diff --git a/en_tn_46-ROM.tsv b/en_tn_46-ROM.tsv index 6e6a542aa7..0e93869d51 100644 --- a/en_tn_46-ROM.tsv +++ b/en_tn_46-ROM.tsv @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNote -ROM front intro gtn1 0 # Introduction to Romans\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of the book of Romans\n\n1. Introduction (1:1–15)\n2. Main Theme: Righteousness is received by trusting in Jesus Christ (1:16–17)\n3. All mankind is condemned because of sin (1:18–3:20)\n4. Righteousness is received through Jesus Christ by trusting in him (3:21–5:21)\n5. Becoming like Christ in this life (6:1–8:39)\n6. God’s plan for Israel (9:1–11:36)\n7. Instructions for living as Christians (12:1–15:13)\n8. Conclusion (15:14–16:27)\n\n### Who wrote the book of Romans?\n\nThe Apostle Paul wrote the book of Romans and may other books in the New Testament. Paul was from the city of Tarsus. He had been known as Saul in his early life. Before becoming a Christian, Paul was part of a strict Jewish religious group called the Pharisees. He persecuted Christians. After he became a Christian, he traveled several times throughout the Roman Empire telling people about Jesus.\n\nPaul probably wrote this letter while he was staying in the city of Corinth during his third trip through the Roman Empire.\n\n### What is the book of Romans about?\n\nPaul wrote this letter to the Christians in Rome. Paul wanted to get them ready to receive him when he visited them. He said his purpose was to “bring about the obedience of faith” ([16:26](../16/26.md)).\n\nIn this letter Paul most fully described the gospel of Jesus Christ. He explained that both Jews and non-Jews have sinned, and God will forgive them and declare them righteous only if they believe in Jesus (chapters 1–11). Then he gave them practical advice for how believers should live (chapters 12–16),\n\n### How should the title of this book be translated?\n\nTranslators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, “Romans.” Or they may choose a clearer title, such as “Paul’s Letter to the Church in Rome,” or “A Letter to the Christians in Rome.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### What are the titles used to refer to Jesus?\n\nIn Romans, Paul described Jesus Christ by many titles and descriptions: Jesus Christ (1:1), the Seed of David (1:3), the Son of God (1:4), the Lord Jesus Christ (1:7), Christ Jesus (3:24), Propitiation (3:25), Jesus (3:26), Jesus our Lord (4:24), Lord of Hosts (9:29), a Stumbling Stone and Rock of Offence (9:33), the End of the Law (10:4), the Deliverer (11:26), Lord of the Dead and the Living (14:9), and the Root of Jesse (15:12).\n\n### How should theological terms in Romans be translated?\n\nPaul uses many theological terms that are not used in the four Gospels. As early Christians learned more about the meaning of Jesus Christ and his message, they needed words and expressions for new ideas. Some examples of these words are “justification” (5:1), “works of the law” (3:20), “reconcile” (5:10), “propitiation” (3:25), “sanctification” (6:19), and “the old man” (6:6). If your language doesn’t have similar words, you can develop short phrases to communicate these ideas. For example, the term “gospel” can be translated as “the good news about Jesus Christ.”\n\nTranslators should also remember that some of these terms have more than one meaning. The meaning will depend on how the author is using the word in that particular passage. For example, “righteousness” sometimes means that a person obeys God’s law. At other times, “righteousness” means that Jesus Christ has perfectly obeyed God’s law for us.\n\n### What did Paul mean by “a remnant” of Israel ([11:5](../11/05.md))?\n\nThe idea of a “remnant” is important both in the Old Testament and for Paul. Most of the Israelites were either killed or scattered among other people when the Assyrians and then the Babylonians conquered their land. Only a relatively few Jews survived. They were known as “the remnant.”\n\nIn [11:1–9](../11/01.md), Paul speaks of another remnant. This remnant is the Jews whom God saved because they believed in Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/remnant]])\n\n## Part 3: Important Translation Issues\n\n### What did Paul mean by being “in Christ”?\n\nThe phrase “in Christ” and similar phrases occur in 3:24; 6:11, 23; 8:1,2,39; 9:1; 12:5,17; 15:17; and 16:3,7,9,10. Paul used these kinds of phrases as a metaphor to express that Christian believers belong to Jesus Christ. Belonging to Christ means the believer is saved and is made a friend with God. The believer is also promised to live with God forever. However, this idea can be difficult to represent in many languages.\n\nThese phrases also have specific meanings that depend on how Paul used them in a particular passage. For example, in [3:24](../03/24.md) (“the redemption that is in Christ Jesus”), Paul referred to our being redeemed “because” of Jesus Christ. In [8:9](../08/09.md) (“you are not in the flesh but in the Spirit”), Paul spoke of believers submitting “to” the Holy Spirit. In [9:1](../09/01.md) (“I tell the truth in Christ”), Paul meant that he is telling the truth that “is in agreement with” Jesus Christ.\n\nNevertheless, the basic idea of our being united with Jesus Christ (and with the Holy Spirit) is seen in these passages as well. Therefore, the translator has a choice in many passages that use “in.” He will often decide to represent the more immediate sense of “in,” such as, “by means of,” “in the manner of,” or “in regard to.” But, if possible, the translator should choose a word or phrase that represents the immediate sense and the sense of “in union with.” (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inchrist]])\n\n### How are the ideas of “holy,” “saints” or “holy ones,” and “sanctify” represented in Romans in the ULT?\n\nThe scriptures use such words to indicate any one of various ideas. For this reason, it is often difficult for translators to represent them well in their versions. In translating into English, the ULT uses the following principles:\n\n* Sometimes the meaning in a passage implies moral holiness. Especially important for understanding the gospel is the fact that God considers Christians to be sinless because they are united to Jesus Christ. Another related fact is that God is perfect and faultless. A third fact is that Christians are to conduct themselves in a blameless and faultless manner in life. In these cases, the ULT uses “holy,” “holy God,” “holy ones” or “holy people.” (See: [1:7](../01/07.md))\n* Sometimes the meaning in a passage indicates a simple reference to Christians without implying any particular role filled by them. In cases where some other English versions have “saints” or “holy ones,” the ULT uses “believers.” (See: 8:27; 12:13; 15:25, 26, 31; 16:2, 15)\n* Sometimes the meaning in a passage indicates the idea of someone or something set apart for God alone. In these cases, the ULT uses “set apart,” “dedicated to,” “consecrated,” or “reserved for.” (See: [15:16](../15/16.md))\n\nThe UST will often be helpful as translators think about how to represent these ideas in their own versions.\n\n### What are the major issues in the text of the book of Romans?\n\nFor the following verses, modern version of the Bible differ from older versions. The ULT includes the modern reading and puts the older reading in a footnote.\n\n* “he \\[God\\] works all things together for good” ([8:28](../08/28.md)). Some older versions read, “All things work together for good.”\n* “But if it is by grace, it is no longer by works. Otherwise grace would no longer be grace” ([11:6](../11/06.md)). Some older versions read: “But if it is by works, then is it no more grace: otherwise work is no more work.”\n\nThe following verse is not in the best ancient copies of the Bible. Translators are advised not to include this verse. However, if in the translators’ region there are older Bible versions that have this verse, the translators can include it. If it is translated, it should be put inside square brackets (\\[\\]) to indicate that it is probably not original to the book of Romans.\n\n* “May the grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with you all. Amen” ([16:24](../16/24.md)).\n\n(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]]) +ROM front intro gtn1 0 # Introduction to Romans

## Part 1: General Introduction

### Outline of the book of Romans

1. Introduction (1:1–15)
2. Main Theme: Righteousness is received by trusting in Jesus Christ (1:16–17)
3. All mankind is condemned because of sin (1:18–3:20)
4. Righteousness is received through Jesus Christ by trusting in him (3:21–5:21)
5. Becoming like Christ in this life (6:1–8:39)
6. God’s plan for Israel (9:1–11:36)
7. Instructions for living as Christians (12:1–15:13)
8. Conclusion (15:14–16:27)

### Who wrote the book of Romans?

The Apostle Paul wrote the book of Romans and may other books in the New Testament. Paul was from the city of Tarsus. He had been known as Saul in his early life. Before becoming a Christian, Paul was part of a strict Jewish religious group called the Pharisees. He persecuted Christians. After he became a Christian, he traveled several times throughout the Roman Empire telling people about Jesus.

Paul probably wrote this letter while he was staying in the city of Corinth during his third trip through the Roman Empire.

### What is the book of Romans about?

Paul wrote this letter to the Christians in Rome. Paul wanted to get them ready to receive him when he visited them. He said his purpose was to “bring about the obedience of faith” ([16:26](../16/26.md)).

In this letter Paul most fully described the gospel of Jesus Christ. He explained that both Jews and non-Jews have sinned, and God will forgive them and declare them righteous only if they believe in Jesus (chapters 1–11). Then he gave them practical advice for how believers should live (chapters 12–16),

### How should the title of this book be translated?

Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, “Romans.” Or they may choose a clearer title, such as “Paul’s Letter to the Church in Rome,” or “A Letter to the Christians in Rome.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])

## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts

### What are the titles used to refer to Jesus?

In Romans, Paul described Jesus Christ by many titles and descriptions: Jesus Christ (1:1), the Seed of David (1:3), the Son of God (1:4), the Lord Jesus Christ (1:7), Christ Jesus (3:24), Propitiation (3:25), Jesus (3:26), Jesus our Lord (4:24), Lord of Hosts (9:29), a Stumbling Stone and Rock of Offence (9:33), the End of the Law (10:4), the Deliverer (11:26), Lord of the Dead and the Living (14:9), and the Root of Jesse (15:12).

### How should theological terms in Romans be translated?

Paul uses many theological terms that are not used in the four Gospels. As early Christians learned more about the meaning of Jesus Christ and his message, they needed words and expressions for new ideas. Some examples of these words are “justification” (5:1), “works of the law” (3:20), “reconcile” (5:10), “propitiation” (3:25), “sanctification” (6:19), and “the old man” (6:6). If your language doesn’t have similar words, you can develop short phrases to communicate these ideas. For example, the term “gospel” can be translated as “the good news about Jesus Christ.”

Translators should also remember that some of these terms have more than one meaning. The meaning will depend on how the author is using the word in that particular passage. For example, “righteousness” sometimes means that a person obeys God’s law. At other times, “righteousness” means that Jesus Christ has perfectly obeyed God’s law for us.

### What did Paul mean by “a remnant” of Israel ([11:5](../11/05.md))?

The idea of a “remnant” is important both in the Old Testament and for Paul. Most of the Israelites were either killed or scattered among other people when the Assyrians and then the Babylonians conquered their land. Only a relatively few Jews survived. They were known as “the remnant.”

In [11:1–9](../11/01.md), Paul speaks of another remnant. This remnant is the Jews whom God saved because they believed in Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/remnant]])

## Part 3: Important Translation Issues

### What did Paul mean by being “in Christ”?

The phrase “in Christ” and similar phrases occur in 3:24; 6:11, 23; 8:1,2,39; 9:1; 12:5,17; 15:17; and 16:3,7,9,10. Paul used these kinds of phrases as a metaphor to express that Christian believers belong to Jesus Christ. Belonging to Christ means the believer is saved and is made a friend with God. The believer is also promised to live with God forever. However, this idea can be difficult to represent in many languages.

These phrases also have specific meanings that depend on how Paul used them in a particular passage. For example, in [3:24](../03/24.md) (“the redemption that is in Christ Jesus”), Paul referred to our being redeemed “because” of Jesus Christ. In [8:9](../08/09.md) (“you are not in the flesh but in the Spirit”), Paul spoke of believers submitting “to” the Holy Spirit. In [9:1](../09/01.md) (“I tell the truth in Christ”), Paul meant that he is telling the truth that “is in agreement with” Jesus Christ.

