diff --git a/en_tn_42-MRK.tsv b/en_tn_42-MRK.tsv index 598c6c49b3..5f0be4622c 100644 --- a/en_tn_42-MRK.tsv +++ b/en_tn_42-MRK.tsv @@ -1,11 +1,12 @@ Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNote MRK front intro r2f2 0 # Introduction to the Gospel of Mark

## Part 1: General Introduction

### Outline of the Book of Mark

1. Introduction (1:1-13)
1. The ministry of Jesus in Galilee
* Early ministry (1:14-3:6)
* Jesus becomes more popular among the people (3:7-5:43)
* Moving away from Galilee and then returning (6:1-8:26)
1. Progress toward Jerusalem, repeated times when Jesus predicts his own death; the disciples misunderstand, and Jesus teaches them how difficult it will be to follow him (8:27-10:52)
1. Last days of ministry and preparation for final conflict in Jerusalem (11:1-13:37)
1. The death of Christ and the empty tomb (14:1-16:8)

### What is the Book of Mark about?

The Gospel of Mark is one of four books in the New Testament that describe some of the life of Jesus Christ. The authors of the gospels wrote about different aspects of who Jesus was and what he did. Mark wrote much about how Jesus suffered and died on the cross. He did this to encourage his readers who were being persecuted. Mark also explained Jewish customs and some Aramaic words. This may indicate that Mark expected most of his first readers to be Gentiles.

### How should the title of this book be translated?

Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, “The Gospel of Mark,” or “The Gospel according to Mark.” They may also choose a title that may be clearer, such as, “The Good News about Jesus that Mark wrote.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])

### Who wrote the Book of Mark?

The book does not give the name of the author. However, since early Christian times, most Christians have thought that the author was Mark. Mark was also known as John Mark. He was a close friend of Peter. Mark may not have witnessed what Jesus said and did. But many scholars think that Mark wrote in his gospel what Peter told him about Jesus.

## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts

### What were Jesus’ teaching methods?

The people regarded Jesus as a rabbi. A rabbi is a teacher of God’s law. Jesus taught in similar ways as other religious teachers in Israel. He had students who followed him wherever he went. These students were called disciples. He often told parables. Parables are stories that teach moral lessons. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/disciple]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/parable]])

## Part 3: Important Translation Issues

### What are the Synoptic Gospels?

The Gospels of Matthew, Mark, and Luke are called the Synoptic Gospels because they have many similar passages. The word “synoptic” means to “see together.”

The texts are considered “parallel” when they are the same or almost the same among two or three gospels. When translating parallel passages, translators should use the same wording and make them as similar as possible.

### Why does Jesus refer to himself as the “Son of Man”?

In the gospels, Jesus calls himself the “Son of Man.” It is a reference to Daniel 7:13-14. In this passage there is a person described as a “son of man.” That means the person was someone who looked like a human being. God gave authority to the son of man to rule over the nations forever. And all the people will worship him forever.

Jews of Jesus’ time did not use “Son of Man” as a title for anyone. Therefore, Jesus used it for himself to help them understand who he truly was. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sonofman]])

Translating the title “Son of Man” can be difficult in many languages. Readers may misunderstand a literal translation. Translators can consider alternatives, such as “The Human One.” It may also be helpful to include a footnote to explain the title.

### Why does Mark frequently use terms indicating short periods of time?

The Gospel of Mark uses the word “immediately” forty-two times. Mark does this to make the events more exciting and vivid. It moves the reader quickly from one event to the next.

### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of Mark?

