Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNote
JAS front intro exs3 Introduction to James 0 # Introduction to James<br>## Part 1: General Introduction<br><br>#### Outline of the Book of James<br><br>1. Greetings (1:1)<br>1. Testing and maturity (1:2-18)<br>1. Hearing and doing the Word of God (1:19-27)<br>1. True faith seen in works<br>- Word of God (1:19-27)<br>- Royal law of love (2:1-13)<br>- Works (2:14-26)<br>1. Difficulties in community<br>- Dangers of the tongue (3:1-12)<br>- Wisdom from above (3:13-18)<br>- Worldly desires (4:1-12)<br>1. God's perspective on your decisions<br>- Boasting about tomorrow (4:13-17)<br>- Warning about riches (5:1-6)<br>- Suffering with patience (5:7-11)<br>1. Closing exhortations<br>- Oaths (5:12)<br>- Prayer and healing (5:13-18)<br>- Care for one another (5:19-20)<br><br>#### Who wrote the Book of James?<br><br>The author identifies himself as James. This was probably James, the half-brother of Jesus. James was a leader in the early church and was part of the Jerusalem council. The Apostle Paul also called him a "pillar" of the church.<br><br>This is not the same man as the Apostle James. The Apostle James was killed before this letter was written.<br><br>#### What is the Book of James about?<br><br>In this letter, James encouraged believers who were suffering. He told them know that God uses their suffering to help them become mature Christians. James also told them of the need for believers to do good deeds. He wrote much in this letter about how believers should live and treat one another. For example, he commanded them to treat one another fairly, to not fight with one another, and to use riches wisely.<br><br>James taught his readers by using many examples from nature such as in 1:6, 11 and 3:1-12. Also, many parts of this letter are similar to what Jesus wrote in the Sermon on the Mount (Mat 5-7).<br><br>#### Who were the "twelve tribes in the dispersion"?<br><br>James said he was writing to the "twelve tribes in the dispersion" (1:1). Some scholars think that James was writing to Jewish Christians. Other scholars think that James was writing to all Christians in general. This letter is known as one of the "General Epistles" since it was not written to a specific church or individual.<br><br>#### How should the title of this book be translated?<br><br>Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, "James." Or they may choose a clearer title, such as "A Letter from James" or "The Letter James Wrote." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])<br><br>## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts<br><br>#### Did James disagree with Paul about how a person is justified before God?<br><br>Paul taught in Romans that Christians are justified by faith and not by works. James seems to teach that Christians are justified by works. This can be confusing. But a better understanding of what Paul and James taught shows that they agree with one another. Both of them taught that a person needs faith in order to be justified. And they both taught that true faith will cause a person to do good works. Paul and James taught about these things in different ways because they had different audiences who needed to know different things about being justified. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/works]])<br><br>## Part 3: Important Translation Issues<br><br>#### How should the translator signal transitions between topics in the Book of James?<br><br>The letter quickly changes topics. Sometimes James does not tell the readers that he is about to change topics. It is acceptable to allow the verses to appear disconnected from each other. It may make sense to set the passages apart by starting a new line or putting a space between topics.<br><br>#### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of James?<br><br>* "Do you want to know, foolish man, that faith without works is useless?" (2:20). The ULT, UST, and modern versions read this way. Some older versions read, "Do you want to know, foolish man, that faith without works is dead?
JAS 01 intro pz2q James 01 General Notes 0 # James 01 General Notes<br>#### Structure and formatting<br><br>James formally introduces this letter in verse 1. Writers often began letters in this way in the ancient Near East.<br><br>#### Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>##### Testing and temptation<br><br>These two words occur together in ([James 1:12-13](./12.md)). Both words speak of a person who is able to choose between doing something good and doing something evil. The difference between them is important. God is testing the person and wants him to do what is good. Satan is tempting the person and wants him to do what is evil.<br><br>##### Crowns<br><br>The crown that a man who passes the test receives is a reward, something that people who do something especially good receive. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/reward]])<br><br>#### Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>##### Metaphors<br><br>James uses many metaphors in this chapter, and you will need to understand the material on the metaphor page before you can translate them well. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])<br><br>#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>##### "To the twelve tribes in the dispersion"<br><br>It is not clear to whom James wrote this letter. He calls himself a servant of the Lord Jesus Christ, so he was probably writing to Christians. But he calls his readers "the twelve tribes in the dispersion," words which usually refer to Jews. It is possible that he is using the words as a metaphor for "all people whom God has chosen" or that he wrote the letter at a time when most Christians had grown up as Jews.<br>
JAS 01 01 ssc8 0 General Information: The apostle James writes this letter to all the Christians. Many of them were Jews, and they lived in many different places.
JAS 01 01 pkt2 figs-explicit 0 James, a servant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ The phrase "this letter is from" is implied. Alternate translation: "This letter is from James, a servant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
JAS 01 01 l4i7 figs-synecdoche 0 to the twelve tribes Possible meanings are 1) this is a synecdoche for Jewish Christians, or 2) this is a metaphor for all Christians. Alternate translation: "to God's faithful people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS 01 01 vza9 figs-abstractnouns 0 in the dispersion The term "dispersion" normally referred to the Jews who were scattered in other countries, away from their homeland Israel. This abstract noun can be expressed with a phrase with the verb "scattered." Alternate translation: "who are scattered around the world" or "who live in other countries" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JAS 01 01 huk9 0 Greetings! a basic greeting, such as "Hello!" or "Good day!"
JAS 01 02 knw6 0 Consider it all joy, my brothers, when you experience various troubles "My fellow believers, think of all your different kinds of troubles as something to celebrate"
JAS 01 03 xud2 figs-abstractnouns 0 the testing of your faith produces endurance The expressions "the testing," "your faith," and "endurance" are nouns that stand for actions. God does the testing, that is, he finds out how much the believers trust and obey him. Believers ("you") believe in him and endure suffering. Alternate translation: "when you suffer hardships, God is finding out how much you trust him. As a result, you will become able to endure even more hardships" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JAS 01 04 j2p4 figs-personification 0 Let endurance complete its work Here endurance is spoken of as if it were a person at work. Alternate translation: "Learn to endure any hardship" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
JAS 01 04 unh4 0 fully developed able to trust in Christ and obey him in all circumstances
JAS 01 04 l7ef 0 not lacking anything This can be stated in the positive. Alternate translation: "having all that you need" or "being all that you need to be"
JAS 01 05 du7z 0 ask for it from God, the one who gives "ask God for it. He is the one who gives"
JAS 01 05 q2df 0 gives generously and without rebuke to all "gives generously and does not rebuke any"
JAS 01 05 xu31 0 he will give it "God will do it" or "God will answer your prayer"
JAS 01 06 y2mk figs-doublenegatives 0 in faith, doubting nothing This can be stated in the positive. Alternate translation: "with complete certainty that God will answer" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
JAS 01 06 p12l figs-simile 0 For anyone who doubts is like a wave in the sea that is driven by the wind and tossed around Anyone who doubts that God will help him is said to be like the water in the ocean or in a large lake, which keeps moving in different directions. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
JAS 01 08 b5t6 figs-metaphor 0 is double-minded The word "double-minded" refers to a person's thoughts when he is unable to make a decision. Alternate translation: "cannot decide if he will follow Jesus or not" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS 01 08 k89p figs-metaphor 0 unstable in all his ways Here this person is spoken of as if he cannot stay on one path but instead goes from one to another. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS 01 09 gc9b 0 the poor brother "the believer who does not have much money"
JAS 01 09 yxs5 figs-metaphor 0 boast of his high position Someone whom God has honored is spoken of as if he were standing in a high place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS 01 10 uzk7 figs-ellipsis 0 but the rich man of his low position The words "let boast" are understood from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: "but let the rich man boast of his low position" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
JAS 01 10 w4ta 0 but the rich man "but the man who has a lot of money." Possible meanings are 1) the rich man is a believer or 2) the rich man is an unbeliever.
