RUT front intro f68r 0 # Introduction to Ruth<br>## Part 1: General Introduction<br><br>#### Outline of Ruth<br><br>1. How Ruth came to Bethlehem with Naomi (1:1–22)<br>1. Boaz helps Ruth as she gleans (2:1–23)<br>1. Boaz and Ruth at the threshing floor (3:1–18)<br>1. How Ruth became the wife of Boaz (4:1–16)<br>1. Obed born to Ruth and Boaz; the genealogy of David (4:13–22)<br><br>#### What is the Book of Ruth about?<br><br>This book is about a non-Israelite woman named Ruth. It tells how she came to join the people of Yahweh. The book also explains how Ruth became an ancestor of King David.<br><br>#### How should the title of this book be translated?<br><br>This book traditionally has the title "Ruth" because she is the main person in it. Translators can use a title such as "The Book about Ruth." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])<br><br>#### When did the events in the Book of Ruth occur?<br><br>The story of Ruth is set during the time when there were "judges" in Israel. These were men and women whom God chose to help the Israelites defeat their enemies. These leaders usually continued to help the people by deciding disputes among them. They also helped them make important decisions. Many of these leaders served all the people of Israel, but some of them may have served only certain tribes.<br><br>## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts<br><br>#### Why does Scripture include a book about a woman from the foreign land of Moab?<br><br>In a period when Israel was often unfaithful to Yahweh, a woman from Moab shows great faith in him. The Israelites' frequent lack of faith in Yahweh is contrasted with the faith of this woman from a foreign land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]])<br><br>#### What important marriage custom is found in the Book of Ruth?<br><br>Israelites practiced what is called "levirate marriage." This was a custom for the closest male relative to provide for a childless widow by marrying her. Any children born to them were to be regarded as children of the dead man. They did this so that the dead man would still have descendants. If the closest relative did not marry the woman, another relative could.<br><br>#### What was a "kinsman-redeemer"?<br><br>A person's close relative or relatives were expected to act as "kinsmen-redeemers" (2:20 ULT) for him or her. They were responsible to provide for a relative in need. They were also responsible to practice "levirate marriage." In the Book of Ruth, Boaz is one such kinsman-redeemer.<br><br>#### What was "gleaning" in the Book of Ruth?<br><br>Poor people were allowed to follow after the men who harvested a field. These "gleaners" picked up sheaves of grain that the harvesters missed or dropped. In this way, poor people were able to find some food. Ruth became a gleaner in a field belonging to Boaz.<br><br>#### What is covenant faithfulness or covenant loyalty?<br><br>A covenant is a formal, binding agreement between two parties that one or both parties must fulfill. Covenant faithfulness or covenant loyalty is when a person does what they said they would do, according to a covenant they had with someone else. God promised that he would love and be faithful to the Israelites. The Israelites were to do the same toward him and toward each other.<br><br>The Book of Ruth shows that what kinsmen-redeemers do for their relatives are part of Israel's duties in God's covenant with them. The story of Boaz, Ruth and Naomi gives good examples to all of Israel of the good effects of covenant faithfulness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenantfaith]])<br><br>#### What function did city gates have in the ancient Near East?<br><br>City gates in the time of Boaz were natural meeting places for the city elders. Elders were honored men who decided business matters and legal matters together. The city walls were large, perhaps two to three meters in width. Therefore the gateway opening provided a shady area for public meetings. For this reason, Boaz and the other elders sat in the gateway.<br><br>Some English Bible versions
RUT 01 intro irf4 0 # Ruth 01 General Notes<br>#### Structure and formatting<br><br>##### "It happened in the days when the judges ruled"<br>The events of this book occur during the period of Judges. The book is concurrent with the book of Judges. To understand the historical context of the book, the translator may wish to review the book of Judges.<br><br>#### Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>##### Women without a husband or children<br>In the ancient Near East, if a woman lacked a husband or sons, she was considered to be in a dire circumstance. She would not have been able to provide for herself. This is why Naomi told her daughters to remarry.<br><br>#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>##### Contrast<br>The actions of Ruth the Moabite are intended to contrast with the actions of Naomi the Jew. Ruth shows great faith in Naomi's god, while Naomi does not trust in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])<br>
RUT 01 01 sb2j 0 It happened "It was" or "This is what happened." This is a common way of beginning a historical story.
RUT 01 01 m9nl 0 in the days when the judges ruled "during the time when judges led and governed Israel"
RUT 01 01 nm13 figs-explicit 0 in the land This refers to the land of Israel. Alternate translation: "in the land of Israel" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
RUT 01 01 mmb4 0 a certain man "a man." This is a common way of introducing a character into a story.
