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@ -38,18 +38,21 @@ front:intro aq5w 0 # Introduction to Joel\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\
1:8 j005 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit the husband of her youth 1 Joel assumes that his listeners will know that by **the husband of her youth**, he means the fiancé to whom a young woman was betrothed. The word **virgin** indicates that this woman was not yet married, but in this culture, engagement was tanatmount to marriage and a fiancé was considered a **husband**. You could express this relationship with your own culture’s characteristic terms if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “the fiancé of her youth”
1:8 j2k6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns the husband of her youth 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **youth**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “the man she became engaged to while young” or “the young man to whom she was engaged”
1:9 j006 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive The grain offering and the drink offering have been cut off 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The locusts have cut off the grain offering and the drink offering”
1:9 m5db rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom have been cut off from the house 1 The phrase **have been cut off** is an expression that means that something is no longer available. Your language may have a comparable expression that you can use in your translation. Alternate translation: “are no longer available for the house”
1:9 t9u2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor from the house of Yahweh 1 As the General Notes to this chapter discuss, here and often in this chapter, Joel is using the word **house** to mean “temple.” Alternate translation: “from the temple of Yahweh”
1:10 c7d9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification the ground mourns 1 Joel is speaking of **the ground** as if it were a living thing that could **mourn** because it was bare of crops. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the ground is bare”
1:10 j007 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive The field has been destroyed, the ground mourns, for the grain has been destroyed 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The locusts have destroyed the field, the ground mourns, for the locusts have destroyed the grain”
1:10 j008 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive the oil is made weak 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the oil has become weak”
1:10 j7k2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the new wine dries up 1 Joel is speaking as if the **new wine** the Israelites would have gotten from this harvest had literally dried up. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the new wine disappears as if it had evaporated” or “the new wine runs out”
1:10 k6l2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun The field has been destroyed 1 Joel is not referring to a specific **field**. He means fields in general. It may be more natural in your language to express this meaning by using a plural form. Alternate translation: “The fields have been destroyed”
1:10 c7d9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification the ground mourns 1 Joel is speaking of **the ground** as if it were a living thing that could **mourn** because it was bare of crops. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the ground is bare”
1:10 j7k2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the new wine dries up 1 Joel is speaking as if the **new wine** the Israelites would have gotten from this harvest had literally dried up. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the new wine disappears as if it had evaporated” or “the new wine runs out”
1:10 j008 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive the oil is made weak 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the oil has become weak”
1:10 a6rw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the oil is made weak 1 Here Joel is speaking of the supply of **oil** as if it had been strong and now was **weak**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the supply of oil is low” or “the oil runs out”
1:11 m8n5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun the field 1 Joel is not referring to a specific **field**. He means fields in general. It may be more natural in your language to express this meaning by using a plural form. Alternate translation: “the fields”
1:12 p3q7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun The vine has dried up and the fig tree has been made weak. The pomegranate tree, also the palm tree and the apple tree 1 Joel is not referring to a specific **vine**, **fig tree**, **pomegranate tree**, **palm tree**, or **apple tree**. He is talking about these kinds of trees in general. It may be more natural in your language to express this meaning by using plural forms. Alternate translation: “The vines have dried up and the fig trees have been made weak. The pomegranate trees, also the palm trees and the apple trees”
1:12 j009 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive has been made weak 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “has become weak”
1:12 h2j8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations the sons of man 1 Here the masculine terms **sons** and **man** have a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “human beings”
1:12 l3m6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor joy has dried up from the sons of man 1 Joel is speaking of **joy** as if it were a liquid that had literally **dried up**. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “people no longer feel joyful”
1:12 kiyn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 1 Here Joel is speaking of **the fig tree** as if it had been strong and now was **weak**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the fig tree is withered” or “the fig tree is dying”
1:12 m3n5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole all of the trees of the field have dried up 1 Joel is making an overstatement for emphasis. If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the emphasis in a different way. Alternate translation: “trees of the field of every kind have dried up”
1:12 p3q7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun The vine has dried up and the fig tree has been made weak. The pomegranate tree, also the palm tree and the apple tree 1 Joel is not referring to specific **vine**, **fig tree**, **pomegranate tree**, **palm tree**, or **apple tree**. He means these trees in general. It may be more natural in your language to express this meaning by using plural forms. Alternate translation: “The vines have dried up and the fig trees have been made weak. The pomegranate trees, also the palm trees and the apple trees”
1:12 l3m6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor joy has dried up from the sons of man 1 Joel is speaking of **joy** as if it were a liquid that had literally **dried up**. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “people no longer feel joyful”
1:12 h2j8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations the sons of man 1 Here the masculine terms **sons** and **man** have a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “human beings”
1:13 a1b4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns your God 1 Since Joel and the people he is addressing worship the same God, it may be more natural in your language to say “our” instead of **your**. Languages that mark the distinction should use the inclusive form of “our.” Alternate translation: “our God”
1:13 j010 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Dress 1 Joel assumes that his listeners will know that by **Dress**, he means “Dress in sackcloth.” You could say that explicitly if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “Dress in sackcloth”
1:13 i9j5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction lodge in sackcloth 1 To **lodge in sackcloth** is a symbolic action that expresses deep mourning and repentance. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explain the significance of this action. Alternate translation: “spend the night wearing sackcloth to show your deep sorrow and repentance”

