἐν αὐτῇ συναντήσοντά μοι, μὴ εἰδώς 1 not knowing what will happen to me there “and I do not know what will happen to me there” ACT 20 23 q3ie figs-metonymy δεσμὰ καὶ θλίψεις με μένουσιν 1 chains and sufferings await me Here “chains” refers to Paul’s being arrested and put in prison. Alternate translation: “people will put me in prison and cause me to suffer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 20 24 w8d2 figs-metaphor ὡς τελειῶσαι τὸν δρόμον μου, καὶ τὴν διακονίαν ἣν ἔλαβον παρὰ τοῦ Κυρίου Ἰησοῦ 1 if only I may finish the race and complete the ministry that I received from the Lord Jesus This speaks about Paul’s “race” and “ministry” as if they are objects that Jesus gives and Paul receives. Here “race” and “ministry” mean basically the same thing. Paul repeats this for emphasis. Alternate translation: “so that I may complete the work that the Lord Jesus has commanded me to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) ACT 20 24 m5gc figs-metaphor τελειῶσαι τὸν δρόμον 1 finish the race Paul speaks about completing the work that Jesus has commanded him to do as if he were running a race. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 20 24 hg3l διαμαρτύρασθαι τὸ εὐαγγέλιον τῆς χάριτος τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 to testify to the gospel of the grace of God “to tell people the good news about God’s grace.” This is the ministry that Paul received from Jesus. ACT 20 25 f1sb 0 Connecting Statement: Paul continues to talk to the Ephesian elders ([Acts 20:17](../20/17.md)). ACT 20 25 kj9c καὶ νῦν ἰδοὺ, ἐγὼ οἶδα 1 Now look, I know “Now, pay careful attention, because I know” ACT 20 25 z4ng ἐγὼ οἶδα ὅτι ... ὑμεῖς πάντες 1 I know that you all “I know that all of you” ACT 20 25 aur9 figs-metonymy ἐν οἷς διῆλθον κηρύσσων τὴν βασιλείαν 1 among whom I went about proclaiming the kingdom Here “kingdom” stands for God’s rule as king. Alternate translation: “to whom I preached the message about God’s reign as king” or “to whom I preached about how God will show himself as king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 20 25 cq45 figs-synecdoche οὐκέτι ὄψεσθε τὸ πρόσωπόν μου 1 will see my face no more The word “face” here represents Paul’s physical body. Alternate translation: “will not see me anymore on this earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ACT 20 26 e546 figs-metonymy καθαρός εἰμι ἀπὸ τοῦ αἵματος πάντων 1 I am innocent of the blood of any man Here “blood” stands for a person’s death, which, in this case, is not physical death but spiritual death when God declares a person guilty of sin. Paul had told them God’s truth. Alternate translation: “I am not responsible for anyone whom God judges guilty of sin because they did not trust in Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 20 26 v5el figs-gendernotations πάντων 1 any man Here this means any person whether male or female. Alternate translation: “any person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) ACT 20 27 qa9y figs-litotes οὐ γὰρ ὑπεστειλάμην τοῦ μὴ ἀναγγεῖλαι ... ὑμῖν 1 For I did not hold back from declaring to you “For I did not keep silent and not tell you.” This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “For I certainly declared to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) ACT 20 28 u52d figs-metaphor τῷ ποιμνίῳ, ἐν ᾧ ὑμᾶς τὸ Πνεῦμα τὸ Ἅγιον ἔθετο ἐπισκόπους, ποιμαίνειν τὴν ἐκκλησίαν τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 the flock of which the Holy Spirit has made you overseers. Be careful to shepherd the church of God Believers are likened to a “flock” of sheep here. Church leaders are entrusted by God with the care of the community of believers just as a shepherd would care for his flock of sheep and protect them from wolves. Alternate translation: “the group of believers the Holy spirit has entrusted to you. Be sure to take care of the church of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 20 28 cx69 figs-metaphor τὴν ἐκκλησίαν τοῦ Θεοῦ, ἣν περιεποιήσατο διὰ τοῦ αἵματος τοῦ ἰδίου 1 the church of God, which he purchased with his own blood The shedding of the “blood” of Christ here is likened to a payment to God for our sins. Alternate translation: “the people Christ saved from their sins by shedding his blood on the cross” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 20 28 hjh6 figs-metonymy τοῦ αἵματος τοῦ ἰδίου 1 his own blood Here “blood” stands for Christ’s death. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 20 29 ka6u figs-metaphor εἰσελεύσονται ... λύκοι βαρεῖς εἰς ὑμᾶς, μὴ φειδόμενοι τοῦ ποιμνίου 1 vicious wolves will come in among you and will not spare the flock This is a picture of people who teach false doctrine and who harm the community of believers as though they were wolves that eat the sheep of the flock. Alternate translation: “many enemies will come among you and try to harm the community of believers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 20 30 ftf4 figs-metaphor τοῦ ἀποσπᾶν τοὺς μαθητὰς ὀπίσω ἑαυτῶ 1 in order to draw away the disciples after them A false teacher convincing believers to start believing his false teaching is spoken of as if he were leading sheep away from the flock to follow him. Alternate translation: “in order to convince people who are disciples of Christ to become his disciples instead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 20 31 q2nl γρηγορεῖτε, μνημονεύοντες 1 be on guard. Remember “be on guard and remember” or “be on guard as you remember” ACT 20 31 ll64 figs-metaphor γρηγορεῖτε 1 be on guard “be awake and alert” or “watch out.” Christian leaders being alert about anyone that may harm the community of believers is spoken of as if they were guards in an army watching out for the enemy army. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 20 31 pvt6 μνημονεύοντες ὅτι 1 Remember that “Continue to remember that” or “Do not forget that” ACT 20 31 rt1h figs-hyperbole τριετίαν νύκτα καὶ ἡμέραν, οὐκ ἐπαυσάμην ... νουθετῶν 1 for three years I did not stop instructing ... night and day Paul did not teach them continuously for three years, but over the space of three years. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) ACT 20 31 hs1m οὐκ ἐπαυσάμην ... νουθετῶν 1 I did not stop instructing “I did not stop warning” ACT 20 31 rvh6 figs-metonymy μετὰ δακρύων 1 with tears Here “tears” refers to Paul’s crying because of the strong emotion of concern he felt while he was warning the people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 20 32 ylm3 figs-metonymy παρατίθεμαι ὑμᾶς τῷ Θεῷ, καὶ τῷ λόγῳ τῆς χάριτος αὐτοῦ 1 I entrust you to God and to the word of his grace Here “word” stands for a message. Alternate translation: “I ask God to take care of you and that he will help you to keep believing the message I spoke to you about his grace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 20 32 vnb2 παρατίθεμαι 1 entrust to give someone else the responsibility of taking care of someone or something ACT 20 32 s7rf figs-metaphor τῷ ... δυναμένῳ οἰκοδομῆσαι 1 which is able to build you up A person’s faith becoming stronger is spoken of as if the person were a wall and someone were building him higher and stronger. Alternate translation: “which is able to make become stronger and stronger in your faith” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 20 32 zvz8 figs-personification δοῦναι τὴν κληρονομίαν 1 to give you the inheritance This speaks about the “word of his grace” as if it were God himself that would give the inheritance to believers. Alternate translation: “God will give you the inheritance” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) ACT 20 32 x5jy figs-metaphor τὴν κληρονομίαν 1 the inheritance The blessings that God gives believers is spoken of as if they were money or property that a child inherits from his father. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 20 33 y6ii 0 Connecting Statement: Paul finishes speaking to the elders of the church of Ephesus; he began to speak them in [Acts 20:18](../20/18.md). ACT 20 33 yw8a ἀργυρίου ... οὐδενὸς ἐπεθύμησα 1 I coveted no man’s silver “I did not desire someone’s silver” or “I did not want for myself anyone’s silver” ACT 20 33 ipq5 ἀργυρίου, ἢ χρυσίου, ἢ ἱματισμοῦ, οὐδενὸς 1 man’s silver, gold, or clothing Clothing was considered a treasure; the more you had, the richer you were. ACT 20 34 f5a3 figs-rpronouns αὐτοὶ 1 You yourselves The word “yourselves” is used here to add emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) ACT 20 34 ja5v figs-synecdoche ταῖς χρείαις μου ... ὑπηρέτησαν αἱ χεῖρες αὗται 1 these hands served my own needs The word “hands” here represents the entire person. Alternate translation: “I worked to earn money and pay for my own expenses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ACT 20 35 wn8j κοπιῶντας δεῖ ἀντιλαμβάνεσθαι τῶν ἀσθενούντων 1 you should help the weak by working “you should work so as to have money to help people who cannot earn it for themselves” ACT 20 35 p3n8 figs-nominaladj τῶν ἀσθενούντων 1 the weak You can state this nominal adjective as an adjective. Alternate translation: “weak persons” or “those who are weak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) ACT 20 35 dpu1 ἀσθενούντων 1 weak “sick” ACT 20 35 ps2i figs-metonymy τῶν λόγων τοῦ Κυρίου Ἰησοῦ 1 the words of the Lord Jesus Here “words” refers to what Jesus has said. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 20 35 e396 μακάριόν ἐστιν μᾶλλον, διδόναι ἢ λαμβάνειν 1 It is more blessed to give than to receive This means a person receives the favor of God and experiences more joy when he gives to other people rather than always receiving from other people. ACT 20 36 q6bs 0 Connecting Statement: Paul ends his time with the elders of the church of Ephesus by praying with them. ACT 20 36 u3uc translate-symaction θεὶς τὰ γόνατα αὐτοῦ ... προσηύξατο 1 he knelt down and prayed It was a common custom to kneel down while praying. It was a sign of humility before God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) ACT 20 37 pb4r ἐπιπεσόντες ἐπὶ τὸν τράχηλον τοῦ Παύλου 1 embraced Paul “hugged him closely” or “put their arms around him” ACT 20 37 sze4 κατεφίλουν αὐτόν 1 kissed him Kissing someone on the cheek is an expression of brotherly or friendly love in the Middle East. ACT 20 38 bs3s figs-synecdoche οὐκέτι μέλλουσιν τὸ πρόσωπον αὐτοῦ θεωρεῖν 1 they would never see his face again The word “face” here represents Paul’s physical body. Alternate translation: “will not see me anymore on this earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ACT 21 intro gh1j 0 # Acts 21 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Acts 21:1-19 describes Paul’s journey to Jerusalem. After he arrived in Jerusalem, the believers there told him that the Jews wanted to harm him and what he should do so they would not harm him (verses 20-26). Even though Paul did what the believers told him to do, the Jews tried to kill him. The Romans rescued him and gave him a chance to speak to the Jews.<br><br>The last verse of the chapter ends with an incomplete sentence. Most translations leave the sentence incomplete, as the ULT does.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### “They are all determined to keep the law”<br><br>The Jews in Jerusalem were following the law of Moses. Even those who were following Jesus still kept the law. Both groups thought that Paul had been telling Jews in Greece not to keep the law. But it was only the Gentiles to whom Paul was saying that.<br><br>### Nazarite vow<br>The vow that Paul and his three friends made was probably a Nazarite vow, because they shaved their heads ([Acts 21:23](../../act/21/23.md)).<br><br>### Gentiles in the temple<br><br>The Jews accused Paul of bringing a Gentile man into a part of the temple into which God only allowed Jews to go. They thought that God wanted them to punish Paul by killing him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]])<br><br>### Roman citizenship<br><br>The Romans thought that they needed to treat only Roman citizens justly. They could do as they desired with people who were not Roman citizens, but they had to obey the law with other Romans. Some people were born Roman citizens, and others gave money to the Roman government so they could become Roman citizens.<br> ACT 21 1 s3h3 figs-exclusive 0 General Information: Here the word “we” refers to Luke, Paul, and those traveling with them, but not to the reader. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) ACT 21 1 i6f8 0 Connecting Statement: The writer Luke, Paul, and his companions continue their travels. ACT 21 1 zz5h εὐθυδρομήσαντες ἤλθομεν εἰς τὴν Κῶ 1 we took a straight course to the city of Cos “we went straight to the city of Cos” or “we went directly to the city of Cos” ACT 21 1 e5y6 translate-names Κῶ 1 city of Cos Cos is a Greek island off the coast of modern day Turkey in the South Aegean Sea region. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 21 1 p6ss translate-names Ῥόδον 1 city of Rhodes Rhodes is a Greek island off the coast of modern day Turkey in the South Aegean Sea region south of Cos and northeast of Crete. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 21 1 x7kg translate-names Πάταρα 1 city of Patara Patara is a city on the southwest coast of modern day Turkey south of the Aegean Sea in the Mediterranean Sea. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 21 2 nz9k figs-metonymy καὶ εὑρόντες πλοῖον διαπερῶν εἰς Φοινίκην 1 When we found a ship crossing over to Phoenicia Here “a ship crossing over” stands for the crew that would sail the ship. Alternate translation: “When we found a ship with a crew sailing over to Phoenicia” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 21 2 vbd3 πλοῖον διαπερῶν 1 a ship crossing over Here “crossing” does not mean it was presently crossing but that it would be crossing to Phoenicia soon. Alternate translation: “a ship that would be going across the water” or “a ship that would be going” ACT 21 3 er3r figs-exclusive 0 General Information: Here the word “we” refers to Luke, Paul, and those traveling with them, but not to the reader. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) ACT 21 3 vkr2 καταλιπόντες αὐτὴν εὐώνυμον 1 leaving it on the left side of the boat “passed the island on the left” the left is the “port” side of a boat. ACT 21 3 hwx8 figs-metonymy ἐκεῖσε ... τὸ πλοῖον ἦν ἀποφορτιζόμενον τὸν γόμον 1 where the ship was to unload its cargo Here “ship” stands for the crew that was sailing the ship. Alternate translation: “the crew would unload the cargo from the ship” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 21 4 y35m οἵτινες τῷ Παύλῳ ἔλεγον διὰ τοῦ Πνεύματος 1 Through the Spirit they kept urging Paul “These believers told Paul what the Holy Spirit had revealed to them.” They “urged him over and over.” ACT 21 5 fe1u 0 General Information: Here the word “They” refers to the believers from Tyre. ACT 21 5 a5wj figs-metaphor ὅτε ... ἐγένετο ἡμᾶς ἐξαρτίσαι τὰς ἡμέρας 1 When our days there were over This speaks about days as if they were something that a person could spend. Alternate translation: “When the seven days were over” or “When it was time to leave” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 21 5 q8xl translate-symaction θέντες τὰ γόνατα ἐπὶ τὸν αἰγιαλὸν προσευξάμενοι 1 knelt down on the beach, prayed It was a common custom to kneel down while praying. This was a sign of humility before God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) ACT 21 6 ja1x ἀπησπασάμεθα ἀλλήλους 1 said farewell to each other “said goodbye to one another” ACT 21 7 hy6e figs-exclusive 0 General Information: Here the word “we” refers to Luke, Paul and those traveling with them, but not to the reader. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) ACT 21 7 kt6u 0 Connecting Statement: This begins Paul’s time in Caesarea. ACT 21 7 z4nt translate-names κατηντήσαμεν εἰς Πτολεμαΐδα 1 we arrived at Ptolemais Ptolemaic was a city south of Tyre, Lebanon. Ptolemaic is modern day Acre, Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 21 7 ff1s τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς 1 the brothers “fellow believers” ACT 21 8 ay52 ἐκ τῶν ἑπτὰ 1 one of the seven The “seven” refers to the men chosen to distribute food and aid to the widows in [Acts 6:5](../06/05.md). ACT 21 8 vi48 εὐαγγελιστοῦ 1 evangelist a person who tells people good news ACT 21 9 rcf4 τούτῳ 1 this man “Philip” from verse 8. ACT 21 9 cv8b writing-background δὲ 1 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here Luke tells background information about Philip and his daughters. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) ACT 21 9 r1i1 θυγατέρες τέσσαρες παρθένοι, προφητεύουσαι 1 four virgin daughters who prophesied “four virgin daughters who regularly received and passed along messages from God” ACT 21 10 fe6s figs-exclusive 0 General Information: Here the words “we” and “us” refers to Luke, Paul, and those with them, but not to the reader. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) ACT 21 10 hx8k 0 Connecting Statement: This tells about a prophecy made about Paul in Caesarea by the prophet Agabus. ACT 21 10 n3i8 writing-participants τις ... προφήτης ὀνόματι Ἅγαβος 1 a certain prophet named Agabus This introduces a new person in the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) ACT 21 10 f9cb translate-names ὀνόματι Ἅγαβος 1 named Agabus Agabus was a man from Judea. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 21 11 i8t2 ἄρας τὴν ζώνην τοῦ Παύλου 1 took Paul’s belt “removed Paul’s belt from Paul’s waist” ACT 21 11 nq2y figs-quotesinquotes τάδε λέγει τὸ Πνεῦμα τὸ Ἅγιον, τὸν ἄνδρα οὗ ἐστιν ἡ ζώνη αὕτη, οὕτως δήσουσιν ἐν Ἰερουσαλὴμ οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι, καὶ παραδώσουσιν εἰς χεῖρας ἐθνῶν. 1 Thus says the Holy Spirit, ‘So shall the Jews in Jerusalem tie up ... of the Gentiles.’ This is a quotation within a quotation. The inner quotation can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “‘The Holy Spirit says that this will be how the Jews in Jerusalem will tie up ... of the Gentiles.’ (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) ACT 21 11 i8u7 figs-synecdoche οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι 1 the Jews This does not mean all the Jews, but that these were the people who would do that. Alternate translation: “the Jewish leaders” or “some of the Jews” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ACT 21 11 zvw8 παραδώσουσιν 1 hand him over “deliver him” ACT 21 11 s92d figs-metonymy εἰς χεῖρας ἐθνῶν 1 into the hands of the Gentiles The word “hands” here represents control. Alternate translation: “into the legal custody of the Gentiles” or “to the Gentiles” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 21 11 b59g figs-synecdoche ἐθνῶν 1 the Gentiles This stands for the authorities among the Gentiles. Alternate translation: “the Gentile authorities” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ACT 21 12 fvh4 figs-exclusive 0 General Information: Here the word “we” refers to Luke and the other believers but does not include the reader. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) ACT 21 13 uwt2 figs-rquestion τί ποιεῖτε, κλαίοντες καὶ συνθρύπτοντές μου τὴν καρδίαν 1 What are you doing, weeping and breaking my heart Paul asks this question to show the believers they should stop trying to persuade him. Alternate translation: “Stop what you are doing. Your weeping is breaking my heart” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ACT 21 13 bj76 figs-metaphor συνθρύπτοντές μου τὴν καρδίαν 1 breaking my heart To make someone sad or to discourage someone is spoken of as if it were a heart being broken. Here “heart” stands for a person’s emotions. Alternate translation: “discouraging me” or “making me very sad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 21 13 p5e5 figs-activepassive οὐ μόνον δεθῆναι 1 not only to be tied up This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “not only for them to tie me up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 21 13 q35x figs-metonymy ὑπὲρ τοῦ ὀνόματος τοῦ Κυρίου Ἰησοῦ 1 for the name of the Lord Jesus Here “name” refers to the person of Jesus. Alternate translation: “for the sake of the Lord Jesus” or “because I believe in the Lord Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 21 14 hwc5 figs-activepassive μὴ πειθομένου ... αὐτοῦ 1 Paul would not be persuaded This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Paul would not allow us to persuade him” or “We were unable to persuade Paul” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 21 14 zl98 figs-ellipsis πειθομένου 1 persuaded You may need to make explicit what they could not persuade Paul not to do. Alternate translation: “persuaded not to go up to Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) ACT 21 14 as1i figs-activepassive τοῦ Κυρίου τὸ θέλημα γινέσθω 1 May the will of the Lord be done This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “May everything happen as the Lord has planned it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 21 15 p5fl figs-exclusive 0 General Information: Here the word “we” refers to Luke, Paul, and those traveling with them, and not to the reader. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) ACT 21 15 p5fl figs-exclusive 0 General Information: The word “They” refers to some of the disciples from Caesarea. ACT 21 15 kd5l 0 Connecting Statement: This ends Paul’s time in Caesarea. ACT 21 16 k9kr ἄγοντες παρ’ ... τινι 1 They brought with them a man “Among them was a man” ACT 21 16 zd9i translate-names Μνάσωνί, τινι Κυπρίῳ 1 Mnason, a man from Cyprus Mnason is a man from the island of Cyprus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 21 16 c7r2 ἀρχαίῳ μαθητῇ 1 an early disciple This means Mnason was one of the first to believe in Jesus. ACT 21 17 zpa7 0 General Information: Here the words “he” and “his” refers to Paul. The word “them” refers to the elders. ACT 21 17 wz34 0 Connecting Statement: Paul and his companions arrive in Jerusalem. ACT 21 17 d3gj figs-gendernotations ἀπεδέξαντο ἡμᾶς οἱ ἀδελφοί 1 the brothers welcomed us Here “brothers” refers to the believers in Jerusalem whether male or female. Alternate translation: “the fellow believers welcomed us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) ACT 21 19 bx9e ἐξηγεῖτο καθ’ ἓν ἕκαστον 1 he reported one by one “he gave a detailed account of all” ACT 21 20 zks9 0 Connecting Statement: The elders in Jerusalem begin their response to Paul. ACT 21 20 a1hk οἱ ... ἀκούσαντες ... ἐδόξαζον ... εἶπόν τε αὐτῷ 1 they heard ... they praised ... they said to him Here the word “they” refers to James and the elders. The word “him” refers to Paul. ACT 21 20 xki4 ἀδελφέ 1 brother Here “brother” means “fellow believer.” ACT 21 20 c5pu ὑπάρχουσιν 1 They are The word “they” refers to Jewish believers who wanted all believing Jews to keep the Jewish laws and customs. ACT 21 21 pyg8 figs-explicit κατηχήθησαν δὲ περὶ σοῦ, ὅτι ἀποστασίαν διδάσκεις ἀπὸ Μωϋσέως τοὺς κατὰ τὰ ἔθνη πάντας Ἰουδαίους, λέγων μὴ περιτέμνειν αὐτοὺς τὰ τέκνα, μηδὲ τοῖς ἔθεσιν περιπατεῖν 1 They have been told about you ... not to follow the old customs Apparently here there are some Jews that are distorting what Paul is teaching. He does not discourage the Jews from obeying the law of Moses. His message is that circumcision and the other customs are not necessary for Jesus to save them. You can make explicit that the leaders of the Jewish believers in Jerusalem knew that Paul was teaching God’s true message. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 21 21 e5s4 figs-activepassive κατηχήθησαν 1 They have been told This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People have told the Jewish believers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 21 21 sdl3 figs-metonymy ἀποστασίαν ... ἀπὸ Μωϋσέως 1 to abandon Moses Here “Moses” stands for the law of Moses. Alternate translation: “to stop obeying the laws that Moses gave us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 21 21 knt4 figs-metaphor μηδὲ τοῖς ἔθεσιν περιπατεῖν 1 not to follow the old customs To obey the old customs is spoken of as if the customs were leading them and the people follow behind. Alternate translation: “not to obey the old customs” or “not to practice the old customs” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 21 21 u56t τοῖς ἔθεσιν 1 the old customs “the customs that Jews normally do” ACT 21 22 b28b figs-exclusive 0 General Information: Here the word “we” refers to James and the elders ([Acts 21:18](../21/18.md)). The word “They” refers to the Jewish believers in Jerusalem who wanted to teach Jewish believers that they could still follow the laws of Moses ([Acts 21:20-21](./20.md)). The words “them,” “their,” and the first “they” refer to the four men who made a vow. The second words “they” and “They” refer to the Jewish believers in Jerusalem who wanted to teach Jewish believers that they could still follow the laws of Moses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) ACT 21 23 b22r ἄνδρες τέσσαρες, εὐχὴν ἔχοντες 1 four men who made a vow “four men who made a promise to God.” This was the kind of vow where a person would not drink alcohol or cut his hair until the end of a set period of time. ACT 21 24 km4w figs-explicit τούτους παραλαβὼν, ἁγνίσθητι σὺν αὐτοῖς 1 Take these men and purify yourself with them They had to make themselves ritually pure so they could worship in the temple. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 21 24 c3ap figs-explicit δαπάνησον ἐπ’ αὐτοῖς 1 pay their expenses for them “pay for what they will need.” The expenses would go toward buying a male and female lamb, a ram, and grain and drink offerings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 21 24 abq6 translate-symaction ξυρήσονται τὴν κεφαλήν 1 they may shave their heads This was a sign that the person had completed what they promised God they would do. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) ACT 21 24 nu9v figs-activepassive ὧν κατήχηνται περὶ σοῦ 1 the things they have been told about you This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the things that people are saying about you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 21 24 sv6i figs-metaphor φυλάσσων τὸν νόμον 1 follow the law This speaks of obeying the law as if the law were a leader and the people follow behind it. Alternate translation: “obey the law” or “live a life that conforms to the law of Moses and other Jewish customs” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 21 25 c4kl figs-exclusive 0 General Information: Here the word “we” refers to James and the elders. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) ACT 21 25 cqm9 0 Connecting Statement: James and the elders in Jerusalem finish their request to Paul ([Acts 21:18](../21/18.md)). ACT 21 25 a35u figs-explicit φυλάσσεσθαι αὐτοὺς, τό τε εἰδωλόθυτον, καὶ αἷμα, καὶ πνικτὸν 1 they should keep themselves from things sacrificed to idols, from blood, from what is strangled All of these are rules about what they can eat. They are forbidden to eat meat of animals sacrificed to an idol, meat with blood still in it, and meat from a strangled animal because it would still have blood in the meat. See how you translated similar phrases in [Acts 15:20](../15/20.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 21 25 bpb5 figs-activepassive φυλάσσεσθαι αὐτοὺς, τό τε εἰδωλόθυτον 1 they should keep themselves from things sacrificed to idols This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they stay away from the meat of an animal that someone sacrificed to an idol” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 21 25 wjd2 figs-explicit πνικτὸν 1 from what is strangled This can be stated in active form. You can also state explicitly the assumed information about strangled animals. Alternate translation: “from animals that a person has strangled” or “from animals that a person killed for food but did not drain its blood” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 21 26 cr14 παραλαβὼν τοὺς ἄνδρας 1 took the men These are the 4 men who made a vow. ACT 21 26 s8z9 σὺν αὐτοῖς ἁγνισθεὶς 1 purifying himself with them Before entering the temple area the Jews were required to be ceremonially or ritually clean. This cleansing had to do with Jews having contact with Gentiles. ACT 21 26 xu9r figs-synecdoche εἰσῄει εἰς τὸ ἱερόν 1 went into the temple They did not go into the temple itself where only the high priest was allowed to enter. They entered the temple courtyard. Alternate translation: “went into the temple courtyard” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ACT 21 26 pvy3 τῶν ἡμερῶν τοῦ ἁγνισμοῦ 1 the days of purification This is a separate purification process from the purification process which they were required to fulfill in order to enter the temple area. ACT 21 26 gc23 figs-activepassive ἕως οὗ προσηνέχθη ... ἡ προσφορά 1 until the offering was offered This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “until they presented the animals for an offering” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 21 27 l3bg 0 General Information: Verse 29 gives background information about the Jews from Asia. ACT 21 27 p4gi 0 Connecting Statement: This begins the story of Paul’s arrest. ACT 21 27 j9zm αἱ ἑπτὰ ἡμέραι 1 the seven days These are the seven days for purification. ACT 21 27 k4l1 figs-synecdoche ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ 1 in the temple Paul was not in the temple itself. He was in the temple courtyard. Alternate translation: “in the temple courtyard” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ACT 21 27 u942 figs-metaphor συνέχεον πάντα τὸν ὄχλον 1 stirred up the whole crowd Inciting people to become very angry at Paul is spoken of as if they stirred up the crowd’s emotions. Alternate translation: “caused a large number of people to be very angry at Paul” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 21 27 mks6 figs-idiom ἐπέβαλον ἐπ’ αὐτὸν τὰς χεῖρας 1 laid hands on him Here “laid hands on” means to “seize” or to “grab.” See how you translated “laid hands on” in [Acts 5:18](../05/18.md). Alternate translation: “grabbed Paul” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ACT 21 28 sfg3 τοῦ λαοῦ, καὶ τοῦ νόμου, καὶ τοῦ τόπου τούτου 1 the people, the law, and this place “the people of Israel, the law of Moses, and the temple” ACT 21 28 jc9q figs-explicit ἔτι τε καὶ Ἕλληνας εἰσήγαγεν εἰς τὸ ἱερὸν 1 Besides, he has also brought Greeks into the temple Only Jewish males were allowed in certain areas of the courtyard of the Jerusalem temple. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 21 29 t2z7 writing-background ἦσαν γὰρ προεωρακότες Τρόφιμον τὸν Ἐφέσιον ἐν τῇ πόλει σὺν αὐτῷ, ὃν ἐνόμιζον ὅτι εἰς τὸ ἱερὸν εἰσήγαγεν ὁ Παῦλος 1 For they had previously ... into the temple This is background information. Luke is explaining why the Jews from Asia thought Paul brought a Greek into the temple. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) ACT 21 29 h1uu Τρόφιμον 1 Trophimus This was a Greek man that they accused Paul of having brought into the inner temple area that was only for Jews. See how you translated his name in [Acts 20:4](../20/04.md). ACT 21 30 upl8 figs-hyperbole ἐκινήθη τε ἡ πόλις ὅλη 1 All the city was excited The word “All” here is an exaggeration for emphasis. The word “city” represents the people in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “Many people in the city became angry at Paul” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 21 30 x2sx ἐπιλαβόμενοι τοῦ Παύλου 1 laid hold of Paul “seized Paul” or “grabbed Paul” ACT 21 30 xd6r figs-explicit εὐθέως ἐκλείσθησαν αἱ θύραι 1 the doors were immediately shut They shut the doors so that there would not be rioting in the temple area. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Some of the Jews immediately shut the temple doors” or “The temple guards immediately shut the doors” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 21 31 d6vt figs-metonymy ἀνέβη φάσις τῷ χιλιάρχῳ τῆς σπείρης 1 news came up to the chief captain of the guard Here “news” refers to the messenger who went to speak the news. Alternate translation: “someone gave news to the chief captain of the guard” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 21 31 hu5r ἀνέβη φάσις τῷ χιλιάρχῳ 1 news came up to the chief captain The phrase “came up to” is used because the chief captain was in a fortress connected to the temple that was higher in elevation than the temple courtyard. ACT 21 31 p85a τῷ χιλιάρχῳ 1 the chief captain a Roman military officer or leader of about 600 soldiers ACT 21 31 u65r figs-hyperbole ὅλη συνχύννεται Ἰερουσαλήμ 1 all Jerusalem was in an uproar The word “Jerusalem” here represents the people of Jerusalem. The word “all” is an exaggeration to show a large crowd was upset. Alternate translation: “a lot of people in Jerusalem were in an uproar” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 21 32 j81t 0 General Information: The first word “he” and the word “He” refer to the chief captain of the guard mentioned in [Acts 21:31](../21/31.md). ACT 21 32 dgz5 κατέδραμεν 1 ran down From the fortress, there are stairs going down into the court. ACT 21 32 e4rj τὸν χιλίαρχον 1 the chief captain a Roman military officer or leader of about 600 soldiers ACT 21 33 w28u ἐπελάβετο αὐτοῦ 1 laid hold of Paul “took hold of Paul” or “arrested Paul” ACT 21 33 zi4l figs-activepassive ἐκέλευσε δεθῆναι 1 commanded him to be bound This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “commanded his soldiers to bind him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 21 33 xd9w ἁλύσεσι δυσί 1 with two chains This means they bound Paul to two Roman soldiers, one on each side of him. ACT 21 33 y6zw figs-quotations ἐπυνθάνετο τίς εἴη καὶ τί ἐστιν πεποιηκώς 1 he asked who he was and what he had done. This can be stated as a direct quotation. Alternate translation: “He asked, ‘Who is this man? What has he done?’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) ACT 21 33 fi22 ἐπυνθάνετο τίς εἴη 1 he asked who he was The chief captain is speaking to the crowd, not to Paul. ACT 21 34 pci2 figs-ellipsis ἄλλο 1 and others another The words “were shouting” are understood from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “and others were shouting another” or “and others in the crowd were shouting something else” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) ACT 21 34 k35e αὐτοῦ 1 the captain This was a military officer or leader of about 600 soldiers. ACT 21 34 qcc6 figs-activepassive ἐκέλευσεν ἄγεσθαι αὐτὸν 1 he ordered that Paul be brought This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “he ordered his soldiers to bring Paul” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 21 34 w2qj εἰς τὴν παρεμβολήν 1 into the fortress This fortress was connected to the outer temple court. ACT 21 35 h9n7 figs-activepassive ὅτε δὲ ἐγένετο ἐπὶ τοὺς ἀναβαθμούς, συνέβη βαστάζεσθαι αὐτὸν 1 When he came to the steps, he was carried This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “When Paul came to the steps of the fortress, the soldiers carried him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 21 36 kax6 figs-euphemism αἶρε αὐτόν 1 Away with him The crowd is using somewhat milder and less exact language to ask for Paul’s death. Alternate translation: “Put him to death” or “Kill him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) ACT 21 37 j9xk figs-activepassive μέλλων τε εἰσάγεσθαι 1 As Paul was about to be brought This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “As the soldiers were ready to bring Paul” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 21 37 qp63 τὴν παρεμβολὴν 1 the fortress This fortress was connected to the outer temple court. See how you translated this in [Acts 21:34](../21/34.md). ACT 21 37 inl1 τῷ χιλιάρχῳ 1 the chief captain a Roman military officer of about 600 soldiers ACT 21 37 p5cd figs-rquestion Ἑλληνιστὶ γινώσκεις 11 The captain said, “Do you speak Greek? The chief captain uses this questions to express surprise that Paul is not who he thought he was. Alternate translation: “So you speak Greek.” or “I didn’t know you spoke Greek.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ACT 21 38 xx2w figs-rquestion οὐκ ἄρα σὺ εἶ ὁ Αἰγύπτιος, ὁ πρὸ τούτων τῶν ἡμερῶν, ἀναστατώσας καὶ ἐξαγαγὼν εἰς τὴν ἔρημον τοὺς τετρακισχιλίους ἄνδρας τῶν σικαρίων 1 Are you not then the Egyptian ... wilderness? The chief captain uses this question and the question “Do you speak Greek?” (verse 37) to express surprise that Paul is not who he thought he was. Possible meanings are 1) as in ULT, the chief captain believes that even though Paul speaks Greek, Paul is the Egyptian. “Even though you speak Greek, I still think you are the Egyptian ... wilderness.” 2) Because Paul speaks Greek, the chief captain thinks that perhaps Paul is not the Egyptian. “So you speak Greek. Perhaps I was wrong to think you were that Egyptian ... wilderness.” It is best to retain the questions if the reader can infer one of the two meanings from them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ACT 21 38 nxs6 figs-explicit οὐκ ἄρα σὺ εἶ ὁ Αἰγύπτιος 1 Are you not then the Egyptian Shortly before Paul’s visit, an unnamed man from Egypt had launched a revolt against Rome in Jerusalem. Later he escaped into the wilderness and the commander wonders if Paul might be the same man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 21 38 lwi4 figs-abstractnouns ἀναστατώσας 1 started a rebellion This word “rebellion” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “caused people to rebel against the Roman government” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ACT 21 38 tqh6 translate-numbers τοὺς τετρακισχιλίους ἄνδρας 1 the four thousand men “the 4,000 terrorists” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) ACT 21 38 p2ym σικαρίων 1 Assassins This refers to a group of Jewish rebels who killed Romans and anyone who supported Romans. ACT 21 39 t6ax 0 Connecting Statement: Paul begins to defend what he did. ACT 21 39 ys84 δέομαι ... σου 1 I ask you “I beg you” or “I plead with you” ACT 21 39 a139 ἐπίτρεψόν μοι 1 allow me “please allow me” or please permit me” ACT 21 40 qp2q figs-abstractnouns ἐπιτρέψαντος ... αὐτοῦ 1 the captain had given him permission The word “permission” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “the captain permitted Paul to speak” or “the captain allowed Paul to speak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ACT 21 40 a4y2 ὁ Παῦλος ἑστὼς ἐπὶ τῶν ἀναβαθμῶν 1 Paul stood on the steps The word “steps” here refers to the steps on the stairway to the fortress. ACT 21 40 rk1y figs-explicit κατέσεισε τῇ χειρὶ τῷ λαῷ 1 motioned with the hand to the people It can be stated explicitly why Paul motioned with the hand. Alternate translation: “motioned with his hand for the people to be quiet” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 21 40 xj6i πολλῆς δὲ σιγῆς γενομένης 1 When there was a deep silence “When the people were completely silent” ACT 22 intro gq5g 0 # Acts 22 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This is the second account of Paul’s conversion in the book of Acts. Because this is such an important event in the early church, there are three accounts of Paul’s conversion. (See: [Acts 9](../09/01.md) and [Acts 26](../26/01.md))<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### “In the Hebrew language”<br><br>Most Jews at this time spoke Aramaic and Greek. Most of the people who spoke Hebrew were educated Jewish scholars. This is why the people paid attention when Paul started speaking in Hebrew.<br><br>### “The Way”<br><br>No one knows for sure who first started calling believers “followers of the Way.” This is probably what the believers called themselves, because the Bible often speaks of a person living his life as if that person were walking on a path or “way.” If this is true, the believers were “following the way of the Lord” by living in a way that pleased God.<br><br>### Roman citizenship<br><br>The Romans thought that they needed to treat only Roman citizens justly. They could do as they desired with people who were not Roman citizens, but they had to obey the law with other Romans. Some people were born Roman citizens, and others gave money to the Roman government so they could become Roman citizens. The “chief captain” could have been punished for treating a Roman citizen the same way he would treat a non-citizen.