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@ -400,8 +400,8 @@ front:intro ur4j 0 # Introduction to 2 Corinthians\n\n## Part 1: General Intr
3:18 mmdd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Πνεύματος 1 Here, the word **Spirit** could refer to: (1) the Holy Spirit. Alternate translation: “God’s Spirit” (2) what is “spiritual” as opposed to what is written or fleshly. Alternate translation: “who is spiritual” or “who is a spirit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4:intro rx1c 0 # 2 Corinthians 4 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n4. Paul’s ministry (2:14–7:4)\n * Ministry of Moses and ministry of Paul (3:7–4:6)\n * Suffering and ministry (4:7–18)\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### Life and death\n\nIn [4:7–14](../04/07.md), Paul refers to life, death, and resurrection. When he refers to how he and his fellow workers experience “death” or “dying,” he is referring to how they suffer and experience things related to death. When he refers to how he and his fellow workers experience life or being raised, he is most likely referring to how God will resurrect them. He could also be referring to how God delivers them from death when they suffer or are persecuted. Consider what forms you could use to refer to experiences related to death and resurrection. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/life]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/death]])\n\n## Important Figures of Speech in this Chapter\n\n### Light and darkness\n\nIn [4:3–6](../04/03.md), Paul describes a lack of understanding and belief in the gospel as veiling, blinding, and darkness. He describes understanding and belief in the gospel as shining and light. These figures of speech compare believing and understanding to seeing. If possible, preserve these figures of speech, but you could express the ideas in plain language if necessary. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/light]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/darkness]])\n\n### “Outer” and “inner” man\n\nIn [4:16](../04/16.md), Paul refers to two different parts of himself and his fellow workers: their inner man and their outer man. The “inner” and the “outer” are probably not directly related to the spiritual and physical parts of people. Rather, the inner is connected to what is not seen, and the outer is connected to what is seen (see [4:18](../04/18.md)). Consider what form you can use to refer to the parts of a person that people can observe and the parts of a person that they cannot observe. Make sure that your translation does not simply distinguish between the skin and what is under the skin. It is more important to use words that suggest that what people observe is not always what is really true about a person. \n\n## Other Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter\n\n### Exclusive “we”\n\nThroughout this chapter, Paul uses the first person plural. When he uses these words, he does not include the Corinthians unless a note specifies otherwise. He could be referring to: (1) himself and those who preach the gospel with him. (2) just himself. It is recommended that you follow the first option, but both are possible. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])\n\n### The contrasts in [4:8–12](../04/08.md).\n\nIn these verses, Paul contrasts bad things that happen to him and those with him with good things that happen to them. Paul wrote these verses as one long sentence with short clauses because this was a powerful form in his culture. Consider using a form that is powerful in your culture. The UST expresses the idea with many short sentences because this is one kind of powerful form in English.
4:1 lyi4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result διὰ τοῦτο 1 Here, the word **Therefore** introduces a conclusion based on what Paul has said, particularly what he said in [3:4–18](../03/04.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a conclusion based on what has been said. Alternate translation: “So then” or “Because of that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
4:1 ln4n rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result ἔχοντες 1 Here, the word **having** introduces a reason why Paul and those with him **do not become discouraged**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the relationship more explicit. Alternate translation: “because we have” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
4:1 h1ud rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit καθὼς ἠλεήθημεν 1 Here, this phrase could indicate: (1) the way that Paul and those with him received the **ministry**. Alternate translation: “which we received by God’s mercy” (2) what led to Paul and those with him receiving the ministry, which was their conversions. Alternate translation: “which we received after God had mercy on us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4:1 ln4n rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result ἔχοντες 1 Here, the word **having** introduces a reason why Paul and his fellow workers **do not become discouraged**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the relationship more explicit. Alternate translation: “because we have” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
4:1 h1ud rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit καθὼς ἠλεήθημεν 1 Here, this phrase could indicate: (1) the way that Paul and his fellow workers received the **ministry**. Alternate translation: “which we received by God’s mercy” (2) what led to Paul and his fellow workers receiving the ministry, which was their conversions. Alternate translation: “which we received after God had mercy on us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4:1 que0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἠλεήθημεν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **mercy**, you could express the idea by using an adjective such as “merciful” or an adverb such as “mercifully.” Alternate translation: “God acted mercifully toward us” or “God was merciful to us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
