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@ -729,80 +729,80 @@ front:intro v8pn 0 # Introduction to Judges\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
8:35 svf8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בֵּ֥ית יְרֻבַּ֖עַל גִּדְע֑וֹן 1 See how you translated the term **house** in [8:27](../08/27.md). Alternate translation: “the descendants of Jerubbaal, that is, Gideon”
8:35 j369 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns הַ⁠טּוֹבָ֔ה אֲשֶׁ֥ר עָשָׂ֖ה עִם־יִשְׂרָאֵֽל 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **good**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “the good things that he did for Israel”
9:intro zl19 0 # Judges 9 General Notes\n\n## Religious and Cultural Concepts in This Chapter\n\n### Jotham’s curse\n\nGideon’s son, Abimelech, killed all of his brothers except Jotham in order to become king of Shechem. Jotham cursed Abimelech for having murdered Gideon’s other sons. “Let fire come out from Abimelech and burn up the men of Shechem and the house of Millo. Let fire come out from the men of Shechem and Beth Millo, to burn up Abimelech.” (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]])\n\n## Translation Issues in This Chapter\n\n### Tree metaphor\n\nThis chapter contains an extended metaphor about trees. This metaphor functions as a parable instructing Israel about their sinful desire to have a king. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
9:1 j370 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent וַ⁠יֵּ֨לֶךְ אֲבִימֶ֤לֶךְ בֶּן־יְרֻבַּ֨עַל֙ שְׁכֶ֔מָ⁠ה The author is introducing a new event in the story. Use a word, phrase, or other method in your language that is natural for introducing a new event.
9:1 j371 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship אֲחֵ֖י אִמּ֑⁠וֹ & אֲבִ֥י אִמּ֖⁠וֹ Your language may have its own term or expression for these relationships. Alternate translation: “his maternal uncles … his maternal grandfather”
9:2 gfl5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes דַּבְּרוּ־נָ֞א בְּ⁠אָזְנֵ֨י כָל־בַּעֲלֵ֣י שְׁכֶם֮ מַה־טּ֣וֹב לָ⁠כֶם֒ הַ⁠מְשֹׁ֨ל בָּ⁠כֶ֜ם שִׁבְעִ֣ים אִ֗ישׁ כֹּ֚ל בְּנֵ֣י יְרֻבַּ֔עַל אִם־מְשֹׁ֥ל בָּ⁠כֶ֖ם אִ֣ישׁ אֶחָ֑ד If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this so that there is not a quotation within a quotation. Alternate translation: “Please ask all the lords of Shechem out loud whether it is better for them to have 70 men, all the sons of Jerubbaal, ruling over them or to have one man ruling over them.”
9:2 j372 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy דַּבְּרוּ & בְּ⁠אָזְנֵ֨י כָל־בַּעֲלֵ֣י שְׁכֶם֮ Abimelek is using the term **ears** by association to mean hearing. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “speak so that all of the lords of Shechem can hear you” or “please say out loud to all of the lords of Shechem”
9:2 j373 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion מַה־טּ֣וֹב לָ⁠כֶם֒ הַ⁠מְשֹׁ֨ל בָּ⁠כֶ֜ם שִׁבְעִ֣ים אִ֗ישׁ כֹּ֚ל בְּנֵ֣י יְרֻבַּ֔עַל אִם־מְשֹׁ֥ל בָּ⁠כֶ֖ם אִ֣ישׁ אֶחָ֑ד Abimelek wants his relatives to use the question form for emphasis. If a speaker of your language would not use the question form for that purpose, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “It is certainly better for you to have one man ruling over you than to have 70 men, all the sons of Jerubbaal, ruling over you!”
9:2 e38y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism I {am} your bone and your flesh Abimelek is using the two main components of the human body, **bone** and **flesh**, to mean the whole body, and when he tells the people of Shechem that he is part of the same body with them, he means that he is their close relative. Your language may have a comparable expression that you can use in your translation. You could also state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I am your own flesh and blood” or “I am your close relative”
9:3 ie29 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy in the ears of See how you translated the same expression in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “in the hearing of” or “out loud to”
9:3 j374 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result and their heart turned after Abimelek, for they said, “He {is} our brother.” If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases, since the second phrase gives the reason for the result that the first phrase describes. Alternate translation: “and when they considered, ‘He is our brother,’ their heart turned after Abimelek”
9:3 ubh9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor and their heart turned after Abimelek Here the **heart** represents the will and inclinations. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and they decided to make Abimelek their king”
9:3 j375 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns their heart Since the author is referring to a group of people, it might be more natural in your language to use the plural form of **heart**. Alternate translation: “their hearts”
9:3 j376 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor He {is} our brother The lords of Shechem are using the term **brother** to mean someone descended from the same ancestor. They do not mean that Abimelek is their literal brother, a child of the same parents. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “He is our kinsman”
9:3 j377 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit He {is} our brother The lords of Shechem mean implicitly that they expect Abimelek to treat them better than the other sons of Gideon would because he is their relative, while the other sons are not. You could indicate this explicitly in your translation if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “He is our kinsman, so he will treat us well”
9:3 j378 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations He {is} our brother It may be more natural in your language to have an indirect quotation here. The UST models one way to do that.
9:4 j379 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 70 silver The author is using the word **silver** by association to mean silver shekels, a unit of weight. Alternate translation: “70 shekels of silver”
9:4 yf3w rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight 70 silver A **silver** shekel weighed about 11 grams, so these **70** shekels weighed a little less than a kilogram, or almost two pounds. In your translation, you could use the ancient measurement and spell the word “shekel” the way it sounds in your language. You could also say “coins” rather than “shekels.” Alternatively, you could use the metric measurement given in the UST or another measurement that your language and culture customarily use, or you could use the ancient measurement in your translation and put a modern measurement in parentheses in the text or in a footnote. Alternate translation: “70 silver shekels” or “70 silver coins”
9:4 yf44 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the house of Baal-Berith The author is speaking of the temple of Baal-Berith as if it had been a **house** in which that false god lived. Alternate translation: “the temple of Baal-Berith”
9:4 mi77 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys worthless and reckless men This phrase expresses a single idea by using two words connected with **and**. The idea is that because these **men** were **worthless**, that is, unprincipled, they were not careful to do what was right and avoid doing what was wrong, that is, they were **reckless**. So Abimelek could hire them to commit murder, as the next verse describes. Your language may have a comparable expression for people whose consciences do not keep them from doing wrong. Alternate translation: “hardened criminals”
9:5 ilv2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship his brothers, the sons of Jerubbaal The author is specifying that these **brothers** were sons of Abimelek’s father **Jerubbaal** (Gideon) but not of his mother. Your language may have its own term or expression for this relationship. Alternate translation: “his paternal half-brothers”
9:5 jer7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction upon one stone It appears that killing all **70** of these men **upon one stone** was a symbolic action of some kind. See the General Notes to this chapter for a discussion of what the significance of this action might have been and for suggestions of how to represent that in your translation.
