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Reference ID Tags SupportReference Quote Occurrence Note Reference ID Tags SupportReference Quote Occurrence Note
front:intro v8pn 0 # Introduction to Judges\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of Judges\n\n1. History of the judges of Israel (1:1–16:31)\n * Introduction (1:1–3:6)\n * Othniel, Ehud, and Shamgar (3:7–31)\n * Deborah and Barak (4:1–5:31)\n * Gideon (6:1–8:35)\n * Abimelech, Tola, and Jair (9:1–10:5)\n * Jephthah (10:6–12:7)\n * Ibzan, Elon, and Abdon (12:8–15)\n * Samson (13:1–16:31)\n1. The account of Micah and his idols (17:1–18:31)\n1. The account of Gibeah; the other Israelites take revenge (19:1–21:25)\n\n### What is the Book of Judges about?\n\nThe Book of Judges tells of events that occurred after the Israelites settled in the Promised Land. The events in this book happened over a period of about 150 years.\n\nThis book describes how the Israelites repeatedly sinned against Yahweh during this time. They worshiped false gods and did the same wicked things as the peoples who lived around them. Therefore, God would allow enemies to defeat and oppress the Israelites. Eventually, the Israelites would call to Yahweh for help. Yahweh would then cause someone to help the Israelites defeat their enemies. This person was called a “judge.” The Israelites would live in peace until the judge died.\n\nAfter that judge died, the Israelites would start sinning again. So this pattern of events would repeat.\n\n### How should the title of this book be translated?\n\nThis book traditionally has the title “Judges” because it gives accounts of some of the main leaders or judges in Israel before there were any kings over the people. Unless there are good reasons for following the title in other Bible versions, the translator should probably use the title “Judges” or a title such as “The Book about the Leaders in Israel.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### What kind of leaders were the judges?\n\nThese were men and women whom God chose to help the Israelites defeat their enemies. After defeating their enemies, these leaders usually continued to help the people by deciding disputes among them. They also helped them make important decisions. Many of these leaders served all the people of Israel, but some of these leaders may have served only certain tribes.\n\n### What kind of society was Israel during the time of the judges?\n\nDuring this time, the twelve tribes of Israel were independent of one another. They were not a unified nation with one ruler. The tribes would sometimes help each other when enemies were threatening them.\n\nThese tribes were descended from the same ancestors: Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. They shared in the same covenant with Yahweh.\n\n### What spiritual struggles did Israel experience during the time of the judges?\n\nDuring this time, Israel struggled to remain faithful to Yahweh. The best judges encouraged Israel to be faithful to him, but some of the judges failed to do so. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]])\n\n## Part 3: Important Translation Issues\n\n### What is the meaning of the phrase “in those days there was no king in Israel, and everyone did what was right in his own eyes”?\n\nThis phrase occurs twice in the book of Judges. Shorter versions of the phrase occur two other times. These phrases imply that the writer or editor of this book was alive at a later time when there was a king in Israel. They also seem to imply that the writer thought that things were not good in Israel because there was no king.\n\nThe translation of these phrases should imply to the reader that the book’s writer is looking back into the past.\n\n### What is the meaning of the phrase “to this day”?\n\nThe narrator used this phrase to refer to the time when he was writing. The translator should be aware that “to this day” refers to a time already passed. The translator must avoid giving the impression that the present day of the translation’s readers is meant. The translator might decide to say, “to this day, at the time when this is being written,” or, “to this day, at the time of writing.” This Hebrew phrase occurs in Judges 1:21, 26; 6:24; 10:4; 15:19; 18:12. front:intro v8pn 0 # Introduction to Judges\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of Judges\n\n1. History of the judges of Israel (1:1–16:31)\n * Introduction (1:1–3:6)\n * Othniel, Ehud, and Shamgar (3:7–31)\n * Deborah and Barak (4:1–5:31)\n * Gideon (6:1–8:35)\n * Abimelech, Tola, and Jair (9:1–10:5)\n * Jephthah (10:6–12:7)\n * Ibzan, Elon, and Abdon (12:8–15)\n * Samson (13:1–16:31)\n1. The account of Micah and his idols (17:1–18:31)\n1. The account of Gibeah; the other Israelites take revenge (19:1–21:25)\n\n### What is the Book of Judges about?