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front:intro p55k 0 # Introduction to Numbers\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of Numbers\n\n1. Preparing to leave Sinai (1:1–10:10)\n * Counting and assembling the tribes (1:1–4:49)\n * Regulations (5:1–6:27)\n * Dedicating the altar (7:1–89)\n * Setting up the lampstand (8:1–4)\n * Setting apart the Levites (8:5–29)\n * Second Passover; the cloud to lead them; trumpets (9:1–10:10)\n1. Sinai to Moab, through the wilderness (10:11–17:13)\n * Complaining and murmuring (10:11–11:15)\n * The quails (11:16–35)\n * Miriam’s leprosy (12:1–16)\n * The spies selected and sent (13:1–14:45)\n * Commands (15:1–41)\n * Korah’s rebellion (16:1–17:13)\n1. The Priests and purifying (18:1–19:22)\n * Priests and Levites (18:1–32)\n * The law about purifying (19:1–22)\n1. Conflicts (20:1–21:35)\n * Miriam’s death (20:1–13)\n * Edom’s refusal and Aaron’s death (20:14–29)\n * Journey to Moab (21:1–35)\n1. The Plains of Moab (22:1–36:13)\n * Balaam (22:1–24:25)\n * Baal Peor (25:1–18)\n * The second counting (26:1–65)\n * Inheritance rights for daughters (27:1–11)\n * Joshua succeeds Moses (27:12–23)\n * Offerings and women’s vows (28:1–30:16)\n * Midianite war (31:1–54)\n * Across the Jordan (32:1–42)\n * The people set up camp (33:1–56)\n * Land west of the Jordan; cities for Levites and cities of refuge (34:1–35:34)\n * Female heirs marry (36:1–13)\n\n### What is the Book of Numbers about?\n\nThe Book of Numbers tells about the people of Israel as they traveled from Mount Sinai in the wilderness to the Jordan River. While traveling, the Israelites became discouraged. So they rebelled against the leaders whom God had given them. At the Jordan River, the people of Israel refused to enter the Promised Land. Because the Israelites were afraid and did not trust God, he delayed their entry into the Promised Land for forty years (13:1–14:45). (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])\n\n### How should the title of this book be translated?\n\nThe title of this book, “Numbers,” refers to when the number of the Israelites was counted. The people of the project language may already be familiar with the name “Numbers” from other Bible versions. If not, the translator could consider a clearer name for the book, such as “The Counting of the People of Israel.” (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/census]])\n\n### Who wrote the Book of Numbers?\n\nThe writers of both the Old and New Testament present Moses as being very involved with writing the Book of Numbers. However, at a later time, scribes and priests probably put the book into its present form. They may have included text from other sources. One such source was “the scroll of the Wars of Yahweh” (21:14).\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### How does Numbers present the idea of the whole community being responsible when only a few people sinned?\n\nThe people understood and assumed that God would punish the whole community of Israel if some of the people rebelled against him. God did often punish the entire nation when some of them sinned. All of the people in the ancient Near East would have understood and expected this. However, Moses and Aaron prayed for God to punish only those who were guilty.\n\n## Part 3: Important Translation Issues\n\n### Why does Moses speak using third person pronouns about himself?\n\nWhen an author wrote about something he was involved in, it was common for him to use the pronoun “he” instead of “I,” or “they” instead of “we.” The translator may decide to use the project’s normal pronouns instead.
1:intro av14 0 # Numbers 1 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter is intended to form a smooth transition from the last chapter of the book of Leviticus.\n\n### Census\n\nThey counted how many men of military age were in each tribe of Israel. These men would also become the heads of families. It is possible the numbers in this chapter are rounded to the nearest 100.