<br> ACT 22 1 kq95 writing-background 0 General Information: Verse 2 gives background information. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) ACT 22 1 a8ir 0 Connecting Statement: Paul speaks to the Jewish crowd in Jerusalem. ACT 22 1 xe46 ἀδελφοὶ καὶ πατέρες 1 Brothers and fathers This is a polite way of addressing men who are Paul’s age as well as the older men in the audience. ACT 22 1 pe8t μου τῆς πρὸς ὑμᾶς νυνὶ 1 I now make to you “I will now explain to you” or “I will now present to you” ACT 22 2 b4sk τῇ Ἑβραΐδι διαλέκτῳ 1 the Hebrew language The Hebrew language was the language of the Jews. ACT 22 3 g311 figs-activepassive ἀνατεθραμμένος δὲ ἐν τῇ πόλει ταύτῃ, παρὰ τοὺς πόδας Γαμαλιήλ 1 but educated in this city at the feet of Gamaliel This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “but I was a student of rabbi Gamaliel here in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 22 3 d4dx figs-metonymy παρὰ τοὺς πόδας Γαμαλιήλ 1 at the feet of Gamaliel Here “feet” stands for the place where a student would sit while learning from a teacher. Alternate translation: “by Gamaliel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 22 3 b1dq Γαμαλιήλ 1 Gamaliel Gamaliel was one of the most prominent teachers of the Jewish law. See how you translated this name in [Acts 5:34](../05/34.md). ACT 22 3 iz4g figs-activepassive πεπαιδευμένος κατὰ ἀκρίβειαν τοῦ πατρῴου νόμου 1 I was instructed according to the strict ways of the law of our fathers This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “He instructed me how to carefully obey every law of our forefathers” or “The instruction I received followed the exact details of the law of our forefathers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 22 3 lqk7 πατρῴου νόμου 1 law of our fathers “law of our ancestors.” This refers to the law that God gave to the people of Israel through Moses. ACT 22 3 a8d6 ζηλωτὴς ὑπάρχων τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 I am zealous for God “I am completely dedicated to obeying God” or “I am passionate about my service to God” ACT 22 3 dbl4 καθὼς πάντες ὑμεῖς ἐστε σήμερον 1 just as all of you are today “in the same way all of you are today.” Paul compares himself with the crowd. ACT 22 4 jy3z figs-metonymy ὃς ταύτην τὴν Ὁδὸν ἐδίωξα 1 I persecuted this Way Here “this Way” represents the people who belonged to the group called “the Way.” Alternate translation: “I persecuted the people who belonged to this Way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 22 4 bk4c ταύτην τὴν Ὁδὸν 1 this Way This was a term used to refer to Christianity. See how you translated “the Way” in [Acts 9:2](../09/02.md). ACT 22 4 dr8c figs-abstractnouns ἄχρι θανάτου 1 to the death The word “death” can be translated with the verb “kill” or “die.” Alternate translation: “and I looked for ways to kill them” or “and I even caused them to die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ACT 22 4 zd2r δεσμεύων καὶ παραδιδοὺς εἰς φυλακὰς, ἄνδρας τε καὶ γυναῖκας 1 binding up and delivering them to prison both men and women “tying up both men and women and taking them to prison” ACT 22 5 v2km μαρτυρεῖ 1 can bear witness “can testify” or “can tell you” ACT 22 5 i45u παρ’ ὧν ... ἐπιστολὰς δεξάμενος 1 I received letters from them “The high priests and elders gave me letters” ACT 22 5 in72 πρὸς τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς, εἰς Δαμασκὸν 1 for the brothers in Damascus Here “brothers” refers to “fellow Jews.” ACT 22 5 y82b ἄξων ... τοὺς ἐκεῖσε ὄντας, δεδεμένους εἰς Ἰερουσαλὴμ 1 to bring them back in bonds to Jerusalem “They ordered me to bind with chains those of the Way and bring them back to Jerusalem” ACT 22 5 ht9f figs-activepassive ἵνα τιμωρηθῶσιν 1 in order for them to be punished This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “in order that they may receive punishment” or “in order that the Jewish authorities could punish them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 22 6 pe9s 0 Connecting Statement: Paul describes his encounter with Jesus. ACT 22 6 w4l7 ἐγένετο δέ 1 It happened that This phrase is used here to mark where the action starts. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. ACT 22 7 d6nd figs-synecdoche ἤκουσα φωνῆς λεγούσης μοι 1 heard a voice say to me Here “voice” stands for the person speaking. Alternate translation: “I heard someone say to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ACT 22 9 h95h figs-synecdoche τὴν ... φωνὴν οὐκ ἤκουσαν τοῦ λαλοῦντός μοι 1 they did not understand the voice of him who spoke to me Here “voice” stands for the person speaking. Alternate translation: “they did not understand what the one who spoke to me was saying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ACT 22 10 a91a figs-activepassive κἀκεῖ σοι λαληθήσεται 1 there you will be told This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “there someone will tell you” or “there you will find out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 22 11 n1kb οὐκ ἐνέβλεπον ἀπὸ τῆς δόξης τοῦ φωτὸς ἐκείνου 1 I could not see because of that light’s brightness “I was left blind because of that light’s brightness” ACT 22 11 n2n1 figs-synecdoche χειραγωγούμενος ὑπὸ τῶν συνόντων μοι, ἦλθον εἰς Δαμασκόν 1 being led by the hands of those who were with me, I came into Damascus Here “hands” stands for those leading Paul. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “those with me guided me into Damascus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 22 12 a17q 0 General Information: The words “He” and “him” refer to Ananias. ACT 22 12 h5bh translate-names Ἁνανίας 1 Ananias Though this is not the same Ananias who died earlier in Acts [Acts 5:3](../05/03.md), you may translate it the same way though as you did in [Acts 5:1](../05/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 22 12 z1g3 ἀνὴρ εὐλαβὴς κατὰ τὸν νόμον 1 devout man according to the law Ananias was very serious about following God’s law. ACT 22 12 e7uw figs-activepassive μαρτυρούμενος ὑπὸ πάντων τῶν κατοικούντων Ἰουδαίων 1 well spoken of by all the Jews who lived there This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the Jews who lived there spoke well of him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 22 13 un4g Σαοὺλ, ἀδελφέ 1 Brother Saul Here “Brother” is a polite way to address someone. Alternate translation: “My friend Saul” ACT 22 13 x3kc figs-abstractnouns ἀνάβλεψον 1 receive your sight The word”sight” can be translated with the verb “see.” Alternate translation: “see again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ACT 22 13 se47 figs-idiom αὐτῇ τῇ ὥρᾳ 1 In that very hour This was a customary way of saying something happened immediately. Alternate translation: “At that instant” or “Instantly” or “Immediately” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ACT 22 14 v2i7 0 General Information: The word “he” refers to Ananias ([Acts 22:12](../22/12.md)). ACT 22 14 k3ck 0 Connecting Statement: Paul finishes telling what had happened to him in Damascus. He quotes what Ananias said to him. This is still part of his speech to the crowd in Jerusalem. ACT 22 14 k417 τὸ θέλημα αὐτοῦ 1 his will “what God is planning and will cause to happen” ACT 22 14 dg8q figs-synecdoche ἀκοῦσαι φωνὴν ἐκ τοῦ στόματος αὐτοῦ 1 to hear the voice coming from his own mouth Both “voice” and “mouth” refer to the one speaking. Alternate translation: “to hear him speak directly to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ACT 22 15 i5q8 figs-gendernotations πρὸς πάντας ἀνθρώπους 1 to all men Here “men” means all people whether male or female. Alternate translation: “to all people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) ACT 22 16 bhg9 νῦν 1 Now Here “now” does not mean “at this moment,” but is used to draw attention to the important point that follows. ACT 22 16 mmx9 figs-rquestion τί μέλλεις 1 why are you waiting? This question was asked to exhort Paul to be baptized. Alternate translation: “Do not wait!” or “Do not delay!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ACT 22 16 lt2i figs-activepassive βάπτισαι 1 be baptized This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “let me baptize you” or “receive baptism” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 22 16 zr5p figs-metaphor ἀπόλουσαι τὰς ἁμαρτίας σου 1 wash away your sins As washing one’s body removes dirt, calling on the name of Jesus for forgiveness cleanses one’s inner being from sin. Alternate translation: “ask forgiveness for your sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 22 16 g5dq ἐπικαλεσάμενος τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ 1 calling on his name Here “name” refers to the Lord. Alternate translation: “calling on the Lord” or “trusting in the Lord” ACT 22 17 znq6 0 Connecting Statement: Paul begins to tell the crowd about his vision of Jesus. ACT 22 17 its2 ἐγένετο δέ 1 it happened that This phrase is used here to mark where the action starts. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. ACT 22 17 yr9l figs-activepassive γενέσθαι με ἐν ἐκστάσει 1 I was given a vision This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I had a vision” or “God gave me a vision” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 22 18 jy2c ἰδεῖν αὐτὸν λέγοντά μοι 1 I saw him say to me “I saw Jesus as he said to me” ACT 22 18 qul6 οὐ παραδέξονταί σου μαρτυρίαν περὶ ἐμοῦ 1 they will not accept your testimony about me “those who live in Jerusalem will not believe what you tell them about me” ACT 22 19 q5cl 0 General Information: Here the word “they” refers to the non-believing Jews in Jerusalem. ACT 22 19 p7gz 0 Connecting Statement: This ends what Paul was able to say to the crowd of Jewish people by the fortress. ACT 22 19 im4n figs-rpronouns αὐτοὶ ἐπίστανται 1 they themselves know The word “themselves” is used for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) ACT 22 19 da1e κατὰ τὰς συναγωγὰς 1 in every synagogue Paul went to synagogues to find Jews who believed in Jesus. ACT 22 20 y7t1 figs-metonymy ἐξεχύννετο τὸ αἷμα Στεφάνου τοῦ μάρτυρός σου 1 the blood of Stephen your witness was spilled Here “blood” stands for Stephen’s life. To spill blood means to kill. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they killed Stephen who testified about you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 22 22 fj9x 0 General Information: Here the words “him” and the first two words “he” refer to Paul. The word “He” and the last “he” refer to the chief captain. ACT 22 22 ta8z ἶρε ἀπὸ τῆς γῆς τὸν τοιοῦτον 1 Away with such a fellow from the earth The phrase “from the earth” adds emphasis to “Away with such a fellow.” Alternate translation: “Kill him” ACT 22 23 ylr7 κραυγαζόντων 1 As they were shouting “While they were.” The phrase “As they were” is used to mark two events that are happening at the same time. ACT 22 23 b6a7 translate-symaction ῥιπτούντων τὰ ἱμάτια, καὶ κονιορτὸν βαλλόντων εἰς τὸν ἀέρα 1 throwing off their cloaks, and throwing dust into the air These actions show that the Jews there are outraged because they feel Paul has spoken against God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) ACT 22 24 x7zv χιλίαρχος 1 chief captain a Roman military officer or leader of about 600 soldiers ACT 22 24 h6gp figs-activepassive ἐκέλευσεν ... εἰσάγεσθαι αὐτὸν 1 commanded Paul to be brought This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “ordered his soldiers to bring Paul” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 22 24 sth6 τὴν παρεμβολήν 1 the fortress This fortress was connected to the outer temple court. See how you translated this in [Acts 21:34](../21/34.md). ACT 22 24 pz47 figs-activepassive εἴπας μάστιξιν ἀνετάζεσθαι αὐτὸν 1 He ordered that he should be questioned with scourging The commander wants Paul tortured by whipping him to ensure he tells the truth. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “He ordered his soldiers to whip Paul to force him to tell the truth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 22 25 ar63 0 General Information: Here the word “they” refers to the soldiers. ACT 22 25 st4k τοῖς ἱμᾶσιν 1 the thongs These were strips of leather or animal hide. ACT 22 25 yjw3 figs-rquestion εἰ ἄνθρωπον Ῥωμαῖον καὶ ἀκατάκριτον, ἔξεστιν ὑμῖν μαστίζειν 1 Is it lawful for you to scourge a man who is a Roman and who has not been put on trial? Paul uses this question to make the centurion check the validity of having his soldiers whip Paul. Alternate translation: “It is not lawful for you to whip a man who is a Roman and who was not given his legal right to a trial!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ACT 22 26 pca7 figs-rquestion τί μέλλεις ποιεῖν 1 What are you about to do? This question is used to urge the commander to reconsider his plan to whip Paul. Alternate translation: “You should not do this!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ACT 22 27 pe31 0 General Information: Here the word “him” refers to Paul. ACT 22 27 e69y figs-go προσελθὼν ... ὁ χιλίαρχος 1 The chief captain came Here “came” can be translated as “went.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) ACT 22 28 dr2w ἐγὼ πολλοῦ κεφαλαίου τὴν πολιτείαν ταύτην ἐκτησάμην 1 It was only with a large amount of money “It was only after I paid a lot of money to the Roman authorities.” The captain makes this statement because he knows how hard it is to become a Roman citizen, and he suspects Paul is not telling truth. ACT 22 28 r79c figs-abstractnouns ἐγὼ ... τὴν πολιτείαν ... ἐκτησάμην 1 I acquired citizenship “I got citizenship.” The word “citizenship” is an abstract noun. Alternate translation: “I became a citizen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ACT 22 28 rly1 ἐγὼ δὲ ... γεγέννημαι 1 I was born a Roman citizen If the father is a Roman citizen, then his children become Roman citizens automatically when they are born. ACT 22 29 ii8p οἱ μέλλοντες ... ἀνετάζειν 1 the men who were going to question “the men who planned to question” or “the men who were preparing to question” ACT 22 30 g33i 0 General Information: Here the word “he” refers to the chief captain. ACT 22 30 kx58 figs-metonymy ἔλυσεν αὐτόν 1 So he untied his bonds Possibly the “chief officer” stands for the chief officers’ soldiers. Alternate translation: “So the chief captain ordered his soldiers to untie Paul’s bonds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 22 30 c5ia καταγαγὼν τὸν Παῦλον 1 he brought Paul down From the fortress, there is a stairway going down to the temple courts. ACT 23 intro gbw5 0 # Acts 23 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set quotations from the Old Testament farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. The ULT does this with the quoted material in 23:5.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Resurrection of the dead<br><br>The Pharisees believed that after people died, they would become alive again and God would either reward them or punish them. The Sadducees believed that once people died, they stayed dead and would never become alive again. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/raise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/reward]])<br><br>### “Called a curse”<br><br>Some Jews promised God that they would not eat or drink until they killed Paul, and they asked God to punish them if they did not do what they had promised to do.<br><br>### Roman citizenship<br><br>The Romans thought that they needed to treat only Roman citizens justly. They could do as they desired with people who were not Roman citizens, but they had to obey the law with other Romans. Some people were born Roman citizens, and others gave money to the Roman government so they could become Roman citizens. The “chief captain” could have been punished for treating a Roman citizen the same way he would treat a non-citizen.<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Whitewash<br><br>This is a common metaphor in Scripture for appearing to be good or clean or righteous when one is evil or unclean or unrighteous. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])<br> ACT 23 1 z2sq 0 Connecting Statement: Paul stands before the chief priests and the council members ([Acts 22:30](../22/30.md)). ACT 23 1 jru4 ἀδελφοί 1 Brothers Here this means “Fellow Jews.” ACT 23 1 nn2q ἐγὼ πάσῃ συνειδήσει ἀγαθῇ πεπολίτευμαι τῷ Θεῷ ἄχρι ταύτης τῆς ἡμέρας 1 I have lived before God in all good conscience until this day “I know that even to this day I have done what God has wanted me to do” ACT 23 2 yz4n translate-names Ἁνανίας 1 Ananias This is the name of a man. Though this is the same name, this not the same Ananias as in [Acts 5:1](../05/01.md) nor the same Ananias as in [Acts 9:10](../09/10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 23 3 igq4 figs-metaphor τοῖχε κεκονιαμένε 1 whitewashed wall This refers to a wall that was painted white to make it look clean. Paul told Ananias that just as a wall can be painted to look clean so Ananias appeared to look morally clean, but he was really full of evil intent. Alternate translation: “whitepainted wall” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 23 3 un7g figs-rquestion σὺ κάθῃ κρίνων με κατὰ τὸν νόμον, καὶ παρανομῶν κελεύεις με τύπτεσθαι 1 Are you sitting to judge ... against the law? Paul uses a question to point out Ananias’ hypocrisy. Alternate translation: “You sit there to judge ... against the law.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ACT 23 3 m6nb figs-activepassive κελεύεις με τύπτεσθαι 1 order me to be struck This can be stated in active form. You can use the same word for “strike” as you did in the phrase “God will strike you.” Alternate translation: “command people to strike me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 23 4 lkh8 figs-rquestion τὸν ἀρχιερέα τοῦ Θεοῦ λοιδορεῖς 1 Is this how you insult God’s high priest? The men use this question to scold Paul for what he has said in [Acts 23:3](../23/03.md). Alternate translation: “Do not insult God’s high priest!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ACT 23 5 e8lg figs-explicit γέγραπται γὰρ 1 For it is written Paul is about to quote what Moses wrote in the law. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “For Moses wrote in the law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 23 6 pbe1 ἀδελφοί 1 Brothers Here “Brothers” means “Fellow Jews” ACT 23 6 as3f υἱὸς Φαρισαίων 1 a son of Pharisees Here “son” means he is the literal son of a Pharisee and also the descendant of Pharisees. Alternate translation: “and my father and forefathers were Pharisees” ACT 23 6 iz18 figs-abstractnouns ἀναστάσεως νεκρῶν 1 the resurrection of the dead that I The word “resurrection” can be stated as “come back to life.” The word “dead” can be stated as “those who have died.” Alternate translation: “those who have died will come back to life, I” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) ACT 23 6 ys5k figs-activepassive ἐγὼ κρίνομαι 1 I am being judged This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you are judging me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 23 7 abs3 ἐσχίσθη τὸ πλῆθος 1 the crowd was divided “the people in the crowd strongly disagreed with one another” ACT 23 8 gl1s writing-background Σαδδουκαῖοι ... γὰρ ... Φαρισαῖοι δὲ 1 For the Sadducees ... but the Pharisees This is background information about the Sadducees and Pharisees. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) ACT 23 9 eaf1 ἐγένετο δὲ κραυγὴ μεγάλη 1 So a large uproar occurred “So they began shouting loudly at one another.” The word “so” marks an event that happened because of something else that happened previously. In this case, the previous event is Paul’s stating his belief in the resurrection. ACT 23 9 ayr8 figs-hypo εἰ ... πνεῦμα ἐλάλησεν αὐτῷ, ἢ ἄγγελος 1 What if a spirit or an angel has spoken to him? The Pharisees are rebuking the Sadducees by affirming that spirits and angels do exist and can speak to people. Alternate translation: “Maybe a spirit or an angel has spoken with him!