\n\nThe Book of Judges tells of events that occurred after the Israelites settled in the Promised Land. The events in this book happened over a period of about 150 years.\n\nThis book describes how the Israelites repeatedly sinned against Yahweh during this time. They worshiped false gods and did the same wicked things as the peoples who lived around them. Therefore, God would allow enemies to defeat and oppress the Israelites. Eventually, the Israelites would call to Yahweh for help. Yahweh would then cause someone to help the Israelites defeat their enemies. This person was called a “judge.” The Israelites would live in peace until the judge died.\n\nAfter that judge died, the Israelites would start sinning again. So this pattern of events would repeat.\n\n### How should the title of this book be translated?\n\nThis book traditionally has the title “Judges” because it gives accounts of some of the main leaders or judges in Israel before there were any kings over the people. Unless there are good reasons for following the title in other Bible versions, the translator should probably use the title “Judges” or a title such as “The Book about the Leaders in Israel.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### What kind of leaders were the judges?\n\nThese were men and women whom God chose to help the Israelites defeat their enemies. After defeating their enemies, these leaders usually continued to help the people by deciding disputes among them. They also helped them make important decisions. Many of these leaders served all the people of Israel, but some of these leaders may have served only certain tribes.\n\n### What kind of society was Israel during the time of the judges?\n\nDuring this time, the twelve tribes of Israel were independent of one another. They were not a unified nation with one ruler. The tribes would sometimes help each other when enemies were threatening them.\n\nThese tribes were descended from the same ancestors: Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. They shared in the same covenant with Yahweh.\n\n### What spiritual struggles did Israel experience during the time of the judges?\n\nDuring this time, Israel struggled to remain faithful to Yahweh. The best judges encouraged Israel to be faithful to him, but some of the judges failed to do so. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]])\n
1:intro a4am 0 # Judges 1 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\n### “After the death of Joshua”\nThis statement creates a seamless transition from the book of Joshua.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Finishing the conquest of the Promised Land\n\nIsrael fought to clear the land of the Canaanites, but they also made treaties with other peoples and made some of them do hard labor. This was against God’s instruction to completely remove the Canaanite people from the land. 1:intro a4am 0 # Judges 1 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\n### “After the death of Joshua”\nThis statement creates a seamless transition from the book of Joshua.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Finishing the conquest of the Promised Land\n\nIsrael fought to clear the land of the Canaanites, but they also made treaties with other peoples and made some of them do hard labor. This was against God’s instruction to completely remove the Canaanite people from the land.
1:1 r9ee Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nThe book of Judges continues the story about Joshua and is also the beginning of a new part of the story. 1:1 r9ee Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nThe book of Judges continues the story about Joshua and is also the beginning of a new part of the story.
1:1 b9my Yahweh 0 This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this. 1:1 b9my Yahweh 0 This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this.
1:1 c92j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive will attack the Canaanites for us 0 The word “us” refers to the people of Israel, but not to Yahweh. 1:1 c92j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive will attack the Canaanites for us 0 The word “us” refers to the people of Israel, but not to Yahweh.