The following verses are found in older versions of the Bible but are not included in most modern versions. Translators are advised not to include these verses. However, if in the translators’ region, there are older versions of the Bible that include one or more of these verses, the translators can include them. If they are included, they should be put inside square brackets ([]) to indicate that they were probably not original to Mark’s Gospel.
* “If any man has ears to hear, let him hear.” (7:16)
* “where their worm never dies and the fire is never quenched” (9:44)
* “where their worm never dies and the fire is never quenched” (9:46)
* “And the scripture was fulfilled that says, ‘He was counted with the lawless ones’” (15:28)

The following passage in not found in the earliest manuscripts. Most Bibles include this passage, but modern Bibles put it in brackets ([]) or indicate in some way that this passage may not have been original to Mark’s Gospel. Translators are advised to do something similar as the modern versions of the Bible.
* “Early on the first day of the week, after he arose, he appeared first to Mary Magdalene, from whom he had cast out seven demons. She went and told those who were with him, while they were mourning and weeping. They heard that he was alive and that he had been seen by her, but they did not believe. After these things he appeared in a different form to two of them, as they were walking out into the country. They went and told the rest of the disciples, but they did not believe them. Jesus later appeared to the eleven as they were reclining at the table, and he rebuked them for their unbelief and hardness of heart, because they did not believe those who saw him after he rose from the dead. He said to them, ‘Go into all the world, and preach the gospel to the entire creation. He who believes and is baptized will be saved, and he who does not believe will be condemned. These signs will go with those who believe: In my name they will cast out demons. They will speak in new languages. They will pick up snakes with their hands, and if they drink anything deadly, it will not hurt them. They will lay hands on the sick, and they will get well.’ After the Lord had spoken to them, he was taken up into heaven and sat down at the right hand of God. The disciples left and preached everywhere, while the Lord worked with them and confirmed the word by the signs that went with them.” (16:9-20)

(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]]) MRK 1 intro c6ep 0 # Mark 1 General Notes

## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 1:2-3, which are words from the Old Testament.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### “You can make me clean”

Leprosy was a disease of the skin that made a person unclean and unable to properly worship God. Jesus is capable of making people physically “clean” or healthy as well as spiritually “clean” or right with God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]])

### “The kingdom of God is near”

Scholars debate whether the “kingdom of God” was present at this time or is something that is still coming. English translations frequently use the phrase “at hand,” but this can create difficulty for translators. Other versions use the phase “is coming” and “has come near.” -MRK 1 1 s8qp 0 General Information: The book of Mark begins with the prophet Isaiah’s foretelling of the coming of John the Baptist, who baptizes Jesus. The author is Mark, also called John Mark, who is the son of one of the several women named Mary mentioned in the four Gospels. He is also the nephew of Barnabas. -MRK 1 1 i3bc guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Υἱοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Son of God This is an important title for Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +MRK 1 1 i3bc guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Υἱοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Son of God **Son of God** is an important title that describes the relationship between God and Jesus. Alternate translation: “who is God’s Son” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +MRK 1 2 dglq translate-names Ἠσαΐᾳ 1 **Isaiah** is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])

MRK 1 2 gu7i figs-idiom πρὸ προσώπου σου 1 before your face This is an idiom that means “ahead of you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) MRK 1 2 s28q figs-you προσώπου σου…τὴν ὁδόν σου 1 your face … your way Here the words **your** refer to Jesus and are singular. When you translate these, use the pronoun “your” because this is a quote from a prophet, and he did not use Jesus’ name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -MRK 1 2 wry5 ὃς 1 who This refers to the messenger. +MRK 1 2 t4py figs-activepassive γέγραπται ἐν τῷ Ἠσαΐᾳ τῷ προφήτῃ 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could say this with an active form, and you can say who did the action. Alternate translation: “Just as Isaiah the prophet wrote” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +MRK 1 2 wry5 προσώπου σου 1 who The term face figuratively represents the presence of a person. Simeon is saying that God has sent the Savior or brought about salvation right where everyone is present. Alternate translation: “in the presence of all the peoples” (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor) MRK 1 2 kl12 figs-metaphor κατασκευάσει τὴν ὁδόν σου 1 will prepare your way Doing this represents preparing the people for the Lord’s arrival. Alternate translation: “will prepare the people for your arrival” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) MRK 1 3 lkm3 φωνὴ βοῶντος ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ 1 The voice of one crying out in the wilderness This can be expressed as a sentence. Alternate translation: “The voice of one crying out in the wilderness is heard” or “They hear the sound of someone calling out in the wilderness” MRK 1 3 v3n3 figs-parallelism ἑτοιμάσατε τὴν ὁδὸν Κυρίου, εὐθείας ποιεῖτε τὰς τρίβους αὐτοῦ 1 Make ready the way of the Lord; make his paths straight These two phrases mean the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) @@ -1454,4 +1455,4 @@ MRK 16 intro j5yz 0 # Mark 16 General Notes