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) ACT 23 10 dr1d figs-abstractnouns πολλῆς δὲ γινομένης στάσεως 1 When there arose a great argument The words “a great argument” can be re-stated as “argue violently.” Alternate translation: “When they began to argue violently” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ACT 23 10 s65i χιλίαρχος 1 chief captain a Roman military officer or leader of about 600 soldiers ACT 23 10 f568 figs-activepassive διασπασθῇ ὁ Παῦλος ὑπ’ αὐτῶν 1 Paul would be torn to pieces by them This can be stated in active form. The phrase “be torn to pieces” might be an exaggeration of how the people might harm Paul. Alternate translation: “they might tear Paul to pieces” or “they would cause Paul great physical harm” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) ACT 23 10 man3 ἁρπάσαι αὐτὸν 1 take him by force “use physical force to take him away” ACT 23 10 ap3c εἰς τὴν παρεμβολήν 1 into the fortress This fortress was connected to the outer temple court. See how you translated this in [Acts 21:34](../21/34.md). ACT 23 11 i9w5 τῇ ... ἐπιούσῃ νυκτὶ 1 The following night This means the night after the day Paul went before the council. Alternate translation: “That night” ACT 23 11 r4q4 figs-ellipsis εἰς Ῥώμην μαρτυρῆσαι 1 bear witness in Rome The words “about me” are understood. Alternate translation: “bear witness about me in Rome” or “testify about me in Rome” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) ACT 23 12 fm3y 0 Connecting Statement: While Paul was in the prison at the fortress, the disbelieving religious Jews vow to kill him. ACT 23 12 klb4 ποιήσαντες συστροφὴν 1 formed a conspiracy “organized a group with a shared purpose” here, to kill Paul. ACT 23 12 g3sj figs-abstractnouns ἀνεθεμάτισαν ἑαυτοὺς 1 called a curse down upon themselves with an oath The noun “curse” can be translated as a verb. It can also be made explicit what would cause them to be cursed. Alternate translation: “asked God to curse them if they did not do what they promised” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 23 13 f1u2 translate-numbers τεσσεράκοντα οἱ 1 forty men “40 men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) ACT 23 13 u5s5 ταύτην τὴν συνωμοσίαν ποιησάμενοι 1 who formed this conspiracy “who made this plan” or “who planned to kill Paul” ACT 23 14 zb6w figs-you 0 General Information: Here the word “They” refers to the forty Jews in [Acts 23:13](../23/13.md). Here “you” is plural and refers to the chief priests and elders. Both “us” and “we” refer to the forty Jews who planned to kill Paul. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) ACT 23 14 ur73 figs-metaphor ἀναθέματι ἀνεθεματίσαμεν ἑαυτοὺς, μηδενὸς γεύσασθαι ἕως οὗ ἀποκτείνωμεν τὸν Παῦλον 1 We have put ourselves under a great curse, to eat nothing until we have killed Paul To make a vow and to ask God to curse them if they do not fulfill their vow is spoken of as if the curse were an object that they carry on their shoulders. Alternate translation: “We have sworn to eat nothing until we have killed Paul. We asked God to curse us if we do not do what we promised to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 23 15 w418 νῦν οὖν 1 Now, therefore “Because what we have just said is true” or “Because we have put ourselves under this curse” ACT 23 15 q9e6 νῦν 1 Now This does not mean “at this moment,” but is used to draw attention to the important point that follows. ACT 23 15 q9mb καταγάγῃ αὐτὸν εἰς ὑμᾶς 1 bring him down to you “bring Paul from the fortress to meet with you” ACT 23 15 m133 ὡς μέλλοντας διαγινώσκειν ἀκριβέστερον τὰ περὶ αὐτοῦ 1 as if you would decide his case more precisely “as though you want to learn more about what Paul has done” ACT 23 16 d7cy 0 General Information: Here the word “he” refers to Paul’s nephew. The word “him” refers to the chief captain. ACT 23 16 w6fe υἱὸς τῆς ἀδελφῆς Παύλου 1 Paul’s sister’s son “the son of Paul’s sister” or “Paul’s nephew” ACT 23 16 pj5h τὴν ἐνέδραν 1 they were lying in wait “they were ready to ambush Paul” or “they were waiting to kill Paul” ACT 23 16 a5hx τὴν παρεμβολὴν 1 the fortress This fortress was connected to the outer temple court. See how you translated this in [Acts 21:34](../21/34.md). ACT 23 18 lzf3 ὁ δέσμιος, Παῦλος, προσκαλεσάμενός με 1 Paul the prisoner called me to him “Paul the prisoner asked me to come talk with him” ACT 23 18 ju2b τοῦτον τὸν νεανίαν 1 this young man Since the chief captain calls him a young man, this suggests Paul’s nephew may have been 12 to 15 years old. ACT 23 19 yp12 ἐπιλαβόμενος ... τῆς χειρὸς αὐτοῦ ὁ χιλίαρχος 1 chief captain took him by the hand Since the chief captain took the young man by the hand and calls him a young man (verse 18), this suggests Paul’s nephew may have been 12 to 15 years old. ACT 23 20 uv6r figs-synecdoche οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι συνέθεντο 1 The Jews have agreed This does not mean all Jews, but all of the group that was there. Alternate translation: “Some of the Jews have agreed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ACT 23 20 wp5d Παῦλον καταγάγῃς 1 to bring down Paul “to bring Paul down from the fortress” ACT 23 20 fev5 μέλλων τι ἀκριβέστερον πυνθάνεσθαι περὶ αὐτοῦ. 1 they were going to ask more precisely about his case “they want to learn more about what Paul has done” ACT 23 21 vdr5 translate-numbers ἄνδρες ... τεσσεράκοντα 1 forty men “40 men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) ACT 23 21 i2k9 ἐνεδρεύουσιν ... αὐτὸν 1 lying in wait for him “ready to ambush Paul” or “ready to kill Paul” ACT 23 21 r695 οἵτινες ἀνεθεμάτισαν ἑαυτοὺς μήτε φαγεῖν μήτε πιεῖν, ἕως οὗ ἀνέλωσιν αὐτόν 1 They have called a curse down on themselves, neither to eat nor to drink until they have killed him “They have sworn to eat or drink nothing until they have killed Paul. And they asked God to curse them if they do not do what they promised to do” ACT 23 22 av3g 0 General Information: Here the word “he” refers the chief captain. ACT 23 22 av3g 0 General Information: Felix, who resided at Caesarea, was the roman governor of the area. ACT 23 23 wk7k προσκαλεσάμενός 1 he called to him “he called to himself” ACT 23 23 q741 translate-numbers δύο τῶν ἑκατονταρχῶν 1 two of the centurions “2 of the centurions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) ACT 23 23 b7z3 translate-numbers ἱππεῖς ἑβδομήκοντα 1 seventy horsemen “70 horsemen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) ACT 23 23 mgi9 translate-numbers δεξιολάβους διακοσίους 1 two hundred spearmen “200 soldiers that are armed with spears” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) ACT 23 23 kg8s τρίτης ὥρας τῆς νυκτός 1 third hour of the night This was about 9:00 p.m. at night. ACT 23 25 vg8x 0 General Information: The chief captain writes a letter to Governor Felix about the arrest of Paul. ACT 23 25 vg8x translate-names 0 General Information: Claudius Lysias is the name of the chief captain. Governor Felix was the Roman governor over the whole region. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 23 26 zf93 figs-123person Κλαύδιος Λυσίας, τῷ κρατίστῳ ἡγεμόνι Φήλικι, χαίρειν 1 Claudius Lysias to the most excellent Governor Felix, greetings This is a formal introduction to the letter. The chief captain begins by referring to himself. You can translate it in the first person. The words “am writing” are understood. Alternate translation: “I, Claudius Lysias, am writing to you, the most excellent Governor Felix. Greetings to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) ACT 23 26 u2ih τῷ κρατίστῳ ἡγεμόνι Φήλικι 1 to the most excellent Governor Felix “to Governor Felix who deserves greatest honors” ACT 23 27 zr7l figs-synecdoche τὸν ἄνδρα τοῦτον συνλημφθέντα ὑπὸ τῶν Ἰουδαίων 1 This man was arrested by the Jews Here “Jews” means “some of the Jews.” This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Some of the Jews arrested this man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 23 27 ha13 figs-activepassive μέλλοντα ἀναιρεῖσθαι 1 was about to be killed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they were ready to kill Paul” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 23 27 v78t ἐπιστὰς σὺν τῷ στρατεύματι 1 I came upon them with soldiers “I with my soldiers arrived at the place where Paul and these Jews were” ACT 23 28 lb1a 0 General Information: Here the word “I” refers to Claudius Lysias, the chief captain. ACT 23 28 lb1a 0 General Information: The word “they” refers to the group of Jews who accused Paul. ACT 23 28 lb1a figs-you 0 General Information: The word “you” is singular and refers to Governor Felix. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) ACT 23 28 pmq7 0 Connecting Statement: The chief captain ends his letter to Governor Felix. ACT 23 29 zt4f figs-activepassive ὃν εὗρον ἐνκαλούμενον περὶ ζητημάτων τοῦ 1 that he was being accused about questions concerning This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that they were accusing him of questions about” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 23 29 wsh2 figs-abstractnouns μηδὲν δὲ ἄξιον θανάτου ἢ δεσμῶν ἔχοντα ἔγκλημα 1 but that there was no accusation against him that deserved death or imprisonment The abstract nouns “accusation,” “death,” and “imprisonment” can be stated as verbs. Alternate translation: “but nobody accused him of anything that should cause Roman authorities to kill him or to send him to prison” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ACT 23 30 i2ji figs-activepassive μηνυθείσης δέ μοι 1 Then it was made known to me This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Later I learned” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 23 31 ifs1 translate-names 0 General Information: Here the first word “him” refers to Paul; the second use of the word “him” refers to Governor Felix. Antipatris was a city built by Herod in honor of his father, Antipater. It stood at a site located today in central Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 23 31 s9rf 0 Connecting Statement: This ends Paul’s time under arrest in Jerusalem and begins his time of arrest in Caesarea with Governor Felix. ACT 23 31 ny4k οἱ ... οὖν στρατιῶται κατὰ τὸ διατεταγμένον αὐτοῖς 1 So the soldiers obeyed their orders The word “so” marks an event that happened because of something else that happened previously. In this case, the previous event is the chief captain’s commanding the soldiers to escort Paul. ACT 23 31 ptv4 ἀναλαβόντες τὸν Παῦλον, ἤγαγον διὰ νυκτὸς 1 They took Paul and brought him by night Here “brought” can be translated as “took.” Alternate translation: “They got Paul and took him at night” ACT 23 34 u44w 0 General Information: Here the first and second words “he” refer to Governor Felix, the third word “he” and the word “him” refer to Paul, and the last word “he” refers to Governor Felix. The words “you” and your” refer to Paul. ACT 23 34 dtx1 figs-quotations ἐπερωτήσας ἐκ ποίας ἐπαρχείας ἐστὶν, καὶ 1 he asked what province Paul was from. When This can be stated as a direct quotation. Alternate translation: “he asked Paul, ‘What province are you from?’ When” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) ACT 23 35 dwv2 figs-quotations ἔφη 1 he said This sentence, which begins with the words “When he learned” in verse 43, can be stated as a direct quotation. Alternate translation: “Paul said, ‘I am from Cilicia.’ Then the governor said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) ACT 23 35 uji1 διακούσομαί σου 1 I will hear you fully “I will listen to all you have to say” ACT 23 35 mga2 κελεύσας ... φυλάσσεσθαι αὐτόν 1 he commanded him to be kept This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “he commanded soldiers to keep him” or “commanded soldiers to restrain him” ACT 24 intro j74u 0 # Acts 24 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Paul told the governor that he had not done what the Jews were accusing him of doing and that the governor should not punish him for what he did do.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Respect<br><br>Both the Jewish leaders ([Acts 24:2-4](./02.md)) and Paul ([Acts 24:10](../../act/24/10.md)) began their speeches with words that show respect to the governor.<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Governmental leaders<br><br>The words “governor,” “commander,” and “centurion” may be difficult to translate into some languages. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])<br> ACT 24 1 qw1r figs-you 0 General Information: Here the word “you” refers to Felix, the governor. Here “we” refers to the citizens under Felix. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) ACT 24 1 bc8k 0 Connecting Statement: Paul is on trial in Caesarea. Tertullus presents Governor Felix with the charges against Paul. ACT 24 1 e8rp μετὰ δὲ πέντε ἡμέρας 1 After five days “five days after the Roman soldiers took Paul to Caesarea” ACT 24 1 n9gu translate-names Ἁνανίας 1 Ananias This is the name of a man. This is not the same Ananias as in [Acts 5:1](../05/01.md) nor the same Ananias as in [Acts 9:10](../09/10.md). See how you translated this in [Acts 23:1](../23/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 24 1 f3vx ῥήτορος 1 an orator “a lawyer.” Tertullus was an expert in Roman law who was there to accuse Paul in court. ACT 24 1 xm6c translate-names Τερτύλλου 1 Tertullus This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 24 1 q7wj κατέβη 1 went there “went to Caesarea where Paul was” ACT 24 1 nq9x τῷ ἡγεμόνι 1 before the governor “in the presence of the governor who was judge in the court” ACT 24 1 zm5e ἐνεφάνισαν ... κατὰ τοῦ Παύλου 1 brought charges against Paul “began to argue the case before the governor that Paul had broken the law.” ACT 24 2 e6zg figs-exclusive πολλῆς εἰρήνης τυγχάνοντες 1 we have great peace Here “we” refers to the citizens under Felix. Alternate translation: “we, the people that you govern, have great peace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) ACT 24 2 sv8c καὶ διορθωμάτων γινομένων τῷ ἔθνει τούτῳ διὰ τῆς σῆς προνοίας 1 and your foresight brings good reform to our nation “and your planning has greatly improved our nation” ACT 24 3 r5jl μετὰ πάσης εὐχαριστίας 1 with all thankfulness The word “thankfulness” is an abstract noun. It can be stated as an adjective or verb. Alternate translation: “so we are very thankful and we welcome everything that you do” or “so we thank you very much and welcome everything that you do” (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnoun) ACT 24 3 q3fj κράτιστε Φῆλιξ 1 most excellent Felix “Governor Felix who deserves greatest honor” Felix was the roman governor over the whole region. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Acts 23:25](../23/25.md). ACT 24 4 tyq8 figs-exclusive 0 General Information: The word “we” refers to Ananias, certain elders, and Tertullus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) ACT 24 4 jww2 ἵνα δὲ μὴ ἐπὶ πλεῖον σε ἐνκόπτω 1 So that I detain you no more Possible meanings are 1) “so that I will not take up too much of your time” or 2) “so that I will not tire you” ACT 24 4 xfm5 ἀκοῦσαί ... ἡμῶν συντόμως, τῇ σῇ ἐπιεικείᾳ 1 briefly listen to me with kindness “kindly listen to my short speech” ACT 24 5 i1qs figs-metaphor τὸν ἄνδρα τοῦτον λοιμὸν 1 this man to be a pest This speaks of Paul as if he were a plague that spreads from one person to another. Alternate translation: “this man to be a trouble maker” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 24 5 k1v1 figs-hyperbole πᾶσι τοῖς Ἰουδαίοις τοῖς κατὰ τὴν οἰκουμένην 1 all the Jews throughout the world The word “all” here is probably an exaggeration used to strengthen their accusation against Paul. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) ACT 24 5 zg4a figs-explicit πρωτοστάτην ... τῆς τῶν Ναζωραίων αἱρέσεως 1 He is a leader of the Nazarene sect The phrase “Nazarene sect” is another name for the Christians. Alternate translation: “He also leads the entire group whom people call the followers of the Nazarene” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 24 5 n6zb αἱρέσεως 1 sect This is a smaller group of people within a larger group. Tertullus considers the Christians to be a small group within Judaism. ACT 24 7 ujn8 figs-you 0 General Information: Here the word “you” is singular and refers to Governor Felix. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) ACT 24 7 xkr4 0 Connecting Statement: Tertullus finishes presenting the charges against Paul before Governor Felix. ACT 24 8 e26a ἐπιγνῶναι ὧν ἡμεῖς κατηγοροῦμεν αὐτοῦ 1 to learn about these charges we are bringing against him “to learn whether or not these charges that we bring against him are true” or “to learn whether or not he is guilty of the things we accuse him of” ACT 24 9 rq5f figs-synecdoche οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι 1 The Jews This refers to the Jewish leaders who were there at Paul’s trial. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ACT 24 10 my1c 0 General Information: Here the word “they” refers to the Jews who were accusing Paul. ACT 24 10 ict8 0 Connecting Statement: Paul responds to Governor Felix about the charges brought against him. ACT 24 10 s92a νεύσαντος ... τοῦ ἡγεμόνος 1 the governor motioned “the governor gestured” ACT 24 10 uu7a figs-metonymy κριτὴν τῷ ἔθνει τούτῳ 1 a judge to this nation Here “nation” refers to the people of the Jewish nation. Alternate translation: “a judge for the people of the Jewish nation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 24 10 sr5t ἐμαυτοῦ ἀπολογοῦμαι 1 explain myself “explain my situation” ACT 24 11 dr4u translate-numbers ἡμέραι δώδεκα, ἀφ’ ἧς 1 twelve days since “12 days since” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) ACT 24 12 wbf6 figs-metaphor ἢ ἐπίστασιν ποιοῦντα ὄχλου 1 I did not stir up a crowd “Stir up” here is a metaphor for agitating people into unrest, just as stirring a liquid agitates it. Alternate translation: “I did not provoke the crowd” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 24 13 m3yk κατηγοροῦσίν 1 the accusations “the blames for wrongdoings” or “the charges for crimes” ACT 24 14 c5xa ὁμολογῶ ... τοῦτό σοι 1 I confess this to you “I acknowledge this to you” ACT 24 14 k79p ὅτι κατὰ τὴν Ὁδὸν 1 that according to the Way The phrase “the Way” was a title used for Christianity during Paul’s time. ACT 24 14 rqu3 λέγουσιν αἵρεσιν 1 they call a sect This is a smaller group of people within a larger group. Tertullus considers the Christians to be a small group within Judaism. See how you translated “sect” in [Acts 24:5](../24/05.md). ACT 24 14 cg73 οὕτως λατρεύω τῷ πατρῴῳ Θεῷ 1 in that same way I serve the God of our fathers Paul uses the phrase “in that same way” to mean that he, as a believer in Jesus, serves God the same way as their Jewish ancestors did. He is not leading a “sect” or teaching something new that is opposed to their ancient religion. ACT 24 15 nv5a καὶ αὐτοὶ 1 as these men “as these men have.” Here “these men” refers to the Jews who are accusing Paul in court. ACT 24 15 qza8 figs-abstractnouns ἀνάστασιν μέλλειν ἔσεσθαι, δικαίων τε καὶ ἀδίκων 1 that there will be a resurrection of both the righteous and the wicked The abstract noun “resurrection” can be stated with the verb “resurrect.” Alternate translation: “that God will resurrect all who have died, both the righteous and the unrighteous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ACT 24 15 x1yd figs-nominaladj δικαίων ... καὶ ἀδίκων 1 the righteous and the wicked These nominal adjectives refer to righteous people and wicked people. AT “righteous people and wicked people” or “those who have done what is right and those who have done what is evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) ACT 24 16 sfw4 αὐτὸς ἀσκῶ ... διὰ παντός 1 I always strive “I always work hard” or “I do my best” ACT 24 16 kcg8 figs-metonymy ἀπρόσκοπον συνείδησιν ἔχειν πρὸς τὸν Θεὸν 1 to have a clear conscience before God Here “conscience” refers to a person’s inner morality that chooses between right and wrong. Alternate translation: “to be blameless” or “to always do what is right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 24 16 va3b πρὸς τὸν Θεὸν 1 before God “in the presence of God” ACT 24 17 p92m δὲ 1 Now This word marks a shift in Paul’s argument. Here he explains the situation in Jerusalem when some of the Jews arrested him. ACT 24 17 py9v δι’ ἐτῶν ... πλειόνων 1 after many years “after many years away from Jerusalem” ACT 24 17 ryk6 figs-go ἐλεημοσύνας ποιήσων εἰς τὸ ἔθνος μου, παρεγενόμην καὶ προσφοράς 1 I came to bring help to my nation and gifts of money Here “I came” can be translated as “I went.” Alternate translation: “I went to help my people by bringing them money as a gift” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) ACT 24 18 pk2m ἡγνισμένον ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ 1 in a purification ceremony in the temple “in the temple after I had finished a ceremony to purify myself” ACT 24 18 x6iy figs-explicit οὐ μετὰ ὄχλου, οὐδὲ μετὰ θορύβου 1 not with a crowd or an uproar This can be stated as a separate new sentence. Alternate translation: “I had not gathered a crowd nor was I trying to start a riot” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 24 19 s528 τινὲς 1 These men “The Jews from Asia” ACT 24 19 ntg3 εἴ τι ἔχοιεν 1 if they have anything “if they have anything to say” ACT 24 20 npt5 0 Connecting Statement: Paul finishes responding to Governor Felix about the charges brought against him. ACT 24 20 ag5d αὐτοὶ 1 these same men This refers to the members of the council who were present in Jerusalem at Paul’s trial. ACT 24 20 hnt9 εἰπάτωσαν, τί εὗρον ἀδίκημα ... μου 1 should say what wrong they found in me “should say the wrong thing I did that they were able to prove” ACT 24 21 ds1s figs-abstractnouns περὶ ἀναστάσεως νεκρῶν 1 It is concerning the resurrection of the dead The abstract noun “resurrection” can be stated as “God brings back to life.” Alternate translation: “It is because I believe that God will bring back to life those who have died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) ACT 24 21 d2lm figs-activepassive ἐγὼ κρίνομαι σήμερον ἐφ’ ὑμῶν 1 I am on trial before you today This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you are judging me today” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 24 22 w1tn translate-names 0 General Information: Felix is the Roman governor of the area who resides at Caesarea. See how you translated this name in [Acts 23:24](../23/24.