Book	Chapter	Verse	ID	SupportReference	OrigQuote	Occurrence	GLQuote	OccurrenceNote
GAL	front	intro	i6u9			0		# Introduction to Galatians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of the Book of Galatians\n\n1. Paul declares his authority as an apostle of Jesus Christ; he says that he is surprised by the false teachings that the Christians in Galatia have accepted from other people (1:1-10).\n1. Paul says that people are saved by trusting in Christ alone, not by keeping the law (1:11-2:21).\n1. God puts people right with himself only when they trust in Christ; the example of Abraham; the curse which the law brings (and not a means of salvation); slavery and freedom compared and illustrated by Hagar and Sarah (3:1-4:31).\n1. When people are joined to Christ, they become free from having to keep the law of Moses. They are also free to live as the Holy Spirit guides them. They are free to refuse the demands of sin. They are free to bear each other’s burdens (5:1-6:10).\n1. Paul warns the Christians not to trust in being circumcised and in keeping the law of Moses. Instead, they must trust in Christ (6:11-18).\n\n### Who wrote the Book of Galatians?\n\nPaul wrote the book of Galatians. He had been known as Saul in his early life. Before becoming a Christian, Paul was a Pharisee. He persecuted Christians. After he began to trust in Jesus Christ, he traveled several times throughout the Roman Empire telling people about Jesus and establishing churches.\n\nIt is uncertain when Paul wrote this letter and where he was when he wrote it. Some Bible scholars think Paul was in the city of Ephesus and wrote this letter after the second time he traveled to tell people about Jesus and establish churches. Other scholars think Paul was in the city of Antioch in Syria and wrote the letter soon after the first time he traveled.\n\n### What is the Book of Galatians about?\n\nPaul wrote this letter to both Jewish and non-Jewish Christians in the region of Galatia. He wanted to write against the false teachers who said that Christians need to follow the law of Moses. Paul defended the gospel by explaining that a person is saved by believing in Jesus Christ. In the book of Galatians Paul explains that people are saved as result of believing in Jesus and not as a result of obeying the law of Moses and he proves this by using various Old Testament passages to illustrate this truth. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/goodnews]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/works]])\n\n### How should the title of this book be translated?\n\nTranslators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, “Galatians.” Or they may choose a clearer title, such as “Paul’s Letter to the Church in Galatia.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### What does it mean to “live like Jews” (2:14)?\n\nTo “live like Jews” means to obey the law of Moses, even though one trusts in Christ. The people who taught that it was necessary to follow the law of Moses in addition to believing in Jesus were called “Judaizers.”\n\n## Part 3: Important Translation Issues\n\n### How did Paul use the terms “law” and “grace” in the Book of Galatians?\n\nThese terms are used in a unique way in Galatians. There is an important teaching in Galatians about Christian living. Under the law of Moses, righteous or holy living required a person to obey a set of rules and regulations. As Christians, holy living is now motivated by grace. This means that Christians have freedom in Christ and are not required to obey a specific set of rules. Instead, Christians are to live a holy life because they are thankful that God has been so kind to them. This is called “the law of Christ.” (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]])\n\n### What did Paul mean by the expressions “in Christ,” and “in Christ Jesus?” \n\nPaul uses the spatial metaphor “in Christ” or the related phrase “in Christ Jesus” very frequently in this letter. This expression occurs with a metaphorical meaning in 1:22; 2:4,17; 3:14, 26, 28; and 5:6. Paul meant to express the idea of a very close union between Christ and the people who believe in him. This metaphor emphasizes that believers are as closely united to Christ as if they were inside him. Paul believes that this is true for all believers, and sometimes he uses “in Christ” simply to identify that what he is speaking about is true for those who believe in Jesus. Other times, he emphasizes union with Christ as the means or the basis for some statement or exhortation. Sometimes when Paul uses the phrase “in Christ” he intends a different meaning. See, for example, 2:16 where Paul says “we also believed in Christ Jesus, so that we might be justified by faith in Christ” and see 2:17 where Paul spoke of Christ being the object of faith when he said “when we seek for God to justify us in Christ.” See the notes on specific verses for help in understanding the contextual meaning of “in Christ” and related phrases. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\nPlease see the introduction to the Book of Romans for more details about this kind of expression.\n\n\n### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of Galatians?\n* “Foolish Galatians, whose evil eye has harmed you? Was not Jesus Christ depicted as crucified before your eyes” (3:1)? The ULT, UST, and the other modern versions have this reading. However, older versions of the Bible add, “[so] that ye should not obey the truth.” Translators are advised not to include this expression. However, if in the translators’ region there are older Bible versions that have the passage, the translators can include it. If it is translated, it should be put inside square brackets ([]) to indicate that it is probably not original to Galatians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]])
GAL	1	intro	f3n5			0		# Galatians 1 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nPaul started this letter differently than his other letters. He adds that he was “not an apostle from men nor by human agency, but through Jesus Christ and God the Father, who raised him from the dead ones.” Paul probably included these words because false teachers were opposing him and trying to undermine his authority.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Heresy\n\nGod eternally saves people only through the true, biblical gospel. God condemns any other version of the gospel. Paul asks God to curse those who teach a false gospel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/goodnews]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/condemn]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]])\n\n### Paul’s qualifications\n\nSome people in the early church were teaching that Gentiles needed to obey the law of Moses. To refute this teaching, in verses 13-16 Paul explains how he was formerly a zealous Jew. But Paul still needed God to save him through believing in Jesus. As a Jew, and the apostle to Gentile people, Paul was uniquely qualified to address this issue. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### “You are turning so quickly to a different gospel”\n\nThe Book of Galatians is one of Paul’s earliest letters in Scripture. It shows that heresies troubled even the early church. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GAL	1	1	o4ns		Παῦλος	1		Here, Paul is introducing himself as the author of this letter. Your language may have a particular way of introducing the author of a letter. Use that here. Alternate translation: “This letter is from me, Paul”
GAL	1	1	uhhp	figs-123person	Παῦλος	1		Paul is speaking of himself in the third person. If this is confusing in your language, you can use the first person. Alternate translation: “This letter is from me, Paul” or “I, Paul” (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person)
GAL	1	1	m4ss	figs-doublenegatives	οὐκ ἀπ’ ἀνθρώπων, οὐδὲ δι’ ἀνθρώπου	1	General Information:	If your readers would misunderstand this double negative, you could translate this phrase using only one negative word. Alternate translation: “not from men or through man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
GAL	1	1	rcnw	figs-explicit	οὐκ ἀπ’ ἀνθρώπων	1		Here, the word **from** indicates source. The phrase **not from men** means that humans are not the source of Paul’s apostleship and that he was not commissioned or appointed an apostle by humans. If it would help your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “not through the commissioning of humans” or “not through human commission” or “not sent out by people” or “not because I was appointed and sent by a group of people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GAL	1	1	yqma	figs-gendernotations	ἀνθρώπων…ἀνθρώπου	1		Although the terms **men** and **man** are masculine, Paul uses them here in a generic sense to refer to humans in general. Alternate translation: “humans … humans” or “people … a person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
GAL	1	1	k2dw		δι’ ἀνθρώπου, ἀλλὰ διὰ Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, καὶ Θεοῦ Πατρὸς	1		Both times that the word **through** is used in this verse it indicates agency/means and refers to the agency/means by which Paul’s was commissioned as an apostle. Choose the best word in your language to indicate the meaning of the word **through** here. Alternate translation: “through the agency of man, but through the agency of Jesus Christ and God the Father”
GAL	1	1	pvdp	grammar-connect-logic-contrast	ἀλλὰ	1		Here, the word **but** introduces a contrast between different potential agents or means of Paul’s commission. The word **but** is introducing a contrast between Paul’s apostleship being **not through man** but rather being **through Jesus Christ and God the Father**. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast. Alternate translation: “but rather” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
GAL	1	1	fyu8	figs-distinguish	Θεοῦ Πατρὸς τοῦ ἐγείραντος αὐτὸν ἐκ νεκρῶν	1		The phrase **the one having raised him from the dead** gives further information about **God the Father**. It is not making a distinction between **God the Father** and **the one having raised him from the dead** as if they are two separate entities. If this is not understood in your language, you can make the relationship between these phrases more clear. Alternate translation: “God the Father who is the same one who made Jesus Christ live again after he died” or “God the Father who caused Jesus Christ to live again after he had died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
GAL	1	1	wmlj	figs-extrainfo	Θεοῦ Πατρὸς	1		Here, the phrase **the Father** could be (1) a general title for God which identifies him as the first person in the Christian Trinity. If you choose this option then you should not define whose **Father** God is in your translation but rather you should use a more an expression like the ULT does. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo]]) (2) referring to God’s relationship to those who believe in Christ. Alternate translation: “God our Father”
GAL	1	1	w3gr	figs-nominaladj	ἐκ νεκρῶν	1		Paul is using the adjective **dead** as a noun in order to indicate a group of people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate this with an equivalent expression. Alternate translation: “from among the people who have died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
GAL	1	1	g5as	figs-metonymy	ἐκ νεκρῶν	1		Here, the phrase **the dead** could be a figurative way of referring to a place, in which case it would be referring to “the place of the dead” or “the realm of the dead.” If your readers would not understand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “from the place of the dead” or “from the realm of the dead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 
GAL	1	2	d737	figs-gendernotations	ἀδελφοί	1	brothers	Here, although the term **brothers** is masculine, Paul is using it in a generic sense to refer to fellow Christians, which includes both men and women. Paul views all those who believe in Jesus, as members of one spiritual family, with God as their heavenly Father. If your readers would misunderstand the use of **brothers** in this context, you can indicate explicitly what it means. Alternate translation: “fellow believers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
GAL	1	2	wmd2	figs-explicit	Γαλατίας	1		Here, the word **Galatia** could refer to: (1) the Roman political province called **Galatia**. Alternate translation: “in the province of Galatia” or (2) the geographical region known as **Galatia**. Alternate translation: “in the region of Galatia” If it would help your readers you could state explicitly what the word **Galatia** refers to here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GAL	1	2	aa9v	figs-possession	τῆς Γαλατίας	1		Paul uses the possessive form here to describe churches that are in Roman political province called **Galatia** or in the geographical region known as **Galatia**. If this use of the possessive form is not clear in your language, you could clarify the meaning using a form that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “in the province of Galatia” or “in the region of Galatia” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
GAL	1	3	nxtz	translate-blessing	χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη	1		This is a common blessing that Paul often uses in the beginning of his letters. Use a form that people would recognize as a blessing in your language. Alternate translation: “May God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ give you grace and peace.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-blessing]])
GAL	1	3	psjz	figs-abstractnouns	χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη ἀπὸ Θεοῦ Πατρὸς καὶ Κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ	1		If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **Grace** and **peace**, you could express the idea behind the abstract nouns **grace** and **peace** with adjectives such as “gracious” and “peaceful.” Alternate translation: “May God our Father and our Lord Jesus Christ be gracious to you and make you peaceful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
GAL	1	3	nykr	figs-you	ὑμῖν	1		Here, the word **you** is plural and refers to the Galatians. Unless noted otherwise, all instances of “you” and “your” in this letter refer to the Galatians and are plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
GAL	1	3	c1xf		Θεοῦ Πατρὸς	1		See how you chose to translate the phrase **God the Father** in [1:1](../01/01.md).
GAL	1	3	eivd	figs-exclusive	ἡμῶν	1		Here, the word **our** refers to Paul, the believers in Galatia, and all believers in Jesus and so is inclusive. Your language may require you to mark this form. In this book, unless otherwise stated, the word “our” refers to Paul, the believers in Galatia, and all believers and is inclusive. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
GAL	1	4	onj6	figs-distinguish	τοῦ δόντος ἑαυτὸν περὶ τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν ἡμῶν, ὅπως ἐξέληται ἡμᾶς ἐκ τοῦ αἰῶνος τοῦ ἐνεστῶτος πονηροῦ	1		The phrase **the one having given himself for our sins so that he might deliver us from the present evil age** gives us further information about “our Lord Jesus Christ.” It is not making a distinction between them as if they were two different entities. If this might confuse your readers, you can make the relationship between these phrases clearer. Alternate translation: “who is the one having given himself for our sins so that he might deliver us from the present evil age” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
GAL	1	4	yk9g	figs-metonymy	περὶ τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν ἡμῶν	1	for our sins	Here, **sins** figuratively refers to the punishment for sin and the phrase **for our sins** refers to Christ giving his life “as a substitution for the punishment that our sins deserved.” If your readers would not understand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation:  “as a substitution for the punishment that our sins deserved” or “to take the punishment we deserved because of our sins” or “to take the punishment for our sins” or “as a substitution for the punishment that our sins deserved” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GAL	1	4	f2pm		ἡμῶν…ἡμῶν	1		See the note on **our** in [1:3](../01/03.md).