## Special concepts in thi MRK 16 1 cw1b 0 Connecting Statement: On the first day of the week, women come early because they expect to use spices to anoint Jesus’ body. They are surprised to see a young man who tells them Jesus is alive, but they are afraid and do not tell anyone. MRK 16 1 p61n καὶ διαγενομένου τοῦ Σαββάτου 1 And the Sabbath having passed That is, after **the Sabbath**, the seventh day of the week, had ended and the first day of the week had begun. MRK 16 4 kld9 figs-activepassive ἀποκεκύλισται ὁ λίθος 1 the stone had been rolled away You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “someone had rolled away the stone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -MRK 16 6 x9m8 figs-activepassive ἠγέρθη 1 He has been raised! The angel is emphatically stating that Jesus has risen from the dead. You can translate this in active form. Alternate translation: “He arose!” or “God raised him from the dead!” or “He raised himself from the dead!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) \ No newline at end of file +MRK 16 6 x9m8 figs-activepassive ἠγέρθη 1 He has been raised! The angel is emphatically stating that Jesus has risen from the dead. You can translate this in active form. Alternate translation: “He arose!” or “God raised him from the dead!” or “He raised himself from the dead!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) diff --git a/en_tn_51-PHP.tsv b/en_tn_51-PHP.tsv index a98e105291..60ffef2e54 100644 --- a/en_tn_51-PHP.tsv +++ b/en_tn_51-PHP.tsv @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ PHP 1 intro kd3g 0 # Philippians 1 General Notes