Nevertheless, the basic idea of our being united with Jesus Christ (and with the Holy Spirit) is seen in these passages as well. Therefore, the translator has a choice in many passages that use “in.” He will often decide to represent the more immediate sense of “in,” such as, “by means of,” “in the manner of,” or “in regard to.” But, if possible, the translator should choose a word or phrase that represents the immediate sense and the sense of “in union with.” (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inchrist]])

### How are the ideas of “holy,” “saints” or “holy ones,” and “sanctify” represented in Romans in the ULT?

The scriptures use such words to indicate any one of various ideas. For this reason, it is often difficult for translators to represent them well in their versions. In translating into English, the ULT uses the following principles:

* Sometimes the meaning in a passage implies moral holiness. Especially important for understanding the gospel is the fact that God considers Christians to be sinless because they are united to Jesus Christ. Another related fact is that God is perfect and faultless. A third fact is that Christians are to conduct themselves in a blameless and faultless manner in life. In these cases, the ULT uses “holy,” “holy God,” “holy ones” or “holy people.” (See: [1:7](../01/07.md))
* Sometimes the meaning in a passage indicates a simple reference to Christians without implying any particular role filled by them. In cases where some other English versions have “saints” or “holy ones,” the ULT uses “believers.” (See: 8:27; 12:13; 15:25, 26, 31; 16:2, 15)
* Sometimes the meaning in a passage indicates the idea of someone or something set apart for God alone. In these cases, the ULT uses “set apart,” “dedicated to,” “consecrated,” or “reserved for.” (See: [15:16](../15/16.md))

The UST will often be helpful as translators think about how to represent these ideas in their own versions.

### What are the major issues in the text of the book of Romans?

For the following verses, modern version of the Bible differ from older versions. The ULT includes the modern reading and puts the older reading in a footnote.

* “he \\[God\\] works all things together for good” ([8:28](../08/28.md)). Some older versions read, “All things work together for good.”
* “But if it is by grace, it is no longer by works. Otherwise grace would no longer be grace” ([11:6](../11/06.md)). Some older versions read: “But if it is by works, then is it no more grace: otherwise work is no more work.”

The following verse is not in the best ancient copies of the Bible. Translators are advised not to include this verse. However, if in the translators’ region there are older Bible versions that have this verse, the translators can include it. If it is translated, it should be put inside square brackets (\\[\\]) to indicate that it is probably not original to the book of Romans.

* “May the grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with you all. Amen” ([16:24](../16/24.md)).

(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]]) ROM 1 intro hn5n 0 # Romans 1 General Notes

## Structure and formatting

1. Introduction (1:1–15)
* Greeting (1:1–7)
* Paul plans to visit Rome (1:8–15)
2. Main Theme: Righteousness is received by having faith in Jesus Christ (1:16–17)
3. All mankind is condemned because of sin (1:18–3:20)
* All non-Jews have sinned (1:18–32)

## Special concepts in this chapter

### The gospel

This chapter refers to the contents of the Book of Romans as “the gospel” ([1:2](../rom/01/02.md)). Romans is not a Gospel like Matthew, Mark, Luke, or John, which are historical accounts of the life of Jesus. Instead, chapters 1–8 present the biblical gospel, which is the good news of salvation. The gospel contains the following true ideas: Everyone has sinned. Jesus died for our sins. Jesus came back to life again so that we might live for his glory and receive eternal life when we die.

### Universal Condemnation and the Wrath of God

In this chapter Paul explains that no one has an excuse for sinning. We all know about the true God, Yahweh, from his creation all around us. Because of our sin and our sinful nature, every person justly deserves the eternal punishment of God. The requirement for this punishment was satisfied by Jesus dying on a cross for those who believe in him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### “God gave them over”

Many scholars view the phrases “God gave them over” and “God gave them up” as theologically significant. For this reason, it is important to translate these phrases with God playing a passive role in the action. God allows men to pursue their own sinful desires, he does not force them to act sinfully. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ROM 1 1 x3em figs-123person Παῦλος 1 Paul In the culture of this time, letter writers would give their own names first. Your language may have a particular way of introducing the author of a letter, and if it would be helpful to your readers, you could use it here. Alternate translation: “From Paul” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) ROM 1 1 plvo translate-names Παῦλος 1 Paul **Paul** is the name of a man, an apostle of Jesus. See the information about him in Part 1 of the Introduction to Romans. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) @@ -1402,7 +1402,7 @@ ROM 8 14 ojie figs-ellipsis ὅσοι…οὗτοι 1 Paul is leaving out some ROM 8 14 u8pv figs-activepassive ὅσοι…Πνεύματι Θεοῦ ἄγονται 1 For as many as are led by the Spirit of God If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “as many as the Spirit of God leads” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ROM 8 14 yz28 figs-explicit Πνεύματι Θεοῦ 1 For as many as are led by the Spirit of God See how you translated **the Spirit of God** in [verse 9](../08/09.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ROM 8 14 gd1i figs-gendernotations υἱοί Θεοῦ 1 sons of God Here Paul is using the term **sons** in a generic sense that includes both men and women. Alternate translation: “the children of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) -ROM 8 14 wrk1 figs-metaphor υἱοί Θεοῦ  1 sons of God Paul speaks figuratively of these people as if **God** was their physical father. He means that these people have a father-son relationship with God because they trust in Jesus. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the spiritual children of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ROM 8 14 wrk1 figs-metaphor υἱοί Θεοῦ 1 sons of God Paul speaks figuratively of these people as if **God** was their physical father. He means that these people have a father-son relationship with God because they trust in Jesus. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the spiritual children of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ROM 8 15 wpp9 grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 **For** here indicates that what follows in this verse explains what Paul said in the previous verse. If this might confuse your readers, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “In fact,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) ROM 8 15 zi1c figs-explicit πάλιν 1 Here, **again** indicates that Paul’s readers had **a spirit of slavery** before they became Christians. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “for a second time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ROM 8 15 r57o figs-explicit πνεῦμα 1 Here, **spirit** could refer to: (1) a person’s attitude or emotional state. Alternate translation: “a mental state” (2) a demonic spirit. Alternate translation: “a demonic spirit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) @@ -1964,50 +1964,50 @@ ROM 10 21 gtwp figs-quotemarks ὅλην τὴν ἡμέραν, ἐξεπέτα ROM 10 21 hw4w figs-idiom ὅλην τὴν ἡμέραν 1 All the day long **The whole day** here refers to doing something constantly or continually. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Continually” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ROM 10 21 il8s translate-symaction ἐξεπέτασα τὰς χεῖράς μου πρὸς λαὸν ἀπειθοῦντα καὶ ἀντιλέγοντα 1 I reached out my hands to a disobedient and stubborn people The action of stretching out **hands** toward someone represents welcoming or inviting someone to be a friend. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I welcomed a disobedient and contrary people to be my friends” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) ROM 10 21 g03t figs-explicit λαὸν ἀπειθοῦντα καὶ ἀντιλέγοντα 1 I reached out my hands to a disobedient and stubborn people This phrase refers to **Israel**, whom God was speaking to in this quotation. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “you disobedient and contradictory people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 11 intro e9qz 0 # Romans 11 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\n6. God’s plan for Israel (9:1–11:36)\n * Paul’s sorrow for Israel’s unbelief (9:1–5)\n * God chooses whom he wants to choose (9:6–13)\n * God shows mercy on whom he wants to show mercy (9:14–18)\n * No one can question God’s choice (9:19–33)\n * Israel’s false righteousness (10:1–4)\n * Salvation is available to everyone (10:5–21)\n * Israel has a faithful remnant (11:1–10)\n * Israel’s unbelief resulted in non-Jews’ belief (11:11–24)\n * God will save Israel (11:15–32)\n * Praise for God’s wisdom (11:33–11:36)\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with [verses 9–10](../11/09.md), [26–27](../11/26.md), and [34–35](../11/34.md), which are words from the Old Testament.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Grafting\n\nPaul uses the image of “grafting” to refer to the place of the Gentiles and Jews in the plans of God. Making a branch of one plant to be permanently part of another plant is called “grafting.” Paul uses the picture of God grafting the Gentiles into his people as a wild branch is grafted into a cultivated olive tree. But God has not forgotten about the Jews, who are spoken of as a natural part of the tree. God will also save Jews who believe in Jesus and they will rejoin God’s people.\n -ROM 11 1 wp35 writing-pronouns λέγω 1 I say then The pronoun **I** here refers to Paul. If this might confuse your readers, you could say this explicitly. Alternate translation: “I, Paul, say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])\n -ROM 11 1 yiki grammar-connect-logic-result λέγω οὖν 1 I say then Here, **then** indicates that what follows in this verse is the logical conclusion to what Paul has stated in [9:30](../09/30.md)–[10:21](../10/21.md). Use a natural way in your language for expressing result. Alternate translation: “As a result, I say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])\n +ROM 11 intro e9qz 0 # Romans 11 General Notes

## Structure and formatting

6. God’s plan for Israel (9:1–11:36)
* Paul’s sorrow for Israel’s unbelief (9:1–5)
* God chooses whom he wants to choose (9:6–13)
* God shows mercy on whom he wants to show mercy (9:14–18)
* No one can question God’s choice (9:19–33)
* Israel’s false righteousness (10:1–4)
* Salvation is available to everyone (10:5–21)
* Israel has a faithful remnant (11:1–10)
* Israel’s unbelief resulted in non-Jews’ belief (11:11–24)
* God will save Israel (11:15–32)
* Praise for God’s wisdom (11:33–11:36)

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with [verses 9–10](../11/09.md), [26–27](../11/26.md), and [34–35](../11/34.md), which are words from the Old Testament.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Grafting