GAL	1	4	haib	figs-abstractnouns	τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν ἡμῶν	1		If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **sins**, you could express the same idea with an adjective such as “sinful,” as modeled by the UST, or you could express the meaning in some other way that is natural in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
GAL	1	4	d8m2	grammar-connect-logic-goal	ὅπως	1		The phrase **so that** introduces a purpose clause. Paul is stating the purpose for which Christ gave himself for our sins. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “in order that” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
GAL	1	4	f6d5	figs-metonymy	ἐκ τοῦ αἰῶνος τοῦ ἐνεστῶτος πονηροῦ	1	that he might deliver us from this present evil age	Here, the phrase **the present evil age**, refers not only to a time period but also refers to the sinful attitudes and actions that characterize **the present evil age**. If your readers would not understand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “from this present time that is dominated by sinfulness” or “from this present evil age with it’s evil attitudes and desires” or “from the evil powers at work in the world today” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GAL	1	4	mg01	figs-distinguish	τοῦ Θεοῦ καὶ Πατρὸς ἡμῶν	1		The phrase **and Father** gives further information about **our God**. It is not making a distinction between **God** and **Father** as if they are two separate entities. If this is not understood in your language, you can make the relationship between these words more clear. Alternate translation: “of our God who is our Father” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
GAL	1	5	y7mj	figs-abstractnouns	ἡ δόξα	1		The phrase **be the glory** is an expression of praise. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **glory**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “praise”, as modeled by the UST, or you could express the meaning in some other way that is natural in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 
GAL	1	5	miju	translate-transliterate	ἀμήν	1		**Amen** is a Hebrew word. Paul spelled it out using Greek letters so his readers would know how it sounded. He assumes that they know that it means “so be it” or “yes indeed.” In your translation, you can spell it the way it sounds in your language. If your readers would not know what **Amen** means, you could also explain its meaning. Alternate translation: “Amen, which means, ‘So be it!’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]])
GAL	1	6	f74p		θαυμάζω	1	I am amazed	Alternate translation: “I am surprised” or “I am shocked”
GAL	1	6	v438	figs-explicit	οὕτως ταχέως, μετατίθεσθε	1	you are turning away so quickly from him	Here, the phrase **turning away** means “to desert” and refers to turning ones heart or mind away from believing and following something. If it would help your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “you are so quickly deserting” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 
GAL	1	6	ficf	figs-explicit	μετατίθεσθε	1		The phrase **you are turning away** is in the present tense and is portraying the action of **turning away** as in process, but not yet completed. Make sure that you express this phrase in your language in a way that shows that the Galatians **turning away** is currently happening but not complete. (Paul is writing this letter in order to encourage the Galatians to not turn away to **a different gospel**). 
GAL	1	6	cw1j	figs-explicit	οὕτως ταχέως	1		Here, the phrase **so quickly** means that the Galatians were turning away from faith in the true gospel shortly after they accepted it. If it would help your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “from the true gospel so soon after accepting it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 
GAL	1	6	ht94	figs-explicit	ἀπὸ τοῦ καλέσαντος ὑμᾶς	1		Here, the phrase **the one** refers to “God.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “and from God, who is the one who has called you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 
GAL	1	6	qy93	figs-explicit	καλέσαντος	1		Here, the phrase **called** refers to being “chosen” by God. If it would help your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “having chosen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 
GAL	1	6	ghhs		ἐν	1		Here, the word **in** could (1) refer to the Galatians being called “into” the sphere or realm of grace. Alternate translation: “into” or “to live in” (2) refer to the means by which the Galatians were saved. Alternate translation: “by” or “through”
GAL	1	6	cizk	figs-abstractnouns	χάριτι	1		If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **grace**, you could express the same idea with an adverb such as “graciously”, as modeled by the UST, or you could express the meaning in some other way that is natural in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 
GAL	1	7	l5ep	figs-ellipsis	ἄλλο	1		Paul is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “another gospel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 
GAL	1	7	rg69	grammar-connect-exceptions	εἰ μή τινές εἰσιν οἱ ταράσσοντες ὑμᾶς, καὶ θέλοντες μεταστρέψαι τὸ εὐαγγέλιον τοῦ Χριστοῦ	1		If, in your language, the use of the word **except** makes it appear as if Paul is making a statement and then contradicting it, you could reword this to avoid using an exception clause. Alternate translation: “instead certain people are causing you trouble and want to pervert the gospel of Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-exceptions]])
GAL	1	7	wnfe		τινές	1		Alternate translation: “certain people”
GAL	1	7	kswu	figs-abstractnouns	ταράσσοντες ὑμᾶς	1		If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **trouble**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “troubling,” or you could express the meaning in some other way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “troubling you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
GAL	1	7	tec2		μεταστρέψαι	1		Alternate translation: “to twist the truth of” or “to change”
GAL	1	7	k9d1	figs-possession	τὸ εὐαγγέλιον τοῦ Χριστοῦ	1		By using the possessive form here, Paul is either using it to: (1) describe the gospel that is about Christ, in which case the possessive form is being used to describe the content of the gospel. Alternate translation: “the gospel about Christ” (2)  designate Christ as the one who proclaimed the gospel message he is referring to in which case Paul is referring to the gospel message that Christ preached. Alternate translation: “the gospel that Christ proclaimed” or “the gospel that Christ preached” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
GAL	1	8	rltx	grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical	καὶ ἐὰν ἡμεῖς ἢ ἄγγελος ἐξ οὐρανοῦ εὐαγγελίζηται ὑμῖν παρ’ ὃ εὐηγγελισάμεθα ὑμῖν, ἀνάθεμα ἔστω	1		The word **if** introduces a hypothetical situation. Paul is using a hypothetical situation to warn the Galatians against any teaching that is contrary to the original gospel message that they were taught. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a hypothetical situation. Alternate translation: “if it were to happen that we or an angel from heaven might proclaim to you a gospel other than the one we proclaimed to you, let whoever would do that be cursed” or “suppose it were to happen that we or an angel from heaven might proclaim to you a gospel other than the one we proclaimed to you, let whoever would do that be cursed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]])
GAL	1	8	wnx5	figs-exclusive	ἡμεῖς	1		When Paul says **we**, he is not including the Galatians, so **we** would be exclusive. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) 
GAL	1	8	ebyi		ἡμεῖς	1		Alternate translation: “I or my co-laborers in the gospel”
GAL	1	8	f1ef		εὐαγγελίζηται ὑμῖν	1		Alternate translation: “proclaim to you a gospel message” or “a message of good news”
GAL	1	8	s5uq	figs-explicit	παρ’ ὃ εὐηγγελισάμεθα	1	other than the one	Here, the phrase **the one** refers to the gospel message that Paul and his co-laborers had proclaimed to the Galatians. If your readers might misunderstand this you can state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “different from the gospel we proclaimed” or “different from the message we proclaimed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GAL	1	8	xb2c		ἀνάθεμα ἔστω	1	let him be cursed	If your language has a common way of asking God to curse someone, or of calling down a curse on someone, and it would be appropriate to use in this context, consider using it here.
GAL	1	8	kv9h	figs-abstractnouns	ἀνάθεμα ἔστω	1		If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of someone being **cursed**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “curse.” Alternate translation: “let God curse him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 
GAL	1	8	pifk	figs-activepassive	ἀνάθεμα ἔστω	1		If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, Paul implies that “God” is the one who will do it. Alternate translation: “let God curse him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GAL	1	8	g7zz	figs-gendernotations	ἀνάθεμα ἔστω	1		Although the term **him** is masculine, Paul is using the word here in a generic sense that includes both men and women. Alternate translation: “let God curse that person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) 
GAL	1	9	anxe	figs-exclusive	προειρήκαμεν	1		When Paul says **we**, he is not including the Galatians, so **we** would be exclusive. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) 
GAL	1	9	h1ht	grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical	εἴ τις ὑμᾶς εὐαγγελίζεται	1		The word **If** introduces a hypothetical situation. Paul is using a hypothetical situation to warn the Galatians against any teaching that is contrary to the original gospel message that they were taught. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a hypothetical situation. Alternate translation: “If it were to happen that someone proclaims to you a gospel” or “Suppose it were to happen that someone proclaims to you a gospel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]])
GAL	1	9	i2wk	figs-explicit	παρ’ ὃ 	1		See how you translated the phrase **other than the one** in [1:8](../01/08.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GAL	1	9	mrv9	figs-activepassive	ἀνάθεμα ἔστω	1		See how you translated the phrase **let him be cursed** in [1:8](../01/08.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GAL	1	9	eta3	figs-gendernotations	ἀνάθεμα ἔστω	1		Although the term **him** is masculine, Paul is using the word here in a generic sense that includes both men and women. See how you translated the phrase **let him be cursed** in [1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “let God curse that person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
GAL	1	10	ifod	grammar-connect-words-phrases	γὰρ	1		Here, the word **For** is being used to introduce Paul’s argument against an implied assertion that he altered the content of his gospel message in order to make it more acceptable to people. If it would help your readers, you could express the implied assertion explicitly as modeled by the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
GAL	1	10	b2vc	figs-rquestion	ἄρτι γὰρ ἀνθρώπους πείθω ἢ τὸν Θεόν? ἢ ζητῶ ἀνθρώποις ἀρέσκειν	1	For am I now seeking the approval of men or God? Am I seeking to please men?	By using these two rhetorical questions Paul is not asking the Galatians for information, but is using the question form for emphasis and to engage his readers thinking. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “For I do not seek to persuade men, but instead I only seek the approval of God! I am not seeking to please men!” or “For I do not seek the approval of men, but instead I only seek the approval of God! I am not seeking to please men!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GAL	1	10	xhrn	figs-gendernotations	ἄρτι…ἀνθρώπους πείθω ἢ τὸν Θεόν? ἢ ζητῶ ἀνθρώποις ἀρέσκειν? εἰ ἔτι ἀνθρώποις ἤρεσκον	1		Although the term **men** is masculine, Paul is using the word here in a generic sense that includes both men and women, and refers to “people” in general. Alternate translation: “do I now persuade people, or God? Or do I seek to please people? If I were still pleasing people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) 
GAL	1	10	fl3c	grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical	εἰ ἔτι ἀνθρώποις ἤρεσκον, Χριστοῦ δοῦλος οὐκ ἂν ἤμην	1	If I am still trying to please men, I am not a servant of Christ	The word **if** introduces a hypothetical condition. Paul is using a hypothetical situation to teach the Galatians. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a hypothetical situation or if it would help your readers you can state Paul’s meaning in plain language. Alternate translation: “I am not still trying to please men because I am a servant of Christ” or “If I were still pleasing people, then I would not be serving Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]])
GAL	1	11	xve4	grammar-connect-words-phrases	γὰρ	1		Here, the word **For** is used to introduce a supporting statement that further supports and gives reason for Paul’s prior statement. Use a form that would be natural in your language for introducing a statement that supports a prior statement. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
GAL	1	11	cnic	figs-gendernotations	ἀδελφοί	1		Although the term **brothers** is masculine, Paul is using the word here in a generic sense that includes both men and women and refers to those who believe in Jesus. Alternate translation: “fellow believers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) 
GAL	1	11	o5cu	figs-activepassive	τὸ εὐαγγελισθὲν ὑπ’ ἐμοῦ	1		If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that I proclaimed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 
GAL	1	11	hew1	figs-gendernotations	ὅτι οὐκ ἔστιν κατὰ ἄνθρωπον	1		Although the term **man** is masculine, Paul is using the word here in a generic sense that includes both men and women, and refers to “humans.” Alternate translation: “did not come from a human” or “is not a human message” or “is not a message that people made up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
GAL	1	12	zfxj	grammar-connect-words-phrases	γὰρ	1		Here, the word **For** could be being used to introduce: (1) the grounds or basis for Paul’s assertion in [1:11](../01/11.md), in which case what follows the word **For** is support for what Paul said in [1:11](../01/11.md). Use a form that would be natural for introducing a statement which gives supporting evidence. Alternate translation: “In support of my claim that the gospel I proclaimed is not according to man, I want you to know that” (2) a statement which explains and builds on Paul’s assertion in [1:11](../01/11.md). Use a form that would be natural for introducing a statement which further clarifies and explains a prior statement. Alternate translation: “To explain further, I want you to know” or “That is” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
GAL	1	12	kdol	figs-parallelism	οὐδὲ…ἐγὼ παρὰ ἀνθρώπου παρέλαβον αὐτό, οὔτε ἐδιδάχθην	1		The phrase **I did not receive it from man** and the phrase **nor was I taught it** mean basically the same thing. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the phrases into one. Alternate translation: “I did not receive the gospel that I proclaim from any person” or “no human being taught me the gospel that I proclaim” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
GAL	1	12	er9c	figs-gendernotations	ἀνθρώπου	1		Although the term **man** is masculine, Paul is using the word here in a generic sense that includes both men and women, and refers to “humans.” See how you translated the word **man** in [1:11](../01/11.md) where it is used with a similar meaning. Alternate translation: “people” or “humans” or “a human source” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
GAL	1	12	y2am	figs-activepassive	ἐδιδάχθην	1		If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form, as modeled by the UST, or in another way that is natural in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 
GAL	1	12	hlg6	figs-explicit	αὐτό…ἐδιδάχθην	1		Here, both occurrences of the word **it** refer back to “the gospel” which Paul “proclaimed” which he mentioned in [1:11](../01/11.md). If it would help your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “the gospel that I proclaimed … was I taught the gospel that I proclaimed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 
GAL	1	12	qohz	figs-ellipsis	ἐδιδάχθην	1		Paul is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “was I taught it by any person” or “was I taught it by man” or “was I taught it by a human being” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 
GAL	1	12	g1o6	grammar-connect-logic-contrast	ἀλλὰ	1		What follows the word **but** is in contrast to the phrases **receive it from man** and **taught it**. In contrast to Paul receiving the message he proclaimed from a human source or being **taught it** Paul received it from a divine source. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast. Alternate translation: “rather” or “instead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
GAL	1	12	leqs		δι’	1		Alternate translation: “through a”