## Structure and form PHP 1 1 xk9z translate-names Παῦλος καὶ Τιμόθεος 1 Paul and Timothy **Paul** and **Timothy** are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) PHP 1 1 bzfs ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ 1 Paul and Timothy Alternate translation: “in union with Christ Jesus” or see UST. PHP 1 2 uuep translate-blessing χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη 1 Grace to you and peace This is a greeting and blessing that Paul often uses in the beginning of his letters. Use a form in your language that makes it clear that this is a greeting and blessing. Alternate translation: “may you experience kindness, mercy, and peace within you” or “I pray that you will have grace, mercy, and peace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-blessing]]) -PHP 1 2 pyji figs-yousingular ὑμῖν 1 Here, **you** refers to the the Philippian Christians and is plural in form in the original language that Paul wrote this letter in. In this letter, with one exception, the words “you” and “your” are plural and refer to the Philippian Christians. If your language uses different forms to show when “you” and “your” refer to one person and when they refer to more than one person, use the plural form that would be appropriate in your language in this occurrence and all other occurrences of “you” and “your” in this letter, except for in [4:3](../04/3.md). A note will discuss the one exception in [4:3](../04/3.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]]) +PHP 1 2 pyji figs-yousingular ὑμῖν 1 Here, **you** refers to the Philippian Christians and is plural in form in the original language that Paul wrote this letter in. In this letter, with one exception, the words “you” and “your” are plural and refer to the Philippian Christians. If your language uses different forms to show when “you” and “your” refer to one person and when they refer to more than one person, use the plural form that would be appropriate in your language in this occurrence and all other occurrences of “you” and “your” in this letter, except for in [4:3](../04/3.md). A note will discuss the one exception in [4:3](../04/3.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]]) PHP 1 2 yh4s figs-exclusive Πατρὸς ἡμῶν 1 If your language has different forms for including or excluding the hearers, use the inclusive form for **our** here, and throughout the letter. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) PHP 1 3 ntp5 ἐπὶ πάσῃ τῇ μνείᾳ ὑμῶν 1 in all my remembrance of you Here, **in all my remembrance of you** could refer to: (1) each time that Paul thought about the Philippian believers. Alternate translation: “each time that I think about you” (2) each time that Paul prayed for the Philippian believers. Alternate translation: “every time I pray for you” PHP 1 3 gjyv figs-possession τῷ Θεῷ μου 1 This does not mean that God belongs to Paul, but that Paul belongs to God. That is, God is the one whom Paul worships exclusively. Alternate translation: “the one who is God to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) @@ -77,25 +77,27 @@ PHP 1 20 ysty figs-doublenegatives ἐν οὐδενὶ αἰσχυνθήσομ PHP 1 20 ch6v figs-abstractnouns ἐν πάσῃ παρρησίᾳ 1 whether through life or through death If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **boldness** with a similar adverb. Alternate translation: “always act boldly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PHP 1 20 y78k figs-abstractnouns εἴτε διὰ ζωῆς εἴτε διὰ θανάτου 1 whether through life or through death If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the ideas behind the abstract nouns **life** and **death** with their verbal forms. Alternate translation: “whether I live or I die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PHP 1 21 n3jd figs-abstractnouns κέρδος 1 to die is gain The word **gain** is an abstract noun. If this would be unclear in your language you may express the meaning behind this word by using a verb phrase. See UST. See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PHP 1 22 a21c figs-synecdoche ἐν σαρκί 1 Now if to live in the flesh Here, the phrase **in the flesh** means “in the body”. Paul is using the word **flesh** figuratively to refer to his entire body. Paul’s audience would have understood that he was referring to his body. If this would be confusing in your language consider using a different word or phrase to avoid misunderstanding. See UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) +PHP 1 22 a21c figs-synecdoche ἐν σαρκί 1 Now if to live in the flesh Here, Paul is using the word **flesh** figuratively to refer to his entire body. The phrase **in the flesh** then refers to living as physical beings. If this would be confusing in your language, consider using a different word or phrase that refers to this present physical life. See UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PHP 1 22 mwl6 figs-metaphor τοῦτό μοι καρπὸς ἔργου 1 this is fruitful labor for me Here, the word **fruitful** refers to Paul’s work producing good results. This is a metaphor in which Paul’s anticipated productive work is compared to a plant or tree which produces good fruit. Alternate translation: “this will mean effectively serving God” or “this will mean productively working for the advancement of the gospel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PHP 1 22 kxuu figs-abstractnouns ἔργου 1 The word **labor** is an abstract noun. If this would be unclear in your language you may express the meaning behind this word by using a verb phrase. See