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front:intro p55k 0 # Introduction to Numbers\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of Numbers\n\n1. Preparing to leave Sinai (1:1–10:10)\n * Counting and assembling the tribes (1:1–4:49)\n * Regulations (5:1–6:27)\n * Dedicating the altar (7:1–89)\n * Setting up the lampstand (8:1–4)\n * Setting apart the Levites (8:5–29)\n * Second Passover; the cloud to lead them; trumpets (9:1–10:10)\n1. Sinai to Moab, through the wilderness (10:11–17:13)\n * Complaining and murmuring (10:11–11:15)\n * The quails (11:16–35)\n * Miriam’s leprosy (12:1–16)\n * The spies selected and sent (13:1–14:45)\n * Commands (15:1–41)\n * Korah’s rebellion (16:1–17:13)\n1. The Priests and purifying (18:1–19:22)\n * Priests and Levites (18:1–32)\n * The law about purifying (19:1–22)\n1. Conflicts (20:1–21:35)\n * Miriam’s death (20:1–13)\n * Edom’s refusal and Aaron’s death (20:14–29)\n * Journey to Moab (21:1–35)\n1. The Plains of Moab (22:1–36:13)\n * Balaam (22:1–24:25)\n * Baal Peor (25:1–18)\n * The second counting (26:1–65)\n * Inheritance rights for daughters (27:1–11)\n * Joshua succeeds Moses (27:12–23)\n * Offerings and women’s vows (28:1–30:16)\n * Midianite war (31:1–54)\n * Across the Jordan (32:1–42)\n * The people set up camp (33:1–56)\n * Land west of the Jordan; cities for Levites and cities of refuge (34:1–35:34)\n * Female heirs marry (36:1–13)\n\n### What is the Book of Numbers about?\n\nThe Book of Numbers tells about the people of Israel as they traveled from Mount Sinai in the wilderness to the Jordan River. While traveling, the Israelites became discouraged. So they rebelled against the leaders whom God had given them. At the Jordan River, the people of Israel refused to enter the Promised Land. Because the Israelites were afraid and did not trust God, he delayed their entry into the Promised Land for forty years (13:1–14:45). (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])\n\n### How should the title of this book be translated?\n\nThe title of this book, “Numbers,” refers to when the number of the Israelites was counted. The people of the project language may already be familiar with the name “Numbers” from other Bible versions. If not, the translator could consider a clearer name for the book, such as “The Counting of the People of Israel.” (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/census]])\n\n### Who wrote the Book of Numbers?\n\nThe writers of both the Old and New Testament present Moses as being very involved with writing the Book of Numbers. However, at a later time, scribes and priests probably put the book into its present form. They may have included text from other sources. One such source was “the scroll of the Wars of Yahweh” (21:14).\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### How does Numbers present the idea of the whole community being responsible when only a few people sinned?\n\nThe people understood and assumed that God would punish the whole community of Israel if some of the people rebelled against him. God did often punish the entire nation when some of them sinned. All of the people in the ancient Near East would have understood and expected this. However, Moses and Aaron prayed for God to punish only those who were guilty.\n\n## Part 3: Important Translation Issues\n\n### Why does Moses speak using third person pronouns about himself?\n\nWhen an author wrote about something he was involved in, it was common for him to use the pronoun “he” instead of “I,” or “they” instead of “we.” The translator may decide to use the project’s normal pronouns instead.
1:intro av14 0 # Numbers 1 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThe ULT sets the lines in 1:5–15 farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because they are long lists.\n\n### Census\n\nThey counted how many men of military age were in each tribe of Israel. These men would also become the heads of families. It is possible the numbers in this chapter are rounded to the nearest 100.
1:1 fr2s Yahweh 0 This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this.
1:1 u2p1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths בְּ⁠אֶחָד֩ לַ⁠חֹ֨דֶשׁ הַ⁠שֵּׁנִ֜י 1 This is the **second month** of the Hebrew calendar. The first day is near the middle of April on Western calendars.
1:1 owqr rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal הַ⁠שֵּׁנִ֜י & הַ⁠שֵּׁנִ֗ית 1 Both occurrences of the word **second** are the ordinal forms of “two.”
1:1 ava2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal the second year 0 Alternate translation: “year 2”
1:2 m9tq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Count them by name 0 This means to count the men by recording their names. Alternate translation: “Count them, recording each man’s name”
1:3 p8dc rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers twenty years old 0 Alternate translation: “20 years old”
1:3 tg9n record the number of men in their armed groups 0 This refers to assigning the men to their military divisions.
1:4 y2qy a clan head 0 Alternate translation: “a leader of a clan”
1:4 dd67 serve with you 0 Alternate translation: “help you”
1:5 gs4a rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Elizur … Shedeur 0 These are names of men.