Paul uses the image of “grafting” to refer to the place of the Gentiles and Jews in the plans of God. Making a branch of one plant to be permanently part of another plant is called “grafting.” Paul uses the picture of God grafting the Gentiles into his people as a wild branch is grafted into a cultivated olive tree. But God has not forgotten about the Jews, who are spoken of as a natural part of the tree. God will also save Jews who believe in Jesus and they will rejoin God’s people. +ROM 11 1 wp35 writing-pronouns λέγω 1 I say then The pronoun **I** here refers to Paul. If this might confuse your readers, you could say this explicitly. Alternate translation: “I, Paul, say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) +ROM 11 1 yiki grammar-connect-logic-result λέγω οὖν 1 I say then Here, **then** indicates that what follows in this verse is the logical conclusion to what Paul has stated in [9:30](../09/30.md)–[10:21](../10/21.md). Use a natural way in your language for expressing result. Alternate translation: “As a result, I say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) ROM 11 1 p4zd figs-rquestion μὴ ἀπώσατο ὁ Θεὸς τὸν λαὸν αὐτοῦ? 1 did God reject his people? Paul is not asking for information, but is using a rhetorical question here to emphasize the truth of what he is saying. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as statements or exclamations and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Surely God did not reject his people!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ROM 11 1 b8tg figs-explicit τὸν λαὸν αὐτοῦ 1 did God reject his people? Here, **his people** refers to the Jewish people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “his people, the Jews” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ROM 11 1 wqu2 figs-exclamations μὴ γένοιτο 1 May it never be See how you translated this phrase in [3:4](../03/04.md) and [6:2](../06/02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) -ROM 11 1 mls4 grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 May it never be **For** here indicates that what follows is the reason why what Paul said earlier in the verse is true. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “This is due to the fact that” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])\n -ROM 11 1 ra9c figs-rpronouns καὶ …ἐγὼ…εἰμί 1 May it never be Paul uses the word **myself** to emphasize that he is proof that God has not rejected the Israelites. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this emphasis. Alternate translation: “I, indeed, also am” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])\n -ROM 11 1 ewxc figs-metaphor σπέρματος 1 May it never be Here, **seed** is singular but refers to a group of people. See how you translated seed in [4:13](../04/13.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n +ROM 11 1 mls4 grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 May it never be **For** here indicates that what follows is the reason why what Paul said earlier in the verse is true. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “This is due to the fact that” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) +ROM 11 1 ra9c figs-rpronouns καὶ …ἐγὼ…εἰμί 1 May it never be Paul uses the word **myself** to emphasize that he is proof that God has not rejected the Israelites. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this emphasis. Alternate translation: “I, indeed, also am” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) +ROM 11 1 ewxc figs-metaphor σπέρματος 1 May it never be Here, **seed** is singular but refers to a group of people. See how you translated seed in [4:13](../04/13.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ROM 11 1 v1yd translate-names Ἀβραάμ 1 May it never be See how you translated this name in [4:1](../04/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ROM 11 1 bc4g translate-names φυλῆς Βενιαμείν 1 tribe of Benjamin **Benjamin** is the name of a man. He is the ancestor of one of the 12 tribes into which God divided the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ROM 11 1 bc4g translate-names φυλῆς Βενιαμείν 1 tribe of Benjamin **Benjamin** is the name of a man. He is the ancestor of one of the 12 tribes into which God divided the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ROM 11 2 wzs6 figs-explicit τὸν λαὸν αὐτο 1 whom he foreknew See how you translated this phrase in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 11 2 h4qe figs-distinguish ὃν προέγνω 1 whom he foreknew This phrase gives further information about God’s **people**. If it might be helpful in your language, you could make the relationship between these phrases clearer. Alternate translation: “they are the people whom he foreknew” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])\n -ROM 11 2 k2al figs-explicit προέγνω 1 whom he foreknew See how you translated this phrase in [8:29](../08/29.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])\n +ROM 11 2 h4qe figs-distinguish ὃν προέγνω 1 whom he foreknew This phrase gives further information about God’s **people**. If it might be helpful in your language, you could make the relationship between these phrases clearer. Alternate translation: “they are the people whom he foreknew” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]]) +ROM 11 2 k2al figs-explicit προέγνω 1 whom he foreknew See how you translated this phrase in [8:29](../08/29.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ROM 11 2 cjp6 figs-rquestion ἢ οὐκ οἴδατε ἐν Ἠλείᾳ τί λέγει ἡ Γραφή, ὡς ἐντυγχάνει τῷ Θεῷ κατὰ τοῦ Ἰσραήλ? 1 Do you not know what the scripture says about Elijah, how he pleaded with God against Israel? Paul is not asking for information, but is using the question form here to emphasize the truth of what he is saying. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “And surely you know what the scripture says about Elijah, how he pleads with God against Israel!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ROM 11 2 q3lx writing-quotations ἢ οὐκ οἴδατε ἐν Ἠλείᾳ τί λέγει ἡ Γραφή, ὡς ἐντυγχάνει τῷ Θεῷ κατὰ τοῦ Ἰσραήλ? 1 they have killed This sentence indicates that what follows in the next verse is a quotation from an Old Testament book ([1 Kings 19:10](../../1ki/19/10.md), [14](../../1ki/19/14.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Paul is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “Or do you not know what the scripture says about Elijah, how he pleads with God against Israel? He says in the Scriptures,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])\n +ROM 11 2 q3lx writing-quotations ἢ οὐκ οἴδατε ἐν Ἠλείᾳ τί λέγει ἡ Γραφή, ὡς ἐντυγχάνει τῷ Θεῷ κατὰ τοῦ Ἰσραήλ? 1 they have killed This sentence indicates that what follows in the next verse is a quotation from an Old Testament book ([1 Kings 19:10](../../1ki/19/10.md), [14](../../1ki/19/14.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Paul is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “Or do you not know what the scripture says about Elijah, how he pleads with God against Israel? He says in the Scriptures,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]]) ROM 11 2 dd1e figs-personification τί λέγει ἡ Γραφή 1 what the scripture says See how you translated **the scripture says** in [10:11](../10/11.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ROM 11 2 z5lk figs-pastforfuture λέγει…ἐντυγχάνει 1 what the scripture says Here Paul uses the present tense verbs **says** and **pleads** to refer to something that happened in the past. If it would not be natural to do that in your language, you can use the past tense in your translation. Alternate translation: “said … he pleaded” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])\n -ROM 11 2 rien translate-names Ἠλείᾳ 1 **Elijah** is the name of a man, a prophet in the Old Testament. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ROM 11 2 z5lk figs-pastforfuture λέγει…ἐντυγχάνει 1 what the scripture says Here Paul uses the present tense verbs **says** and **pleads** to refer to something that happened in the past. If it would not be natural to do that in your language, you can use the past tense in your translation. Alternate translation: “said … he pleaded” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) +ROM 11 2 rien translate-names Ἠλείᾳ 1 **Elijah** is the name of a man, a prophet in the Old Testament. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) ROM 11 2 ki3n figs-metonymy Ἰσραήλ 1 See how you translated **Israel** in [10:19](../10/19.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ROM 11 3 rnut figs-quotemarks 0 they have killed This sentence is a quotation from [1 Kings 19:10](../../1ki/19/10.md), [14](../../1ki/19/14.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])\n -ROM 11 3 fh9i writing-pronouns ἀπέκτειναν…κατέσκαψαν…ζητοῦσιν 1 they have killed In this verse **they** refers to the people of Israel. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel killed … they tore down … those people of Israel seek” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) +ROM 11 3 rnut figs-quotemarks 0 they have killed This sentence is a quotation from [1 Kings 19:10](../../1ki/19/10.md), [14](../../1ki/19/14.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) +ROM 11 3 fh9i writing-pronouns ἀπέκτειναν…κατέσκαψαν…ζητοῦσιν 1 they have killed In this verse **they** refers to the people of Israel. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel killed … they tore down … those people of Israel seek” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) ROM 11 3 fd5k writing-pronouns κἀγὼ ὑπελείφθην μόνος…μου 1 they have killed In this verse **I** and **my** refer to Elijah. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and only I, Elijah, was left behind … my life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) ROM 11 3 ut1s figs-activepassive κἀγὼ ὑπελείφθην μόνος 1 I alone am left If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and I alone am remaining” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 11 3 dhg7 figs-explicit κἀγὼ ὑπελείφθην μόνος 1 I alone am left Here, **left behind** means that Elijah thought he remained alive and all the other **prophets** had been killed. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and I alone remained alive” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 11 3 dhg7 figs-explicit κἀγὼ ὑπελείφθην μόνος 1 I alone am left Here, **left behind** means that Elijah thought he remained alive and all the other **prophets** had been killed. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and I alone remained alive” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ROM 11 3 dv5u ζητοῦσιν τὴν ψυχήν μου 1 seeking my life The phrase **seek my life** refers to the people trying to kill Elijah. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “they want to kill me” ROM 11 4 rj4e figs-rquestion ἀλλὰ τί λέγει αὐτῷ ὁ χρηματισμός? 1 But what does God’s answer say to him? Paul is not asking for information, but is using the question form here to get his audience to pay attention to what he is saying. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “But pay attention to what the divine response says to him!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ROM 11 4 ougb writing-quotations τί λέγει αὐτῷ ὁ χρηματισμός 1 But what does God’s answer say to him? Here Paul uses this question to introduce a quotation from an Old Testament book ([Isaiah 65:1](../../isa/65/01.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Paul is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “what does the divine response say to him in the Scriptures” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])\n +ROM 11 4 ougb writing-quotations τί λέγει αὐτῷ ὁ χρηματισμός 1 But what does God’s answer say to him? Here Paul uses this question to introduce a quotation from an Old Testament book ([Isaiah 65:1](../../isa/65/01.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Paul is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “what does the divine response say to him in the Scriptures” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]]) ROM 11 4 w8cl figs-metonymy τί λέγει…ὁ χρηματισμός? 1 But what does God’s answer say to him? Paul speaks of **the divine response** as if it were a person who you **say** something. Paul is referring to God responding. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “what does God say in response” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ROM 11 4 rvmy figs-pastforfuture λέγει 1 But what does God’s answer say to him? Here Paul uses the present tense verbs **says** to refer to something that happened in the past. If it would not be natural to do that in your language, you can use the past tense in your translation. Alternate translation: “did … say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])\n +ROM 11 4 rvmy figs-pastforfuture λέγει 1 But what does God’s answer say to him? Here Paul uses the present tense verbs **says** to refer to something that happened in the past. If it would not be natural to do that in your language, you can use the past tense in your translation. Alternate translation: “did … say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) ROM 11 4 x6e9 writing-pronouns αὐτῷ 1 him Here, **him** refers to Elijah. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) ROM 11 4 w03b translate-symaction οὐκ ἔκαμψαν γόνυ τῇ Βάαλ 1 him This action was an expression of worship in this culture. If there is a gesture with similar meaning in your culture, you could consider using it here in your translation, or you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “have not worshipped Baal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) ROM 11 4 u86o translate-names Βάαλ 1 him **Baal** is the name of a male false god. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ROM 11 5 ce2r grammar-connect-logic-result οὕτως οὖν 1 Here, then indicates that what follows in this verse is the logical conclusion to what Paul has stated about Elijah in the previous two verses. Use a natural way in your language for expressing result. Alternate translation: “As a result, in the same way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])\n +ROM 11 5 ce2r grammar-connect-logic-result οὕτως οὖν 1 Here, then indicates that what follows in this verse is the logical conclusion to what Paul has stated about Elijah in the previous two verses. Use a natural way in your language for expressing result. Alternate translation: “As a result, in the same way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) ROM 11 5 l6yu figs-abstractnouns λῖμμα…ἐκλογὴν χάριτος 1 See how you translated **remnant** in [9:27](../09/27.md), **election** in [9:11](../09/11.md), and **grace** in [4:16](../04/16.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ROM 11 5 whv0 figs-possession ἐκλογὴν χάριτος 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe **election** that is characterized by **grace**. If this is not clear in your language, you could use the adjective “true” instead of the noun “truth.” Alternate translation: “the gracious election” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) -ROM 11 6 qkgx grammar-connect-condition-fact εἰ 1 Paul is speaking as if this were a hypothetical possibility, but he means that it is actually true. If your language does not state something as a condition if it is certain or true, and if your readers might misunderstand and think that what John is saying is not certain, then you can translate his words as an affirmative statement. Alternate translation: “since” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]]) +ROM 11 6 qkgx grammar-connect-condition-fact εἰ 1 Paul is speaking as if this were a hypothetical possibility, but he means that it is actually true. If your language does not state something as a condition if it is certain or true, and if your readers might misunderstand and think that what John is saying is not certain, then you can translate his words as an affirmative statement. Alternate translation: “since” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]]) ROM 11 6 q6es figs-ellipsis χάριτι 1 But if it is by grace Paul is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the previous verse. Alternate translation: “election is by grace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) ROM 11 6 b4tx figs-abstractnouns χάριτι…ἔργων…χάρις…χάρις 1 See how you translated **grace** in [4:16](../04/16.md) and **works** in [9:12](../09/12.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ROM 11 6 rm7g writing-pronouns οὐκέτι 1 Here, **it** refers to “the election of grace” mentioned in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the election of grace is no longer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) +ROM 11 6 rm7g writing-pronouns οὐκέτι 1 Here, **it** refers to “the election of grace” mentioned in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the election of grace is no longer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) ROM 11 6 a9l4 figs-explicit οὐκέτι 1 Here, **no longer** indicates the logical conclusion of the preceding clause. It does not imply that election used to be **by works**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “it is logically not” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 11 7 cksi grammar-connect-logic-result τί οὖν 1 What then? Here, **then** indicates that what follows is a response to what Paul said in [9:30](../09/30.md)–[11:6](../11/06.md). If it might help your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “If these things are true, then what” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])\n +ROM 11 7 cksi grammar-connect-logic-result τί οὖν 1 What then? Here, **then** indicates that what follows is a response to what Paul said in [9:30](../09/30.md)–[11:6](../11/06.md). If it might help your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “If these things are true, then what” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) ROM 11 7 c69z figs-ellipsis τί οὖν 1 What then? Paul is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “What should we conclude” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -ROM 11 7 k94b figs-rquestion τί οὖν? 1 What then? Paul is not asking for information, but is using the question form here to emphasize the truth of what he is saying. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “This is what we should conclude:” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])\n +ROM 11 7 k94b figs-rquestion τί οὖν? 1 What then? Paul is not asking for information, but is using the question form here to emphasize the truth of what he is saying. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “This is what we should conclude:” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ROM 11 7 crpn figs-explicit ὃ…τοῦτο 1 **The thing** and **this** here refer to righteousness, as indicated in [9:30–31](../09/30.md). If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “The righteousness … this righteousness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ROM 11 7 ctkj figs-metonymy Ἰσραήλ 1 See how you translated this name in [10:19](../10/19.