JAS 01 10 ulk4 figs-ellipsis 0 of his low position A rich believer should be happy if God causes him to suffer. Alternate translation: "should be happy that God has given him difficulties" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
JAS 01 10 nug7 figs-simile 0 he will pass away as a wild flower in the grass Rich people are spoken of as being similar to wild flowers, which are alive for only a short time. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
JAS 01 11 gv7v figs-metaphor 0 its beauty perishes A flower no longer being beautiful is spoken of as if its beauty dies. Alternate translation: "and it is no longer beautiful" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS 01 11 ng26 figs-simile 0 the rich man will fade away in the middle of his journey Here the flower simile is probably continued. As flowers do not die suddenly but instead fade away over a short time, so also the rich people may not die suddenly but instead take a little time to disappear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
JAS 01 11 sdi2 figs-metaphor 0 in the middle of his journey A rich man's activities in daily life are spoken of as if they are a journey that he is making. This metaphor implies that he is giving no thought to his coming death, and that it will takes him by surprise. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS 01 12 vcu4 0 Connecting Statement: James reminds the believers who have fled that God does not cause temptation; he tells them how to avoid temptation.
JAS 01 12 m13d 0 Blessed is the man who endures testing "The man who endures testing is fortunate" or "The man who endures testing is well off"
JAS 01 12 vr4a 0 endures testing remains faithful to God during hardships
JAS 01 12 vta6 0 passed the test he has been approved by God
JAS 01 12 k3hh figs-metaphor 0 receive the crown of life Eternal life is spoken of as if it were a wreath of leaves placed on the head of a victorious athlete. Alternate translation: "receive eternal life as his reward" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS 01 12 hx28 figs-activepassive 0 has been promised to those who love God This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God has promised to those who love him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
JAS 01 13 a77a 0 when he is tempted "when he desires to do something evil"
JAS 01 13 lh7z figs-activepassive 0 I am tempted by God This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God is trying to make me do something evil" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
JAS 01 13 p5cp figs-activepassive 0 God is not tempted by evil This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "No one can make God desire to do evil" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
JAS 01 13 zb13 0 nor does he himself tempt anyone "and God himself does not try to persuade anyone do evil"
JAS 01 14 nj9m figs-personification 0 each person is tempted by his own desire A person's desire is spoken of as if it were someone else who was tempting him to sin. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
JAS 01 14 nle5 figs-personification 0 which drags him away and entices him Evil desire continues to be spoken of as if it were a person who could drag away someone else. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
JAS 01 14 z4bd 0 entices attracts, persuades someone to do evil
JAS 01 15 s4cd figs-personification 0 Then after the desire conceives, it gives birth to sin, and after the sin is full grown, it gives birth to death Desire continues to be spoken of as a person, this time clearly as a woman who becomes pregnant with a child. The child is identified as sin. Sin is another female baby that grows up, becomes pregnant, and gives birth to death. This chain of metaphors is a picture of someone who ends up dying both spiritually and physically because of his evil desires and his sin. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS 01 16 v195 0 Do not be deceived "Do not let anyone deceive you" or "Stop deceiving yourselves"
JAS 01 17 t2nn figs-doublet 0 Every good gift and every perfect gift These two phrases mean basically the same thing. James uses them to emphasize that anything good that a person has comes from God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
JAS 01 17 n7d8 figs-metaphor 0 the Father of lights God, the creator of all the lights in the sky (sun, moon, and stars), is said to be their "Father." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS 01 17 g5ge figs-simile 0 With him there is no changing or shadow because of turning This expression pictures God as an unchanging light, like the sun, moon, planets, and stars in the sky. This is in contrast to shadows here on earth that constantly change. Alternate translation: "God does not change. He is as as constant as the sun, moon, and stars in the sky, rather than like shadows which appear and disappear on earth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
JAS 01 18 g1tv figs-inclusive 0 to give us The word "us" refers to James and his audience. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
JAS 01 18 mj29 figs-metaphor 0 give us birth God, who brought us eternal life, is spoken of as if he had given us birth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS 01 18 ykq9 0 the word of truth Possible meanings are 1) "the message about the truth" or 2) "the true message."
JAS 01 18 qh2e figs-simile 0 so that we would be a kind of firstfruits James is using the traditional Hebrew idea of firstfruits as a way to describe the value of the Christian believers to God. He implies that there will be many more believers in the future. Alternate translation: "so that we would be like an offering of firstfruits" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
JAS 01 19 dt7i 0 You know this Possible meanings are 1) "Know this" as a command, to pay attention to what I am about to write or 2) "You know this" as a statement, that I am about to remind you of something that you already know.
JAS 01 19 p728 figs-idiom 0 Let every man be quick to hear, slow to speak These sayings are idioms that mean people should first listen intently, and then consider carefully what they say. Here "slow to speak" does not mean speaking slowly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
JAS 01 19 ev3v 0 slow to anger "not get angry quickly"
JAS 01 20 ej4p 0 the anger of man does not work the righteousness of God When a person is always angry, he cannot do God's work, which is righteous.
JAS 01 21 hit5 figs-metaphor 0 take off all sinful filth and abundant amounts of evil Sin and evil are spoken of here as if they were clothing that could be taken off. Alternate translation: "stop doing all filthy sins and stop doing abundant amounts of evil" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS 01 21 h226 figs-doublet 0 take off all sinful filth and abundant amounts of evil Here the expressions "sinful filth" and "evil" share similar meanings. James uses them to emphasize how bad sin is. Alternate translation: "stop doing every kind of sinful behavior" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
JAS 01 21 h8ty figs-metaphor 0 sinful filth Here "filth," that is, dirt, stands for sin and evil. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS 01 21 a3u3 0 In humility "Without pride" or "Without arrogance"
JAS 01 21 i9w1 figs-metaphor 0 receive the implanted word The expression "implant" means to place one thing inside of another. Here God's word is spoken of as if it were a plant made to grow inside believers. Alternate translation: "obey the message God has spoken to you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS 01 21 ekl3 figs-explicit 0 save your souls What a person is saved from can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "save you from God's judgment" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
JAS 01 21 z73e figs-synecdoche 0 your souls Here the word "souls" refers to persons.Alternate translation: "yourselves" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
JAS 01 22 x14m 0 Be doers of the word "Be people who follow God's instructions"
JAS 01 22 wvp4 0 deceiving yourselves "fooling yourselves"
JAS 01 23 ewn9 0 For if anyone is a hearer of the word "For if anyone listens to the God's message in the scriptures"
JAS 01 23 r6pp figs-ellipsis 0 but not a doer The word "is" and "of the word" are understood from the previous phrase. The noun "doer" can also be expressed with the verbs "do" or "obey." Alternate translation: "but is not a doer of the word" or "but does not obey the word" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
JAS 01 23 pw5x figs-simile 0 he is like a man who examines his natural face in a mirror A person who hears God's word is like someone who looks in the mirror. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
JAS 01 23 shn9 0 his natural face The word "natural" clarifies that James is using the ordinary meaning of the word "face." Alternate translation: "his face"
JAS 01 24 wu34 figs-explicit 0 then goes away and immediately forgets what he was like It is implied that though he may see that he needs to do something, such as wash his face or fix his hair, he walks away and forgets to do it. This what a person who does not obey God's word is like. Alternate translation: "then goes away and immediately forgets to do what he saw he needed to do" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
JAS 01 25 kvr7 figs-simile 0 the person who looks carefully into the perfect law This expression continues the image of the law as a mirror. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
JAS 01 25 sf8k figs-explicit 0 the perfect law of freedom The relationship between the law and freedom can be expressed clearly. Here "freedom" probably refers to freedom from sin. Alternate translation: "the perfect law that gives freedom" or "the perfect law that makes those who follow it free" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
JAS 01 25 jku1 figs-activepassive 0 this man will be blessed in his actions This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will bless this man as he obeys the law" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
JAS 01 26 j1bg 0 thinks himself to be religious "thinks he worships God correctly"
JAS 01 26 vxu1 figs-metonymy 0 his tongue Controlling one's tongue stands for controlling one's speech. Alternate translation: "what he says" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JAS 01 26 bj2t 0 deceives gets someone to believe something that is not true
JAS 01 26 sex6 figs-metonymy 0 his heart Here "heart" refers to his belief or thoughts. Alternate translation: "himself" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JAS 01 26 q83d 0 his religion is worthless "he worships God uselessly"
JAS 01 27 g11k figs-doublet 0 pure and unspoiled James speaks of religion, the way one worships God, as if it could be physically pure and unspoiled. These are traditional ways for Jews to say that something is acceptable to God. Alternate translation: "Completely acceptable" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS 01 27 skf4 figs-metaphor 0 before our God and Father directed to God (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS 01 27 iiv2 0 the fatherless "the orphans"
JAS 01 27 r8nj 0 in their affliction The fatherless and widows are suffering because their fathers or husbands have died.