9:5 j380 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result But Jotham was left, the youngest son of Jerubbaal, for he had hidden himself If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases, since the second phrase gives the reason for the result that the first phrase describes. Alternate translation: “But Jotham, the youngest son of Jerubbaal, hid himself, and so he was left”
9:5 j381 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive But Jotham was left If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “But Jotham survived”
9:6 up6d rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names and all of Beth Millo The expression **Beth Millo** could be: (1) an expression meaning “the house of Millo,” that is, the residents of a place that was described by that term, which means a fortification. This could be the same place as the “citadel” described in [9:46](../09/46.md). These might therefore have been soldiers or military officers. Alternate translation: “and all of the officers from the citadel” (2) the name of a town near Shechem. In that case, the author may leaving the phrase **the lords of** to be understood implicitly in this second instance. Alternate translation: “and all of the leaders of the nearby town of Beth Millo”
9:6 j382 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit beside the oak of the pillar that {was} in Shechem The author assumes that readers will know what **oak** and **pillar** he is referring to. Joshua had set up the pillar under that oak there in Shechem as a witness of the covenant that the Israelites had made with Yahweh to worship him alone as their God ([Joshua 24:26–27](../jos/24/26.md)). You could indicate this explicitly in your translation if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “beside the oak in Shechem under which Joshua had set up a pillar”
9:6 j383 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction beside the oak of the pillar that {was} in Shechem Making Abimelek **king** next to this **pillar** under this **oak** tree was a symbolic action, given the history of the place. Since the lords of Shechem had given Abimelek money from the temple of Baal-Berith to establish himself as king, Baal-Berith was Abimelek’s patron god. So the location of this ceremony was intended to signify that in place of their covenant with Yahweh, the people were installing a king who would lead them in the worship of Baal-Berith. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explain the significance of this action. Alternate translation: “under the patronage of Baal-Berith, beside the very same oak tree in Shechem where Joshua had set up a pillar to remind the Israelites of their covenant with Yahweh”
9:7 ksz5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns And they declared to Jotham Here, **they** is an indefinite pronoun that does not have a specific referent in the immediate context. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate this with a different expression that does not use an indefinite pronoun. Alternate translation: “And Jotham was told about this”
9:7 j384 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit And they declared to Jotham The author is leaving some information implicit that he assumes readers will understand. You could indicate this explicitly in your translation if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “And they declared to Jotham that the leaders of Shechem had made Abimelek their king”
9:7 j385 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit on the top of Mount Gerizim The author seems to mean implicitly not that Jotham stood on the very summit of Mount Gerizim but atop a rocky crag, several hundred feet high, that overlooked Shechem. From there the leaders of Shechem could have heard him but he would have been safe from capture. You could indicate this explicitly in your translation if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “on a crag high up on Mount Gerizim”
9:7 z9vx rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Mount Gerizim The word **Gerizim** is the name of a mountain.
9:7 j386 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction Mount Gerizim Jotham choosing **Mount Gerizim** as the place from which to shout his message was a symbolic action. In [Deuteronomy 11:29](../deu/11/29.md) and [Deuteronomy 27:12–26](../deu/27/12.md), Moses had commanded the Israelites to proclaim blessings for keeping Yahweh’s law from Mount Gerizim and curses for breaking Yahweh’s law from the facing Mount Ebal. [Joshua 8:32–34](../jos/08/32.md) records how Joshua carried out this command. So the location was a reminder of how the people of Israel would be blessed if they remained faithful to Yahweh and cursed if they did not. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explain the significance of this action. Alternate translation: “Mount Gerizim, where curses had been proclaimed against unfaithfulness to Yahweh”
9:7 d3ws rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom and he lifted his voice The author is using a common expression that means that Jotham spoke very loudly. (The rocky cliffs in this area would have amplified and projected his voice.) If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and he shouted very loudly”
9:7 j387 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Listen to me, lords of Shechem, that God may listen to you Jotham is implicitly making a threat that he assumes the lords of Shechem will understand. The implication of the threat is that God has sent Jotham to them with a message. You could indicate this explicitly in your translation if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “If you do not listen to me, you lords of Shechem, then God will not listen to you when you pray, because I am bringing you a message from God”
9:7 j388 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular Listen & to you Here and through the end of Jotham’s speech in verse 20, the pronouns **you** and “your” and are plural and imperative verbs have plural forms because Jotham is addressing a group of people, the **lords of Shechem**. So use plural forms in your translation if your language marks that distinction.
9:8 p19p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parables Going, the trees went to anoint a king over them. To make the lords of Shechem recognize that they will have much trouble because they have made Abimelek their king, Jotham tells them a story. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state that explicitly. You could also begin this story in the way that made-up stories usually begin in your language. Alternate translation: “Then Jotham told the lords of Shechem a story to make them realize that they would have much trouble because they had made Abimelek their king. He said, ‘Once upon a time the trees went to anoint a king over them”
9:8 j389 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-reduplication Jotham is repeating the verb “go” (saying **Going** and **went**) in order to intensify the idea that it expresses. If your language can repeat words for intensification, it would be appropriate to do that here in your translation. If not, your language may have another way of expressing the emphasis. Alternate translation: “The trees went around looking for someone they could anoint as their king”
9:8 j390 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes And they said to the olive tree, ‘Reign over us.’ If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this so that there is not a quotation within a quotation. Alternate translation: “And they asked the olive tree to reign over them”
9:8 ai6t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative Reign over us This is an imperative, but it communicates a respectful request rather than a command. Use a form in your language that communicates a respectful request. It may be helpful to add an expression such as “please” to make this clear. Alternate translation: “Please reign over us”
9:9 j391 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes But the olive tree said to them, ‘Should I discontinue my fatness, which, by it, they honor gods and men, that I should go to wave over the trees?’ If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this so that there is not a quotation within a quotation. Alternate translation: “But the olive tree asked them whether it should discontinue its fatness, by which they honor gods and men, in order to go wave over the trees.”
9:9 q6h3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Should I discontinue my fatness, which, by it, they honor gods and men, that I should go to wave over the trees? The olive tree in the story is using the question form for emphasis. If a speaker of your language would not use the question form for that purpose, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “I am not going to discontinue my fatness, by which they honor gods and men, in order to go wave over the trees!”
9:9 q6h4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Should I discontinue my fatness, which, by it, they honor gods and men, that I should go to wave over the trees? The olive tree in the story is using the question form for emphasis. If a speaker of your language would not use the question form for that purpose, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “I am not going to discontinue my fatness, by which they honor gods and men, in order to go wave over the trees!”
9:9 v5cc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns Should I discontinue my fatness If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **fatness**, you could express the same idea in another way. The tree is referring specifically to the oil that is made from its olives. Alternate translation: “Should I stop producing oil”
9:9 b42t rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns which, by it, they honor gods and men Here, **they** is an indefinite pronoun that does not have a specific referent in the immediate context. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate this with a different expression that does not use an indefinite pronoun. Alternate translation: “by which gods and men are honored”
9:9 ctc8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-plural gods The word translated as **gods** is plural in form, but it could mean: (1) gods, as in the ULT. (2) God. Alternate translation: “God”
9:9 a9cy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit that I should go to wave over the trees The olive tree is using the term **wave** to suggest implicitly that being a king over the other trees would not be as worthwhile or productive as continuing to make olives for oil. Trees stay rooted in the ground, so the olive tree is using the word **wave**, meaning to sway back and forth in the wind, to represent how kings go around taking care of various official matters. You could indicate this explicitly in your translation if that would be helpful to your readers. The UST models one way to do this.