1:2 c4zw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche Judah will attack 0 Here “Judah” represents the men of the tribe of Judah. Yahweh is commanding these men to attack first. Alternate translation: “The men of Judah must attack first” 1:2 c4zw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche Judah will attack 0 Here “Judah” represents the men of the tribe of Judah. Yahweh is commanding these men to attack first. Alternate translation: “The men of Judah must attack first”
1:2 i2v6 See 0 Alternate translation: “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you”
1:2 ysi6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit this land 0 This refers to the land where the Canaanites lived. Alternate translation: “the land of the Canaanites” 1:2 ysi6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit this land 0 This refers to the land where the Canaanites lived. Alternate translation: “the land of the Canaanites”
1:3 k7aq their brothers 0 Alternate translation: “their fellow Israelites” or “their relatives” 1:3 k7aq their brothers 0 Alternate translation: “their fellow Israelites” or “their relatives”
1:3 x2kz Come up with us 0 The people of the tribes of Judah and Simeon were camped with the rest of the Israelite people in the valley of the Jordan River. The land given to Judah was in the hills above the valley. Some languages do not usually indicate whether people were going up or down. Alternate translation: “Come with us” or “Go with us” 1:3 x2kz Come up with us 0 The people of the tribes of Judah and Simeon were camped with the rest of the Israelite people in the valley of the Jordan River. The land given to Judah was in the hills above the valley. Some languages do not usually indicate whether people were going up or down. Alternate translation: “Come with us” or “Go with us”
@ -104,7 +103,6 @@ front:intro v8pn 0 # Introduction to Judges\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
2:6 i12e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit to the place assigned 0 You may want to help your readers by stating who assigned this place to them. Alternate translation: “to the place Yahweh gave them” 2:6 i12e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit to the place assigned 0 You may want to help your readers by stating who assigned this place to them. Alternate translation: “to the place Yahweh gave them”
2:7 kcc2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background 0 The background information that begins with the words “Now when Joshua” in verse 6 continues. 2:7 kcc2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background 0 The background information that begins with the words “Now when Joshua” in verse 6 continues.
2:7 ydz9 during the lifetime 0 This means the time that someone lived. Alternate translation: “during the life” 2:7 ydz9 during the lifetime 0 This means the time that someone lived. Alternate translation: “during the life”
2:7 g5ah the elders 0 Here this means the men who helped lead Israel, participating in matters of social justice and in religious matters such as maintaining the law of Moses.
2:7 qml9 outlived him 0 This means to live longer than someone else. Alternate translation: “lived longer than he did” 2:7 qml9 outlived him 0 This means to live longer than someone else. Alternate translation: “lived longer than he did”
2:8 ii19 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background 0 The background information that begins with the words “Now when Joshua” in verse 6 continues. 2:8 ii19 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background 0 The background information that begins with the words “Now when Joshua” in verse 6 continues.
2:8 m4jx rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background Joshua son of Nun … died at the age of 110 years old 0 The background information that begins with the words “Now when Joshua” in verse 6 ends. The events of 1:1–2:5 happened after Joshua died. 2:8 m4jx rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background Joshua son of Nun … died at the age of 110 years old 0 The background information that begins with the words “Now when Joshua” in verse 6 ends. The events of 1:1–2:5 happened after Joshua died.
@ -115,11 +113,8 @@ front:intro v8pn 0 # Introduction to Judges\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
2:9 f8u2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Mount Gaash 0 This is the name of a mountain. 2:9 f8u2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Mount Gaash 0 This is the name of a mountain.
2:10 umh1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism All that generation was also gathered to their fathers 0 The phrase “was also gathered to their fathers” means that as the people of that generation died, their souls went to the same place as their ancestors who died before them. It is a polite way of saying they died. 2:10 umh1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism All that generation was also gathered to their fathers 0 The phrase “was also gathered to their fathers” means that as the people of that generation died, their souls went to the same place as their ancestors who died before them. It is a polite way of saying they died.
2:10 r6cs fathers 0 Here this means the ancestors of a certain person or people group. 2:10 r6cs fathers 0 Here this means the ancestors of a certain person or people group.
2:10 flq1 grew up 0 Alternate translation: “grew older” or “became older”
2:10 qd7f who did not know Yahweh 0 Here “did not know” means they had not experienced Yahweh or his power the way the previous generation had.
2:11 yhh4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor what was evil in the sight of Yahweh 0 The sight of Yahweh represents Yahweh’s judgment or evaluation. Alternate translation: “what was evil in Yahweh’s judgment” or “what Yahweh considered to be evil” 2:11 yhh4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor what was evil in the sight of Yahweh 0 The sight of Yahweh represents Yahweh’s judgment or evaluation. Alternate translation: “what was evil in Yahweh’s judgment” or “what Yahweh considered to be evil”
2:11 gx61 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Baals 0 This is the plural of Baal. While “Baal” was generally the name of one false god, the word was also used for various other gods that were often worshiped along with Baal. 2:11 gx61 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Baals 0 This is the plural of Baal. While “Baal” was generally the name of one false god, the word was also used for various other gods that were often worshiped along with Baal.