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ROM 11 7 xbkh writing-pronouns ἐπέτυχεν…οἱ…λοιποὶ 1 Here, **it** and **them** refer to the people of **Israel**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel … the rest of the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) @@ -2015,16 +2015,16 @@ ROM 11 7 rzet figs-abstractnouns ἡ…ἐκλογὴ…οἱ…λοιποὶ 1 ROM 11 7 jib7 figs-activepassive ἐπωρώθησαν 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The next verse indicates that God is the one who did the action. Alternate translation: “God hardened” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ROM 11 7 bp19 figs-metaphor ἐπωρώθησαν 1 Here, **hardened** refers to being made stubborn. If it would be helpful in your language you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “were made stubborn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ROM 11 8 cv7s writing-quotations καθὼς γέγραπται 1 See how you translated this phrase in [1:17](../01/17.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]]) -ROM 11 8 u829 figs-activepassive καθὼς γέγραπται 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, the quotation is a paraphrase of [Isaiah 29:10](../../isa/29/10.md) and [Deuteronomy 29:4](../../deu/29/04.md). Alternate translation: “just as God stated” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])\n -ROM 11 8 o53g figs-quotemarks ἔδωκεν αὐτοῖς ὁ Θεὸς πνεῦμα κατανύξεως, ὀφθαλμοὺς τοῦ μὴ βλέπειν, καὶ ὦτα τοῦ μὴ ἀκούειν, ἕως τῆς σήμερον ἡμέρας 1 In these clauses Paul paraphrases [Isaiah 29:10](../../isa/29/10.md) and [Deuteronomy 29:4](../../deu/29/04.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])\n +ROM 11 8 u829 figs-activepassive καθὼς γέγραπται 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, the quotation is a paraphrase of [Isaiah 29:10](../../isa/29/10.md) and [Deuteronomy 29:4](../../deu/29/04.md). Alternate translation: “just as God stated” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +ROM 11 8 o53g figs-quotemarks ἔδωκεν αὐτοῖς ὁ Θεὸς πνεῦμα κατανύξεως, ὀφθαλμοὺς τοῦ μὴ βλέπειν, καὶ ὦτα τοῦ μὴ ἀκούειν, ἕως τῆς σήμερον ἡμέρας 1 In these clauses Paul paraphrases [Isaiah 29:10](../../isa/29/10.md) and [Deuteronomy 29:4](../../deu/29/04.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) ROM 11 8 kaqc figs-possession πνεῦμα κατανύξεως 1 God has given them a spirit of dullness, eyes so that they should not see, and ears so that they should not hear Paul is using the possessive form to describe a **spirit** that is characterized by **dullness**. If this is not clear in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “a dull spirit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) ROM 11 8 z47a figs-metaphor πνεῦμα κατανύξεως 1 spirit of dullness Here, **spirit** refers to a person’s attitude or manner of thinking. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “an attitude of dullness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ROM 11 8 zyk1 figs-metaphor ὀφθαλμοὺς τοῦ μὴ βλέπειν, καὶ ὦτα τοῦ μὴ ἀκούειν 1 eyes so that they should not see Paul quotes Moses using **eyes not to see** and **ears not to hear** to refer to being unable to understand something. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “being unable to perceive and unable to comprehend” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n +ROM 11 8 zyk1 figs-metaphor ὀφθαλμοὺς τοῦ μὴ βλέπειν, καὶ ὦτα τοῦ μὴ ἀκούειν 1 eyes so that they should not see Paul quotes Moses using **eyes not to see** and **ears not to hear** to refer to being unable to understand something. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “being unable to perceive and unable to comprehend” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ROM 11 8 ny8w figs-doublet ὀφθαλμοὺς τοῦ μὴ βλέπειν, καὶ ὦτα τοῦ μὴ ἀκούειν 1 ears so that they should not hear These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The repetition is used to emphasize that the people of Israel were completely unable to understand how to become righteous. If your language does not use repetition to do this, you could use one phrase and provide emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “being completely unable to comprehend” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -ROM 11 9 kr0g writing-quotations Δαυεὶδ λέγει 1 ears so that they should not hear Here Paul uses this clause to introduce a quotation from an Old Testament book ([Psalm 69:22–23](../../psa/69/22.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Paul is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “David says in the Scriptures” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])\n -ROM 11 9 zobm figs-pastforfuture Δαυεὶδ λέγει 1 ears so that they should not hear Here Paul uses the present tense verb **says** to refer to something that happened in the past. If it would not be natural to do that in your language, you can use the past tense in your translation. Alternate translation: “said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])\n -ROM 11 9 zb64 translate-names Δαυεὶδ 1 ears so that they should not hear See how you translated this name in [1:3](../01/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ROM 11 9 b507 figs-quotemarks γενηθήτω ἡ τράπεζα αὐτῶν 1 ears so that they should not hear This phrase begins a quotation of [Psalm 69:22–23](../../psa/69/22.md) that continues into the next verse. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])\n +ROM 11 9 kr0g writing-quotations Δαυεὶδ λέγει 1 ears so that they should not hear Here Paul uses this clause to introduce a quotation from an Old Testament book ([Psalm 69:22–23](../../psa/69/22.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Paul is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “David says in the Scriptures” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]]) +ROM 11 9 zobm figs-pastforfuture Δαυεὶδ λέγει 1 ears so that they should not hear Here Paul uses the present tense verb **says** to refer to something that happened in the past. If it would not be natural to do that in your language, you can use the past tense in your translation. Alternate translation: “said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) +ROM 11 9 zb64 translate-names Δαυεὶδ 1 ears so that they should not hear See how you translated this name in [1:3](../01/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) +ROM 11 9 b507 figs-quotemarks γενηθήτω ἡ τράπεζα αὐτῶν 1 ears so that they should not hear This phrase begins a quotation of [Psalm 69:22–23](../../psa/69/22.md) that continues into the next verse. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) ROM 11 9 x0wl figs-activepassive γενηθήτω ἡ τράπεζα αὐτῶν εἰς παγίδα, καὶ εἰς θήραν 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God, cause their table to become a net and a trap” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ROM 11 9 kpg8 figs-idiom γενηθήτω ἡ τράπεζα αὐτῶν εἰς παγίδα, καὶ εἰς θήραν 1 Let their table become a net and a trap This clause is an idiom. The word **table** represents feasting, which is the situation in which a person feels safe, and **net** and **trap** represent punishment. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Let them be punished while they are feeling safe” or “Punish them while they are comfortable”(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ROM 11 9 l6re figs-doublet εἰς παγίδα, καὶ εἰς θήραν 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The repetition is used to emphasize David’s plea for judgment. If your language does not use repetition to do this, you could use one phrase and provide emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “for thorough punishment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) @@ -2033,44 +2033,44 @@ ROM 11 9 xex5 figs-abstractnouns ἀνταπόδομα αὐτοῖς 1 a retrib ROM 11 10 c1nj figs-metaphor σκοτισθήτωσαν οἱ ὀφθαλμοὶ αὐτῶν, τοῦ μὴ βλέπειν 1 bend their backs continually This clause refers to being unable to understand something. See how you translated “eyes not to see” in [verse 8](../11/08.md). Alternate translation: “Let them be unable to understand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ROM 11 10 j9ag figs-activepassive σκοτισθήτωσαν οἱ ὀφθαλμοὶ αὐτῶν 1 bend their backs continually If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Blind their eyes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ROM 11 10 biqg figs-metaphor τὸν νῶτον αὐτῶν διὰ παντὸς σύνκαμψον 1 This clause refers to making people suffer like slaves suffer by carrying heavy burdens on **their backs**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “make them continually suffer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ROM 11 10 p4s5 figs-quotemarks παντὸς 1 The end of this verse is the end of a quotation from [Psalm 69:22–23](../../psa/69/22.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with a closing quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the end of a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])\n +ROM 11 10 p4s5 figs-quotemarks παντὸς 1 The end of this verse is the end of a quotation from [Psalm 69:22–23](../../psa/69/22.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with a closing quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the end of a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) ROM 11 11 z8tw grammar-connect-logic-result λέγω οὖν 1 See how you translated this phrase in [verse 1](../11/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) -ROM 11 11 dysl writing-pronouns μὴ ἔπταισαν…πέσωσιν…αὐτῶν…αὐτούς 1 In this verse the pronouns **they**, **their**, and **them** refer to the Jewish people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could say the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “The Jewish people did not stumble … they might fall, did they … the Jewish people's … the Jews” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) +ROM 11 11 dysl writing-pronouns μὴ ἔπταισαν…πέσωσιν…αὐτῶν…αὐτούς 1 In this verse the pronouns **they**, **their**, and **them** refer to the Jewish people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could say the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “The Jewish people did not stumble … they might fall, did they … the Jewish people’s … the Jews” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) ROM 11 11 r9hg figs-rquestion μὴ ἔπταισαν ἵνα πέσωσιν? 1 Did they stumble so as to fall? Paul is not asking for information, but is using a rhetorical question here to emphasize the truth of what he is saying. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as statements or exclamations and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Surely they did not stumble so that they might fall!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ROM 11 11 y9x7 figs-metaphor μὴ ἔπταισαν 1 Did they stumble so as to fall? See how you translated “stumbled” in [9:32](../09/32.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ROM 11 11 ai6y figs-metaphor πέσωσιν 1 Here, **fall** refers to being completely rejected by God forever. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “they might be eternally rejected” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ROM 11 11 qbx4 figs-exclamations μὴ γένοιτο! 1 May it never be See how you translated this expression in [3:4](../03/04.md) and [6:2](../06/02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])\n +ROM 11 11 qbx4 figs-exclamations μὴ γένοιτο! 1 May it never be See how you translated this expression in [3:4](../03/04.md) and [6:2](../06/02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) ROM 11 11 a4kf figs-abstractnouns τῷ αὐτῶν παραπτώματι, ἡ σωτηρία…τὸ παραζηλῶσαι αὐτούς 1 See how you translated **transgression** in [4:15](../04/15.md), **salvation** in [1:16](../01/16.md), and **jealousy** in [10:19](../10/19.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ROM 11 11 f1jw παραζηλῶσαι αὐτούς 1 provoke … to jealousy See how you translated the similar phrase in [10:19](../10/19.md). ROM 11 12 ew4i figs-doublet εἰ…τὸ παράπτωμα αὐτῶν, πλοῦτος κόσμου, καὶ τὸ ἥττημα αὐτῶν, πλοῦτος ἐθνῶν 1 Both of these clauses mean basically the same thing. The repetition is used to emphasize the truth of what Paul is saying. If your language does not use repetition to do this, you could use one phrase and provide emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “if their transgression certainly resulted in wealth for the nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -ROM 11 12 v024 grammar-connect-condition-fact εἰ 1 Paul is speaking as if this were a hypothetical possibility, but he means that it is actually true. If your language does not state something as a condition if it is certain or true, and if your readers might misunderstand and think that what John is saying is not certain, then you can translate his words as an affirmative statement. Alternate translation: “since” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]])\n +ROM 11 12 v024 grammar-connect-condition-fact εἰ 1 Paul is speaking as if this were a hypothetical possibility, but he means that it is actually true. If your language does not state something as a condition if it is certain or true, and if your readers might misunderstand and think that what John is saying is not certain, then you can translate his words as an affirmative statement. Alternate translation: “since” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]]) ROM 11 12 zibw figs-abstractnouns τὸ παράπτωμα αὐτῶν 1 if their failure is the riches of the world, and if their loss is the riches of the Gentiles See how you translated **transgression** in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ROM 11 12 rnsk figs-possession πλοῦτος κόσμου 1 if their failure is the riches of the world, and if their loss is the riches of the Gentiles Paul is using the possessive form to describe **wealth** that is for **the world**. If this is not clear in your language, you could use the adjective “true” instead of the noun “truth.” Alternate translation: “is wealth for the world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) ROM 11 12 it9k figs-metonymy κόσμου 1 the world Here, **world** refers to the people living in the world, especially the Gentiles. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “of the people living in the world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ROM 11 12 hqch figs-abstractnouns τὸ ἥττημα αὐτῶν…τὸ πλήρωμα αὐτῶν 1 if their failure is the riches of the world, and if their loss is the riches of the Gentiles If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **loss** and **fullness**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “what they lost what … how full they are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ROM 11 12 fxoo figs-metaphor τὸ ἥττημα αὐτῶν…τὸ πλήρωμα αὐτῶν 1 the riches of the world Here, **loss** refers to Israel’s failure to make themselves righteous, and **fullness** refers to the complete number of Israelites who will become righteous by trusting in Jesus. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “their failure … their full number of believers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ROM 11 12 dh1g figs-possession πλοῦτος ἐθνῶν 1 the riches of the world Paul is using the possessive form to describe **wealth** that is for **the Gentiles**. If this is not clear in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “is wealth for the Gentiles” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) -ROM 11 12 hsbv figs-rquestion πόσῳ μᾶλλον τὸ πλήρωμα αὐτῶν? 1 the riches of the world Paul is not asking for information, but is using the question form here to emphasize the truth of what he is saying. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “so much more will be their fullness!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])\n +ROM 11 12 hsbv figs-rquestion πόσῳ μᾶλλον τὸ πλήρωμα αὐτῶν? 1 the riches of the world Paul is not asking for information, but is using the question form here to emphasize the truth of what he is saying. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “so much more will be their fullness!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ROM 11 12 b9fi figs-explicit πόσῳ μᾶλλον τὸ πλήρωμα αὐτῶν? 1 the riches of the world Paul implies that there will be much more **wealth** when the full amount of Israelites believe in Jesus. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “how much more wealth will their fullness result in” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 11 13 r0jt figs-yousingular ὑμῖν 1 Here, **you** is plural and refers to Paul’s non-Jewish Christian readers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]]) +ROM 11 13 r0jt figs-yousingular ὑμῖν 1 Here, **you** is plural and refers to Paul’s non-Jewish Christian readers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]]) ROM 11 13 z6p4 figs-rpronouns εἰμι ἐγὼ 1 Paul uses the word **myself** to emphasize that he was **apostle to the Gentiles**. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this emphasis. Alternate translation: “I indeed am the one who is” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) ROM 11 13 ngfl figs-abstractnouns τὴν διακονίαν μου 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **ministry**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “how I minister” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ROM 11 14 ua2k figs-abstractnouns παραζηλώσω 1 I will provoke to jealousy See how you translated this phrase in [10:19](../10/19.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ROM 11 14 h1qe figs-explicit μου τὴν σάρκα…αὐτῶν 1 those who are of my own flesh These phrases refer to Paul’s Jewish kinsmen who do not believe in Jesus. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “those unbelieving Jews, who are of my own flesh … my fellow Jews” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ROM 11 14 oxqg figs-idiom μου τὴν σάρκα 1 those who are of my own flesh See how you translated **flesh** in [1:3](../01/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ROM 11 15 q99e grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 For if their rejection means the reconciliation of the world **For** here indicates that what follows explains what Paul said in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “In fact,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])\n +ROM 11 15 q99e grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 For if their rejection means the reconciliation of the world **For** here indicates that what follows explains what Paul said in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “In fact,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) ROM 11 15 es22 grammar-connect-condition-fact εἰ 1 For if their rejection means the reconciliation of the world See how you translated **if** in [verse 12](../11/12.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]]) ROM 11 15 ui3i writing-pronouns αὐτῶν…ἡ πρόσλημψις 1 their rejection In this verse **their** refers to Jews who do not believe in Jesus. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the unbelieving Jews’ … the Jewish people’s acceptance” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) -ROM 11 15 sy8u figs-abstractnouns ἡ ἀποβολὴ αὐτῶν…ἡ πρόσλημψις…ζωὴ 1 their rejection If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **rejection**, **acceptance**, and **life**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “them rejecting … them being accepted … to become alive” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +ROM 11 15 sy8u figs-abstractnouns ἡ ἀποβολὴ αὐτῶν…ἡ πρόσλημψις…ζωὴ 1 their rejection If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **rejection**, **acceptance**, and **life**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “them rejecting … them being accepted … to become alive” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ROM 11 15 teab grammar-connect-logic-result καταλλαγὴ κόσμου 1 their rejection Here, **is** indicates that the phrase that follows is the result of **their rejection**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “led to reconciliation of the world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) ROM 11 15 sdhl figs-abstractnouns καταλλαγὴ 1 their rejection See how you translated **reconciliation** in [5:11](../05/11.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ROM 11 15 m3fs figs-metonymy κόσμου 1 the world See how you translated **world** in [verse 12](../11/12.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ROM 11 15 em8m figs-rquestion τίς ἡ πρόσλημψις εἰ μὴ ζωὴ ἐκ νεκρῶν? 1 what will their acceptance be but life from the dead? Paul is not asking for information, but is using the question form here to emphasize how wonderful it will be when God accepts the Jews. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “their acceptance is certainly life from dead ones!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +ROM 11 15 em8m figs-rquestion τίς ἡ πρόσλημψις εἰ μὴ ζωὴ ἐκ νεκρῶν? 1 what will their acceptance be but life from the dead? Paul is not asking for information, but is using the question form here to emphasize how wonderful it will be when God accepts the Jews. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “their acceptance is certainly life from dead ones!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ROM 11 15 ic9z grammar-connect-logic-result τίς ἡ πρόσλημψις 1 Here, **is** indicates that the phrase that follows is the result of **their acceptance**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “what would their acceptance lead to if not life from the dead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) ROM 11 15 po4h figs-metaphor ζωὴ ἐκ νεκρῶν 1 the world This phrase could refer to: (1) the final resurrection of all Christians that will take place after the whole Jewish remnant has believed in Jesus. Elsewhere in this letter, Paul uses a similar phrase to refer to Jesus’ resurrection. Alternate translation: “bringing the dead back to life” (2) the Jewish remnant changing from being spiritually dead to being spiritually alive. Alternate translation: “eternally alive from being eternally dead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ROM 11 15 jn4l figs-idiom ἐκ νεκρῶν 1 the dead See how you translated a similar phrase in [4:24](../04/24.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ROM 11 16 ao3u grammar-connect-condition-fact εἰ…εἰ 1 See how you translated **if** in [verse 12](../11/12.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]]) -ROM 11 16 bi5b figs-explicit καὶ τὸ φύραμα…καὶ οἱ κλάδοι 1 In these clauses Paul implies that **the lump of dough** and **the branches** are **also** holy. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the lump of dough is also holy … the branches are also holy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 11 16 bi5b figs-explicit καὶ τὸ φύραμα…καὶ οἱ κλάδοι 1 In these clauses Paul implies that **the lump of dough** and **the branches** are **also** holy. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the lump of dough is also holy … the branches are also holy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ROM 11 16 b2s5 figs-metaphor εἰ…ἡ ἀπαρχὴ ἁγία, καὶ τὸ φύραμα; 1 If the firstfruits are reserved, so is the lump of dough Paul is speaking of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, the Israelites’ ancestors, as if they were the **firstfruits** to be harvested. He is also speaking of the Israelites who descended from those men as if they were a **lump of dough** that was made from the grain as the **firstfruits**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this idea with a simile. Alternate translation: “if Abraham is like the first of what has been offered to God, all of his descendants should also be considered an offering” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ROM 11 16 dci1 figs-metaphor εἰ ἡ ῥίζα ἁγία, καὶ οἱ κλάδοι 1 If the root is reserved, so are the branches Paul is speaking of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, the Israelites’ ancestors, as if they were the **root** of a tree. He is also speaking of the Israelites who descended from those men as if they were a **the branches** of that same tree. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this idea with a simile. Alternate translation: “if Abraham is like the root of a tree, all of his descendants should also be considered branches of that tree” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ROM 11 17 qkc0 figs-infostructure εἰ 1 If the root is reserved, so are the branches Here, **if** indicates that this verse and the next verse are one conditional sentence. You may need to adjust the words to divide these verses into separate sentences. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]]) @@ -2078,14 +2078,14 @@ ROM 11 17 imrh grammar-connect-condition-fact εἰ 1 If the root is reserved, s ROM 11 17 slf6 figs-exmetaphor εἰ…τινες τῶν κλάδων ἐξεκλάσθησαν, σὺ δὲ ἀγριέλαιος ὢν ἐνεκεντρίσθης ἐν αὐτοῖς, καὶ συνκοινωνὸς τῆς ῥίζης τῆς πιότητος τῆς ἐλαίας ἐγένου 1 But if some of the branches were broken off Paul continues using the metaphor of a **tree** to speak about how God rejected unbelieving Jews and accepted non-Jews to be part of his people instead. The **olive tree** represents God’s people. The **branches** that **were broken off** represent Jews who don’t believe in Jesus. The **wild olive branch** represents non-Jewish people who believe in Jesus. The **richness** represents the blessings God gives his people. The **root** represents either the ancestors of the Israelites (like in the previous verse) or the Jewish people in general. You could express this metaphor as a simile if that would help your readers. See also the discussion of this metaphor in the General Notes for this chapter. Alternate translation: “if some of the Jews were rejected, like branches are broken off of a tree, and you, being foreigners were joined to God’s people, like wild olive branches are grafted onto a tree, and you received the blessings of the first Israelites as part of God’s people, like branches receive the nutrients of the root of the olive tree” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor]]) ROM 11 17 b8ic figs-activepassive τινες τῶν κλάδων ἐξεκλάσθησαν…ἐνεκεντρίσθης…συνκοινωνὸς…ἐγένου 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The context of Romans 9–11 indicates that God did the action. Alternate translation: “God broke off some of the branches … God grafted … God made to be partakers with them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ROM 11 17 qv65 figs-youcrowd σὺ 1 if you, a wild olive branch Even though Paul is writing to a group of people, non-Jewish Christians, **you** is singular throughout this verse. If the singular form would not be natural in your language for someone who was speaking to a group of people, you could use the plural forms of **you** in your translation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd]]) -ROM 11 17 z6hr writing-pronouns αὐτοῖς…συνκοινωνὸς 1 were grafted in among them In this verse **them** refers to the Jewish people who believe in Jesus. It does not refer to the **branches** that **were broken off**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the believing Jewish people … partakers with those Jews who believe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) +ROM 11 17 z6hr writing-pronouns αὐτοῖς…συνκοινωνὸς 1 were grafted in among them In this verse **them** refers to the Jewish people who believe in Jesus. It does not refer to the **branches** that **were broken off**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the believing Jewish people … partakers with those Jews who believe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) ROM 11 18 d81u figs-infostructure μὴ κατακαυχῶ τῶν κλάδων 1 were grafted in among them This is the end of a factual conditional sentence that began in the previous verse. You may need to adjust the words if you make this clause into a separate sentence. Alternate translation: “Since this is true, do not boast over the branches” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]]) ROM 11 18 gqd6 figs-exmetaphor μὴ κατακαυχῶ τῶν κλάδων. εἰ δὲ κατακαυχᾶσαι, οὐ σὺ τὴν ῥίζαν βαστάζεις, ἀλλὰ ἡ ῥίζα σέ 1 do not boast over the branches Paul continues using the metaphor of a tree from the previous two verses. Here, **branches** represents those Jews whom God rejected because they did not believe in Jesus. The **root** represents either the ancestors of the Israelites (like in [verse 16](../11/16.md)) or the Jewish people in general. You could express this metaphor as a simile if that would help your readers. See also the discussion of this metaphor in the General Notes for this chapter. Alternate translation: “do not boast over the unbelieving Jews whom God rejected, like branches were broken off of a tree. But if you boast, you yourself do not sustain Gods people, like branches cannot sustain the root, but the first Israelites sustain you, like the root sustains the branches” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor]]) ROM 11 18 kd87 figs-youcrowd κατακαυχᾶσαι…σὺ…βαστάζεις…σέ 1 do not boast over the branches See how you translated **you** in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd]]) ROM 11 18 llz1 figs-explicit οὐ σὺ τὴν ῥίζαν βαστάζεις, ἀλλὰ ἡ ῥίζα σέ 1 it is not you who supports the root, but the root that supports you Paul implies that Gentile believers who **boast** should remember that are supported by the **root** of the faith of the Abraham and the first Israelites. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “remember that you yourself do not support the root, but the root supports you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ROM 11 19 w28y figs-youcrowd ἐρεῖς 1 Branches were broken off See how you translated **you** in the previous two verses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd]]) ROM 11 19 uqji grammar-connect-logic-result οὖν 1 Branches were broken off Here, **then** indicates that what follows is a response to what Paul said in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “as a result” or “in response to this” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) -ROM 11 19 d21e figs-quotemarks ἐξεκλάσθησαν κλάδοι, ἵνα ἐγὼ ἐνκεντρισθῶ 1 Branches were broken off In this sentence Paul is speaking as if he were a non-Jewish Christian arguing against Paul. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate quotations, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])\n +ROM 11 19 d21e figs-quotemarks ἐξεκλάσθησαν κλάδοι, ἵνα ἐγὼ ἐνκεντρισθῶ 1 Branches were broken off In this sentence Paul is speaking as if he were a non-Jewish Christian arguing against Paul. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate quotations, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) ROM 11 19 mm6w figs-exmetaphor ἐξεκλάσθησαν κλάδοι…ἐγὼ ἐνκεντρισθῶ 1 Branches were broken off See how you translated **branches**, **broken off**, and **grafted in** in [verse 17](../11/17.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor]]) ROM 11 19 qk8c figs-activepassive ἐξεκλάσθησαν κλάδοι…ἐγὼ ἐνκεντρισθῶ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. See how you translated similar phrases in [verse 17](../11/17.md). Alternate translation: “God broke branches off … God might graft me in” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ROM 11 19 p9ti grammar-connect-logic-goal ἵνα 1 I might be grafted in Here, **so that** introduces a purpose clause. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation (without a comma preceding): “for the purpose that” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) @@ -2099,59 +2099,59 @@ ROM 11 20 xtnu figs-explicit τῇ πίστει 1 but you stand firm because of ROM 11 20 qlmq figs-abstractnouns τῇ πίστει 1 See how you translated **faith** in [1:5](../01/05.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ROM 11 20 rx22 figs-explicit ὑψηλὰ 1 Here, **arrogant things** refers to the **arrogant** thoughts that a Gentile Christian might have against the Jews. Specifically, they might think that they are better than Jews who are not Christian, as indicated by the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “arrogantly against unbelieving Jews” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ROM 11 20 k4l5 figs-ellipsis φοβοῦ 1 Paul is leaving out a word that a clause would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply this word from the next verse, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -ROM 11 21 nsq3 grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows is the reason why Paul wants his Gentile Christian readers to “fear,” as stated in the previous verse. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “You must fear because” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])\n -ROM 11 21 xy3h grammar-connect-condition-fact εἰ 1 See how you translated **if** in [verse 12](../11/12.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]])\n +ROM 11 21 nsq3 grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows is the reason why Paul wants his Gentile Christian readers to “fear,” as stated in the previous verse. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “You must fear because” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) +ROM 11 21 xy3h grammar-connect-condition-fact εἰ 1 See how you translated **if** in [verse 12](../11/12.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]]) ROM 11 21 f6i7 figs-metaphor τῶν κατὰ φύσιν κλάδων 1 For if God did not spare the natural branches, neither will he spare you Here,**natural branches** refers to the Jewish people who rejected Jesus. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “of the unbelieving Jews” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ROM 11 21 ywgs figs-explicit οὐδὲ σοῦ φείσεται 1 For if God did not spare the natural branches, neither will he spare you Paul implies that God will not spare anyone who stops trusting in Jesus. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “neither will he spare you if you do not keep trusting in Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 11 21 m59a figs-youcrowd σοῦ 1 For if God did not spare the natural branches, neither will he spare you See how you translated **you** in [verses 17–20](../11/17.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd]]) -ROM 11 22 bfsu figs-metaphor ἴδε 1 For if God did not spare the natural branches, neither will he spare you Paul uses the term **See** to focus his audiences’ attention on what he is about to say. Your language may have a comparable expression that you can use in your translation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n -ROM 11 22 i0r3 grammar-connect-logic-result οὖν 1 For if God did not spare the natural branches, neither will he spare you Here, **then** indicates that what follows in this verse is the logical conclusion to what Paul has stated in the [verses 17–21](../11/17.md). Use a natural way in your language for expressing result. Alternate translation: “as a result” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])\n -ROM 11 22 xdm3 figs-abstractnouns χρηστότητα…ἀποτομίαν Θεοῦ…ἀποτομία…χρηστότης Θεοῦ…τῇ χρηστότητι 1 the kind actions and the severity of God If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **kindness** and **severity**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “the kind character … the severe character of God … his severe character … the kind character of God … his kind character” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])\n +ROM 11 21 m59a figs-youcrowd σοῦ 1 For if God did not spare the natural branches, neither will he spare you See how you translated **you** in [verses 17–20](../11/17.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd]]) +ROM 11 22 bfsu figs-metaphor ἴδε 1 For if God did not spare the natural branches, neither will he spare you Paul uses the term **See** to focus his audiences’ attention on what he is about to say. Your language may have a comparable expression that you can use in your translation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ROM 11 22 i0r3 grammar-connect-logic-result οὖν 1 For if God did not spare the natural branches, neither will he spare you Here, **then** indicates that what follows in this verse is the logical conclusion to what Paul has stated in the [verses 17–21](../11/17.md). Use a natural way in your language for expressing result. Alternate translation: “as a result” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) +ROM 11 22 xdm3 figs-abstractnouns χρηστότητα…ἀποτομίαν Θεοῦ…ἀποτομία…χρηστότης Θεοῦ…τῇ χρηστότητι 1 the kind actions and the severity of God If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **kindness** and **severity**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “the kind character … the severe character of God … his severe character … the kind character of God … his kind character” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ROM 11 22 i3ok figs-metaphor ἐπὶ μὲν τοὺς πεσόντας, ἀποτομία 1 the kind actions and the severity of God Here Paul speaks of God’s **severity** as if it were an object that could be **on** someone. He means that God punishes them severely. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he severely punishes those who fell” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ROM 11 22 scf8 figs-metaphor τοὺς πεσόντας 1 those who fell Paul refers to the Jews who failed to trust God as if they were people who **fell**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “those Jews who failed to trust in God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ROM 11 22 fy84 figs-metaphor ἐπὶ δὲ σὲ, χρηστότης Θεοῦ 1 those who fell Here Paul speaks of God’s **kindness** as if it were an object that could be **on** someone. He means that God acts kindly toward those who trust in Jesus. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he is kind to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ROM 11 22 i4ue figs-youcrowd σὲ…ἐπιμένῃς…σὺ ἐκκοπήσῃ\n 1 those who fell See how you translated **you** in [verses 17–21](../11/17.