9:10 j392 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes So the trees said to the fig tree, ‘Come, you reign over us.’ If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this so that there is not a quotation within a quotation. Alternate translation: “So the trees asked the fig tree to come and reign over them”
9:10 j393 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns Come, you reign over us For emphasis, the trees are stating the pronoun **you**, whose meaning is already present in the verb translated as **reign**. The idea is that if the olive tree will not be their king, then the trees would like the fig tree to be their king. Alternate translation: “Then you be the one to reign over us”
9:11 df3r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes But the fig tree said to them, ‘Should I discontinue my sweetness and my good fruit, that I should go to wave over the trees?’ If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this so that there is not a quotation within a quotation. Alternate translation: “But the fig tree asked them whether it should discontinue its sweetness and its good fruit in order to go wave over the trees.”
9:11 bi3f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Should I discontinue my sweetness and my good fruit, that I should go to wave over the trees? See how you translated the similar question in [9:9](../09/09.md). Alternate translation: “I am not going to discontinue my sweetness and my good fruit in order to go wave over the trees!”
9:11 jkz5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns my sweetness and my good fruit If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **sweetness**, you could express the same idea in another way. (The tree is expressing a single idea by using two phrases connected with **and**.) Alternate translation: “my good, sweet fruit”
9:11 j394 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit that I should go to wave over the trees See how you translated the same expression in [9:9](../09/09.md).
9:12 j395 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes So the trees said to the fig tree, ‘Come, you reign over us.’ If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this so that there is not a quotation within a quotation. Alternate translation: “So the trees asked the vine to come and reign over them”
9:12 j396 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns Come, you reign over us See how you translated the same expression in [9:10](../09/10.md). Alternate translation: “Then you be the one to reign over us”
9:13 j397 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes But the vine said to them, ‘Should I discontinue my new wine, cheering gods and men, that I should go to wave over the trees?’ If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this so that there is not a quotation within a quotation. Alternate translation: “But the vine asked them whether it should discontinue its new wine, which cheers gods and men, in order to go wave over the trees.”
9:13 i2y3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Should I discontinue my new wine, cheering gods and men, that I should go to wave over the trees? See how you translated the similar question in [9:9](../09/09.md). Alternate translation: “I am not going to discontinue my new wine, which cheers gods and men, in order to go wave over the trees!”
9:13 j398 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-plural gods The word translated as **gods** is plural in form, but it could mean: (1) gods, as in the ULT. (2) God. Alternate translation: “God”
9:13 j399 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit that I should go to wave over the trees See how you translated the same expression in [9:9](../09/09.md).
9:14 j400 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes So all of the trees said to the thornbush, ‘Come, you reign over us.’ If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this so that there is not a quotation within a quotation. Alternate translation: “So all of the trees asked the thornbush to come and reign over them”
9:14 j401 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit So all of the trees With the word **all**, Jotham is implicitly including the trees that had refused to become king. You could indicate this explicitly in your translation if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “So all of the trees, including the ones that could have become king themselves”
9:14 j402 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns Come, you reign over us See how you translated the same expression in [9:10](../09/10.md). Alternate translation: “Then you be the one to reign over us”
9:15 g1p2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes And the thornbush said to the trees, ‘If in truth you are anointing me as king over you, come, shelter in my shade. But if not, may fire go forth from the thornbush and consume the cedars of Lebanon!’ If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this so that there is not a quotation within a quotation. Alternate translation: “And the thornbush told the trees that if in truth they were anointing him as king over them, then they should come and shelter in his shade. But if not, then might fire go forth from the thornbush and consume the cedars of Lebanon.”
9:15 cm8a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns If in truth you are anointing me as king over you If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **truth**, you could express the same idea in another way. In this context. the word translated as **truth** refers to faithfully fulfilling relational responsibilities towards another person. The thornbush wants to make sure that the other trees sincerely want it to be their king and that they are not anointing it simply because the other trees refused. Alternate translation: “truly” or “in good faith”
9:15 j403 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor come, shelter in my shade In the story, the thornbush is speaking as if the other trees would literally **shelter** in its **shade**, that is, find protection there from the heat of the sun. This was an image that people in this culture used to describe coming under the protection of a ruler and accordingly accepting an obligation to obey that ruler. [Isaiah 30:2](../isa/30/02.md), for example, speaks of the Judeans sheltering in the shadow of Egypt, meaning that they agreed to allow Pharaoh to rule them in exchange for his protection. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “then obey me as your king”
9:15 j404 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony come, shelter in my shade Jotham’s parable is designed to make the lords of Shechem realize that they have made a great mistake by giving Abimelek the means to kill all of his brothers and then anointing him as king. One way the parable does this is by having one of its characters, the thornbush, say something that is the opposite of the way things really are. A thornbush does not create any **shade** in which anyone or anything can **shelter**. Similarly, Abimelek will not do anything worthwhile for the people of Shechem. He will only cause great trouble for them. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could reflect in your translation how what the thornbush says is the opposite of the way things are. Alternate translation: “come under the shade of my tiny branches”
9:15 hvs5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis But if not The thornbush is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from the context if that would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “But if you are not anointing me in truth” or “But if you are not sincerely intending to obey me as your king”
9:15 j405 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification may fire go forth from the thornbush and consume the cedars of Lebanon The thornbush is speaking of **fire** as if it were a living thing that could **go forth** by itself. It is actually making a threat that it will start a fire if it discovers that the other trees have not anointed it king sincerely, that is, if they are not going to obey it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “then I will start a fire that will burn up even the cedars of Lebanon”
9:15 xn44 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person the thornbush The thornbush is speaking about itself in the third person, as subjects would speak of and to a king in this culture. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate this in the first person. Alternate translation: “me”
9:16 j406 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical So now, if you have acted in truth and in integrity and made Abimelek reign, and if you have done good with Jerubaal and with his house, and if according to the deserving of his hands you have done to him In verses 16–19, Jotham is describing a condition in which a second event should take place only if a first event has taken place. He makes a series of “if” statements in verses 16 and 19 (suggesting in verses 17 and 18 that these statements are not actually true), and then in the second half of verse 19 he says what the lords of Shechem should do if they have done what he has described. These verses are all one long sentence. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could translate them as a series of shorter sentences. Alternate translation: “So now, suppose you have acted in truth and in integrity and made Abimelek reign. Suppose you have done good with Jerubaal and with his house. Suppose that according to the deserving of his hands you have done to him.”