GAL	1	12	uybt	figs-abstractnouns	ἀποκαλύψεως	1		If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **revelation**, you could express the same idea with a verb such as “revealed”, as modeled by the UST, or you could express the meaning in some other way that is natural in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 
GAL	1	12	wed1	figs-possession	δι’ ἀποκαλύψεως Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ	1	it was by revelation of Jesus Christ to me	Paul could be using the possessive form here to mean: (1) that God revealed Jesus Christ to Paul. This would mean that God is the one who did the revealing and Jesus Christ is the one who God revealed. See the phrase “to reveal his Son in me” in [1:16](../01/16.md). Alternate translation: “God revealed Jesus Christ to me” or “God made me know the gospel when he showed Jesus Christ to me” (2) that it was Jesus Christ who made the revelation to Paul. Alternate translation: “by what Jesus Christ revealed to me” (3) both option 1 and 2 together. Alternate translation: “Jesus Christ revealed himself to me and taught me the gospel about himself” or “Jesus Christ revealed himself to me and taught me the gospel concerning himself”(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
GAL	1	12	nee4	figs-ellipsis	ἀλλὰ δι’ ἀποκαλύψεως Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ	1		Paul is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “but I received it by a revelation of Jesus Christ” or “but I was taught it by a revelation of Jesus Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 
GAL	1	13	f3gl	figs-abstractnouns	τὴν ἐμὴν ἀναστροφήν ποτε	1	former life	If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **manner** and **life**, you could express the same idea with a verbal phrase such as “how I formerly lived”, or you could express the meaning in some other way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “how I formerly lived” or “how I formerly conducted myself” or “how I formerly behaved” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
GAL	1	13	r8ol	figs-explicit	ἐν τῷ Ἰουδαϊσμῷ	1		Here, the phrase **in Judaism** refers to following the Jewish religious guidelines. If it would help your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “following the Jewish religion” or “following the Jewish religious guidelines” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 
GAL	1	13	ydx9	figs-idiom	καθ’ ὑπερβολὴν	1		The phrase **beyond measure** is an idiom meaning “excessively.” If your readers would not understand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “excessively” or “to an extreme degree” or “intensely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GAL	1	14	vtug	figs-explicit	ἐν τῷ Ἰουδαϊσμῷ	1		See how you translated the phrase **in Judaism** in [1:13](../01/13.md) where it is used with a similar meaning. Alternate translation: “in the Jewish religion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GAL	1	14	aecd		τῷ γένει	1		Alternate translation: “nation”
GAL	1	14	gdwi	grammar-collectivenouns	τῷ γένει μου	1		The word **race** is a singular noun that refers to a group of people. If your language does not use singular nouns in that way, you can use a different expression. Alternate translation: “my ethnic group the Jews” or “my people the Jews” or “the Jewish people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) 
GAL	1	14	bcdo	figs-metaphor	τῶν πατρικῶν μου	1		Here, the word **fathers** figuratively means “ancestors.” If your readers would not understand what **fathers** means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “of my ancestors” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GAL	1	15	w6zi	grammar-connect-logic-contrast	δὲ	1		What follows the word **But** here is in contrast to what was expected. What would be expected is that Paul would continue thinking and acting according to the way he formerly did as described in [1:14](../01/14.md). Instead, God **called** Paul, and as the next verse says, God revealed Jesus to him, so that he might teach the Gentiles about Jesus. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast. Alternate translation: “But then” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]]) 
GAL	1	15	ofqm	figs-explicit	ὁ	1		Here, the phrase **the one** refers to God. If it would help your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 
GAL	1	15	qu8s	figs-distinguish	ὅτε…εὐδόκησεν ὁ, ἀφορίσας με ἐκ κοιλίας μητρός μου, καὶ καλέσας διὰ τῆς χάριτος αὐτοῦ	1		The statement **having set me apart from the womb of my mother and having called {me} through his grace** gives us further information about the **the one** (God). It is not making a distinction. If this might confuse your readers, you can make the relationship between these phrases clearer. Alternate translation: “when God, who is the one who set me apart from my mother’s womb and called me through his grace, was pleased” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
GAL	1	15	iyc1	figs-idiom	ἐκ κοιλίας μητρός μου	1		The phrase **from the womb of my mother** is a Hebrew idiom which means either “from the day of my birth” or “from before birth.” If your readers would not understand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “from the day I was born” or “from before I was born.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 
GAL	1	15	wd26	figs-explicit	καλέσας	1	who called me through his grace	Here, the word **called** means “to choose and summon.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “having chosen and summoned me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 
GAL	1	15	wlph	figs-abstractnouns	τῆς χάριτος	1		If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **grace**, you could express the same idea with an adverb such as “kindly”, as modeled by the UST, or you could express the meaning in some other way that is natural in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
GAL	1	16	l97h		ἀποκαλύψαι τὸν Υἱὸν αὐτοῦ ἐν ἐμοὶ	1	to reveal his Son in me	The phrase **reveal his Son in me** could mean: (1) that God revealed his Son “to” Paul and refer to God revealing to Paul who Jesus really was so that Paul had an inward knowledge of who Jesus really was. Alternate translation: “to reveal to me his Son” (2) that God revealed his Son to others “through” Paul. Alternate translation: “to reveal his Son to others through me” or “to reveal his Son to others by me”
GAL	1	16	z800	grammar-connect-logic-goal	ἵνα	1		The phrase **so that** introduces a purpose clause. After the phrase **so that** Paul states the purpose for which God revealed his Son to Paul, namely so that he **might preach him among the Gentiles**. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “in order that” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
GAL	1	16	xx4c		εὐαγγελίζωμαι αὐτὸν	1	preach him	Alternate translation: “I might proclaim the good news about God’s Son”
GAL	1	16	qme5	figs-synecdoche	σαρκὶ καὶ αἵματι	1	consult with flesh and blood	Paul refers figuratively to “human beings” by naming a few of the things that a human being is made of, specifically **flesh and blood**. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or plain language as modeled by the UST. Alternate translation: “any human being” or “any person” or “anyone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GAL	1	17	qh88	figs-go	ἀνῆλθον εἰς Ἱεροσόλυμα	1	go up to Jerusalem	**Jerusalem** was higher than almost any other place in Israel, so it was normal for people to speak of going **up** to Jerusalem and going down from it. Your language may say “come” rather than **go** in contexts such as this. Use whichever is more natural. Alternate translation: “did I come up to Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) 
GAL	1	17	w82a	grammar-connect-logic-contrast	ἀλλὰ	1		What follows the word **Instead** is in contrast to what was expected. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast. Alternate translation: “Rather” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]]) 
GAL	1	17	zqih	figs-go	ἀπῆλθον εἰς	1		Your language may say “came” rather than **went** in contexts such as this. Use whichever is more natural. Alternate translation: “I came to” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) 
GAL	1	18	c7gb	grammar-connect-time-sequential	ἔπειτα	1		The word **Then** indicates that the events Paul will now relate came after the events just described. Use a natural form in your language for indicating this. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential]])
GAL	1	18	rej5	figs-go	ἀνῆλθον εἰς Ἱεροσόλυμα	1		**Jerusalem** was higher than almost any other place in Israel, so it was normal for people to speak of going **up** to Jerusalem and going down from it. Your language may say “came” rather than **went** in contexts such as this. Use whichever is more natural. Alternate translation: “I came up to Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
GAL	1	19	av43	grammar-connect-exceptions	ἕτερον…τῶν ἀποστόλων οὐκ εἶδον, εἰ μὴ Ἰάκωβον	1	I saw none of the other apostles except James	If it would appear in your language that Paul was making a statement here and then contradicting it, you could reword this to avoid using an exception clause. Alternate translation: “the only other apostles I saw were James” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-exceptions]])
GAL	1	20	d9yv	figs-exclamations	ἰδοὺ	1		**behold** is an exclamation word which is used to draw attention to the words that come next. Use an exclamation that is natural in your language for communicating this. Alternate translation: “pay attention to this” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
GAL	1	20	h3cb	figs-litotes	οὐ ψεύδομαι	1	In what I write to you, I assure you before God, that I am not lying	Here, Paul uses a phrase that expresses a strong positive meaning by using a negative word together with a word that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If this is confusing in your language, you can express the meaning positively. Alternate translation: “I am telling you the truth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
GAL	1	20	pp11	figs-explicit	ἐνώπιον τοῦ Θεοῦ	1		Here, the phrase **before God** is an oath. If your readers would not understand this, you could use an oath from your language that would be appropriate in this context or you could make it clear in your translation that Paul is making an oath. Alternate translation: “I solemnly testify before God” or “in God’s presence I testify” or “I swear with God as my witness” or “I swear before God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 
GAL	1	21	ny6z	grammar-connect-time-sequential	ἔπειτα ἦλθον εἰς	1		The word **then** indicates that the events Paul will now relate came after the events Paul has just described in [1:18-19](../01/18.md). If it would be helpful to your readers, you could show this relationship by using a fuller phrase or by expressing the meaning in some other way that is natural to your readers. Alternate translation: “After I left Jerusalem I went to” or “After that I went to” or “Afterwards I went to” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential]])
GAL	1	22	y6l4	figs-activepassive	ἤμην…ἀγνοούμενος τῷ προσώπῳ ταῖς ἐκκλησίαις τῆς Ἰουδαίας, ταῖς ἐν Χριστῷ	1	I was still not personally known to the churches of Judea that are in Christ	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “none of the people in the churches of Judea that are in Christ had ever met me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GAL	1	22	wleq	figs-synecdoche	ἤμην…ἀγνοούμενος τῷ προσώπῳ ταῖς ἐκκλησίαις τῆς Ἰουδαίας, ταῖς ἐν Χριστῷ	1		Paul uses the main feature of his appearance, his **face**, to refer figuratively to seeing his entire person. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or plain language as modeled by the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 
GAL	1	22	sr0y	figs-metaphor	ἐν Χριστῷ	1		Paul uses the spatial metaphor **in Christ** to describe the union believers have with Christ and here it is specifically describing/modifying **the churches of Judea**. If it would help your readers you could use a fuller phrase to describe what the phrase “in Christ” means here. See the discussion of this phrase in “Part 3: Important Translation Issues” in the “Introduction to 1 Corinthians” section. Alternate translation: “in union with Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GAL	1	23	bdmz	grammar-connect-logic-contrast	δὲ	1		Here, the word **But** is introducing a contrast between what the Judean believers did know about Paul (they were **hearing** that he was **now proclaiming the faith**) with what they did not know about Paul (how he looked, [1:22](../01/22.md)). Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast. Alternate translation: “Rather” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]]) 
GAL	1	23	hw08		μόνον…ἀκούοντες ἦσαν	1		Alternate translation: “all that the believers in the region of Judea knew about me was that people were saying” or “all that the people belonging to the churches in the region of Judea knew about me was that people were saying”
GAL	1	23	ss1e	figs-explicit	ὁ	1		Here, the phrase **The one** refers to Paul. If it would help your readers, you could express that explicitly as modeled by the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GAL	1	23	bh1m	figs-abstractnouns	τὴν πίστιν	1		If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **faith**, you could express the same idea in some other way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the message about Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 
GAL	1	23	lo0r	figs-metonymy	τὴν πίστιν	1		Paul is figuratively describing the message about Jesus (the gospel) by association with **faith**, which is the response that the message about Jesus requires or solicits. If your readers would not understand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “the good news about Jesus” or “the message about Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GAL	1	23	y5ud	figs-explicit	ἐπόρθει	1		Here, the word **destroying** refers to trying to stop the spread of the Christian message. If it would help your readers, you could express that explicitly as modeled by the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 
GAL	1	24	qp4t	grammar-connect-logic-result	ἐν ἐμοὶ	1		Here, the phrase **in me** means “because of me” and is giving the reason why the Judean believers were praising God, namely because of Paul. If it would help your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “because of me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
GAL	1	24	cpni		ἐν ἐμοὶ	1		The phrase **in me** means “because of me” and the phrase “because of me” could mean: (1) both option 2 and 3 at the same time, in which case “because of me” would mean both that the Judean believers were praising God because God had caused Paul to believe in Jesus and because Paul was now proclaiming the good news about Jesus. If you decide to use this meaning you could use a general phrase that allows for both meanings at the same time such as “because of me.” Alternatively you could clarify in your translation that “because of me” refers to both meanings simultaneously as modeled by the UST. Alternate translation: “because of me” or “because of what God had done in me and was doing through me” or “because God had caused me to believe in Jesus and was now using me to proclaim the good news about Jesus” (2) because of what God was doing through Paul, that he was proclaiming the gospel. Alternate translation: “because of what God is doing through me” or “because I am now proclaiming the good news about Jesus” or “because I am now proclaiming the faith which I formerly tried to destroy” (3) because of what happened to Paul, that God caused him to believe in Jesus. Alternate translation: “because of what God has done in me” or “because God caused me to believe in his son” or “because of what had happened to me”
GAL	2	intro	xe28			0		# Galatians 2 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nPaul continues to defend the true gospel. This began in [Galatians 1:11](../../gal/01/11.md).\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Freedom and slavery\n\nThroughout this letter, Paul contrasts freedom and slavery. The Christian is free in Christ to do many different things. But the Christian who attempts to follow the law of Moses needs to follow the whole law. Paul describes trying to follow the law as a type of slavery. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### “I do not negate the grace of God”\n\nPaul teaches that, if a Christian attempts to follow the law of Moses, they do not understand the grace God has shown to them through the work of Christ. This is a fundamental error. But Paul uses the words “I do not negate the grace of God” as a type of hypothetical situation. The purpose of this statement could be seen as, “If you could be saved by following the law, then it would negate the grace of God.” (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
GAL	2	1	mtgj	grammar-connect-time-sequential	ἔπειτα	1		The word **Then** indicates that the events Paul will now relate came after the events just described. See how you translated the word **Then** in [1:18](../01/18.md) where it is used with the same meaning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential]])
GAL	2	1	zt61		ἀνέβην εἰς Ἱεροσόλυμα	1	Connecting Statement:	See how you translated the similar phrase “I went up to Jerusalem” in [1:18](../01/18.md).