1:intro av14 0 Figu# Numbers 1 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter is intended to form a smooth transition from the last chapter of the book of Leviticus.\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n\n### Census\n\nThey counted how many men of military age were in each tribe of Israel. These men would also become the heads of families. It is possible the numbers in this chapter are rounded to the nearest 100.\n\n## Repeated Phrases\n\nWhen the text uses **according to their clans, according to the house of their fathers**, the two phrases mean the same thing. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the phrases into one. Alternate translation: “according to their ancestry” (See: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism) (See [1:2](../01/02/.md), [1:20](../01/20/.md), [1:22](../01/22/.md), [1:24](../01/24/.md), [1:26](../01/26/.md), [1:28](../01/28/.md), [1:30](../01/30/.md), [1:32](../01/32/.md), [1:34](../01/34/.md), [1:36](../01/36/.md), [1:38](../01/38/.md), [1:40](../01/40/.md), [1:42](../01/42/.md).)\n\n**House of their fathers** could refer to: (1) the generic fathers and mothers from which each male descended. Alternate translation: "families" (2) specifically the 12 ancestral fathers of each Israelite tribe. Alternate translation: "their ancestral forefathers," (See [1:2](../01/02/.md), [1:18](../01/18/.md), [1:20](../01/20/.md), [1:22](../01/22/.md), [1:24](../01/24/.md), [1:26](../01/26/.md), [1:28](../01/28/.md), [1:30](../01/30/.md), [1:32](../01/32/.md), [1:34](../01/34/.md), [1:36](../01/36/.md), [1:38](../01/38/.md), [1:40](../01/40/.md), [1:42](../01/42/.md).)\n\nWhen the text uses a phrase like **the number of names**, **names** refers to people Moses would count ([1:2](../01/02/.md), [1:18](../01/18/.md)) or had counted ([1:20](../01/20/.md), [1:22](../01/22/.md), [1:24](../01/24/.md), [1:26](../01/26/.md), [1:28](../01/28/.md), [1:30](../01/30/.md), [1:32](../01/32/.md), [1:34](../01/34/.md), [1:36](../01/36/.md), [1:38](../01/38/.md), [1:40](../01/40/.md), [1:42](../01/42/.md)). Alternate translation: " the number of people" (See: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor)\n\n**A son of 20 years** refers to a son who is at least 20 years old. It might be helpful in your language to state this more plainly. Alternate translation: "a man who is at least 20 years old" (See: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom) (This phrase surfaces in [1:3](../01/03/.md), [1:18](../01/18/.md), [1:20](../01/20/.md), [1:22](../01/22/.md), [1:24](../01/24/.md), [1:26](../01/26/.md), [1:28](../01/28/.md), [1:30](../01/30/.md), [1:32](../01/32/.md), [1:34](../01/34/.md), [1:36](../01/36/.md), [1:38](../01/38/.md), [1:40](../01/40/.md), [1:42](../01/42/.md).)\n\nThe text uses larger numbers as being up or above smaller numbers. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “from 20 years old and more” or “who is 20 years old or older” (See: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor) (This phrase surfaces in [1:3](../01/03/.md), [1:18](../01/18/.md), [1:20](../01/20/.md), [1:22](../01/22/.md), [1:24](../01/24/.md), [1:26](../01/26/.md), [1:28](../01/28/.md), [1:30](../01/30/.md), [1:32](../01/32/.md), [1:34](../01/34/.md), [1:36](../01/36/.md), [1:38](../01/38/.md), [1:40](../01/40/.md), [1:42](../01/42/.md).)\n\nThe text refers to a soldier by describing the action that characterizes a soldier, namely **one who goes out to war**. If your readers would not understand what this concept means in this context, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: "one who can be a soldier" or "one who can fight in a war" (This phrase surfaces in [1:3](../01/03/.md), [1:18](../01/18/.md), [1:20](../01/20/.md), [1:22](../01/22/.md), [1:24](../01/24/.md), [1:26](../01/26/.md), [1:28](../01/28/.md), [1:30](../01/30/.md), [1:32](../01/32/.md), [1:34](../01/34/.md), [1:36](../01/36/.md), [1:38](../01/38/.md), [1:40](../01/40/.md), [1:42](../01/42/.md).)