1:6 m6h9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Shelumiel … Zurishaddai 0 These are names of men.
1:16 r5lf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive the men appointed 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the men whom Yahweh appointed”
1:17 g4kg took these men 0 Alternate translation: “gathered these men together”
1:17 tgy4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive who were recorded by name 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “whose names they had recorded”
1:18 me3i rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths בְּ⁠אֶחָד֙ לַ⁠חֹ֣דֶשׁ הַ⁠שֵּׁנִ֔י 1 This is the **second month** of the Hebrew calendar. The first day is near the middle of April on Western calendars. See how you translated this in [Numbers 1:1](../01/01.md).
1:18 o6il rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal הַ⁠שֵּׁנִ֔י 1 The word **second** is the ordinal form of “two.” See how you translated this in [Numbers 1:1](../01/01.md).
1:18 nt8v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism Then each man … identified his ancestry. He had to name the clans and families descended from his ancestors 0 The second sentence means basically the same thing as the first and is added for clarification.
1:18 l763 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom He had to name 0 Here “name” means to “say.” Alternate translation: “Each man had to say”
1:intro av14 0 # Numbers 1 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter is intended to form a smooth transition from the last chapter of the book of Leviticus.\n\n### Census\n\nThey counted how many men of military age were in each tribe of Israel. These men would also become the heads of families. It is possible the numbers in this chapter are rounded to the nearest 100.
1:1 u2p1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths לַ⁠חֹ֨דֶשׁ הַ⁠שֵּׁנִ֜י 1 The **second month** of the Hebrew calendar includes the last half of April and the first half of May on Western calendars. You could convert the Hebrew day and month into an approximate date on the calendar that your culture uses. However, the Jews used a lunar calendar, so if you use a solar calendar, the date will be different every year and the translation will not be entirely accurate. Therefore, you may want to provide the name of the month on the Hebrew calendar and the number of the day, which in this case is Iyar 1. Then, in a footnote, say approximately what time of year that is on your calendar.
1:1 owqr rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal הַ⁠שֵּׁנִ֜י & הַ⁠שֵּׁנִ֗ית 1 If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “of month two in year two”
1:2 m9tq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom שְׂא֗וּ אֶת־רֹאשׁ֙ 1 Here, **lift up the heads** means to count the men by recording their names. Alternate translation: “Count them, recording each man’s name”
1:2 jnhs אֲבֹתָ֑⁠ם 1 **House of their fathers** could refer to: (1) the generic fathers and mothers from which each male descended. Alternate translation: "families" (2) specifically the 12 ancestral fathers of each Israelite tribe. Alternate translation: "their ancestral forefathers,"
1:2 po5z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism לְ⁠גֻלְגְּלֹתָֽ⁠ם 1 Here, **according to their skulls** is referring to the whole male person by naming one part of his body. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “according to their bodies,”
1:3 wtkl מִ⁠בֶּ֨ן עֶשְׂרִ֤ים שָׁנָה֙ 1 Here, **a son of 20 years** refers to a son who is at least 20 years old. It might be helpful in your language to state this more plainly. Alternate translation: "a son who is at least 20 years old"
1:3 p8dc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עֶשְׂרִ֤ים שָׁנָה֙ וָ⁠מַ֔עְלָ⁠ה 1 The text uses larger numbers as being up or above smaller numbers. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “from 20 years old and more” or “who is 20 years old or older”
1:3 pqtq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy יֹצֵ֥א צָבָ֖א 1 Yahweh refers to a soldier by describing the action that characterizes a soldier, namely **one who goes out to war**. Alternate translation: "one who can be a soldier" or "one who can fight in a war"
1:3 tg9n לְ⁠צִבְאֹתָ֖⁠ם 1 **According to their armies** refers to separating the men Moses and Aaron will count into military divisions that the Israelites will follow when they fight in battle. Alternate translation: "by their military divisions"
1:4 qnse rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְ⁠אִתְּ⁠כֶ֣ם 1 Here, **with you** refers specifically to these men helping Aaron count and lead the tribes of Israel. Alternate translation: "And to assist you" or "And to help you"
1:4 j29v אִ֖ישׁ לַ⁠מַּטֶּ֑ה 1 **A man of the tribe** refers to a man who belongs to a certain tribe and further describes the men who will be with Aaron to help him. Additionally, this construction is singular but infers that every tribe will have one man to lead it. Alternative translation: "one man from each tribe"
1:4 ku8v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אִ֛ישׁ רֹ֥אשׁ 1 Here, "the head man" refers to the position of authority these men will have over their whole tribe. It might be helpful in your language to state this more plainly. Alternative translation: "the leader"
1:4 m26b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לְ⁠בֵית־אֲבֹתָ֖י⁠ו 1 **The house of his fathers** refers to all the living descendants of a particular tribe. It might be helpful in your language to state this more plainly. Alternate translation: "his tribe"
1:5 u632 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יַֽעַמְד֖וּ אִתְּ⁠כֶ֑ם 1 Here, **stand with you** refers to their helping Moses and Aaron lead the Israelite community. It might be helpful in your language to state this more plainly. Alternate translation: "help you lead the Israelite community"
1:5 cbvw לִ⁠רְאוּבֵ֕ן 1 Here, **of Reuben** refers to the fact that Reuben is the ancestor of **Elizur**. It might be helpful in your language to clarify this fact. Consult the UST for an alternate translation.