4:1 ix7n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit οὐκ ἐνκακοῦμεν 1 Here, the word **discouraged** could refer to: (1) losing motivation and confidence. Alternate translation: “we do not lose hope” (2) becoming tired or exhausted. Alternate translation: “we do not become tired” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4:2 yp4g rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast ἀλλὰ 1 Here, the word **Instead** introduces a contrast with “becoming discouraged” in the previous verse ([4:1](../04/01.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces this kind of contrast. Alternate translation: “Instead of that” or “On the other hand” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
@ -413,7 +413,7 @@ front:intro ur4j 0 # Introduction to 2 Corinthians\n\n## Part 1: General Intr
4:2 mrri rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τῇ φανερώσει τῆς ἀληθείας 1 Here Paul uses the possessive form to describe a **manifestation** that reveals **the truth**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea in another way. Alternate translation: “by revealing the truth” or “by making the truth known” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
4:2 e7y7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῇ φανερώσει τῆς ἀληθείας 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **manifestation** and **truth**, you could express the ideas by using a verb such as “reveal” and an adjective such as “true.” Alternate translation: “by revealing what is true” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
4:2 aj24 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations ἀνθρώπων 1 Although the word **man’s** is masculine, Paul is using it to refer to any person, either man or woman. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word that applies to both men and women or you could refer to both genders. Alternate translation: “person’s” or “to man’s and woman’s” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
4:2 f6n1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐνώπιον τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Here, Paul refers to being **before God** to indicate a close connection to God. The phrase could indicate that: (1) God testifies or bears witness to Paul and those with him. Alternate translation: “with God testifying about us” (2) people can recognize that Paul preaches the gospel only when they are **before God** or in God’s presence. Alternate translation: “that is in God’s presence” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
4:2 f6n1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐνώπιον τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Here, Paul refers to being **before God** to indicate a close connection to God. The phrase could indicate that: (1) God testifies or bears witness to Paul and his fellow workers. Alternate translation: “with God testifying about us” (2) people can recognize that Paul preaches the gospel only when they are **before God** or in God’s presence. Alternate translation: “that is in God’s presence” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
4:3 lu2h rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases δὲ 1 Here, the word **But** introduces a development from what Paul said in the previous verse ([4:2](../04/02.md)). In this verse, he explains that, although they reveal “the truth,” it may be **veiled** to some people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces this kind of development. Alternate translation: “Now” or “However,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
4:3 m82q rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact εἰ & καὶ 1 Here Paul could be using **even if** to introduce: (1) something that he thinks really is true. Alternate translation: “even though” (2) something that he thinks might be true. Alternate translation: “supposing that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]])
4:3 mti5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἔστιν κεκαλυμμένον τὸ εὐαγγέλιον ἡμῶν, ἐν τοῖς ἀπολλυμένοις ἐστὶν κεκαλυμμένον 1 Here Paul again uses the language of “veiling,” just as he did in [3:12–18](../03/12.md). A **gospel** that **is veiled** is one that people do not understand or believe in. If possible, express the idea the same way you did in [3:12–18](../03/12.md). Alternate translation: “it is as though a veil hides our gospel, this happens to the ones perishing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
@ -430,18 +430,18 @@ front:intro ur4j 0 # Introduction to 2 Corinthians\n\n## Part 1: General Intr
4:5 nvg2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 Here, the word **For** introduces a further explanation of what Paul said about “the gospel of the glory of Christ” in [4:4](../04/04.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces further explanation, or you could leave **For** untranslated. Alternate translation: “As you can see,” or “Indeed,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
4:5 ddw1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis ἀλλὰ Ἰησοῦν Χριστὸν Κύριον, ἑαυτοὺς δὲ δούλους ὑμῶν 1 These two clauses leave out some words that many languages might need to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the first half of the verse. Alternate translation: “but we proclaim the Lord Christ Jesus, and we proclaim ourselves as your servants” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
4:5 xvs8 Ἰησοῦν Χριστὸν Κύριον 1 Here, the phrase **Lord Christ Jesus** could: (1) give a title or name for Jesus. Alternate translation: “the Lord, who is Christ Jesus” (2) state that **Christ Jesus** is the **Lord**. Alternate translation: “Christ Jesus as Lord”
4:5 t8du rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit διὰ Ἰησοῦν 1 Here Paul could be indicating that he and those with him are **servants** because of: (1) who Jesus is. Alternate translation: “because of who Jesus is” (2) what Jesus has done. Alternate translation: “because of what Jesus has done” (3) what Jesus wants Paul and those with him to do. Alternate translation: “because that is what Jesus wants” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4:6 nbpt rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result ὅτι 1 Here, the word **For** introduces the reason why Paul and those with him “do not proclaim” themselves but rather, Jesus. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a reason or basis. Alternate translation: “That is because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