9:16 ayq2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases So now, if you have acted Jotham has finished telling the story of the trees, and he is using the expression **So now** to introduce his explanation of the implications of the story. You could indicate this more explicitly in your translation if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “Now this is how my story applies to you: if you have acted”
9:16 j407 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns if you have acted in truth and in integrity and made Abimelek reign If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **truth** and **integrity**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “if you have acted truly and genuinely and made Abimelek reign”
9:16 j408 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys if you have acted in truth and in integrity and made Abimelek reign Jotham is expressing a single idea by using two phrases connected with **and**. Alternate translation: “if you have acted truly and genuinely by making Abimelek reign”
9:16 j409 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit if you have acted in truth and in integrity and made Abimelek reign In his explanation of the parable, Jotham carries the implications of the idea of **truth** one step farther than in the parable. That term refers to faithfully fulfilling relational responsibilities towards another person. In a sense, just as the trees were not doing right by the thornbush by anointing it king just because the other trees refused, so the lords of Shechem are not doing right by Abimelek by supporting his murderous plot to become king. They should have encouraged him to be honest and humble and peaceful instead. But the person they are most significantly not doing right by is Gideon. Jotham will develop this idea at length in the verses that follow. You could indicate this explicitly in your translation if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “if you have really been fair to Gideon by making Abimelek reign”
9:16 j410 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet in truth and in integrity The terms **truth** and **integrity** mean similar things. Jotham is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “with complete sincerity”
9:16 nu7n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor his house Here, **house** means all the people descended from a particular person. Alternate translation: “his descendants”
9:16 j411 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy according to the deserving of his hands Jotham is using the word **hands** to mean to what his father **Jerubaal** (Gideon) did for the Israelites, by association with the way people use their hands to do things. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “according to what his actions deserved”
9:17 x8ae rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical that my father fought for you and threw his life in front and delivered you from the hand of Midian— If you have decided to translate the long sentence in verses 16–19 as a series of shorter sentences, you could make this verse a sentence of its own. Alternate translation: “Now consider how my father fought for you and threw his life in front and delivered you from the hand of Midian.”
9:1 j370 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent וַ⁠יֵּ֨לֶךְ אֲבִימֶ֤לֶךְ בֶּן־יְרֻבַּ֨עַל֙ שְׁכֶ֔מָ⁠ה 1 The author is introducing a new event in the story. Use a word, phrase, or other method in your language that is natural for introducing a new event.
9:1 j371 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship אֲחֵ֖י אִמּ֑⁠וֹ & אֲבִ֥י אִמּ֖⁠וֹ 1 Your language may have its own term or expression for these relationships. Alternate translation: “his maternal uncles … his maternal grandfather”
9:2 gfl5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes דַּבְּרוּ־נָ֞א בְּ⁠אָזְנֵ֨י כָל־בַּעֲלֵ֣י שְׁכֶם֮ מַה־טּ֣וֹב לָ⁠כֶם֒ הַ⁠מְשֹׁ֨ל בָּ⁠כֶ֜ם שִׁבְעִ֣ים אִ֗ישׁ כֹּ֚ל בְּנֵ֣י יְרֻבַּ֔עַל אִם־מְשֹׁ֥ל בָּ⁠כֶ֖ם אִ֣ישׁ אֶחָ֑ד 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this so that there is not a quotation within a quotation. Alternate translation: “Please ask all the lords of Shechem out loud whether it is better for them to have 70 men, all the sons of Jerubbaal, ruling over them or to have one man ruling over them.”
9:2 j372 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy דַּבְּרוּ & בְּ⁠אָזְנֵ֨י כָל־בַּעֲלֵ֣י שְׁכֶם֮ 1 Abimelek is using the term **ears** by association to mean hearing. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “speak so that all of the lords of Shechem can hear you” or “please say out loud to all of the lords of Shechem”
9:2 j373 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion מַה־טּ֣וֹב לָ⁠כֶם֒ הַ⁠מְשֹׁ֨ל בָּ⁠כֶ֜ם שִׁבְעִ֣ים אִ֗ישׁ כֹּ֚ל בְּנֵ֣י יְרֻבַּ֔עַל אִם־מְשֹׁ֥ל בָּ⁠כֶ֖ם אִ֣ישׁ אֶחָ֑ד 1 Abimelek wants his relatives to use the question form for emphasis. If a speaker of your language would not use the question form for that purpose, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “It is certainly better for you to have one man ruling over you than to have 70 men, all the sons of Jerubbaal, ruling over you!”
9:2 e38y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism עַצְמֵ⁠כֶם וּ⁠בְשַׂרְ⁠כֶ֖ם אָנִֽי 1 Abimelek is using the two main components of the human body, **bone** and **flesh**, to mean the whole body, and when he tells the people of Shechem that he is part of the same body with them, he means that he is their close relative. Your language may have a comparable expression that you can use in your translation. You could also state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I am your own flesh and blood” or “I am your close relative”
9:3 ie29 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּ⁠אָזְנֵי֙ 1 See how you translated the same expression in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “in the hearing of” or “out loud to”
9:3 j374 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וַ⁠יֵּ֤ט לִבָּ⁠ם֙ אַחֲרֵ֣י אֲבִימֶ֔לֶךְ כִּ֥י אָמְר֖וּ אָחִ֥י⁠נוּ הֽוּא 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases, since the second phrase gives the reason for the result that the first phrase describes. Alternate translation: “and when they considered, ‘He is our brother,’ their heart turned after Abimelek”
9:3 ubh9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וַ⁠יֵּ֤ט לִבָּ⁠ם֙ אַחֲרֵ֣י אֲבִימֶ֔לֶךְ 1 Here the **heart** represents the will and inclinations. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and they decided to make Abimelek their king”
9:3 j375 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns לִבָּ⁠ם֙ 1 Since the author is referring to a group of people, it might be more natural in your language to use the plural form of **heart**. Alternate translation: “their hearts”
9:3 j376 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אָחִ֥י⁠נוּ הֽוּא 1 The lords of Shechem are using the term **brother** to mean someone descended from the same ancestor. They do not mean that Abimelek is their literal brother, a child of the same parents. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “He is our kinsman”
9:3 j377 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אָחִ֥י⁠נוּ הֽוּא 1 The lords of Shechem mean implicitly that they expect Abimelek to treat them better than the other sons of Gideon would because he is their relative, while the other sons are not. You could indicate this explicitly in your translation if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “He is our kinsman, so he will treat us well”
9:3 j378 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations אָחִ֥י⁠נוּ הֽוּא 1 It may be more natural in your language to have an indirect quotation here. The UST models one way to do that.