1:1 u2p1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths לַ⁠חֹ֨דֶשׁ הַ⁠שֵּׁנִ֜י 1 The **second month** of the Hebrew calendar includes the last half of April and the first half of May on Western calendars. You could convert the Hebrew day and month into an approximate date on the calendar that your culture uses. However, the Jews used a lunar calendar, so if you use a solar calendar, the date will be different every year and the translation will not be entirely accurate. Therefore, you may want to provide the name of the month on the Hebrew calendar and the number of the day, which in this case is Iyar 1. Then, in a footnote, say approximately what time of year that is on your calendar.
1:1 owqr rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal הַ⁠שֵּׁנִ֜י & הַ⁠שֵּׁנִ֗ית 1 If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “of month two in year two”
1:2 m9tq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom שְׂא֗וּ אֶת־רֹאשׁ֙ 1 Here, **lift up the heads** means to count the men by recording their names. Alternate translation: “Count them, recording each man’s name”
1:2 jnhs אֲבֹתָ֑⁠ם 1 **House of their fathers** could refer to: (1) the generic fathers and mothers from which each male descended. Alternate translation: "families" (2) specifically the 12 ancestral fathers of each Israelite tribe. Alternate translation: "their ancestral forefathers,"
1:2 jnhs אֲבֹתָ֑⁠ם 1 As the General Notes to this chapter discuss, the expression **house of their fathers** could refer to: (1) the generic fathers and mothers from which each male descended. Alternate translation: "families" (2) specifically the 12 ancestral fathers of each Israelite tribe. Alternate translation: "their ancestral forefathers,"
1:2 dl47 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּ⁠מִסְפַּ֣ר שֵׁמ֔וֹת 1 As the General Notes to this chapter discuss, when the text uses a phrase like **the number of names**, **names** refers to people Moses would count. Alternate translation: "the number of people"
1:2 po5z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism לְ⁠גֻלְגְּלֹתָֽ⁠ם 1 Here, **according to their skulls** is referring to the whole male person by naming one part of his body. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “according to their bodies,”
1:3 wtkl מִ⁠בֶּ֨ן עֶשְׂרִ֤ים שָׁנָה֙ 1 Here, **a son of 20 years** refers to a son who is at least 20 years old. It might be helpful in your language to state this more plainly. Alternate translation: "a son who is at least 20 years old"
1:3 p8dc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עֶשְׂרִ֤ים שָׁנָה֙ וָ⁠מַ֔עְלָ⁠ה 1 The text uses larger numbers as being up or above smaller numbers. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “from 20 years old and more” or “who is 20 years old or older”
1:3 pqtq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy יֹצֵ֥א צָבָ֖א 1 Yahweh refers to a soldier by describing the action that characterizes a soldier, namely **one who goes out to war**. Alternate translation: "one who can be a soldier" or "one who can fight in a war"
1:3 wtkl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom מִ⁠בֶּ֨ן עֶשְׂרִ֤ים שָׁנָה֙ 1 As the General Notes to this chapter discuss, the expression **a son of 20 years** refers to a son who is at least 20 years old. It might be helpful in your language to state this more plainly. Alternate translation: "a man who is at least 20 years old"
1:3 p8dc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עֶשְׂרִ֤ים שָׁנָה֙ וָ⁠מַ֔עְלָ⁠ה 1 The text uses larger numbers as being up or above smaller numbers. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “who is 20 years old or older”
1:3 pqtq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy יֹצֵ֥א צָבָ֖א 1 As the General Notes to this chapter discuss, the text refers to a soldier by describing the action that characterizes a soldier, namely **one who goes out to war**. Alternate translation: "one who can be a soldier" or "one who can fight in a war"
1:3 tg9n לְ⁠צִבְאֹתָ֖⁠ם 1 **According to their armies** refers to separating the men Moses and Aaron will count into military divisions that the Israelites will follow when they fight in battle. Alternate translation: "by their military divisions"
1:4 qnse rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְ⁠אִתְּ⁠כֶ֣ם 1 Here, **with you** refers specifically to these men helping Aaron count and lead the tribes of Israel. Alternate translation: "And to assist you" or "And to help you"
1:4 j29v אִ֖ישׁ לַ⁠מַּטֶּ֑ה 1 **A man of the tribe** refers to a man who belongs to a certain tribe and further describes the men who will be with Aaron to help him. Additionally, this construction is singular but infers that every tribe will have one man to lead it. Alternative translation: "one man from each tribe"
@ -47,13 +48,11 @@ front:intro p55k 0 # Introduction to Numbers\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
1:18 aj18 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis בְּ⁠אֶחָד֙ 1 The object **1** is modifying is not specified, but “day” is the understood object. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “day one”
1:18 o6il rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal הַ⁠שֵּׁנִ֔י 1 If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “of month two” (See [Numbers 1:1](../01/01.md) for another example).