4:5 t8du rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit διὰ Ἰησοῦν 1 Here Paul could be indicating that he and his fellow workers are **servants** because of: (1) who Jesus is. Alternate translation: “because of who Jesus is” (2) what Jesus has done. Alternate translation: “because of what Jesus has done” (3) what Jesus wants Paul and his fellow workers to do. Alternate translation: “because that is what Jesus wants” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4:6 nbpt rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result ὅτι 1 Here, the word **For** introduces the reason why Paul and his fellow workers do not proclaim themselves but rather, Jesus. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a reason or basis. Alternate translation: “That is because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
4:6 fy6h rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations ὁ Θεὸς ὁ εἰπών 1 Here Paul introduces something that God **said**. The quotation is not directly from the Old Testament. Rather Paul is probably paraphrasing [Genesis 1:3](../gen/01/03.md), and he may also be referring to [Isaiah 9:2](../isa/09/02.md). Introduce the quotation as something that God said. If it would be helpful in your language, you could include a footnote that refers to the passages that Paul may be paraphrasing. Alternate translation: “God is the one who declared” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
4:6 rw5z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations εἰπών, ἐκ σκότους φῶς λάμψει 1 It may be more natural in your language to have an indirect quotation here. If you use the following alternate translation, you will need to remove the quotation marks. Alternate translation: “who said that from darkness a light will shine” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
4:6 mukf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐκ σκότους 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **darkness**, you could express the idea by using an adjective such as “dark.” Alternate translation: “In a dark place” or “From what is dark” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
4:6 d5x7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἔλαμψεν ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις ἡμῶν, πρὸς φωτισμὸν τῆς γνώσεως 1 Here Paul continues the light metaphor from [4:4](../04/04.md). When God **shined** in their **hearts**, that means that he caused them to understand. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a simile or express the idea plainly. Alternate translation: “who caused us to understand, just as if he had illuminated our hearts, the knowledge” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
4:6 bj1j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις ἡμῶν 1 In the Paul’s culture, **hearts** are considered to be the places where humans think and plan. What Paul means is that God has **shined** on their thoughts or on what they think. If it would be helpful in your language, you could refer to the place where humans think in your culture or express the idea plainly. Alternate translation: “in our minds” or “in our thoughts” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
4:6 m6rf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ταῖς καρδίαις ἡμῶν 1 Here, the word **our** could refer to: (1) just Paul and those with him. Paul is focusing on himself and those with him, but he does not mean to exclude the Corinthians entirely. Alternate translation: “the hearts of us who preach the gospel” (2) Paul and everyone who believes, including the Corinthians. Alternate translation: “the hearts of us, who believe,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
4:6 m6rf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ταῖς καρδίαις ἡμῶν 1 Here, the word **our** could refer to: (1) just Paul and his fellow workers. Paul is focusing on himself and those with him, but he does not mean to exclude the Corinthians entirely. Alternate translation: “the hearts of us who preach the gospel” (2) Paul and everyone who believes, including the Corinthians. Alternate translation: “the hearts of us, who believe,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
4:6 fkq3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession φωτισμὸν τῆς γνώσεως τῆς δόξης τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Here Paul uses the possessive form multiple times. What he means is that the **illumination** either is or comes from the **knowledge**, and the **knowledge** is about the **glory of God**. In this last phrase, **glory** describes what **God** is like. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea in a more natural form. See how you translated the similar construction in [4:4](../04/04.md). Alternate translation: “the illumination, which is the knowledge about the glorious God” or “the illumination that comes from the knowledge concerning how glorious God is” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
4:6 mpg9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns πρὸς φωτισμὸν τῆς γνώσεως τῆς δόξης τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **illumination**, **knowledge**, and **glory**, you could express the ideas by using verbs such as “illumine” and “know” and an adjective such as “great” or “glorious.” Alternate translation: “to illumine us so that we can know the great God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