RUT 01 02 e53a 0 Ephrathites of Bethlehem of Judah They were people from the tribe of Ephraim who settled at Bethlehem in the region of Judea.
RUT 01 03 rxb1 0 she was left with her two sons "Naomi had only her two sons with her"
RUT 01 04 pk7g figs-idiom 0 took wives "married women." This is an idiom for marrying women. They did not take women who were already married. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
RUT 01 04 k7y9 0 from the women of Moab Naomi's sons married women who were from the tribe of Moab. The Moabites worshiped other gods.
RUT 01 04 aee6 0 the name of one ... the name of the other "the name of one woman ... the name of the other woman"
RUT 01 04 rt4c 0 ten years Ten years after Elimelek and Naomi came to the country of Moab, their sons Mahlon and Kilion died.
RUT 01 05 dbr3 0 leaving Naomi Naomi was widowed.
RUT 01 06 sa4z figs-explicit 0 she had heard in the region of Moab "while Naomi was living in Moab she heard." It is implied that the news came from Israel. Alternate translation: "she heard from Israel while in the region of Moab" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
RUT 01 06 ser2 0 Yahweh This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this.
RUT 01 06 v86z 0 had helped his people in need God saw their need and provided good harvests for them.
RUT 01 06 u9q2 0 daughters-in-law the women who married Naomi's sons
RUT 01 07 w7ti figs-idiom 0 they walked down the road "they walked along the road." To walk down a road is an expression for walking away. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
RUT 01 08 lxs2 figs-you 0 each of you Naomi was talking to two people, so languages that have a dual form of "you" would use that throughout her talk. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
RUT 01 08 hsf7 0 your mother's house "to the home of each of your mothers"
RUT 01 08 hh5j 0 shown kindness "demonstrated that you are loyal"
RUT 01 08 i262 0 kindness "kindness" includes the ideas of love, kindness, and faithfulness.
RUT 01 08 g4r8 figs-idiom 0 toward the dead "to your husbands, who died." Naomi was referring to her two sons that died. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
RUT 01 09 pm6y 0 grant you "give you" or "allow you to have"
RUT 01 09 c74v 0 you find rest "Rest" here includes security in marriage.
RUT 01 09 v2vx figs-metonymy 0 in the house of another husband with their new husbands, not someone else's husband. This refers to both a physical house that belongs to the husband, and to the protection from shame by being married. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
RUT 01 09 t69w figs-idiom 0 they raised their voices and cried To raise the voice is an idiom for speaking loudly. The daughters cried out loud or wept bitterly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
RUT 01 10 mag8 figs-exclusive 0 We will return When Orpah and Ruth said "we," they were referring to themselves and not Naomi. So languages that have inclusive and exclusive "we" would use the exclusive form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
RUT 01 10 bq4j figs-you 0 with you Here "you" is the singular form referring to Naomi. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
RUT 01 11 ggi3 figs-rquestion 0 Why will you go with me? This is a rhetorical question. Alternate translation: "It does not make sense for you to go with me." or "You should not go with me." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
RUT 01 11 q2hn figs-rquestion 0 Do I still have sons in my womb for you, so that they may become your husbands? Naomi uses this question to say she cannot have other sons for them to marry. Alternate translation: "Obviously it is not possible for me to have any more sons who could become your husbands." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
RUT 01 12 dyc4 figs-explicit 0 too old to have a husband The reason a husband would be important can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "too old to marry again and bear more children" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
RUT 01 12 kh9g 0 give birth to sons "bear children" or "deliver baby boys"
RUT 01 13 gmc2 figs-rquestion 0 would you therefore wait until they were grown? Would you choose not to marry a husband? These are rhetorical questions, which do not expect an answer. Alternate translation: "you would not wait until they were grown up so that you could marry them. You would choose to marry a husband now." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
RUT 01 13 gh99 figs-metaphor 0 It is exceedingly bitter to me Bitterness is a metaphor for grief, and what grieves her can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "It greatly grieves me that you have no husbands" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] or [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
RUT 01 13 z9u3 figs-metonymy 0 the hand of Yahweh has gone out against me The word "hand" refers to Yahweh's power or influence. Alternate translation: "Yahweh has caused terrible things to happen to me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
RUT 01 14 n47v figs-idiom 0 lifted up their voices and cried This means that they cried out loud or wept bitterly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
RUT 01 14 t4sl figs-explicit 0 Ruth held on to her "Ruth clung to her." Alternate translation: "Ruth refused to leave her" or "Ruth would not leave her" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
RUT 01 15 ld6g 0 Listen, your sister-in-law "Pay attention, because what I am about to say is both true and important, your sister-in-law"
RUT 01 15 nqm3 0 your sister-in-law "the wife of your husband's brother" or "Orpah"
RUT 01 15 man4 0 her gods Before Orpah and Ruth married Naomi's sons, they worshiped the gods of Moab. During their marriage, they began to worship Naomi's God.