UST. See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PHP 1 23 tq29 figs-metaphor συνέχομαι δὲ ἐκ τῶν δύο 1 But I am hard pressed between the two The phrase **hard pressed** is a metaphor. Paul speaks as if he is experiencing literal pressure from two opposite sides at the same time. Paul uses this figurative expression to show his difficulty in deciding which decision is best, if given the option between living or dying. If this would be confusing in your language, you can translate this phrase using a metaphor that would make sense in your language or you can choose to use plain language to express it. Alternate translation: “Both options have their advantages, so the decision is not an easy one” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) PHP 1 23 j1sv figs-activepassive συνέχομαι 1 The phrase **I am hard pressed** is in passive form. If this would be confusing in your language you can express the meaning behind this phrase by using a verb phrase that is in the active voice. Alternate translation: “It is not easy for me to decide” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PHP 1 23 q0n1 figs-explicit τῶν δύο 1 Here, the phrase **the two** refers to the two options regarding what decision is best. The choice of continuing to live on earth and serve Christ or its alternative, the choice of leaving earth to be with Christ. If the phrase **the two** would be confusing in your language, consider stating this explicitly. Alternate translation: “these two options” or “these two choices” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PHP 1 23 u1zs figs-abstractnouns ἐπιθυμίαν 1 The word **desire** is an abstract noun. If this would be unclear in your language you can express the meaning of this word by using it in a verb phrase. See UST. See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PHP 1 23 hhjr figs-euphemism ἀναλῦσαι 1 Here, Paul is referring to his death with the phrase **to depart**. This is a delicate way of referring to something unpleasant. Here, instead of focusing on the unpleasantness of death, Paul is instead using the word **depart** to focus on the positive result of his death, namely that his physical death will result in his being with Christ. If this would be clearer in your language, you could use plain language. Alternate translation: “to leave this body” or “to depart from this earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -PHP 1 24 etly figs-explicit τὸ δὲ ἐπιμένειν ἐν τῇ σαρκὶ 1 The phrase **remain in the flesh** means to remain alive in one’s body on earth. If this would be unclear in your language, consider stating this plainly. Alternate translation: “but to remain in the body” or “but to remain on this earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +PHP 1 23 u1zs figs-abstractnouns ἐπιθυμίαν 1 The word **desire** is an abstract noun. If this would be unclear in your language, you can express the meaning of this word by using the verbal form. See UST. See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +PHP 1 23 hhjr figs-euphemism ἀναλῦσαι 1 Here, Paul is referring to his death with the phrase **to depart**. Instead of focusing on the unpleasantness of death, Paul is instead using the word **depart** to focus on the positive result of his death, namely that his physical death will result in his being with Christ. If it would be clearer in your language, you can use a different euphemism or express this plainly. Alternate translation: “to leave this life” or “to depart from this earth” or “to die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) +PHP 1 24 etly figs-explicit τὸ δὲ ἐπιμένειν ἐν τῇ σαρκὶ 1 The phrase **remain in the flesh** means to remain alive in one’s body on earth. See how you translated **flesh** in [1:22](../01/22.md). If this would be unclear in your language, consider stating this plainly. Alternate translation: “but to remain in the body” or “but to remain on this earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PHP 1 24 k2j7 figs-ellipsis ἀναγκαιότερον 1 In the phrase **is more necessary** Paul leaves out the implied words “than departing” because he knows that his readers will understand them from the context. If this would be unclear in your language, consider supplying these omitted words in your translation. Alternative translation: “is more necessary than departing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -PHP 1 24 o4fk figs-synecdoche σαρκὶ 1 See how you translated the phrase **flesh** in [1:22](../01/22.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) PHP 1 24 hnl7 ὑμᾶς 1 See how you translated the word **your** in [1:5](../01/5.md). PHP 1 25 bu8d figs-explicit καὶ τοῦτο πεποιθὼς 1 having been persuaded of this The word **this** refers back to [1:24](../01/24.md) where Paul said that he believed it was more necessary that he remain alive on earth so that he could continue helping the Philippian Christians mature in their faith. If this would be unclear in your language consider further explaining the word **this** in your translation. Alternate translation: “And being sure that it is better for you that I remain” or “And having been convinced that I should remain here, on earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PHP 1 25 kmp4 figs-extrainfo μενῶ 1 I know that I will remain Here, the word **remain** refers to remaining alive on earth in one’s body in contrast to dying and leaving the earth to be with Christ. Paul explained this in [1:23-24](../01/23-24.md) so it is not necessary to explain it here. See how you translated the word **remain** in [1:24](../01/24.