4:6 p736 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐν προσώπῳ Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 Here, the **glory** that is **in {face} of Jesus Christ** contrasts with the glory that faded on Moses’ face (see [3:7](../03/07.md)). What Paul means is that Jesus reveals or shows what God is like, particularly how glorious he is. If possible, use words that remind your readers of what Paul said about Moses in [3:7](../03/07.md). If it is necessary, you could use a simile or express the idea plainly. Alternate translation: “that Jesus Christ reveals as if it shined on his face” or “that Jesus Christ shows to us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4:7 xe5i rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast δὲ 1 Here, the word **But** contrasts the “glory of God” from the previous verse with how Paul and those with him are **clay jars**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a contrast, or you could leave **But** untranslated. Alternate translation: “However,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
4:7 xe5i rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast δὲ 1 Here, the word **But** contrasts the “glory of God” from the previous verse with how Paul and his fellow workers are **clay jars**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a contrast, or you could leave **But** untranslated. Alternate translation: “However,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
4:7 xx2c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἔχομεν & τὸν θησαυρὸν τοῦτον ἐν ὀστρακίνοις σκεύεσιν 1 Here Paul speaks of the knowledge about God’s glory as if it were a **treasure**, that is, something that is very valuable. He speaks of himself and those who proclaim the gospel as if they were **clay jars**, which are not valuable and can break easily. He speaks in this way to contrast how valuable and long-lasting the gospel is (**the treasure**) with how worthless and weak he and those who preach the gospel with him are in comparison (**clay jars**). If it would be helpful in your language, you could explain the figure of speech or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “we have these riches in disposable containers” or “we have this valuable gospel as weak and worthless people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
4:7 yzd7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns τὸν θησαυρὸν τοῦτον 1 Here, the word **this** identifies the **treasure** as “the knowledge of the glory of God in the face of Jesus Christ” (see [4:6](../04/06.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could make explicit what **this** refers to. Alternate translation: “the treasure of the knowledge of the glory of God” or “that treasure” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
4:7 nz0r rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown ὀστρακίνοις σκεύεσιν 1 Here, the word **jars** refers to any type of container that is meant to hold something else. The word **clay** refers to dirt or mud, which was used to make inexpensive and fragile containers. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use words that refer to containers made out of cheap and weak material. Alternate translation: “inexpensive containers” or “fragile and cheap vessels” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
@ -450,11 +450,11 @@ front:intro ur4j 0 # Introduction to 2 Corinthians\n\n## Part 1: General Intr
4:8 ga9z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐν παντὶ θλιβόμενοι, ἀλλ’ οὐ στενοχωρούμενοι; ἀπορούμενοι 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who does the actions, you could use indefinite subjects. Alternate translation: “in every side someone pressing us in, but not crushing us; feeling perplexed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
4:8 wqg9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure ἐν παντὶ θλιβόμενοι 1 Here, the phrase **in every {side}** could go with: (1) all the statements in this verse and the following verse. Alternate translation: “in every situation experiencing these things: being pressed in” (2) just the first statement about **being pressed in, but not being crushed**. Alternate translation: “being pressed in on every side” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
4:8 vhjn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐν παντὶ 1 Here, the word **every** indicates that what Paul is about to describe happens often or in many situations. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “in every situation” or “at many times” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4:8 fi9c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor θλιβόμενοι, ἀλλ’ οὐ στενοχωρούμενοι 1 Here Paul speaks as if he and those with him were physically being **pressed in** by other people but not **being crushed** by them. He speaks in this way to indicate that other people are making his life difficult or trying to hurt him, but they are not fully succeeding. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable figure of speech or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “being pushed, but not being knocked over” or “being mistreated, but not being harmed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
4:8 fi9c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor θλιβόμενοι, ἀλλ’ οὐ στενοχωρούμενοι 1 Here Paul speaks as if he and his fellow workers were physically being **pressed in** by other people but not **being crushed** by them. He speaks in this way to indicate that other people are making his life difficult or trying to hurt him, but they are not fully succeeding. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable figure of speech or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “being pushed, but not being knocked over” or “being mistreated, but not being harmed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
4:9 bz8m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive διωκόμενοι, ἀλλ’ οὐκ ἐνκαταλειπόμενοι; καταβαλλόμενοι, ἀλλ’ οὐκ ἀπολλύμενοι 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who does the actions, you could use indefinite subjects for **persecuted** and **thrown down**, or you could indicate that God is the one who does not “forsake.” Alternate translation: “someone persecuting us, but God not forsaking us; someone throwing us down, but we not perishing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