1:5 gs4a rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names אֱלִיצ֖וּר & שְׁדֵיאֽוּר 1 **Elizur** and **Shedeur** are names of men.
1:6 y5mc לְ⁠שִׁמְע֕וֹן 1 Here, **of Simeon** refers to the fact that Simeon is the ancestor of **Shelumiel**. It might be helpful in your language to clarify this fact. Consult the UST for an alternate translation. (See: [[translationwordSimeon]])
1:6 m6h9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names שְׁלֻמִיאֵ֖ל & צוּרִֽישַׁדָּֽי 1 **Shelumiel** and **Zurishaddai** are names of men.
1:7 gs8f לִֽ⁠יהוּדָ֕ה 1 Here, **of Judah** refers to the fact that Judah is the ancestor of **Nahshon**. It might be helpful in your language to clarify this fact. Consult the UST for an alternate translation. (See: [[translationwordJudah]])
1:8 j95m לְ⁠יִ֨שָּׂשכָ֔ר 1 Here, **of Issachar** refers to the fact that Issachar is the ancestor of **Nethanel**. It might be helpful in your language to clarify this fact. Consult the UST for an alternate translation. (See: [[translationwordNethanel]])
1:8 j730 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names נְתַנְאֵ֖ל & צוּעָֽר 1 **Nethanel** and **Zuar** are names of men.
1:9 ls1m לִ⁠זְבוּלֻ֕ן 1 Here, **of Zebulun** refers to the fact that Zebulun is the ancestor of **Eliab**. It might be helpful in your language to clarify this fact. Consult the UST for an alternate translation. (See: [[translationwordZebulun]])
1:9 gldp rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names אֱלִיאָ֖ב & חֵלֹֽן 1 **Elliab** and **Helon** are names of men.
1:10 jrdz לִ⁠בְנֵ֣י יוֹסֵ֔ף 1 Here, **of Joseph** refers to the fact that Joseph is the ancestor of **Ephraim** and **Manasseh**. It might be helpful in your language to clarify this fact. Consult the UST for an alternate translation. (See: [[translationwordEphraim]] and [[translationwordManasseh]])
1:10 iksb rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names אֱלִישָׁמָ֖ע & עַמִּיה֑וּד & גַּמְלִיאֵ֖ל & פְּדָהצֽוּר 1 **Elishama**, **Ammihud**, **Gamaliel**, and **Pedahzur** are names of men.
1:11 ibhj לְ⁠בִ֨נְיָמִ֔ן 1 Here, **of Benjamin** refers to the fact that Benjamin is the ancestor of **Abidan**. It might be helpful in your language to clarify this fact. Consult the UST for an alternate translation. (See: [[translationwordBenjamin]])
1:11 zocj rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names אֲבִידָ֖ן & גִּדְעֹנִֽי 1 **Abidan** and **Gideoni** are names of men.
1:12 fxte לְ⁠דָ֕ן 1 Here, **of Dan** refers to the fact that Dan is the ancestor of **Ahiezer**. It might be helpful in your language to clarify this fact. Consult the UST for an alternate translation. (See: [[translationwordDan]])
1:12 nzkn rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names אֲחִיעֶ֖זֶר & עַמִּֽישַׁדָּֽי 1 **Ahiezer** and **Ammishaddai** are names of men.
1:13 ghrd לְ⁠אָשֵׁ֕ר 1 Here, **of Asher** refers to the fact that Asher is the ancestor of **Pagiel**. It might be helpful in your language to clarify this fact. Consult the UST for an alternate translation. (See: [[translationwordAsher]])
1:13 i3ui rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names פַּגְעִיאֵ֖ל & עָכְרָֽן 1 **Pagiel** and **Okran** are names of men.