9:4 j379 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy שִׁבְעִ֣ים כֶּ֔סֶף 1 The author is using the word **silver** by association to mean silver shekels, a unit of weight. Alternate translation: “70 shekels of silver”
9:4 yf3w rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight שִׁבְעִ֣ים כֶּ֔סֶף 1 A **silver** shekel weighed about 11 grams, so these **70** shekels weighed a little less than a kilogram, or almost two pounds. In your translation, you could use the ancient measurement and spell the word “shekel” the way it sounds in your language. You could also say “coins” rather than “shekels.” Alternatively, you could use the metric measurement given in the UST or another measurement that your language and culture customarily use, or you could use the ancient measurement in your translation and put a modern measurement in parentheses in the text or in a footnote. Alternate translation: “70 silver shekels” or “70 silver coins”
9:4 yf44 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מִ⁠בֵּ֖יתּ בַ֣עַל בְּרִ֑ית 1 The author is speaking of the temple of Baal-Berith as if it had been a **house** in which that false god lived. Alternate translation: “from the temple of Baal-Berith”
9:4 mi77 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys אֲנָשִׁ֤ים רֵיקִים֙ וּ⁠פֹ֣חֲזִ֔ים 1 This phrase expresses a single idea by using two words connected with **and**. The idea is that because these **men** were **worthless**, that is, unprincipled, they were not careful to do what was right and avoid doing what was wrong, that is, they were **reckless**. So Abimelek could hire them to commit murder, as the next verse describes. Your language may have a comparable expression for people whose consciences do not keep them from doing wrong. Alternate translation: “hardened criminals”
9:5 ilv2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship אֶת־אֶחָ֧י⁠ו בְּנֵֽי־יְרֻבַּ֛עַל 1 The author is specifying that these **brothers** were sons of Abimelek’s father **Jerubbaal** (Gideon) but not of his mother. Your language may have its own term or expression for this relationship. Alternate translation: “his paternal half-brothers”
9:5 jer7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction עַל־אֶ֣בֶן אֶחָ֑ת 1 It appears that killing all **70** of these men **upon one stone** was a symbolic action of some kind. See the General Notes to this chapter for a discussion of what the significance of this action might have been and for suggestions of how to represent that in your translation.
9:5 j380 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וַ⁠יִּוָּתֵ֞ר יוֹתָ֧ם בֶּן־יְרֻבַּ֛עַל הַ⁠קָּטֹ֖ן כִּ֥י נֶחְבָּֽא 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases, since the second phrase gives the reason for the result that the first phrase describes. Alternate translation: “But Jotham, the youngest son of Jerubbaal, hid himself, and so he was left”
9:5 j381 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וַ⁠יִּוָּתֵ֞ר יוֹתָ֧ם 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “But Jotham survived”
9:6 up6d rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וְ⁠כָל־בֵּ֣ית מִלּ֔וֹא 1 The expression **Beth Millo** could be: (1) an expression meaning “the house of Millo,” that is, the residents of a place that was described by that term, which means a fortification. This could be the same place as the “citadel” described in [9:46](../09/46.md). These might therefore have been soldiers or military officers. Alternate translation: “and all of the officers from the citadel” (2) the name of a town near Shechem. In that case, the author may leaving the phrase **the lords of** to be understood implicitly in this second instance. Alternate translation: “and all of the leaders of the nearby town of Beth Millo”
9:6 j382 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עִם־אֵל֥וֹן מֻצָּ֖ב אֲשֶׁ֥ר בִּ⁠שְׁכֶֽם 1 The author assumes that readers will know what **oak** and **pillar** he is referring to. Joshua had set up the pillar under that oak there in Shechem as a witness of the covenant that the Israelites had made with Yahweh to worship him alone as their God ([Joshua 24:26–27](../jos/24/26.md)). You could indicate this explicitly in your translation if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “beside the oak in Shechem under which Joshua had set up a pillar”
9:6 j383 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction עִם־אֵל֥וֹן מֻצָּ֖ב אֲשֶׁ֥ר בִּ⁠שְׁכֶֽם 1 Making Abimelek **king** next to this **pillar** under this **oak** tree was a symbolic action, given the history of the place. Since the lords of Shechem had given Abimelek money from the temple of Baal-Berith to establish himself as king, Baal-Berith was Abimelek’s patron god. So the location of this ceremony was intended to signify that in place of their covenant with Yahweh, the people were installing a king who would lead them in the worship of Baal-Berith. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explain the significance of this action. Alternate translation: “under the patronage of Baal-Berith, beside the very same oak tree in Shechem where Joshua had set up a pillar to remind the Israelites of their covenant with Yahweh”
9:7 ksz5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַ⁠יַּגִּ֣דוּ לְ⁠יוֹתָ֗ם 1 Here, **they** is an indefinite pronoun that does not have a specific referent in the immediate context. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate this with a different expression that does not use an indefinite pronoun. Alternate translation: “And Jotham was told about this”
9:7 j384 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַ⁠יַּגִּ֣דוּ לְ⁠יוֹתָ֗ם 1 The author is leaving some information implicit that he assumes readers will understand. You could indicate this explicitly in your translation if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “And they declared to Jotham that the leaders of Shechem had made Abimelek their king”
9:7 j385 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּ⁠רֹ֣אשׁ הַר־גְּרִזִ֔ים 1 The author seems to mean implicitly not that Jotham stood on the very summit of Mount Gerizim but atop a rocky crag, several hundred feet high, that overlooked Shechem. From there the leaders of Shechem could have heard him but he would have been safe from capture. You could indicate this explicitly in your translation if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “on a crag high up on Mount Gerizim”
9:7 z9vx rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names הַר־גְּרִזִ֔ים 1 The word **Gerizim** is the name of a mountain.
9:7 j386 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction הַר־גְּרִזִ֔ים 1 Jotham choosing **Mount Gerizim** as the place from which to shout his message was a symbolic action. In [Deuteronomy 11:29](../deu/11/29.md) and [Deuteronomy 27:12–26](../deu/27/12.md), Moses had commanded the Israelites to proclaim blessings for keeping Yahweh’s law from Mount Gerizim and curses for breaking Yahweh’s law from the facing Mount Ebal. [Joshua 8:32–34](../jos/08/32.md) records how Joshua carried out this command. So the location was a reminder of how the people of Israel would be blessed if they remained faithful to Yahweh and cursed if they did not. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explain the significance of this action. Alternate translation: “Mount Gerizim, where curses had been proclaimed against unfaithfulness to Yahweh”
9:7 d3ws rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠יִּשָּׂ֥א קוֹל֖⁠וֹ 1 The author is using a common expression that means that Jotham spoke very loudly. (The rocky cliffs in this area would have amplified and projected his voice.) If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and he shouted very loudly”
9:7 j387 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שִׁמְע֤וּ אֵלַ⁠י֙ בַּעֲלֵ֣י שְׁכֶ֔ם וְ⁠יִשְׁמַ֥ע אֲלֵי⁠כֶ֖ם אֱלֹהִֽים 1 Jotham is implicitly making a threat that he assumes the lords of Shechem will understand. The implication of the threat is that God has sent Jotham to them with a message. You could indicate this explicitly in your translation if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “If you do not listen to me, you lords of Shechem, then God will not listen to you when you pray, because I am bringing you a message from God”
9:7 j388 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular שִׁמְע֤וּ & אֲלֵי⁠כֶ֖ם 1 Here and through the end of Jotham’s speech in verse 20, the pronouns **you** and “your” and are plural and imperative verbs have plural forms because Jotham is addressing a group of people, the **lords of Shechem**. So use plural forms in your translation if your language marks that distinction.