1 Reference ID Tags SupportReference Quote Occurrence Note
38 1:8 j005 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit the husband of her youth 1 Joel assumes that his listeners will know that by **the husband of her youth**, he means the fiancé to whom a young woman was betrothed. The word **virgin** indicates that this woman was not yet married, but in this culture, engagement was tanatmount to marriage and a fiancé was considered a **husband**. You could express this relationship with your own culture’s characteristic terms if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “the fiancé of her youth”
39 1:8 j2k6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns the husband of her youth 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **youth**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “the man she became engaged to while young” or “the young man to whom she was engaged”
40 1:9 j006 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive The grain offering and the drink offering have been cut off 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The locusts have cut off the grain offering and the drink offering”
41 1:9 m5db rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom have been cut off from the house 1 The phrase **have been cut off** is an expression that means that something is no longer available. Your language may have a comparable expression that you can use in your translation. Alternate translation: “are no longer available for the house”
42 1:9 t9u2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor from the house of Yahweh 1 As the General Notes to this chapter discuss, here and often in this chapter, Joel is using the word **house** to mean “temple.” Alternate translation: “from the temple of Yahweh”
1:10 c7d9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification the ground mourns 1 Joel is speaking of **the ground** as if it were a living thing that could **mourn** because it was bare of crops. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the ground is bare”
43 1:10 j007 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive The field has been destroyed, the ground mourns, for the grain has been destroyed 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The locusts have destroyed the field, the ground mourns, for the locusts have destroyed the grain”
1:10 j008 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive the oil is made weak 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the oil has become weak”
1:10 j7k2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the new wine dries up 1 Joel is speaking as if the **new wine** the Israelites would have gotten from this harvest had literally dried up. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the new wine disappears as if it had evaporated” or “the new wine runs out”
44 1:10 k6l2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun The field has been destroyed 1 Joel is not referring to a specific **field**. He means fields in general. It may be more natural in your language to express this meaning by using a plural form. Alternate translation: “The fields have been destroyed”
45 1:10 c7d9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification the ground mourns 1 Joel is speaking of **the ground** as if it were a living thing that could **mourn** because it was bare of crops. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the ground is bare”
46 1:10 j7k2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the new wine dries up 1 Joel is speaking as if the **new wine** the Israelites would have gotten from this harvest had literally dried up. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the new wine disappears as if it had evaporated” or “the new wine runs out”
47 1:10 j008 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive the oil is made weak 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the oil has become weak”
48 1:10 a6rw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the oil is made weak 1 Here Joel is speaking of the supply of **oil** as if it had been strong and now was **weak**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the supply of oil is low” or “the oil runs out”
49 1:11 m8n5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun the field 1 Joel is not referring to a specific **field**. He means fields in general. It may be more natural in your language to express this meaning by using a plural form. Alternate translation: “the fields”
50 1:12 p3q7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun The vine has dried up and the fig tree has been made weak. The pomegranate tree, also the palm tree and the apple tree 1 Joel is not referring to a specific **vine**, **fig tree**, **pomegranate tree**, **palm tree**, or **apple tree**. He is talking about these kinds of trees in general. It may be more natural in your language to express this meaning by using plural forms. Alternate translation: “The vines have dried up and the fig trees have been made weak. The pomegranate trees, also the palm trees and the apple trees”
51 1:12 j009 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive has been made weak 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “has become weak”
52 1:12 h2j8 kiyn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the sons of man 1 Here the masculine terms **sons** and **man** have a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “human beings” Here Joel is speaking of **the fig tree** as if it had been strong and now was **weak**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the fig tree is withered” or “the fig tree is dying”
1:12 l3m6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor joy has dried up from the sons of man 1 Joel is speaking of **joy** as if it were a liquid that had literally **dried up**. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “people no longer feel joyful”
53 1:12 m3n5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole all of the trees of the field have dried up 1 Joel is making an overstatement for emphasis. If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the emphasis in a different way. Alternate translation: “trees of the field of every kind have dried up”
54 1:12 p3q7 l3m6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The vine has dried up and the fig tree has been made weak. The pomegranate tree, also the palm tree and the apple tree joy has dried up from the sons of man 1 Joel is not referring to specific **vine**, **fig tree**, **pomegranate tree**, **palm tree**, or **apple tree**. He means these trees in general. It may be more natural in your language to express this meaning by using plural forms. Alternate translation: “The vines have dried up and the fig trees have been made weak. The pomegranate trees, also the palm trees and the apple trees” Joel is speaking of **joy** as if it were a liquid that had literally **dried up**. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “people no longer feel joyful”
55 1:12 h2j8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations the sons of man 1 Here the masculine terms **sons** and **man** have a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “human beings”
56 1:13 a1b4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns your God 1 Since Joel and the people he is addressing worship the same God, it may be more natural in your language to say “our” instead of **your**. Languages that mark the distinction should use the inclusive form of “our.” Alternate translation: “our God”
57 1:13 j010 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Dress 1 Joel assumes that his listeners will know that by **Dress**, he means “Dress in sackcloth.” You could say that explicitly if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “Dress in sackcloth”
58 1:13 i9j5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction lodge in sackcloth 1 To **lodge in sackcloth** is a symbolic action that expresses deep mourning and repentance. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explain the significance of this action. Alternate translation: “spend the night wearing sackcloth to show your deep sorrow and repentance”