1:14 ie7u לְ⁠גָ֕ד 1 Here, **of Gad** refers to the fact that Gad is the ancestor of **Eliasaph**. It might be helpful in your language to clarify this fact. Consult the UST for an alternate translation. (See: [[translationwordGad]])
1:14 fir2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names אֶלְיָסָ֖ף & דְּעוּאֵֽל 1 **Eliasaph** and **Deuel** are names of men.
1:15 p6jk לְ⁠נַ֨פְתָּלִ֔י 1 Here, **of Naphtali** refers to the fact that Naphtali is the ancestor of **Ahira**. It might be helpful in your language to clarify this fact. Consult the UST for an alternate translation. (See: [[translationwordNaphtali]])
1:15 f3wk rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names אֲחִירַ֖ע & עֵינָֽן 1 **Ahira** and **Enon** are names of men.
1:16 r5lf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive קריאי הָ⁠עֵדָ֔ה 1 The text does not specify who called **the called ones of the congregation**. Most likely, the Israelite community appointed these men in some way. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the ones the community appointed”
1:16 xpdb קריאי הָ⁠עֵדָ֔ה 1 **of the congregation** could refer to the fact that (1) the Israelite community chose these men to lead them. Alternate translation: "whom the Israelites appointed" (2) these men were simply a part of the congregation. Alternate translation: "whom Moses chose out of the community"
1:16 g9m9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֲבוֹתָ֑⁠ם 1 **Their fathers** refers to their ancestors. Alternate translation: "their ancestors"
1:16 s9hv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor רָאשֵׁ֛י 1 Here, "the heads" refers to the position of authority these men will occupy. It might be helpful in your language to state this more plainly. Alternative translation: "the leaders"
1:16 rsai rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אַלְפֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל 1 Here, **the thousands of Israel** refers to the divisions within the Israelite community. It might be helpful in your language to state this more plainly. Alternate translation: "the divisions within the Israelite community"
1:17 g4kg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וַ⁠יִּקַּ֥ח & אֵ֚ת הָ⁠אֲנָשִׁ֣ים הָ⁠אֵ֔לֶּה 1 Here, **took these men** refers to Moses and Aaron calling these men to stand before them. Alternate translation: “called these men to stand before them”
1:17 tgy4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive אֲשֶׁ֥ר נִקְּב֖וּ בְּ⁠שֵׁמֽוֹת 1 The text does not specify who designated those **who were designated by name**. Most likely, the Israelite community designated these men by name in some way. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “whom the Israelites selected by name”
1:18 me3i rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths לַ⁠חֹ֣דֶשׁ הַ⁠שֵּׁנִ֔י 1 The **second month** of the Hebrew calendar includes the last half of April and the first half of May on Western calendars. For more details on translating it, see [Numbers 1:1](../01/01.md).
1:18 aj18 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis בְּ⁠אֶחָד֙ 1 The object **1** is modifying is not specified, but “day” is the understood object. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “day one”
1:18 o6il rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal הַ⁠שֵּׁנִ֔י 1 If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “of month two” (See [Numbers 1:1](../01/01.md) for another example).
1:18 nt8v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism עַל־מִשְׁפְּחֹתָ֖⁠ם לְ⁠בֵ֣ית אֲבֹתָ֑⁠ם 1 **In accordance with their clans** and **according to the house of their fathers** mean basically the same thing. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the phrases into one. Alternate translation: “according to their ancestry”
1:18 l763 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בְּ⁠מִסְפַּ֣ר שֵׁמ֗וֹת 1 **By the number of the names** communicates that Moses and Aaron declared the ancestry by counting each person. Alternate translation: "by counting each one"
1:18 no7s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שֵׁמ֗וֹת 1 Here, "the names" represents the people who belong to those names. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “people”
1:18 ku8z מִ⁠בֶּ֨ן עֶשְׂרִ֥ים שָׁנָ֛ה 1 Here, **a son of 20 years** refers to a son who is at least 20 years old. See [1:3](../01/01.md) for translation details.
1:18 wfe4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מִ⁠בֶּ֨ן עֶשְׂרִ֥ים שָׁנָ֛ה וָ⁠מַ֖עְלָ⁠ה 1 The text uses larger numbers as being up or above smaller numbers. See [1:3](../01/01.md) for more information on translating this phrase.
1:18 avnc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism לְ⁠גֻלְגְּלֹתָֽ⁠ם 1 Here, **according to their skulls** is referring to the whole male person by naming one part of his body. See [1:2](../01/01.md) for translation details.
1:20 n9s3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive were counted all the names 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “they counted all the names”
1:20 m8sv able to go to war 0 Alternate translation: “who was able to go to war”
1:21 v8dy rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers 46,500 men 0 Alternate translation: “forty-six thousand five hundred men”

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