9:8 p19p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parables הָל֤וֹךְ הָֽלְכוּ֙ הָ⁠עֵצִ֔ים לִ⁠מְשֹׁ֥חַ עֲלֵי⁠הֶ֖ם מֶ֑לֶךְ 1 To make the lords of Shechem recognize that they will have much trouble because they have made Abimelek their king, Jotham tells them a story. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state that explicitly. You could also begin this story in the way that made-up stories usually begin in your language. Alternate translation: “Then Jotham told the lords of Shechem a story to make them realize that they would have much trouble because they had made Abimelek their king. He said, ‘Once upon a time the trees went to anoint a king over them”
9:8 j389 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-reduplication הָל֤וֹךְ הָֽלְכוּ֙ הָ⁠עֵצִ֔ים לִ⁠מְשֹׁ֥חַ עֲלֵי⁠הֶ֖ם מֶ֑לֶךְ 1 Jotham is repeating the verb “go” (saying **Going** and **went**) in order to intensify the idea that it expresses. If your language can repeat words for intensification, it would be appropriate to do that here in your translation. If not, your language may have another way of expressing the emphasis. Alternate translation: “The trees went around looking for someone they could anoint as their king”
9:8 j390 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes וַ⁠יֹּאמְר֥וּ לַ⁠זַּ֖יִת מָלְכָ֥ה עָלֵֽי⁠נוּ 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this so that there is not a quotation within a quotation. Alternate translation: “And they asked the olive tree to reign over them”
9:8 ai6t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative מָלְכָ֥ה עָלֵֽי⁠נוּ 1 This is an imperative, but it communicates a respectful request rather than a command. Use a form in your language that communicates a respectful request. It may be helpful to add an expression such as “please” to make this clear. Alternate translation: “Please reign over us”
9:9 j391 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר לָ⁠הֶם֙ הַ⁠זַּ֔יִת הֶ⁠חֳדַ֨לְתִּי֙ אֶת־דִּשְׁנִ֔⁠י אֲשֶׁר־בִּ֛⁠י יְכַבְּד֥וּ אֱלֹהִ֖ים וַ⁠אֲנָשִׁ֑ים וְ⁠הָ֣לַכְתִּ֔י לָ⁠נ֖וּעַ עַל־הָ⁠עֵצִֽים 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this so that there is not a quotation within a quotation. Alternate translation: “But the olive tree asked them whether it should discontinue its fatness, by which they honor gods and men, in order to go wave over the trees.”
9:9 q6h3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֶ⁠חֳדַ֨לְתִּי֙ אֶת־דִּשְׁנִ֔⁠י אֲשֶׁר־בִּ֛⁠י יְכַבְּד֥וּ אֱלֹהִ֖ים וַ⁠אֲנָשִׁ֑ים וְ⁠הָ֣לַכְתִּ֔י לָ⁠נ֖וּעַ עַל־הָ⁠עֵצִֽים 1 The olive tree in the story is using the question form for emphasis. If a speaker of your language would not use the question form for that purpose, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “I am not going to discontinue my fatness, by which they honor gods and men, in order to go wave over the trees!”
9:9 q6h4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֶ⁠חֳדַ֨לְתִּי֙ אֶת־דִּשְׁנִ֔⁠י אֲשֶׁר־בִּ֛⁠י יְכַבְּד֥וּ אֱלֹהִ֖ים וַ⁠אֲנָשִׁ֑ים וְ⁠הָ֣לַכְתִּ֔י לָ⁠נ֖וּעַ עַל־הָ⁠עֵצִֽים 1 The olive tree in the story is using the question form for emphasis. If a speaker of your language would not use the question form for that purpose, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “I am not going to discontinue my fatness, by which they honor gods and men, in order to go wave over the trees!”
9:9 v5cc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns הֶ⁠חֳדַ֨לְתִּי֙ אֶת־דִּשְׁנִ֔⁠י 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **fatness**, you could express the same idea in another way. The tree is referring specifically to the oil that is made from its olives. Alternate translation: “Should I stop producing oil”
9:9 b42t rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns אֲשֶׁר־בִּ֛⁠י יְכַבְּד֥וּ אֱלֹהִ֖ים וַ⁠אֲנָשִׁ֑ים 1 Here, **they** is an indefinite pronoun that does not have a specific referent in the immediate context. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate this with a different expression that does not use an indefinite pronoun. Alternate translation: “by which gods and men are honored”
9:9 ctc8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-plural אֱלֹהִ֖ים 1 The word translated as **gods** is plural in form, but it could mean: (1) gods, as in the ULT. (2) God. Alternate translation: “God”
9:9 a9cy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠הָ֣לַכְתִּ֔י לָ⁠נ֖וּעַ עַל־הָ⁠עֵצִֽים 1 The olive tree is using the term **wave** to suggest implicitly that being a king over the other trees would not be as worthwhile or productive as continuing to make olives for oil. Trees stay rooted in the ground, so the olive tree is using the word **wave**, meaning to sway back and forth in the wind, to represent how kings go around taking care of various official matters. You could indicate this explicitly in your translation if that would be helpful to your readers. The UST models one way to do this.
9:10 j392 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes וַ⁠יֹּאמְר֥וּ הָ⁠עֵצִ֖ים לַ⁠תְּאֵנָ֑ה לְכִי־אַ֖תְּ מָלְכִ֥י עָלֵֽי⁠נוּ 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this so that there is not a quotation within a quotation. Alternate translation: “So the trees asked the fig tree to come and reign over them”
9:10 j393 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns לְכִי־אַ֖תְּ מָלְכִ֥י עָלֵֽי⁠נוּ 1 For emphasis, the trees are stating the pronoun **you**, whose meaning is already present in the verb translated as **reign**. The idea is that if the olive tree will not be their king, then the trees would like the fig tree to be their king. Alternate translation: “Then you be the one to reign over us”
9:11 df3r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes וַ⁠תֹּ֤אמֶר לָ⁠הֶם֙ הַ⁠תְּאֵנָ֔ה הֶ⁠חֳדַ֨לְתִּי֙ אֶת־מָתְקִ֔⁠י וְ⁠אֶת־תְּנוּבָתִ֖⁠י הַ⁠טּוֹבָ֑ה וְ⁠הָ֣לַכְתִּ֔י לָ⁠נ֖וּעַ עַל־הָ⁠עֵצִֽים 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this so that there is not a quotation within a quotation. Alternate translation: “But the fig tree asked them whether it should discontinue its sweetness and its good fruit in order to go wave over the trees.”
9:11 bi3f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֶ⁠חֳדַ֨לְתִּי֙ אֶת־מָתְקִ֔⁠י וְ⁠אֶת־תְּנוּבָתִ֖⁠י הַ⁠טּוֹבָ֑ה וְ⁠הָ֣לַכְתִּ֔י לָ⁠נ֖וּעַ עַל־הָ⁠עֵצִֽים 1 See how you translated the similar question in [9:9](../09/09.md). Alternate translation: “I am not going to discontinue my sweetness and my good fruit in order to go wave over the trees!”