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd]]) +ROM 11 22 i4ue figs-youcrowd σὲ…ἐπιμένῃς…σὺ ἐκκοπήσῃ 1 those who fell See how you translated **you** in [verses 17–21](../11/17.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd]]) ROM 11 22 rw2i figs-metaphor ἐπιμένῃς τῇ χρηστότητι 1 those who fell Here Paul speaks of God’s **kindness** as if it were a place in which someone could **continue** staying. He means that his readers should continue trusting in God’s kindness. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you continue trusting in his kindness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ROM 11 22 t4mk figs-metaphor καὶ σὺ ἐκκοπήσῃ 1 Otherwise you also will be cut off Here Paul refers to his Gentile Christian audience as if they were branches that God could **cut off**. He means that God would reject them if they do not remain faithful. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “you yourself also will be rejected” or “you yourself also will be rejected like a branch that is cut off” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +ROM 11 22 t4mk figs-metaphor καὶ σὺ ἐκκοπήσῃ 1 Otherwise you also will be cut off Here Paul refers to his Gentile Christian audience as if they were branches that God could **cut off**. He means that God would reject them if they do not remain faithful. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “you yourself also will be rejected” or “you yourself also will be rejected like a branch that is cut off” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ROM 11 22 l17i figs-activepassive καὶ σὺ ἐκκοπήσῃ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God will cut off you yourself also” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 11 23 osvn writing-pronouns κἀκεῖνοι…μὴ ἐπιμένωσι τῇ ἀπιστίᾳ…αὐτούς 1 In this verse **those**, **they**, **their**, and **them** refer to the Jewish people who do not believe in Jesus at first but become believers. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “those unbelieving Jewish people … those Jews do not continue in their unbelief … those Jews” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])\n +ROM 11 23 osvn writing-pronouns κἀκεῖνοι…μὴ ἐπιμένωσι τῇ ἀπιστίᾳ…αὐτούς 1 In this verse **those**, **they**, **their**, and **them** refer to the Jewish people who do not believe in Jesus at first but become believers. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “those unbelieving Jewish people … those Jews do not continue in their unbelief … those Jews” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) ROM 11 23 k0i0 figs-metaphor μὴ ἐπιμένωσι τῇ ἀπιστίᾳ 1 See how you translated **continue in** in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ROM 11 23 lvk7 figs-doublenegatives ἐὰν μὴ ἐπιμένωσι τῇ ἀπιστίᾳ 1 if they do not continue in their unbelief The phrase **do not continue in their unbelief** is a double negative. If your readers would misunderstand this double negative, you could translate it as a positive statement. Alternate translation: “if they start believing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) ROM 11 23 e68i figs-abstractnouns τῇ ἀπιστίᾳ 1 if they do not continue in their unbelief See how you translated **unbelief** in [4:20](../04/20.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ROM 11 23 zu7k figs-metaphor ἐνκεντρισθήσονται…ἐνκεντρίσαι αὐτούς 1 will be grafted in Paul speaks of the Jews becoming part of God’s people as if they were branches that could be **grafted in** to a tree. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “will be joined to God’s people … to join them to his people” or “will be joined to God’s people, like a branch is grafted into a tree … to join them to his people, like a farmer grafts a branch into a tree” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ROM 11 23 lx11 figs-activepassive ἐνκεντρισθήσονται 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God will graft in” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 11 23 yxtp grammar-connect-logic-result γάρ 1 **For** here indicates that what follows is the reason why what Paul said in the previous sentence is true. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “This is due to the fact that” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])\n -ROM 11 24 onko grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 **For** here indicates that what follows in this verse and the next verse is an explanation of what Paul said in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “In fact,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])\n +ROM 11 23 yxtp grammar-connect-logic-result γάρ 1 **For** here indicates that what follows is the reason why what Paul said in the previous sentence is true. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “This is due to the fact that” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) +ROM 11 24 onko grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 **For** here indicates that what follows in this verse and the next verse is an explanation of what Paul said in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “In fact,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) ROM 11 24 q1vp grammar-connect-condition-fact εἰ 1 See how you translated if in [verse 12](../11/12.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]]) ROM 11 24 s1a4 figs-exmetaphor σὺ ἐκ τῆς κατὰ φύσιν ἐξεκόπης ἀγριελαίου, καὶ παρὰ φύσιν ἐνεκεντρίσθης εἰς καλλιέλαιον, πόσῳ μᾶλλον οὗτοι, οἱ κατὰ φύσιν ἐνκεντρισθήσονται τῇ ἰδίᾳ ἐλαίᾳ 1 For if you were cut out of what is by nature a wild olive tree, and contrary to nature were grafted into a good olive tree, how much more will these Jews, who are the natural branches, be grafted back into their own olive tree? Paul continues speaking of the Gentile believers and Jews as if they were branches of a **tree**, as he did in [verses 17–22](../11/17.md). Here, **wild olive tree** represents all non-Jewish people who do not believe in Jesus, **cut off** represents being separated from unbelieving non-Jewish people, and **good olive tree** and **their own olive tree** represents God’s people. See how you translated **grafted into** in [verse 17](../11/17.md). Alternate translation: “you were separated from the nations, like a branch is cut off from what is by nature a wild olive tree, and contrary to nature were joined to God’s people, like a branch is grafted into a good olive tree, how much more will these, who are according to nature like olive branches, be joined to their own people, like a branch is grafted back into its own olive tree” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor]]) -ROM 11 24 hl07 figs-youcrowd σὺ 1 See how **you** translated you in [verses 17–22](../11/17.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd]])\n +ROM 11 24 hl07 figs-youcrowd σὺ 1 See how **you** translated you in [verses 17–22](../11/17.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd]]) ROM 11 24 dem3 figs-activepassive σὺ ἐκ τῆς κατὰ φύσιν ἐξεκόπης ἀγριελαίου…ἐνεκεντρίσθης…οὗτοι, οἱ κατὰ φύσιν ἐνκεντρισθήσονται 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God cut you off from what is by nature a wild olive tree … God grafted … will God graft these, who are according to nature, back into” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 11 24 ko5o figs-rquestion πόσῳ μᾶλλον οὗτοι, οἱ κατὰ φύσιν ἐνκεντρισθήσονται τῇ ἰδίᾳ ἐλαίᾳ? 1 Paul is not asking for information, but is using the question form here to emphasize the truth of what he is saying. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “so much more will these, who are according to nature, be grafted back into their own olive tree!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])\n +ROM 11 24 ko5o figs-rquestion πόσῳ μᾶλλον οὗτοι, οἱ κατὰ φύσιν ἐνκεντρισθήσονται τῇ ἰδίᾳ ἐλαίᾳ? 1 Paul is not asking for information, but is using the question form here to emphasize the truth of what he is saying. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “so much more will these, who are according to nature, be grafted back into their own olive tree!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ROM 11 24 ncwk writing-pronouns οὗτοι…τῇ ἰδίᾳ 1 Here, **they** and **their** refer to Jewish people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “these Jews … the Jews’ own” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) -ROM 11 24 yn21 figs-distinguish οἱ κατὰ φύσιν 1 This phrase gives further information about the Jewish people whom God will rejoin to his people. If it might be helpful in your language, you could make the relationship between these phrases clearer. Alternate translation: “they are the people who are according to nature” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])\n +ROM 11 24 yn21 figs-distinguish οἱ κατὰ φύσιν 1 This phrase gives further information about the Jewish people whom God will rejoin to his people. If it might be helpful in your language, you could make the relationship between these phrases clearer. Alternate translation: “they are the people who are according to nature” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]]) ROM 11 25 jb0b grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 **For** here indicates that what Paul says in [verses 25–32](../11/25.md) is the reason why he said what he did in the previous verse. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “I am telling you these things because” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) -ROM 11 25 ye5w figs-doublenegatives οὐ…θέλω ὑμᾶς ἀγνοεῖν 1 I do not want you to be uninformed If your readers would misunderstand this double negative, you could translate it as a positive statement. Alternate translation: “I very much want you to be aware” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) -ROM 11 25 q3i2 writing-pronouns οὐ…θέλω 1 I The pronoun **I** here refers to Paul. If this might confuse your readers, you could say this explicitly. Alternate translation: “I, Paul, do not want” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])\n +ROM 11 25 ye5w figs-doublenegatives οὐ…θέλω ὑμᾶς ἀγνοεῖν 1 I do not want you to be uninformed If your readers would misunderstand this double negative, you could translate it as a positive statement. Alternate translation: “I very much want you to be aware” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) +ROM 11 25 q3i2 writing-pronouns οὐ…θέλω 1 I The pronoun **I** here refers to Paul. If this might confuse your readers, you could say this explicitly. Alternate translation: “I, Paul, do not want” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) ROM 11 25 ykop figs-yousingular ὑμᾶς…μὴ ἦτε παρ’ ἑαυτοῖς φρόνιμοι 1 I Here, **you** and **yourselves** are plural and could refer to: (1) non-Jewish Christians, as in verses [verses 17–24](../11/17.md). Alternate translation: “you non-Jewish believers in Christ … you non-Jews might be wise not be in yourselves” (2) all the unbelievers to whom Paul was writing this letter. Alternate translation: “you believers in Jesus … you believers might not be wise in yourselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]]) ROM 11 25 evc9 figs-infostructure οὐ…θέλω ὑμᾶς ἀγνοεῖν, ἀδελφοί, τὸ μυστήριον τοῦτο, ἵνα μὴ ἦτε παρ’ ἑαυτοῖς φρόνιμοι, ὅτι πώρωσις ἀπὸ μέρους τῷ Ἰσραὴλ γέγονεν 1 I If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “in order that you, brothers, might not be wise in yourselves, I do not want you to be ignorant of this mystery, that a partial hardening has occurred in Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]]) -ROM 11 25 aj7j translate-unknown τὸ μυστήριον τοῦτο 1 I Here Paul uses the word **mystery** to refer to God saving a remnant of Jews after he saves a certain amount of Gentiles. This does not mean that the idea is hard to understand, but rather, God had not yet revealed it to people. If your language would not use **mystery** to refer to something that was concealed but has now been revealed, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “of this concealed message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])\n -ROM 11 25 w7lx figs-gendernotations ἀδελφοί 1 brothers Although the term **brothers** is masculine, Paul is using the word here in a generic sense that includes both men and women. Paul could be referring to: (1) non-Jewish Christians, as in verses [verses 17–24](../11/17.md). Alternate translation: “my fellow non-Jewish believers in Christ” (2) all the unbelievers to whom Paul was writing this letter. Alternate translation: “my fellow believers in Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])\n +ROM 11 25 aj7j translate-unknown τὸ μυστήριον τοῦτο 1 I Here Paul uses the word **mystery** to refer to God saving a remnant of Jews after he saves a certain amount of Gentiles. This does not mean that the idea is hard to understand, but rather, God had not yet revealed it to people. If your language would not use **mystery** to refer to something that was concealed but has now been revealed, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “of this concealed message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) +ROM 11 25 w7lx figs-gendernotations ἀδελφοί 1 brothers Although the term **brothers** is masculine, Paul is using the word here in a generic sense that includes both men and women. Paul could be referring to: (1) non-Jewish Christians, as in verses [verses 17–24](../11/17.md). Alternate translation: “my fellow non-Jewish believers in Christ” (2) all the unbelievers to whom Paul was writing this letter. Alternate translation: “my fellow believers in Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) ROM 11 25 me1g figs-idiom μὴ ἦτε παρ’ ἑαυτοῖς φρόνιμοι 1 in order that you will not be wise in your own thinking The phrase **wise in yourselves** refers to someone arrogantly thinking that he is wiser than he really is. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you might not arrogantly think that you are wiser than you really are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ROM 11 25 ec4j figs-metaphor πώρωσις ἀπὸ μέρους 1 a partial hardening has occurred in Israel Here, **hardening** refers to being stubborn and unwilling to believe in Jesus. This **hardening** is only **partial** because some Jews believe in Jesus. See how you translated similar words in [verse 7](../11/07.md) and [9:18](../09/18.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ROM 11 25 dry1 figs-metonymy τῷ Ἰσραὴλ 1 See how you translated **Israel** in [10:19](../10/19.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ROM 11 25 db1x figs-metaphor τὸ πλήρωμα τῶν ἐθνῶν 1 until the completion of the Gentiles come in Here, **fullness** refers to the full amount of non-Jewish people whom God will save. See how you translated **fullness** in [verse 12](../11/12.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ROM 11 25 px38 figs-metaphor εἰσέλθῃ 1 until the completion of the Gentiles come in Here Paul uses **come in** to speak about people joining God’s people as if they were entering a place. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “has become his people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ROM 11 26 jo0j figs-explicit καὶ οὕτως 1 Here, **thus** indicates that **all Israel will be saved** in the same manner as “the fullness of the Gentiles”, as mentioned in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and in the same manner” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +ROM 11 26 jo0j figs-explicit καὶ οὕτως 1 Here, **thus** indicates that **all Israel will be saved** in the same manner as “the fullness of the Gentiles,” as mentioned in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and in the same manner” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ROM 11 26 vu7t figs-activepassive πᾶς Ἰσραὴλ σωθήσεται 1 Thus all Israel will be saved If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God will save all Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 11 26 xjq4 figs-metonymy Ἰσραὴλ 1 Thus all Israel will be saved See how you translated **Israel** in [10:19](../10/19.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ROM 11 26 wuyz writing-quotations καθὼς γέγραπται 1 See how you translated this phrase in [1:17](../01/17.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])\n -ROM 11 26 n7yf figs-activepassive καθὼς γέγραπται 1 just as it is written If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, the quotation is from [Isaiah 59:20–21](../../isa/59/20.md) and [27:9](../../isa/27/09.md). Alternate translation: “just as Isaiah wrote” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])\n +ROM 11 26 xjq4 figs-metonymy Ἰσραὴλ 1 Thus all Israel will be saved See how you translated **Israel** in [10:19](../10/19.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +ROM 11 26 wuyz writing-quotations καθὼς γέγραπται 1 See how you translated this phrase in [1:17](../01/17.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]]) +ROM 11 26 n7yf figs-activepassive καθὼς γέγραπται 1 just as it is written If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, the quotation is from [Isaiah 59:20–21](../../isa/59/20.md) and [27:9](../../isa/27/09.md). Alternate translation: “just as Isaiah wrote” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ROM 11 26 eb3j figs-quotemarks ἥξει ἐκ Σιὼν ὁ ῥυόμενος, ἀποστρέψει ἀσεβείας ἀπὸ Ἰακώβ 1 just as it is written This sentence is a quotation of [Isaiah 59:20–21](../../isa/59/20.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) ROM 11 26 dm4e figs-metonymy Σιὼν 1 See how you translated **Zion** in [9:33](../09/33.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ROM 11 26 at55 figs-metaphor ἀποστρέψει ἀσεβείας 1 He will remove ungodliness Paul quotes Isaiah speaking of **ungodly things** as if they were an object that someone could **turn away**. If it would be helpful in you language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “He will cause ungodly activity to stop” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ROM 11 26 bkr2 figs-metonymy Ἰακώβ 1 from Jacob Here, **Jacob** refers to the descendants of Jacob, who are also called Israelites. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the Israelites” or “the descendants of Jacob” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])\n +ROM 11 26 bkr2 figs-metonymy Ἰακώβ 1 from Jacob Here, **Jacob** refers to the descendants of Jacob, who are also called Israelites. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the Israelites” or “the descendants of Jacob” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ROM 11 27 cie8 figs-quotemarks 0 from Jacob This verse is a quotation of [Isaiah 59:20–21](../../isa/59/20.md) and [27:9](../../isa/27/09.md) in which God is speaking. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) -ROM 11 27 q7e3 writing-pronouns αὐτοῖς…παρ’ ἐμοῦ…ἀφέλωμαι…αὐτῶν 1 from Jacob The pronouns **I** and **me** here refer to God, and **them** and **their** refer to the people of Israel. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “for the people of Israel … with me, God, … I take away Israel’s” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])\n +ROM 11 27 q7e3 writing-pronouns αὐτοῖς…παρ’ ἐμοῦ…ἀφέλωμαι…αὐτῶν 1 from Jacob The pronouns **I** and **me** here refer to God, and **them** and **their** refer to the people of Israel. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “for the people of Israel … with me, God, … I take away Israel’s” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) ROM 11 27 ll39 figs-metaphor ἀφέλωμαι τὰς ἁμαρτίας αὐτῶν 1 I will take away their sins Paul quotes God speaking of **sins** as if they were objects that someone could **take away**. He means that people are forgiven for the **sins** they have done. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I will remove the guilt of their sins” or “I will forgive them for their sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ROM 11 28 ctn9 figs-explicit κατὰ…τὸ εὐαγγέλιον 1 As far as the gospel is concerned Here Paul implies the Jewish people rejecting the **gospel**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “according to the Jews rejecting the gospel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ROM 11 28 girf writing-pronouns ἐχθροὶ…ὑμᾶς…ἀγαπητοὶ…τοὺς πατέρας 1 As far as the gospel is concerned The pronouns **they** and **their** refer to the people of Israel, and **your** refers to Gentile Christians. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel are enemies … you non-Jews … the people of Israel are beloved … their forefathers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) @@ -2159,24 +2159,24 @@ ROM 11 28 x6aa figs-explicit ἐχθροὶ 1 they are enemies for your sake Pau ROM 11 28 dr2q figs-abstractnouns κατὰ…τὴν ἐκλογὴν 2 as far as election is concerned See how you translated this phrase in [9:11](../09/11.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ROM 11 28 d82k figs-activepassive ἀγαπητοὶ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God loves them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ROM 11 28 jas2 figs-explicit διὰ τοὺς πατέρας 1 they are beloved because of their forefathers Here, **for the sake of their forefathers** refers to the promises that God made to **their forefathers**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “because of what he promised to do for their ancestors” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 11 29 nr47 grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows is the reason why what Paul said in the previous verse is true. If it would be helpful to you readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “You can be sure this is true because” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])\n +ROM 11 29 nr47 grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 **For** indicates that what follows is the reason why what Paul said in the previous verse is true. If it would be helpful to you readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “You can be sure this is true because” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) ROM 11 29 p2sf figs-abstractnouns τὰ χαρίσματα…ἡ κλῆσις τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 For the gifts and the call of God are unchangeable If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **gifts** and **calling**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “what is graciously given … what has been called by God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ROM 11 29 mnqs figs-possession ἡ κλῆσις τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Here, **the calling of God** refers to the fact that God called the Jews to be his people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the fact that God called them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) -ROM 11 30 gmrm grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 **For** here indicates that what follows in this verse and the next verse explains what Paul said about the Jews in the previous verse. If this might confuse your readers, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “In fact,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])\n -ROM 11 30 bj8g figs-yousingular ὑμεῖς ποτε ἠπειθήσατε\n 1 you were formerly disobedient Here, **you** and **yourselves** are plural and refer to non-Jewish Christians, as in verses [verses 17–24](../11/17.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “you non-Jewish believers in Christ yourselves were formerly disobedient” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]]) +ROM 11 30 gmrm grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 **For** here indicates that what follows in this verse and the next verse explains what Paul said about the Jews in the previous verse. If this might confuse your readers, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “In fact,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) +ROM 11 30 bj8g figs-yousingular ὑμεῖς ποτε ἠπειθήσατε 1 you were formerly disobedient Here, **you** and **yourselves** are plural and refer to non-Jewish Christians, as in verses [verses 17–24](../11/17.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “you non-Jewish believers in Christ yourselves were formerly disobedient” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]]) ROM 11 30 df91 figs-activepassive ἠλεήθητε 1 you have received mercy because of their disobedience If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God has shown mercy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) ROM 11 30 zk91 figs-abstractnouns ἠλεήθητε τῇ τούτων ἀπειθείᾳ 1 you have received mercy because of their disobedience If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **mercy** and **disobedience**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “were shown how merciful God is in how disobedient these were” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ROM 11 30 iufr grammar-connect-logic-result τῇ τούτων ἀπειθείᾳ 1 you have received mercy because of their disobedience Here, **in** indicates that what follows is one reason why God showed **mercy** to non-Jewish people. Use the natural way in your language to express a reason. Alternate translation: “due to the disobedience of these” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) -ROM 11 30 g3cn writing-pronouns τούτων 1 you Here, **these** refers to Jewish people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “of these Jews” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) +ROM 11 30 g3cn writing-pronouns τούτων 1 you Here, **these** refers to Jewish people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “of these Jews” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) ROM 11 31 wmub writing-pronouns οὗτοι…αὐτοὶ 1 you Here, **these** and **they** refer to Jewish people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “these Jews … the Jews” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) -ROM 11 31 enhi figs-infostructure ἠπείθησαν τῷ ὑμετέρῳ ἐλέει, ἵνα καὶ αὐτοὶ νῦν ἐλεηθῶσιν 1 you The phrase **in your mercy** could be connected to: (1) the verb translated as **were disobedient**, as in the ULT. (2) the verb translated as **be shown mercy**. Alternate translation: “were disobedient so that, in your mercy, they might also now be shown mercy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]]) +ROM 11 31 enhi figs-infostructure ἠπείθησαν τῷ ὑμετέρῳ ἐλέει, ἵνα καὶ αὐτοὶ νῦν ἐλεηθῶσιν 1 you The phrase **in your mercy** could be connected to: (1) the verb translated as **were disobedient**, as in the ULT. (2) the verb translated as **be shown mercy**. Alternate translation: “were disobedient so that, in your mercy, they might also now be shown mercy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]]) ROM 11 31 mwhx grammar-connect-logic-result τῷ ὑμετέρῳ ἐλέει 1 you Here, **in** could indicate: (1) that what follows is one reason for the Jews being **disobedient**. Alternate translation: “because of your mercy” (2) that what follows is one purpose for the Jews being **disobedient**. Alternate translation: “for the purpose of your mercy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) ROM 11 31 qh7s figs-explicit τῷ ὑμετέρῳ ἐλέει 1 you Here, **your mercy** refers to the **mercy** that God has shown to non-Jewish people whom he saves. If it would be helpful in your language you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “in the mercy that God has shown you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ROM 11 31 kzgo figs-yousingular τῷ ὑμετέρῳ ἐλέει 1 you Here, **your** is plural and refers to non-Jewish believers in Jesus. See how you translated **you** in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]]) ROM 11 31 dtmn figs-abstractnouns τῷ ὑμετέρῳ ἐλέει…καὶ αὐτοὶ νῦν ἐλεηθῶσιν 1 you If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **mercy**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “in God acting mercifully to you … God might also now act mercifully to them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ROM 11 31 cfgv grammar-connect-logic-goal ἵνα 1 you Here, **so that** indicates that what follows is one purpose for the disobedience of the Jews. Use the natural way in your language to express a purpose for something. Alternate translation: “for the purpose that” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) +ROM 11 31 cfgv grammar-connect-logic-goal ἵνα 1 you Here, **so that** indicates that what follows is one purpose for the disobedience of the Jews. Use the natural way in your language to express a purpose for something. Alternate translation: “for the purpose that” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) ROM 11 31 onqo figs-activepassive καὶ αὐτοὶ νῦν ἐλεηθῶσιν 1 you If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God might also now show them mercy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 11 32 wxjl grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 you **For** here indicates that what follows in this verse is the conclusion to what Paul said in the previous two verses. If this might confuse your readers, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “In conclusion,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])\n +ROM 11 32 wxjl grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 you **For** here indicates that what follows in this verse is the conclusion to what Paul said in the previous two verses. If this might confuse your readers, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “In conclusion,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) ROM 11 32 t6cb figs-metaphor συνέκλεισεν…ὁ Θεὸς τοὺς πάντας εἰς ἀπείθειαν 1 God has shut up all into disobedience Here Paul refers to people whom God allows to disobey him as if they were prisoners **shut up** in a prison. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “God has allowed all people to be disobedient” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ROM 11 32 obi0 figs-abstractnouns ἀπείθειαν…ἐλεήσῃ 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **disobedience** and **mercy**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “how disobedient they are … he might show how merciful he is on” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ROM 11 33 veuz figs-exclamations ὦ βάθος πλούτου, καὶ σοφίας καὶ γνώσεως Θεοῦ 1 **Oh** is an exclamation word that communicates awe. Use an exclamation that is natural in your language for communicating this. Alternate translation: “How amazing is the depth of the wealth and the wisdom and the knowledge of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) @@ -2187,8 +2187,8 @@ ROM 11 33 u322 figs-exclamations ὡς ἀνεξεραύνητα τὰ κρίμ ROM 11 33 qb5r figs-metaphor ἀνεξεραύνητα τὰ κρίματα αὐτοῦ 1 How unsearchable are his judgments, and his ways beyond discovering Here Paul speaks of God’s **judgments** as if they are objects that people cannot search for. He means that people cannot fully understand God’s **judgments**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “incomprehensible are his judgments” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ROM 11 33 urwo figs-abstractnouns τὰ κρίματα αὐτοῦ 1 How unsearchable are his judgments, and his ways beyond discovering If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **judgements**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “is how he judges” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) ROM 11 33 m755 figs-metaphor ἀνεξιχνίαστοι αἱ ὁδοὶ αὐτοῦ 1 How unsearchable are his judgments, and his ways beyond discovering Here Paul speaks of God’s **ways** as if they are objects that people cannot discover. He means that people cannot fully understand God’s **ways**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “his ways are incomprehensible” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ROM 11 34 w1ck writing-quotations γὰρ 1 **For** here indicates that what follows is a quotation from an Old Testament book ([Isaiah 40:13](../../isa/40/13.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Paul is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “For it is written in the Scriptures” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])\n -ROM 11 34 uh2x figs-quotemarks τίς…ἔγνω νοῦν Κυρίου, ἢ τίς σύμβουλος αὐτοῦ ἐγένετο? 1 For who has known the mind of the Lord or who has become his advisor? This sentence is a quotation from [Isaiah 40:13](../../isa/40/13.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])\n +ROM 11 34 w1ck writing-quotations γὰρ 1 **For** here indicates that what follows is a quotation from an Old Testament book ([Isaiah 40:13](../../isa/40/13.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Paul is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “For it is written in the Scriptures” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]]) +ROM 11 34 uh2x figs-quotemarks τίς…ἔγνω νοῦν Κυρίου, ἢ τίς σύμβουλος αὐτοῦ ἐγένετο? 1 For who has known the mind of the Lord or who has become his advisor? This sentence is a quotation from [Isaiah 40:13](../../isa/40/13.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) ROM 11 34 r2wj figs-rquestion τίς…ἔγνω νοῦν Κυρίου, ἢ τίς σύμβουλος αὐτοῦ ἐγένετο? 1 For who has known the mind of the Lord or who has become his advisor? Paul quotes Isaiah using this question to emphasize that no one is as wise as the Lord. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “No one has known the mind of the Lord or become his advisor!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ROM 11 34 yy52 figs-metonymy νοῦν Κυρίου 1 the mind of the Lord Here, **mind** refers to what a person knows and thinks. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “all that the Lord knows” or “what the Lord thinks about” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) ROM 11 35 wonz writing-quotations ἢ 1 the mind of the Lord **Or** here indicates that what follows is Paul’s paraphrase of a verse in an Old Testament book ([Job 41:11](../../job/41/11.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Paul is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “Or, as is written in the Scriptures” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]]) @@ -2196,13 +2196,13 @@ ROM 11 35 dc62 figs-quotemarks τίς προέδωκεν αὐτῷ, καὶ ἀ ROM 11 35 j5cn figs-rquestion τίς προέδωκεν αὐτῷ, καὶ ἀνταποδοθήσεται αὐτῷ? 1 Or who has first given anything to God, that God must repay him? Paul quotes Job using this question to emphasize what he is saying. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “No one has ever given anything to God that he should be repaid by him!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) ROM 11 35 wm4s figs-ellipsis τίς προέδωκεν αὐτῷ 1 Or who has first given anything to God, that God must repay him? Paul quotes Job leaving out some of the words that a clause would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “Who gave something to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) ROM 11 35 jbjk figs-activepassive ἀνταποδοθήσεται αὐτῷ 1 Or who has first given anything to God, that God must repay him? If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God should repay him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ROM 11 36 tuup grammar-connect-logic-result ὅτι 1 Or who has first given anything to God, that God must repay him? **For** here indicates that what Paul says in this verse is the reason why what he said in [verses 34–35](../11/34.md) is true. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “These things are true because” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])\n +ROM 11 36 tuup grammar-connect-logic-result ὅτι 1 Or who has first given anything to God, that God must repay him? **For** here indicates that what Paul says in this verse is the reason why what he said in [verses 34–35](../11/34.md) is true. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “These things are true because” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) ROM 11 36 abc1 writing-pronouns ἐξ αὐτοῦ, καὶ δι’ αὐτοῦ, καὶ εἰς αὐτὸν, τὰ πάντα. αὐτῷ 1 For from him … through him … to him In this verse **him** refers to God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “from God and through God and to God are all things. To God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) ROM 11 36 p0l8 figs-explicit ἐξ αὐτοῦ 1 For from him … through him … to him Here, **from** indicates that **all things** came from God because he made them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “originating from him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ROM 11 36 a9gg figs-explicit δι’ αὐτοῦ 1 For from him … through him … to him Here, **through** indicates that God is the means by which **all things** continue to exist. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “continuing to exist through him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) ROM 11 36 s63u figs-explicit εἰς αὐτὸν 1 For from him … through him … to him Here, **to** indicates that God is the reason **all things** exist. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “for him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ROM 11 36 rpx6 figs-abstractnouns αὐτῷ ἡ δόξα 1 To him be the glory forever If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the abstract noun **glory** by translating it with an equivalent expression. Alternate translation: “May people glorify him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])\n -ROM 11 36 ut8l figs-idiom εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας 1 To him be the glory forever Here, **to the ages** is an idiom that means “forever.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “to eternity” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])\n +ROM 11 36 rpx6 figs-abstractnouns αὐτῷ ἡ δόξα 1 To him be the glory forever If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the abstract noun **glory** by translating it with an equivalent expression. Alternate translation: “May people glorify him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +ROM 11 36 ut8l figs-idiom εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας 1 To him be the glory forever Here, **to the ages** is an idiom that means “forever.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “to eternity” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) ROM 12 intro aky9 0 # Romans 12 General Notes

