diff --git a/tn_SNG.tsv b/tn_SNG.tsv index bbd1e95182..3851aef899 100644 --- a/tn_SNG.tsv +++ b/tn_SNG.tsv @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ Reference ID Tags SupportReference Quote Occurrence Note -front:intro an3g 0 # Introduction to the Song of Songs\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of the Song of Songs\n\n1. The title of the book (1:1)\n1. The woman longs for the man she loves (1:2–1:7)\n1. The man responds to the woman he loves (1:8–1:11)\n1. The woman speaks to herself (1:12-1:14)\n1. The man praises the woman he loves (1:15)\n1. The woman responds to the man she loves (1:16-2:1)\n1. The man responds to what the woman said in 2:1 (2:2)\n1. The woman speaks to the man she loves, herself, and the women of Jerusalem (2:3-3:11)\n1. The man praises the woman he loves (4:1-4:11)\n1. The garden metaphor (4:12-5:1)\n1. The woman and the women of Jerusalem speak to each other (5:2–6:1)\n1. The woman speaks to herself (6:2-6:3)\n1. The man praises the woman he loves (6:4-10)\n1. The man goes to the walnut tree orchard and imagines he is among chariots (6:11-6:12)\n1. The women of Jerusalem speak to the woman and the man replies to them (6:13)\n1. The man praises the woman he loves and expresses his desire to be intimate with her (7:1-9a)\n1. The woman responds to the man she loves (7:9b-8:3)\n1. The woman speaks to the women of Jerusalem (8:4)\n1. The women of Jerusalem see the woman and man coming from the wilderness (8:5a)\n1. The woman expresses her thoughts on their love to the man she loves (8:5b-7)\n1. The woman’s brothers speak about their sister (8:8-9)\n1. The woman responds to her brothers (8:10-12)\n1. The man and the woman speak their concluding thoughts to each other (8:13–14)\n\n\nThere are different views among biblical scholars regarding how this book is structured and who is speaking in different places, and therefore how it should be outlined. The outline above attempts to offer a reasonable and general way of outlining this book but there are other possible ways this book could be outlined.\n\n### What is the Song of Songs about?\n\nThe Song of Songs is a poem or a series of poems that celebrate love and intimacy between a man and a woman. Jews traditionally have interpreted the book as a picture of God’s love for his people Israel. Until the 1800’s the main view among Christians was that this book is primarily a picture of love between Christ and his bride, Christians. Since the 1800’s the more common view of the meaning of this book among Christians is that it is a poem or a series of poems that give a beautiful picture of love between a man and a woman. Many Christians also think that even though the main meaning of this poem is to give a beautiful portrayal of romantic love between a man and a woman, that there are lessons in this book to be learned about God’s love for his bride, Christians.\n\n### Who wrote the Song of Songs?\n\nThe first verse of the book (“The song of songs, which is of Solomon”) gives the idea that King Solomon of Israel wrote it. However, there are different possible ways to interpret the meaning of this title. A translation note for this verse discusses the different possible meanings.\n\n### How should the title of this book be translated?\n\nThis book is traditionally titled “Song of Songs,” which means the very best song, or “Song of Solomon.” It may also be called “Songs of Love,” “Great Poems of Love,” or “The Love Songs of Solomon.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### What place do the descriptions of sexual behavior have in the Song of Songs?\n\nThe Song of Songs approves of sexual behavior expressing love between a husband his wife.\n\n## Part 3: Important Translation Issues\n\n### How many characters are in the Song of Songs?\n\nThe two main characters in this book are the man and the woman, who love each other. In [8:8-9](../08/08.md) the woman’s brothers speak among themselves and in different places throughout the book a group of women called the “daughters of Jerusalem,” speak or are spoken to. However, it is possible that the group of women is not real and that the woman only imagined them and that they are put into the poem for poetic effect.\n\nSome interpreters believe there may be more characters than these, but this is not certain. The ULT and UST versions recognize only the man, the woman, the group of women (and possibly a group of friends in some parts), and the woman’s brothers.\n\n### What are the lines in the UST about people speaking?\n\nThe Song of Songs is a poem that shows the thoughts and words of a man, a woman, the woman’s friends, and the woman’s brothers. Throughout the poem, the author does not identify the speakers and their audience. So to help readers understand the poem, some translations attempt to identify the speaker and the audience. It is not always certain who the speaker is, so sometimes translations disagree about who is speaking.\n\nBefore each speech, the UST has a header which identifies the speaker and often the audience in ways like this: “The woman speaking to the women of Jerusalem,” “The woman speaking to the man,” “The man speaking to the woman,” or “The woman speaking to herself.” Translators are encouraged to include these ways of identifying the speaker and the audience, and to format them differently from the scripture text. The translators should also include an initial note explaining that these explanations are not actually part of the text of scripture.\n\n\nThere are different views among Bible scholars about who the man is who is in love with the woman, whether it is a shepherd boy or king Solomon or whether both speak in this book at various times and are competing for the woman’s love. The headers in the UST will indicate when them man is speaking or being spoken to with headers such as “The man speaking to the woman he loves” and “The woman speaking to the man she loves,” but will not indicate the identity of the man.\n\n### How should one translate the Song of Songs if the readers will view certain terms as coarse, vulgar, or improper?\n\nReaders might consider many images or forms appearing in the Song of Songs as improper when translated. The translator should try to avoid offensive language if possible, by using expressions that will not cause offense. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])\n\n### How do I translate metaphors and similes in this book?\n\nThere are many metaphors and similes in this book. These figures of speech are used to add poetic beauty and emotional effect, however their meaning is sometimes unclear and sometimes it is unclear whether or not there is a sexual meaning intended or a double meaning (both a literal and a sexual meaning). However, though meanings are often unclear, it is not always necessary to clarify the meaning and often ambiguity in translation is best. You can translate the words as they are written in order to avoid committing to a specific meaning. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\n\n### Translating terms of endearment\n\n\nThe word the ULT translates as “my beloved” occurs 26 times in this book and each time it occurs the woman uses it to refer to the man she loves. You should translate this term consistently throughout this book. The word the ULT translates as “my darling” appears nine times in this book. Each time it occurs the man uses it to refer the woman he loves. You should translate this term consistently throughout the book.\n\n\n -1:intro xrm2 0 # Song of Songs 1 General Notes\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Metaphors\n\nIn the ancient Near East, it was common to describe a woman using metaphors involving animals. In many cultures today, this can be considered offensive. Different metaphors of beauty are used in different cultures. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### The lines indicating who is speaking and who is being spoken to.\n\nThroughout the poem, the author does not identify the speakers and their audience. So to help readers understand the poem, some translations attempt to identify the speaker and the audience. It is not always certain who the speaker is, so sometimes translations disagree about who is speaking. Before each speech, the UST has a header which identifies the speaker and the audience. You may wish to do the same in your translation.\n\n### “I am black”\n\nIn the ancient Near East, rich people usually had lighter skin because they did not need to work outside in the sun. This young woman had to work outside in the sun, and her skin became dark as a result and this is why she says “I am black” in [1:5-6](../01/05.md). +front:intro an3g 0 # Introduction to the Song of Songs\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of the Song of Songs\n\n1. The title of the book (1:1)\n1. The woman longs for the man she loves (1:2–1:7)\n1. The man responds to the woman he loves (1:8–1:11)\n1. The woman speaks to herself (1:12-1:14)\n1. The man praises the woman he loves (1:15)\n1. The woman responds to the man she loves (1:16-2:1)\n1. The man responds to what the woman said in 2:1 (2:2)\n1. The woman speaks to the man she loves, herself, and the women of Jerusalem (2:3-3:11)\n1. The man praises the woman he loves (4:1-4:11)\n1. The garden metaphor (4:12-5:1)\n1. The woman and the women of Jerusalem speak to each other (5:2–6:1)\n1. The woman speaks to herself (6:2-6:3)\n1. The man praises the woman he loves (6:4-10)\n1. The man goes to the walnut tree orchard and imagines he is among chariots (6:11-6:12)\n1. The women of Jerusalem speak to the woman and the man replies to them (6:13)\n1. The man praises the woman he loves and expresses his desire to be intimate with her (7:1-9a)\n1. The woman responds to the man she loves (7:9b-8:3)\n1. The woman speaks to the women of Jerusalem (8:4)\n1. The women of Jerusalem see the woman and man coming from the wilderness (8:5a)\n1. The woman expresses her thoughts on their love to the man she loves (8:5b-7)\n1. The woman’s brothers speak about their sister (8:8-9)\n1. The woman responds to her brothers (8:10-12)\n1. The man and the woman speak their concluding thoughts to each other (8:13–14)\n\n\nThere are different views among biblical scholars regarding how this book is structured and who is speaking in different places, and therefore how it should be outlined. The outline above attempts to offer a reasonable and general way of outlining this book but there are other possible ways this book could be outlined.\n\n### What is the Song of Songs about?\n\nThe Song of Songs is a poem or a series of poems that celebrate love and intimacy between a man and a woman. Jews traditionally have interpreted the book as a picture of God’s love for his people Israel. Until the 1800’s the main view among Christians was that this book is primarily a picture of love between Christ and his bride, Christians. Since the 1800’s the more common view of the meaning of this book among Christians is that it is a poem or a series of poems that give a beautiful picture of love between a man and a woman. Many Christians also think that even though the main meaning of this poem is to give a beautiful portrayal of romantic love between a man and a woman, that there are lessons in this book to be learned about God’s love for his bride, Christians.\n\n### Who wrote the Song of Songs?\n\nThe first verse of the book (“The song of songs, which is of Solomon”) gives the idea that King Solomon of Israel wrote it. However, there are different possible ways to interpret the meaning of this title. A translation note for this verse discusses the different possible meanings.\n\n### How should the title of this book be translated?\n\nThis book is traditionally titled “Song of Songs,” which means the very best song, or “Song of Solomon.” It may also be called “Songs of Love,” “Great Poems of Love,” or “The Love Songs of Solomon.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### What place do the descriptions of sexual behavior have in the Song of Songs?\n\nThe Song of Songs approves of sexual behavior expressing love between a husband his wife.\n\n## Part 3: Important Translation Issues\n\n### How many characters are in the Song of Songs?