GAL	2	1	zth5		ἀνέβην	1	went up	Your language may say “came” rather than **went** in contexts such as this. Use whichever is more natural. Alternate translation: “I came up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) 
GAL	2	2	e8xu	grammar-connect-time-background	δὲ	1		Here, the word **Now** introduces background information. Use a natural way in your language for introducing background information. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background]])
GAL	2	2	ll4j	figs-go	ἀνέβην	1		See how you translated the  **I went up** in [2:1](../02/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) 
GAL	2	2	szwl		κατὰ ἀποκάλυψιν	1		The phrase **according to** could: (1) indicate that Paul’s reason for going to Jerusalem was the **revelation**. Alternate translation: “because God told me to” or “because God revealed to me that I should” or “because God showed me that I should” (2) indicate Paul’s response to the **revelation**. Alternate translation: “in response to a revelation” or “in accord with what God had revealed to me”
GAL	2	2	zvkg	figs-abstractnouns	κατὰ ἀποκάλυψιν	1		If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **revelation**, you could express the same idea with a verb such as “revealed”, as modeled by the UST, or you could express the meaning in some other way that is natural in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
GAL	2	2	g384	figs-explicit	ἀνεθέμην αὐτοῖς	1		Here, the phrase **set before** means to communicate something to someone for the purpose of receiving their opinion regarding it. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “communicated to them” or “related to them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 
GAL	2	2	ypg1	figs-ellipsis	κατ’ ἰδίαν δὲ τοῖς	1		Paul is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “but privately I set it before the ones” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
GAL	2	2	msv4		τοῖς δοκοῦσιν	1	those who seemed to be important	Alternate translation: “to the men who seemed to be influential” or “to those who were recognized as leaders of the believers in Jerusalem” or “to those who were leaders of the church in Jerusalem”
GAL	2	2	t6we	figs-doublenegatives	μή πως εἰς κενὸν τρέχω ἢ ἔδραμον	1	in vain	If your readers would misunderstand this double negative, you could translate it as a positive statement. Alternate translation: “to ensure I was doing profitable work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
GAL	2	2	ejb8	figs-metaphor	τρέχω ἢ ἔδραμον	1	I was not running—or had not run—in vain	Here, Paul uses the word **run** to mean “work.” Paul specifically means working for the advancement of the gospel. Paul uses the word **run** to bring to the Galatians’ minds the image of a runner who is running a race in order to win a prize. If this image is familiar to people in your culture, consider using this metaphor. If this image is not familiar to your readers, consider stating this idea in plain language. Alternate translation: “I might work for the advancement of the gospel—or had” or “I might not work for the spread of the good news—or had worked for it” ( See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GAL	2	2	svvy		εἰς κενὸν	1		Alternate translation: “for no purpose” or “without positive results” or “for nothing” 
GAL	2	3	wyrr	grammar-connect-logic-contrast	ἀλλ’	1		Here, the word **But** is introducing an idea that is in contrast to an idea that was presented in [2:2](../02/02.md). Paul is probably presenting the fact that **not even Titus … was forced to be circumcised** as being in contrast to the idea in [2:2](../02/02.md) that he might have “run in vain” (labored in vain). Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast. Alternate translation: “Rather” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]] 
GAL	2	3	ybww	figs-distinguish	ὐδὲ Τίτος ὁ σὺν ἐμοί, Ἕλλην ὤν	1		The phrase **the one with me** and the phrase **being a Greek** both give further information about **Titus**. Neither of these phrases is making a distinction between **Titus** and some other person. If this might confuse your readers, you can make the relationship between these phrases clearer. Alternate translation: “my non-Jewish ministry partner, Titus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]]) 
GAL	2	3	xs8k	figs-activepassive	οὐδὲ Τίτος ὁ σὺν ἐμοί, Ἕλλην ὤν, ἠναγκάσθη περιτμηθῆναι	1	to be circumcised	The phrase **was forced to be circumcised** is passive. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the leaders of the church in Jerusalem did not even require my Greek ministry partner, Titus, to be circumcised” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GAL	2	4	kwoz		διὰ δὲ…ἵνα ἡμᾶς καταδουλώσουσιν	1		The word **But** could: (1) be connected to [2:3](../02/03.md) and be giving the reason why some people were demanding that Titus be circumcised. Alternate translation: “But this issue occurred because of” (2) be connected to [2:1-2](../02/01.md) and be giving the reason why Paul “went up again to Jerusalem” (2:1) and privately “set before” (communicated to) the church leaders in Jerusalem the gospel that he proclaimed among the Gentiles (2:2). Alternate translation: “But I talked to them privately because” or “But we went to Jerusalem because of” (3) be beginning a sentence which Paul never completes. Alternate translation (notice that only the punctuation differs from the ULT, the closing “—” indicates that Paul does not complete his thought before moving onto the next verse): “But it was because of … so that they will enslave us—”
GAL	2	4	j5ka	figs-metaphor	παρεισάκτους ψευδαδέλφους, οἵτινες παρεισῆλθον κατασκοπῆσαι	1	The false brothers came in secretly	Paul speaks figuratively of these people as if they were spies. He means that they came pretending to be fellow believers with the intent of observing what Paul and the other believers were doing. By using this metaphor Paul means that these people had bad motives for wanting to observe the believers. If your readers would not understand what **spy on** means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “people who pretended to be Christians, who came into our midst in order to watch us closely,” or “people who said they were Christians but were not, who came into our group to view closely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GAL	2	4	jx0q		παρεισάκτους	1		In the language that Paul wrote this letter in the phrase **brought in** could mean: (1) that these **false brothers** were invited in by someone. Alternate translation: “secretly invited” or (2) that they came into the midst of the believers by their own initiative. Alternate translation: “deceptive coming of”
GAL	2	4	fpkc	figs-explicit	ψευδαδέλφους	1		Here, the word **brothers** does not refer to biological brothers but rather to believers in Jesus. The phrase **false brothers** refers to those who pretended to be fellow believers in Jesus. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly as modeled by the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 
GAL	2	4	etlo	figs-abstractnouns	κατασκοπῆσαι τὴν ἐλευθερίαν ἡμῶν, ἣν ἔχομεν ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ	1		If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **freedom**, you could express the same idea with an adjective such as “free,” or with a verb such as **freed** as modeled by the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 
GAL	2	4	lyqj	figs-exclusive	ἔχομεν	1		When Paul says **we**, he is speaking of himself, his traveling companions, and the Galatian believers, so **we** would be inclusive. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
GAL	2	4	uvjw	figs-metaphor	ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ	1		Paul uses the spatial metaphor **in Christ** to describe the union that believers have with Christ. See the discussion of this phrase in “Part 3: Important Translation Issues” in the “Introduction to 1 Corinthians” section. If it would help your readers you could use a fuller phrase to describe Paul’s meaning. Alternate translation: “in union with Christ Jesus” or “through our union with Christ Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GAL	2	4	v9fp	grammar-connect-logic-goal	ἵνα	1		The phrase **so that** introduces a purpose clause. Paul is stating the purpose for which the **false brothers** spied on their freedom, to **enslave them**. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “in order that” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
GAL	2	4	l7n7	figs-metaphor	ἵνα ἡμᾶς καταδουλώσουσιν	1	to make us slaves	Paul is speaking about how these people wanted to force the Galatian believers to follow the Jewish rituals that the law commanded. He is speaking about following the law as if it were slavery. If your readers would not understand what **enslave** means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “to force us to obey the law”or “in order to make us slaves to the law” [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GAL	2	5	pow3	figs-exclusive	εἴξαμεν	1		When Paul says **we**, he is not including the Galatian Christians, so **we** would be exclusive. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) 
GAL	2	5	w6dm	figs-explicit	οἷς οὐδὲ…εἴξαμεν τῇ ὑποταγῇ	1		Here, to **not … yield in submission** means “to not agree with and comply with the demands of” the people who said that Titus needed to be circumcised. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly as modeled by the UST. Alternate translation: “we did not give in to their demands” or “we did not comply with what they wanted us to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 
GAL	2	5	bba7	figs-abstractnouns	εἴξαμεν τῇ ὑποταγῇ	1	yield in submission	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **submission**, you could express the same idea with a verbal phrase as modeled by the UST, or you could express the meaning in some other way that is natural in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
GAL	2	5	smpn	figs-idiom	ὥραν	1		Here, the phrase **an hour** refers to a short period of time. If you have an equivalent expression in your culture you could use that or if it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate Paul’s meaning in plain language. Alternate translation: “a short period of time” or “a short amount of time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GAL	2	5	a3hr	grammar-connect-logic-goal	ἵνα	1		The phrase **so that** introduces a purpose clause. Paul is stating the purpose for which Paul and his ministry partners **did not … yield in submission** to those who taught that circumcision was necessary. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “in order that” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
GAL	2	5	k61r	figs-abstractnouns	ἡ ἀλήθεια τοῦ εὐαγγελίου	1		If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **truth**, you could express the same idea with an adjective such as “true” and/or “correct,” as modeled by the UST, or you could express the meaning in some other way that is natural in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 
GAL	2	5	bqqq	figs-possession	ἡ ἀλήθεια τοῦ εὐαγγελίου	1		Here, the possessive form is used to describe the **truth** that belongs to and is contained within **the gospel** message. It is also being used to contrast the genuine and correct gospel with “false gospels” such as the one Paul is refuting in this letter. If this is not clear in your language, you could clarify the relationship for your readers as modeled by the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
GAL	2	6	xcdh	grammar-connect-logic-contrast	δὲ	1		Here, Paul uses the word **But** to introduce something that is in contrast to what the “false brothers” in [2:4](../02/04.md) wanted to do. The “false brothers” wanted to “enslave” the believers by adding the requirement of circumcision to the gospel message. Beginning in this verse Paul explains (in [2:6-10](../6/06.md)) that, in contrast to the actions of the “false brothers,” the leaders of the church in Jerusalem did not require that Paul add anything to the content of his gospel message. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast. Alternate translation: “Rather” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]] 
GAL	2	6	rfvs	figs-explicit	τῶν δοκούντων εἶναί τι	1		The phrase **the ones seeming to be something•• implies the word “important” and is very similar in meaning to the phrase ••the ones seeming important** at the end of this verse. If it would help your readers, you could express the implied word explicitly. Alternate translation: “the ones seeming to be something important” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GAL	2	6	flz3		ὁποῖοί ποτε ἦσαν, οὐδέν μοι διαφέρει, πρόσωπον ὁ Θεὸς ἀνθρώπου οὐ λαμβάνει	1		The phrase **what sort they were formerly matters nothing to me; God does not accept the face of man** is a parenthetical statement. Use a natural form in your language for introducing and/or expressing a parenthetical statement.
GAL	2	6	zrw5	figs-explicit	ὁποῖοί	1		The phrase **what sort** implies the word “people.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “what sort of people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 
GAL	2	6	st6l	figs-explicit	ὁποῖοί ποτε ἦσαν, οὐδέν μοι διαφέρει	1		The phrase **what sort they were formerly matters nothing to me** does not mean that Paul did not regard these people’s character as important but rather it means that he did not let their status influence his decision making. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly as modeled by the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 
GAL	2	6	c9xx	figs-idiom	πρόσωπον ὁ Θεὸς ἀνθρώπου οὐ λαμβάνει	1		Here, the term **face** means “external status and position.” The phrase **God does not accept the face of man** is an idiom which means that God does not base his judgements and decisions on external factors. If your readers would not understand what this phrase means, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “God does not judge with partiality” or “God does not look at external factors when making decisions” or “God does not show partiality” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 
GAL	2	6	nm0b	figs-gendernotations	ἀνθρώπου	1		Although the term **man** is masculine, Paul is using the word here in a general sense to mean all people in general, including women. Alternate translation: “of a person” (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations)
GAL	2	6	ku3t		οἱ δοκοῦντες	1		See how you translated the similar phrase “those who seemed to be important” in [2:2](../02/02.md). 
GAL	2	6	afy6	figs-metonymy	ἐμοὶ…οὐδὲν προσανέθεντο	1	added nothing to me	Here, **me** represents what Paul was teaching. If your readers would not understand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “added nothing to what I teach” or “did not add anything to my message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GAL	2	7	visz	grammar-connect-logic-contrast	ἀλλὰ τοὐναντίον	1		Paul uses the phrase **But on the contrary** to introduce a contrast to the idea that the leaders in Jerusalem might have added anything to the content of his message. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast. Alternate translation: “Rather” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]]) 
GAL	2	7	l5m5	figs-explicit	ἰδόντες	1		Here, the phrase **having seen** means “having understood**. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly as modeled by the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 
GAL	2	7	vlpz	figs-activepassive	πεπίστευμαι	1		If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God entrusted me with” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 
GAL	2	7	m5e5	figs-metonymy	ἀκροβυστίας, καθὼς Πέτρος τῆς περιτομῆς	1		Paul is describing non-Jewish people by association with something they would not have had done to them, circumcision, and he is describing Jewish people by association with something they would have had done to them, circumcision. If your readers would not understand this, you could use plain language as modeled by the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GAL	2	8	tmva		ὁ γὰρ ἐνεργήσας Πέτρῳ εἰς ἀποστολὴν τῆς περιτομῆς, ἐνήργησεν καὶ ἐμοὶ εἰς τὰ ἔθνη	1		This entire verse is a parenthetical statement. In this verse Paul gives the reason why the leaders of the church in Jerusalem determined that Paul was authorized and commissioned by God to bring the gospel to non-Jews. Use a natural form in your language for introducing and/or expressing a parenthetical statement.
GAL	2	8	yh9s	figs-explicit	ὁ	1		Here, **the one** refers to God. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 
GAL	2	8	e5wv		τῆς περιτομῆς	1		See how you translated the phrase **the circumcision** in [2:7](../02/07.md). 
GAL	2	8	n1b6	figs-ellipsis	ἐνήργησεν καὶ ἐμοὶ εἰς τὰ ἔθνη	1		Paul is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “also worked in me for apostleship to the Gentiles” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
GAL	2	9	qfp1	figs-abstractnouns	γνόντες τὴν χάριν τὴν δοθεῖσάν μοι	1		The abstract noun *grace** refers to God graciously giving Paul the task of proclaiming the gospel to non-Jews. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **grace**, you could express the same idea with an adverb such as “graciously” or “kindly” as modeled by the UST, or you could express the meaning in some other way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “having understood the task that God had graciously given to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 
GAL	2	9	dt40	figs-activepassive	τὴν δοθεῖσάν	1		If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that God gave” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 
GAL	2	9	k66v		οἱ δοκοῦντες…εἶναι	1		See how you translated the phrase **the ones seeming to be** in [2:2](../02/02.md). 