JAS 01 27 nmf7 figs-metaphor 0 to keep oneself unstained by the world Sin in the world is spoken of as something dirty that can stain a person. Alternate translation: "to not allow the evil in the world to cause oneself to sin" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS 02 intro f5zd James 02 General Notes 0 # James 02 General Notes<br>#### Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>##### Favoritism<br><br>Some of James's readers treated rich and powerful people well and treated poor people badly. This is called favoritism, and James tells them that this is wrong. God wants his people to treat both rich people and poor people well.<br><br>##### Justification<br><br>Justification is what happens when God makes a person righteous. James says here that God makes righteous or justifies people who do good works along with having faith. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])<br><br>#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>##### Quotation marks<br><br>The words "Show me your faith without works, and I will show you my faith by my works" are hard to understand. Some people think that they are what "someone may say," like the words in the quotation marks. Most versions translate them as words that James is saying back to that "someone."<br><br>##### "You have ... I have"<br><br>Some people think that the words "you" and "I" are metonyms for "some people" and "other people." If they are correct, verse 18 could be translated, "Someone may say, 'Some people have faith and other people have works. Not everyone has both.'" If the next sentence is also what "someone may say," it could be translated "Some people show their faith without works, and other people show their faith by their works. Both have faith." In both cases, the reader will understand only if you add the extra sentence. It is probably best to translate as the ULT does. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])<br>
JAS 02 01 ici9 0 Connecting Statement: James continues to tell the scattered Jewish believers how to live by loving one another and reminds them not to favor rich people over poor brothers.
JAS 02 01 kab4 0 My brothers James considers his audience to be Jewish believers. Alternate translation: "My fellow believers" or "My brothers and sisters in Christ"
JAS 02 01 qs2x figs-metaphor 0 hold to faith in our Lord Jesus Christ Believing in Jesus Christ is spoken of as if it were an object that one could hold onto. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS 02 01 x32n figs-inclusive 0 our Lord Jesus Christ The word "our" includes James and his fellow believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
JAS 02 01 en1c 0 favoritism toward certain people the desire to help some people more than others
JAS 02 02 h5uh figs-hypo 0 Suppose that someone James starts to describe a situation where the believers might give more honor to a rich person than to a poor person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
JAS 02 02 j8d5 0 wearing gold rings and fine clothes "dressed like a wealthy person"
JAS 02 03 zx9f 0 sit here in a good place sit in this place of honor
JAS 02 03 ce14 0 stand over there move to a place with less honor
JAS 02 03 h2fy 0 Sit at my feet move to a humble place
JAS 02 04 x9el figs-rquestion 0 are you not judging among yourselves? Have you not become judges with evil thoughts? James is using rhetorical questions to teach and possibly scold his readers. Alternate translation: "you are making judgments among yourselves and becoming judges with evil thoughts." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JAS 02 05 m5jr 0 Listen, my beloved brothers James was exhorting his readers as family. "Pay attention, my dear fellow believers"
JAS 02 05 ha52 figs-rquestion 0 did not God choose ... love him? Here James uses a rhetorical question to teach his readers not to show favoritism. It can be made a statement. Alternate translation: "God has chosen ... love him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JAS 02 05 ke2q figs-nominaladj 0 the poor This refers to poor people in general. Alternate translation: "poor people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
JAS 02 05 s38z figs-metaphor 0 be rich in faith Having much faith is spoken of as being wealthy or rich. The object of faith may have to be specified. Alternate translation: "have strong faith in Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS 02 05 qii5 figs-metaphor 0 heirs The people to whom God has made promises are spoken of as if they were to inherit property and wealth from a family member. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS 02 06 yv6y figs-you 0 But you have James is speaking to his whole audience. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
JAS 02 06 vr53 0 have dishonored the poor "you have shamed poor people"
JAS 02 06 l2lu figs-rquestion 0 Is it not the rich who oppress you? Here James uses a rhetorical question to correct his readers. Alternate translation: "It is rich people who oppress you." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
JAS 02 06 eeg5 figs-nominaladj 0 the rich This refers to rich people in general. Alternate translation: "rich people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
JAS 02 06 z73x 0 who oppress you "who treat you badly"
JAS 02 06 s9k1 figs-rquestion 0 Are they not the ones ... to court? Here James uses a rhetorical question to correct his readers. It can be made a statement. Alternate translation: "The rich people are the ones ... to court." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JAS 02 06 h8jn figs-explicit 0 drag you to court "forcibly take you to court to accuse you in front of judges" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
JAS 02 07 las1 figs-rquestion 0 Do they not insult ... have been called? Here James uses a rhetorical question to correct and teach his readers. It can be made a statement. Alternate translation: "The rich people insult ... have been called." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JAS 02 07 wd8y figs-metonymy 0 the good name by which you have been called This refers to Christ's name. Alternate translation: "the name of Christ who called you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JAS 02 08 fe1i figs-you 0 you fulfill The word "you" refers to the Jewish believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
JAS 02 08 q9hh 0 fulfill the royal law "obey God's law." The law is "royal" becuase God, the true king, is the one who gave it to people.
JAS 02 08 ymf5 0 You shall love your neighbor as yourself James is quoting from the book of Leviticus.
JAS 02 08 gll2 0 your neighbor "all people" or "everyone"
JAS 02 08 b9wu 0 you do well "you are doing well" or "you are doing what is right"
JAS 02 09 xt6y 0 if you favor "give special treatment to" or "give honor to"
JAS 02 09 cq5h 0 committing sin "sinning." That is, breaking the law.