2:12 tp3f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor They broke away from Yahweh 0 The Israelites no longer obeying Yahweh is spoken of as if they physically broke away from him and left him.
2:12 re2c their fathers 0 Alternate translation: “their ancestors” or “their forefathers” 2:12 re2c their fathers 0 Alternate translation: “their ancestors” or “their forefathers”
2:12 n4xl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor They went after other gods 0 The Israelites starting to worship false gods is spoken of as if the Israelites walked and went after the false gods. 2:12 n4xl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor They went after other gods 0 The Israelites starting to worship false gods is spoken of as if the Israelites walked and went after the false gods.
2:12 w9r2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction bowed down to them 0 This is an act of worship and giving honor to someone. 2:12 w9r2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction bowed down to them 0 This is an act of worship and giving honor to someone.
@ -151,12 +146,11 @@ front:intro v8pn 0 # Introduction to Judges\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
2:22 n194 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor they will keep the way of Yahweh and walk in it 0 How Yahweh wants people to live or behave is spoken of as if it were a way or road. A person obeying Yahweh is spoken of as if they were walking in his way. 2:22 n194 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor they will keep the way of Yahweh and walk in it 0 How Yahweh wants people to live or behave is spoken of as if it were a way or road. A person obeying Yahweh is spoken of as if they were walking in his way.
2:23 tn49 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet did not drive them out quickly and give them into the hand of Joshua 0 These two phrases mean the same thing and can be combined. Alternate translation: “he did not let Joshua quickly conquer them and drive them out” 2:23 tn49 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet did not drive them out quickly and give them into the hand of Joshua 0 These two phrases mean the same thing and can be combined. Alternate translation: “he did not let Joshua quickly conquer them and drive them out”
2:23 b618 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy into the hand of Joshua 0 Here “hand” is a metonym for power, and “Joshua” represents himself and his army. Alternate translation: “into the power of Joshua and his army” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 2:23 b618 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy into the hand of Joshua 0 Here “hand” is a metonym for power, and “Joshua” represents himself and his army. Alternate translation: “into the power of Joshua and his army” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
3:intro k35h 0 # Judges 3 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### The people worship false gods\n\nIsrael worshiped idols and false gods. Because of this, Yahweh allowed Aram and Moab to rule over them. In the period of Judges, when Israel sinned, they were often placed under the rule of a foreign power. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### “Blew a trumpet”\n\nWhen Ehud “blew a trumpet,” he was calling all of the men to come help him fight. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 3:intro k35h 0 # Judges 3 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### The people worship false gods\n\nIsrael worshiped idols and false gods. Because of this, Yahweh allowed Aram and Moab to rule over them. In the period of Judges, when Israel sinned, they were often placed under the rule of a foreign power. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])\n
3:1 w2is Now Yahweh 0 Here “Now” begins a new section of the story. 3:1 w2is Now Yahweh 0 Here “Now” begins a new section of the story.
3:1 hp8z these nations 0 This refers to the people groups that the narrator will list in 3:3. 3:1 hp8z these nations 0 This refers to the people groups that the narrator will list in 3:3.
3:1 xj63 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive who had not experienced any of the wars fought in Canaan 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “who had not fought in any of the wars in Canaan” 3:1 xj63 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive who had not experienced any of the wars fought in Canaan 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “who had not fought in any of the wars in Canaan”
3:2 l4u8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background He did this to teach warfare to the new generation of the Israelites who had not known it before 0 This breaks from the main story line. The narrator gives background information about why Yahweh left some of the people groups in Canaan. Alternate translation: “Yahweh left nations among the Israelites to teach the young men who had not fought in battle before how to fight” 3:2 l4u8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background He did this to teach warfare to the new generation of the Israelites who had not known it before 0 This breaks from the main story line. The narrator gives background information about why Yahweh left some of the people groups in Canaan. Alternate translation: “Yahweh left nations among the Israelites to teach the young men who had not fought in battle before how to fight”
3:3 mgb4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche the five kings 0 These five kings represent themselves and their people. Alternate translation: “the five kings and their people”
3:3 upq5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Mount Baal Hermon 0 This is the highest mountain in Israel. 3:3 upq5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Mount Baal Hermon 0 This is the highest mountain in Israel.