## Structure and formatting

7. Instructions for living as Christians (12:1–15:13)
* How to act toward God (12:1–2)
* How to serve the church (12:3–8)
* How to act toward other Christians (12:9–13)
* How to act toward unbelievers (12:14–21)
* How to act toward government (13:1–7)
* How to act toward other people (13:8–10)
* Act as if the end is near (13:11–14)
* Do not judge other Christians (14:1–12)
* Do not tempt other Christians to sin (14:13–23)
* Be united with other Christians (15:1–13)

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the words of verse 20, which are from the Old Testament.

Many scholars believe Paul uses the word **therefore** in [Romans 12:1](../rom/12/01.md) to refer back to all of Chapters 1-11. Having carefully explained the Christian gospel, Paul now explains how Christians should live in light of these great truths. Chapters 12-16 focus on living out one’s Christian faith. Paul uses many different commands in these chapters to give these practical instructions. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Christian living

Under the law of Moses, people were required to offer temple sacrifices of animals or grain. Now Christians are required to live their lives as a type of sacrifice to God. Physical sacrifices are no longer required. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Body of Christ

The body of Christ is an important metaphor or image used in Scripture to refer to the church. Each church member plays a unique and important function. Christians need each other. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/body]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) ROM 12 1 rhs3 0 Connecting Statement: Paul tells what the life of a believer should be and how believers should serve. ROM 12 1 d2y3 figs-explicit παρακαλῶ οὖν ὑμᾶς, ἀδελφοί, διὰ τῶν οἰκτιρμῶν τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 I urge you therefore, brothers, by the mercies of God Here, **brothers** refers to fellow believers, both male and female. Alternate translation: “Fellow believers, because of the great mercy that God has given you I very much want you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])