JAS 02 09 gl2e figs-personification 0 convicted by the law as lawbreakers Here the law is spoken of as if it were a human judge. Alternate translation: "guilty of breaking God's law" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
JAS 02 10 l29g 0 For whoever obeys "For anyone who obeys"
JAS 02 10 jb5u figs-metaphor 0 except that he stumbles ... the whole law Stumbling is falling down while one is trying to walk. Disobeying one point of the law is spoken of as if it were stumbling while walking. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS 02 10 m8ep 0 in just a single way because of disobedience to just one requirement of the law
JAS 02 11 ez11 0 For the one who said This refers to God, who gave the law to Moses.
JAS 02 11 q19i 0 Do not commit To "commit" is to do an action.
JAS 02 11 c8jm figs-you 0 If you ... but if you ... you have Here "you" means "each one of you." Although James was writing to many Jewish believers, in this case, he used the singular form as if he was writing to each person individually. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
JAS 02 12 c6y8 0 So speak and act "So you must speak and obey." James commanded the people to do this.
JAS 02 12 yp6i figs-activepassive 0 who will be judged by means of the law of freedom This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "who know that God will judge them by means of the law of freedom" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
JAS 02 12 ik76 0 by means of the law This passage implies that it is God who will judge according to his law.
JAS 02 12 e87r 0 the law of freedom "the law that gives true freedom"
JAS 02 13 yv6l figs-personification 0 Mercy triumphs over "Mercy is better than" or "Mercy defeats." Here mercy and justice are spoken of as if they were persons. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
JAS 02 14 h384 0 Connecting Statement: James encourages the scattered believers to show their faith before others, just as Abraham showed others his faith by his works.
JAS 02 14 k4e4 figs-rquestion 0 What good is it, my brothers, if someone says he has faith, but he has no works? James is using a rhetorical question to teach his audience. Alternate translation: "It is no good at all, fellow believers, if someone says he has faith, but he has no works." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JAS 02 14 c234 figs-abstractnouns 0 if someone says he has faith, but he has no works The can be restated to remove the abstract nouns "faith" and "works." Alternate translation: "if someone says he believes in God but he does not do what God commands" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JAS 02 14 z9q8 figs-rquestion 0 Can that faith save him? James is using a rhetorical question to teach his audience. This can be restated to remove the abstract noun "faith." Alternate translation: "That faith cannot save him." or "If a person does not do what God commands, then just saying he believes in God will not save him." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JAS 02 14 g8kr 0 save him "spare him from God's judgment"
JAS 02 15 f6el 0 brother or sister a fellow believer in Christ, whether male or female
JAS 02 16 lj89 figs-metonymy 0 stay warm This means either "have enough clothes to wear" or "have a place to sleep." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JAS 02 16 ngj8 figs-explicit 0 be filled The thing that fills them is food. This can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: "be filled with food" or "have enough to eat" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
JAS 02 16 n5jh figs-metonymy 0 for the body to eat, to wear, and to live comfortably (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JAS 02 16 yi63 figs-rquestion 0 what good is that? James uses a rhetorical question to teach his audience. Alternate translation: "that is not good." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JAS 02 17 me1d figs-metaphor 0 faith by itself, if it does not have works, is dead James speaks of faith as if it were alive if one does good works, and of faith as if it were dead if one does not do good deeds. This can be restated to remove the abstract nouns "faith" and "works." Alternate translation: "a person who says he believes God, but does not do what God commands, does not really believe God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JAS 02 18 al63 figs-hypo 0 Yet someone may say James describes a hypothetical situation where someone objects to his teaching. James seeks to correct his audience's understanding of faith and works. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
JAS 02 18 ii8d figs-abstractnouns 0 "You have faith, and I have works." Show me your faith without works, and I will show you my faith by my works James is describing how someone may argue against his teaching and how he would respond. This can be restated to remove the abstract nouns "faith" and "works." Alternate translation: "'It is acceptable that you believe God and that I do what God commands.' Prove to me that you can believe God and not do what he commands, and I will prove to you that I believe God by doing what he commands" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JAS 02 19 fv39 0 the demons believe that, and they tremble "the demons also believe, but they shake with fear." James contrasts the demons with those who claim to believe and not do good deeds. James states that the demons are wiser because they fear God while the others do not.
JAS 02 20 ax95 figs-rquestion 0 Do you want to know, foolish man, that faith without works is useless? James uses this question to introduce the next part of his teaching. Alternate translation: "Listen to me, foolish man, and I will show that faith without works is useless." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JAS 02 20 sd63 figs-abstractnouns 0 that faith without works is useless This can be restated to remove the abstract nouns "faith" and "works." Alternate translation: "that if you do not do what God commands, then it is useless for you to say that you believe in God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JAS 02 21 ysr8 0 General Information: Since these are Jewish believers, they know the story of Abraham, about whom God had told them long ago in his word.
JAS 02 21 q8iv figs-rquestion 0 Was not Abraham our father justified ... on the altar? This rhetorical question is used to rebut the foolish man's arguments from [James 2:18](../02/18.md), who refuses to believe that faith and works go together. Alternate translation: "Abraham our father was certainly justified ... on the altar." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JAS 02 21 v3ft figs-metaphor 0 justified by works James speaks of works as if they were objects that one can own. Alternate translation: "justified by doing good deeds" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS 02 21 ph1s 0 father Here "father" is used in the sense of "ancestor."
JAS 02 22 t832 0 You see The word "you" is singular, referring to the hypothetical man. James is addressing his whole audience as if they were one person.
JAS 02 22 l1gj figs-metonymy 0 You see The word "see" is a metonym. Alternate translation: "You understand" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JAS 02 22 vde4 0 faith worked with his works, and that by works his faith was fully developed James speaks as if "faith" and "works" are things that can work together and help each other. Alternate translation: "because Abraham believed God, he did what God commanded. And because Abraham did what God commanded, he believed God completely"
JAS 02 22 bd9d 0 You see James again addresses his audience directly by using the plural form of "you."
JAS 02 23 qh4i figs-activepassive 0 The scripture was fulfilled This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "This fulfilled the scripture" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
JAS 02 23 l818 figs-metaphor 0 it was counted to him as righteousness "God regarded his faith as righteousness." Abraham's faith and righteousness were treated as if they were able to be counted as having value. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS 02 24 yha5 figs-activepassive 0 it is by works that a man is justified, and not only by faith "actions and faith are what justify a person, and not only faith." James speaks of works as if they were objects to obtain. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS 02 25 hir8 0 In the same way also ... justified by works James says that what was true of Abraham was also true of Rahab. Both were justified by works.
JAS 02 25 dcv5 figs-rquestion 0 was not Rahab the prostitute justified by works ... another road? James is using this rhetorical question to instruct his audience. Alternate translation: "it was what Rahab the prostitute did that justified her ... another road." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
JAS 02 25 pn2f 0 Rahab the prostitute James expected his audience to know the Old Testament story about the woman Rahab.