9:11 jkz5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns אֶת־מָתְקִ֔⁠י וְ⁠אֶת־תְּנוּבָתִ֖⁠י הַ⁠טּוֹבָ֑ה 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **sweetness**, you could express the same idea in another way. (The tree is expressing a single idea by using two phrases connected with **and**.) Alternate translation: “my good, sweet fruit”
9:11 j394 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠הָ֣לַכְתִּ֔י לָ⁠נ֖וּעַ עַל־הָ⁠עֵצִֽים 1 See how you translated the same expression in [9:9](../09/09.md).
9:12 j395 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes וַ⁠יֹּאמְר֥וּ הָ⁠עֵצִ֖ים לַ⁠גָּ֑פֶן לְכִי־אַ֖תְּ מָלְכִ֥י עָלֵֽי⁠נוּ 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this so that there is not a quotation within a quotation. Alternate translation: “So the trees asked the vine to come and reign over them”
9:12 j396 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns לְכִי־אַ֖תְּ מָלְכִ֥י עָלֵֽי⁠נוּ 1 See how you translated the same expression in [9:10](../09/10.md). Alternate translation: “Then you be the one to reign over us”
9:13 j397 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes וַ⁠תֹּ֤אמֶר לָ⁠הֶם֙ הַ⁠גֶּ֔פֶן הֶ⁠חֳדַ֨לְתִּי֙ אֶת־תִּ֣ירוֹשִׁ֔⁠י הַֽ⁠מְשַׂמֵּ֥חַ אֱלֹהִ֖ים וַ⁠אֲנָשִׁ֑ים וְ⁠הָ֣לַכְתִּ֔י לָ⁠נ֖וּעַ עַל־הָ⁠עֵצִֽים 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this so that there is not a quotation within a quotation. Alternate translation: “But the vine asked them whether it should discontinue its new wine, which cheers gods and men, in order to go wave over the trees.”
9:13 i2y3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֶ⁠חֳדַ֨לְתִּי֙ אֶת־תִּ֣ירוֹשִׁ֔⁠י הַֽ⁠מְשַׂמֵּ֥חַ אֱלֹהִ֖ים וַ⁠אֲנָשִׁ֑ים וְ⁠הָ֣לַכְתִּ֔י לָ⁠נ֖וּעַ עַל־הָ⁠עֵצִֽים 1 See how you translated the similar question in [9:9](../09/09.md). Alternate translation: “I am not going to discontinue my new wine, which cheers gods and men, in order to go wave over the trees!”
9:13 j398 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-plural אֱלֹהִ֖ים 1 The word translated as **gods** is plural in form, but it could mean: (1) gods, as in the ULT. (2) God. Alternate translation: “God”
9:13 j399 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠הָ֣לַכְתִּ֔י לָ⁠נ֖וּעַ עַל־הָ⁠עֵצִֽים 1 See how you translated the same expression in [9:9](../09/09.md).
9:14 j400 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes וַ⁠יֹּאמְר֥וּ כָל־הָ⁠עֵצִ֖ים אֶל־הָ⁠אָטָ֑ד לֵ֥ךְ אַתָּ֖ה מְלָךְ־עָלֵֽי⁠נוּ 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this so that there is not a quotation within a quotation. Alternate translation: “So all of the trees asked the thornbush to come and reign over them”
9:14 j401 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit כָל־הָ⁠עֵצִ֖ים 1 With the word **all**, Jotham is implicitly including the trees that had refused to become king. You could indicate this explicitly in your translation if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “all of the trees, including the ones that could have become king themselves”
9:14 j402 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns לֵ֥ךְ אַתָּ֖ה מְלָךְ־עָלֵֽי⁠נוּ 1 See how you translated the same expression in [9:10](../09/10.md). Alternate translation: “Then you be the one to reign over us”
9:15 g1p2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר הָ⁠אָטָד֮ אֶל־הָ⁠עֵצִים֒ אִ֡ם בֶּ⁠אֱמֶ֣ת אַתֶּם֩ מֹשְׁחִ֨ים אֹתִ֤⁠י לְ⁠מֶ֨לֶךְ֙ עֲלֵי⁠כֶ֔ם בֹּ֖אוּ חֲס֣וּ בְ⁠צִלִּ֑⁠י וְ⁠אִם־אַ֕יִן תֵּ֤צֵא אֵשׁ֙ מִן־הָ֣⁠אָטָ֔ד וְ⁠תֹאכַ֖ל אֶת־אַרְזֵ֥י הַ⁠לְּבָנֽוֹן 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this so that there is not a quotation within a quotation. Alternate translation: “And the thornbush told the trees that if in truth they were anointing him as king over them, then they should come and shelter in his shade. But if not, then might fire go forth from the thornbush and consume the cedars of Lebanon.”
9:15 cm8a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בֶּ⁠אֱמֶ֣ת 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **truth**, you could express the same idea in another way. In this context. the word translated as **truth** refers to faithfully fulfilling relational responsibilities towards another person. The thornbush wants to make sure that the other trees sincerely want it to be their king and that they are not anointing it simply because the other trees refused. Alternate translation: “truly” or “in good faith”
9:15 j403 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בֹּ֖אוּ חֲס֣וּ בְ⁠צִלִּ֑⁠י 1 In the story, the thornbush is speaking as if the other trees would literally **shelter** in its **shade**, that is, find protection there from the heat of the sun. This was an image that people in this culture used to describe coming under the protection of a ruler and accordingly accepting an obligation to obey that ruler. [Isaiah 30:2](../isa/30/02.md), for example, speaks of the Judeans sheltering in the shadow of Egypt, meaning that they agreed to allow Pharaoh to rule them in exchange for his protection. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “then obey me as your king”
9:15 j404 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony בֹּ֖אוּ חֲס֣וּ בְ⁠צִלִּ֑⁠י 1 Jotham’s parable is designed to make the lords of Shechem realize that they have made a great mistake by giving Abimelek the means to kill all of his brothers and then anointing him as king. One way the parable does this is by having one of its characters, the thornbush, say something that is the opposite of the way things really are. A thornbush does not create any **shade** in which anyone or anything can **shelter**. Similarly, Abimelek will not do anything worthwhile for the people of Shechem. He will only cause great trouble for them. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could reflect in your translation how what the thornbush says is the opposite of the way things are. Alternate translation: “come under the shade of my tiny branches”
9:15 hvs5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וְ⁠אִם־אַ֕יִן 1 The thornbush is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from the context if that would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “But if you are not anointing me in truth” or “But if you are not sincerely intending to obey me as your king”
9:15 j405 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification תֵּ֤צֵא אֵשׁ֙ מִן־הָ֣⁠אָטָ֔ד וְ⁠תֹאכַ֖ל אֶת־אַרְזֵ֥י הַ⁠לְּבָנֽוֹן 1 The thornbush is speaking of **fire** as if it were a living thing that could **go forth** by itself. It is actually making a threat that it will start a fire if it discovers that the other trees have not anointed it king sincerely, that is, if they are not going to obey it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “then I will start a fire that will burn up even the cedars of Lebanon”
9:15 xn44 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person הָ֣⁠אָטָ֔ד 1 The thornbush is speaking about itself in the third person, as subjects would speak of and to a king in this culture. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate this in the first person. Alternate translation: “me”
9:16 j406 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical וְ⁠עַתָּ֗ה אִם־בֶּ⁠אֱמֶ֤ת וּ⁠בְ⁠תָמִים֙ עֲשִׂיתֶ֔ם וַ⁠תַּמְלִ֖יכוּ אֶת־אֲבִימֶ֑לֶךְ וְ⁠אִם־טוֹבָ֤ה עֲשִׂיתֶם֙ עִם־יְרֻבַּ֣עַל וְ⁠עִם־בֵּית֔⁠וֹ וְ⁠אִם־כִּ⁠גְמ֥וּל יָדָ֖י⁠ו עֲשִׂ֥יתֶם לֽ⁠וֹ 1 In verses 16–19, Jotham is describing a condition in which a second event should take place only if a first event has taken place. He makes a series of “if” statements in verses 16 and 19 (suggesting in verses 17 and 18 that these statements are not actually true), and then in the second half of verse 19 he says what the lords of Shechem should do if they have done what he has described. These verses are all one long sentence. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could translate them as a series of shorter sentences. Alternate translation: “So now, suppose you have acted in truth and in integrity and made Abimelek reign. Suppose you have done good with Jerubaal and with his house. Suppose that according to the deserving of his hands you have done to him.”