4:9 uvq1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor καταβαλλόμενοι 1 Here, Paul speaks as if people physically push him and those with him so that they fall down. By speaking in this way, he is referring to any time people act against or bully him and those with him, which may or may not be physical. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “being bullied” or “being attacked” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
4:10 zt4b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τὴν νέκρωσιν τοῦ Ἰησοῦ ἐν τῷ σώματι περιφέροντες 1 Here Paul speaks as if **the dying of Jesus** were an object that he and those with him could “carry around.” He could speak in this way to indicate that: (1) he experiences suffering and pain that are like the **dying of Jesus**. Alternate translation: “experiencing in the body dying that is like the dying of Jesus” (2) he and those with him proclaim the **dying of Jesus** both by what they say and what they do (**in the body**). Alternate translation: “proclaiming in the body the dying of Jesus” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
4:10 ethc τῷ σώματι & τῷ σώματι ἡμῶν 1 Here, the word **body** is a singular noun that refers to the “bodies” of Paul and those with him. It may be more natural in your language to use a plural form. Alternate translation: “the bodies … our bodies” or “each of our bodies … each of our bodies”
4:9 uvq1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor καταβαλλόμενοι 1 Here, Paul speaks as if people physically push him and his fellow workers so that they fall down. By speaking in this way, he is referring to any time people act against or bully him and his fellow workers, which may or may not be physical. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “being bullied” or “being attacked” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
4:10 zt4b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τὴν νέκρωσιν τοῦ Ἰησοῦ ἐν τῷ σώματι περιφέροντες 1 Here Paul speaks as if **the dying of Jesus** were an object that he and his fellow workers could carry around. He could speak in this way to indicate that: (1) he experiences suffering and pain that are like the **dying of Jesus**. Alternate translation: “experiencing in the body dying that is like the dying of Jesus” (2) he and his fellow workers proclaim the **dying of Jesus** both by what they say and what they do (**in the body**). Alternate translation: “proclaiming in the body the dying of Jesus” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
4:10 ethc τῷ σώματι & τῷ σώματι ἡμῶν 1 Here, the word **body** is a singular noun that refers to the bodies of Paul and his fellow workers. It may be more natural in your language to use a plural form. Alternate translation: “the bodies … our bodies” or “each of our bodies … each of our bodies”
4:10 rnup rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τὴν νέκρωσιν τοῦ Ἰησοῦ 1 Here Paul uses the possessive form to describe the **dying** that **Jesus** experienced. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea in another way. Alternate translation: “the death that Jesus experienced” or “how Jesus died” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
4:10 l6f6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit καὶ ἡ ζωὴ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ ἐν τῷ σώματι ἡμῶν φανερωθῇ 1 Here, the revelation of **the life of Jesus** in **our body** could mean that: (1) the **life** that Jesus has will become the life that they too have. In other words, like Jesus resurrected, they too will resurrect. Alternate translation: “we too might experience in our body the new life that Jesus has” (2) they “reveal” the fact that Jesus is alive. In other words, by **carrying around** Jesus’ death, they also reveal his resurrection. Alternate translation: “we might reveal in our body the resurrection of Jesus” (3) they are delivered from the sufferings that they experience so that they have **life** from **Jesus**. Alternate translation: “we might experience life from Jesus when we are delivered from suffering in our body” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4:10 w3jc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive καὶ ἡ ζωὴ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ ἐν τῷ σώματι ἡμῶν φανερωθῇ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who does the action, Paul implies that “God” does it. Alternate translation: “God might reveal in our body the life of Jesus also” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
@ -463,9 +463,9 @@ front:intro ur4j 0 # Introduction to 2 Corinthians\n\n## Part 1: General Intr
4:11 vivg rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 Here, the word **for** introduces a clarification of what Paul said in [4:10](../04/10.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a clarification. Alternate translation: “in fact,” or “in other words,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
4:11 l1xk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἀεὶ & ἡμεῖς, οἱ ζῶντες & παραδιδόμεθα 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who does the action, Paul implies that “God” does it. Alternate translation: “God is always handing us, being alive, over” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
4:11 ggb5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous ἀεὶ & ἡμεῖς, οἱ ζῶντες & παραδιδόμεθα 1 Here, the phrase **being alive** identifies the situation in which the rest of Paul’s statement is true. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use words or phrases that makes this relationship clearer. Alternate translation: “we, during the time in which we are alive, are always being handed over” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous]])
4:11 ht74 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἀεὶ & εἰς θάνατον παραδιδόμεθα 1 Here Paul speaks as if he and those with him were objects that someone could “hand over” to **death**. He means that they are under the power of **death** or are experiencing things related to death, like suffering and hardship. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “are always experiencing what relates to death” or “are always under death’s power” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