JAS 02 25 bx6i figs-metaphor 0 justified by works James speaks of works as something to possess. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS 02 25 af9u 0 messengers people who bring news from another place
JAS 02 25 xm5m 0 sent them away by another road "then helped them escape and leave the city"
JAS 02 26 uum8 figs-metaphor 0 For as the body apart from the spirit is dead, even so faith apart from works is dead James is speaking of faith without works as if it were a dead body without the spirit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS 03 intro py3p James 03 General Notes 0 # James 03 General Notes<br>#### Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>##### Metaphors<br><br>James teaches his readers that they should live to please God by reminding them of things that they know from everyday life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])<br>
JAS 03 01 p4uu figs-genericnoun 0 Not many of you James is making a generalized statement. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
JAS 03 01 c36b 0 my brothers "my fellow believers"
JAS 03 01 aw5f figs-explicit 0 we who teach will be judged more strictly This passage speaks of stricter judgment that will come from God on those who teach others about him. Alternate translation: "God will judge us who teach more severely because we know his word better than some people whom we have taught" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
JAS 03 01 v7fa figs-exclusive 0 we who teach James includes himself and other teachers, but not the readers, so the word "we" is exclusive. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
JAS 03 02 ab9h figs-inclusive 0 we all stumble James speaks of himself, other teachers, and the readers, so the word "we" is inclusive. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
JAS 03 02 p9ek figs-metaphor 0 stumble Sinning is spoken of as if it were stumbling while walking. Alternate translation: "fail" or "sin" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS 03 02 t6xt 0 does not stumble in words "does not sin by saying wrong things"
JAS 03 02 kn4v 0 he is a perfect man "he is spiritually mature"
JAS 03 02 b16h figs-synecdoche 0 control even his whole body James is referring to one's heart, emotions, and actions. Alternate translation: "control his behavior" or "control his actions" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
JAS 03 03 z2ez 0 General Information: James is developing an argument that small things can control big things.
JAS 03 03 zql3 0 Now if we put bits into horses' mouths James speaks about horses' bits. A bit is a small piece of metal that is placed into a horse's mouth to control where it goes.
JAS 03 03 s1nf 0 Now if "If" or "When"
JAS 03 03 u92q 0 horses A horse is a large animal used to carry things or people.
JAS 03 04 yn42 0 Notice also that ships ... are steered by a very small rudder A ship is like a truck that floats on water. A rudder is a flat piece of wood or metal at the back of the ship, used to control where it goes. The word "rudder" could also be translated as "tool."
JAS 03 04 k7f5 figs-activepassive 0 are driven by strong winds, This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "strong winds push them, they" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
JAS 03 04 jrk1 0 are steered by a very small rudder to wherever the pilot desires "have a small tool that a person can use to control where the ship goes"
JAS 03 05 wt6i 0 Likewise This word signals the analogy of the tongue to the horses' bits and the ships' rudders mentioned in the previous verses. Alternate translation: "In the same way"
JAS 03 05 qx1k 0 boasts great things Here "things" is a general word for everything about which these people are proud.
JAS 03 05 ub5h 0 Notice also "Think about"
JAS 03 05 fr8x 0 how small a fire sets on fire a large forest In order to help people understand the harm that the tongue can cause, James speaks of the harm that a small flame can cause. Alternate translation: "how a small flame can start a fire that burns many trees"
JAS 03 06 wm5q figs-metonymy 0 The tongue is also a fire The tongue is a metonym for what people say. James calls it a fire because of the great damage it can do. Alternate translation: "The tongue is like a fire" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS 03 06 i61e figs-metaphor 0 a world of sinfulness set among our body parts The enormous effects of sinful speaking are spoken of as if they were a world by themselves. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS 03 06 sv44 figs-metaphor 0 It stains the whole body Sinful speaking is spoken of metaphorically as if it stained one's body. And becoming unacceptable to God is spoken of as if it were dirt on the body. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS 03 06 lf1j figs-metaphor 0 sets on fire the course of life The phrase "course of life" refers to a person's entire life. Alternate translation: "it ruins a person's entire life" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS 03 06 a7qd figs-activepassive 0 life. It is itself set on fire by hell The word "itself" refers to the tongue. Also, here "hell" refers to the powers of evil or to the devil. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "life because the devil uses it for evil" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS 03 07 ug59 figs-activepassive 0 For every kind of ... mankind The phrase "every kind" is a general statement referring to all or many kinds of wild animals. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "People have learned to control many kinds of wild animals, birds, reptiles, and sea creatures" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
JAS 03 07 b8c9 translate-unknown 0 reptile This is an animal that crawls on the ground. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
JAS 03 07 zw5m 0 sea creature an animal that lives in the sea
JAS 03 08 q9xe figs-metaphor 0 But no human being can tame the tongue James speaks of the tongue as if it were a wild animal. Here "tongue" represents a person's desire to speak evil thoughts. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JAS 03 08 m7vi figs-metaphor 0 It is a restless evil, full of deadly poison James speaks of the harm that people can cause by what they say as if the tongue were an evil and poisonous creature that can kill people. Alternate translation: "It is like a restless and evil creature, full of deadly poison" or "It is like a restless and evil creature that can kill people with its venom" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS 03 09 le6h 0 With it we "We use the tongue to say words that"
JAS 03 09 ucm9 0 we curse men "we ask God to harm men"
JAS 03 09 umg1 figs-activepassive 0 who have been made in God's likeness This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "whom God made in his likeness" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
JAS 03 10 a1ly figs-abstractnouns 0 Out of the same mouth come blessing and cursing The nouns "blessing" and "cursing" can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: "With the same mouth, a person blesses people and curses people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JAS 03 10 qrs2 0 My brothers "Fellow Christians"
JAS 03 10 n9zy 0 these things should not happen "these things are wrong"
JAS 03 11 m18q 0 Connecting Statement: After James stresses that the words of believers should not both bless and curse, he gives examples from nature to teach his readers that people who honor God by worshiping him should also live in right ways.
JAS 03 11 mz8d figs-rquestion 0 Does a spring pour out from its opening both sweet and bitter water? James uses a rhetorical question to remind believers about what happens in nature. This can be expressed as a sentence. Alternate translation: "You know that a spring does not pour out both sweet water and bitter water." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JAS 03 12 z3qg figs-rquestion 0 Does a fig tree, my brothers, make olives? James uses another rhetorical question to remind the believers about what happens in nature. Alternate translation: "Brothers, you know that a fig tree cannot grow olives." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JAS 03 12 jjj8 0 my brothers "my fellow believers"
JAS 03 12 bu4l figs-ellipsis 0 Or a grapevine, figs? The word "make" is understood from the previous phrase. James uses another rhetorical question to remind the believers about what happens in nature. Alternate translation: "Or does a grapevine make figs?" or "And a grapevine cannot grow figs." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
JAS 03 13 fgb7 figs-rquestion 0 Who is wise and understanding among you? James uses this question to teach his audience about proper behavior. The words "wise" and "understanding" are similar. Alternate translation: "I will tell you how a wise and understanding person is to act." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