\n\nThe two main characters in this book are the man and the woman, who love each other. In [8:8-9](../08/08.md) the woman’s brothers speak among themselves and in different places throughout the book a group of women called the “daughters of Jerusalem,” speak or are spoken to. However, it is possible that the group of women is not real and that the woman only imagined them and that they are put into the poem for poetic effect.\n\nSome interpreters believe there may be more characters than these, but this is not certain. The ULT and UST versions recognize only the man, the woman, the group of women (and possibly a group of friends in some parts), and the woman’s brothers.\n\n### What are the lines in the UST about people speaking?\n\nThe Song of Songs is a poem that shows the thoughts and words of a man, a woman, the woman’s friends, and the woman’s brothers. Throughout the poem, the author does not identify the speakers and their audience. So to help readers understand the poem, some translations attempt to identify the speaker and the audience. It is not always certain who the speaker is, so sometimes translations disagree about who is speaking.\n\nBefore each speech, the UST has a header which identifies the speaker and often the audience in ways like this: “The woman speaking to the women of Jerusalem,” “The woman speaking to the man,” “The man speaking to the woman,” or “The woman speaking to herself.” Translators are encouraged to include these ways of identifying the speaker and the audience, and to format them differently from the scripture text. The translators should also include an initial note explaining that these explanations are not actually part of the text of scripture.\n\n\nThere are different views among Bible scholars about who the man is who is in love with the woman, whether it is a shepherd boy or king Solomon or whether both speak in this book at various times and are competing for the woman’s love. The headers in the UST will indicate when the man is speaking or being spoken to with headers such as “The man speaking to the woman he loves” and “The woman speaking to the man she loves,” but will not indicate the identity of the man.\n\n### How should one translate the Song of Songs if the readers will view certain terms as coarse, vulgar, or improper?\n\nReaders might consider many images or forms appearing in the Song of Songs as improper when translated. The translator should try to avoid offensive language if possible, by using expressions that will not cause offense. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])\n\n### How do I translate metaphors and similes in this book?\n\nThere are many metaphors and similes in this book. These figures of speech are used to add poetic beauty and emotional effect, however their meaning is sometimes unclear and sometimes it is unclear whether or not there is a sexual meaning intended or a double meaning (both a literal and a sexual meaning). However, though meanings are often unclear, it is not always necessary to clarify the meaning and often ambiguity in translation is best. You can translate the words as they are written in order to avoid committing to a specific meaning. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\n\n### Translating terms of endearment\n\n\nThe word the ULT translates as “my beloved” occurs 26 times in this book and each time it occurs the woman uses it to refer to the man she loves. You should translate this term consistently throughout this book. The word the ULT translates as “my darling” appears nine times in this book. Each time it occurs the man uses it to refer to the woman he loves. You should translate this term consistently throughout the book.\n\n\n +1:intro xrm2 0 # Song of Songs 1 General Notes\n\n## Important Figures of Speech in this Chapter\n\n### Metaphors\n\nIn the ancient Near East, it was common to describe a woman using metaphors involving animals. In many cultures today, this can be considered offensive. Different metaphors of beauty are used in different cultures. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\n## Other Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter\n\n### The lines indicating who is speaking and who is being spoken to.\n\nThroughout the poem, the author does not identify the speakers and their audience. So to help readers understand the poem, some translations attempt to identify the speaker and the audience. It is not always certain who the speaker is, so sometimes translations disagree about who is speaking. Before each speech, the UST has a header which identifies the speaker and the audience. You may wish to do the same in your translation.\n\n### “I am black”\n\nIn the ancient Near East, rich people usually had lighter skin because they did not need to work outside in the sun. This young woman had to work outside in the sun, and her skin became dark as a result and this is why she says “I am black” in [1:5-6](../01/05.md). 1:1 dsf1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry שִׁ֥יר הַ⁠שִּׁירִ֖ים אֲשֶׁ֥ר לִ⁠שְׁלֹמֹֽה 1 This verse is the title of this book. Use whatever formatting convention is most natural in your language for indicating that something is the title of a poem or song. The ULT places this line further to the left than the other lines in this book to indicate that this verse is the title of the book. 1:1 qbe2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession שִׁ֥יר הַ⁠שִּׁירִ֖ים 1 The possessive form is being used here to indicate a comparison with other **songs** and to show that this **song** is the best or greatest of all **songs**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use another form to indicate this. Alternate translation: “The best song” or “The most excellent song” or “The greatest song” 1:1 r5ns לִ⁠שְׁלֹמֹֽה 1 The phrase **of Solomon** could mean: (1) Solomon wrote this song. Alternate translation: “Solomon wrote” (2) this song was dedicated to Solomon. Alternate translation: “is dedicated to Solomon” (3) this song was about Solomon. Alternate translation: “is about Solomon” @@ -17,12 +17,12 @@ front:intro an3g 0 # Introduction to the Song of Songs\n\n## Part 1: General 1:3 vo1s rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown עֲלָמ֥וֹת 1 The word translated as **marriageable women** refers to a young women who is old enough to be married or to a young woman who has recently been married but not yet given birth to a