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 24 22 a87f τῆς Ὁδοῦ 1 the Way This is a title for Christianity. See how you translated this in [Acts 9:2](../09/02.md). ACT 24 22 y3pg ὅταν Λυσίας ὁ χιλίαρχος καταβῇ 1 When Lysias the commander comes down “when Lysias the commander comes down” or “at the time Lysias the commander comes down” ACT 24 22 k1f7 Λυσίας 1 Lysias This is the name of the chief captain. See how you translated this name in [Acts 23:26](../23/26.md). ACT 24 22 z5f9 καταβῇ 1 comes down from Jerusalem Jerusalem was higher than Caesarea so it was normal for them to speak of coming down from Jerusalem. ACT 24 22 ldi8 διαγνώσομαι τὰ καθ’ ὑμᾶς 1 I will decide your case “I will make a decision concerning these accusations against you” or “I will judge whether you are guilty” ACT 24 23 sxy2 ἔχειν ... ἄνεσιν 1 have some freedom “grant Paul some freedom not otherwise granted to prisoners” ACT 24 24 wus4 μετὰ δὲ ἡμέρας τινὰς 1 After some days “After several days” ACT 24 24 qy9y translate-names Δρουσίλλῃ, τῇ ... γυναικὶ 1 Drusilla his wife Drusilla is a woman’s name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 24 24 xmq5 figs-explicit Ἰουδαίᾳ 1 a Jewess This means a female Jew. Alternate translation: “who was a Jew” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 24 25 b8v1 ἔμφοβος γενόμενος, ὁ Φῆλιξ 1 Felix became frightened Felix may have felt conviction of his sins. ACT 24 25 p8yi τὸ νῦν ἔχον 1 for now “for the present time” ACT 24 26 h4v7 χρήματα δοθήσεται αὐτῷ ὑπὸ τοῦ Παύλου 1 Paul to give money to him Felix was hoping Paul would offer him a bribe to set him free. ACT 24 26 n45p διὸ καὶ πυκνότερον αὐτὸν μεταπεμπόμενος, ὡμίλει αὐτῷ 1 so he often sent for him and spoke with him “so Felix often sent for Paul and spoke with Paul” ACT 24 27 ur2y translate-names ὁ ... Πόρκιον Φῆστον 1 Porcius Festus This was the new roman Governor who replaced Felix. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 24 27 p59c figs-synecdoche θέλων ... χάριτα καταθέσθαι τοῖς Ἰουδαίοις 1 wanted to gain favor with the Jews Here “the Jews” refers to the Jewish leaders. Alternate translation: “wanted the Jewish leaders to like him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ACT 24 27 gln6 ὁ Φῆλιξ ... κατέλιπε τὸν Παῦλον δεδεμένον 1 he left Paul to continue under guard “he left Paul in prison” ACT 25 intro b6uk 0 # Acts 25 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Favor<br><br>This word is used in two different ways in this chapter. When the Jewish leaders asked Festus for a favor, they were asking him to do something special for them on that day. They wanted him to do for them something that he would not usually do. When Festus “wanted to gain the favor of the Jews,” he wanted them to like him and be willing to obey him in the months and years to come. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/favor]])<br><br>### Roman citizenship<br><br>The Romans thought that they needed to treat only Roman citizens justly. They could do as they desired with people who were not Roman citizens, but they had to obey the law with other Romans. Some people were born Roman citizens, and others gave money to the Roman government so they could become Roman citizens. Roman officials could have been punished for treating a Roman citizen the same way they would treat a non-citizen.<br><br> ACT 25 1 c84u 0 General Information: Festus becomes the governor of Caesarea. See how you translated this name in [Acts 24:27](../24/27.md). ACT 25 1 tj76 0 Connecting Statement: Paul continues to be a prisoner in Caesarea. ACT 25 1 w8h3 οὖν 1 Now This word marks the beginning of a new event in the story. ACT 25 1 i7t9 Φῆστος ... ἐπιβὰς τῇ ἐπαρχείᾳ 1 Festus entered the province Possible meanings are 1) Festus arrived in the area to begin his rule or 2) Festus simply arrived in the area. ACT 25 1 zz4l ἀνέβη εἰς Ἱεροσόλυμα ἀπὸ Καισαρείας 1 he went from Caesarea up to Jerusalem The phrase “went up” is used here because Jerusalem is higher in elevation than Caesarea. ACT 25 2 qnc8 figs-metaphor ἐνεφάνισάν ... οἱ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ οἱ πρῶτοι τῶν Ἰουδαίων κατὰ τοῦ Παύλου 1 The chief priest and the prominent Jews brought accusations against Paul This speaks about accusations as if they were an object that a person could bring to someone else. Alternate translation: “The chief priest and the important Jews accused Paul to Festus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 25 2 uj5p παρεκάλουν αὐτὸν 1 they urged him Here the word “him” refers to Festus. ACT 25 3 w8um αἰτούμενοι χάριν 1 asked him for a favor Here the word “him” refers to Festus. ACT 25 3 qz46 ὅπως μεταπέμψηται αὐτὸν εἰς Ἰερουσαλήμ 1 that Festus might summon Paul to Jerusalem This means that Festus would order his soldiers to bring Paul to Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “that he might order his soldiers to bring Paul to Jerusalem” ACT 25 3 pg8x ἀνελεῖν αὐτὸν κατὰ τὴν ὁδόν 1 so that they could kill him along the way They were going to ambush Paul. ACT 25 4 p3tt figs-exclusive 0 General Information: Here the word “us” refers to Festus and the Romans traveling with him, but not to his audience. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) ACT 25 4 v5f9 figs-quotations Φῆστος ἀπεκρίθη, τηρεῖσθαι τὸν Παῦλον εἰς Καισάρειαν, ἑαυτὸν δὲ μέλλειν ἐν τάχει ἐκπορεύεσθαι 1 Festus answered that Paul was being held at Caesarea, and that he himself was going there soon. This can be stated as a direct quotation. Alternate translation: “But Festus said, ‘Paul is being held prisoner in Caesarea, and I myself will soon return there.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) ACT 25 5 a54h writing-quotations οἱ οὖν ... φησίν, δυνατοὶ συνκαταβάντες 1 “Therefore, those who can,” he said, “should go there with us The phrase “he said” can be moved to the beginning of the sentence. Alternate translation: “Then he said, ‘Therefore, those who are able to go to Caesarea should go there with us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]]) ACT 25 5 iz98 εἴ τί ἐστιν ἐν τῷ ἀνδρὶ ἄτοπον 1 If there is something wrong with the man “If Paul has done something wrong” ACT 25 5 nei6 κατηγορείτωσαν αὐτοῦ 1 you should accuse him “you should accuse him of violating laws” or “you should bring charges against him” ACT 25 6 fi27 0 General Information: Here the first three times the word “he” is used as well as the word “him,” the words refer to Festus. The fourth word “he” refers to Paul. The word “they” refers to the Jews who came from Jerusalem. ACT 25 6 s69c καταβὰς εἰς Καισάρειαν 1 down to Caesarea Jerusalem is higher geographically than Caesarea. It was common to speak of coming down from Jerusalem. ACT 25 6 qv24 figs-metonymy καθίσας ἐπὶ τοῦ βήματος 1 sat in the judgment seat Here “judgment seat” refers to Festus’ ruling as judge over Paul’s trial. Alternate translation: “sat upon the seat where he acted as judge” or “he sat down as judge” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 25 6 j7c5 figs-activepassive τὸν Παῦλον ἀχθῆναι 1 Paul to be brought to him This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “his soldiers bring Paul to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 25 7 v4v8 παραγενομένου δὲ αὐτοῦ 1 When he arrived “When he came and stood before Festus” ACT 25 7 e7g2 figs-metaphor πολλὰ ... βαρέα αἰτιώματα καταφέροντες 1 they brought many serious charges Charging a person with a crime is spoken of as if it were an object that a person could bring to court. Alternate translation: “they spoke against Paul many serious things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 25 8 hc3w figs-synecdoche εἰς τὸ ἱερὸν 1 against the temple Paul says he did not break any rules about who could enter the Jerusalem temple. Alternate translation: “against the entry rules of the temple” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ACT 25 9 m49r 0 Connecting Statement: Paul asks to be taken before Caesar for judgment. ACT 25 9 b49x figs-synecdoche θέλων τοῖς Ἰουδαίοις χάριν καταθέσθαι 1 wanted to gain the favor of the Jews Here “the Jews” means the Jewish leaders. Alternate translation: “wanted to please the Jewish leaders” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ACT 25 9 qe8h εἰς Ἱεροσόλυμα ἀναβὰς 1 to go up to Jerusalem Jerusalem was higher geographically than Caesarea. It was common to speak of going up to Jerusalem. ACT 25 9 wi2d figs-activepassive ἐκεῖ περὶ τούτων κριθῆναι ἐπ’ ἐμοῦ 1 and to be judged by me about these things there This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “where I will judge you with regard to these charges” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 25 10 u1ef figs-metonymy ἐπὶ τοῦ βήματος Καίσαρος ἑστώς εἰμι, οὗ με δεῖ κρίνεσθαι 1 I stand before the judgment seat of Caesar where I must be judged The “judgment seat” refers to Caesar’s authority to judge Paul. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I ask to go before Caesar, so he can judge me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 25 11 el9d figs-hypo οὖν ἀδικῶ καὶ ἄξιον θανάτου πέπραχά τι, οὐ παραιτοῦμαι τὸ ἀποθανεῖν; εἰ δὲ οὐδέν ἐστιν ὧν οὗτοι κατηγοροῦσίν μου, οὐδείς με δύναται αὐτοῖς χαρίσασθαι 1 Though if I have done wrong ... no one may hand me over to them Paul is stating a hypothetical situation. If he were guilty, he would accept the punishment, but he knows that he is not guilty. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) ACT 25 11 ta55 εἰ ... ἄξιον θανάτου πέπραχά τι 1 if I have done what is worthy of death “if I have done some wrong that deserves the death penalty” ACT 25 11 hxr1 οὐδέν ἐστιν ὧν οὗτοι κατηγοροῦσίν 1 if their accusations are nothing “if the charges against me are not true” ACT 25 11 hr23 οὐδείς με δύναται αὐτοῖς χαρίσασθαι 1 no one may hand me over to them Possible meanings are 1) Festus does not have the legal authority to hand Paul over to these false accusers or 2) Paul was saying that if he has done nothing wrong, the governor should not give into the request of the Jews. ACT 25 11 b1bf Καίσαρα ἐπικαλοῦμαι 1 I appeal to Caesar “I ask that I go before Caesar so he can judge me” ACT 25 12 t96z μετὰ τοῦ συμβουλίου 1 with the council This is not the Sanhedrin that is referred to as “council” throughout Acts. This is a political council in the Roman government. Alternate translation: “with his own government advisors” ACT 25 13 izu8 writing-participants 0 General Information: King Agrippa and Bernice are new people in the story. Though he ruled over only a few territories, King Agrippa is the current reigning king in Palestine. Bernice is Agrippa’s sister.(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 25 13 ge5h 0 Connecting Statement: Festus explains Paul’s case to King Agrippa. ACT 25 13 c3gc δὲ 1 Now This word marks the beginning of a new event in the story. ACT 25 13 ukd3 ἀσπασάμενοι τὸν Φῆστον 1 to pay an official visit to Festus “to visit Festus concerning official matters” ACT 25 14 x8jf figs-activepassive ἀνήρ τὶς ἐστιν καταλελειμμένος ὑπὸ Φήλικος δέσμιος 1 A certain man was left behind here by Felix as a prisoner This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “When Felix left office, he left a man in prison here” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 25 14 z7yw Φήλικος 1 Felix Felix was the Roman governor of the area who resided in Caesarea. See how you translated this name in [Acts 23:24](../23/24.md). ACT 25 15 b6hx figs-metaphor περὶ οὗ ... ἐνεφάνισαν 1 brought charges against this man To charge someone in court is spoken of as if it were an object that a person brings to court. Alternate translation: “spoke to me against this man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 25 15 hyp5 figs-abstractnouns αἰτούμενοι κατ’ αὐτοῦ καταδίκην 1 they asked for a sentence of condemnation against him The abstract nouns “sentence” and “condemnation” can be expressed as verbs. The phrase “a sentence of condemnation” implies that they were requesting that Paul be executed. Alternate translation: “they asked me to sentence him to death” or “they asked me to condemn him to death” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 25 16 e4tk figs-metaphor χαρίζεσθαί τινα ἄνθρωπον 1 to hand over anyone Here “hand over” represents sending someone to people who will punish or kill him. Alternate translation: “let someone punish anyone” or “to condemn anyone to death” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 25 16 xjb4 figs-idiom πρὶν ἢ ὁ κατηγορούμενος, κατὰ πρόσωπον ... τοὺς κατηγόρους 1 before the accused had faced his accusers Here “faced his accusers” is an idiom that means to meet with the people who accuse him. Alternate translation: “before the person whom others have accused of a crime had met directly with those who accused him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ACT 25 17 z6g2 οὖν 1 Therefore “Because what I have just said is true.” Fetus had just said that an accused man should be able to face his accusers and make his defense. ACT 25 17 rm5z συνελθόντων ... ἐνθάδε 1 when they came together here “when the Jewish leaders came to meet with me here” ACT 25 17 efe2 figs-metonymy καθίσας ἐπὶ τοῦ βήματος 1 I sat in the judgment seat Here “judgment seat” refers to Festus ruling over Paul’s trial as judge. Alternate translation: “I sat upon the seat to act as judge” or “I sat down as judge” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 25 17 hm6g figs-activepassive ἐκέλευσα ἀχθῆναι τὸν ἄνδρα 1 I ordered the man to be brought in This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I ordered the soldiers to bring Paul before me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 25 19 d1qm τῆς ἰδίας δεισιδαιμονίας 1 their own religion Here “religion” means the belief system people have toward life and the supernatural. ACT 25 20 y9bv figs-idiom κἀκεῖ κρίνεσθαι περὶ τούτων 1 to stand trial there about these charges To “stand trial” is an idiom meaning to speak to a judge so the judge can decide if a person is right or wrong. Alternate translation: “to go to trial about these charges” or “for a judge to decide if these charges against him are true or not” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ACT 25 21 yli3 0 Connecting Statement: Festus finishes explaining Paul’s case to King Agrippa. ACT 25 21 ie7x figs-activepassive τοῦ δὲ Παύλου ἐπικαλεσαμένου τηρηθῆναι αὐτὸν εἰς τὴν τοῦ Σεβαστοῦ διάγνωσιν 1 But when Paul appealed to be kept in custody while awaiting the decision of the emperor This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “But when Paul insisted that he stay under Roman guard until the time when the emperor could decide his case” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 25 21 ceq2 figs-activepassive ἐκέλευσα τηρεῖσθαι αὐτὸν 1 I ordered him to be held in custody This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I ordered the soldiers to keep him in custody” or “I told the soldiers to guard him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 25 22 t322 writing-quotations αὔριον, φησίν, ἀκούσῃ αὐτοῦ 1 “Tomorrow,” Festus said, “you will hear him.” The phrase “Festus said” can be moved to the beginning of the sentence. Alternate translation: “Festus said, ‘I will arrange for you to listen to Paul tomorrow.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]]) ACT 25 23 y1yj 0 General Information: Though he ruled over only a few territories, Agrippa was the current reigning king in Palestine. Bernice was his sister. See how you translated these names in [Acts 25:13](../25/13.md). ACT 25 23 qlm5 0 Connecting Statement: Festus again gives information about Paul’s case to King Agrippa. ACT 25 23 yw76 μετὰ πολλῆς φαντασίας 1 with much ceremony “with a great ceremony to honor them” ACT 25 23 ldb7 τὸ ἀκροατήριον 1 the hall This was a large room where people gathered for ceremonies, trials, and other events. ACT 25 23 at4t figs-activepassive ἤχθη ὁ Παῦλος 1 Paul was brought to them This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the soldiers brought Paul to appear before them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 25 24 n8qj figs-hyperbole ἅπαν τὸ πλῆθος τῶν Ἰουδαίων 1 all the multitude of Jews The word “all” is an exaggeration used to emphasize that a great number of Jews wanted Paul to die. Alternate translation: “a great number of the Jews” or “many of the Jewish leaders” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) ACT 25 24 ae3v βοῶντες 1 they shouted to me “they spoke very strongly to me” ACT 25 24 yv2q figs-litotes μὴ δεῖν αὐτὸν ζῆν μηκέτι 1 he should no longer live This statement is made in the negative to emphasize the positive equivalent. Alternate translation: “he should die immediately” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) ACT 25 25 fe2n figs-you 0 General Information: Here the first “you” is plural; the second “you” is singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) ACT 25 25 f6hy δὲ τούτου ἐπικαλεσαμένου τὸν Σεβαστὸν 1 because he appealed to the emperor “because he said that he wanted the emperor to judge him” ACT 25 25 g856 τὸν Σεβαστὸν 1 the emperor The emperor was the ruler of the Roman empire. He ruled over many countries and provinces. ACT 25 26 jcq2 προήγαγον αὐτὸν ἐφ’ ὑμῶν, καὶ μάλιστα ἐπὶ σοῦ, Βασιλεῦ Ἀγρίππα 1 I have brought him to you, especially to you, King Agrippa “I have brought Paul to all of you, but especially to you, King Agrippa.” ACT 25 26 rhy2 ὅπως ... σχῶ τι γράψω 1 so that I might have something more to write “so that I will have something else to write” or “so that I will know what I should write” ACT 25 27 txs6 figs-doublenegatives ἄλογον ... μοι δοκεῖ πέμποντα δέσμιον, μὴ καὶ ... σημᾶναι 1 it seems unreasonable for me to send a prisoner and to not also state The negative words “unreasonable” and “to not” can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “it seems reasonable to me that if I send a prisoner then I should also state” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) ACT 25 27 xm65 τὰς κατ’ αὐτοῦ αἰτίας 1 the charges against him Possible meanings are 1) the accusations that the Jewish leaders have brought against him or 2) the charges under Roman law that apply to Paul’s case. ACT 26 intro e2q6 0 # Acts 26 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This is the third account of Paul’s conversion in the book of Acts. Because this is such an important event in the early church, there are three accounts of Paul’s conversion. (See: [Acts 9](../09/01.md) and [Acts 22](../22/01.md))<br><br>Paul told the King Agrippa why he had done what he had done and that the governor should not punish him for that.