JAS 03 13 f9xv figs-abstractnouns 0 Let that person show a good life by his works in the humility of wisdom This can be restated to remove the abstract nouns "humility" and "wisdom." Alternate translation: "That person should live a good life by doing the kind of deeds that come from being humble and wise" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JAS 03 14 js7b figs-metonymy 0 if you have bitter jealousy and ambition in your heart Here "heart" is a metonym for a person's emotions or thoughts. This can be restated to remove the abstract nouns "jealousy" and "ambition." Alternate translation: "if you are jealous and selfish" or "if you desire what other people have and you want to succeed even if it harms others" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JAS 03 14 a191 figs-abstractnouns 0 do not boast and lie against the truth The abstract noun "truth" can be stated as "true." Alternate translation: "do not boast that you are wise, because that is not true" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JAS 03 15 clz6 figs-metonymy 0 This is not the wisdom that comes down from above Here "This" refers to the "bitter jealousy and strife" described in the previous verses. The phrase "from above" is a metonym that represents "heaven" which represents God himself. Alternate translation: "This is not the kind of wisdom that God teaches us from heaven" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JAS 03 15 g44u figs-abstractnouns 0 This is not the wisdom that comes down from above. Instead, it is earthly, unspiritual, demonic The abstract noun "wisdom" can be stated as "wise." - Alternate translation: "Whoever acts like this is not wise according to what God in heaven teaches us. Instead this person is earthly, unspiritual, and demonic" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JAS 03 15 h36b figs-metonymy 0 earthly The word "earthly" refers to the values and behaviors of the people who do not honor God. Alternate translation: "not honoring to God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JAS 03 15 a2u6 0 unspiritual "not from the Holy Spirit" or "not spiritual"
JAS 03 15 mzc9 0 demonic "from demons"
JAS 03 16 x5jz figs-abstractnouns 0 For where there are jealousy and ambition, there is confusion and every evil practice This can be restated to remove the abstract nouns "jealousy," "ambition," and "confusion." Alternate translation: "For when people are jealous and selfish, this causes them to act in disorderly and evil ways" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JAS 03 16 dvd7 0 there is confusion "there is disorder" or "there is chaos"
JAS 03 16 vmt4 0 every evil practice "every kind of sinful behavior" or "every kind of wicked deed"
JAS 03 17 s8w4 figs-abstractnouns 0 But the wisdom from above is first pure Here "from above" is metonym that represents "heaven" which represents God himself. The abstract noun "wisdom" can be stated as "wise." Alternate translation: "But when a person is wise according to what God in heaven teaches, he acts in ways that are first pure" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JAS 03 17 hhk5 0 is first pure "is first holy"
JAS 03 17 hfh9 figs-metaphor 0 full of mercy and good fruits Here "good fruits" refer to kind things that people do for others as a result of having wisdom from God. Alternate translation: "full of mercy and good deeds" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS 03 17 by2l 0 and sincere "and honest" or "and truthful"
JAS 03 18 md56 figs-metaphor 0 The fruit of righteousness is sown in peace among those who make peace People making peace is spoken of as if they were sowing seeds, and righteousness is spoken of as if it were the fruit that grows up as a result of making peace. Alternate translation: "The result of making peace is righteousness" or "Those who work peacefully to help people live in peace produce righteousness" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS 03 18 htr1 figs-abstractnouns 0 make peace The abstract noun "peace" can be stated as "peacefully." Alternate translation: "cause people to live peacefully" or "help people not to be angry with each other" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JAS 04 intro r6vv James 04 General Notes 0 # James 04 General Notes<br>#### Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>##### Adultery<br><br>Writers in the Bible often speak of adultery as a metaphor for people who say they love God but do things that God hates. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]])<br><br>##### Law<br><br>James probably uses this word in [James 4:11](../../jas/04/11.md) to refer to "the royal law" ([James 2:8](../../jas/02/08.md)).<br><br>#### Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>##### Rhetorical Questions<br><br>James asks many questions because he wants his readers to think about how they are living. He wants to correct and teach them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])<br><br>#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>##### Humble<br><br>This word probably usually refers to people who are not proud. James uses the word here to refer to people who are not proud and who also trust in Jesus and obey him.<br>
JAS 04 01 q3pd 0 General Information: In this section, the words "yourselves," "your," and "you" are plural and refer to the believers to whom James writes.
JAS 04 01 k21j 0 Connecting Statement: James rebukes these believers for their worldliness and their lack of humility. He again urges them to watch how they speak to and about each other.
JAS 04 01 ub82 figs-doublet 0 Where do quarrels and disputes among you come from? The abstract nouns "quarrels" and "disputes" mean basically the same thing and can be translated with verbs. Alternate translation: "Why do you quarrel and dispute among yourselves?" or "Why do you fight among yourselves?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JAS 04 01 pqx2 figs-rquestion 0 Do they not come from your desires that fight among your members? James uses this question to rebuke his audience. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "They come from your evil desires for things, desires that fight among your members." or "They come from your desires for evil things, desires that fight among your members." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JAS 04 01 vpe2 figs-personification 0 Do they not come from your desires that fight among your members? James speaks of desires as they were enemies who waged war against the believers. In reality, of course, it is the people who have these desires who fight among themselves. Alternate translation: "They come from your desires for evil things, by which you end up harming each other" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
JAS 04 01 v5kg 0 among your members Possible meanings are 1) there is fighting among the local believers, or 2) the fighting, that is, the conflict, is inside each believer.
JAS 04 02 khh9 figs-hyperbole 0 You kill and covet, and you are not able to obtain The phrase "You kill" expresses how badly the people behave in order to get what they want. It can be translated as "You do all kinds of evil things to get what you cannot have" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
JAS 04 02 v9m8 figs-doublet 0 You fight and quarrel The words "fight" and "quarrel" mean basically the same thing. James uses them to emphasize how much the people argue among themselves. Alternate translation: "You constantly fight" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
JAS 04 03 nk57 0 you ask badly Possible meanings are 1) "you ask with wrong motives" or "you ask with bad attitudes" or 2) "you are asking for wrong things" or "you are asking for bad things"
JAS 04 04 efi8 figs-metaphor 0 You adulteresses! James speaks of believers as being like wives who sleep with men other than their husbands. Alternate translation: "You are not being faithful to God!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS 04 04 wu5v figs-rquestion 0 Do you not know ... God? James uses this question to teach his audience. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "You know ... God!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JAS 04 04 b5ly figs-metonymy 0 friendship with the world This phrase refers to identifying with or participating in the world's value system and behavior. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JAS 04 04 br36 figs-personification 0 friendship with the world Here the world's value system is spoken of as if it were a person that others could be friends with. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
JAS 04 04 jf1g figs-metonymy 0 friendship with the world is hostility against God One who is friends with the world is an enemy of God. Here "friendship with the world" stands for being friends with the world, and "hostility against God" stands for being hostile against God. Alternate translation: "friends of the world are enemies of God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JAS 04 05 i2y4 0 Or do you think the scripture says in vain This is a rhetorical question James uses to exhort his audience. To speak in vain is to speak uselessly. Alternate translation: "There is a reason that scripture says"
JAS 04 05 bx68 0 The Spirit he caused to live in us Some versions, including the ULT and UST, understand this as a reference to the Holy Spirit. Other versions translate this as "the spirit" and mean by it the human spirit that each person has been created to have. We suggest that you use the meaning that is presented in other translations used by your readers.