RUT 01 16 z5ug 0 where you stay "where you live"
RUT 01 16 b518 figs-explicit 0 your people will be my people Ruth is referring to Naomi's people, the Israelites. Alternate translation: "I will consider the people of your country as being my own people" or "I will consider your relatives as my own relatives" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
RUT 01 17 lql7 figs-idiom 0 Where you die, I will die This refers to Ruth's desire to spend the rest of her life living in the same place and town as Naomi. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
RUT 01 17 sje3 figs-idiom 0 May Yahweh punish me, and even more, if This refers to Ruth asking God to punish her if she does not do what she said like the english idiom "God forbid, if." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
RUT 01 18 rsq2 0 she stopped arguing with her "Naomi stopped arguing with Ruth"
RUT 01 19 j9wa writing-newevent 0 It happened "It came about." This is marking a new story line. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
RUT 01 19 y3us figs-metonymy 0 the entire town The "town" refer to the people who live there. Alternate translation: "everyone in the town" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
RUT 01 19 xnb3 0 Is this Naomi? Since it has been many years since Naomi lived in Bethlehem and no longer has her husband and two sons, it is likely the women were expressing doubt as to if this woman was actually Naomi. Treat as a real question, not rhetorical.
RUT 01 20 stw5 0 Do not call me Naomi The name "Naomi" means "my delight." Since Naomi lost her husband and sons, she no longer feels her life matches her name.
RUT 01 20 swe9 translate-names 0 Bitter This is a translation of the meaning of the name. It is also often translated according to its sound as "Mara." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
RUT 01 21 n9zc 0 I went out full, but Yahweh has brought me home again empty When Naomi left Bethlehem, her husband and two sons were living, and she was happy. Naomi blames Yahweh for the death of her husband and sons, saying that he has caused her to return to Bethlehem without them, and now she is bitter and unhappy.
RUT 01 21 jqx5 0 condemned me "judged me guilty"
RUT 01 21 t1p8 0 has afflicted me "has brought calamity on me" or "has brought tragedy to me"
RUT 01 22 cx7g writing-endofstory 0 So Naomi and Ruth This begins a summary statement. English marks this by the word "so." Determine how your language marks concluding or summary statements and do the same. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-endofstory]])
RUT 01 22 bgy3 figs-abstractnouns 0 at the beginning of the barley harvest The phrase "the barley harvest" can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: "when the farmers were just beginning to harvest barley" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
RUT 02 intro ld2v 0 # Ruth 02 General Notes<br>#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>##### "Do not go and glean in another field"<br>Boaz said this because he could not guarantee their safety in another person's field. It is assumed that not everyone was as gracious and obedient to the law of Moses as Boaz. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])<br>
RUT 02 01 t2sn writing-background 0 Now Naomi had a relative of her husband This phrase introduces new information before the story continues. Your language may have a way to introduce new information. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
RUT 02 01 b4q7 0 a worthy man "a prominent, wealthy man." This means that Boaz was prosperous and well known in his community, with a good reputation.
RUT 02 02 am6a 0 Ruth, the Moabite woman Here the story resumes. You need to see how your language restarts a story after a break.
RUT 02 02 c7rk 0 the Moabite woman This is another way of saying the woman was from the country or tribe of Moab.
RUT 02 02 qt4q 0 glean what remains among the ears of grain "gather kernels of grain left behind by the harvesters" or "pick up kernels of grain left behind by the harvesters"
RUT 02 02 yn9b 0 the ears "the heads" or "the stalks." The "ears" are the parts of a grain plant that contain the grain.
RUT 02 02 j59b figs-idiom 0 in whose eyes I will find favor The phrase "found favor" is an idiom which means to be approved of by someone. Ruth speaks of gaining someone's favor as gaining permission or approval. Also, the eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts and judgement. Alternate translation: "who will grant me permission to glean" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
RUT 02 02 ed93 0 daughter Ruth was caring for Naomi as if she were her own mother. Make sure it is possible in your language to use this word for someone who is not an actual daughter.