3:3 z6zc rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Hamath Pass 0 This is the name of an area at the northern boundary of Canaan. 3:3 z6zc rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Hamath Pass 0 This is the name of an area at the northern boundary of Canaan.
3:4 vqn2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive These nations were left 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh left these nations in Canaan” or “Yahweh allowed these nations to continue to live in Canaan” 3:4 vqn2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive These nations were left 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh left these nations in Canaan” or “Yahweh allowed these nations to continue to live in Canaan”
@ -172,7 +166,6 @@ front:intro v8pn 0 # Introduction to Judges\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
3:8 a27l rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Aram Naharaim 0 This is the name of a country. 3:8 a27l rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Aram Naharaim 0 This is the name of a country.
3:9 vg5k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Yahweh raised up someone 0 Yahweh appointing someone to do a special work for him is spoken of as if Yahweh raised or lifted up the person. 3:9 vg5k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Yahweh raised up someone 0 Yahweh appointing someone to do a special work for him is spoken of as if Yahweh raised or lifted up the person.
3:9 k6r6 Othniel … Kenaz 0 See how you translated these men’s names in [Judges 1:13](../01/13.md). 3:9 k6r6 Othniel … Kenaz 0 See how you translated these men’s names in [Judges 1:13](../01/13.md).
3:10 y845 empowered him 0 This phrase means that Yahweh helped Othniel to have and develop the qualities he needed to be a great leader.
3:10 rq2z he judged Israel 0 Here “judged” means he led the people of Israel. 3:10 rq2z he judged Israel 0 Here “judged” means he led the people of Israel.
3:10 k8cd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche he went out to war 0 Here “he” refers to Othniel who represents himself and the army of Israel. Alternate translation: “Othniel and the Israelite soldiers went to fight against the army of Cushan-Rishathaim” 3:10 k8cd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche he went out to war 0 Here “he” refers to Othniel who represents himself and the army of Israel. Alternate translation: “Othniel and the Israelite soldiers went to fight against the army of Cushan-Rishathaim”
3:10 l4lh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche Yahweh gave him victory over Cushan-Rishathaim king of Aram 0 Here “Cushan-Rishathaim” represents his army. Alternate translation: “Yahweh helped the Israelite army defeat the army of Cushan-Rishathaim king of Aram” 3:10 l4lh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche Yahweh gave him victory over Cushan-Rishathaim king of Aram 0 Here “Cushan-Rishathaim” represents his army. Alternate translation: “Yahweh helped the Israelite army defeat the army of Cushan-Rishathaim king of Aram”

1 Reference ID Tags SupportReference Quote Occurrence Note
2 front:intro v8pn 0 # Introduction to Judges\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of Judges\n\n1. History of the judges of Israel (1:1–16:31)\n * Introduction (1:1–3:6)\n * Othniel, Ehud, and Shamgar (3:7–31)\n * Deborah and Barak (4:1–5:31)\n * Gideon (6:1–8:35)\n * Abimelech, Tola, and Jair (9:1–10:5)\n * Jephthah (10:6–12:7)\n * Ibzan, Elon, and Abdon (12:8–15)\n * Samson (13:1–16:31)\n1. The account of Micah and his idols (17:1–18:31)\n1. The account of Gibeah; the other Israelites take revenge (19:1–21:25)\n\n### What is the Book of Judges about?\n\nThe Book of Judges tells of events that occurred after the Israelites settled in the Promised Land. The events in this book happened over a period of about 150 years.\n\nThis book describes how the Israelites repeatedly sinned against Yahweh during this time. They worshiped false gods and did the same wicked things as the peoples who lived around them. Therefore, God would allow enemies to defeat and oppress the Israelites. Eventually, the Israelites would call to Yahweh for help. Yahweh would then cause someone to help the Israelites defeat their enemies. This person was called a “judge.” The Israelites would live in peace until the judge died.\n\nAfter that judge died, the Israelites would start sinning again. So this pattern of events would repeat.\n\n### How should the title of this book be translated?\n\nThis book traditionally has the title “Judges” because it gives accounts of some of the main leaders or judges in Israel before there were any kings over the people. Unless there are good reasons for following the title in other Bible versions, the translator should probably use the title “Judges” or a title such as “The Book about the Leaders in Israel.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### What kind of leaders were the judges?\n\nThese were men and women whom God chose to help the Israelites defeat their enemies. After defeating their enemies, these leaders usually continued to help the people by deciding disputes among them. They also helped them make important decisions. Many of these leaders served all the people of Israel, but some of these leaders may have served only certain tribes.