JAS 04 06 ub8z figs-explicit 0 But God gives more grace How this phrase relates to the previous verse can be made explicit: "But, even though our spirits may desire what we cannot have, God gives us even more grace, if we will humble ourselves" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
JAS 04 06 hyh2 0 so the scripture "Because God gives more grace, the scripture"
JAS 04 06 qs61 figs-nominaladj 0 the proud This refers to proud people in general. Alternate translation: "proud people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
JAS 04 06 uu3r figs-nominaladj 0 the humble This refers to humble people in general. Alternate translation: "humble people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
JAS 04 07 da5t 0 So submit "Because God gives grace to the humble, submit"
JAS 04 07 g7e5 0 submit to God "obey God"
JAS 04 07 nud3 0 Resist the devil "Oppose the devil" or "Do not do what the devil wants"
JAS 04 07 w9ue 0 he will flee "he will run away"
JAS 04 07 b5yz figs-you 0 you Here this pronoun is plural and refers to James' audience. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
JAS 04 08 vd6z figs-you 0 General Information: The word "you" here is plural and refers to the scattered believers to whom James writes. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
JAS 04 08 g62m figs-metaphor 0 Come close to God Here the idea of coming close stands for becoming honest and open with God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS 04 08 yh1k figs-parallelism 0 Cleanse your hands, you sinners, and purify your hearts, you double-minded These are two phrases in parallel with each other. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
JAS 04 08 elh1 figs-metonymy 0 Cleanse your hands This expression is a command for people to do righteous acts instead of unrighteous acts. Alternate translation: "Behave in a way that honors God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JAS 04 08 mw54 figs-metonymy 0 purify your hearts Here "hearts" refers to a person's thoughts and emotions. Alternate translation: "make your thoughts and intentions right" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JAS 04 08 iw61 figs-metaphor 0 double-minded The word "double-minded" refers to a person who cannot make a firm decision about something. Alternate translation: "double-minded people" or "people who cannot decide if you want to obey God or not" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS 04 09 kdn8 figs-doublet 0 Grieve, mourn, and cry These three words have similar meanings. James uses them together to emphasize that the people should be truly sorry for not obeying God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
JAS 04 09 rf6g figs-parallelism 0 Let your laughter turn into sadness and your joy into gloom This is saying the same thing in different ways for emphasis. The abstract nouns "laughter," "sadness," "joy," and "gloom" can be translated as verbs or adjectives. Alternate translation: "Stop laughing and be sad. Stop being joyful and be gloomy" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JAS 04 10 an8i figs-metaphor 0 Humble yourselves before the Lord "Be humble toward God." Actions done with God in mind are often spoken of as being done in his physical presence. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS 04 10 tn5w figs-metaphor 0 he will lift you up James indicates that God will honor the humble person by saying God will pick that person up off the ground physically from where that person had prostrated himself in humility. Alternate translation: "he will honor you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS 04 11 sy54 0 General Information: The words "you" and "your" in this section refer to the believers to whom James writes.
JAS 04 11 r3hc 0 speak against "speak badly about" or "oppose"
JAS 04 11 uyi9 figs-metonymy 0 brothers James speaks of the believers as if they are biological brothers. The term here includes women as well as men. Alternate translation: "fellow believers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
JAS 04 11 jlx4 0 but a judge "but you are acting like the person who gives the law"
JAS 04 12 e9da 0 Only one is the lawgiver and judge This refers to God. "God is the only one who gives laws and judges people"
JAS 04 12 m49q figs-rquestion 0 Who are you, you who judge your neighbor? This is a rhetorical question James uses to scold his audience. This can be expressed as a statement. Alternate translation: "You are just a human and cannot judge another human." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JAS 04 13 iz9h figs-idiom 0 spend a year there James speaks of spending time as if it were money. "stay there for a year" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
JAS 04 14 b7ir figs-rquestion 0 Who knows what will happen tomorrow, and what is your life? James uses these questions to correct his audience and to teach these believers that physical life is not that important. They can be expressed as statements. Alternate translation: "No one knows what will happen tomorrow, and your life does not last very long!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JAS 04 14 a9v2 figs-metaphor 0 For you are a mist that appears for a little while and then disappears James speaks of people as if they were a mist that appears and then quickly goes away. Alternate translation: "You live for only a short amount of time, and then you die" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS 04 15 gj65 0 Instead, you should say "Instead, your attitude should be"
JAS 04 15 e1il 0 we will live and do this or that "we will live long enough to do what we have planned to do." The word "we" does not directly refer to James or his audience but is part of the example of how James' audience should consider the future.
JAS 04 17 q84z 0 for anyone who knows to do good but does not do it, for him it is sin Anyone who fails to do the good he knows he should do is guilty of sin.
JAS 05 intro ud8q James 05 General Notes 0 # James 05 General Notes<br>#### Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>##### Eternity<br>This chapter contrasts living for things of this world, which will not last, with living for things that will last for eternity. It is also important to live with the expectation that Jesus will return soon. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]])<br><br>##### Oaths<br>Scholars are divided over whether this passage teaches all oaths are wrong. Most scholars believe some oaths are permissible and James instead is teaching Christians to have integrity.<br><br>#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>##### Elijah<br>This story will be difficult to understand if the books of 1 and 2 Kings and 1 and 2 Chronicles have not yet been translated.<br><br>##### "Save his soul from death"<br>This probably teaches that the person who stops their sinful lifestyle will not be punished with physical death as a consequence of their sin. On the other hand, some scholars believe this passage teaches about eternal salvation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/death]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])<br>
JAS 05 01 gel9 figs-explicit 0 you who are rich Possible meanings are 1) James is giving a strong warning to wealthy believers or 2) James is talking about wealthy unbelievers. Alternate translation: "you who are rich and say you honor God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
JAS 05 01 l3wd figs-abstractnouns 0 because of the miseries coming on you James states that these people will suffer terribly in the future and writes as if their sufferings were objects that were coming toward them. The abstract noun "miseries" can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: "because you will suffer terribly in the future" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JAS 05 02 gq45 figs-pastforfuture 0 Your riches have rotted, and your clothes have become moth-eaten. Earthly riches do not last nor do they have any eternal value. James speaks of these events as if they had already happened. Alternate translation: "Your riches will rot, and your clothes will be eaten by moths." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
JAS 05 02 v241 0 riches ... clothes These things are mentioned as examples of things that are valuable to wealthy people.
JAS 05 03 am1u figs-pastforfuture 0 Your gold and your silver have become tarnished Earthly riches do not last nor do they have any eternal value. James speaks of these events as if they had already happened. Alternate translation: "Your riches will rot, and your clothes will be eaten by moths. Your gold and silver will become tarnished" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
JAS 05 03 wj9v 0 gold ... silver These things are mentioned as examples of things that are valuable to wealthy people.
JAS 05 03 q4pm 0 have become tarnished ... their rust These phrases are used here to describe how gold and silver are ruined. Alternate translation: "are ruined ... their ruined condition" or "are corroded ... their corrosion"
JAS 05 03 e55t figs-personification 0 their rust will be a witness against you. It James wrote of their valuable things being ruined as if they were a person in a courtroom accusing the wicked of their crimes. Alternate translation: "and when God judges you, your ruined treasures will be like someone who accuses you in court. Their corrosion" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] )
JAS 05 03 i37x figs-simile 0 will consume ... like fire Here the corrosion is spoken of as if it were a fire that will burn up their owners. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS 05 03 w3aj figs-metonymy 0 your flesh Here "flesh" stands for the physical body. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JAS 05 03 j6fe figs-metaphor 0 fire The idea of fire here is meant to lead people to remember that fire often stands for God's punishment that will come on all the wicked. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS 05 03 np1u figs-metonymy 0 for the last days This refers to the time right before God comes to judge all people. The wicked think they are storing up riches for the future, but what they are doing is storing up judgment. Alternate translation: "for when God is about to judge you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JAS 05 04 e9iy figs-personification 0 the pay of the laborers is crying out—the pay that you have withheld from those who harvested your fields The money that should have been paid is spoken of as a person who is shouting because of the injustice done to him. Alternate translation: "the fact that you did not pay those you hired to work in your fields shows that you have done wrong" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
JAS 05 04 n21a figs-metaphor 0 the cries of the harvesters have gone into the ears of the Lord of hosts The shouts of the harvesters are spoken of as if they could be heard in heaven. Alternate translation: "the Lord of hosts has heard the cries of the harvesters" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS 05 04 h9y8 figs-metaphor 0 into the ears of the Lord of hosts God is spoken of as if he had ears as humans have. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS 05 05 xt8h figs-metaphor 0 You have fattened your hearts for a day of slaughter Here people are viewed as if they were cattle, luxuriously fed on grain so they would become fattened to be slaughtered for a feast. However, no one will feast at the time of judgment. Alternate translation: "Your greed has only prepared you for harsh eternal judgment" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS 05 05 pr31 figs-metonymy 0 your hearts The "heart" was considered to be the center of human desire, and here stands for the entire person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JAS 05 06 u5c5 0 You have condemned ... the righteous person This is probably not "condemned" in the legal sense of a judge passing a sentence of death on a criminal. Instead, it probably refers to the wicked and powerful people who decide to mistreat the poor until they die.