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Light and darkness<br><br>The Bible often speaks of unrighteous people, people who do not do what pleases God, as if they were walking around in darkness. It speaks of light as if it were what enables those sinful people to become righteous, to understand what they are doing wrong and begin to obey God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]])<br> ACT 26 1 b34d 0 Connecting Statement: Festus has brought Paul before King Agrippa. In verse 2, Paul gives his defense to King Agrippa. ACT 26 1 gz9f Ἀγρίππας 1 Agrippa Agrippa was the current reigning king in Palestine, though he ruled over only a few territories. See how you translated this name in [Acts 25:13](../25/13.md). ACT 26 1 wme6 ἐκτείνας τὴν χεῖρα 1 stretched out his hand “held out his hand” or “gestured with his hand” ACT 26 1 vni8 figs-abstractnouns ἀπελογεῖτο 1 made his defense The abstract noun “defense” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “began to defend himself against those who were accusing him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ACT 26 2 ha47 ἥγημαι ἐμαυτὸν μακάριον 1 I regard myself as happy Paul was happy because he considered his appearance before Agrippa to be an opportunity to speak about the gospel. ACT 26 2 xhz1 ἀπολογεῖσθαι 1 to make my case This phrase means to describe one’s situation, so that those in court can discuss and make a decision about it. Alternate translation: “to defend myself” ACT 26 2 mdq2 figs-abstractnouns περὶ πάντων ὧν ἐνκαλοῦμαι ὑπὸ Ἰουδαίων 1 against all the accusations of the Jews The abstract noun “accusations” can be stated as the verb “accuse.” Alternate translation: “against all the Jews who are accusing me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ACT 26 2 cbr3 figs-synecdoche Ἰουδαίων 1 the Jews This does not mean all the Jews. Alternate translation: “the Jewish leaders” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ACT 26 3 kns2 figs-explicit ζητημάτων 1 questions You can make explicit what kinds of questions this means. Alternate translation: “questions about religious matters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 26 4 t8bg figs-hyperbole πάντες οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι 1 all the Jews This is a generalization. Possible meanings are 1) this refers to Jews in general who knew about Paul. Alternate translation: “the Jews” or 2) this refers to Pharisees who knew Paul. Alternate translation: “the Jewish leaders” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) ACT 26 4 x96h ἐν τῷ ἔθνει μου 1 in my own nation Possible meanings are 1) among his own people, not necessarily in the geographical land of Israel or 2) in the land of Israel. ACT 26 5 y9a1 τὴν ἀκριβεστάτην αἵρεσιν τῆς ἡμετέρας θρησκείας 1 the strictest party of our religion “a group within Judaism who live by very strict rules” ACT 26 6 xkp9 figs-you 0 General Information: Here “you” is plural and refers to the people who were listening to Paul. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) ACT 26 6 s9kr νῦν 1 Now This word marks a shift from Paul discussing his past to talking about himself in the present. ACT 26 6 i9y5 figs-activepassive ἕστηκα κρινόμενος 1 I stand here to be judged This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I am here, where they are putting me on trial” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 26 6 r42g figs-metaphor ἐπ’ ἐλπίδι τῆς εἰς τοὺς πατέρας ἡμῶν ἐπαγγελίας, γενομένης ὑπὸ τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 of my certain hope in the promise made by God to our fathers This speaks about a promise as if it were something a person could look for and see. Alternate translation: “I am waiting expectantly for God to do what he promised our forefathers he would do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 26 7 hnf1 figs-metonymy εἰς ἣν τὸ δωδεκάφυλον ἡμῶν ... ἐλπίζει καταντῆσαι 1 For this is the promise that our twelve tribes sought to receive The phrase “our twelve tribes” stands for the people in those tribes. Alternate translation: “This is also what our fellow Jews in the twelve tribes were waiting for” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 26 7 apf2 figs-metaphor εἰς ἣν ... ἐλπίζει καταντῆσαι 1 the promise ... sought to receive This speaks about a promise as if it were an object that can be received. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 26 7 kzg4 figs-merism νύκτα καὶ ἡμέραν λατρεῦον 1 worshiped God night and day The extremes “night” and “day” mean they “worshiped God continually.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) ACT 26 7 c4lm figs-synecdoche ὑπὸ Ἰουδαίων 1 that the Jews This does not mean all the Jews. Alternate translation: “that the leaders of the Jews” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ACT 26 8 de83 figs-rquestion τί ἄπιστον κρίνεται παρ’ ὑμῖν, εἰ ὁ Θεὸς νεκροὺς ἐγείρει 1 Why should any of you think it is unbelievable that God raises the dead? Paul uses a question to challenge the Jews present. They believe God can raise the dead but do not think God brought Jesus back to life. This can be expressed as a statement. Alternate translation: “None of you think it is unbelievable that God raises the dead.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ACT 26 8 ukk6 νεκροὺς ἐγείρει 1 raises the dead Here to raise up is an idiom for causing someone who has died to become alive again. Alternate translation: “makes dead people come alive again” ACT 26 9 hm33 μὲν οὖν 1 Now indeed Paul uses this phrase to mark another shift in his defense. He is now beginning to describe how he formerly persecuted Jesus’ people. ACT 26 9 r4df figs-metonymy πρὸς τὸ ὄνομα Ἰησοῦ ... ἐναντία 1 against the name of Jesus The word “name” here stands for the teaching about the person. Alternate translation: “to stop people from teaching about Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 26 10 nys7 figs-activepassive ἀναιρουμένων ... αὐτῶν, κατήνεγκα ψῆφον 1 when they were killed, I cast my vote against them The phrase “were killed” can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I voted in agreement with the other Jewish leaders to condemn believers to die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 26 11 rri6 πολλάκις τιμωρῶν αὐτοὺς 1 I punished them many times Possible meanings are 1) Paul punished some believers many times or 2) Paul punished many different believers. ACT 26 12 p55i 0 Connecting Statement: While talking to King Agrippa, Paul tells about when the Lord spoke with him. ACT 26 12 us8d ἐν οἷς 1 While I was doing this Paul uses this phrase to mark another shift in his defense. He is now telling about when he saw Jesus and became his disciple. ACT 26 12 h3ic ἐν οἷς 1 While This word is used to mark two events that are happening at the same time. In this case, Paul went to Damascus during the time when he persecuted Christians. ACT 26 12 ajp6 μετ’ ἐξουσίας καὶ ἐπιτροπῆς 1 with authority and orders Paul had written letters from the Jewish leaders, granting him authority to persecute the Jewish believers. ACT 26 14 sip5 figs-metonymy ἤκουσα φωνὴν, λέγουσαν πρός με 1 I heard a voice speaking to me that said Here “voice” stands for the person speaking. Alternate translation: “I heard someone speaking to me who said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 26 14 du3t Σαοὺλ, Σαούλ, τί με διώκεις 1 Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? This is a rhetorical question. The speaker is alerting Saul to what Saul is doing to him, and implying that Saul should not do that. Alternate translation: “Saul, Saul, you are persecuting me.” or “Saul, Saul, stop persecuting me.” (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion) ACT 26 14 zsi2 figs-metaphor σκληρόν σοι πρὸς κέντρα λακτίζειν 1 It is hard for you to kick a goad For Paul to resist Jesus and to persecute believers is spoken of as if he were an ox kicking at the sharp stick that a person uses to prod (or “goad”) the animal. It means that Paul is only harming himself. Alternate translation: “You will only harm yourself like an ox kicking a goad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 26 15 h2ws 0 Connecting Statement: Paul continues giving his defense to King Agrippa. In these verses he continues quoting his conversation with the Lord. ACT 26 18 fk1k figs-metaphor ἀνοῖξαι ὀφθαλμοὺς αὐτῶν 1 to open their eyes Helping people to understand the truth is spoken of as if a person were literally helping someone to open his eyes. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 26 18 gw8f figs-metaphor ἐπιστρέψαι ἀπὸ σκότους εἰς φῶς 1 to turn them from darkness to light Helping someone to stop doing what is evil and to start trusting and obeying God is spoken of as if the person is literally leading someone out of a dark place into a place of light. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 26 18 q3h8 figs-metaphor ἐπιστρέψαι ἀπὸ ... τῆς ἐξουσίας τοῦ Σατανᾶ 1 to turn them ... from the power of Satan to God Helping someone to stop obeying Satan and to start obeying God is spoken of as if a person were literally turning a person and taking them from the place where Satan rules and leading him to the place where God rules. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 26 18 m65i figs-abstractnouns τοῦ λαβεῖν αὐτοὺς ἄφεσιν ἁμαρτιῶν 1 they may receive from God the forgiveness of sins The abstract noun “forgiveness” can be stated as the verb “forgive.” Alternate translation: “God may forgive their sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ACT 26 18 m9ve figs-metaphor κλῆρον 1 an inheritance The blessings that Jesus gives to those who believe in him are spoken of as if they were an inheritance that children receive from their father. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 26 18 c5ij figs-metaphor τοῖς ἡγιασμένοις πίστει τῇ εἰς ἐμέ 1 sanctified by faith in me Jesus choosing some people to belong to him is spoken of as if he literally set them apart from other people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 26 18 bgc5 πίστει τῇ εἰς ἐμέ 1 by faith in me “because they believe in me.” Here Paul finishes quoting the Lord. ACT 26 19 ljx2 ὅθεν 1 Therefore “Because what I have just said is true.” Paul had just explained what the Lord had commanded him in his vision. ACT 26 19 zv2u figs-doublenegatives οὐκ ἐγενόμην 1 I did not disobey This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “I obeyed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) ACT 26 19 sn4h figs-metonymy τῇ οὐρανίῳ ὀπτασίᾳ 1 the heavenly vision This refers to what the person in the vision told Paul. Alternate translation: “what the person from heaven told me in the vision” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 26 20 fei4 figs-metaphor ἐπιστρέφειν ἐπὶ τὸν Θεόν 1 turn to God To start trusting God is spoken of as if a person turns to start walking toward God. Alternate translation: “trust in God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 26 20 h1v2 figs-abstractnouns ἄξια τῆς μετανοίας ἔργα πράσσοντας 1 doing deeds worthy of repentance The abstract noun “repentance” can be stated as the verb “repented.” Alternate translation: “and start doing good deeds to show they truly have repented” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ACT 26 21 tl6t figs-synecdoche Ἰουδαῖοι 1 the Jews This does not mean all of the Jews. Alternate translation: “some Jews” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ACT 26 22 n5hn 0 Connecting Statement: Paul finishes giving his defense to King Agrippa. ACT 26 22 t8f4 μικρῷ τε καὶ μεγάλῳ, οὐδὲν 1 to the common people and to the great ones about nothing Here “common people” and “great ones” are used together to mean “all people.” Alternate translation: “to all people, whether common or great, about nothing” (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism) ACT 26 22 f6py οὐδὲν ἐκτὸς ... ὧν 1 about nothing more than what This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “about the exact thing that” ACT 26 22 i9ki ὧν τε οἱ προφῆται 1 what the prophets Paul is referring to the collective writings of the Old Testament prophets. ACT 26 23 pe9h figs-explicit εἰ παθητὸς ὁ Χριστός 1 that Christ must suffer You can make explicit that Christ must also die. Alternate translation: “that Christ must suffer and die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 26 23 p9t8 ἐξ ἀναστάσεως 1 to rise to come back to life ACT 26 23 sc5f νεκρῶν 1 from the dead The phrase “the dead” refers to the spirits of people who have died. To rise from among them speaks of becoming alive again. ACT 26 23 z2ms figs-metaphor φῶς μέλλει καταγγέλλειν 1 he would proclaim light “he would proclaim the message about the light.” To tell people about how God saves people is spoken of as if a person were speaking about the light. Alternate translation: “he would proclaim the message about how God saves people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 26 24 h5b9 0 Connecting Statement: Paul and King Agrippa continue to talk together. ACT 26 24 dvn2 μαίνῃ 1 you are insane “you are speaking nonsense” or “you are crazy” ACT 26 24 tk27 τὰ πολλά σε γράμματα εἰς μανίαν περιτρέπει 1 your great learning makes you insane “you have learned so much that you are now crazy” ACT 26 25 dur9 figs-doublenegatives οὐ μαίνομαι ... ἀλλὰ 1 I am not insane ... but This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “I am sane ... and” or “I am able to think well ... and” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) ACT 26 25 a6pb κράτιστε Φῆστε 1 most excellent Festus “Festus, who deserves highest honors” ACT 26 26 ed7y figs-123person γὰρ ... ὁ βασιλεύς, πρὸς ὃν ... αὐτὸν 1 For the king ... to him ... from him Paul is still speaking to King Agrippa, but he is referring to him in the third person. Alternate translation: “For you ... to you ... from you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) ACT 26 26 cs7b παρρησιαζόμενος λαλῶ 1 I speak freely Paul was not afraid to speak to the king about Christ. Alternate translation: “I speak boldly” ACT 26 26 svn9 figs-activepassive πείθομαι 1 I am persuaded This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I am sure” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 26 26 tta8 figs-activepassive λανθάνειν ... αὐτὸν τι τούτων οὐ 1 that none of this is hidden from him This can be stated in active and positive form. Alternate translation: “that he is aware of this” or “that you are aware of this” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) ACT 26 26 v1uu figs-activepassive οὐ ... ἐστιν ἐν γωνίᾳ πεπραγμένον τοῦτο 1 has not been done in a corner This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “has not happened in a corner” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 26 26 i5wg figs-metaphor ἐν γωνίᾳ 1 in a corner This means doing something in secret as if a person went and did something in the corner of a room where no one can see him. Alternate translation: “in a dark place” or “in secret” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 26 27 a4a2 figs-rquestion πιστεύεις, Βασιλεῦ Ἀγρίππα, τοῖς προφήταις 1 Do you believe the prophets, King Agrippa? Paul asks this question to remind Agrippa that Agrippa already believes what the prophets said about Jesus. This can be expressed as a statement. Alternate translation: “You already believe what the Jewish prophets said, King Agrippa.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ACT 26 28 y8qq figs-rquestion ἐν ὀλίγῳ με πείθεις Χριστιανὸν ποιῆσαι 1 In a short time would you persuade me and make me a Christian? Agrippa asks this question to show Paul that he cannot convince Agrippa so easily without more proof. This can be expressed as a statement. Alternate translation: “Surely you do not think you can convince me so easily to believe in Jesus!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ACT 26 29 k7kq figs-metonymy παρεκτὸς τῶν δεσμῶν τούτων 1 but without these prison chains Here “prison chains” stands for being a prisoner. Alternate translation: “but, of course, I do no want you to be a prisoner like I am” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 26 30 k7jh 0 General Information: Bernice was the sister of King Agrippa ([Acts 25:13](../25/13.md)). ACT 26 30 gaq5 0 Connecting Statement: This ends Paul’s time before King Agrippa. ACT 26 30 u8vl ἀνέστη τε ὁ βασιλεὺς καὶ ὁ ἡγεμὼν 1 Then the king stood up, and the governor “Then King Agrippa stood up, and Governor Festus” ACT 26 31 blz8 figs-abstractnouns οὐδὲν θανάτου ἢ δεσμῶν ἄξιον τι πράσσει ὁ ἄνθρωπος οὗτος 1 This man does nothing worthy of death or of bonds The abstract noun “death” can be stated as the verb “die.” Here “bonds” stands for being in prison. Alternate translation: “This man does not deserve to die or to be in prison” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 26 32 n293 figs-activepassive ἀπολελύσθαι ἐδύνατο ὁ ἄνθρωπος οὗτο 1 This man could have been freed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “This man could have gone free” or “I could have freed this man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 27 intro r82x 0 # Acts 27 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Sailing<br><br>People who lived near the sea traveled by boat powered by the wind. During some months of the year, the wind would blow in the wrong direction or so hard that sailing was impossible.<br><br>### Trust<br><br>Paul trusted God to bring him safely to land. He told the sailers and soldiers to trust that God would also keep them alive. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])<br><br>### Paul breaks bread<br><br>Luke uses almost the same words here to describe Paul taking bread, thanking God, breaking it, and eating it that he used to describe the last supper Jesus ate with his disciples. However, your translation should not make your reader think that Paul was leading a religious celebration here.<br> ACT 27 1 efe4 figs-exclusive 0 General Information: Adramyttium was a city possibly located on the west coast of modern-day Turkey. The word “we” includes the author of Acts, Paul, and the others traveling with Paul, but not the reader. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 27 1 dyf5 0 Connecting Statement: Paul, as a prisoner, begins his journey to Rome. ACT 27 1 b2yz figs-activepassive ὡς ... ἐκρίθη 1 When it was decided This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “When the king and the governor decided” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 27 1 yv84 ἀποπλεῖν ... εἰς τὴν Ἰταλίαν 1 sail for Italy Italy is the name of the province Rome was in. See how you translated “Italy” in [Acts 18:2](../18/02.md). ACT 27 1 s6ny παρεδίδουν τόν τε Παῦλον καί τινας ἑτέρους δεσμώτας, ἑκατοντάρχῃ ὀνόματι Ἰουλίῳ, σπείρης Σεβαστῆς 1 they put Paul and some other prisoners under the charge of a centurion named Julius of the Imperial Regiment “they put a centurion named Julius, of the Imperial Regiment, in charge of Paul and some other prisoners” ACT 27 1 k52u παρεδίδουν τόν τε Παῦλον καί τινας ἑτέρους δεσμώτας 1 they put Paul and some other prisoners Possible meanings are that 1) “they” refers to the governor and the king or 2) “they” refers to other Roman officials. ACT 27 1 un2s translate-names ἑκατοντάρχῃ ὀνόματι Ἰουλίῳ 1 a centurion named Julius Julius is a man’s name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 27 1 d22f translate-names σπείρης Σεβαστῆς 1 the Imperial Regiment This was the name of the battalion or army from which the centurion came. Some versions translate this as “the Augustan Regiment.