RUT 02 03 ht73 0 She happened to come Ruth was not aware that the field she picked to glean in belonged to Naomi's relative Boaz.
RUT 02 04 vys2 0 Behold, Boaz The word "behold" alerts us to the important event of Boaz arriving at the field. Your language may also have a specific way of introducing important events or characters.
RUT 02 04 q1lv 0 came from Bethlehem The fields were an unspecified distance outside of Bethlehem.
RUT 02 04 r4bl 0 bless you "give you good things" or "make you happy"
RUT 02 05 a5ht 0 What man does this young woman belong to? Possible meanings are 1) Boaz was asking about Ruth's husband or 2) Boaz was asking about Ruth's parents or current guardians.
RUT 02 05 sdf9 0 was supervising "was in charge of" or "was managing"
RUT 02 07 kj7a 0 the house "the hut" or "the shelter." This was a temporary shelter or garden hut in the field that provided shade from the sun.
RUT 02 08 ltk3 figs-rquestion 0 Are you listening to me, my daughter This can be reworded as a command. Alternate translation: "Listen to me, my daughter" or "Note well what I am telling you, my daughter" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
RUT 02 08 ke9b figs-idiom 0 my daughter This was a kind way of addressing a younger woman. Ruth was not the actual daughter of Boaz, so make sure the translation of this does not make it sound like she was. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
RUT 02 09 jq6n figs-metonymy 0 Keep your eyes only on the field The eyes represent watching something or paying attention to something. Alternate translation: "Watch only the field" or "Pay attention only to the field" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
RUT 02 09 xc6u figs-rquestion 0 Have I not instructed the men ... you? Boaz used this question to emphasize what he had already done to help Ruth. Alternate translation: "I have given the men strict instructions ... you." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
RUT 02 09 ub62 0 men ... the other women "young male workers ... young female workers." The word "men" is used three times to refer to the young men who are harvesting in the field. Some languages can say this using one word, and they have a different word that means young women workers.
RUT 02 09 v5e4 0 not to touch you Possible meanings are 1) the men were not to harm Ruth or 2) the men were not to stop her from gleaning in his field.
RUT 02 09 ahr7 0 the water that the men have drawn To draw water means to pull up water from a well or to take it out of a storage vessel.
RUT 02 10 az6y 0 she bowed down before Boaz, touching her face to the ground These are acts of respect and reverence. She was showing honor to Boaz out of gratefulness for what he had done for her. It was also a posture of humility. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction])
RUT 02 10 ug7p 0 Why have I found such favor ... a foreigner? Ruth is asking a real question.
RUT 02 10 x6f8 0 foreigner Ruth had pledged her loyalty to the God of Israel in private, but she was known publicly as "the Moabitess."
RUT 02 11 app6 figs-activepassive 0 It has been reported to me This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "People have reported to me" or "People have told me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
RUT 02 11 r44n figs-metonymy 0 to come to a people Boaz is referring to Ruth coming to dwell with Naomi in a village and community, a country, and religion she did not know. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
RUT 02 12 x5ct 0 reward you "repay you" or "pay you back"
RUT 02 12 s2vm 0 for your deed This is an act of faith, choosing to live with Naomi in Bethlehem and trusting Naomi's God.
RUT 02 12 gnn5 figs-parallelism 0 May you receive full payment from Yahweh This is a poetic expression that is very similar to the previous sentence. Alternate translation: "May Yahweh give back to you even more than you have given" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
RUT 02 12 eh86 figs-metaphor 0 under whose wings you have found refuge Boaz uses the picture of a mother bird gathering her chicks under her wings to protect them, in order to describe God's protection for those who trust in him. Alternate translation: "in whose safe care you have placed yourself" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
RUT 02 13 v2q1 figs-idiom 0 Let me find favor in your eyes Here "find favor" is an idiom that means be approved of or that he is pleased with her. Here "eyes" are a metonym for sight, and sight is a metaphor representing his evaluation. Alternate translation: "Please accept me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
RUT 02 13 zc5n 0 I am not one of your female servants Possible meanings are 1) Ruth was not one of Boaz's female servants or 2) Ruth did not think her marriage to Naomi's son granted her any privilege in Bethlehem.
RUT 02 14 yht2 0 At mealtime This refers to the noontime meal.