4:11 ht74 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἀεὶ & εἰς θάνατον παραδιδόμεθα 1 Here Paul speaks as if he and his fellow workers were objects that someone could hand over to **death**. He means that they are under the power of **death** or are experiencing things related to death, like suffering and hardship. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “are always experiencing what relates to death” or “are always under death’s power” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
4:11 admc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns εἰς θάνατον 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **death**, you could express the idea by using a verb such as “die.” Alternate translation: “so that we might die” or “to die” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
4:11 wt5i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit διὰ Ἰησοῦν 1 Here, the phrase **for the sake of Jesus** could indicate that Paul and those with him **are always being handed over to death**: (1) to serve **Jesus**. Alternate translation: “in order to serve Jesus” (2) because of **Jesus**, particularly because they preach about him. Alternate translation: “because of Jesus” or “because we proclaim Jesus” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4:11 wt5i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit διὰ Ἰησοῦν 1 Here, the phrase **for the sake of Jesus** could indicate that Paul and his fellow workers **are always being handed over to death**: (1) to serve **Jesus**. Alternate translation: “in order to serve Jesus” (2) because of **Jesus**, particularly because they preach about him. Alternate translation: “because of Jesus” or “because we proclaim Jesus” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4:11 d1wm ἵνα καὶ ἡ ζωὴ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ φανερωθῇ ἐν τῇ θνητῇ σαρκὶ ἡμῶν 1 Here Paul uses words and ideas that are very similar to what he used in the second part of [4:10](../04/10.md). You should express the idea much as you did in that verse.
4:11 ww5r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive καὶ ἡ ζωὴ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ φανερωθῇ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who does the action, Paul implies that God does it. Alternate translation: “God might reveal also the life of Jesus” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
4:11 r513 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἡ ζωὴ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **life**, you could express the idea by using a verb such as “live.” Alternate translation: “how Jesus lives” or “the fact that Jesus lives” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
@ -484,12 +484,12 @@ front:intro ur4j 0 # Introduction to 2 Corinthians\n\n## Part 1: General Intr
4:13 qma7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῆς πίστεως 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **faith**, you could express the idea by using a verb such as “believe” or “trust.” Alternate translation: “that believes” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
4:13 gzf4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive τὸ γεγραμμένον 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who does the action, you can express it so that the scripture or scripture author writes or speaks the words. Alternate translation: “what the psalmist wrote” or “to what the psalm says” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
4:13 il5h rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations κατὰ τὸ γεγραμμένον 1 In Paul’s culture, **according to {what} has been written** was a normal way to introduce a quotation from an important text, in this case, the Old Testament book titled “Psalms” (see [Psalm 116:10](../psa/116/10.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Paul is quoting from Psalms. Alternate translation: “as it can be read in the Old Testament,” or “as it says in the book of Psalms,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
4:14 sfxb rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result εἰδότες 1 Here, the word **knowing** introduces a reason for what Paul said that he and those with him do (see [4:13](../04/13.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this relationship more explicit. Alternate translation: “since we know” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
4:14 sfxb rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result εἰδότες 1 Here, the word **knowing** introduces a reason for what Paul said that he and his fellow workers do (see [4:13](../04/13.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this relationship more explicit. Alternate translation: “since we know” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
4:14 ruov rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns ὁ ἐγείρας 1 Here, the word **one** refers to God the Father, who **raised Jesus**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make explicit what the pronoun refers to. Alternate translation: “God who raised” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
4:14 t2i8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom ὁ ἐγείρας τὸν Ἰησοῦν, καὶ ἡμᾶς & ἐγερεῖ 1 Paul uses the words **raised** and **raise** to refer to someone who had previously died coming back to life. If your language does not use these words to describe coming back to life, you could express the idea plainly. Alternate translation: “the one having restored Jesus to life will also restore us to life” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
4:14 zd0j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit σὺν Ἰησοῦ 1 Here, the phrase **with Jesus** could indicate that the Paul and those with him will: (1) be where **Jesus** is. Alternate translation: “to be where Jesus is” (2) be resurrected as **Jesus** was. Alternate translation: “as he raised Jesus” (3) be joined with **Jesus**. Alternate translation: “together with Jesus” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4:14 zd0j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit σὺν Ἰησοῦ 1 Here, the phrase **with Jesus** could indicate that the Paul and his fellow workers will: (1) be where **Jesus** is. Alternate translation: “to be where Jesus is” (2) be resurrected as **Jesus** was. Alternate translation: “as he raised Jesus” (3) be joined with **Jesus**. Alternate translation: “together with Jesus” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4:15 w37z rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 Here, the word **For** introduces an explanation of what Paul has said in [4:7–14](../04/07.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces an explanation, or you could leave **For** untranslated. Alternate translation: “Indeed,” or “In fact,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