\n\n### What kind of society was Israel during the time of the judges?\n\nDuring this time, the twelve tribes of Israel were independent of one another. They were not a unified nation with one ruler. The tribes would sometimes help each other when enemies were threatening them.\n\nThese tribes were descended from the same ancestors: Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. They shared in the same covenant with Yahweh.\n\n### What spiritual struggles did Israel experience during the time of the judges?\n\nDuring this time, Israel struggled to remain faithful to Yahweh. The best judges encouraged Israel to be faithful to him, but some of the judges failed to do so. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]])\n\n## Part 3: Important Translation Issues\n\n### What is the meaning of the phrase “in those days there was no king in Israel, and everyone did what was right in his own eyes”?\n\nThis phrase occurs twice in the book of Judges. Shorter versions of the phrase occur two other times. These phrases imply that the writer or editor of this book was alive at a later time when there was a king in Israel. They also seem to imply that the writer thought that things were not good in Israel because there was no king.\n\nThe translation of these phrases should imply to the reader that the book’s writer is looking back into the past.\n\n### What is the meaning of the phrase “to this day”?\n\nThe narrator used this phrase to refer to the time when he was writing. The translator should be aware that “to this day” refers to a time already passed. The translator must avoid giving the impression that the present day of the translation’s readers is meant. The translator might decide to say, “to this day, at the time when this is being written,” or, “to this day, at the time of writing.” This Hebrew phrase occurs in Judges 1:21, 26; 6:24; 10:4; 15:19; 18:12. # Introduction to Judges\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of Judges\n\n1. History of the judges of Israel (1:1–16:31)\n * Introduction (1:1–3:6)\n * Othniel, Ehud, and Shamgar (3:7–31)\n * Deborah and Barak (4:1–5:31)\n * Gideon (6:1–8:35)\n * Abimelech, Tola, and Jair (9:1–10:5)\n * Jephthah (10:6–12:7)\n * Ibzan, Elon, and Abdon (12:8–15)\n * Samson (13:1–16:31)\n1. The account of Micah and his idols (17:1–18:31)\n1. The account of Gibeah; the other Israelites take revenge (19:1–21:25)\n\n### What is the Book of Judges about?\n\nThe Book of Judges tells of events that occurred after the Israelites settled in the Promised Land. The events in this book happened over a period of about 150 years.\n\nThis book describes how the Israelites repeatedly sinned against Yahweh during this time. They worshiped false gods and did the same wicked things as the peoples who lived around them. Therefore, God would allow enemies to defeat and oppress the Israelites. Eventually, the Israelites would call to Yahweh for help. Yahweh would then cause someone to help the Israelites defeat their enemies. This person was called a “judge.” The Israelites would live in peace until the judge died.\n\nAfter that judge died, the Israelites would start sinning again. So this pattern of events would repeat.\n\n### How should the title of this book be translated?\n\nThis book traditionally has the title “Judges” because it gives accounts of some of the main leaders or judges in Israel before there were any kings over the people. Unless there are good reasons for following the title in other Bible versions, the translator should probably use the title “Judges” or a title such as “The Book about the Leaders in Israel.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### What kind of leaders were the judges?\n\nThese were men and women whom God chose to help the Israelites defeat their enemies. After defeating their enemies, these leaders usually continued to help the people by deciding disputes among them. They also helped them make important decisions. Many of these leaders served all the people of Israel, but some of these leaders may have served only certain tribes.\n\n### What kind of society was Israel during the time of the judges?\n\nDuring this time, the twelve tribes of Israel were independent of one another. They were not a unified nation with one ruler. The tribes would sometimes help each other when enemies were threatening them.\n\nThese tribes were descended from the same ancestors: Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. They shared in the same covenant with Yahweh.\n\n### What spiritual struggles did Israel experience during the time of the judges?\n\nDuring this time, Israel struggled to remain faithful to Yahweh. The best judges encouraged Israel to be faithful to him, but some of the judges failed to do so. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]])\n
3 1:intro a4am 0 # Judges 1 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\n### “After the death of Joshua”\nThis statement creates a seamless transition from the book of Joshua.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Finishing the conquest of the Promised Land\n\nIsrael fought to clear the land of the Canaanites, but they also made treaties with other peoples and made some of them do hard labor. This was against God’s instruction to completely remove the Canaanite people from the land.