RUT 02 14 p256 0 dip your morsel in the wine vinegar This was a simple meal eaten in the field. People would sit on the ground around a cloth that had a bowl of wine vinegar on it and plates of broken bread. They would dip their bread in the vinegar bowl to wet it and add flavor before they ate it.
RUT 02 14 xr6s 0 wine vinegar a sauce that bread was dipped in. The Israelites further fermented some of their wine to make vinegar.
RUT 02 15 v6wr 0 As she got up to gather up grain, Boaz commanded his young men In the context of the commands, it is likely that Ruth was far enough away not to hear Boaz's instructions. Alternate translation: "And when Ruth got up to gather up grain, Boaz privately told his young men"
RUT 02 15 rct9 0 As she got up "As she stood up"
RUT 02 15 a5z9 0 even among the bundles Here "even" denotes "above and beyond what one normally does." Boaz instructs his workers to let Ruth glean around the bundles of grain. People who were gleaning were normally forbidden from working that close to the harvested grain.
RUT 02 16 u6hv 0 pull out for her some ears of grain from the bundles "take some stalks of grain out of the bundles and leave them for her" or "leave behind stalks of grain for her to collect"
RUT 02 16 nn9l 0 do not rebuke her "do not cause her shame" or "do not dishonor her"
RUT 02 17 h3ap 0 beat out She separated the edible part of the grain from the hull and stalk, which is thrown away.
RUT 02 17 rdx2 figs-idiom 0 ears of grain This refers to the eatable part of the grain. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
RUT 02 17 mq6b translate-bvolume 0 about an ephah of barley An ephah is a unit of measurement equal to about 22 liters. Alternate translation: "about 22 liters of barley" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume]])
RUT 02 18 etn8 figs-explicit 0 She lifted it up and went into the city It is implied that Ruth carried the grain home. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
RUT 02 18 r6sz 0 her mother-in-law saw "Naomi saw"
RUT 02 19 bg28 figs-parallelism 0 Where have you gleaned today? Where did you go to work? Naomi said almost the same thing in two different ways to show that she was very interested in knowing what had happened to Ruth that day. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
RUT 02 20 p8km 0 he be blessed by Yahweh Naomi is asking God to reward Boaz for his kindness to Ruth and herself.
RUT 02 20 ur7z figs-doublenegatives 0 who has not left off his loyalty "who has continued to be loyal." Possible meanings are 1) Boaz remembered his obligations to Naomi as a family member or 2) Naomi is referring to Yahweh, who was acting through Boaz or 3) Yahweh has continued to be faithful to the living and the dead. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
RUT 02 20 ljz3 0 to the living "to the people who are still living." Naomi and Ruth were the "living."
RUT 02 20 wjr4 figs-nominaladj 0 the dead Naomi's husband and sons were the "dead." This can be stated differently to remove the nominal adjective "the dead." Alternate translation: "the people who have already died" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
RUT 02 20 cyy2 figs-parallelism 0 near of kin to us, one of our kinsman-redeemers The second phrase repeats and expands the first. This is a Hebrew style of emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
RUT 02 20 zu5f 0 kinsman-redeemers A kinsman-redeemer was a close male relative who could rescue a childless widow from financial ruin by marrying her and having a child with her. He would also reacquire the land his relatives had lost due to poverty and redeem family members who had sold themselves into slavery.
RUT 02 21 k2lz 0 Indeed, he said to me "He even said to me." This indicates that what follows is the most important part of Boaz's words to Ruth.
RUT 02 21 g585 0 keep close to my young men Boaz was referring to the physical protection his men can provide her.
RUT 02 22 f2tw 0 go out with "work with"
RUT 02 22 bcc4 0 come to harm Possible meanings are 1) other workers might abuse Ruth or try to seize her and sleep with her or 2) in another field, the owner might interfere or stop her from gleaning until the end of the harvest.
RUT 02 23 e2vq 0 she stayed close Ruth worked in Boaz's fields with his workers during the day, so she would be safe.
RUT 02 23 a7qp 0 She lived with her mother-in-law Ruth went to Naomi's home to sleep at night.
RUT 03 intro t4y5 0 # Ruth 03 General Notes<br>#### Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>##### Boaz's integrity<br>Boaz showed great integrity in this chapter by not having sexual relations with Ruth. He was also concerned with how people would see Ruth if they caught her in this position. Boaz's character is important for this story.<br><br>#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>##### "So that things may go well for you"<br>Naomi attempted to make Ruth desirable to Boaz so that he would want to marry her. Even though she was a Gentile by birth, Boaz could marry her because she was, by marriage, Naomi's daughter. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])<br>
RUT 03 01 r7ar 0 mother-in-law Naomi is the mother of Ruth's dead husband.