4:15 v7sj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὰ & πάντα δι’ ὑμᾶς 1 Here, the phrase **all these things** refers to everything that Paul and those with him do and experience as they preach the gospel, including their sufferings (see [4:7–12](../04/07.md)) and the message that they preach (see [4:13–14](../04/13.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you make the idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “everything I have described is for your sake” or “everything I have referred to is for your sake” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4:15 v7sj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὰ & πάντα δι’ ὑμᾶς 1 Here, the phrase **all these things** refers to everything that Paul and his fellow workers do and experience as they preach the gospel, including their sufferings (see [4:7–12](../04/07.md)) and the message that they preach (see [4:13–14](../04/13.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you make the idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “everything I have described is for your sake” or “everything I have referred to is for your sake” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4:15 wl88 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἡ χάρις 1 Here Paul implies that the **grace** comes from God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “grace from God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4:15 lg1l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἡ χάρις 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **grace**, you could express the idea by using an adjective such as “gracious.” Alternate translation: “how God is gracious” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
4:15 xdxk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit διὰ τῶν πλειόνων 1 Here, the phrase **through more and more** could indicate that: (1) the **grace** increases by being received by **more** people. Alternate translation: “among more and more people” (2) the **grace** increases because God uses **more** situations and experiences to spread the gospel. Alternate translation: “by means of more and more service” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
@ -504,7 +504,7 @@ front:intro ur4j 0 # Introduction to 2 Corinthians\n\n## Part 1: General Intr
4:16 vliu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor διαφθείρεται 1 Here Paul speaks as if the **outer man** were a dead thing that was **decaying**. He speaks in this way to indicate that the **outer man** is in the process of dying or passing away. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is dying” or “is passing away” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
4:16 s9b2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὁ ἔσω ἡμῶν 1 Here, the phrase **inner {man}** could refer to: (1) the part of the person that others cannot observe and see. Alternate translation: “our hidden part” or “our inward part” (2) the spiritual part of the person. Alternate translation: “our heart” or “our spiritual part” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4:16 zct5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ὁ ἔσω ἡμῶν ἀνακαινοῦται 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who does the action, Paul implies that “God” does it. Alternate translation: “God is renewing our inner man” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
4:17 no4a rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 Here, the word **For** introduces a reason why Paul and those with him “do not become discouraged” (see [4:16](../04/16.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a reason for a previous statement. Alternate translation: “We do not become discouraged because” or “We do that because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
4:17 no4a rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 Here, the word **For** introduces a reason why Paul and his fellow workers do not become discouraged (see [4:16](../04/16.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a reason for a previous statement. Alternate translation: “We do not become discouraged because” or “We do that because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
4:17 e4s0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὸ & παραυτίκα ἐλαφρὸν τῆς θλίψεως ἡμῶν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **affliction**, you could express the idea by using a verb such as “afflict” or “suffer.” Alternate translation: “how we are afflicted in light and momentary ways” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
4:17 pd63 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐλαφρὸν τῆς θλίψεως & αἰώνιον βάρος δόξης 1 Here Paul describes **affliction** and **glory** as if they were objects that could be **light** or have **weight**. He speaks in this way to indicate how unimportant or insignificant the **affliction** is compared with how important or significant the **glory** is. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “small affliction … an eternal, great glory” or “insignificant affliction … an eternal, significant glory” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
4:17 jzhi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor κατεργάζεται ἡμῖν 1 Here Paul speaks as if the **affliction** were a process that was **producing** the **glory**. He means that the **affliction** leads to **glory** for **us**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is leading us to” or “is enabling us to gain” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])

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