GAL	2	9	he6q	figs-metaphor	οἱ δοκοῦντες στῦλοι εἶναι	1	built up the church	Here, **pillars** refers to James, Cephas and John, who were leaders of the believers in Jerusalem. In that culture important leaders of a group were sometimes referred to as **pillars** because of the support that they provided the group. If your readers would not understand what **pillars** means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way as modeled by the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
GAL	2	9	e5rm	translate-symaction	δεξιὰς ἔδωκαν…κοινωνίας	1	gave…the right hand of fellowship	Here, **gave the right hand** is an action that indicates agreement. Shaking hands indicated that they agreed with each other and were pledging to work together as ministry partners towards the same goal. Essentially, they would be in fellowship and shaking each others right hand indicated this. If there is a gesture with similar meaning in your culture, you could consider using it here in your translation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
GAL	2	9	yxvz	figs-abstractnouns	κοινωνίας	1		If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **fellowship**, you could express the same idea in some other way that is natural in your language as modeled by the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 
GAL	2	9	bl9v	grammar-connect-logic-goal	ἵνα	1		The phrase **so that** introduces a purpose clause. Paul is stating the purpose for which **James and Cephas and John … gave {the} right hand of fellowship to Barnabas** and Paul. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “in order that” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
GAL	2	9	uuss	figs-ellipsis	ἡμεῖς εἰς τὰ ἔθνη, αὐτοὶ δὲ εἰς τὴν περιτομήν	1		Paul is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. The words he is leaving out are probably “go” or “proclaim the good news.” If it would help your readers, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “we would go to the Gentiles, and they would go the circumcision” or “we would proclaim the good news to the Gentiles, and they would proclaim the good news to the circumcision” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
GAL	2	9	j031	figs-exclusive	ἡμεῖς	1		When Paul says **we**, he is not including the Galatians, so **we** would be exclusive. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) 
GAL	2	9	n8en	figs-metonymy	τὴν περιτομήν	1		See how you translated the phrase **the circumcision** in [2:7](../02/07.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GAL	2	10	fpj8	grammar-connect-exceptions	μόνον τῶν πτωχῶν ἵνα μνημονεύωμεν	1		Here, the word **only** introduces an exception clause that qualifies Paul’s statement at the end of [2:6](../02/06.md) where Paul said that the leaders in Jerusalem “added nothing” to his message (meaning they did not require him to do or teach anything else). Use an appropriate form in your language so that it does not appear that Paul is making a statement here that contradicts his statement at the end of [2:6](../02/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-exceptions]])
GAL	2	10	kqq6	figs-explicit	τῶν πτωχῶν…μνημονεύωμεν	1	remember the poor	You may need to make explicit how they were to **remember the poor**. Alternate translation: “remember to take care of the needs of the poor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GAL	2	11	c9h4	figs-metonymy	κατὰ πρόσωπον αὐτῷ ἀντέστην	1	I opposed him to his face	The phrase **to his face** is a metonym. Alternate translation: “I confronted him in person” or “I challenged his actions in person” or “I opposed him in front of everyone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GAL	2	12	z1kg	figs-explicit	φοβούμενος τοὺς ἐκ περιτομῆς	1	He was afraid of those who were demanding circumcision	The reason Peter was **afraid** can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “He was afraid that these men who required circumcision would judge that he was doing something wrong”  (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GAL	2	12	fy79		τοὺς ἐκ περιτομῆς	1	those who were demanding circumcision	Here, **those from the circumcision** represents Jews who had become Christians, but who demanded that those who believe in Christ live according to Jewish customs like circumcision.
GAL	2	12	a6gv		ἀφώριζεν ἑαυτόν	1	kept away from	Alternate translation: “stayed away from” or “avoided”
GAL	2	14	sg53		οὐκ ὀρθοποδοῦσιν πρὸς τὴν ἀλήθειαν τοῦ εὐαγγελίου	1	not following the truth of the gospel	Alternate translation: “they were not living like people who believe the true gospel” or “they were not obeying the true gospel”
GAL	2	14	z4fp	figs-rquestion	πῶς τὰ ἔθνη ἀναγκάζεις Ἰουδαΐζειν	1	how can you force the Gentiles to live like Jews?	This rhetorical question is a rebuke and can be translated as a statement. The word **you** is singular and refers to Peter. Alternate translation: “you are wrong to force the Gentiles to live like Jews” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
GAL	2	15	tz45		οὐκ ἐξ ἐθνῶν ἁμαρτωλοί	1	not Gentile sinners	The term **sinners** was used by Jews as a synonym for non-Jews. Alternate translation: “We are not Gentiles, those people who do not know God” or “We are not people who do not follow the law”
GAL	2	16	j6l1	figs-exclusive	εἰδότες	1	we	The word **knowing** could refer to: (1) Paul and others, but not the Galatians (exclusive), who were primarily Gentiles (2) Paul and includes the Galatians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
GAL	2	16	j7g5	figs-synecdoche	οὐ…σάρξ	1	no flesh	The word **flesh** is a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: “no person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GAL	2	17	vnp6		ζητοῦντες δικαιωθῆναι ἐν Χριστῷ	1	while we seek to be justified in Christ	The phrase **to be justified in Christ** means justified because we are united with Christ and justified by means of what Christ has done.
GAL	2	17	sge2		εὑρέθημεν καὶ αὐτοὶ ἁμαρτωλοί	1	we too, were found to be sinners	The phrase **were also found to be sinner** could mean: (1) they admit they are sinners (2) they are no longer following the law (3) others view them as sinners for not following the law or eating with non-Jews.
GAL	2	17	yy9s	figs-rquestion	μὴ γένοιτο	1	Absolutely not!	Alternate translation: “Of course, that is not true!” or “no, never!” This expression gives the strongest possible negative answer to the preceding rhetorical question **is Christ a minister of sin?** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GAL	2	18	r52x		παραβάτην ἐμαυτὸν συνιστάνω	1		**I prove myself to be a transgressor** could mean: (1) Paul sinned by trying to obey the law again (2) Paul sinned by leaving the law for a time when he believed in the Messiah (3) the law proves Paul is a sinner when he tries to follow it.
GAL	2	18	p6he	figs-metaphor	εἰ γὰρ ἃ κατέλυσα, ταῦτα πάλιν οἰκοδομῶ	1		**For if I again rebuild those things which I destroyed** is a metaphor for someone who returns to trying to obey the law after they trusted in the Messiah. He compares trying to follow the law with someone trying to build a building. He compares someone who trusts in the Messiah with someone who destroys the building they are trying to build. He compares someone who returns to trying to follow the law after trusting the Messiah with someone who wants to rebuild the building they destroyed. Alternate translation: “If I believe in Christ to be justified before God instead of following the law, and then I change my mind and start following the law again for justification.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GAL	2	19	xe23		διὰ νόμου	1		The phrase **through the law** could refer to: (1) Paul’s experience in trying to obey the law (2) how Christ paid the requirements of the law. Alternate translation: “When the Messiah completed the law”
GAL	2	19	r55d	figs-rquestion	ἐγὼ...νόμῳ ἀπέθανον	1		The phrase, **I...died to the law** means that the law no longer has any power or authority over Paul. Alternate translation: “I am separated from the law”
GAL	2	19	xg5q	figs-rquestion	Χριστῷ συνεσταύρωμαι;	1		**I have been crucified with Christ** could mean (1) by the Messiah’s death, Paul was now separated from the law (2) Paul died spiritually and escaped the dominion of sin and the law.
GAL	2	20	bb2x	guidelines-sonofgodprinciples	Υἱοῦ τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	Son of God	This is an important title for Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]])
GAL	2	21	tj6l	figs-litotes	οὐκ ἀθετῶ	1	I do not set aside	Paul states a negative to emphasize the positive. Paul is defending a charge others made against him. He does not reject God’s grace when he rejects following the law. This phrase can be translated positively. Alternate translation: “I confirm the value of” or “I do not reject God’s kindness” or “I do not ignore God’s kindness.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
GAL	2	21	yl3c	figs-hypo	εἰ…διὰ νόμου δικαιοσύνη, ἄρα Χριστὸς δωρεὰν ἀπέθανεν	1	if righteousness could be gained through the law, then Christ died for nothing	Paul is describing a situation that never existed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
GAL	2	21	k6bg		εἰ…διὰ νόμου δικαιοσύνη	1	if righteousness could be gained through the law	Alternate translation: “if people could become righteous by obeying the law” or “if it were possible for a person to become righteous in God’s sight by obeying the law”.
GAL	2	21	rku5		ἄρα Χριστὸς δωρεὰν ἀπέθανεν	1	then Christ died for nothing	Alternate translation: “then Christ would have accomplished nothing by dying” or “then it was pointless for Christ to die”
GAL	3	intro	xd92			0		# Galatians 3 General Notes<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Equality in Christ<br><br>All Christians are equally united to Christ. Ancestry, gender, and status do not matter. All are equal with each other. All are equal in the eyes of God.<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Rhetorical Questions<br><br>Paul uses many different rhetorical questions in this chapter. He uses them to convince the Galatians of their sin. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Flesh<br>This is a complex issue. “Flesh” is possibly a metaphor for our sinful nature. Paul is not teaching that the physical part of man is sinful. “Flesh” is used in this chapter to contrast with that which is spiritual. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/flesh]])<br><br>### “Those of faith are children of Abraham”<br>Scholars are divided on what this means. Some believe Christians inherit the promises that God gave to Abraham, so Christians replace the physical descendants of Israel. Others believe Christians spiritually follow Abraham, but they do not inherit the promises that God gave to Abraham. In light of Paul’s other teachings and the context here, Paul is probably writing about the Jewish and Gentile Christians sharing the same faith as Abraham did. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GAL	3	1	p7uw			0	General Information:	Paul is rebuking the Galatians by asking rhetorical questions.
GAL	3	1	ryu7	figs-irony	τίς ὑμᾶς ἐβάσκανεν	1	Who has put a spell on you?	Paul is using irony and a rhetorical question to say that the Galatians are acting as though someone has put a spell on them. He does not really believe that someone has put a spell on them. Alternate translation: “You behave as if someone has put a spell on you!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GAL	3	1	xvji		ἀνόητοι	1		Alternate translation: “without understanding” or “stupid”
GAL	3	1	dc2j		ὑμᾶς ἐβάσκανεν	1	put a spell on you	Alternate translation: “done magic on you” or “done witchcraft on you”
GAL	3	1	gwv2	figs-metaphor	οἷς κατ’ ὀφθαλμοὺς Ἰησοῦς Χριστὸς προεγράφη ἐσταυρωμένος	1	It was before your eyes that Jesus Christ was publicly displayed as crucified	This metaphor describes how the Galatian believers heard the gospel message preached so clearly that it was if Jesus was crucified before their own eyes. Alternate translation: “You yourselves heard the clear teaching about Jesus being crucified” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GAL	3	2	m1zd	figs-irony	τοῦτο μόνον θέλω μαθεῖν ἀφ’ ὑμῶν	1	This is the only thing I want to learn from you	This continues the irony from verse 1. Paul knows the answers to the rhetorical questions he is about to ask. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
GAL	3	2	wq9g	figs-rquestion	ἐξ ἔργων νόμου τὸ Πνεῦμα ἐλάβετε, ἢ ἐξ ἀκοῆς πίστεως	1	Did you receive the Spirit by the works of the law or by believing what you heard?	Alternate translation: “You received the Spirit, not by doing what the law says, but by believing what you heard.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GAL	3	3	f96u	figs-rquestion	οὕτως ἀνόητοί ἐστε	1	Are you so foolish?	Alternate translation: “You are very foolish!” or “Don’t be so foolish!” or “are you crazy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GAL	3	3	xu4d	figs-metonymy	σαρκὶ	1	by the flesh	The word **flesh** is a metonym and refers to an independent reliance on one’s own effort through outward deeds . Alternate translation: “by your own effort” or “by your own work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GAL	3	4	iyj1	figs-rquestion	τοσαῦτα ἐπάθετε εἰκῇ	1	Have you suffered so many things for nothing…?	Paul uses this rhetorical question to remind the Galatians that when they were suffering, they believed that they would receive some benefit. Alternate translation: “Surely you did not think that you were suffering so many things for nothing…!” or “Surely you knew that there was some good purpose for suffering so many things…!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GAL	3	4	xujz		ἐπάθετε	1		This could refer to: (1) suffering from persecution (2) the spiritual benefits they have experienced.
GAL	3	4	qn1a	figs-explicit	τοσαῦτα ἐπάθετε εἰκῇ	1	Have you suffered so many things for nothing	It can be stated clearly that they had suffered these things because of people who opposed them for their faith in Christ. Alternate translation: “Have you suffered so many things by those who opposed you for your faith in Christ for nothing” or “You believed in Christ, and you suffered many things by those who oppose Christ. Were your belief and suffering for nothing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GAL	3	4	nq68		εἰκῇ	1	for nothing	Alternate translation: “uselessly” or “in vain”
GAL	3	4	xl9l	figs-rquestion	εἴ γε καὶ εἰκῇ	1	if indeed it was for nothing?	This could mean: (1) Paul warns them not to let their experiences be for nothing. Alternate translation: “Do not let it be for nothing!” or “Do not stop believing in Jesus Christ and let your suffering be for nothing.” (2) their suffering was already in vain. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GAL	3	5	s3bc	figs-rquestion	ἐξ ἔργων νόμου ἢ ἐξ ἀκοῆς πίστεως	1	Does he…do so by the works of the law, or by hearing with faith?	Paul asks another rhetorical question to remind the Galatians how people receive the Spirit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GAL	3	5	j4vz		ἐξ ἔργων νόμου	1	by the works of the law	This represents people doing the works that the law requires. Alternate translation: “because you do what the law tells us to do”
GAL	3	5	e17q	figs-explicit	ἐξ ἀκοῆς πίστεως	1	by hearing with faith	Your language may require that what the people heard and whom they trusted be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “because you heard the message and had faith in Jesus” or “because you listened to the message and trusted in Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GAL	3	6	ahy9			0	Connecting Statement:	Paul reminds the Galatian believers that even Abraham received righteousness by faith and not by the law.