RUT 03 01 f1uc 0 My daughter Ruth became Naomi's daughter by marrying her son and further by her actions in caring for Naomi after returning to Bethlehem.
RUT 03 01 nxr8 figs-rquestion 0 should I not seek a place for you to rest ... for you? Naomi uses this question to tell Ruth what she planned to do. Alternate translation: "I must look for a place for you to rest ... for you." or "I must find a husband to care for you ... for you." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
RUT 03 01 uw2p figs-metaphor 0 a place for you to rest Possible meanings are 1) literally in finding a house for her to live in or 2) figuratively in finding a husband to care for her. Naomi probably had both senses in mind. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
RUT 03 02 j31t figs-explicit 0 female workers you have been with The translation can make explicit that she was working in the fields with these female workers. Alternate translation: "female workers you have been with in the fields" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
RUT 03 02 b4h8 figs-rquestion 0 is he not our kinsman? Naomi probably used this question to remind Ruth of something she had already told her. Alternate translation: "he is our relative." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
RUT 03 02 nd8v 0 Look This term indicates that the following statement is very important.
RUT 03 02 ms25 0 winnowing To winnow means to separate grain from the unwanted chaff by tossing both the grain and chaff into the air, allowing the wind to blow the chaff away.
RUT 03 03 ru6z 0 anoint yourself This is probably a reference to rubbing sweet-smelling oil on oneself, much as women put on perfume today.
RUT 03 03 e92h figs-idiom 0 go down to the threshing floor This refers to leaving the city and heading to the threshing area. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
RUT 03 04 ln1m translate-symaction 0 uncover his feet This means to remove the cloak or blanket covering his feet so that they would be exposed to the cold. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
RUT 03 04 l4we 0 lie down there "lie down at his feet"
RUT 03 04 w1u5 0 Then he will tell you what to do The specific custom of that time is unclear, but this is usually understood as a culturally acceptable way for a woman to tell a man that she was willing to marry him. Boaz would understand the custom and accept or reject her offer.
RUT 03 04 nn4g 0 Then he will "When he wakes up, he will"
RUT 03 07 fz7e figs-synecdoche 0 his heart was merry Here Boaz is referred to by his heart. It does not imply Boaz was overly drunk. Alternate translation: "he was satisfied" or "he was in a good mood" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
RUT 03 07 y6gk 0 she came softly "she sneaked in" or "she came in quietly so no one would hear her"
RUT 03 07 eq2u 0 uncovered his feet "removed his blanket from his feet"
RUT 03 07 pb6l 0 lay down "lay down at his feet"
RUT 03 08 pz92 0 It came about This phrase is used here to mark an important event in the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here.
RUT 03 08 qsm2 0 at midnight "in the middle of the night"
RUT 03 08 xun6 0 was startled It is not clear what startled Boaz. Perhaps he suddenly felt the cold air on his feet.
RUT 03 08 c23j figs-idiom 0 He turned over He looked to see what startled him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
RUT 03 08 e7ui 0 a woman was lying at his feet The woman was Ruth, but Boaz could not recognize her in the darkness.
RUT 03 09 wj9e 0 your female servant Ruth spoke with humility to Boaz.
RUT 03 09 xp1b figs-idiom 0 Spread your cloak over your female servant This was a cultural idiom for marriage. Alternate translation: "Marry me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
RUT 03 09 l5g4 0 near kinsman a close relative with special responsibilities toward their extended family
RUT 03 10 bjw9 0 more kindness in the latter end than at the beginning "even more kindness now than before"
RUT 03 10 e7ka 0 more kindness in the latter end This refers to Ruth asking Boaz to marry her. By marrying Naomi's relative, Ruth would provide for Naomi and demonstrate great kindness to Naomi.
RUT 03 10 cbd3 0 at the beginning This refers to the way Ruth had earlier provided for her mother-in-law by staying with her and gleaning grain for food for them.
RUT 03 10 n84d figs-idiom 0 because you have not gone after "you have not pursued marriage with." Ruth could have ignored Naomi's need and looked for a husband for herself outside of Naomi's relatives. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
RUT 03 11 ei93 0 my daughter Boaz used this expression as a sign of respect toward Ruth as a younger woman.
RUT 03 12 fvq5 0 kinsman nearer than I It was the duty of the closest male relative to help the widow.