1:18 nt8v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism עַל־מִשְׁפְּחֹתָ֖⁠ם לְ⁠בֵ֣ית אֲבֹתָ֑⁠ם 1 **In accordance with their clans** and **according to the house of their fathers** mean basically the same thing. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the phrases into one. Alternate translation: “according to their ancestry”
1:18 l763 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בְּ⁠מִסְפַּ֣ר שֵׁמ֗וֹת 1 **By the number of the names** communicates that Moses and Aaron declared the ancestry by counting each person. Alternate translation: "by counting each one"
1:18 no7s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שֵׁמ֗וֹת 1 Here, "the names" represents the people who belong to those names. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “people”
1:18 ku8z מִ⁠בֶּ֨ן עֶשְׂרִ֥ים שָׁנָ֛ה 1 Here, **a son of 20 years** refers to a son who is at least 20 years old. See [1:3](../01/01.md) for translation details.
1:18 wfe4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מִ⁠בֶּ֨ן עֶשְׂרִ֥ים שָׁנָ֛ה וָ⁠מַ֖עְלָ⁠ה 1 The text uses larger numbers as being up or above smaller numbers. See [1:3](../01/01.md) for more information on translating this phrase.
1:18 avnc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism לְ⁠גֻלְגְּלֹתָֽ⁠ם 1 Here, **according to their skulls** is referring to the whole male person by naming one part of his body. See [1:2](../01/01.md) for translation details.
1:20 n9s3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive were counted all the names 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “they counted all the names”
1:20 m8sv able to go to war 0 Alternate translation: “who was able to go to war”
1:18 l763 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בְּ⁠מִסְפַּ֣ר שֵׁמ֗וֹת 1 See how you translated the phrase in [1:2](../01/02.md).
1:18 ku8z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom מִ⁠בֶּ֨ן עֶשְׂרִ֥ים שָׁנָ֛ה 1 See how you translated the phrase in [1:3](../01/03.md).
1:18 wfe4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מִ⁠בֶּ֨ן עֶשְׂרִ֥ים שָׁנָ֛ה וָ⁠מַ֖עְלָ⁠ה 1 See how you translated the phrase in [1:3](../01/03.md).
1:18 avnc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism לְ⁠גֻלְגְּלֹתָֽ⁠ם 1 See how you translated the phrase in [1:2](../01/02.md).
1:20 n9s3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְנֵֽי־רְאוּבֵן֙ 1 **The sons of Reuben** means sons whose ancestor is Reuben. Alternate translation: “the sons whose ancestor is Reuben”
1:21 v8dy rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers 46,500 men 0 Alternate translation: “forty-six thousand five hundred men”
1:22 yd37 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive were counted all the names of each and every man … clans and families 0 The phrase “were counted” can be stated in active form. This long phrase is repeated multiple times in the census. See how you translated it in [Numbers 1:20](../01/20.md). Alternate translation: “they counted all the names of each and every man … clans and families”
1:23 g5ix rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers 59,300 men 0 Alternate translation: “fifty-nine thousand three hundred men”

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