4 1:1 r9ee Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nThe book of Judges continues the story about Joshua and is also the beginning of a new part of the story.
5 1:1 b9my Yahweh 0 This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this.
6 1:1 c92j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive will attack the Canaanites for us 0 The word “us” refers to the people of Israel, but not to Yahweh.
7 1:2 c4zw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche Judah will attack 0 Here “Judah” represents the men of the tribe of Judah. Yahweh is commanding these men to attack first. Alternate translation: “The men of Judah must attack first”
1:2 i2v6 See 0 Alternate translation: “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you”
8 1:2 ysi6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit this land 0 This refers to the land where the Canaanites lived. Alternate translation: “the land of the Canaanites”
9 1:3 k7aq their brothers 0 Alternate translation: “their fellow Israelites” or “their relatives”
10 1:3 x2kz Come up with us 0 The people of the tribes of Judah and Simeon were camped with the rest of the Israelite people in the valley of the Jordan River. The land given to Judah was in the hills above the valley. Some languages do not usually indicate whether people were going up or down. Alternate translation: “Come with us” or “Go with us”
103 2:6 i12e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit to the place assigned 0 You may want to help your readers by stating who assigned this place to them. Alternate translation: “to the place Yahweh gave them”
104 2:7 kcc2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background 0 The background information that begins with the words “Now when Joshua” in verse 6 continues.
105 2:7 ydz9 during the lifetime 0 This means the time that someone lived. Alternate translation: “during the life”
2:7 g5ah the elders 0 Here this means the men who helped lead Israel, participating in matters of social justice and in religious matters such as maintaining the law of Moses.
106 2:7 qml9 outlived him 0 This means to live longer than someone else. Alternate translation: “lived longer than he did”
107 2:8 ii19 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background 0 The background information that begins with the words “Now when Joshua” in verse 6 continues.
108 2:8 m4jx rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background Joshua son of Nun … died at the age of 110 years old 0 The background information that begins with the words “Now when Joshua” in verse 6 ends. The events of 1:1–2:5 happened after Joshua died.
113 2:9 f8u2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Mount Gaash 0 This is the name of a mountain.
114 2:10 umh1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism All that generation was also gathered to their fathers 0 The phrase “was also gathered to their fathers” means that as the people of that generation died, their souls went to the same place as their ancestors who died before them. It is a polite way of saying they died.
115 2:10 r6cs fathers 0 Here this means the ancestors of a certain person or people group.
2:10 flq1 grew up 0 Alternate translation: “grew older” or “became older”
2:10 qd7f who did not know Yahweh 0 Here “did not know” means they had not experienced Yahweh or his power the way the previous generation had.
116 2:11 yhh4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor what was evil in the sight of Yahweh 0 The sight of Yahweh represents Yahweh’s judgment or evaluation. Alternate translation: “what was evil in Yahweh’s judgment” or “what Yahweh considered to be evil”
117 2:11 gx61 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Baals 0 This is the plural of Baal. While “Baal” was generally the name of one false god, the word was also used for various other gods that were often worshiped along with Baal.