RUT 03 13 gcl8 figs-explicit 0 if he will perform for you the duty of a kinsman Boaz is referring to the expectation that the closest male relative of Ruth's dead husband would marry her and help carry on his family name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
RUT 03 13 tkz9 0 by the life of Yahweh "as surely as Yahweh lives." This was a common Hebrew vow.
RUT 03 14 vn8p 0 she lay at his feet Ruth slept at Boaz' feet. They did not have sex.
RUT 03 14 dwx1 0 before anyone could recognize another person This time of day can be spoken of in terms of darkness. Alternate translation: "while it was still dark"
RUT 03 15 hj1e 0 shawl a piece of cloth worn over the shoulders
RUT 03 15 f5zg 0 six large measures of barley The actual amount is not stated. It was enough to be considered generous, yet small enough for Ruth to carry alone. Some think it was about 30 kilograms.
RUT 03 15 gdn8 0 put the load on her The amount of grain was so great that Ruth needed help picking it up to carry it.
RUT 03 15 aj7u 0 Then he went into the city Most ancient copies have "he went," but some have "she went." There are English versions with both. The better choice is "he went."
RUT 03 16 s7dr figs-explicit 0 How did you do, my daughter? What Ruth meant by this question can be made more clear. Alternate translation: "What happened, my daughter?" or "How did Boaz act toward you?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
RUT 03 16 w9p9 0 all that the man had done "all that Boaz had done"
RUT 03 17 e9xx 0 Do not go empty "Do not go empty-handed" or "Do not go with nothing" or "Be sure to take something"
RUT 03 18 u5rn 0 finished this thing This refers to the decision about who will buy Naomi's property and marry Ruth.
RUT 04 intro pz6m 0 # Ruth 04 General Notes<br>#### Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>##### King David<br>Despite being a Moabitess, Ruth became an ancestor of David. David was Israel's greatest king. It is shocking a Gentile would become a part of such an important lineage. She had great faith in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])<br><br>#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>##### "You must also take Ruth the Moabitess"<br>Because Naomi had no son, her daughter-in-law Ruth needed to be provided for. Therefore, the relative who wanted to use her land had to also help Ruth to have a son who would come to provide for her.<br><br>##### "This was the custom in former times"<br>This is a comment made by the writer of the text. He functions as a narrator in this instance. It indicates that there was a considerable period of time between the events that occurred and the time they were written down.<br>## Links:<br><br>* __[Ruth 04:01 Notes](./01.md)__<br><br>__[<<](../03/intro.md) | __<br>
RUT 04 01 m4by 0 the gate "the gate of the city" or "the gate of Bethlehem." This was the main entrance to the walled town of Bethlehem. There was an open area by the gate that was used as a meeting place to discuss community matters.
RUT 04 01 kz1g 0 the near kinsman This was the closest living relative to Elimelek.
RUT 04 02 bf74 0 elders of the city "leaders of the city"
RUT 04 03 es9g 0 Naomi ... is selling the parcel of land It was the responsibility of the kinsman to buy back his relative's land and to care for his family. In this case, it meant the man must buy Naomi's land, marry Ruth, and care for Naomi.
RUT 04 04 c6xi 0 in the presence of This would make the transaction legal and binding.
RUT 04 04 lgq1 0 redeem it This meant to buy the land to keep it within their family.
RUT 04 04 u548 0 I am after you Boaz was the next kinsman in line to redeem the land.
RUT 04 05 ut23 0 On the day that you buy ... you must also Boaz uses this expression to inform his relative of the additional responsibility he will have if he buys the land.
RUT 04 05 ymn8 figs-synecdoche 0 from the hand of Naomi Here the word "hand" represents Naomi, who owns the field. Alternate translation: "from Naomi" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
RUT 04 05 dya3 figs-idiom 0 you must also take Ruth "you must also marry Ruth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
RUT 04 05 b3ps 0 Ruth ... the widow of a dead man "Ruth ... the widow of Elimelek's son"
RUT 04 05 b3sy 0 to raise up the name of the dead "that she may have a son to inherit the property and carry on the name of her dead husband"
RUT 04 06 sx9k 0 damaging my own inheritance He would have to give some of his own wealth to the children that Ruth might bear.