GAL	3	6	f7sv		ἐλογίσθη αὐτῷ εἰς δικαιοσύνην	1	it was credited to him as righteousness	God saw Abraham’s faith in God, so then God considered Abraham righteous.
GAL	3	7	i9x4	figs-abstractnouns	οἱ ἐκ πίστεως	1	those of faith	Alternate translation: “those who believe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
GAL	3	7	kq1h	figs-metaphor	οὗτοι υἱοί εἰσιν Ἀβραὰμ	1	children of Abraham	Since Abraham was saved by faith, Abraham’s true children are those who are also saved by faith as he was.This phrase goes against the opponents who claimed that the Galatian believers mustbe circumcised and obey the law in order to be a genuine son of Abraham. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GAL	3	8	vs1m	figs-personification	προϊδοῦσα δὲ ἡ Γραφὴ	1	foreseeing	Here, **the scripture** is a personification and is equivalent to saying “the Lord” or “God”. Alternate translation: “God predicted” or “the Lord saw ahead of time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
GAL	3	8	k9tp	figs-you	ἐν σοὶ	1	In you	The word **you** refers to Abraham and is singular. Alternate translation: “Because of you” or “Because of what you have done” or “Because I have blessed you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
GAL	3	8	j83j		πάντα τὰ ἔθνη	1	all the nations	God was emphasizing that he was not favoring only the Jewish people, his chosen group. His plan of salvation was for both Jews and non-Jews.
GAL	3	10	mxe7		ὅσοι γὰρ ἐξ ἔργων νόμου	1	the works of the law	Alternate translation: “All people who follow the law” or “Everyone who tries to be justified through obeying the law”
GAL	3	10	jhr2	figs-metaphor	ὅσοι γὰρ ἐξ ἔργων νόμου εἰσὶν ὑπὸ κατάραν εἰσίν	1	All who rely on…the law are under a curse	Here, **under a curse** represents being cursed by God. Here it refers to eternal punishment. Alternate translation: “are cursed” or “God will eternally punish” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GAL	3	11	sn9h		δῆλον	1	Now it is clear	Alternate translation: “it is obvious that” or “it is evident that”
GAL	3	11	k6k5		ἐν νόμῳ, οὐδεὶς δικαιοῦται παρὰ τῷ Θεῷ	1	no one is justified before God by the law	Alternate translation: “God justifies no one by the law”
GAL	3	11	i537	figs-nominaladj	ὁ δίκαιος ἐκ πίστεως ζήσεται	1	the righteous will live by faith	The nominal adjective **righteous**” refers to people who righteous. Alternate translation: “Righteous people will live by faith” or “The person who is righteous because he believes will live” “It is through believing that a person becomes righteous and obtains eternal life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
GAL	3	12	rep5		ζήσεται ἐν αὐτοῖς	1	must live by them	Alternate translation: “will live because of them” or “will because he obeyed them”
GAL	3	13	ml63		ἐκ τῆς κατάρας τοῦ νόμου	1	from the curse of the law	The word **curse**  is a metonym for God condemning the person whom he has cursed. Alternate translation: “from God condemn us because we broke the law” or “from being cursed because of the law” or “from being cursed for not obeying the law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GAL	3	13	mt6z		ὁ κρεμάμενος ἐπὶ ξύλου	1	hangs on a tree	Paul expected his audience to understand that he was referring to Jesus hanging on the cross.
GAL	3	14	brf7		ἵνα…ἡ εὐλογία τοῦ Ἀβραὰμ γένηται	1	so that the blessing of Abraham might come	Alternate translation: “Because Christ became a curse for us, the blessing of Abraham will come”
GAL	3	14	h46q	figs-exclusive	λάβωμεν	1	we	The word **we** includes the people who would read the letter. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
GAL	3	15	al9b		ἀδελφοί	1	Brothers	See how you translated this in [Galatians 1:2](../01/02.md).
GAL	3	15	c3gs		κατὰ ἄνθρωπον	1	in human terms	Alternate translation: “from a human standpoint” or “with a human analogy”
GAL	3	16	f1xu		δὲ	1	Now	This word shows that Paul has stated a general principle and is now beginning to introduce a specific case.
GAL	3	16	w3wl		ὡς ἐπὶ πολλῶν	1	referring to many	Alternate translation: “referring to many descendants”
GAL	3	16	t25e	figs-you	τῷ σπέρματί σου	1	to your descendant	The word **your** is singular and refers to a specific person who is a  descendant of Abraham (and that descendant is identified as “Christ”). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
GAL	3	17	h36m	translate-numbers	ὁ μετὰ τετρακόσια καὶ τριάκοντα ἔτη	1	430 years	Alternate translation: “four hundred and thirty years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GAL	3	18	ujg2	figs-hypo	εἰ γὰρ ἐκ νόμου ἡ κληρονομία, οὐκέτι ἐξ ἐπαγγελίας	1	For if the inheritance comes by the law, then it no longer comes by promise	Paul is speaking of a situation that did not exist to emphasize that the inheritance came only by means of the promise. Alternate translation: “the inheritance comes to us by means of the promise, because we could not keep the demands of God’s law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
GAL	3	18	c8fu	figs-metaphor	κληρονομία	1	inheritance	Receiving what God has promised believers is spoken of as if it were an **inheritance** of property. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GAL	3	19	kx2e		τί οὖν ὁ νόμος	1	What, then, was the purpose of the law?	This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “I will tell you what the purpose of the law is.” or “Let me tell you why God gave the law.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GAL	3	19	uk9m	figs-activepassive	προσετέθη	1	It was added	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God added it” or “God added the law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GAL	3	19	cf66	figs-activepassive	διαταγεὶς δι’ ἀγγέλων ἐν χειρὶ μεσίτου	1	The law was put into force through angels by a mediator	God used angels to give the law to Moses. Moses is referred here as a **mediator** between God and the people of Israel. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God issued the law with the help of angels, and a mediator put it into force” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GAL	3	19	bgi6		χειρὶ μεσίτου	1	a mediator	Alternate translation: “given through a middleman”
GAL	3	20	x9l1		ὁ δὲ μεσίτης ἑνὸς οὐκ ἔστιν, ὁ δὲ Θεὸς εἷς ἐστιν	1	Now a mediator implies more than one person, but God is one	God gave his promise to Abraham without a mediator, but he gave the law to Moses, who was a mediator between God and the people of Israel.
GAL	3	21	wes3	figs-exclusive		0	General Information:	The word **us** in this section is inclusive and refers to all Christians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
GAL	3	21	e43u		κατὰ τῶν ἐπαγγελιῶν	1	against the promises	Alternate translation: “opposed to the promises” or “in conflict with the promises”
GAL	3	21	iyg9		ἐν νόμου ἂν ἦν ἡ δικαιοσύνη	1	righteousness would certainly have come by the law	Alternate translation: “we could have become righteous by obeying that law”
GAL	3	22	jbn7	figs-personification	ἡ Γραφὴ	1	scripture	This could refer to: (1) a particular passage of Scripture (2) all of scripture (3) a metonymy for God himself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GAL	3	23	su16	figs-activepassive	ὑπὸ νόμον ἐφρουρούμεθα, συνκλειόμενοι	1	we were held captive under the law, imprisoned	The way the law controlled us is spoken of as if the law were a prison guard holding us as captives. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the law held us captive in prison” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GAL	3	23	t32j	figs-activepassive	εἰς τὴν μέλλουσαν πίστιν ἀποκαλυφθῆναι	1	until faith should be revealed	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “until God would reveal that he justifies those who have faith in Christ” or “until God would reveal that he justifies those who trust in Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GAL	3	24	ln1s	figs-personification	παιδαγωγὸς	1	guardian	A **guardian**  was usually a slave who was responsible for enforcing rules and behaviors given by the parent and would report to the parent on the child’s actions. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
GAL	3	24	s8g5	figs-activepassive	ἵνα…δικαιωθῶμεν	1	so that we might be justified	Before Christ came, God had planned to justify us. When Christ came, he carried out his plan to justify us. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “so that God would declare us to be righteous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GAL	3	27	v6n1		ὅσοι γὰρ εἰς Χριστὸν ἐβαπτίσθητε	1	For as many of you who were baptized into Christ	Alternate translation: “For all of you who were baptized into Christ”
GAL	3	27	di9v	figs-metaphor	Χριστὸν ἐνεδύσασθε	1	have clothed yourselves with Christ	This is a metaphor that means they have been united to Christ and have put on his character of righteousness and virtue. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GAL	3	29	qp4z	figs-metaphor	κληρονόμοι	1	heirs	The people to whom God has made promises are spoken of as if they were to inherit property and wealth from a family member. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GAL	4	intro	h6gw			0		# Galatians 4 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verse 27, which is quoted from the Old Testament.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Sonship<br><br>Sonship is a complex issue. Scholars have many views on Israel’s sonship. Paul uses sonship to teach how being under the law differs from being free in Christ. Not all of Abraham’s physical descendants inherited God’s promises to him. Only his descendants through Isaac and Jacob inherited the promises. And God only adopts into his family those who follow Abraham spiritually through faith. They are children of God with an inheritance. Paul calls them “children of promise.” (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/adoption]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Abba, Father<br>“Abba” is an Aramaic word. In ancient Israel, people used it to informally refer to their fathers. Paul “transliterates” its sounds by writing them with Greek letters. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]])
GAL	4	1	fr5u			0	Connecting Statement:	Paul continues to remind the Galatian believers that Christ came to redeem those who were under the law, and that he rescued them from their enslavement to the law and to sin and has made them God’s children.
GAL	4	2	bd5a		ἐπιτρόπους	1	guardians	The word **guardians** refers to people with legal responsibility for the personal life of a child. Alternate translation: “people supervise the child”.
GAL	4	2	v5g9		οἰκονόμους	1	trustees	The word **stewards** refers to people who watch over the property and finances of the child. Alternate translation: “people manage the child’s possessions”.
GAL	4	3	d6v9	figs-exclusive	ἦμεν	1	General Information:	The word **we** here refers to all Christians, including Paul’s readers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
GAL	4	3	n21q	figs-metaphor	ὅτε ἦμεν νήπιοι	1	when we were children	Here **children** is a metaphor for the time before someone trusts in the Messiah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GAL	4	3	u462		τὰ στοιχεῖα τοῦ κόσμου	1	the elemental principles of the world	This could refer to: (1) the laws, knowledge, or moral principles of the world (2) the spiritual beings, which some people thought control what happens on earth (3) the Jewish religion.
GAL	4	3	cd2w	figs-metaphor	ἤμεθα δεδουλωμένοι	1	we were enslaved to the elemental principles of the world	Here, **we were being enslaved** is a metaphor for being unable to stop one’s self from doing something. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the spirits that ruled the world had made us their slaves,” or “the spirits that ruled the world had caused us to serve them like slaves.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GAL	4	4	l5tf	guidelines-sonofgodprinciples	τὸν Υἱὸν	1	Son	This is an important title for Jesus, the Son of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]])
GAL	4	4	ujfp		τὸ πλήρωμα τοῦ χρόνου	1		Here, **the fullness of time** shows that God was working his purposes throughout history. It emphasizes a time designated by God to deliver people from their helplessness and enslavement to the Law and to those forces that are opposed to God. Alternate translation: “at the proper time” or “at the designated time”
GAL	4	5	v5cb	figs-metaphor	ἐξαγοράσῃ	1	redeem	Paul uses the metaphor of a person buying back lost property or buying the freedom of a slave as a picture of Jesus paying for his people’s sins by dying on the cross. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GAL	4	6	a274		ἐστε υἱοί	1	you are sons	Paul uses the word for male child here because the subject is inheritance. In his culture and that of his readers, inheritance passed most commonly, but not always, to male children. He was neither specifying nor excluding female children here.
GAL	4	6	xhe6	guidelines-sonofgodprinciples	τοῦ υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ	1	his Son	This is an important title for Jesus, the Son of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) The Holy Spirit is intimately linked to God’s Son. The Spirit was the promise of the Son (Jn. 14) as well as of the Father. It is by the Spirit that Christ lives in our hearts.
GAL	4	6	nei3	figs-metonymy	εἰς τὰς καρδίας ἡμῶν	1	sent the Spirit of his Son into our hearts	The heart is metonym for the center and source of the whole inner life of a person. It is the source of thinking, feeling, and volition. Alternate translation: “to live in us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GAL	4	6	s54r		κρᾶζον	1	who calls	The Spirit is the subject of the one “crying out.” Yet this also expresses the believer’s attitude as well. it is important to avoid translating this verb in a way that would suggest either shouting or weeping.
GAL	4	6	eqx5		Ἀββά, ὁ Πατήρ	1	God has sent the Spirit of his Son into our hearts, who calls out, “Abba, Father.”	By calling out **Abba, Father** the Spirit assures us that we are God’s children and he loves us. **Abba** is an Aramaic word that was used by a child to address their father.
GAL	4	7	e7tc		υἱός	1	you are no longer a slave, but a son	Paul uses **son** here because the subject is inheritance. In his culture and that of his readers, inheritance passed most commonly, but not always, to male children. He was neither specifying nor excluding female children here.
GAL	4	7	akb8	figs-you	εἶ	1	you are no longer a slave…you are also an heir	Paul is addressing his readers as though they are one person, so **you** here is singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
GAL	4	7	d5hu	figs-metaphor	κληρονόμος	1	heir	The word **heir** refers to how believers inherit the promises God made to Abraham like a person inherits property and wealth from a family member. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GAL	4	8	ukf5			0	Connecting Statement:	Paul reminds the Galatian believers that they are again trying to live under God’s laws rather than living by faith.