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 27 2 dnr9 figs-metonymy ἐπιβάντες ... πλοίῳ ... μέλλοντι πλεῖν 1 We boarded a ship ... which was about to sail Here “ship ... which was about to sail” stands for the crew that will sail the ship. Alternate translation: “We boarded a ship ... which a crew was about to sail” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 27 2 fqy2 πλοίῳ Ἀδραμυντηνῷ 1 a ship from Adramyttium Possible meanings are 1) a ship that had come from Adramyttium or 2) a ship that was registered or licensed in Adramyttium. ACT 27 2 f8pf μέλλοντι πλεῖν 1 about to sail “soon going to sail” or “would depart soon” ACT 27 2 m3ps ἀνήχθημεν 1 went to sea “began our journey on the sea” ACT 27 2 h3uy Ἀριστάρχου 1 Aristarchus Aristarchus came from Macedonia but had been working with Paul in Ephesus. See how you translated his name in [Acts 19:29](../19/29.md). ACT 27 3 r71e figs-exclusive 0 General Information: Here the word “we” refers to the writer, Paul, and those traveling with them, but not to the reader. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) ACT 27 3 u6lt φιλανθρώπως ... ὁ Ἰούλιος τῷ Παύλῳ χρησάμενος 1 Julius treated Paul kindly “Julius treated Paul with a friendly concern.” See how you translated “Julius” in [Acts 27:1](../27/01.md). ACT 27 3 rp73 figs-abstractnouns πρὸς τοὺς φίλους πορευθέντι, ἐπιμελείας τυχεῖν 1 go to his friends to receive their care The abstract noun “care” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “go to his friends so they could care for him” or “go to his friends so they could help him with whatever he needed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ACT 27 4 d4hg ἀναχθέντες, ὑπεπλεύσαμεν 1 we went to sea and sailed “we started sailing and went” ACT 27 4 mjt8 ὑπεπλεύσαμεν τὴν Κύπρον 1 sailed under the lee of Cyprus, close to the island “the lee of Cyprus” is the side of that island that blocks the strong wind, so sailing vessels are not forced off their course. ACT 27 5 g1t7 Παμφυλίαν 1 Pamphylia This was a province in Asia Minor. See how you translated this in [Acts 2:10](../02/10.md). ACT 27 5 y6m6 figs-explicit κατήλθαμεν εἰς Μύρρα τῆς Λυκίας 1 we landed at Myra, a city of Lycia You can make explicit that they got off of the ship in Myra. Alternate translation: “came to Myra, a city of Lycia, where we got off the ship” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 27 5 ni2x translate-names κατήλθαμεν εἰς Μύρρα 1 landed at Myra Myra is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 27 5 uaf4 translate-names τῆς Λυκίας 1 a city of Lycia Lycia was a Roman province, located on the southwestern coast of modern-day Turkey. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 27 6 j4cf figs-explicit εὑρὼν ... πλοῖον Ἀλεξανδρῖνον, πλέον εἰς τὴν Ἰταλίαν 1 found a ship from Alexandria that was going to sail to Italy It is implied that a crew would sail the ship to Italy. Alternate translation: “found a ship that a crew had sailed from Alexandria and was about to sail to Italy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 27 6 fdq2 translate-names Ἀλεξανδρῖνον 1 Alexandria This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 27 7 zzw1 figs-explicit δὲ ... βραδυπλοοῦντες καὶ μόλις, γενόμενοι 1 When we had sailed slowly ... finally arrived with difficulty You can make explicit that the reason they were sailing slowly and with difficulty was because the wind was blowing against them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 27 7 pye5 translate-names κατὰ τὴν Κνίδον 1 near Cnidus This is an ancient settlement located in modern-day Turkey. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 27 7 hhf1 μὴ προσεῶντος ἡμᾶς τοῦ ἀνέμου 1 the wind no longer allowed us to go that way “we could no longer go that way because of the strong wind” ACT 27 7 b746 ὑπεπλεύσαμεν τὴν Κρήτην 1 so we sailed along the sheltered side of Crete “so we sailed along the side of Crete where there was less wind” ACT 27 7 mq4n translate-names κατὰ Σαλμώνην 1 opposite Salmone This is a coastal city in Crete. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 27 8 p4ri figs-explicit μόλις ... παραλεγόμενοι αὐτὴν 1 We sailed along the coast with difficulty You can make explicit that even though the winds were not as strong as before, they were still strong enough to make sailing difficult. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 27 8 a64y translate-names Καλοὺς Λιμένας 1 Fair Havens This was a port near Lasea, located on the south coast of Crete. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 27 8 n7re translate-names ἐγγὺς πόλις ἦν Λασαία 1 near the city of Lasea This is a coastal city in Crete. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 27 9 ea4l ἱκανοῦ ... χρόνου διαγενομένου 1 We had now taken much time Because of the direction the wind was blowing, the journey from Caesarea to Fair Havens had taken more time than planned. ACT 27 9 vlu4 figs-exclusive διαγενομένου 1 We had now taken The writer includes himself, Paul, and those who were traveling with them, but not the reader. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) ACT 27 9 u6x5 καὶ ὄντος ἤδη ἐπισφαλοῦς τοῦ πλοὸς, διὰ τὸ καὶ τὴν νηστείαν ἤδη παρεληλυθέναι 1 the time of the Jewish fast also had passed, and it had now become dangerous to sail This fast took place on the Day of Atonement, which was usually either in the last part of September or the first part of October according to Western calendars. After this time, there was a higher risk of seasonal storms. ACT 27 10 p29v θεωρῶ ὅτι μετὰ ὕβρεως καὶ πολλῆς ζημίας ... μέλλειν ἔσεσθαι τὸν πλοῦν 1 I see that the voyage we are about to take will be with injury and much loss “if we travel now, we will suffer much injury and loss” ACT 27 10 nx9c ζημίας, οὐ μόνον τοῦ φορτίου καὶ τοῦ πλοίου, ἀλλὰ καὶ τῶν ψυχῶν ἡμῶν 1 loss, not only of the cargo and the ship, but also of our lives Here “loss” means destruction when referring to things and death when referring to people. ACT 27 10 q9xt οὐ μόνον τοῦ φορτίου καὶ τοῦ πλοίου 1 not only of the cargo and the ship Cargo is something that a person transports from one place to another by boat. Alternate translation: “not only the ship and the goods on the ship” ACT 27 11 b1kz figs-activepassive ὑπὸ Παύλου λεγομένοις 1 that were spoken by Paul This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that Paul said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 27 12 l2n4 figs-activepassive ἀνευθέτου ... τοῦ λιμένος ὑπάρχοντος πρὸς παραχειμασίαν 1 harbor was not easy to spend the winter in You can make explicit why it was not easy to stay in the harbor. Alternate translation: “harbor did not sufficiently protect docked ships during winter storms” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 27 12 jmi3 λιμένος 1 harbor a place near land that is usually safe for ships ACT 27 12 k2ti translate-names Φοίνικα 1 city of Phoenix Phoenix is a city port on the south coast of Crete. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 27 12 z1lf figs-metaphor παραχειμάσαι 1 to spend the winter there This speaks about the season of winter as if it were a commodity that someone can spend. Alternate translation: “to stay there for the cold season” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 27 12 x6vl βλέποντα κατὰ λίβα καὶ κατὰ χῶρον 1 facing both southwest and northwest Here “faces northwest and southwest” means the opening of the harbor was toward those directions. Alternate translation: “it opened to the northwest and southwest” ACT 27 12 gyd2 λίβα καὶ ... χῶρον 1 southwest and northwest These directions are based on the rising and setting sun. Northeast is a little to the left of the rising sun. Southeast is a little to the right of the rising sun. Some versions say “northeast and southeast.” ACT 27 13 xx67 ἄραντες 1 weighed anchor Here “weighed” means to pull out of the water. An anchor is a heavy object attached to a rope that is secured to the boat. The anchor is tossed into the water and sinks to the bottom of the sea keeping the ship from drifting about. ACT 27 14 hv8h 0 Connecting Statement: Paul and those traveling on the boat encounter a fierce storm. ACT 27 14 m2xe μετ’ οὐ πολὺ 1 after a short time “after a little while” ACT 27 14 fs4z ἄνεμος τυφωνικὸς 1 a wind of hurricane force “a very strong, dangerous wind” ACT 27 14 g1ek translate-transliterate καλούμενος Εὐρακύλων 1 called the northeaster “called ‘a strong wind from the northeast.’” The word for “the northeaster” in the original language is “Euroclydon.” You can transliterate this word for your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]]) ACT 27 14 tz2k ἔβαλεν κατ’ αὐτῆς 1 began to beat down from the island “came in from the island of Crete, and it blew strongly against our ship” ACT 27 15 fxp1 συναρπασθέντος δὲ τοῦ πλοίου, καὶ μὴ δυναμένου ἀντοφθαλμεῖν τῷ ἀνέμῳ 1 When the ship was caught by the storm and could no longer head into the wind “When the wind blew so strongly against the front of the ship that we could not sail against it” ACT 27 15 w1hl figs-activepassive ἐπιδόντες ἐφερόμεθα 1 we had to give way to the storm and were driven along by the wind This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “we stopped trying to sail forward, and we let the wind push us whichever way it blew” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 27 16 c4cg νησίον ... τι ὑποδραμόντες 1 We sailed along the lee of a small island “We sailed on the side of the island where the wind was not so strong” ACT 27 16 aq56 translate-names νησίον ... τι ὑποδραμόντες 1 a small island called Cauda This island was located on the south coast of Crete. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 27 16 h9z2 σκάφης 1 lifeboat This is a smaller boat that is sometimes pulled behind the ship, and sometimes it was brought onto the ship and tied down. The smaller boat was used for various reasons, including escaping from a sinking ship. ACT 27 17 v9ag ἣν ἄραντες 1 they had hoisted the lifeboat up “they had lifted up the lifeboat” or “they had pulled the lifeboat aboard the ship” ACT 27 17 tx1f βοηθείαις ἐχρῶντο, ὑποζωννύντες τὸ πλοῖον 1 they used its ropes to bind the hull of the ship The “hull” is the body of the ship. They tied ropes around it so that the ship would not come apart during the storm. ACT 27 17 dvv4 translate-names τὴν Σύρτιν 1 sandbars of Syrtis Sandbars are very shallow areas in the sea where ships can get stuck in the sand. Syrtis is located on the coast of Libya, northern Africa. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 27 17 l8kl χαλάσαντες τὸ σκεῦος 1 they lowered the sea anchor They put the ship’s anchor in the water in order to slow down where the wind would blow them. ACT 27 17 v6dn σκεῦος 1 anchor An anchor is a heavy object attached to a rope that is secured to the boat. The anchor is tossed into the water and sinks to the bottom of the sea keeping the ship from drifting about. See how you translated this in [Acts 27:13](../27/13.md). ACT 27 17 g7rw figs-activepassive ἐφέροντο 1 were driven along This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “had to go in whatever direction the wind blew us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 27 18 fx4m figs-activepassive σφοδρῶς ... χειμαζομένων 1 We took such a violent battering by the storm This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The wind blew us roughly back and forth that all of us were badly battered and bruised by the storm” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 27 18 nd5h ἐκβολὴν ἐποιοῦντο 1 they began throwing the cargo overboard “they” is the sailors. This is done to lighten the weight of the ship in an effort to prevent the ship from sinking. ACT 27 18 ny6k ἐκβολὴν 1 cargo Cargo is something that a person transports from one place to another by boat. See how you translated this in [Acts 27:10](../27/10.md). Alternate translation: “goods on the ship” ACT 27 19 vm2k αὐτόχειρες τὴν σκευὴν τοῦ πλοίου ἔριψαν 1 the sailors threw overboard the ship’s equipment with their own hands Here “equipment” refers to the sailors’ equipment needed to sail the ship: tackle, hoists, beams of wood, block and tackle, ropes, lines, sails, and the like. This indicates how desperate the situation was. ACT 27 20 if7a μήτε δὲ ἡλίου μήτε ἄστρων ἐπιφαινόντων ἐπὶ πλείονας ἡμέρας 1 When the sun and stars did not shine on us for many days They could not see the sun and stars because of the dark storm clouds. Sailors needed to see the sun and stars in order to know where they were and what direction they were headed. ACT 27 20 p2wd χειμῶνός ... οὐκ ὀλίγου ἐπικειμένου 1 the great storm still beat upon us “the terrible storm still blew us roughly back and forth” ACT 27 20 mnj5 figs-activepassive περιῃρεῖτο ἐλπὶς πᾶσα, τοῦ σῴζεσθαι ἡμᾶς 1 any more hope that we should be saved was abandoned This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “everyone stopped hoping we would survive” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 27 21 mmb2 0 Connecting Statement: Paul speaks to the sailors on the ship. ACT 27 21 d1le figs-explicit πολλῆς τε ἀσιτίας ὑπαρχούσης 1 When they had gone long without food Here “they” refers to the sailors. It is implied that Luke, Paul, and those with them had not eaten either. Alternate translation: “When we had gone a long time without food” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 27 21 zns2 μέσῳ αὐτῶν 1 among the sailors “among the men” ACT 27 21 bc1x κερδῆσαί τε τὴν ὕβριν ταύτην, καὶ τὴν ζημίαν 1 so as to get this injury and loss “and as a result suffer this harm and loss” ACT 27 22 d95r figs-explicit ἀποβολὴ ... ψυχῆς οὐδεμία ἔσται ἐξ ὑμῶν 1 there will be no loss of life among you Paul is speaking to the sailors. It is implied that Paul also means that he and those with him will not die either. Alternate translation: “none of us will die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 27 22 djh4 πλὴν τοῦ πλοίου 1 but only the loss of the ship Here “loss” is used in the sense of destroy. Alternate translation: “but the storm will destroy only the ship” ACT 27 24 z1j8 figs-metonymy Καίσαρί σε δεῖ παραστῆναι 1 You must stand before Caesar The phrase “stand before Caesar” refers to Paul’s going to court and letting Caesar judge him. Alternate translation: “You must stand before Caesar so he can judge you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 27 24 s3wv κεχάρισταί σοι ... πάντας τοὺς πλέοντας μετὰ σοῦ 1 has given to you all those who are sailing with you “has decided to allow all those who are sailing with you to live” ACT 27 25 r9t8 figs-activepassive καθ’ ὃν τρόπον λελάληταί μοι 1 just as it was told to me This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “just as the angel told me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 27 26 vmp6 εἰς νῆσον ... τινα, δεῖ ἡμᾶς ἐκπεσεῖν 1 we must run aground upon some island “we must steer our boat so that it wrecks on some island” ACT 27 27 im34 0 Connecting Statement: The fierce storm continues. ACT 27 27 rrm5 translate-ordinal ὡς δὲ τεσσαρεσκαιδεκάτη νὺξ ἐγένετο 1 When the fourteenth night had come The ordinal number “fourteenth” can be translated as “fourteen” or “14.” Alternate translation: “After 14 days since the storm started, that night” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) ACT 27 27 la7u figs-activepassive διαφερομένων ἡμῶν 1 as we were driven this way and that This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “as the wind blew us back and forth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 27 27 afs6 translate-names τῷ Ἀδρίᾳ 1 the Adriatic Sea This is the sea between Italy and Greece. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 27 28 ruj1 βολίσαντες 1 They took soundings “They measured the depth of the sea water.” They measured the depth of water by dropping a line with a weight tied to the end of it into the water. ACT 27 28 tq53 translate-numbers εὗρον ὀργυιὰς εἴκοσι 1 found twenty fathoms “found 20 fathoms.” A “fathom” is a unit of measurement for measuring the depth of water. One fathom is about two meters. Alternate translation: “found 40 meters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) ACT 27 28 ig3m translate-numbers εὗρον ὀργυιὰς δεκαπέντε 1 found fifteen fathoms “found 15 fathoms.” A “fathom” is a unit of measurement for measuring the depth of water. One fathom is about two meters. Alternate translation: “found 30 meters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) ACT 27 29 b1qc ἀγκύρας 1 anchors An anchor is a heavy object attached to a rope that is secured to the boat. The anchor is tossed into the water and sinks to the bottom of the sea, keeping the ship from drifting about. See how you translated this in [Acts 27:13](../27/13.md). ACT 27 29 q4am ἐκ πρύμνης 1 from the stern “from the back of the ship” ACT 27 30 br71 figs-you 0 General Information: Here the word “you” is plural and refers to the centurion and the Roman soldiers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) ACT 27 30 b4wv τὴν σκάφην 1 the lifeboat This is a smaller boat that is sometimes pulled behind the ship and sometime it was brought onto the ship and tied down. The smaller boat was used for various reasons, including escaping from a sinking ship. See how you translated this in [Acts 27:16](../27/16.md). ACT 27 30 rr89 ἐκ πρῴρης 1 from the bow “from the front of the ship” ACT 27 31 ez5c figs-doublenegatives ἐὰν μὴ οὗτοι μείνωσιν ἐν τῷ πλοίῳ, ὑμεῖς σωθῆναι οὐ δύνασθε 1 Unless these men stay in the ship, you cannot be saved The negative words “Unless” and “cannot” can be stated in positive form. The passive phrase “be saved” can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “These men must stay in the ship in order for you to survive” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 27 33 q3y8 ἄχρι δὲ οὗ ἡμέρα ἤμελλεν γίνεσθαι 1 When daylight was coming on “When it was almost sunrise” ACT 27 33 j5yg translate-ordinal τεσσαρεσκαιδεκάτην σήμερον ἡμέραν 1 This day is the fourteenth day that The ordinal number “fourteenth” can be stated as “fourteen.” Alternate translation: “For 14 days” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) ACT 27 34 j3qx figs-idiom οὐδενὸς ... ὑμῶν θρὶξ ἀπὸ τῆς κεφαλῆς ἀπολεῖται 1 not one of you will lose a single hair from his head This was a customary way of saying no harm would come upon them. Alternate translation: “every one of you will survive this disaster unharmed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ACT 27 35 yh7y κλάσας 1 broke the bread “tore the bread” or “tore off a piece from the loaf of bread” ACT 27 36 zt9q figs-activepassive εὔθυμοι δὲ γενόμενοι πάντες 1 Then they were all encouraged This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “This encouraged all of them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 27 37 ynq3 translate-numbers ἤμεθα δὲ αἱ πᾶσαι ψυχαὶ ἐν τῷ πλοίῳ, διακόσιαι ἑβδομήκοντα ἕξ 1 We were 276 people in the ship “We were two hundred and seventy-six people in the ship.” This is background information. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) ACT 27 39 vdk2 κόλπον 1 bay a large area of water partly surrounded by land ACT 27 39 r1bx τὴν γῆν οὐκ ἐπεγίνωσκον 1 did not recognize the land “saw land but could not recognize it as any place they knew” ACT 27 40 k66v τὰς ἀγκύρας περιελόντες, εἴων 1 cut loose the anchors and left them “cut the ropes and left the anchors behind” ACT 27 40 ntr9 πηδαλίων 1 rudders large oars or pieces of wood at the back of the ship used for steering ACT 27 40 cn2w τὸν ἀρτέμωνα 1 the foresail “the sail at the front of the ship.” The sail was a large piece of cloth that catches the wind to move the ship. ACT 27 40 pa1k κατεῖχον εἰς τὸν αἰγιαλόν 1 they headed to the beach “they steered the ship toward the beach” ACT 27 41 y22n περιπεσόντες ... εἰς τόπον διθάλασσον 1 they came to a place where two currents met A current is water flowing in one continuous direction. Sometimes more than one water current can flow across another. This may cause the sand under the water to pile up making the water more shallow. ACT 27 41 cpu5 πρῷρα 1 The bow of the ship “The front of the ship” ACT 27 41 v35z ἡ ... πρύμνα 1 the stern “the back of the ship” ACT 27 42 qul7 τῶν ... στρατιωτῶν, βουλὴ ἐγένετο 1 The soldiers’ plan was “The soldiers were planning” ACT 27 43 s2sz ἐκώλυσεν αὐτοὺς τοῦ βουλήματος 1 so he stopped their plan “so he stopped them from doing what they planned to do” ACT 27 43 br8u ἀπορίψαντας 1 jump overboard “jump off the ship into the water” ACT 27 44 hw7p οὓς ... ἐπὶ σανίσιν 1 some on planks “some on wooden boards” ACT 28 intro w8yn 0 # Acts 28 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>No one knows for sure why Luke ends his history without telling what happened to Paul after he had been in Rome for two years.