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo]]) +PHP 1 25 xwl1 figs-activepassive τοῦτο πεποιθὼς 1 I know that I will remain If it would be clearer in your language, you could say this with an active form. Alternate translation: “because I am sure of this” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +PHP 1 25 kmp4 figs-ellipsis μενῶ 1 I know that I will remain Here, the word **remain** refers to remaining alive on earth in one’s body in contrast to dying and leaving the earth to be with Christ. See how you translated the word **remain** in [1:24](../01/24.md) and make the meaning the same here. Alternate translation: “I will continue living on this earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) +PHP 1 25 hzmd figs-doublet μενῶ καὶ παραμενῶ 1 I know that I will remain These two words mean very similar things. The first is more general and the second is more specific about remaining with someone. If your language has one word for both of these meanings, you could use that here. Alternate translation: “I will continue with” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) PHP 1 25 rruy figs-yousingular ὑμῖν 1 See how you translated the word **you** in [1:2](../01/2.md). -PHP 1 25 u0ib figs-abstractnouns εἰς τὴν ὑμῶν προκοπὴν 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **progress** by using it as a verb in a verbal phrase or by expressing it in some other way that will make the meaning clear in your language. Alternate translation: “so that you progress in knowing Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PHP 1 25 xvx9 figs-abstractnouns χαρὰν τῆς πίστεως 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract nouns **joy** and **faith** by using them in a verb phrase or in some other way that would be clear in your language. See UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +PHP 1 25 xvx9 figs-abstractnouns εἰς τὴν ὑμῶν προκοπὴν καὶ χαρὰν 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the ideas behind the abstract nouns **progress** and **joy** with verbal phrases. Alternate translation: “so that you will advance and be joyful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +PHP 1 25 vnn9 figs-hendiadys εἰς τὴν ὑμῶν προκοπὴν καὶ χαρὰν 1 This phrase **progress and joy** may be expressing a single idea by using two words connected with **and**. The word **joy** tells how it feels to progress in faith. Alternate translation: “joyful progress” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]]) PHP 1 25 h6f2 ὑμῶν 1 See how you translated the word **your** in [1:5](../01/5.md). -PHP 1 26 viwq grammar-connect-logic-goal ἵνα 1 Here, the phrase **so that** indicates purpose. In this verse, what follows **so that** is the reason Paul gives for what he said in [1:25](../01/25.md). In your translation, follow the conventions of your language for purpose clauses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) +PHP 1 25 zse3 τῆς πίστεως 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **faith** with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “in trusting Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) +PHP 1 26 viwq grammar-connect-logic-goal ἵνα 1 Here, the phrase **so that** indicates that what follows is the purpose of what came before it. The purpose of Paul remaining alive, ([1:25](../01/25.md)), was to increase the Philippian's boasting in Christ. In your translation, use the method of your language to indicate purpose. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) PHP 1 26 d906 figs-abstractnouns καύχημα 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **boasting** by expressing its meaning in a verb phrase or in some other way that would be clear in your language. Alternate translation: See UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) PHP 1 26 an70 καύχημα…ἐν 1 Here, the word **boasting** means to “glory in” Jesus or to “take joy in” him. Alternate translation: “glorying in” or “rejoicing in” PHP 1 26 j1d2 figs-go παρουσίας 1 Your language may have a different way of expressing the motion described by the word **coming** here. Here, the word **coming** refers to Paul going to where the Philippians lived, and visiting them. If your language has a different way of expressing the motion described here by the word **coming**, use the word or phrase that will best help your readers understand which direction Paul is speaking of. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) @@ -175,7 +177,7 @@ PHP 2 10 ec1a ὀνόματι 1 See how you translated **name** in [2:9](../02 PHP 2 10 xn7a ἐπουρανίων καὶ ἐπιγείων καὶ καταχθονίων 1 The phrase **in heaven and on earth and under the earth** literally means “of heavenly things and of earthly things and of things under the earth” or “of heavenly beings and of earthly beings and of beings under the earth”. This phrase refers to all beings, including human beings and angels. This phrase emphasizes that all beings everywhere will bow in reverence to Jesus. Alternate translation: “every being in heaven, and on earth, and under the earth” PHP 2 11 xy4f figs-metonymy πᾶσα γλῶσσα ἐξομολογήσηται 1 every tongue Here, Paul uses the word **tongue** figuratively to represent the mouth and what comes out of the mouth. Paul is figuratively describing what is said by associating it with the the tongue. If this is not clear in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “every mouth will declare” or “every being will say” or “everyone will say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) PHP 2 11 mr2i grammar-connect-logic-goal