GAL	4	8	cj5i		τοῖς φύσει μὴ οὖσι θεοῖς	1	those who are	The phrase, **those, by nature, not being gods** refers to the beings which the Galatians served when they were pagans and were considered by them to be gods, but they were not really gods
GAL	4	9	b8ue	figs-metaphor	ἐπιστρέφετε πάλιν	1	how is it that you are turning back to…principles?	Here, **turning again** is a metaphor for starting to follow and obey their former false religion practices. This is the first of two rhetorical questions Paul gives. Alternate translation: “you should not start obeying again.” or “you should not follow again.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GAL	4	9	n5ie		τὰ ἀσθενῆ καὶ πτωχὰ στοιχεῖα	1	elemental principles	See how you translated this phrase in [Galatians 4:3](../04/03.md).
GAL	4	9	w28k	figs-rquestion	οἷς πάλιν ἄνωθεν δουλεύειν θέλετε	1	Do you want to be enslaved all over again?	Paul uses this rhetorical  question to rebuke the Galatian believers for behaving in a way that would make them like slaves. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GAL	4	9	s77e	figs-metaphor	οἷς πάλιν ἄνωθεν δουλεύειν θέλετε	1	Do you want to be enslaved all over again?	Here, **to be enslaved again** is a metaphor for being obligated to obey certain rules or customs. Alternate translation: “Do you want to have to obey rules again like a slave must obey his master?” or “It seems that you want to be controlled by these rules all over again!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GAL	4	10	w7d5		ἡμέρας παρατηρεῖσθε, καὶ μῆνας, καὶ καιροὺς, καὶ ἐνιαυτούς	1	You observe days and new moons and seasons and years	Paul is speaking of their being careful to celebrate certain times, thinking that doing that will make them right with God. Alternate translation: “You carefully celebrate days and new moons and seasons and years”
GAL	4	11	bsv1		εἰκῇ	1	may have been for nothing	Alternate translation: “may have been useless” or “has not had any effect”
GAL	4	12	ql14			0	Connecting Statement:	Paul reminds the Galatian believers how kindly they treated him when he was with them, and he encourages them to continue to trust him while he is not there with them.
GAL	4	12	p9gn		ἀδελφοί	1	brothers	See how you translated this in [Galatians 1:2](../01/02.md) and [Galatians 3:15](../03/15.md).
GAL	4	12	n3wf		οὐδέν με ἠδικήσατε	1	You did me no wrong	This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “You treated me well” or “You treated me as you should have”
GAL	4	14	tk1l		καὶ τὸν πειρασμὸν ὑμῶν ἐν τῇ σαρκί μου	1	Though my physical condition put you to the test	This could mean: (1) they endured the difficulty of welcoming Paul when he was sick (2) they resisted the temptation to reject Paul when he was sick.
GAL	4	14	v9xa		οὐκ ἐξουθενήσατε	1	despise	Alternate translation: “you did not scorn” or “you did not hate”
GAL	4	17	s9kn		ἀλλὰ ἐκκλεῖσαι ὑμᾶς	1	to shut you out	Alternate translation: “to shut you out from us” or “to make you stop being loyal to us”
GAL	4	17	iv1d		αὐτοὺς ζηλοῦτε	1	zealous for them	Alternate translation: “you would be devoted to them” or “you would be attached to them”.
GAL	4	19	u3eb	figs-metaphor	τέκνα μου	1	My little children	This is a metaphor and points to the fact that it was through Paul that the Galatians had become Christians. Alternate translation: “You who are disciples because of me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GAL	4	19	yf9e	figs-metaphor	οὓς…ὠδίνω, μέχρις οὗ μορφωθῇ Χριστὸς ἐν ὑμῖν	1	I am in the pains of childbirth for you until Christ is formed in you	Paul uses childbirth as a metaphor for his concern about the Galatians. Alternate translation: “I am in pain as though I were a woman giving birth to you, and I will continue to be in pain until Christ truly controls you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GAL	4	21	z1um		λέγετέ μοι	1	Tell me	Alternate translation: “I want to ask a question” or “I want to tell you something”.
GAL	4	21	u6fs	figs-rquestion	τὸν νόμον οὐκ ἀκούετε	1	do you not listen to the law?	Paul is introducing what he will say next. Alternate translation: “you need to learn what the law really says.” or “let me tell you what the law really says.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GAL	4	24	k5qu		ἀλληγορούμενα	1	as an allegory	An **allegory** is a historical event that represents something else. In Paul’s allegory, the two women referred to in [Galatians 4:22](../04/22.md) represent two different covenants.
GAL	4	24	u4hr	figs-synecdoche	Ὄρους Σινά	1	Mount Sinai	**Mount Sinai** is a synecdoche for the law that Moses gave to the Israelites there. Alternate translation: “Mount Sinai, where Moses gave the law to Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GAL	4	24	u3u9	figs-metaphor	δουλείαν γεννῶσα	1	she gives birth to children who are slaves	Paul treats the law as if it were a person. Alternate translation: “The people under this covenant are like slaves who have to obey the law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
GAL	4	25	u1cc		συνστοιχεῖ	1	she represents	Alternate translation: “represents” or “is similar”.
GAL	4	25	ck7v	figs-metaphor	δουλεύει…μετὰ τῶν τέκνων αὐτῆς	1	she is in slavery with her children	Hagar is a slave and her children are slaves with her. Alternate translation: “Jerusalem, like Hagar, is a slave, and her children are slaves with her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GAL	4	27	jql2		εὐφράνθητι	1	Rejoice	Alternate translation: “Be happy”.
GAL	4	28	ad75		ἀδελφοί	1	brothers	See how you translated this word in [Galatians 1:2](../01/02.md).
GAL	4	28	ct63		ἐπαγγελίας τέκνα	1	children of promise	Here, **children of promise** could refer to: (1) Abraham’s children (2) God’s children.
GAL	4	29	c9lf	figs-metaphor	κατὰ σάρκα	1	according to the flesh	This refers to how Abraham became Ishmael’s father by taking Hagar as a wife. Alternate translation: “by means of human action” or “the natural way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GAL	4	29	gt1e		κατὰ Πνεῦμα	1	according to the Spirit	Here, **according to Spirit** means Isaac was born in a supernatural way, through the power of the Holy Spirit. Alternate translation: “because of the Spirit” or “because of the work of the Spirit”
GAL	4	31	sy8u		ἀδελφοί	1	brothers	See how you translated this in [Galatians 1:2](../01/02.md).
GAL	5	intro	bcg3			0		# Galatians 5 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Paul continues writing about the law of Moses as something that traps or enslaves a person. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Fruit of the Spirit<br>The phrase “the fruit of the Spirit” is not plural, even though it begins a list of several things. Translators should keep the singular form if possible. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/fruit]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Illustrations<br>Paul uses several metaphors in this chapter to illustrate his points and help explain complicated issues. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### “You are cut off from Christ, you who would be justified by the law; you no longer experience grace.”<br>Some scholars think Paul teaches that being circumcised causes a person to lose their salvation. Other scholars think Paul means that obeying the law to try to get right with God will keep a person from being saved by grace. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]])
GAL	5	1	up16			0	Connecting Statement:	Paul applies the allegory of the two women to remind believers that the are free from having to obey the law.
GAL	5	1	kuu9	figs-explicit	τῇ ἐλευθερίᾳ, ἡμᾶς Χριστὸς ἠλευθέρωσεν	1	For freedom Christ has set us free	**For freedom Christ set us free** implies that Christ sets believers free from the law and that they are not obligated to obey it. Alternate translation: “Christ has set us free from the old covenant so that we might be free” or “Christ has set us free from the law so that we might live as free people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GAL	5	1	j679	figs-metaphor	στήκετε	1	Stand firm	**Stand firm** figuratively refers to staying strongly resolute for a certain task. Here, it is implied that the Galatian believers are continue to be determined to live a life free from the law. Alternate translation: “Do not give in to the arguments of people who teach something else” or “Be determined to stay free” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GAL	5	1	ovu1	figs-metaphor	μὴ πάλιν ζυγῷ δουλείας ἐνέχεσθε	1		Here, **do not again be subjected to a yoke of slavery** figuratively refers to being obligated to obey the law. Alternate translation: “do not live like one who is controlled like being under a yoke of slavery to the law” or “do not go back again to being a slave of the law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GAL	5	2	lrsx		ἐὰν περιτέμνησθε	1		Alternate translation: “if you let someone circumcise you” or “if you receive circumcision”
GAL	5	2	vk9o		Χριστὸς ὑμᾶς οὐδὲν ὠφελήσει.	1		Paul means that if a person is circumcised in order to receive salvation, then all that Christ has done for them is for nothing. No one can be justified by faith in Christ and at the same time by their own efforts.
GAL	5	3	h4q5		μαρτύρομαι δὲ	1	I testify	Alternate translation: “I declare” or “I serve as a witness” or “I tell you” or “I warn you”
GAL	5	4	h4yu	figs-metaphor	κατηργήθητε ἀπὸ Χριστοῦ	1	You are cut off from Christ	Here **cut off** is a metaphor for separation from Christ. Alternate translation: “You have ended your relationship with Christ” or “You are no longer united with Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GAL	5	4	ipf7		οἵτινες ἐν νόμῳ δικαιοῦσθε	1	you who would be justified by the law	The phrase **being justified by the law** describes the attempt or pursuit to be justified by the law. Alternate translation: “all of you who think you can be justified by doing the deeds required by the law” or “you who want to be justified by the law”
GAL	5	4	k6xe	figs-explicit	τῆς χάριτος ἐξεπέσατε	1	you no longer experience grace	Alternate translation: “you have turned your back on the grace of God” or “God will not be gracious to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GAL	5	5	pdm1	figs-exclusive		0	General Information:	Here, **we** refers to Paul and those who do not trust in the law, but in the Messiah. And exclusive form of “we” fits the context better in this case. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
GAL	5	5	vvk6		Πνεύματι	1	For through the Spirit	Alternate translation: “by the power of the Spirit” or “by the help of the Spirit”
GAL	5	5	qg9m		ἡμεῖς…ἐκ πίστεως ἐλπίδα δικαιοσύνης ἀπεκδεχόμεθα	1	by faith, we eagerly wait for the hope of righteousness	This could mean: (1) “we are waiting by faith for the hope of righteousness” (2) “we are waiting for the hope of righteousness that comes by faith”
GAL	5	6	y2ww	figs-metonymy	οὔτε περιτομή…οὔτε ἀκροβυστία	1	neither circumcision nor uncircumcision	The words **circumcision** and **uncircumcision** refer to being a Jew or a non-Jew. Alternate translation: “neither being a Jew nor not being a Jew” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GAL	5	6	qp6b		τι ἰσχύει	1	means anything	Alternate translation: “makes no difference” or “is meaningless”
GAL	5	7	jj48	figs-metaphor	ἐτρέχετε	1	You were running	Paul uses the metaphor of **running** to describe the spiritual progress the Galatian believers were making. Alternate translation: “You were making excellent progress” or “you were doing so well” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GAL	5	8	sx6u		πεισμονὴ	1	persuasion	Here, **persuasion** refers to the idea of getting a person to change what they believe and act differently. Alternate translation: “This teaching which persuaded you to stop trusting in the Messiah” or “This way of thinking”
GAL	5	9	q926		μικρὰ ζύμη	1		**A little leaven** describes the  teaching of circumcision, which threaten to ruin the entire lives of the Galatian believers.
GAL	5	10	enp1		οὐδὲν ἄλλο φρονήσετε	1	you will take no other view	Alternate translation: “you will not believe anything different from what I am telling you” or “you will not think differently than what I believe”
GAL	5	10	jc72		ταράσσων ὑμᾶς	1	is troubling you	Alternate translation: “is causing you to be uncertain about the truth” or “stirs up trouble among you”
GAL	5	10	llh5		ὅστις ἐὰν ᾖ	1	whoever he is	This could mean: (1) Paul does not know the names of the people who are telling the Galatians that they need to obey the law of Moses (2) Paul does not want the Galatians to care about whether they are important or influential.
GAL	5	11	d4mm	figs-hypo	ἐγὼ δέ, ἀδελφοί, εἰ περιτομὴν ἔτι κηρύσσω, τί ἔτι διώκομαι	1	Brothers, if I still proclaim circumcision, why am I still being persecuted?	Paul is describing a situation that does not exist to emphasize the fact that people are persecuting him. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
GAL	5	11	nv5x		ἀδελφοί	1	Brothers	See how you translated this in [Galatians 1:2](../01/02.md), [Galatians 3:15](../03/15.md), [Galatians 4:12](../04/12.md).
GAL	5	11	y3ug	figs-activepassive	κατήργηται τὸ σκάνδαλον τοῦ σταυροῦ	1	the stumbling block of the cross has been removed	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the teaching about the cross has no stumbling block” or “there is nothing in the teaching of the cross that would cause people to stumble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GAL	5	11	arj5	figs-metaphor	κατήργηται τὸ σκάνδαλον τοῦ σταυροῦ	1	the stumbling block of the cross has been removed	Stumbling represents sinning, and a stumbling block represents something that causes people to sin. In this case the sin is to reject the truth of the teaching that in order to be made right with God, people only need to believe that Jesus died on the cross for us. Alternate translation: “the teaching about the cross that causes people to reject the truth has been removed” or “there is nothing in the teaching about Jesus dying on the cross that would lead people to reject the teaching” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GAL	5	12	sfl2	figs-metaphor	ἀποκόψονται	1	castrate themselves	This could be: (1) literal, to cut off their male organs so as to become eunuchs (2) metaphorical, completely withdraw from the Christian community. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GAL	5	13	y1g7		γὰρ	1	For	Paul is giving the reason for his words in [Galatians 5:12](../05/12.md).