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### “Letters” and “brothers”<br><br>The Jewish leaders were surprised that Paul wanted to speak with them, because they had received no letters from the high priest in Jerusalem telling them that Paul was coming.<br><br>When the Jewish leaders spoke of “brothers,” they were referring to fellow Jews, not to Christians.<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### “He was a god”<br><br>The native people believed that Paul was a god, but they did not believe that he was the one true God. We do not know why Paul did not tell the native people that he was not a god.<br> ACT 28 1 p1bd figs-exclusive 0 General Information: Here the word “we” refers to Paul, the writer, and those who traveled with them, but not to the reader. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) ACT 28 1 twx8 0 Connecting Statement: After the shipwreck, people on the island of Malta helped Paul and everyone on the ship. They stay there for 3 months. ACT 28 1 j1yf figs-activepassive καὶ διασωθέντες 1 When we were brought safely through This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “When we arrived safely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 28 1 tt1i figs-exclusive ἐπέγνωμεν 1 we learned Paul and Luke learned the name of the island. Alternate translation: “we learned from the people” or “we found out from the residents” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) ACT 28 1 f8y4 translate-names Μελίτη ἡ νῆσος καλεῖται 1 the island was called Malta Malta is an island located south of the modern-day island of Sicily. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 28 2 e7w6 οἵ ... βάρβαροι 1 The native people “The local people” ACT 28 2 v8yh figs-metaphor παρεῖχαν οὐ τὴν τυχοῦσαν φιλανθρωπίαν ἡμῖν 1 offered to us not just ordinary kindness Being kind to someone is spoken of as if it were an object that someone offers. Alternate translation: “were not only very kind to us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 28 2 r7jy figs-litotes οὐ τὴν τυχοῦσαν φιλανθρωπίαν 1 not just ordinary kindness This phrase is used to emphasize the opposite of what is said. Alternate translation: “a great deal of kindness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) ACT 28 2 z9cp ἅψαντες ... πυρὰν 1 they lit a fire “they put together twigs and branches and burned them” ACT 28 2 itw2 προσελάβοντο πάντας ἡμᾶς 1 welcomed us all Possible meanings are 1) “welcomed all of the people from the ship” or 2) “welcomed Paul and all his companions.” ACT 28 3 g4ad ἔχιδνα ἀπὸ τῆς θέρμης ἐξελθοῦσα 1 a viper came out “a poisonous snake came out of the bundle of sticks” ACT 28 3 xmx4 καθῆψε τῆς χειρὸς αὐτοῦ 1 fastened onto his hand “bit Paul’s hand and did not let go” ACT 28 4 ye7h πάντως φονεύς ἐστιν ὁ ἄνθρωπος οὗτος 1 This man certainly is a murderer “For sure, this man is a murderer” or “This man is truly a murderer” ACT 28 4 ma1b figs-explicit ἡ δίκη ... εἴασεν 1 yet justice The word “justice” refers to the name of a god that they worshiped. Alternate translation: “the god called Justice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 28 5 q5i3 ἀποτινάξας τὸ θηρίον εἰς τὸ πῦρ 1 shook the animal into the fire “shook his hand so that the snake fell from his hand into the fire” ACT 28 5 asr8 ἔπαθεν οὐδὲν κακόν 1 suffered no harm “Paul was not hurt at all” ACT 28 6 m11i πίμπρασθαι 1 become inflamed with a fever Possible meanings are 1) his body would swell because of the snake venom or 2) he would become very hot with fever. ACT 28 6 i6i6 figs-doublenegatives μηδὲν ἄτοπον εἰς αὐτὸν γινόμενον 1 nothing was unusual with him This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “everything about him was as it should be” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) ACT 28 6 u81u figs-metaphor μεταβαλόμενοι 1 they changed their minds To think differently about a situation is spoken of as if a person is changing his mind. Alternate translation: “they thought again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 28 6 cfe9 figs-quotations ἔλεγον αὐτὸν εἶναι θεόν 1 said that he was a god. This can be stated as a direct quotation. Alternate translation: “said, ‘This man must be a god.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) ACT 28 6 d1rj ἔλεγον αὐτὸν εἶναι θεόν 1 said that he was a god Perhaps there was a belief that someone who lived after a poisonous snake bite was divine or a god. ACT 28 7 f4sa figs-exclusive 0 General Information: Here the words “us” and we” refer to Paul, Luke, and those traveling with them, but not to the reader. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) ACT 28 7 r95r ἐν δὲ τοῖς περὶ τὸν τόπον ἐκεῖνον 1 Now in a nearby place “Now” is used to introduce a new person or event in the account. ACT 28 7 wx6t πρώτῳ τῆς νήσου 1 chief man of the island Possible meanings are 1) the main leader of the people or 2) someone who was the most important person on the island, perhaps because of his wealth. ACT 28 7 wh2d translate-names ὀνόματι Ποπλίῳ 1 a man named Publius This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 28 8 g12t writing-background ἐγένετο δὲ, τὸν πατέρα τοῦ Ποπλίου πυρετοῖς καὶ δυσεντερίῳ συνεχόμενον κατακεῖσθαι 1 It happened that the father of Publius ... fever and dysentery This is background information about Publius’ father that is important to understanding the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) ACT 28 8 m154 figs-activepassive συνεχόμενον κατακεῖσθαι 1 had been made ill This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “was ill” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 28 8 fr46 πυρετοῖς καὶ δυσεντερίῳ συνεχόμενον κατακεῖσθαι 1 ill with a fever and dysentery Dysentery is an infectious intestinal disease. ACT 28 8 pwk5 ἐπιθεὶς τὰς χεῖρας αὐτῷ 1 placed his hands on him “touched him with his hands” ACT 28 9 yk6u figs-activepassive ἐθεραπεύοντο 1 were healed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “he healed them too” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 28 10 ydg4 πολλαῖς τιμαῖς ἐτίμησαν ἡμᾶς 1 honored us with many honors Probably they honored Paul and those with him by giving them gifts. ACT 28 11 jc5t figs-explicit 0 General Information: The Twin Brothers refers to Castor and Pollux, the twin sons of Zeus, a Greek god. They were thought to be protectors of ships. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ACT 28 11 be1c 0 Connecting Statement: Paul’s journey to Rome continues. ACT 28 11 qi6e παρακεχειμακότι ἐν τῇ νήσῳ 1 that had spent the winter at the island “that the crew left at the island for the cold season” ACT 28 11 cm2t Ἀλεξανδρίνῳ 1 a ship of Alexandria Possible meanings are this refers to 1) a ship that came from Alexandria, or 2) a ship that was registered or licensed in Alexandria. ACT 28 11 em5p Διοσκούροις 1 the twin gods On the bow of the ship, there was a carving of the two idols called “the twin gods.” Their names were Castor and Pollux. ACT 28 12 w5c6 translate-names Συρακούσας 1 city of Syracuse Syracuse is a city on the southeast coast of the modern-day island of Sicily, just southwest of Italy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 28 13 se8v translate-names 0 General Information: The Market of Appius and The Three Taverns was a popular market and inn on the main highway called the Appian Way, about 50 kilometers south of the city of Rome. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 28 13 z2u4 translate-names Ῥήγιον 1 city of Rhegium This is the port city located at the southwestern tip of Italy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 28 13 p633 ἐπιγενομένου νότου 1 a south wind sprang up “the wind began to blow from the south” ACT 28 13 tz4h translate-names Ποτιόλους 1 city of Puteoli Puteoli is located in modern-day Naples on the west coast of Italy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ACT 28 14 m1is οὗ εὑρόντες 1 There we found “There we met” ACT 28 14 n3tw figs-gendernotations ἀδελφοὺς 1 brothers These were followers of Jesus, including both men and women. Alternate translation: “fellow believers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) ACT 28 14 a2c5 figs-activepassive παρεκλήθημεν 1 were invited This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they invited us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 28 14 bc3j καὶ οὕτως εἰς τὴν Ῥώμην ἤλθαμεν 1 In this way we came to Rome Once Paul reached Puteoli, the rest of the journey to Rome was on land. Alternate translation: “And after we stayed seven days with them, we went to Rome” ACT 28 15 k754 ἀκούσαντες, τὰ περὶ ἡμῶν 1 after they heard about us “after they heard we were coming” ACT 28 15 m9tz figs-metaphor εὐχαριστήσας τῷ Θεῷ, ἔλαβε θάρσος 1 he thanked God and took courage Taking courage is spoken of as if it were an object that a person could take. Alternate translation: “this encouraged him, and he thanked God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 28 16 fib2 figs-exclusive 0 General Information: Here the word “we” refers to the writer, Paul, and those traveling with them, but not to the reader. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) ACT 28 16 hf2t 0 Connecting Statement: Paul arrives in Rome as a prisoner but with the freedom to stay in his own place. He calls the local Jews together to explain what has happened to him. ACT 28 16 te8v figs-activepassive ὅτε δὲ εἰσήλθομεν εἰς Ῥώμην 1 When we entered Rome, Paul was allowed to This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “After we had arrived in Rome, the Roman authorities gave Paul permission to” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 28 17 vf7r ἐγένετο δὲ 1 Then it came about that This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of a new part of the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. ACT 28 17 d77z τῶν Ἰουδαίων πρώτους 1 the leaders among the Jews These are the Jewish civil or religious leaders present in Rome. ACT 28 17 e1dd ἀδελφοί 1 Brothers Here this means “Fellow Jews.” ACT 28 17 g55i ἐναντίον ... τῷ λαῷ 1 against the people “against our people” or “against the Jews” ACT 28 17 hgk4 figs-activepassive δέσμιος ἐξ Ἱεροσολύμων παρεδόθην εἰς τὰς χεῖρας τῶν Ῥωμαίων 1 I was delivered as a prisoner from Jerusalem into the hands of the Romans This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “some of the Jews arrested me in Jerusalem and placed me in the custody of the Roman authorities” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 28 17 x3r2 figs-metonymy εἰς τὰς χεῖρας τῶν Ῥωμαίων 1 into the hands of the Romans Here “hands” stands for power or control. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 28 18 fed7 τὸ μηδεμίαν αἰτίαν θανάτου ὑπάρχειν ἐν ἐμοί 1 there was no reason in me for a death penalty “I had done nothing to cause them to execute me” ACT 28 19 lr96 figs-synecdoche τῶν Ἰουδαίων 1 the Jews This does not mean all of the Jews. Alternate translation: “the Jewish leaders” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) ACT 28 19 zk8f ἀντιλεγόντων 1 spoke against their desire “complained about what the Roman authorities wanted to do” ACT 28 19 n6vf figs-activepassive ἠναγκάσθην ἐπικαλέσασθαι Καίσαρα 1 I was forced to appeal to Caesar This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I had to ask for Caesar to judge me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 28 19 e7gr figs-activepassive οὐχ ὡς τοῦ ἔθνους μου ἔχων τι κατηγορεῖν 1 although it is not as if I were bringing any accusation against my nation The abstract noun “accusation” can be stated as the verb “accuse.” Here “nation” stands for the people. Alternate translation: “but it was not because I wanted to accuse the people of my nation before Caesar” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 28 20 b1fd τῆς ἐλπίδος τοῦ Ἰσραὴλ 1 the certain hope of Israel Possible meanings are 1) the people of Israel confidently expect the Messiah to come or 2) the people of Israel confidently expect God to bring those who have died back to life. ACT 28 20 n3s7 figs-metonymy τοῦ Ἰσραὴλ 1 Israel Here “Israel” stands for the people. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel” or “the Jews” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 28 20 pgr8 figs-metonymy τὴν ἅλυσιν ταύτην περίκειμαι 1 that I am bound with this chain Here “bound with this chain” stands for being a prisoner. Alternate translation: “that I am a prisoner” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 28 21 x5d5 figs-exclusive 0 General Information: Here the words “We,” “we,” and “us” refer to the Jewish leaders in Rome. (See: [Acts 28:17](../28/17.md) and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) ACT 28 21 biz7 0 Connecting Statement: The Jewish leaders respond to Paul. ACT 28 21 y4bx οὔτε παραγενόμενός τις τῶν ἀδελφῶν 1 nor did any of the brothers Here “brothers” stands for fellow Jews. Alternate translation: “nor did any of our fellow Jews” ACT 28 22 kw1d φρονεῖς, περὶ ... τῆς αἱρέσεως ταύτης 1 you think about this sect A sect is a smaller group within a larger group. Here it refers to those who believe in Jesus. Alternate translation: “you think about this group to which you belong” ACT 28 22 gy8t figs-activepassive γὰρ ... γνωστὸν ἡμῖν ἐστι 1 because it is known by us This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “because we know” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 28 22 j12v figs-activepassive ἐστιν ... πανταχοῦ ἀντιλέγεται 1 it is spoken against everywhere This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “many Jews all over the Roman Empire are saying bad things about it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 28 23 u7pc 0 General Information: Here the word “they” refers to the Jewish leaders in Rome. The words “him,” “his,” and “He” and refer to Paul ([Acts 28:17](../28/17.md)). ACT 28 23 q4iv ταξάμενοι ... αὐτῷ ἡμέραν 1 had set a day for him “had chosen a time for him to speak to them” ACT 28 23 dg5f figs-metonymy διαμαρτυρόμενος τὴν Βασιλείαν τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 testified about the kingdom of God Here “kingdom of God” stands for God’s rule as king. Alternate translation: “told them about God’s rule as king” or “told them how God would show himself as king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 28 23 peu1 figs-metonymy τῶν προφητῶν 1 from the prophets Here “the prophets” refers to what they wrote. Alternate translation: “from what the prophets wrote” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 28 24 pmd6 figs-activepassive καὶ οἱ μὲν ἐπείθοντο τοῖς λεγομένοι 1 Some were convinced about the things which were said This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Paul was able to convince some of them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 28 25 t5dq 0 General Information: Here the word “they” refers to the Jewish leaders in Rome ([Acts 28:17](../28/17.md)). The word “your” refers to the people to whom Paul had been speaking. In verse 26, Paul begins to quote the prophet Isaiah. ACT 28 25 i5xz 0 Connecting Statement: As the Jewish leaders were ready to leave, Paul quotes the Old Testament scriptures that were appropriate for this time. ACT 28 25 n7pm figs-metonymy εἰπόντος τοῦ Παύλου ῥῆμα ἓν 1 after Paul had spoken this one word Here “word” stands for a message or statement. Alternate translation: “after Paul had said one more thing” or “after Paul had made this statement” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 28 25 b11n figs-quotesinquotes καλῶς τὸ Πνεῦμα τὸ Ἅγιον ἐλάλησεν διὰ Ἠσαΐου τοῦ προφήτου πρὸς τοὺς πατέρας ὑμῶν 1 The Holy Spirit spoke well through Isaiah the prophet to your fathers. This sentence contains quotations within quotations. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]]) ACT 28 26 qj7q figs-quotesinquotes λέγων, πορεύθητι πρὸς τὸν λαὸν τοῦτον ... εἰπόν, ἀκοῇ ἀκούσετε, καὶ οὐ μὴ συνῆτε; καὶ βλέποντες βλέψετε, καὶ οὐ μὴ ἴδητε 1 He said, ‘Go to this people and say, “By hearing you will hear, but not understand; and seeing you will see, but will not perceive This is the end of the sentence that begins with the words “The Holy Spirit spoke” in verse 25 and that contains quotations within quotations. You can translate one of the inner quotations as an indirect quotation, or you can translate two of the inner quotations as indirect quotations. “The Holy Spirit spoke well through Isaiah the prophet to your forefathers when the Spirit told Isaiah to go tell them that they will hear but will not understand and they will see but they will not perceive” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]]) ACT 28 26 pax8 ἀκοῇ ἀκούσετ ... βλέποντες βλέψετε 1 By hearing you will hear ... and seeing you will see The words “hear” and “see” are repeated for emphasis. “You will listen carefully ... and you will look intently” ACT 28 26 s1ti figs-parallelism καὶ οὐ μὴ συνῆτε; ... καὶ οὐ μὴ ἴδητε 1 but not understand ... but will not perceive Both of these phrases mean basically the same thing. They emphasize that the Jewish people will not understand God’s plan. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) ACT 28 27 fz42 0 General Information: Translate Paul’s quotation of Isaiah as a direct quotation or indirect quotation according to how you translated it in [Acts 28:25-26](./25.md). ACT 28 27 qu6t 0 Connecting Statement: Paul finishes quoting Isaiah the prophet. ACT 28 27 ts5a figs-metaphor ἐπαχύνθη γὰρ ἡ καρδία τοῦ λαοῦ τούτου 1 For the heart of this people has become dull People who stubbornly refuse to understand what God is saying or doing are spoken of as if their heart is dull. Here “heart” is a metonym for the mind. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 28 27 f5m4 figs-metaphor τοῖς ὠσὶν βαρέως ἤκουσαν, καὶ τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς αὐτῶν ἐκάμμυσαν 1 with their ears they hardly hear, and they have shut their eyes People who stubbornly refuse to understand what God is saying or doing are spoken of as if they are unable to hear and are shutting their eyes so that they will see. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 28 27 lr99 figs-metonymy τῇ καρδίᾳ συνῶσιν 1 understand with their heart Here “heart” stands for the mind. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ACT 28 27 q8c2 figs-metaphor ἐπιστρέψωσιν 1 turn again To start obeying God is spoken of as though the person were physically turning toward God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ACT 28 27 vb9f ἰάσομαι αὐτούς 1 I would heal them This does not mean God will only heal them physically. He will also heal them spiritually by forgiving their sins. ACT 28 28 c575 0 Connecting Statement: Paul finishes speaking to the Jewish leaders in Rome. ACT 28 28 b2za figs-metaphor τοῖς ἔθνεσιν ἀπεστάλη τοῦτο τὸ σωτήριον τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 this salvation of God has been sent to the Gentiles God’s message about how he saves people is spoken of as if it were an object that is sent. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God is sending his messengers to the Gentiles to tell them about how he will save them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ACT 28 28 d18n αὐτοὶ ... ἀκούσονται 1 they will listen “some of them will listen.” This response of the Gentiles is in contrast to the way the Jews of that time responded. ACT 28 30 c56e writing-endofstory 0 Connecting Statement: Luke ends the story of Paul in the book of Acts. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-endofstory]]) ACT 28 31 wv1l figs-metonymy κηρύσσων τὴν Βασιλείαν τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 He was proclaiming the kingdom of God Here “kingdom of God” refers to God’s rule as king. Alternate translation: “He was preaching about God’s rule as king” or “He was preaching about how God will show himself as king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])