9:16 ayq2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases וְ⁠עַתָּ֗ה אִם & עֲשִׂיתֶ֔ם 1 Jotham has finished telling the story of the trees, and he is using the expression **So now** to introduce his explanation of the implications of the story. You could indicate this more explicitly in your translation if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “Now this is how my story applies to you: if you have acted”
9:16 j407 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns אִם־בֶּ⁠אֱמֶ֤ת וּ⁠בְ⁠תָמִים֙ עֲשִׂיתֶ֔ם וַ⁠תַּמְלִ֖יכוּ אֶת־אֲבִימֶ֑לֶךְ 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **truth** and **integrity**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “if you have acted truly and genuinely and made Abimelek reign”
9:16 j408 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys אִם־בֶּ⁠אֱמֶ֤ת וּ⁠בְ⁠תָמִים֙ עֲשִׂיתֶ֔ם וַ⁠תַּמְלִ֖יכוּ אֶת־אֲבִימֶ֑לֶךְ 1 Jotham is expressing a single idea by using two phrases connected with **and**. Alternate translation: “if you have acted truly and genuinely by making Abimelek reign”
9:16 j409 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אִם־בֶּ⁠אֱמֶ֤ת וּ⁠בְ⁠תָמִים֙ עֲשִׂיתֶ֔ם וַ⁠תַּמְלִ֖יכוּ אֶת־אֲבִימֶ֑לֶךְ 1 In his explanation of the parable, Jotham carries the implications of the idea of **truth** one step farther than in the parable. That term refers to faithfully fulfilling relational responsibilities towards another person. In a sense, just as the trees were not doing right by the thornbush by anointing it king just because the other trees refused, so the lords of Shechem are not doing right by Abimelek by supporting his murderous plot to become king. They should have encouraged him to be honest and humble and peaceful instead. But the person they are most significantly not doing right by is Gideon. Jotham will develop this idea at length in the verses that follow. You could indicate this explicitly in your translation if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “if you have really been fair to Gideon by making Abimelek reign”
9:16 j410 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet בֶּ⁠אֱמֶ֤ת וּ⁠בְ⁠תָמִים֙ 1 The terms **truth** and **integrity** mean similar things. Jotham is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “with complete sincerity”
9:16 nu7n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בֵּית֔⁠וֹ 1 Here, **house** means all the people descended from a particular person. Alternate translation: “his descendants”
9:16 j411 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy כִּ⁠גְמ֥וּל יָדָ֖י⁠ו 1 Jotham is using the word **hands** to mean to what his father **Jerubaal** (Gideon) did for the Israelites, by association with the way people use their hands to do things. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “according to what his actions deserved”
9:17 x8ae rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical אֲשֶׁר־נִלְחַ֥ם אָבִ֖⁠י עֲלֵי⁠כֶ֑ם וַ⁠יַּשְׁלֵ֤ךְ אֶת־נַפְשׁ⁠וֹ֙ מִ⁠נֶּ֔גֶד וַ⁠יַּצֵּ֥ל אֶתְ⁠כֶ֖ם מִ⁠יַּ֥ד מִדְיָֽן 1 If you have decided to translate the long sentence in verses 16–19 as a series of shorter sentences, you could make this verse a sentence of its own. Alternate translation: “Now consider how my father fought for you and threw his life in front and delivered you from the hand of Midian.”
9:17 fpm7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background Jotham is providing background information to remind the lords of Shechem what Gideon had done for the Israelites. They already know this information, but he is bringing it their attention and emphasizing it to show that they have not treated Gideon and his family “according to the deserving of his hands,” as he said in the previous verse. In your translation, introduce this information in a way that would be natural in your own language and culture. Alternate translation: “considering that”
9:17 j412 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom and threw his life in front Jotham is using a common expression that means that Gideon risked his life by leading the armies of Israel and thus going **in front** of them into battle against the Midianites. Your language may have a comparable expression that you can use in your translation. You could also state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and put his life on the line” or “and risked his life”
9:18 j413 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast but today you have arisen against the house of my father and have killed his sons, 70 men upon one stone, and you have made Abimelek, the son of his female slave, reign over the lords of Shechem because he is your brother— The word translated as **but** shows that in this verse, Jotham is drawing a contrast between the way the lords of Shechem should implicitly have treated Gideon and what they actually did to his descendants. In your translation, introduce this contrast in a way that is natural in your language. Since this contrasting material is supplemental to the if-then condition that Jotham develops over the course of verses 16–19, you may want to use punctuation to set it apart in some way, such as by setting it off with dashes, as the ULT does, or by putting it in parentheses.
@ -1576,4 +1576,4 @@ front:intro v8pn 0 # Introduction to Judges\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
21:22 pcc6 You are innocent … not give your daughters to them 0 This refers to the men of Shiloh. They did not voluntarily give their daughters to the Benjamites, and therefore did not break their promise not to do that.
21:23 ng9r the number of wives that they needed 0 This refers to one wife for each of the two hundred Benjamite men who did not receive wives from Jabesh Gilead ([Judges 21:14](../21/14.md)).
21:25 b8xe there was no king in Israel 0 Alternate translation: “Israel did not yet have a king”
21:25 d46g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor what was right in his own eyes 0 The eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. Alternate translation: “what he judged to be right” or “what he considered to be right”
21:25 d46g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor what was right in his own eyes 0 The eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. Alternate translation: “what he judged to be right” or “what he considered to be right”

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