GAL	5	13	ekb2	figs-metaphor	ὑμεῖς…ἐπ’ ἐλευθερίᾳ ἐκλήθητε	1	you were called to freedom	It is implied that Christ has set believers free from the old covenant. Here freedom from the old covenant is a metaphor for not being obligated to obey it. Alternate translation: “You were called to freedom from the old covenant” or “Christ has chosen you to not be obligated to the old covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GAL	5	13	yp6r		ἀδελφοί	1	brothers	See how you translated this in [Galatians 1:2](../01/02.md).
GAL	5	13	viv6	figs-explicit	ἀφορμὴν τῇ σαρκί	1	an opportunity for the sinful nature	The word *flesh** refers to the part of human nature that does not submit to God. This word sums up the impelling motive of the natural man, and is the moral bias of the man who is not ruled by the Holy Spirit. The relationship between  **opportunity** and **the flesh** can be stated more clearly. Alternate translation: “an opportunity for you to behave according to your sinful nature” or “an opportunity to follow the evil desires of your hearts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GAL	5	14	ct8i		ὁ…πᾶς νόμος ἐν ἑνὶ λόγῳ πεπλήρωται	1	the whole law is fulfilled in one command	This could mean: (1) “you can state the whole law in just one commandment” (2) “by obeying one commandment, you obey all the commandments”
GAL	5	14	qt9c	figs-yousingular	ἀγαπήσεις τὸν πλησίον σου ὡς σεαυτόν	1	You must love your neighbor as yourself	The words **your** and **yourself** are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
GAL	5	16	yb58	figs-metaphor	Πνεύματι περιπατεῖτε	1	walk by the Spirit	Here, **walk** is a metaphor for living. Alternate translation: “conduct your life in the power of the Holy Spirit” or “live your life in dependence on the Spirit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GAL	5	16	dyj7	figs-idiom	ἐπιθυμίαν σαρκὸς οὐ μὴ τελέσητε	1	you will not carry out the desires of the sinful nature	The phrase **you would certainly not fulfill the desires of the flesh**” is an idiom that means “to do what someone desires.” Alternate translation: “You will not do what your sinful nature desires” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GAL	5	16	rl5s	figs-personification	ἐπιθυμίαν σαρκὸς	1	the desires of the sinful nature	The sinful nature is spoken of as if it were a person and wanted to sin. Alternate translation: “what you want to do because of your sinful nature” or “the things you want to do because you are sinful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]). See how you translated this **flesh** in [Galatians 5:13].
GAL	5	18	san8		οὐκ ἐστὲ ὑπὸ νόμον	1	not under the law	Alternate translation: “you are not obligated to obey the law of Moses”
GAL	5	19	yf2a	figs-personification	τὰ ἔργα τῆς σαρκός	1	the works of the sinful nature	The word **flesh** is used as if it were a person. The abstract noun **works** can be translated with the verb “does.” Alternate translation: “what the sinful nature does” or “the deeds if we follow the sinful desires of our hearts” or “what people do because of their sinful nature.” See how you translated **flesh** in [Galatians 5:13] and [Galatians 5:16].
GAL	5	21	rs9b	figs-metaphor	κληρονομήσουσιν	1	inherit	The word **inherit** figuratively refers to how believers will receive what God has promised believers like someone who inherits property and wealth from a family member. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GAL	5	22	hez3	figs-metaphor	ὁ δὲ καρπὸς τοῦ Πνεύματός	1	the fruit of the Spirit is love…faith	Here, **fruit** is a metaphor for “result” or “outcome.” Alternate translation: “But what the Spirit produces” or “But the Spirit makes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GAL	5	24	l6ux	figs-personification	τὴν σάρκα ἐσταύρωσαν σὺν τοῖς παθήμασιν καὶ ταῖς ἐπιθυμίαις	1	have crucified the sinful nature with its passions and desires	Paul speaks of Christians who refuse to live according to their sinful nature as if it were a person and they have killed it on a cross. Alternate translation: “refuse to live according the sinful nature with its passions and desires, as if they killed it on a cross.” See how you translated **flesh** in [Galatians 5:13], [Galatians 5:16], and [Galatians 5:19]. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GAL	5	25	h9hd		εἰ ζῶμεν Πνεύματι	1	If we live by the Spirit	Alternate translation: “Since God’s Spirit has caused us to be alive”
GAL	5	25	sq7b	figs-metaphor	Πνεύματι καὶ στοιχῶμεν	1	walk by the Spirit	Here, **walk** is a metaphor for how a person lives. Alternate translation: “then we should allow the Holy Spirit to guide how we live” or “let us follow the Holy Spirit in every part of our lives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GAL	6	intro	bv8h			0		# Galatians 6 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter concludes Paul’s letter. His final words address some issues that do not seem to be connected to the rest of his letter.<br><br>### Brothers<br>Paul writes the words in this chapter to Christians. He calls them “brothers.” This refers to Paul’s Christian brothers and not his Jewish brothers.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### New Creation<br><br>People who are born again are a new creation in Christ. Christians have been given new life in Christ. They have a new nature in them after they come to faith in Christ. To Paul, this is more significant than a person’s ancestry. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bornagain]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Flesh<br><br>This is a complex issue. “Flesh” is contrasted with “spirit.” In this chapter, flesh is also used to refer to the physical body. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/flesh]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]])
GAL	6	1	x8zg			0	Connecting Statement:	Paul teaches believers how they should treat other believers and how God rewards someone who is faithful.
GAL	6	1	ss7l		ἀδελφοί	1	Brothers	See how you translated **brothers** in [Galatians 1:2](../01/02.md), [Galatians 3:15](../03/15.md), [Galatians 4:12](../04/12.md), and [Galatians 5:11](../05/11.md).
GAL	6	1	vm8f		ἐὰν…ἄνθρωπος	1	if someone	Alternate translation: “if anyone among you” or “if one of you”
GAL	6	1	vts8		ἐὰν καὶ προλημφθῇ ἄνθρωπος ἔν τινι παραπτώματι	1	if someone is caught in any trespass	This could mean: (1) a fellow believers catches the person committing a sin. Alternate translation: “if someone is discovered in an act of sin” (2) a sin overcomes a person so that they sin. Alternate translation: “if someone among you sins” or “if someone is led astray to sin”
GAL	6	1	t4rm		ὑμεῖς, οἱ πνευματικοὶ	1	you who are spiritual	Alternate translation: “those of you who are guided by the Spirit” or “you who submit to the Spirit”
GAL	6	1	hdj8		καταρτίζετε τὸν τοιοῦτον	1	restore him	Alternate translation: “exhort the person who sinned to return to a correct relationship with God” or “you should humbly help bring that person to the right path”
GAL	6	1	tr5r		ἐν πνεύματι πραΰτητος	1	in a spirit of gentleness	This could refer to: (1) the person’s attitude and disposition. Alternate translation: “with an attitude of gentleness” or “in a kind way” (2) the Holy Spirit who is characterized by gentleness is directing the one offering correction. Alternate translation: “through the Holy Spirit of gentleness” or “by following the Holy Spirit who is gentle”
GAL	6	1	rrg9	figs-yousingular	σκοπῶν σεαυτόν	1	Be concerned about yourself	These words treat the Galatians as though they are all one person to emphasize that he is talking to each of them. Alternate translation: “Be concerned about yourselves” or “I say to each one of you, ‘Be careful for yourself’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
GAL	6	1	ljx6	figs-activepassive	μὴ καὶ σὺ πειρασθῇς	1	so you also may not be tempted	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “so that you  are tempted and also sin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GAL	6	2	m6jz		ἀναπληρώσετε τὸν νόμον τοῦ Χριστοῦ	1		Here, **the law of Christ** does not refer to a set of rules, but most likely to the Messiah’s command to love one another in [John 13:34](../1jn/13/34). It involves submission to the person of Jesus and not to a code or list of commandments. This is similar to Paul’s statement that the law can be summarized by loving one another in [Galatians 5:14].
GAL	6	3	v6ts		εἰ γὰρ	1	For if	**For** could be connected to: (1) **carry one another’s burdens** ([Galatians 6:2](../06/02.md)) (2)  **lest you also might be tempted** ([Galatians 6:1](../06/01.md)) (3) *Let us not become conceited** ([Galatians 5:26](../05/26.md)).
GAL	6	3	m4wk		εἶναί τι	1	he is something	Alternate translation: “he is better than others”
GAL	6	3	zz1g		μηδὲν ὤν	1	he is nothing	Alternate translation: “he is not better than others”
GAL	6	5	ee8v		τὸ ἴδιον φορτίον βαστάσει	1	each one will carry his own load	The could mean: (1) each person has their own responsibilities and tasks. Alternate translation: “each person must do the work that God has given him” or “each person is responsible for only his  work” (2) each person is responsible for their own weaknesses and sins. Alternate translation: “each person is responsible for their own weaknesses”
GAL	6	7	x5pi	figs-metaphor	ὃ γὰρ ἐὰν σπείρῃ ἄνθρωπος, τοῦτο καὶ θερίσει	1	for whatever a man plants, that he will also gather in	Here, **sow** represents doing things that end in some kind of result, and **reap** represents experiencing the results of what one has done. Alternate translation: “for just as a farmer gathers in the fruit of whatever kind of seeds he plants, so everyone experiences the results of whatever he does” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GAL	6	7	gii9	figs-gendernotations	ὃ γὰρ ἐὰν σπείρῃ ἄνθρωπος	1	whatever a man plants	Alternate translation: “whatever a person plants” or “whatever someone plants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
GAL	6	8	lzz8	figs-metaphor	ὁ σπείρων εἰς τὴν σάρκα ἑαυτοῦ	1	plants seed to his own sinful nature	Here, **sowing** is a metaphor for doing deeds that will have consequences later. In this case, **sowing to his own flesh** refers to a person doing sinful actions because of his sinful nature. Alternate translation: “the person who continually does deeds following the evil desires of their heart” or “the person who does the things he wants to do because of his sinful nature” or “the person who does what pleases his sinful self” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GAL	6	8	dge9	figs-metaphor	θερίσει φθοράν	1	will gather in destruction	Here, **destruction** refers to God punishing the person as if the person were harvesting a crop. Alternate translation: “will receive punishment for what he did” or “he will harvest death” or “he will harvest punishment that is forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GAL	6	8	aqz2	figs-metaphor	ὁ δὲ σπείρων εἰς τὸ Πνεῦμα	1	plants seed to the Spirit	Here, **sowing** is a metaphor for doing deeds that will have consequences later. In this case, **sowing to the Spirit** refers to a person who does good actions because he is obeying and following God’s Spirit. Alternate translation: “the person who does the things God’s Spirit loves” or “the person who lives to please the Spirit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GAL	6	8	k1p7		ἐκ τοῦ Πνεύματος θερίσει ζωὴν αἰώνιον	1	will gather in eternal life from the Spirit	Here, **eternal life** refers to God rewarding the person as if the person were harvesting a crop. Alternate translation: “will receive eternal life as a reward from God’s Spirit” or “he will harvest eternal life from the Holy Spirit”
GAL	6	9	u77c		καιρῷ γὰρ ἰδίῳ	1	for at the right time	Alternate translation: “for at the proper time” or “when the right time arrives”
GAL	6	10	ax66		ἄρα οὖν	1	So then	Alternate translation: “As a result of this” or “Because of this”
GAL	6	10	jz9i		τοὺς οἰκείους τῆς πίστεως	1	those who belong to the household of faith	Alternate translation: “those who are members of God’s family through faith in Christ”
GAL	6	11	i7ap			0	Connecting Statement:	As Paul closes this letter, he gives one more reminder that the law does not save and that they should remember the cross of Christ.
GAL	6	11	d6rk		τῇ ἐμῇ χειρί	1	with my own hand	This could mean: (1) Paul had someone write most of this letter as Paul told him what to write, but Paul himself wrote this last part of the letter (2) Paul wrote the whole letter himself.
GAL	6	12	kmd7		εὐπροσωπῆσαι ἐν σαρκί	1	make a good impression	Alternate translation: “others will think well of them” or “others will think that they are good people”
GAL	6	12	r5p1		ἐν σαρκί	1	in the flesh	Here, **in the flesh** refers to their desire to circumcise the Galatian believers. Alternate translation: “outwardly” or “by the way their bodies appear”
GAL	6	12	jd4x	figs-metonymy	τῷ σταυρῷ	1	the cross	Here, **for the cross** represents what Christ did for us when he died on the cross. Alternate translation: “the work Jesus did on the cross” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GAL	6	14	v2qs	figs-ellipsis	κἀγὼ κόσμῳ	1	I to the world	The words **has been crucified** are understood from the previous phrase. This means  that the natural world has stopped having any claims or influence on Paul. Alternate translation: “and I have been crucified to the world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
GAL	6	15	n6n7		καινὴ κτίσις	1	a new creation	Here, **a new creation** refers to the whole process of conversion when someone trusts in the Messiah and the Holy Spirit gives that person new life.
GAL	6	16	b4al		τὸν Ἰσραὴλ τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	peace and mercy be upon them, even upon the Israel of God	This could refer to: (1) believers in general are the Israel of God (2) Jewish believers are the Israel of God (3) the Jews in general are the Israel of God
GAL	6	17	cz8a		κόπους μοι	1	trouble me	This means Paul does not want the Galatian believers to doubt his authority or continue to cause him trouble by following teachers who demand them to become circumcised.
GAL	6	17	j729		ἐγὼ γὰρ τὰ στίγματα τοῦ Ἰησοῦ ἐν τῷ σώματί μου βαστάζω	1	for I carry on my body the marks of Jesus	Here, **the marks** were scars from people who beat and whipped Paul because they did not like him teaching about Jesus. Alternate translation: “for the scars on my body show that I serve Jesus”
GAL	6	18	pk25		ἀδελφοί	1	brothers	See how you translated this in [Galatians 1:2](../01/02.md).