JAS 05 06 lq6p figs-genericnoun 0 the righteous person. He does not "the people who do what is right. They do not." Here "the righteous person" refers to righteous people in general and not to a specific person. Alternate translation: "righteous people. They do not" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
JAS 05 06 z7w1 0 resist you "oppose you"
JAS 05 07 n888 0 General Information: In closing, James reminds the believers about the Lord's coming and gives several short lessons on how to live for the Lord.
JAS 05 07 a4sv 0 So be patient "Because of this, wait and be calm"
JAS 05 07 wgk4 figs-metonymy 0 until the Lord's coming This phrase refers to the return of Jesus, when he will begin his kingdom on the earth and judge all people. Alternate translation: "until Christ's return" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JAS 05 07 y4er figs-metaphor 0 the farmer James makes an analogy using farmers and believers to teach what it means to be patient. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS 05 08 bbn1 figs-metonymy 0 Make your hearts strong James is equating the believers' hearts to their will to remain committed. Alternate translation: "Stay committed" or "Keep your faith strong" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JAS 05 08 jw3b 0 the Lord's coming is near "the Lord will return soon"
JAS 05 09 k74r 0 Do not complain, brothers ... you James is writing to all the scattered Jewish believers.
JAS 05 09 w9xv 0 against one another "about each other"
JAS 05 09 z3p7 figs-activepassive 0 you will be not judged This can be stated in the active. Alternate translation: "Christ will not judge you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
JAS 05 09 ita4 0 See, the judge "Pay attention, because what I am about to say is both true and important: the judge"
JAS 05 09 g938 figs-metaphor 0 the judge is standing at the door James compares Jesus, the judge, to a person about to walk through a door to emphasize how soon Jesus will return to judge the world. Alternate translation: "the judge is coming soon" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS 05 10 sic1 0 the suffering and patience of the prophets, those who spoke in the name of the Lord "how the prophets who spoke in the name of the Lord suffered persecution with patience"
JAS 05 10 pvs3 figs-metonymy 0 spoke in the name of the Lord "Name" here is a metonym for the person of the Lord. Alternate translation: "by the authority of the Lord" or "spoke for the Lord to the people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JAS 05 11 xwr8 0 See, we regard "Pay attention, because what I am about to say is both true and important: we regard"
JAS 05 11 s3nl 0 those who endured "those who continued obeying God even through hardship"
JAS 05 12 fug7 0 Above all, my brothers, "This is important, may brothers:" or "Especially, my brothers,"
JAS 05 12 bjt3 figs-gendernotations 0 my brothers This refers to all believers including women. Alternate translation: "my fellow believers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
JAS 05 12 s755 0 do not swear To "swear" is to say that you will do something, or that something is true, and to be held accountable by a higher authority. Alternate translation: "do not make an oath" or "do not make a vow"
JAS 05 12 t1uq figs-metonymy 0 either by heaven or by the earth The words "heaven" and "earth" refer to the spiritual or human authorities that are in heaven and earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JAS 05 12 m3ve 0 let your "Yes" mean "Yes" and your "No" mean "No," "do what you say you will do, or say that something is true, without making an oath"
JAS 05 12 f6mx figs-metaphor 0 so you do not fall under judgment Being condemned is spoken of as if one had fallen, crushed by the weight of something heavy. Alternate translation: "so God will not punish you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS 05 13 m3e6 figs-rquestion 0 Is anyone among you suffering hardship? Let him pray James uses this question to cause the readers to reflect on their need. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "If anyone is enduring troubles, he should pray" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JAS 05 13 wdf7 figs-rquestion 0 Is anyone cheerful? Let him sing praise James uses this question to cause the readers to reflect on their blessings. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "If anyone is happy, he should sing songs of praise" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JAS 05 14 in34 figs-rquestion 0 Is anyone among you sick? Let him call James uses this question to cause the readers to reflect on their need. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "If anyone is sick, he should call" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JAS 05 14 fik7 figs-metonymy 0 in the name of the Lord "Name" is a metonym for the person of Jesus Christ. Alternate translation: "by the authority of the Lord" or "with the authority that the Lord has given hthem" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JAS 05 15 c8q6 figs-metonymy 0 The prayer of faith will heal the sick person The writer speaks of God hearing believers pray for sick people and healing those people as if the prayers themselves healed the people. Alternate translation: "The Lord will hear the prayer of faith and will heal the sick person" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JAS 05 15 qiw4 0 The prayer of faith "The prayer made by believers" or "The prayer that people pray believing God will do as they ask"
JAS 05 15 ei3q 0 the Lord will raise him up "the Lord will make him well" or "the Lord will enable him to resume his normal life"
JAS 05 16 t2iq 0 General Information: As these were Jewish believers, James reminds them to pray by recalling one of the prophets of old and that prophet's practical prayers.
JAS 05 16 dl5k 0 So confess your sins Admit to other believers things you did wrong so that you can be forgiven.
JAS 05 16 i8cm 0 to one another "to each other"
JAS 05 16 mzk8 figs-activepassive 0 so that you may be healed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "so that God may heal you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
JAS 05 16 zk62 figs-metaphor 0 The prayer of a righteous person is very strong in its working Prayer is presented as if it were an object that was strong or powerful. Alternate translation: "When the person who obeys God prays, God will do great things" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS 05 17 vhw2 0 prayed earnestly "prayed eagerly" or "prayed passionately"
JAS 05 17 i8wv translate-numbers 0 three ... six "3 ... 6" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
JAS 05 18 zwc9 0 The heavens gave rain "The heavens" probably refers to the sky, which is presented as the source of the rain. Alternate translation: "Rain fell from the sky"
JAS 05 18 yi7m 0 the earth produced its fruit Here the earth is presented as the source of the crops.
JAS 05 18 s76l figs-metonymy 0 fruit Here "fruit" stands for all the crops of the farmers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JAS 05 19 xr4l figs-gendernotations 0 brothers Here this word probably refers to both men and women. Alternate translation: "fellow believers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
JAS 05 19 dv4v figs-metaphor 0 if anyone among you wanders from the truth, and someone brings him back A believer who stops trusting in God and obeying him is spoken of as if he were a sheep that wandered away from the flock. The person who persuades him to trust in God again is spoken of as if he were a shepherd who went to search for the lost sheep. Alternate translation: "whenever anyone stops obeying God, and another person helps him start obeying again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JAS 05 20 xg1y figs-metonymy 0 whoever turns a sinner from his wandering way ... will cover over a great number of sins James means that God will use the actions of this person to persuade the sinner to repent and be saved. But James speaks as if it were this other person who actually saved the sinner's soul from death. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JAS 05 20 pd78 figs-synecdoche 0 will save him from death, and will cover over a great number of sins Here "death" refers to spiritual death, eternal separation from God. Alternate translation: "will save him from spiritual death, and God will forgive the sinner for all of his sins" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
JAS 05 20 rh4d figs-metaphor 0 will cover over a great number of sins Possible meanings are 1) the person who brings back the disobedient brother will have his sins forgiven or 2) the disobedient brother, when he returns to the Lord, will have his sins forgiven. Sins are spoken of as if they were objects that God could cover so that he would not see them, so that he would forgive them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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