2:12 tp3f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor They broke away from Yahweh 0 The Israelites no longer obeying Yahweh is spoken of as if they physically broke away from him and left him.
118 2:12 re2c their fathers 0 Alternate translation: “their ancestors” or “their forefathers”
119 2:12 n4xl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor They went after other gods 0 The Israelites starting to worship false gods is spoken of as if the Israelites walked and went after the false gods.
120 2:12 w9r2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction bowed down to them 0 This is an act of worship and giving honor to someone.
146 2:22 n194 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor they will keep the way of Yahweh and walk in it 0 How Yahweh wants people to live or behave is spoken of as if it were a way or road. A person obeying Yahweh is spoken of as if they were walking in his way.
147 2:23 tn49 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet did not drive them out quickly and give them into the hand of Joshua 0 These two phrases mean the same thing and can be combined. Alternate translation: “he did not let Joshua quickly conquer them and drive them out”
148 2:23 b618 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy into the hand of Joshua 0 Here “hand” is a metonym for power, and “Joshua” represents himself and his army. Alternate translation: “into the power of Joshua and his army” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
149 3:intro k35h 0 # Judges 3 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### The people worship false gods\n\nIsrael worshiped idols and false gods. Because of this, Yahweh allowed Aram and Moab to rule over them. In the period of Judges, when Israel sinned, they were often placed under the rule of a foreign power. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### “Blew a trumpet”\n\nWhen Ehud “blew a trumpet,” he was calling all of the men to come help him fight. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) # Judges 3 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### The people worship false gods\n\nIsrael worshiped idols and false gods. Because of this, Yahweh allowed Aram and Moab to rule over them. In the period of Judges, when Israel sinned, they were often placed under the rule of a foreign power. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])\n
150 3:1 w2is Now Yahweh 0 Here “Now” begins a new section of the story.
151 3:1 hp8z these nations 0 This refers to the people groups that the narrator will list in 3:3.
152 3:1 xj63 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive who had not experienced any of the wars fought in Canaan 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “who had not fought in any of the wars in Canaan”
153 3:2 l4u8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background He did this to teach warfare to the new generation of the Israelites who had not known it before 0 This breaks from the main story line. The narrator gives background information about why Yahweh left some of the people groups in Canaan. Alternate translation: “Yahweh left nations among the Israelites to teach the young men who had not fought in battle before how to fight”
3:3 mgb4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche the five kings 0 These five kings represent themselves and their people. Alternate translation: “the five kings and their people”
154 3:3 upq5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Mount Baal Hermon 0 This is the highest mountain in Israel.
155 3:3 z6zc rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Hamath Pass 0 This is the name of an area at the northern boundary of Canaan.
156 3:4 vqn2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive These nations were left 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh left these nations in Canaan” or “Yahweh allowed these nations to continue to live in Canaan”
166 3:8 a27l rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Aram Naharaim 0 This is the name of a country.
167 3:9 vg5k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Yahweh raised up someone 0 Yahweh appointing someone to do a special work for him is spoken of as if Yahweh raised or lifted up the person.
168 3:9 k6r6 Othniel … Kenaz 0 See how you translated these men’s names in [Judges 1:13](../01/13.md).
3:10 y845 empowered him 0 This phrase means that Yahweh helped Othniel to have and develop the qualities he needed to be a great leader.
169 3:10 rq2z he judged Israel 0 Here “judged” means he led the people of Israel.
170 3:10 k8cd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche he went out to war 0 Here “he” refers to Othniel who represents himself and the army of Israel. Alternate translation: “Othniel and the Israelite soldiers went to fight against the army of Cushan-Rishathaim”
171 3:10 l4lh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche Yahweh gave him victory over Cushan-Rishathaim king of Aram 0 Here “Cushan-Rishathaim” represents his army. Alternate translation: “Yahweh helped the Israelite army defeat the army of Cushan-Rishathaim king of Aram”