RUT 04 06 sa7h 0 You take my right of redemption for yourself "You redeem it yourself" or "You yourself redeem it instead of me"
RUT 04 07 wga9 writing-background 0 Now this was the custom The writer of the book explains of the custom of exchange during the time of Ruth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
RUT 04 07 lgf5 writing-background 0 in former times "in earlier times." This implies that the customs had changed from when the story took place until the book was written. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
RUT 04 07 xdr7 0 his shoe "his sandal"
RUT 04 07 d46w 0 his neighbor This refers to the person with whom he was making the agreement. In this situation the near kinsman gave Boaz his shoe.
RUT 04 09 zz42 0 to the elders and to all the people This refers to all the people who were present at the meeting place, not to everyone in the town.
RUT 04 09 img5 0 all that was Elimelek's and all that was Kilion's and Mahlon's This refers to all the land and possessions of Naomi's dead husband and sons.
RUT 04 09 lwx9 figs-synecdoche 0 from the hand of Naomi The hand of Naomi represents Naomi. She was responsible for the money exchange. Alternate translation: "from Naomi" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
RUT 04 10 nm32 0 in order that I might raise up the name of the dead man on his inheritance The first son that Ruth bore would be legally considered Mahlon's son and would inherit the land that Boaz bought from Naomi. Alternate translation: "so that I might give her a son who will inherit the dead man's property"
RUT 04 10 gg1m figs-metaphor 0 so that his name will not be cut off from among his brothers and from the gate of his place Being forgotten is spoken of as if one's name were being cut off from a list of people who had lived earlier. Alternate translation: "so that he will not be forgotten by his brothers' descendants and the people of this town" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
RUT 04 10 xpu5 0 the gate of his place The gate of the town is where important legal decisions were made, such as decisions about who owns a piece of land.
RUT 04 11 ua2a 0 people who were in the gate "people who were meeting together near the gate"
RUT 04 11 hg6q figs-metaphor 0 come into your house This has literal and figurative meaning. As Ruth marries Boaz, she will move into his house. House can also refer to becoming part of Boaz's family by being his wife. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
RUT 04 11 q47m 0 like Rachel and Leah These were the two wives of Jacob, whose name was changed to Israel.
RUT 04 11 cz4t 0 built up the house of Israel "bore many children who became the nation of Israel"
RUT 04 11 uk9q 0 may you prosper in Ephrathah Ephrathah is the name of the clan to which Boaz belonged in Bethlehem.
RUT 04 12 fn52 figs-metaphor 0 May your house be like God abundantly blessed Judah through his son Perez. The people were asking God to bless Boaz in a similar way through Ruth's children. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
RUT 04 12 a433 0 Tamar bore to Judah Tamar was also a widow. Judah fathered a son with her, which continued the family name.
RUT 04 12 xym8 0 through the offspring that Yahweh will give you Yahweh would give Boaz children through Ruth.
RUT 04 13 u21g 0 Boaz took Ruth "Boaz married Ruth" or "Boaz took Ruth as a wife"
RUT 04 13 gw77 figs-euphemism 0 He went in to her This is a euphemism that refers to having sexual intercourse. Alternate translation: "He had sexual relations with her" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
RUT 04 14 qj8v figs-doublenegatives 0 who has not left you today without a near kinsman This phrase can be expressed positively. Alternate translation: "who has provided you today with a near kinsman" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
RUT 04 14 p8p3 0 May his name be famous This refers to the reputation and character of Naomi's grandson.
RUT 04 15 hz3e 0 a restorer of life This phrase probably refers to how Naomi will again experience joy and hope in her life as a result of having a new grandson. Alternate translation: "one who brings joy to you again" or "one who will make you feel young again"
RUT 04 15 z5lw 0 a nourisher of your old age "he will take care of you when you become old"
RUT 04 15 rpc3 figs-idiom 0 better to you than seven sons "Seven" was the Hebrew number of completeness. Naomi's sons both died before they produced any offspring, but Ruth bore a grandson to Naomi by Boaz. Alternate translation: "better to you than any son" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
RUT 04 16 k1w4 0 Naomi took the child This refers to Naomi holding the child. Make sure it does not sound like she took him away from Ruth.
RUT 04 16 jn29 0 laid him in her bosom "held him close against her chest." This is a statement of love and affection for the child.
RUT 04 17 fkf2 0 A son has been born to Naomi "The child is like a son to Naomi." It was understood that the child was Naomi's grandson, not her physical son.
RUT 04 17 f9ha figs-explicit 0 father of David "father of King David." Though "king" is not stated, it was clear to the original audience that David was King David. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
RUT 04 18 mzm1 0 the descendants of Perez "the successive descendants." Because it was mentioned earlier that Perez was the son of Judah, the writer continues listing the family line that came from Perez.
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