child. Your language and culture may have a term for a woman during this stage of life that you could use in your translation. You could also explain the meaning of the term in the context as the ULT does or use a general phrase as modeled by the UST. 1:4 gec8 מָשְׁכֵ֖⁠נִי 1 Alternate translation: “Lead me” 1:4 v83t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you אַחֲרֶ֣י⁠ךָ 1 The word **you** refers to the man and so is singular. Your language may require you to mark this form. In this book every occurrence of the words **you** and **your** are singular. -1:4 ty2p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive נָּר֑וּצָה 1 The word **us** refers to the young woman and the man that she is addressing so **us** is inclusive. Your language may require you to mark these forms. Alternate translation: “let you and I run” +1:4 ty2p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive נָּר֑וּצָה 1 The word **us** refers to the young woman and the man that she is addressing so **us** is inclusive. Your language may require you to mark these forms. Alternate translation: “let you and me run” 1:4 xpoe rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit נָּר֑וּצָה 1 Here, the woman uses **run** as a poetic way of expressing her desire that she and the man she loves hurry and go away together. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “let us hurry” 1:4 vpdi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הַ⁠מֶּ֜לֶךְ 1 Here, the woman speaks of the man she loves as if he were **The king**. Here, the term **king** is a term of endearment and is an affectionate way for the woman to refer to the man she loves. The woman is not speaking of an actual king but rather this is a poetic way of speaking. The woman is still speaking of the same man that she was speaking of in [1:2-3](../01/02.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning by using a simile. Alternate translation: “He whom I love is like a king to me and” or “He who is like a king to me” 1:4 ieqb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הֱבִיאַ֨⁠נִי הַ⁠מֶּ֜לֶךְ 1 The original language word which the ULT translates as **he has brought me** could be describing: (1) a request or wish that the woman has. Alternate translation: “May the king bring me” (2) an action that has already happened. Alternate translation: “The king brought me” 1:4 aoaz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go הֱבִיאַ֨⁠נִי 1 Your language may say “taken” rather than **brought** in contexts such as this. Use whichever is more natural. Alternate translation: “has taken me” -1:4 at7l נָגִ֤ילָה וְ⁠נִשְׂמְחָה֙ בָּ֔⁠ךְ נַזְכִּ֤ירָה דֹדֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ מִ⁠יַּ֔יִן 1 The **us** in these two lines could: (1) be a group of young women speaking about the man. Alternate translation: “We will be glad and rejoice in you. We will profess your love more than wine” (2) be the woman continuing to speak to the man she loves and using **us** to refer to herself. Alternate translation: “May I be glad and rejoice in you. May I profess your love more than wine” (3) be the woman continuing to speak and using **us** to refer to herself and the man. Alternate translation: “Let you and I be glad and rejoice in you. Let you and I profess your love more than wine”\n +1:4 at7l נָגִ֤ילָה וְ⁠נִשְׂמְחָה֙ בָּ֔⁠ךְ נַזְכִּ֤ירָה דֹדֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ מִ⁠יַּ֔יִן 1 The **us** in these two lines could: (1) be a group of young women speaking about the man. Alternate translation: “We will be glad and rejoice in you. We will profess your love more than wine” (2) be the woman continuing to speak to the man she loves and using **us** to refer to herself. Alternate translation: “May I be glad and rejoice in you. May I profess your love more than wine” (3) be the woman continuing to speak and using **us** to refer to herself and the man. Alternate translation: “Let you and me be glad and rejoice in you. Let you and me profess your love more than wine”\n 1:4 isr6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive נָּר֑וּצָה&נָגִ֤ילָה & נַזְכִּ֤ירָה 1 The word **us** is inclusive all three times that it occurs in this verse. Your language may require you to mark these forms. 1:4 ku0t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet נָגִ֤ילָה וְ⁠נִשְׂמְחָה֙ 1 The terms **glad** and **rejoice** mean similar things. The author is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “Let us greatly rejoice” or “Let us rejoice greatly” 1:4 geq4 נַזְכִּ֤ירָה 1 Alternate translation: “Let us praise” @@ -31,15 +31,15 @@ front:intro an3g 0 # Introduction to the Song of Songs\n\n## Part 1: General 1:4 so9x מֵישָׁרִ֖ים אֲהֵבֽוּ⁠ךָ 1 Here the speaker could be: (1) the woman speaking to the man about the young women who admire him. Alternate translation: “rightly do the young women love you” (2) the young women speaking of other women who admire the man. Alternate translation: “rightly do the other young women love you” or “rightly do the young women love you”. You may wish to indicate who the presumed speaker is here by placing a heading above this section as modeled by the UST. 1:4 gxfw אֲהֵבֽוּ⁠ךָ 1 Alternate translation: “do they admire you” 1:4 ag8r מֵישָׁרִ֖ים אֲהֵבֽוּ⁠ךָ 1 Alternate translation: “it is right that other young women adore you” or “no wonder other young women adore you” -1:5 ez2x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שְׁחוֹרָ֤ה אֲנִי֙ 1 Here, **I am black** means “My skin is black” or “My skin is very dark.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “My skin is black” or “My skin is very dark” +1:5 ez2x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שְׁחוֹרָ֤ה אֲנִי֙ 1 Here, **I am black** means “My skin is black” or “My skin is very dark.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate this explicitly. Alternate translation: “My skin is black” or “My skin is very dark” 1:5 jpj9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast וְֽ⁠נָאוָ֔ה 1 Here, the word **but** is introducing a contrast. What follows the word **but** is in contrast to what was expected, because in the author’s culture it was not considered attractive for a woman to have skin that was dark as a result of much exposure to the sun. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a contrast. Alternate translation: “yet lovely” or “but still lovely” 1:5 ck9k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בְּנ֖וֹת יְרוּשָׁלִָ֑ם 1 The woman is using the possessive form to poetically describe where the young women (whom she calls **daughters**) live. The phrase **daughters of Jerusalem** refers to the young women who were from the city of Jerusalem (These are probably the same women as the “marriageable women” in [1:3](../01/03.md) and the women referred to as “they” in [1:4](../01/04.md)). If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could indicate the association between these young women and **Jerusalem** in a way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “daughters from Jerusalem” or “young women from Jerusalem” -1:5 rbb3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כְּ⁠אָהֳלֵ֣י קֵדָ֔ר כִּ⁠ירִיע֖וֹת שְׁלֹמֹֽה 1 The Kedar were a tribe of people who used black goat skins to make their tents, thus their tents were dark in color. The woman is comparing her skin to these tents which were dark in color. The phrase **the curtains of Solomon** refers to the curtains in Solomon’s palace which were very beautiful. The point of the first comparison is that the woman’s skin was dark (referring back to and further describing the word **black**) and the point of the second comparison is that the woman was beautiful (referring back to and further describing the word **lovely**). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use equivalent comparisons from your culture or you could retain these similes and express these meanings as plainly as possible. Alternate translation: “like the dark color of the tents of the people of the tribe Kedar, like the curtains of Solomon’s palace” or “as dark as the color of the tents of Kedar, as beautiful as the curtains in Solomon’s palace” +1:5 rbb3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כְּ⁠אָהֳלֵ֣י קֵדָ֔ר כִּ⁠ירִיע֖וֹת שְׁלֹמֹֽה 1 The **Kedar** people group used black goat skins to make their **tents**. The woman is comparing her skin to these tents which were dark in color. The phrase **the curtains of Solomon** refers to the curtains in Solomon’s palace, which were very beautiful. The point of the first comparison is that the woman’s skin was dark (referring back to and further describing the word **black**) and the point of the second comparison is that the woman was beautiful (referring back to and further describing the word **lovely**). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use equivalent comparisons from your culture or you could retain these similes and express these meanings as plainly as possible. Alternate translation: “like the dark color of the tents of the people of Kedar, like the curtains of Solomon’s palace” or “as dark as the tents of Kedar, as beautiful as the curtains in Solomon’s palace” 1:6 avcq אַל־ תִּרְא֨וּ⁠נִי֙ 1 The phrase **Do not look at me** could mean: (1) that the woman does not want people to look at her with contempt. Alternate translation: “Do not look at me with contempt” or “Do not look down on me” or “Do not look at me disapprovingly” (2) that the woman does not want people to stare at her in admiration of her beauty. Alternate translation: “Do not stare at me because I am so beautiful” 1:6 gy5l rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result שֶׁ⁠אֲנִ֣י 1 The word **that** indicates that what follows is a reason for what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “because I” 1:6 nqqb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שֶׁ⁠אֲנִ֣י שְׁחַרְחֹ֔רֶת 1 Here, **I am black** means “my skin is black” or “my skin is very dark” as it did in [1:5](../01/05.md). If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “that my skin is black” or “that my skin is very dark” 1:6 im6w rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result שֶׁ⁠שֱּׁזָפַ֖תְ⁠נִי הַ⁠שָּׁ֑מֶשׁ 1 The word **that** indicates that what follows is a reason for what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “because the sun scorched me” -1:6 thz7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שֶׁ⁠שֱּׁזָפַ֖תְ⁠נִי הַ⁠שָּׁ֑מֶשׁ 1 The phrase **the sun scorched me** refers to sunlight shining on the skin and means “the sun burned me” or “the sun tanned my skin dark.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “that the sun burned me” or “that the sun turned my skin brown” or “that the sun tanned my skin” +1:6 thz7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שֶׁ⁠שֱּׁזָפַ֖תְ⁠נִי הַ⁠שָּׁ֑מֶשׁ 1 The phrase **the sun scorched me** refers to sunlight shining on the skin and means “the sun burned me” or “the sun tanned my skin dark.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “that the sun burned me” or “that the sun turned my skin dark” or “that the sun tanned my skin” 1:6 v86f נֹטֵרָ֣ה אֶת־הַ⁠כְּרָמִ֔ים כַּרְמִ֥⁠י שֶׁ⁠לִּ֖⁠י לֹ֥א נָטָֽרְתִּי 1 Alternate translation: “as caretaker of the vineyards—my vineyard that is mine, I have not taken care of” 1:6 w18k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor כַּרְמִ֥⁠י שֶׁ⁠לִּ֖⁠י לֹ֥א נָטָֽרְתִּי 1 The woman is probably using the phrase **my vineyard** to refer to her complexion. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “my skin, I have not protected from the sun” or “my complexion, I have not protected from the sun” 1:7 f9hi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche שֶׁ֤⁠אָהֲבָה֙ נַפְשִׁ֔⁠י 1 The woman is using one part of herself, her **soul**, to represent all of her. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you whom I love” @@ -59,22 +59,22 @@ front:intro an3g 0 # Introduction to the Song of Songs\n\n## Part 1: General 1:9 zyj5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּ⁠רִכְבֵ֣י פַרְעֹ֔ה 1 The man is using the phrase **the chariots** to mean “the horses that pull the chariots.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “among the horses that pull Pharaoh’s chariots” or “among the horses that pull the chariots of Pharaoh” 1:9 lnbo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit פַרְעֹ֔ה 1 Here, the term **Pharaoh** does not refer to a specific Egyptian king but is a title used to designate the acting king of Egypt. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “the king of Egypt” 1:10 hrjd rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown בַּ⁠תֹּרִ֔ים 1 The term the man uses, which the ULT translates as **earrings**, is a term which refers to strings of small ornaments or jewels which apparently hung down the side of one’s face. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of jewelry you could use a more general term and, if you are using footnotes, you could make a footnote explaining this type of jewelry. Alternate translation: “with neck ornaments” or “with strings of jewels” -1:10 u7h9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown בַּ⁠חֲרוּזִֽים 1 **necklaces** are a type of jewelry worn around the neck in order to make a person look more attractive. If your readers would not be familiar with **necklaces**, you could use the name of something similar in your area worn around the neck for the purpose of looking nice or you could use a more general term and, if it would help your readers, you could make a footnote explaining what a necklace is if you are using footnotes. Alternate translation: “with neck ornaments” or “with strings of jewels” -1:11 yuyp rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown תּוֹרֵ֤י 1 See how you translated the term “earrings” in the previous verse. -1:11 dza7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive תּוֹרֵ֤י זָהָב֙ נַעֲשֶׂה־לָּ֔⁠ךְ 1 The reason the word **we** is used here could be: (1) because the man is saying that he will have someone make the **Earrings of gold** for him. The man is not including the woman so **we** would be exclusive. Your may language require you to mark these forms. Alternate translation: “Earring of gold I will have someone make for you” or “I will pay someone to make earring of gold for you” (2) because he is using a commonly accepted use of the plural in his language and expects the woman to understand that he means “I.” Alternate translation: “Earrings of gold I will make for you” (3) because a group of people are speaking here and not the man. If you are using section headers you can place a header above this section indicating who you think is speaking. +1:10 u7h9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown בַּ⁠חֲרוּזִֽים 1 Here, **necklaces** are a type of jewelry worn around the neck in order to make a person look more attractive. If your readers would not be familiar with **necklaces**, you could use the name of something similar in your area worn around the neck for the purpose of looking nice or you could use a more general term and, if it would help your readers, you could use a footnote to explain what a necklace is. Alternate translation: “with neck ornaments” or “with strings of jewels” +1:11 yuyp rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown תּוֹרֵ֤י 1 See how you translated the term **earrings** in the previous verse. +1:11 dza7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive תּוֹרֵ֤י זָהָב֙ נַעֲשֶׂה־לָּ֔⁠ךְ 1 The reason the word **we** is used here could be: (1) because the man is saying that he will have someone make the **Earrings of gold** for him. The man is not including the woman so **we** would be exclusive. Your language may require you to mark these forms. Alternate translation: “Earrings of gold I will have someone make for you” or “I will pay someone to make earring of gold for you” (2) because he is using a plural form commonly accepted in his language and expects the woman to understand that he means “I.” Alternate translation: “Earrings of gold I will make for you” (3) because a group of people are speaking here and not the man. If you are using section headers you can place a header above this section indicating who you think is speaking. 1:11 bp6l עִ֖ם נְקֻדּ֥וֹת הַ⁠כָּֽסֶף 1 Alternate translation: “with beads of silver” or “that are decorated with silver” -1:12 kec9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שֶׁ֤⁠הַ⁠מֶּ֨לֶךְ֙ 1 See how you translated the phrase “The king” in [1:4](../01/04.md) where it is used with the same meaning. -1:12 zt7d בִּ⁠מְסִבּ֔⁠וֹ 1 The word which the ULT translates as **couch** could: (1) refer to a couch and be translated as **couch** as modeled by the ULT. (2) refer to a table. Alternate translation: “was at his table” -1:12 ur66 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown נִרְדִּ֖⁠י 1 The term **nard** refers to pleasant smelling perfumed oil that was made from the roots of the **nard** plant. If your readers would not be familiar with **nard** plants, you could use a general expression or describe what **nard** is. Alternate translation: “my perfumed oil” or “my pleasant smelling perfume made from the nard plant” +1:12 kec9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שֶׁ֤⁠הַ⁠מֶּ֨לֶךְ֙ 1 See how you translated the phrase **the king** in [1:4](../01/04.md) where it is used with the same meaning. +1:12 zt7d בִּ⁠מְסִבּ֔⁠וֹ 1 The word which the ULT translates as **couch** could: (1) refer to a couch and be translated as **couch** as modeled by the ULT. (2) refer to a table. Alternate translation: “was at his table” +1:12 ur66 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown נִרְדִּ֖⁠י 1 The term **nard** refers to pleasant smelling perfumed oil that was made from the roots of the nard plant. If your readers would not be familiar with nard plants, you could use a general expression or describe what nard is. Alternate translation: “my perfumed oil” or “my pleasant smelling perfume made from the nard plant” 1:12 lp8f נָתַ֥ן רֵיחֽ⁠וֹ 1 Alternate translation: “gave off its good smell” or “spread its pleasant smell” 1:13 vc5v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor צְר֨וֹר הַ⁠מֹּ֤ר ׀ דּוֹדִ⁠י֙ לִ֔⁠י בֵּ֥ין שָׁדַ֖⁠י יָלִֽין 1 In the author’s culture women would sometimes place a small bag or pouch of myrrh on a necklace so it would hang on their neck and they could enjoy its pleasant smell. The woman makes a comparison between the enjoyable experience of having a bag of myrrh near her and the enjoyable experience of having the man she loves near her. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a simile to show the comparison. Alternate translation: “I enjoy having my beloved near me throughout the night like I enjoy the smell of a bag of myrrh” -1:13 d77b rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown הַ⁠מֹּ֤ר 1 **myrrh** was a pleasant smelling incense that was made from resin taken from the bark of a certain kind of tree. One of the things it was used for was to make a person smell good. If your readers would not be familiar with **myrrh**, you could use the name of something pleasant smelling in your area that might be used for this purpose or you could use a general expression. Alternate translation: “pleasant smelling perfume” +1:13 d77b rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown הַ⁠מֹּ֤ר 1 Here, **myrrh** was a pleasant-smelling incense that was made from resin taken from the bark of a certain kind of tree. One of the things it was used for was to make a person smell good. If your readers would not be familiar with myrrh, you could use the name of something pleasant smelling in your area that might be used for this purpose, or you could use a general expression. Alternate translation: “pleasant-smelling perfume” 1:13 bzs7 דּוֹדִ⁠י֙ 1 Alternate translation: “is my lover” 1:13 f8y8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism צְר֨וֹר הַ⁠מֹּ֤ר ׀ דּוֹדִ⁠י֙ לִ֔⁠י בֵּ֥ין שָׁדַ֖⁠י יָלִֽין 1 If using the word **breasts** would offend your readers, you could use an appropriate euphemism for **breasts** or state the meaning of the phrase **between my breasts it stays** using a more general expression. Alternate translation: “My beloved stays very close to me during the night, like a bundle of myrrh hanging near my chest” -1:13 bl0z יָלִֽין 1 Here, the original language word that the ULT translates with the phrase **it stays** is ambiguous regarding what it is that **stays**. This word could: (1) indicate that the **bundle of myrrh** is what **stays**, in which case it should be translated as something similar to **it stays** as modeled by the ULT. (2) mean that the man **stays**. Alternate translation: “he stays” +1:13 bl0z יָלִֽין 1 Here the original language word that the ULT translates with the phrase **it stays** is ambiguous regarding what it is that **stays**. This word could: (1) indicate that the **bundle of myrrh** is what **stays**, in which case it should be translated as something similar to **it stays** as modeled by the ULT. (2) mean that the man **stays**. Alternate translation: “he stays” 1:13 jw0u יָלִֽין 1 Here, the word **stays** could: (1) refer to staying in one place for a prolonged period of time in which case you could translate this word with something similar to **stays** as modeled by the ULT. (2) refer to lying down. Alternate translation: “it lies” 1:14 a6jk rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown הַ⁠כֹּ֤פֶר 1 The phrase **henna blossoms** refers to **blossoms** from the **henna** plant which produces clusters of flower blossoms which have a pleasant smell. If your readers would not be familiar with this plant, you could use the name of a plant in your area that has a pleasant smell, you could explain in your translation that henna is a plant that produces fragrant blossoms, or you could use a general expression. Alternate translation: “fragrant flowers” or “fragrant blossoms from the henna plant” -1:14 zh75 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֶשְׁכֹּ֨ל הַ⁠כֹּ֤פֶר ׀ דּוֹדִ⁠י֙ לִ֔⁠י בְּ⁠כַרְמֵ֖י עֵ֥ין גֶּֽדִי 1 Here, **vineyards of En Gedi** is probably a reference to the woman’s body because at that time **vineyards** were often used to convey a sexual meaning and because the phrase **in the vineyards of Engedi** is in parallel to the phrase in the previous verse in which the woman refers to her body by saying that her “beloved” is like a “bundle of myrrh“ which “stays” (the night) “between” her “breasts.” In this verse the woman makes a comparison between the pleasurable experience of the smell of henna blossoms and her enjoyment of having the man she loves near her body. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a simile to show the comparison. Because the woman describes her body in a poetic way with images, it is recommended that you either maintain these images or select images from your context and language that communicate the same concepts. Alternate translation: “I enjoy being near my beloved’s body like I enjoy the smell of the henna flowers in the vineyards of Engedi” or “I delight in my beloved being near my body like I enjoy the smell of the henna flowers in the vineyards of Engedi” +1:14 zh75 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֶשְׁכֹּ֨ל הַ⁠כֹּ֤פֶר ׀ דּוֹדִ⁠י֙ לִ֔⁠י בְּ⁠כַרְמֵ֖י עֵ֥ין גֶּֽדִי 1 Here, **vineyards of En Gedi** is probably a reference to the woman’s body because at that time **vineyards** were often used to convey a sexual meaning and because the phrase **in the vineyards of Engedi** is in parallel to the phrase in the previous verse in which the woman refers to her body by saying that her “beloved” is like a “bundle of myrrh“ which “stays” (the night) “between” her “breasts.” In this verse the woman makes a comparison between the pleasurable experience of the smell of henna blossoms and her enjoyment of having the man she loves near her body. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a simile to show the comparison. Because the woman describes her body in a poetic way with images, it is recommended that you either maintain these images or select images from your culture and language that communicate the same concepts. Alternate translation: “I enjoy being near my beloved’s body like I enjoy the smell of the henna flowers in the vineyards of Engedi” or “I delight in my beloved being near my body like I enjoy the smell of the henna flowers in the vineyards of Engedi” 1:15 tae6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamation הִנָּ֤⁠ךְ & הִנָּ֥⁠ךְ 1 The man is using the term **Behold** to focus attention on what he is about to say. Your language may have a comparable expression that you could use in your translation. Alternate translation: “Look at you! … Look at you!” 1:15 x2d5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism הִנָּ֤⁠ךְ יָפָה֙ רַעְיָתִ֔⁠י הִנָּ֥⁠ךְ יָפָ֖ה עֵינַ֥יִ⁠ךְ יוֹנִֽים 1 The man uses the phrase **Behold you! You are beautiful** two times for emphasis. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the phrases into one and provide emphasis in a way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Behold you—you are beautiful, my darling. Your eyes are doves” 1:15 m114 רַעְיָתִ֔⁠י 1 See how you translated the phrase **my darling** in [1:9](../01/09.md) @@ -84,9 +84,9 @@ front:intro an3g 0 # Introduction to the Song of Songs\n\n## Part 1: General 1:16 x3pr דוֹדִ⁠י֙ 1 See how you translated the phrase **my beloved** in [1:13](../01/13.md). Alternate translation: “my lover” 1:16 km29 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis אַ֣ף נָעִ֔ים 1 The woman is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “you are truly pleasant” 1:16 q43e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עַרְשֵׂ֖⁠נוּ 1 Here, **couch** does not refer to a literal couch but rather to the place where the couple would lie down in the forest. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “the place where we lie down is” or “the place we lie down on like a bed is” -1:16 xed8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit רַעֲנָנָֽה 1 Here, the word that the ULT translates as **leafy** refers to plants that are a green color. You could translate **leafy** in a general way such as “green” or if it would help your readers you could indicate specifically what vegetation the word **leafy** refers to. Here, **leafy** could refer to: (1) the grass that the couple laied down on. Alternate translation: “grass” (2) the branches above their meeting place in the forest. Alternate translation: “under the cover of branches” or “shaded by branches” +1:16 xed8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit רַעֲנָנָֽה 1 Here, the word that the ULT translates as **leafy** refers to plants that are a green color. You could translate **leafy** in a general way such as “green” or if it would help your readers you could indicate specifically what vegetation the word **leafy** refers to. Here, **leafy** could refer to: (1) the grass that the couple lied down on. Alternate translation: “grass” (2) the branches above their meeting place in the forest. Alternate translation: “under the cover of branches” or “shaded by branches” 1:17 v14z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor קֹר֤וֹת בָּתֵּ֨י⁠נוּ֙ אֲרָזִ֔ים רַהִיטֵ֖נוּ בְּרוֹתִֽים 1 Here the woman is speaking of the forest as though it were a **house**, the cedar trees as if they were the **beams** of the **house** and **pine** trees as if they were the **rafters** of the **house**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly or use a simile as modeled by the UST. Alternate translation: “Our meeting place is shaded by cedar and pine trees” or “Branches of cedar and pine trees will be a canopy over our meeting place” -1:17 c3e5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown בְּרוֹתִֽים 1 **pine** is a type of tree that grows tall and close to other trees so that they provide shade from the sun. If your readers would not be familiar with **pine** trees, you could use general phrase describing them or use the name of a tree that grows tall and densely in your area. Alternate translation: “tall leafy trees” +1:17 c3e5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown בְּרוֹתִֽים 1 Here, **pine** is a type of tree that grows tall and close to other trees so that they provide shade from the sun. If your readers would not be familiar with pine trees, you could use a general phrase describing them or use the name of a tree that grows tall and densely in your area. Alternate translation: “tall leafy trees” 2:intro u8uv 0 # Song of Songs 2 General Notes\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n\n### The woman and man complement each other by using metaphors and similes \n\n\nIn 2:1 the woman uses a metaphor to tell the man she loves that she thinks she is common like a flower that grows on the plains or a lily that grows in the valleys. The man responds in 2:2 by using a simile to tell her how special he thinks she is when compared to other women. She then uses a simile in 2:3 to tell him how special she thinks he is compared to other men. When translating these verses one will need to pay close attention to the translation notes and the UST in order to understand the meaning.\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### Chiasm\n\nHebrew poetry sometimes uses a literary a device called a “chiasm” (sometimes called “chiasmus”). A chiasm is when words or phrases are ordered in a AB-BA sequence. In [Song of Songs 2:14](../02/14.md) the author uses a chiasm. The ULT follows the Hebrew order and translates this verse as “show me **your appearance**, make me hear **your voice**, for **your voice** {is} sweet, and **your appearance** {is} lovely” (the repeated phrases are highlighted for the purpose of illustration). Notice that the phrases “your appearance” and “your voice” are repeated in this verse and they are repeated in an AB-BA sequence: “your appearance...your voice...your voice...your appearance.” 2:1 cne2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֲנִי֙ חֲבַצֶּ֣לֶת הַ⁠שָּׁר֔וֹן שֽׁוֹשַׁנַּ֖ת הָ⁠עֲמָקִֽים 1 The woman is speaking of herself as if she is two different types of flowers in order to make a comparison between herself and these flowers. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly, explain the comparison, or use a simile as modeled by the UST. The reason the woman compares herself to these wildflowers is to express that she thinks she has only common beauty and is no more attractive than other young women her age. Alternate translation: “I am as common as a wildflower of Sharon or a lily of the valleys” or “My beauty is as common as a wildflower in Sharon or a lily of the valleys” 2:1 ps9x rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown חֲבַצֶּ֣לֶת 1 The original word which the ULT translates as **flower** refers to a specific type of flower which grows on the ground. The exact type of flower that the original word refers to cannot be known with certainty so you could use the name of a pretty wildflower in your area or you could use a general term as modeled by the ULT.