εἰς δόξαν Θεοῦ Πατρὸς 1 to the glory of God the Father Here, the word **to** expresses result. Alternate translation: “with the result that God the Father will be honored” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) -PHP 2 12 jnp3 grammar-connect-words-phrases ὥστε 0 Connecting Statement: The phrase **So then** shows that [2:5-11](../2/5-11.md) is logically connected to [2:12-18](../2/12-18.md). The phrase **So then** introduces this section [2:12-18](../2/12-18.md) in which Paul gives practical directions regarding how the Philippian Christians should apply what Paul wrote about in [2:5-11](../2/5-11.md). The phrase **So then** shows that what follows it is the desired result of what precedes it in [2:5-11](../2/5-11.md). Consider the best word or phrase, in your language, to express the meaning of this phrase. Alternate translation: “Therefore” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) +PHP 2 12 jnp3 grammar-connect-words-phrases ὥστε 1 Connecting Statement: The phrase **So then** shows that [2:5-11](../2/5-11.md) is logically connected to [2:12-18](../2/12-18.md). The phrase **So then** introduces this section [2:12-18](../2/12-18.md) in which Paul gives practical directions regarding how the Philippian Christians should apply what Paul wrote about in [2:5-11](../2/5-11.md). The phrase **So then** shows that what follows it is the desired result of what precedes it in [2:5-11](../2/5-11.md). Consider the best word or phrase, in your language, to express the meaning of this phrase. Alternate translation: “Therefore” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) PHP 2 12 e359 ἀγαπητοί μου 1 my beloved Here, the word **beloved** refers to the Christians in Philippi. Paul uses this word to express how much he loves the Christians in Philippi. Consider the using an equivalent phrase in your language that would express love and affection. Alternate translation: “my dear fellow believers” PHP 2 12 c1ix ὡς ἐν τῇ παρουσίᾳ μου 1 in my presence “when I am there with you” PHP 2 12 u5ng ἐν τῇ ἀπουσίᾳ μου 1 in my absence “when I am not there with you” @@ -205,7 +207,7 @@ PHP 2 16 heo4 εἰς καύχημα ἐμοὶ 1 Alternate translation: “so PHP 2 16 q7y8 figs-explicit εἰς ἡμέραν Χριστοῦ, 1 on the day of Christ The phrase **the day of Christ** refers to the time in the future when Christ will return. If it would be clearer in your language you could say that explicitly. Alternate translation: “when Christ returns” or “at the time Christ returns” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PHP 2 16 m5aq figs-parallelism οὐκ εἰς κενὸν ἔδραμον, οὐδὲ εἰς κενὸν ἐκοπίασα 1 I did not run in vain nor labor in vain The phrases **run in vain** and **labor in vain** have very similar meanings here. Paul uses these two phrases together to emphasize how hard he has worked to help people believe in Christ and mature in their obedience and love for him. You may translate theses two phrases separately, as the ULT does, or if it would be clearer in your language you may translate them together as a single phrase. Alternate translation: “I did not work so hard for nothing” or “I did not work hard with no lasting results” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) PHP 2 16 m1z7 figs-metaphor οὐκ εἰς κενὸν ἔδραμον 1 I did … run Here, Paul uses the word **run** metaphorically to mean “work”. Here, Paul specifically means “work for the advancement of the gospel” among the Philippians. Paul uses the word **run** to bring to the Philippians mind the image of a runner who is running in a race toward a finish line in order to win a prize. If this is familiar to people in your culture consider using this metaphor but if this image is not familiar to your readers consider stating this idea in plain language. Alternate translation: “I did not work for the advancement of the gospel uselessly” or “I did not work for the spread of the good news for nothing” or “I did not run the race uselessly”( See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PHP 2 16 wyyg figs-activepassive εἰς κενὸν…εἰς κενὸν 2 If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the abstract noun **vain** using an adjectival phrase. Alternate translation: “uselessly” or “with no results” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) +PHP 2 16 wyyg figs-activepassive εἰς κενὸν…εἰς κενὸν 1



If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the abstract noun **vain** using an adjectival phrase. Alternate translation: “uselessly” or “with no results” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) PHP 2 16 btgu figs-explicit οὐδὲ εἰς κενὸν ἐκοπίασα 1 Here, Paul uses the word **labor** to refer to his spiritual work of sharing the gospel with the Philippian believers and working to help them grow in spiritual maturity. Paul assumes that his readers will know that he is referring to his spiritual work among them. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “or work hard in trying to help you believe in Christ and obey him for nothing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) PHP 2 16 xwyy figs-explicit εἰς κενὸν ἐκοπίασα 1 Alternate translation: “work hard for nothing” or “work hard and see no results” PHP 2 17 p9km grammar-connect-words-phrases ἀλλ’ εἰ καὶ 1 **But even if** connects the idea of running and laboring for the advance of the gospel, which Paul discussed in [2:16](../02/16.md), with what he says in the rest of this verse. Consider how to translate this phrase in your language in a way that shows this connection. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])